"the Holy Roman Empire, the government was called Senate and the mayor was one senator amongst many, often referred to as President of the Senate rather than Mayor. This ended in Lübeck with the incorporation into Prussia in 1937, while in a constitutional reform in 1996 the mayor of Hamburg was given broad powers to shape the politics of the Senate of Hamburg, thus ending his status as ""primus inter pares"". However, in the city state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, which was created after the Second World War, the mayor has had a similar role in the Senate of"
"Princeps Princeps (plural: principes) is a Latin word meaning ""first in time or order; the first, foremost, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble; the first man, first person"". As a title, ""princeps"" originated in the Roman Republic wherein the leading member of the Senate was designated ""princeps senatus"". It is primarily associated with the Roman emperors as an unofficial title first adopted by Augustus in 23 BC. Its use in this context continued until the reign of Diocletian at the end of the third century. He preferred the title of ""dominus"", meaning ""lord"" or ""master"". As a result, the"
"Lucius. ""Princeps"" is the root and Latin rendering of modern words as the English title and generic term ""prince"" (see that article, also for various equivalents in other languages), as the Byzantine version of Roman law was the basis for the legal terminology developed in feudal (and later absolutist) Europe. ""Princeps"" is also the name of an obsolete genus of Swallowtail butterflies (now merged with the genus Papilio). Princeps Princeps (plural: principes) is a Latin word meaning ""first in time or order; the first, foremost, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble; the first man, first person"". As a title,"
"Prima facie Prima facie (; ) is a Latin expression meaning ""on its first encounter"" or ""at first sight"". The literal translation would be ""at first face"" or ""at first appearance"", from the feminine forms of ""primus"" (""first"") and ""facies"" (""face""), both in the ablative case. In modern, colloquial and conversational English, a common translation would be ""on the face of it"". The term ""prima facie"" is used in modern legal English (including both civil law and criminal law) to signify that upon initial examination, sufficient corroborating evidence appears to exist to support a case. In common law jurisdictions, ""prima"
"Pari passu Pari passu is a Latin phrase that literally means ""with an equal step"" or ""on equal footing"". It is sometimes translated as ""ranking equally"", ""hand-in-hand"", ""with equal force"", or ""moving together"", and by extension, ""fairly"", ""without partiality"". This term is commonly used in law. ""Black's Law Dictionary"" (8th ed., 2004) defines ""pari passu"" as ""proportionally; at an equal pace; without preference"". In inheritance, an ""in pari passu"" (""per capita"") distribution can be distinguished from a ""per stirpes"" (by family branch) distribution. For example, suppose a testator had two children A and B. A has two children, and B"
"Praeses Praeses (Latin ""praesides"") is a Latin word meaning ""placed before"" or ""at the head"". In antiquity, notably under the Roman Dominate, it was used to refer to Roman governors; it continues to see some use for various modern positions. ""Praeses"" began to be used as a generic description for provincial governors—often through paraphrases, such as ""qui praeest"" (""he who presides"")—already since the early Principate, but came in general use under the Antonines. The jurist Aemilius Macer, who wrote at the time of Caracalla (reigned 198–217), insists that the term was applied only to the governors who were also senators—thereby"
"""Primus inter pares"" (first among equals) among the world's Eastern Orthodox prelates and is regarded by some as the representative and spiritual leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. The Ecumenical Patriarchate promotes the expansion of the Christian faith and Orthodox doctrine, and the Ecumenical Patriarchs are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, charitable work, and the defense of Orthodox Christian traditions. Prominent issues in the Ecumenical Patriarchate's policy in the 21st century include the safety of the believers in the Middle East, reconciliation of the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches, and the reopening of the Theological School of"
"Primus pilus The Primus pilus or Primipilus was the senior centurion of a Roman legion. The literal translation of ""primus pilus"" is ""first spear."" According to the Oxford Latin Dictionary, the word ""pilus"" when used in this sense would relate to the Latin word ""pilum,"" or ""spear"" in English. In the late Roman republic, the cohort (of which there were between six and ten) became the basic tactical unit of the legions. The cohort was composed of five to eight centuries, each led by a centurion assisted by an ""optio"", a soldier who could read and write. The senior centurion"
