"stones, and the fragments flush out of the salivary duct. ""Chronic nonspecific parotitis:"" This term is generally used for patients in whom no definite cause is found. Episodes may last for several days, paralleling the time course of a bacterial or viral illness. Others may experience episodes that last only a few hours from onset to resolution. Some episodes may last for several weeks. Quiescent periods between episodes last for hours, days, or even years. ""Recurrent parotitis of childhood:"" An uncommon syndrome in which recurring episodes clinically resembling mumps. Generally, episodes begin by age 5 years, and virtually all patients"
"Parotitis Parotitis is an inflammation of one or both parotid glands, the major salivary glands located on either side of the face, in humans. The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation. ""Dehydration:"" This is a common, non-infectious cause of parotitis. It may occur in elderly or after surgery. ""Acute bacterial parotitis:"" is most often caused by a bacterial infection of Staphylococcus aureus but may be caused by any commensal bacteria. Parotitis presents as swelling at the angle of the jaw. Bacterial parotitis presents as a unilateral swelling, where the gland is swollen and tender and"
"These are also collectively known as chronic punctate parotitis or chronic autoimmune parotitis. ""Sjögren's syndrome:"" Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands may also be an autoimmune disease known as Sjögren's syndrome. The disease most commonly appears in people aged 40–60 years, but it may affect small children. In Sjögren syndrome, the prevalence of parotitis in women versus men is approximately 9:1. The involved parotid gland is enlarged and tender at times. The cause is unknown. The syndrome is often characterized by excessive dryness in the eyes, mouth, nose, vagina, and skin. ""Lymphoepithelial lesion of Godwin:"" Most frequently associated with a"
"This carcinoma tends to invade nerves and can re-occur post - treatment. A polycystic disease of the salivary gland is seen to be extremely rare and is seen to be independent of recurrent parotitis. The cause is thought to be a defect in the interactions between activin, follistatin and TGF-β, leading to a developmental disorder of glandular tissue. Inflammation of one or both parotid glands is known as parotitis. The most common cause of parotitis is mumps. Widespread vaccination against mumps has markedly reduced the incidence of mumps parotitis. The pain of mumps is due to the swelling of the"
"Psittacosis Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium called ""Chlamydophila psittaci"" and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds. The incidence of infection in canaries and finches is believed to be lower than in psittacine birds. In certain contexts, the word is used when the disease is carried by any species of birds belonging to the family Psittacidae, whereas ""ornithosis"" is used when other birds carry the disease. In humans, after an incubation period of 5–19 days,"
"European Continent, the terms Basedow's syndrome, Basedow's disease, or Morbus Basedow are more common than Graves' disease. Graves' disease has also been called exophthalmic goiter. Less commonly, it has been known as Parry's disease, Begbie's disease, Flajani's disease, Flajani–Basedow syndrome, and Marsh's disease. These names for the disease were derived from Caleb Hillier Parry, James Begbie, Giuseppe Flajani, and Henry Marsh. Early reports, not widely circulated, of cases of goiter with exophthalmos were published by the Italians Giuseppe Flajani and Antonio Giuseppe Testa, in 1802 and 1810, respectively. Prior to these, Caleb Hillier Parry, a notable provincial physician in England"
"pyrantel pamoate. For some parasitic diseases, there is no treatment and, in the case of serious symptoms, medication intended to kill the parasite is administered, whereas, in other cases, symptom relief options are used. Recent papers have also proposed the use of viruses to treat infections caused by protozoa. Parasitic disease A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. Many parasites do not cause diseases as it may eventually lead to death of both organism and host. Parasitic diseases can affect practically all living organisms, including plants and mammals. The study"
"the angles formed within the ducts. Viral pathogens more commonly cause sialadenitis in comparison to bacterial pathogens. Mumps is the most common virus that affects the parotid and submandibular glands, with the parotid gland affected most often out of these two. Other viruses that have been shown to cause sialadenitis in both these glands include HIV, coxsackie and parainfluenza. Classically, HIV parotitis is either asymptomatic or a non-painful swelling, which is not characteristic of sialadenitis. Some common bacterial causes are S. Aureus, S. Pyogenus, S. Viridans and H. Influenzae. Autoimmune conditions that can cause sialadenitis include Sjögren’s syndrome, Sarcoidosis and"
"Parasitic disease A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. Many parasites do not cause diseases as it may eventually lead to death of both organism and host. Parasitic diseases can affect practically all living organisms, including plants and mammals. The study of parasitic diseases is called parasitology. Some parasites like ""Toxoplasma gondii"" and ""Plasmodium"" spp. can cause disease directly, but other organisms can cause disease by the toxins that they produce. Although organisms such as bacteria function as parasites, the usage of the term ""parasitic disease"" is usually more restricted."
