"species, which can be important for taxonomy. Scientists estimated the genome size for 40% of the species in the genus; using ""Flow Cytometry."" ""Penstemon digitalis"" has one of the largest genomes of the genus""Penstemon"". Like other ""Penstemon"" species, it is used in roadside planting because it is easily grown and showy. It is recommended for easy use in gardens from the Midwest to the Atlantic coast and Pacific Northwest by the American Penstemon Society. ""Iowa's Living Roadway Profiler"" from the Iowa Department of Transportation says that the plant's ""decorative seed capsules add interest in the fall and winter"". One of"
"practiced as a folk herbalist in Shropshire, who used the plant as part of a polyherbal formulation containing over 20 different ingredients to successfully treat this condition. Withering deduced that Digitalis was the ""active"" ingredient in the formulation, and over the ensuing nine years he carefully tried out different preparations of various parts of the plant (collected in different seasons) documenting 156 cases where he had employed digitalis, and describing the effects and the best - and safest - way of using it. At least one of these cases was a patient for whom Erasmus Darwin had asked Withering for"
"angiotensin levels and decreased sympathetic discharge, causing indirect vasodilation. Digoxin also affects the kidney by increased renal blood flow and increased glomerular filtration rate. A mild diuretic effect is seen only in heart failure. Derivatives of plants of genus ""Digitalis"" have a long history of medical use. The English physician William Withering is credited with the first published description of the use of digitalis derivatives in his 1785 book ""An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses With Practical Remarks on Dropsy and Other Diseases"". It effects were first explained by Arthur Robertson Cushny. Charles Cullen admitted"
"Mother Hutton Mother Hutton was an 18th-century British pharmacist and herbalist responsible for the discovery of digitalis and its essential use in the curing of heart problems. She is sometimes referred to as Mrs. Hutton, Old mother Hutton and ""the old woman from Shropshire"". As her last name alludes, she hailed from Shropshire, England. She was a successful practitioner of general medicine but became most famous for her ability to treat heart disease, kidney troubles and dropsy. She discovered the usefulness of the foxglove plant (""Digitalis purpura"") in treating the above. She experimented with the foxglove until she worked it"
"his medical colleagues (and the Dean was treated with Digitalis Root not Leaves) . This myth has been created by authors not going back to primary sources but instead copying and then embellishing the work of others. See ""Withering and The Foxglove; the making of a myth"" by D.M. Krikler Br Heart J 1985 54: 256-257. Mother Hutton Mother Hutton was an 18th-century British pharmacist and herbalist responsible for the discovery of digitalis and its essential use in the curing of heart problems. She is sometimes referred to as Mrs. Hutton, Old mother Hutton and ""the old woman from Shropshire""."
"William Withering William Withering FRS (17 March 1741 – 6 October 1799) was an English botanist, geologist, chemist, physician and the discoverer of digitalis. Withering was born in Wellington, Shropshire, the son of a surgeon. He trained as a physician and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. He worked at Birmingham General Hospital from 1779. The story is that he noticed a person with dropsy (swelling from congestive heart failure) improve remarkably after taking a traditional herbal remedy; Withering became famous for recognising that the active ingredient in the mixture came from the foxglove plant. The active"
"ingredient is now known as digitalis, after the plant's scientific name. In 1785, Withering published ""An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses"", which contained reports on clinical trials and notes on digitalis's effects and toxicity. Born in England, Withering attended Edinburgh Medical School from 1762 to 1766. In 1767 he started as a consultant at Stafford Royal Infirmary. He married Helena Cookes (an amateur botanical illustrator, and erstwhile patient of his) in 1772; they had three children (the first, Helena was born in 1775 but died a few days later, William was born in 1776, and"
"Salvia digitaloides Salvia digitaloides is a herbaceous perennial shrub native to the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan, first collected by Scot botanist George Forrest and named by Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels in Germany in 1912, from Forrest's specimens. In its native habitat it grows between 7,000-11,000 ft elevation in dry shady pine forests, in east-facing scrub oak forests, and on grassy hillsides and valleys. Uncommon in horticulture, seeds have been collected and plants displayed at Quarryhill Botanical Garden in Glen Ellyn, California. The plant is used medicinally in Yunnan. ""Salvia digitaloides"" forms a 1–2 ft high and wide"
"Digoxigenin Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid found exclusively in the flowers and leaves of the plants ""Digitalis purpurea"", ""Digitalis orientalis"" and ""Digitalis lanata"" (foxgloves), where it is attached to sugars, to form the glycosides (e.g. Lanatoside C). Digoxigenin is a hapten, a small molecule with high antigenicity, that is used in many molecular biology applications similarly to other popular haptens such as 2,4-Dinitrophenol, biotin, and fluorescein. Typically, digoxigenin is introduced chemically (conjugation) into biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) to be detected in further assays. DIG-binding proteins. Tinberg et al. designed artificial proteins that bind DIG. Their best binder, DIG10.3, was a"