"officers in a fully officered legion outranked the ""primus pilus"": The legate (""lēgātus legiōnis""), commanding the legion; the senior tribune (tribunus laticlavus); the Camp Prefect (""praefectus castrorum""); and the five junior tribunes (""tribūnī angusticlāviī""). Primus pilus The Primus pilus or Primipilus was the senior centurion of a Roman legion. The literal translation of ""primus pilus"" is ""first spear."" According to the Oxford Latin Dictionary, the word ""pilus"" when used in this sense would relate to the Latin word ""pilum,"" or ""spear"" in English. In the late Roman republic, the cohort (of which there were between six and ten) became the"
"individual can be recognized by the entire society as ""primus inter pares"", i.e., first among equals. This status is usually hereditary among the male lineage, since Igbo culture is patrilineal. Women in Igbo cultures were known to develop parallel social hierarchies through which they both competed and collaborated with their counterpart male kingship and governing hierarchies. Scholars generally believe that Igbo kingship institutions developed from three sources. The first is indigenous and ancient priesthood, which traditionally combined clerical and political duties of leaders in the village-based republics. This is the case in several places, notably in Ngwa, where Josaiah Ndubuisi"
"the Latin feminine diminutive of ""primus"", meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring. Primulas are used as a food plant by the Duke of Burgundy butterfly. ""Primula"" species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised, mainly derived from ""P. elatior"", ""P. juliae"", ""P. veris"" and ""P. vulgaris"". ""Polyanthus"" (often called ""P. polyantha"") is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as annuals or biennials and available as seeds or young plants. The following hybrid varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural"
"Inter partes The term inter partes is the Latin for ""between the parties"". It can be distinguished from in rem, referring to a legal action whose jurisdiction is based on the control of property, or ex parte referring to a legal action that is by a single party. Lawsuits (or actions in executive agencies) where all interested parties have been served with adequate notices and are given a reasonable opportunity to attend and to be heard are referred to as ""inter partes"" proceedings or hearings. When a judgment is given, subject to any right of appeal, it would be inconvenient"
"Actus primus Actus primus is a technical expression used in scholastic philosophy. The Latin word ""actus"" means determination, complement. In every being there are many actualities, which are subordinated. Thus existence supposes essence; power supposes existence; action supposes faculty. The first actuality (""actus primus"") begins a series; it supposes no other actuality preceding it in the same series, but calls for a further complement, namely, the second actuality (""actus secundus""). But as the same reality may be called ""actuality"" when viewed in the light of what precedes, and ""potentiality"" when viewed in the light of what follows (see ""actus et"
"on an ""inter partes"" basis only, i.e. they do not attach as an attribute to a person's status and so become ""in rem"" rights. Inter partes The term inter partes is the Latin for ""between the parties"". It can be distinguished from in rem, referring to a legal action whose jurisdiction is based on the control of property, or ex parte referring to a legal action that is by a single party. Lawsuits (or actions in executive agencies) where all interested parties have been served with adequate notices and are given a reasonable opportunity to attend and to be heard"
"Prince A prince is a male ruler ranked below a king and above a duke or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ""Prince"" is also a title of nobility, often hereditary, in some European states. The feminine equivalent is a princess. The English word derives, via the French word ""prince"", from the Latin noun ""princeps"", from ""primus"" (first) + ""capio"" (to seize), meaning ""the chief, most distinguished, ruler, prince"". The Latin word ""prīnceps"" (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, literally ""the one who takes the first [place/position]""), became the usual title of the informal leader of the Roman senate some centuries"
"concept more clearly and directly than actual speech. Whilst the title implies that the First Speaker is merely one of the twelve, in effect he/she is primus inter pares, and therefore in practice, the position holds more power than indicated. The position became more important through the history of the Foundation. Notable first speakers include: First Speaker First Speaker is a post in Isaac Asimov's ""Foundation"" series of stories and novels. The Speaker is the effective leader of the Second Foundation. At meetings of the executive council of the Second Foundation, he/she always speaks first. The council (known informally as"