"of bartending, it is known as ""bar rot"". Prosector's paronychia is a primary inoculation of tuberculosis of the skin and nails, named after its association with prosectors, who prepare specimens for dissection. Paronychia around the entire nail is sometimes referred to as ""runaround paronychia"". Painful paronychia in association with a scaly, erythematous, keratotic rash (papules and plaques) of the ears, nose, fingers, and toes may be indicative of acrokeratosis paraneoplastica, which is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Paronychia can occur with diabetes, drug-induced immunosuppression, or systemic diseases such as pemphigus. Paronychia may be divided as follows: Alternatively,"
"nail itself (onycholysis). Enthesitis is observed in 30 to 50% of patients and most commonly involves the plantar fascia and Achilles’ tendon, but it may cause pain around the patella, iliac crest, epicondyles, and supraspinatus insertions Men and women are equally affected by this condition. Like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis is more common among Caucasians than African or Asian people. Psoriatic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis is a long-term inflammatory arthritis that occurs in people affected by the autoimmune disease psoriasis. The classic feature of psoriatic arthritis is swelling of entire fingers and toes with a sausage-like appearance. This often happens in association"
"The word ""periodontitis"" (Greek: ) comes from the Greek ""peri"", ""around"", ""odous"" ( ""odontos""), ""tooth"", and the suffix -""itis"", in medical terminology ""inflammation"". The word ""pyorrhea"" (alternative spelling: ""pyorrhoea"") comes from the Greek ""pyorrhoia"" (), ""discharge of matter"", itself from ""pyon"", ""discharge from a sore"", ""rhoē"", ""flow"", and the suffix -""ia"". In English this term can describe, as in Greek, any discharge of pus; i.e. it is not restricted to these diseases of the teeth. It is estimated that periodontitis results in worldwide productivity losses in the size of about US$54 billion yearly. A therapeutic vaccine against Porphyromonas gingivalis has"
"spread of the disease and supportive measures such as hot or cold packs. Mumps usually resolves itself and can be prevented by vaccination. ""HIV parotitis:"" Generalized lymphadenopathy has long been associated with HIV, but the localized enlargement of the parotid gland is less well known. HIV-associated salivary gland disease can involve many diseases but often presents as enlargement of the parotid gland and a dry mouth. Causes have not been specifically identified but the most likely are viral opportunists and autoimmune responses. Viruses linked to this can include; hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, paramyxovirus, influenza A and adenovirus. Treatment is anti-retroviral therapy."