"allows to make : Digoxigenin Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid found exclusively in the flowers and leaves of the plants ""Digitalis purpurea"", ""Digitalis orientalis"" and ""Digitalis lanata"" (foxgloves), where it is attached to sugars, to form the glycosides (e.g. Lanatoside C). Digoxigenin is a hapten, a small molecule with high antigenicity, that is used in many molecular biology applications similarly to other popular haptens such as 2,4-Dinitrophenol, biotin, and fluorescein. Typically, digoxigenin is introduced chemically (conjugation) into biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) to be detected in further assays. DIG-binding proteins. Tinberg et al. designed artificial proteins that bind DIG. Their best"
"enough weather and well drained yet moist soil. Because it can be grown under somewhat flexible conditions it is used ornamentally in both Europe and North America. Individuals of these species are herbs that grow from anywhere between 30 cm and 60 cm tall. They have an alternate leaf pattern with small green lanceolate leaves that are known for both their medicinal purposes and high toxicity when ingested. The flowers are located at the terminals of the branches and are arranged in a raceme inflorescence pattern. The flowers of ""Digitalis ciliata"" are a distinguishing feature that gave the entire genus"
"than those found in ""D. purpurea"". According to Dutch botanist Herman Boerhaave, ""Digitalis"" species are highly poisonous if directly ingested. All parts are poisonous. Besides normal cultivation, ""D. thapsi"" has been propagated using explant culture, a technique employed for the isolation of cells from piece(s) of tissue for harvesting. Auxins NAA, 2,4-D and IAA alone or combined with BA produced a callus. NAA caused root formation and BA shoot formation. NAA and BA combined induced organ generation much effectively. Plantlets obtained this way had a survival rate of 70%. Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter, a German botanist, observed that ""D. thapsi"" had"
"half of whom lived on less than $2 U.S. per day in 2002. In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost. Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including opium, aspirin, digitalis, and quinine. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 25% of modern drugs used in the United States have been derived from plants. At least 7,000 medical compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants. Among the 120 active compounds currently isolated from the higher plants and"
"many scientific interests, publishing ""A Botanical Materia Medica: Consisting of the Generic and Specific Characters of the Plants Used in Medicine and Diet, with Synonyms, and References to Medical Authors"" (1812) and ""Botanical Commentaries"" (1830). He died in Chesterfield on 30 April 1831 and was buried at St Mary's, Chesterfield. The plant ""Stokesia cyanea"" or ""Stokesia laevis"" (Asteraceae/Compositae) is named after him. Jonathan Stokes Jonathan Stokes (c. 1755 – 30 April 1831) was an English physician and botanist, a member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, and an early adopter of the heart drug digitalis. Stokes was probably born in"
"such as digitalis. ""Digitalis purpurea"", the variety of foxglove flower that is the normal source of digitalis, has become common in the area after introduction by European settlers; the foxglove variety that is native to Africa, ""Ceratotheca triloba"", resembles the poisonous plant but does not contain digitalis. In the ""Forbes"" article, David Kroll surmises that while crocodile bile is reputed by local villagers to be highly toxic, this is almost certainly false. Crocodile bile resembles mammalian bile which is universally found in the digestive tract of all higher animals. Mice experimentally fed extracts of the bile did not die, and"
"for scientific tests, one of the objectives being to see whether the cause of his death could be ascertained. The body was found to be naturally mummified and in an exceptionally good state of preservation, so-much-so that some of his internal organs could be examined. It transpired the actual cause of death was poisoning from lethal amounts of the drug digitalis, extracted from one of the ""foxglove"" family of plants. The evidence leans towards deliberate murder by poisoning, perhaps under the guise of medical treatment for the illness Cangrande is said to have contracted from drinking infected spring water prior"
"the plant had allegedly been used by retired Tanzanian pastor Ambilikile Mwasapile to allegedly cure all manner of diseases, including HIV/AIDS, diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, asthma, and others. While found to be harmless to humans when boiled in accordance with Mwasapile's mode of creating a medicinal drink out of the bark, it allegedly was undergoing testing by the WHO and Tanzanian health authorities to verify whether it has any medicinal value. However, conflicting reports suggest that the plant in question is not in fact ""Antiaris"", but rather ""Carissa edulis"". ""Antiaris toxicaria"" is notorious as a poison for arrows, darts,"
"fairy. Similarly, R. C. A. Prior (1863) suggested an etymology of ""foxes-glew"", meaning 'fairy music'. However, neither of these suggestions account for the Old English form ""foxes glofa"". ""Digitalis"" species thrive in acidic soils, in partial sunlight to deep shade, in a range of habitats, including open woods, woodland clearings, moorland and heath margins, sea-cliffs, rocky mountain slopes and hedge banks. It is commonly found on sites where the ground has been disturbed, such as recently cleared woodland, or where the vegetation has been burnt. A group of medicines extracted from foxglove plants are called digitalin. The use of ""D."
