"members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972. After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including ""The Silmarillion"". These, together with ""The Hobbit"" and ""The Lord of the Rings"", form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and Middle-earth within it. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term ""legendarium"" to the"
"not seem to have conceived the necessity of Fairy Tales for Grown-Ups"". In 1938, with the publication of ""The Sword in the Stone"", T. H. White introduced one of the most notable works of comic fantasy. J. R. R. Tolkien played a large role in the popularization and accessibility of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications ""The Hobbit"" (1937) and ""The Lord of the Rings"" (1954–55). Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly ""Beowulf"", as well as E. R. Eddison's 1922 novel, ""The Worm Ouroboros"". Tolkien's close friend C. S. Lewis, author of"
"The Hobbit The Hobbit, or There and Back Again is a children's fantasy novel by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It was published on 21 September 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the ""New York Herald Tribune"" for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature. ""The Hobbit"" is set within Tolkien's fictional universe and follows the quest of home-loving hobbit Bilbo Baggins to win a share of the treasure guarded by Smaug the dragon. Bilbo's journey takes him from light-hearted,"
"and J. R. R. Tolkien due to the way it combines original fantasy plots with folk mythology. The collection was translated into English by F.S. Copeland and first published in New York in 1922 by the Frederick A. Stokes Co. and in 1924 in London by the George Allen & Unwin publishing house, the same company which originally published J.R.R. Tolkien's ""The Hobbit"" in 1937, and ""The Lord of the Rings"" trilogy in 1954–55. The English-language editions also featured illustrations by the Croatian illustrator Vladimir Kirin. The original Croatian edition published in 1916 consisted of six stories. Two additional stories"
"usually refers to students of the Elvish languages and ""Tolkienology"". The term Ringer refers to a fan of ""The Lord of the Rings"" in general, and of Peter Jackson's live-action film trilogy in particular. Other terms describing Tolkien fans include Tolkienite or Tolkiendil. Tolkien's ""The Hobbit"", a children's book, was first published in 1937, and it proved popular. However, ""The Lord of the Rings"", first published in 1954 through 1955, would give rise to the fandom as a cultural phenomenon from the early to mid-1960s. Serious admirers and fans of Tolkien came into existence within science fiction fandom soon after"
"(published 1937) and ""The Lord of the Rings"" (1954). In Tolkien's legendarium, the One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron in order to enslave the inhabitants of Middle-earth. The Tolkien Society have been associated with setting up the ""Ring Room"" at Vyne, which includes the Ring of Silvianus in a rotating display case, a first edition of ""The Hobbit"" and a copy of the curse. There is also a Middle-earth adventure playground in the grounds. Lynn Forest-Hill of the Tolkien Society expressed pleasure at the discovery of a material source for the One Ring described in Tolkien's novels,"
"tragedies of World War I, and Tolkien's attitude as a veteran may well be summed up by Bilbo's comment: ""Victory after all, I suppose! Well, it seems a very gloomy business."" On first publication in October 1937, ""The Hobbit"" was met with almost unanimously favourable reviews from publications both in the UK and the US, including ""The Times"", ""Catholic World"" and ""New York Post"". C. S. Lewis, friend of Tolkien (and later author of ""The Chronicles of Narnia"" between 1949 and 1954), writing in ""The Times"" reports: The truth is that in this book a number of good things, never"
"rocks beneath, thus leading to Bolg's final battle with Legolas, who kills Bolg. Following the resolution of the battle, Thranduil finds Tauriel weeping over Kili's body, finally acknowledging that her feelings for the young dwarf were genuine. In 1937 J. R. R. Tolkien published the fantasy novel ""The Hobbit"", whose plot centres on a group consisting of the titular Bilbo Baggins, Gandalf the wizard and thirteen dwarves, who go in search of a treasure guarded by the dragon, Smaug. During the course of their travels, they enter the black forest of Mirkwood, where they find themselves in the dungeons of"
"The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel ""The Hobbit"", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, ""The Lord of the Rings"" is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title of the novel refers to the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule"
"last version of ""The Silmarillion"" that Tolkien completed. When Tolkien did publish ""The Hobbit"" in 1937 (which was itself not originally intended for publication but as a story told privately to his children), the narrative of the published text was loosely ""influenced"" by the context of the legendarium, but not designed to be part of it. In 1937, encouraged by the success of ""The Hobbit"", Tolkien submitted to his publisher George Allen & Unwin an incomplete but more fully developed version of ""The Silmarillion"" called ""Quenta Silmarillion"", but they rejected the work as being obscure and ""too Celtic"". The publisher"
"in paperback form when published as one of the precursor volumes to the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in 1968. From the early 1930s to late 1940s, an informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the ""Inklings"". Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. Lewis is known for ""The Screwtape Letters"" (1942), ""The Chronicles of Narnia"" (1950–1956) and ""The Space Trilogy"" (1938–1945), while Tolkien is best known as the author of ""The Hobbit"" (1937), ""The Lord of the Rings"" (1954–1955), and ""The Silmarillion"" (1977)."
