"ecstasy (MDMA or methylenedioxy-methylamphetamine) without additional evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction for possession of a controlled substance (11350 (a) HS). 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is Schedule 1 on the California Uniform Controlled Substances Act. MDMA is illegal for possession under Health and Safety Code 11377. MDMA is illegal for possession for sale under Health and Safety Code 11378. In practice those without prior criminal histories convicted of HS 11377 will be granted PC1000, Prop 36, or felony probation. Those convicted of HS 11378, possession of MDMA for sale, may receive anything from probation up to 4 years in prison. Products"
"Methylenedioxydimethylamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxy-""N"",""N""-dimethylamphetamine (MDDM) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is also the ""N"",""N""-dimethyl analog of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). MDDM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the dosage is unspecified and the duration unknown. MDDM produces only mild effects that are not well characterized in ""PiHKAL"". Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDDM. This compound is however occasionally encountered as an impurity in 3,4-methylenedioxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (MDMA) which has been synthesized by methylation of MDA using methylating reagents such as methyl iodide. An excess of reagent or a"
"3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), is an empathogen-entactogen, psychostimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. In terms of pharmacology, MDA acts most importantly as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Due to its euphoriant and hallucinogenic effects, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal in most countries. MDA is rarely sought after as a recreational drug compared to other drugs in the amphetamine family, however it remains an important and widely used drug due to it being a primary metabolite, the product of hepatic N-dealkylation, of MDMA (ecstasy),"
"Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine ""para""-Methoxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (also known as PMMA, Red Mitsubishi), chemically known as methyl-MA, 4-methoxy-""N""-methylamphetamine, 4-MMA) or (4-PMDA, as listed to its original physical name.) is a stimulant and psychedelic drug closely related to the amphetamine-class serotonergic drug ""para""-methoxyamphetamine (PMA). PMMA is the 4-methoxy analog of methamphetamine. Little is known about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of PMMA; because of its structural similarity to PMA, which has known toxicity in humans, it is thought to have considerable potential to cause harmful side effects or death in overdose. In the early 2010s, a number of deaths in users of the drug MDMA"
"the US. In 2010, the ability of MDA to invoke mystical experiences and alter vision in healthy volunteers was studied. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), is an empathogen-entactogen, psychostimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. In terms of pharmacology, MDA acts most importantly as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Due to its euphoriant and hallucinogenic effects, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal in most countries. MDA is rarely sought after as a recreational drug compared to other drugs in the amphetamine family, however it remains an"
"3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine (MMA) is an entactogen and psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. It was first synthesized in 1970 and was encountered as a street drug in Italy in the same decade. MMA was largely forgotten until being reassayed by David E. Nichols as a non-neurotoxic MDMA analogue in 1991, and has subsequently been sold as a designer drug on the internet since the late 2000s (decade). In animal studies, MMA fully substitutes for MDMA and MBDB, partially substitutes for LSD, and does not substitute for amphetamine. Additionally, it has been shown to potently inhibit the reuptake of"
"3,4-Methylenedioxyphentermine 3,4-Methylenedioxyphentermine (MDPH) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. MDPH was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the dosage range is listed as 160–240 mg, and the duration as 3–5 hours. MDPH's effects are very similar to those of MDA: they both are smooth and ""stoning,"" and do not cause any visuals. They also alter dreams and dream patterns. Shulgin describes MDPH as a promoter; it promotes the effects of other drugs, similarly to 2C-D. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDPH. This substance is a"
"Methylone Methylone (also known as ""3,4-methylenedioxy-""N""-methylcathinone"", ""MDMC"", ""βk-MDMA"" and by the slang term ""M1"") is an empathogen and stimulant psychoactive drug. It is a member of the substituted amphetamine, substituted cathinone and substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine classes. Methylone is the substituted cathinone analog of MDMA and the 3,4-methylenedioxy analog of methcathinone. The only structural difference of methylone with respect to MDMA is the substitution of 2 hydrogen atoms by 1 oxygen atom in the β position of the phenethylamine core, forming a ketone group. Methylone was first synthesized by the chemists Peyton Jacob III and Alexander Shulgin in 1996 for potential use"
"3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-propylamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxy-""N""-propylamphetamine (MDPR, ""Phantom"") is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. MDPR was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the minimum dosage is listed as 200 mg, and the duration unknown. MDPR is a promoter; by itself it has almost no effects on the mind, but it promotes the effects of hallucinogens, similarly to the closely related MDPH. Shulgin reported that 160 mg of MDPR strongly enhanced the effects of a small (60 μg) dose of LSD, and that similar enhancement of hallucinogenic effect was noted when mixing MDPR"