"Primacy of Peter The primacy of Peter, also known as Petrine primacy (from Latin: ""Petrus"", ""Peter""), is the position of preeminence that is attributed to Saint Peter among the Twelve Apostles. It is to be distinguished from the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, also known as papal primacy or Roman primacy, whose link with the primacy of Peter is disputed. The ""Evangelical Dictionary of Theology"" illustrates the leading role that Peter played among the Apostles, speaking up on matters that concern them all, being called by Jesus by a name linking him with the rock on which Jesus would"
"In loco parentis The term in loco parentis, Latin for ""in the place of a parent"" refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent. Originally derived from English common law, it is applied in two separate areas of the law. First, it allows institutions such as colleges and schools to act in the best interests of the students as they see fit, although not allowing what would be considered violations of the students' civil liberties. Second, this doctrine can provide a non-biological parent to be given"
"Quid pro quo Quid pro quo (""something for something"" in Latin) is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; ""a favour for a favour"". Phrases with similar meanings include: ""give and take"", ""tit for tat"", and ""you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours"" and ""one hand washes the other"". In common law, ""quid pro quo"" indicates that an item or a service has been traded in return for something of value, usually when the propriety or equity of the transaction is in question."
"only to a small number of dukes, counts, and princes of the Roman Catholic Church. It was analogous to the rank of Grandee of Spain in this respect. The French word ' is equivalent to the English ""peerage"". The individual title, ' in French and ""peer"" in English, derives from the Latin """", ""equal"". It signifies those noblemen and prelates considered to be equal to the monarch in honour (even though they were his vassals), and it considers the monarch thus to be , or ""first among equals"". The main uses of the word refer to two historical traditions in"
"Matthew 16:18 in this respect. Primacy of Peter The primacy of Peter, also known as Petrine primacy (from Latin: ""Petrus"", ""Peter""), is the position of preeminence that is attributed to Saint Peter among the Twelve Apostles. It is to be distinguished from the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, also known as papal primacy or Roman primacy, whose link with the primacy of Peter is disputed. The ""Evangelical Dictionary of Theology"" illustrates the leading role that Peter played among the Apostles, speaking up on matters that concern them all, being called by Jesus by a name linking him with the"
"a ""person or thing that holds first place in value or importance, and is given precedence and preference before others"". This Spanish term best describes the first estate of the society in the archipelago, which the Europeans came in contact with. San Buenaventura's 1613 Dictionary of the Tagalog language defines three terms that clarify the concept of this ""principalía"": The Spanish term ""Señor"" (lord) is equated with all these three terms, which are distinguished from the ""nouveau riche"" imitators scornfully called ""maygintao"" (man with gold or hidalgo by wealth, and not by lineage). The first estate was the class that"
"origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement (1688–1720) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. Although the Sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government, politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a Prime Minister who could command a majority in Parliament. By the 1830s the Westminster system of government (or cabinet government) had emerged; the Prime Minister had become ""primus inter pares"" or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head"
"and the new official plural designation in the US. In Latin ""prius"" is the neuter singular of the comparative form (""prior, prior, prius"") of an adjective with only comparative and superlative (the superlative being ""primus, prima, primum""). As with all neuter words, the Latin plural is ""priora"", but that brand name was used by the ""Lada Priora"" in 2007. Despite the ""official"" plural form used by Toyota USA, ""Priuses"" is widely used in English. Beginning in September 2011, Toyota USA began using the following names to differentiate the original Prius from some newer members of the Prius family: the standard"
"no tangible employment action involved. Explaining the Three Factors: Quid pro quo Quid pro quo (""something for something"" in Latin) is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; ""a favour for a favour"". Phrases with similar meanings include: ""give and take"", ""tit for tat"", and ""you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours"" and ""one hand washes the other"". In common law, ""quid pro quo"" indicates that an item or a service has been traded in return for something of value, usually when the"