"recorded under the pseudonym 'Shagrat the Vagrant', before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970. The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel ""The Hobbit"", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, ""The Lord of the Rings"" is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title of the novel refers to the story's main antagonist, the"
"Hobbit"" on 21 September 1937 with a print run of 1,500 copies, which sold out by December because of enthusiastic reviews. This first printing was illustrated in black and white by Tolkien, who designed the dust jacket as well. Houghton Mifflin of Boston and New York reset type for an American edition, to be released early in 1938, in which four of the illustrations would be colour plates. Allen & Unwin decided to incorporate the colour illustrations into their second printing, released at the end of 1937. Despite the book's popularity, paper rationing due to World War II and not"
"print worldwide in the first two weeks, double the initial expectations of the publishers. HarperCollins, the U.K. publisher, claimed 330,000 copies were in print in the U.K. in the first two weeks. The Children of Húrin The Children of Húrin is an epic fantasy novel which forms the completion of a tale by J. R. R. Tolkien. He wrote the original version of the story in the late 1910s, revised it several times later, but did not complete it before his death in 1973. His son, Christopher Tolkien, edited the manuscripts to form a consistent narrative, and published it in"
"children, came in 1936 to the attention of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the London publishing firm George Allen & Unwin, who persuaded Tolkien to submit it for publication. When it was published a year later, the book attracted adult readers as well as children, and it became popular enough for the publishers to ask Tolkien to produce a sequel. The request for a sequel prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic novel ""The Lord of the Rings"" (originally published in three volumes 1954–1955). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative"
"1937 book ""The Hobbit"" where they roamed Mirkwood attacking and sometimes capturing the main characters. The character of Ungoliant is featured as a spider-like entity, and as a personification of Night from his earliest writings. In ""The Lord of the Rings"", the creature’s daughter Shelob is encountered as Frodo and Sam move through the mountain pass of Cirith Ungol. Shelob was featured in the film adaption of the last book of the ""Lord of the Rings"" series. Although described as giant spiders, Tolkien gave them fictional attributes such as compound eyes, beaks and the spinning of black webs. He also"
"considered suitable only for children: ""The Western World does not seem to have conceived the necessity of Fairy Tales for Grown-Ups"". Edward Wagenknecht also discussed fantasy elements in both children's and adult fiction in his 1946 article ""The Little Prince Rides the White Deer"". However, it was the advent of high fantasy and, most importantly, the popularity of J. R. R. Tolkien's ""The Hobbit"" and ""The Lord of the Rings"" which finally allowed fantasy to truly enter into the mainstream. Tolkien had published ""The Hobbit"" in 1937 and ""The Lord of the Rings"" in the 1950s; while the first was"
"The Fellowship of the Ring The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel ""The Lord of the Rings"" by the English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It is followed by ""The Two Towers"" and ""The Return of the King"". It takes place in the fictional universe of Middle-earth. It was originally published on 29 July 1954 in the United Kingdom. The volume consists of a foreword, in which the author discusses his writing of ""The Lord of the Rings"", a prologue titled ""Concerning Hobbits, and other matters"", and the main narrative in Book"