"release. EDMA 3,4-Ethylenedioxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (EDMA) is an entactogen drug of the methamphetamine class. It is an analogue of MDMA where the methylenedioxy ring has been replaced by an ethylenedioxy ring. EDMA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL"", the dosage is listed as 150–250 mg, and the duration listed as 3–5 hours. According to Shulgin, EDMA produces a bare threshold consisting of paresthesia, nystagmus, and hypnogogic imagery, with few to no other effects. Scientific research has demonstrated that EDMA acts as a non-neurotoxic serotonin releasing agent with moderately diminished potency relative to MDMA, and with negligible effects on"
"Alpha-Methyldopamine α-Methyldopamine (α-Me-DA), also known as 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (3,4-DHA or HHA), is a research chemical of the catecholamine and amphetamine chemical classes. Its bis-glutathionyl metabolite is slightly neurotoxic when directly injected into the brain's ventricles. Interest lies in the fact that MDA and MDMA may not themselves be responsible for their neurotoxicity, as an intracerebroventricular injection does not appear to cause neurotoxicity. While many studies suggest excitotoxicity or oxidative stress as likely mechanisms, which may be an effect of MDMA itself, this has led to the search for other mechanisms for the observed toxicity of serotonin axons and subsequent reduction in"
"EDMA 3,4-Ethylenedioxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (EDMA) is an entactogen drug of the methamphetamine class. It is an analogue of MDMA where the methylenedioxy ring has been replaced by an ethylenedioxy ring. EDMA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL"", the dosage is listed as 150–250 mg, and the duration listed as 3–5 hours. According to Shulgin, EDMA produces a bare threshold consisting of paresthesia, nystagmus, and hypnogogic imagery, with few to no other effects. Scientific research has demonstrated that EDMA acts as a non-neurotoxic serotonin releasing agent with moderately diminished potency relative to MDMA, and with negligible effects on dopamine"
"Methylhexanamine Methylhexanamine (trade names Forthane, Geranamine) or methylhexamine, commonly known as 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,3-amphetamine or simply dimethylamylamine (DMAA), is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1944 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 1983. Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums, but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated"
"arthritis and severe allergic reactions; hence, methylone may be confused with it. Aside from context, they can be distinguished by the fact that the name will usually be capitalized when referring to the prescription drug. A proposed alternate name is bk-MDMA, or beta-keto-MDMA. While this nomenclature has not caught on because the name ""methylone"" became widely used before the conflicting Methylone trademark was noticed, the analogous names for related chemicals bk-MDEA and bk-MBDB have become the established names for those substances. Methylone Methylone (also known as ""3,4-methylenedioxy-""N""-methylcathinone"", ""MDMC"", ""βk-MDMA"" and by the slang term ""M1"") is an empathogen and stimulant"
"Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act. 3,4-Methylenedioxyphentermine 3,4-Methylenedioxyphentermine (MDPH) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. MDPH was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the dosage range is listed as 160–240 mg, and the duration as 3–5 hours. MDPH's effects are very similar to those of MDA: they both are smooth and ""stoning,"" and do not cause any visuals. They also alter dreams and dream patterns. Shulgin describes MDPH as a promoter; it promotes the effects of other drugs, similarly to 2C-D. Very little data"
"3,4-Methylenedioxyphenethylamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (""3,4-MDPEA"" or just ""MDPEA""), also known as homopiperonylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine formed by adding a methylenedioxy group to phenethylamine. It is structurally similar to MDA, but without the methyl group at the alpha position. According to Alexander Shulgin in his book PiHKAL, MDPEA appears to be biologically inactive. This is likely because of extensive first-pass metabolism by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. However, if MDPEA were either used in high enough of doses (e.g., 1-2 grams), or in combination with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), it is probable that it would become sufficiently active, though it would likely"
"products containing methylhexanamine. Methylhexanamine Methylhexanamine (trade names Forthane, Geranamine) or methylhexamine, commonly known as 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,3-amphetamine or simply dimethylamylamine (DMAA), is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1944 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 1983. Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums, but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths"
"reaction temperature that is too high results in some double methylation of the amine nitrogen, yielding MDDM as well as MDMA. The presence of MDDM as an impurity can thus reveal which synthetic route was used to manufacture seized samples of MDMA. This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act. Methylenedioxydimethylamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxy-""N"",""N""-dimethylamphetamine (MDDM) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is also the ""N"",""N""-dimethyl analog of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). MDDM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the dosage is unspecified and the"
"1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine 1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine (also known as 3,4-methylenedioxybutanphenamine, MDB, BDB, J, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-ethylphenethylamine) is an entactogenic drug of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is the α-ethyl analog of MDPEA and MDA and the methylenedioxy analogue of α-ethylphenethylamine. BDB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the dosage range is listed as 150–230 mg and the duration is listed as 4–8 hours. BDB produces entactogenic, MDMA-like effects. Although pleasant and euphoric, BDB is also fairly sedating and some users feel that the lack of stimulant effect makes it less enjoyable than other similar drugs."