"bacterial peritonitis. This refers to changes in the mucosa of the stomach in people with portal hypertension, and is associated with cirrhosis severity. Cirrhosis can cause immune system dysfunction, leading to infection. Signs and symptoms of infection may be nonspecific and are more difficult to recognize (for example, worsening encephalopathy but no fever). Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary liver cancer that is more common in people with cirrhosis. People with known cirrhosis are often screened intermittently for early signs of this tumor, and screening has been shown to improve outcomes. Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease were the tenth leading cause"
"poorly supported by evidence. Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million people a year in the United States. Pharyngitis Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. It typically results in a sore throat and fever. Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, and a hoarse voice. Symptoms usually last three to five days. Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media. Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. Most cases are caused by a"
"of all ages may be affected. In 2015, pertussis resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990. Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century. The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906. The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s. The classic symptoms of pertussis are a paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and fainting, or vomiting after coughing. The cough from pertussis has been documented to cause subconjunctival hemorrhages, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, hernias, and vertebral artery dissection. Violent coughing can cause the pleura to rupture, leading to a pneumothorax. Vomiting after"
"singer Philip Selway. Lena Rose Pepperdine died in 1930 of parrot fever. She was the first wife of George Pepperdine, the founder of Pepperdine University. Psittacosis Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium called ""Chlamydophila psittaci"" and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds. The incidence of infection in canaries and finches is believed to be lower than in psittacine birds. In certain contexts, the word is used when the disease is carried by any species of"
"common ophthalmologic manifestation of sarcoidosis is uveitis. The combination of anterior uveitis, parotitis, VII cranial nerve paralysis and fever is called uveoparotid fever or Heerfordt syndrome (). Development of scleral nodule associated with sarcoidosis has been observed. Any of the components of the nervous system can be involved. Sarcoidosis affecting the nervous system is known as neurosarcoidosis. Cranial nerves are most commonly affected, accounting for about 5–30% of neurosarcoidosis cases, and peripheral facial nerve palsy, often bilateral, is the most common neurological manifestation of sarcoidosis. It occurs suddenly and is usually transient. The central nervous system involvement is present in"
"masseteric hypertrophy is still unclear, but it may be related to tooth grinding or malocclusion. Treatment options can include surgical removal of some of the muscle and botulinum toxin type A injections. Serum and urinary amylase are raised during first week of parotitis Treatment is based on lab investigation report,but for relief you can suggest to patient,take anti-inflammatory tablet, antibiotics. Parotitis Parotitis is an inflammation of one or both parotid glands, the major salivary glands located on either side of the face, in humans. The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation. ""Dehydration:"" This is a"
"treated with appropriate antiviral medication. The word ""paresthesia"" (; British English ""paraesthesia""; plural paraesthesiae or paraesthesias), comes from the Greek ""para"" (""beside"", ""i.e."", abnormal) and ""aisthesia"" (""sensation""). Paresthesia Paresthesia is an abnormal dermal sensation (e.g., a tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, or numb sensation on the skin) with no apparent physical cause. The manifestation of a paresthesia may be transient or chronic, and may have any of dozens of possible underlying causes. Paresthesias are usually painless and can occur anywhere on the body, but commonly occur in the extremities (e.g., hands, feet, arms, or legs). The most familiar kind of paresthesia"
"get the disease in Asian countries. About 16 million cases occur a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide. Paratyphoid fever Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of ""Salmonella enterica"". Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may"
"mortality rate of about <10% in otherwise healthy patients. The mortality rate rises to about 40% in the elderly, or in those with significant underlying illness, as well as cases that present late (after 48 hours). Without being treated, generalised peritonitis almost always causes death. The stage magician Harry Houdini died this way, having contracted streptococcus peritonitis after his appendix ruptured and was removed too late to prevent spread of the infection. The term ""peritonitis"" comes from Greek περιτόναιον ""peritonaion"" ""peritoneum, abdominal membrane"" and -itis ""inflammation"". Peritonitis Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the inner wall of"
"Paraproctitis Paraproctitis is a purulent inflammation of the cellular tissues surrounding the rectum. The most frequent cause is penetration of bacterial flora from the rectum into the surrounding cellular tissues, which may occur through an anal fissure. The inflammation is sometimes limited to the formation of an abscess, and in some cases it spreads for a considerable distance and may be complicated by sepsis. The symptoms are acute pain in the rectal region, tenderness during defecation, elevated body temperature, and the appearance of an infiltrate in the anal region or on the buttocks. An unlanced abscess may burst and a"