"Primicerius The Latin term primicerius, hellenized as primikērios (), was a title applied in the later Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire to the heads of administrative departments, and also used by the Church to denote the heads of various colleges. Etymologically the term derives from ""primus in cera"", which is to say ""in tabula cerata"", the first name in a list of a class of officials, which was usually inscribed on a waxed tablet. From their origin in the court of the Dominate, there were several ""primicerii"" (""primikērioi"" in Greek, from the 12th century usually spelled ""primmikērioi""). In the"
"song ""As Some Day it May Happen"" in a list of items that ""won't be missed"": ""And that ""Nisi Prius"" nuisance, who just now is rather rife, the judicial humorist—I've got him on the list!"" Nisi prius Nisi prius () is a historical term in English law. In the nineteenth century, it came to be used to denote generally all legal actions tried before judges of the King's Bench Division and in the early twentieth century for actions tried at assize by a judge given a commission. Used in that way, the term has had no currency since the abolition"
"Roman Empire. Based on the monastic use, it came to mean the head of a chapter of canons of a collegiate church or cathedral church. Based on that use, deans in universities now fill various administrative positions. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Cardinal Vice-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected. Except for presiding and delegating administrative tasks, they have no authority over the cardinals, acting as ""primus inter pares"" (first among equals). In the universities that grew out of the cathedral and monastery schools, a university"
"French or French ""primat"", from a noun use of Latin ""primat-"", from ""primus"" (""prime, first rank""). The name was given by Carl Linnaeus because he thought this the ""highest"" order of animals. The relationships among the different groups of primates were not clearly understood until relatively recently, so the commonly used terms are somewhat confused. For example, ""ape"" has been used either as an alternative for ""monkey"" or for any tailless, relatively human-like primate. Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living"
"Eric the Saint, was moved to the market town of Östra Aros, which from then on is named ""Uppsala"". In 1531, Laurentius Petri was chosen by King Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa) to be archbishop, taking that privilege from the pope and in effect making Sweden Protestant. The archbishop was then declared ""primus inter pares"" i.e. first among equals. The archbishop is both bishop of his diocese and Primate of Sweden; he has however no more authority than other bishops, although in effect his statements have a more widespread effect. In 2000, the Archbishop of Uppsala was aided in the"
"this is the most frequent application of the terms ""actus primus"" and ""actus secundus"". The former is the faculty; the latter, the exercise or function. To see ""in actu primo"" simply means to have the sense of vision; to see ""in actu secundo"" is to actually perform acts of vision. The modern distinction of potential and kinetic energy might serve as another illustration: the loaded gun, or the engine with steam buildup, represent first actualities; the bullet speeding to the mark, the engine flying over the rails, represent second actualities. Actus primus Actus primus is a technical expression used in"
"Pro tempore Pro tempore (), abbreviated pro tem or p.t., is a Latin phrase which best translates to ""for the time being"" in English. This phrase is often used to describe a person who acts as a ""locum tenens"" (placeholder) in the absence of a superior, such as the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, who acts in place of the President of the United States Senate, the Vice President of the United States. Legislative bodies can have one or more ""pro tempore"" for the presiding officer. These positions ostensibly go to legislators experienced in floor debate who"
"Dutch ministers used to be responsible to the Monarch and the ministers were taking turns to fill the position of the Prime Minister who had little if any control over the other ministers. The Prime Minister's role gained importance when ministers became responsible to the parliament and the position became mostly reserved for the leader of the biggest political party in the House of Representatives. Still, because the position holds limited powers compared to other neighboring parliamentary democracies, the Prime Minister role is described as ""primus inter pares"" (""first among equals""). Following the constitutional review of 1983, the position of"