"that serotonin has on the visual system and to what degree MDMA neurotoxicity affects the brain. Ecstasy is the street name that refers to the popular recreational drug that contains 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The now frequently used drug in the rave and club scene was first synthesized by Merck, a German pharmaceutical company that was investigating the development of new medications in the early 1900s. Since its development, it has undergone various phases, from controversially being used as a therapeutic aid in the 1970s, to being banned in the 1980s after the Drug Enforcement Administration concluded that it was addictive. During"
"Home Office incorrectly assumed Amess was referring to 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-benzylamphetamine. This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act. Methylenedioxybenzylamphetamine MDBZ, or 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-benzylamphetamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the N-benzyl derivative of MDA. MDBZ was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the minimum dosage is listed as 150 mg, and the duration unknown. MDBZ produces few to no effects. Very few data exist about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDBZ. In an episode of the British spoof documentary TV"
"(also called alpha-methyldopamine (α-Me-DA)), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetone (MDP2P), and 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine (MDOH). The contributions of these metabolites to the psychoactive and toxic effects of MDMA are an area of active research. 80% of MDMA is metabolised in the liver, and about 20% is excreted unchanged in the urine. MDMA is known to be metabolized by two main metabolic pathways: (1) ""O""-demethylenation followed by catechol-""O""-methyltransferase (COMT)-catalyzed methylation and/or glucuronide/sulfate conjugation; and (2) ""N""-dealkylation, deamination, and oxidation to the corresponding benzoic acid derivatives conjugated with glycine. The metabolism may be primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and COMT. Complex, nonlinear pharmacokinetics arise"
"(3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or ""ecstasy"") is an amphetamine with wide recreational use. A study reported that the NET inhibitor reboxetine reduced the stimulant effects of MDMA in humans, demonstrating the crucial role NET has in the cardiovascular and stimulant-like effects of MDMA. The role of the NET in many brain disorders underlies the importance of understanding the (dys)regulation of the transporter. A complete model of the proteins that associate with the transporter will be useful in designing drug therapies for diseases such as schizophrenia, affective disorder, and autonomic disorders. Recently discovered mechanisms of the NET, including the ability to act reversibly and"
"animals, given the similar chemical names (MDMA stands for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Ironically, it is now being investigated as a possible ""treatment"" for Parkinson's disease. The neurotoxicity of MPTP was first hinted at in 1976 after Barry Kidston, a 23-year-old chemistry graduate student in Maryland, synthesized MPPP (a synthetic opiate related to pethidine and the prodines) with MPTP as a major impurity, and self-injected the result. Within three days he began exhibiting symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The National Institute of Mental Health found traces of MPPP, MPTP, and other pethidine analogues in his lab. They tested the substances on rats, but due"
"with other drugs such as psilocybin, mescaline, 2C-B, and 2C-T-7. The reason for this synergistic action of MDPR has not been elucidated. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDPR other than what is written in PiHKAL. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-propylamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxy-""N""-propylamphetamine (MDPR, ""Phantom"") is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. MDPR was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the minimum dosage is listed as 200 mg, and the duration unknown. MDPR is a promoter; by itself it has almost no effects on the mind, but it"
"MBDB 1,3-Benzodioxolyl-""N""-methylbutanamine (""N""-methyl-1,3-benzodioxolylbutanamine, MBDB, 3,4-methylenedioxy-""N""-methyl-α-ethylphenylethylamine) is an entactogen of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is known by the street names Eden and Methyl-J. MBDB is a closely related chemical analogue of MDMA, with the only difference between the two molecules being an ethyl group instead of a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon. It has IC values of 784 nM against 5-HT, 7825 nM against dopamine, and 1233 nM against norepinephrine. Its metabolism has been described in scientific literature. MBDB was first synthesized by pharmacologist and medicinal chemist David E. Nichols and later tested by Alexander Shulgin and described"