"also introduced to the general audience the screw down plant press and the vasculum. In 1787 he was elected a Fellow of the Linnaean Society in recognition of his contribution to botany. Subsequently, the plant ""Witheringia solanacea"" was named in his honour, and he became known on the continent of Europe as ""The English Linnaeus"". The William Withering Chair in Medicine at the University of Birmingham Medical School is named after him, as is the medical school's annual William Withering Lecture. Withering first learned of the use of Digitalis in treating ""dropsy"" (edema) from ""Mother Hutton"", an old woman who"
"Reading, England. Isoplexis Isoplexis is a section of 4 species of flowering plants within the genus ""Digitalis"" in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. The species of section Isoplexis differ from other plants in the genus ""Digitalis"" in that their monosymmetric (sometimes called zygomorphic) flowers have a distinctive large upper lip rather than large lower lip and the species are endemic to the Canary Islands (the species ""D. canariensis"", ""D. chalcantha"", and ""D. isabelliana"") and Madeira (""D. sceptrum""). Two ""Isoplexis"" species, ""D. canariensis"" and ""D. sceptrum"", were first described by Linnaeus in 1753 as part of the genus ""Digitalis"". Since then the"
"Digitaria Digitaria is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. They are slender monocotyledonous annual and perennial lawn, pasture, and forage plants; some are often considered lawn pests. ""Digitus"" is the Latin word for ""finger"", and they are distinguished by the long, finger-like inflorescences they produce. ""Digitaria"" species occur in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of both hemispheres. Though some ""Digitaria"" species are weeds, others have uses, especially as food. The seeds, most notably those of fonio, can be toasted and ground into a flour,"
"digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with ""Reseda luteola"", also known as yellow-weed. The pigments available to painters were more varied; monks in monasteries used verdigris, made by soaking copper in fermenting wine, to color medieval manuscripts. They also used finely-ground malachite, which made a luminous green. They used green earth colors for backgrounds. During the early"
"1785 and read on 16 March of that year, Erasmus Darwin published a more detailed ""account of the successful use of foxglove"", but this gained little attention. Withering's ""account"" has a preface dated 1 July 1885, and its publication later that year convinced physicians of the use of digitalis as treatment. While Darwin had priority of publication, Withering is rightly given credit for finding and developing this treatment, and was understandably annoyed at Erasmus Darwin. The book of dissertations also had a note of ""other ingenious works of the late Mr Darwin in the Hands of the Editor, which may"
"Leonotis leonurus Leonotis leonurus, also known as lion's tail and wild dagga, is a plant species in the Lamiaceae (mint) family. The plant is a broadleaf evergreen large shrub native to South Africa and southern Africa, where it is very common. It is known for its medicinal and mild psychoactive properties. The main psychoactive component of ""Leonotis leonurus"" is claimed to be leonurine, even though leonurine has never been found in the plant using chemical analysis. Like other plants in the mint family, it also contains marrubiim. The name 'wild dagga' links it closely to cannabis as 'dagga' derived from"
"clump, with thick velvety looking oblong leaves that are rounded at the top and base, with the edges rolled slightly under, and with white veining on the underside. The soft yellow flowers are about 1 in long, on 6 in inflorescences, with 4-6 flowers in widely spaced whorls. The upper lip is broadly triangular, while the lower lip is longer and dusted with purple spots. The green calyx has purple veins, and every part of the plant is covered with long straight hairs. Salvia digitaloides Salvia digitaloides is a herbaceous perennial shrub native to the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan,"
"was the property of monks, particularly Benedictine, and the purpose of those early herbals was primarily medicinal rather than plant science ""per se"". It would require the invention of the printing press (1450) to make such information more widely available. Leonhart Fuchs, a German physician and botanist is often considered the originator of Latin names for the rapidly increasing number of plants known to science. For instance he coined the name ""Digitalis"" in his ""De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes"" (1542). A key event was Linnaeus’ adoption of binomial names for plant species in his ""Species Plantarum"" (1753). In the nineteenth"