"Pneumoparotitis Pneumoparotitis (also termed pneumosialadenitis wind parotitis, surgical mumps, or anaesthesia mumps), is a rare cause of parotid gland swelling which occurs when air is forced through the parotid (Stenson) duct resulting in inflation of the duct. The size of the swelling is variable, but it is soft and can occur on one side or both sides. It is typically non tender, although sometimes there may be pain. It usually resolves over minutes to hours, however occasionally this may take days. The condition can be transient or recurrent. The condition is caused by raised air pressure in the mouth. Pneumoparotitis"
"have a sore throat in any three-month period. Two to three episodes in a year is not uncommon. This resulted in 15 million physician visits in the United States in 2007. Pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat. The word comes from the Greek word ""pharynx"" meaning ""throat"" and the suffix ""-itis"" meaning ""inflammation"". Pharyngitis is a type of inflammation, caused by an upper respiratory tract infection. It may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute pharyngitis may be catarrhal, purulent or ulcerative, depending on the causative agent and the immune capacity of the affected individual. Chronic"
"Posthitis Posthitis (pronounced pos-THI-tis) is the inflammation of the foreskin (prepuce) of the human penis. It is characterised by swelling and redness on the skin and it may be accompanied by a smelly discharge. The term posthitis comes from the Greek ""posthe"", meaning foreskin, and ""-itis"", meaning inflammation. Posthitis can have infectious causes such as bacteria or fungi, or non-infectious causes such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis. The inflammation may be caused by irritants in the environment. Common causative organisms include candida, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. The cause must be properly diagnosed before a treatment can be prescribed. A common risk"
"""Propionibacteria"" species have both been suggested as the environmental agent, though the evidence for this is inconclusive. In patients that have already been diagnosed with sarcoidosis, Heerfordt syndrome can be inferred from the major symptoms of the syndrome, which include parotitis, fever, and facial nerve palsy. In cases of parotitis, ultrasound-guided biopsy is used to exclude the possibility of lymphoma. There are many possible causes of facial nerve palsy, including Lyme disease, HIV, Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome, schwannoma, and Bell's palsy. Heerfordt syndrome exhibits spontaneous remission. Treatments for sarcoidosis include corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. In the United States, sarcoidosis has a prevalence"
"a 25-50% risk of facial weakness directly after parotidectomy and a 1-2% risk of permanent weakness. Frey’s syndrome may occur in up to 90% of patients. Risk of mortality is very low in reference to the surgery. Survival rates due to malignancy depends on the patient and extent of disease. A 10-year survival ranges from 32-83%. Of all cancers, salivary gland tumors account for only 1%. Parotid tumors account for 7% of all head and neck cancers. The root of the word parotidectomy, parotid, refers to the parotid gland meaning “situated near the ear” from the Greek para- “beside” and"
"Gianotti–Crosti syndrome Gianotti–Crosti syndrome (), also known as infantile papular acrodermatitis, papular acrodermatitis of childhood, and papulovesicular acrolocated syndrome, is a reaction of the skin to a viral infection. Hepatitis B virus and Epstein–Barr virus are the most frequently reported pathogens. Other incriminated viruses are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, rotavirus, rubella virus, HIV, and parainfluenza virus. It is named for Ferdinando Gianotti and Agostino Crosti. Gianotti–Crosti syndrome mainly affects infants and young children. Children as young as 1.5 months and up to 12 years of age are reported to be affected. It is generally"
"Pharyngitis Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. It typically results in a sore throat and fever. Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, and a hoarse voice. Symptoms usually last three to five days. Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media. Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. Most cases are caused by a viral infection. Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults. Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonorrhea, fungus, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and"
"Depending on the type of parasite, antihelmynthic drugs can be prescribed. The most common parasites involved: Parasitic pneumonia Parasitic pneumonia is an infection of the lungs by parasites. It is a rare cause of pneumonia, occurring almost exclusively in immunocompromised persons (persons with a weakened or absent immune system). This is a respiratory infection that may or may not be serious. There are a variety of parasites which can affect the lungs. In general, these parasites enter the body through the skin or by being swallowed. Once inside the body, these parasites travel to the lungs, most often through the"
"of upper respiratory infections were reported. As of 2014, upper respiratory infections caused about 3,000 deaths down from 4,000 in 1990. In the United States, URIs are the most common infectious illness in the general population. URIs are the leading reasons for people missing work and school. Upper respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold. Most infections are viral in nature and"
"abscess formation and atrophy may be seen. Parotid secretions are viscous. Disease course shows pain and swelling, waxing and waning. Radiographic screening should be undertaken to rule out sialolith. Management with palliative care with parotidectomy as a last resort. Acute non-suppurative disease that often occurs in epidemics. Prevented by MMR vaccine. Caused by paramyxovirus that is transmitted by infected saliva and urine. A prodromal period of 24 – 28hrs is experienced, followed by rapid and painful swelling of the parotid gland. Treatment is supportive (bedrest, hydration) as spontaneous resolution occurs within 5 – 10 days. Diffuse gland enlargement is seen,"