"Para-Methoxyamphetamine ""para""-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA; ""Death"", ""Dr. Death""), also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine (4-MA), is a designer drug of the amphetamine class with serotonergic effects. Unlike other similar drugs of this family, PMA does not produce stimulant, euphoriant, or entactogen effects, and behaves more like an antidepressant in comparison, though it does have some psychedelic properties. PMA has been found in tablets touted as MDMA (ecstasy) although its effects are markedly different compared to those of MDMA. The consequences of such deception have often included hospitalization and death for unwitting users. PMA is commonly synthesized from anethole, the flavor compound of anise and"
"Although the 1960s are commonly perceived as a time of rampant marijuana use compared with the present day, in a 1969 Gallup poll only 4% of American adults had tried marijuana and 34% did not know its effects. In contrast, later Gallup polls show that the percentage of adults who had tried marijuana had risen to 33% by 1985 and 34% by 1999. The third most common illicit drug that is the source of urban legends is 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), better known as ""ecstasy."" In the United States, this substance was banned in 1985, and other countries followed suit as well."
"entirely unknown. 1,3-Dimethylbutylamine 1,3-Dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA), or simply dimethylbutylamine (DMBA), is a stimulant drug structurally related to methylhexanamine (1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA)) where a butyl group replaces the amyl group. It is also known as AMP Citrate (4-amino-2-methylpentane citrate). The compound is an aliphatic amine. DMBA has been identified as an unapproved ingredient in some over-the-counter dietary supplements, in which it is used in an apparent attempt to avoid laws prohibiting the use of methylhexanamine. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers any dietary supplement containing DMBA to be ""adulterated"". There are no known human safety studies on DMBA and its health"
"Methylenedioxybenzylamphetamine MDBZ, or 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-benzylamphetamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the N-benzyl derivative of MDA. MDBZ was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)"", the minimum dosage is listed as 150 mg, and the duration unknown. MDBZ produces few to no effects. Very few data exist about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDBZ. In an episode of the British spoof documentary TV show ""Brass Eye"", David Amess MP was fooled into recording a warning against a fictitious new drug called ""cake"". When asked a parliamentary question about it, the"
"serotonin and does not produce serotonergic neurotoxicity in rodents. These data appear to confer a profile of MMA as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and 5-HT receptor agonist. At high doses, such as 120 mg, the effects are psychedelic (comparable to DOM). 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine (MMA) is an entactogen and psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. It was first synthesized in 1970 and was encountered as a street drug in Italy in the same decade. MMA was largely forgotten until being reassayed by David E. Nichols as a non-neurotoxic MDMA analogue in 1991, and has subsequently been sold"
"his book PiHKAL. In the United States, MDEA was introduced recreationally in 1985 as a legal substitute to the newly banned MDMA. MDEA was made a Schedule 1 substance in the United States on August 13, 1987 under the Federal Analog Act. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxy-""N""-ethylamphetamine (""MDEA""; also called ""MDE"" and colloquially, ""Eve"") is an empathogenic psychoactive drug. MDEA is a substituted amphetamine and a substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine. MDEA acts as a serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor. Possession of MDEA is illegal in most countries. Some limited exceptions exist for scientific and medical research. MDEA currently has no accepted"
"N,N-Dimethyltryptamine N"",""N""-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or N"",""N""-DMT) is a tryptamine molecule which occurs in many plants and animals. It can be consumed as a psychedelic drug and has historically been prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen. Rick Strassman labeled it ""the spirit molecule"". DMT is illegal in most countries. DMT has a rapid onset, intense effects and a relatively short duration of action. For those reasons, DMT was known as the ""businessman's trip"" during the 1960s in the United States, as a user could access the full depth of a psychedelic experience in considerably less time than with"