"ending until 1949 meant that the Allen & Unwin edition of the book was often unavailable during this period. Subsequent editions in English were published in 1951, 1966, 1978 and 1995. Numerous English-language editions of The Hobbit have been produced by several publishers. In addition, ""The Hobbit"" has been translated into over forty languages, with more than one published version for some languages. In December 1937, ""The Hobbit"" publisher, Stanley Unwin, asked Tolkien for a sequel. In response Tolkien provided drafts for ""The Silmarillion"", but the editors rejected them, believing that the public wanted ""more about hobbits"". Tolkien subsequently began"
"Unfortunately, he did not have the scholarly training to do this with sufficient rigor and the book has many factual errors throughout, but his enthusiasm is infectious."" Tolkien: A Look Behind ""The Lord of the Rings"" Tolkien: A Look Behind ""The Lord of the Rings"" is a study of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien written by Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in March 1969 and reprinted in April 1969, April 1970, July 1971, July 1972, February 1973, July 1973, June 1975 and November 1977, after which it went out of print for"
"these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien. Authorized editions followed from Ballantine Books and Houghton Mifflin to tremendous commercial success. Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright. This text became the Second Edition of ""The Lord of the Rings"", published in 1965. The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year, and sold a quarter of a million copies within ten months. On September 4, 1966, the novel debuted"
"is in tone a children's story, but contains many allusions and references in the manner of ""Farmer Giles of Ham"". It was submitted for publication in 1937 after the success of ""The Hobbit"", but was not published for over sixty years, finally being released in 1998. ""Roverandom"" was included in the collection ""Tales from the Perilous Realm"" from its 2009 reprinting onwards. Major Minor Roverandom Roverandom is a novella by J. R. R. Tolkien, originally told in 1925, about the adventures of a young dog, Rover. In the story, an irritable wizard turns Rover into a toy, and Rover goes"
"Tolkien: A Look Behind ""The Lord of the Rings"" Tolkien: A Look Behind ""The Lord of the Rings"" is a study of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien written by Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in March 1969 and reprinted in April 1969, April 1970, July 1971, July 1972, February 1973, July 1973, June 1975 and November 1977, after which it went out of print for over twenty-five years. The book has been translated into French, Japanese and Polish. A new edition updated by Adam Roberts was published by Gollancz in August 2003;"
"in 1942. In the 1950s, the book market in Europe began recovering from the effects of two world wars. An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the ""Inklings"". Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. C. S. Lewis published the first installment of ""The Chronicles of Narnia"" series in 1950 while Tolkien is best known in addition to ""The Hobbit"" as the author of ""The Lord of the Rings"". (1954) Another significant writer of fantasy stories is Alan Garner author of ""Elidor"""
"in his writings. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Poems featured in ""The Lord of the Rings"" ""The Adventures of Tom Bombadil"" was first published as a stand-alone book in 1962. Some editions, such as the Unwin Paperbacks edition (1975) and ""Poems and Stories"", erroneously state that it was first published in '1961'. Tolkien's letters confirm that 1962 is the correct year. Beginning with ""The Tolkien Reader"" in 1966, it was included in a number of anthologies of Tolkien's shorter works. This trend continued after his death with ""Poems and Stories"" (1980) and ""Tales from the Perilous Realm"" (1997). In 2014 Christina Scull and Wayne G."
"Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (novel) Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, generally considered the eleventh in his series of books about the title character Tarzan (the previous book, ""Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins"", being omitted from the enumeration on the grounds that it was written for younger readers). It was first published as a serial in ""Blue Book Magazine"" from December 1927 through May 1928; it first appeared in book form in a hardcover edition from A. C. McClurg in September 1928. Tarzan finds an outpost of European knights and crusaders"
"a drawer until 1957, when he sold it (as well as the original manuscripts of ""The Lord of the Rings"", ""The Hobbit"", and ""Farmer Giles of Ham"") to Marquette University for £1,250. The book was published in 1982, with Tolkien's difficult-to-read handwritten story and illustrations on one page, and a typeset transcription on the facing page. Tolkien used two names from ""Mr. Bliss"" for hobbits in ""The Lord of the Rings"": Gaffer Gamgee and Boffin. Mr. Bliss Mr. Bliss is a children's picture book by J. R. R. Tolkien, published posthumously in book form in 1982. One of Tolkien's least-known"
"The Father Christmas Letters The Father Christmas Letters, also known as Letters from Father Christmas, are a collection of letters written and illustrated by J. R. R. Tolkien between 1920 and 1942 for his children, from Father Christmas. They were released posthumously by the Tolkien estate on 2 September 1976, the 3rd anniversary of Tolkien’s death. They were edited by Baillie Tolkien, second wife of his youngest son, Christopher. The book was warmly received by critics, and it has been suggested that elements of the stories inspired parts of Tolkien's ""The Lord of the Rings"". The stories are told in"
"The History of The Hobbit The History of The Hobbit is a two-volume study of J. R. R. Tolkien’s ""The Hobbit"". It was published by HarperCollins in May and June 2007 in the United Kingdom, with both volumes released in the United States by Houghton Mifflin on 21 September 2007; a boxed set combining ""The Hobbit"" with ""The History of"" The Hobbit was released on 26 October 2007. A single volume edition was released on 27 October 2011. The two-volume work contains Tolkien’s unpublished drafts of the novel, with commentary by John D. Rateliff. It also details Tolkien’s various revisions"
"larger background of legend and history behind the stories. Excerpts from notes for lectures that J. R. R. Tolkien gave on related topics are also included. Brian Cox collaborated with HarperCollins to produce a dramatic reading of ""The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún"", released in August 2009. The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún is a book containing two narrative poems and related texts composed by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and HarperCollins on 5 May 2009. The two poems that make up most of the book were probably"
"Rings"" followed from 1973 to 1975 (""Tiden Norsk Forlag""). Both translations were harshly criticized for errors and inconsistencies and complaints resulted in a new translation of ""LotR"", published in 1980/81. By the late 1980s, Tolkien's works were well known to the Norwegian public. A translation of the ""Silmarillion"" appeared in 1994. The unsatisfactory ""Hobbit"" translation was replaced only in 1997. By the mid-1990s, the popularity of Tolkien had risen to a level that made viable translations of his minor works. Arthedain - The Tolkien Society of Norway was founded in 1981. The Finnish Tolkien Society Kontu (""Suomen Tolkien-seura Kontu ry"""
"which published the works of Bertrand Russell, Arthur Waley, Roald Dahl and Thor Heyerdal. It became well known as J. R. R. Tolkien's publisher, some time after publishing the popular children's fantasy novel ""The Hobbit"" in 1937, and its high fantasy sequel ""The Lord of the Rings"" novel in 1954–1955. Rayner Unwin retired at the end of 1985, and the firm was amalgamated in 1986 with Bell & Hyman to form ""Unwin Hyman Limited"". Robin Hyman became chief executive of the combined Unwin Hyman. From this time Allen & Unwin was an Australia-based, child company of Unwin Hyman. Rayner Unwin"
"had read the poem in 1929. In the 1950s, after the publishing of ""The Lord of the Rings"", he resumed working on the poem, of which he rewrote many passages, particularly of the second canto which was expanded and split into two. Nevertheless, the poem never reached a complete or definite form. In 1937 Tolkien sent the current version of ""The Lay of Leithian"" together with a prose version of the yet unfinished part of the poem to his publisher Allen & Unwin who had asked for further material of his fictional world after the success of ""The Hobbit"". As"