"Diallyl disulfide Diallyl disulfide (DADS or 4,5-dithia-1,7-octadiene) is an organosulfur compound derived from garlic and a few other genus ""Allium"" plants. Along with diallyl trisulfide and diallyl tetrasulfide, it is one of the principal components of the distilled oil of garlic. It is a yellowish liquid which is insoluble in water and has a strong garlic odor. It is produced during the decomposition of allicin, which is released upon crushing garlic and other plants of the Alliaceae family. Diallyl disulfide has many of the health benefits of garlic, but it is also an allergen causing garlic allergy. Highly diluted, it"
"Diallyl disulfide can be easily detected in the air or in the blood with gas chromatography. Diallyl disulfide Diallyl disulfide (DADS or 4,5-dithia-1,7-octadiene) is an organosulfur compound derived from garlic and a few other genus ""Allium"" plants. Along with diallyl trisulfide and diallyl tetrasulfide, it is one of the principal components of the distilled oil of garlic. It is a yellowish liquid which is insoluble in water and has a strong garlic odor. It is produced during the decomposition of allicin, which is released upon crushing garlic and other plants of the Alliaceae family. Diallyl disulfide has many of the"
"cellulose. Thread used to sew cloth likewise comes in large part from cotton. Plants are a primary source of basic chemicals, both for their medicinal and physiological effects, and for the industrial synthesis of a vast array of organic chemicals. Many hundreds of medicines are derived from plants, both traditional medicines used in herbalism and chemical substances purified from plants or first identified in them, sometimes by ethnobotanical search, and then synthesised for use in modern medicine. Modern medicines derived from plants include aspirin, taxol, morphine, quinine, reserpine, colchicine, digitalis and vincristine. Plants used in herbalism include ginkgo, echinacea, feverfew,"
"as glucose. The strophanthin from seeds of S. Kombe came to be called strophanthin-K, that form seeds of S- hispidus strophanthin-H and that from seeds of S. gratus or wood of A. schimperi was called strophanthin-G. Dr. Feilchenfeld of Berlin administered strophanthus as premedicant before anesthesia. Albert Fraenkel, pharmacologist in Heidelberg, saw strophanthus as therapeutical in cardiac failure (emergency cases initially). So strophanthin-K (Kombetin) were used oral and intravenous. In 1925, it was recognized that absorption of strophanthus from the gut was less complete than that of digitalis. As consequence, its oral use was declined, whereas IV use was increased."
"Isoplexis Isoplexis is a section of 4 species of flowering plants within the genus ""Digitalis"" in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. The species of section Isoplexis differ from other plants in the genus ""Digitalis"" in that their monosymmetric (sometimes called zygomorphic) flowers have a distinctive large upper lip rather than large lower lip and the species are endemic to the Canary Islands (the species ""D. canariensis"", ""D. chalcantha"", and ""D. isabelliana"") and Madeira (""D. sceptrum""). Two ""Isoplexis"" species, ""D. canariensis"" and ""D. sceptrum"", were first described by Linnaeus in 1753 as part of the genus ""Digitalis"". Since then the section has"
"Galega officinalis Galega officinalis, commonly known as galega, goat's-rue, French lilac, Italian fitch, or professor-weed, is an herbaceous plant in the Faboideae subfamily. It is native to the Middle East, but has been naturalized in Europe and western Asia. The plant has been extensively cultivated as a forage crop, an ornamental, a bee plant, and as green manure. ""G. officinalis"" is rich in galegine, a substance with blood glucose-lowering activity and the foundation for the discovery of metformin, a treatment for managing symptoms of diabetes mellitus. In ancient herbalism, goat's-rue was used as a diuretic. It can be poisonous to"
"from the medicinal plant ""Rauwolfia serpentina""). A major breakthrough was achieved in the 1950s with the discovery of well-tolerated oral diuretics, the first of which was chlorothiazide (Diuril). This was derived from the antibiotic sulfanilamide and became available in 1958. A randomized controlled trial sponsored by the Veterans Administration comparing hydrochlorothiazide plus reserpine plus hydralazine versus placebo had to be stopped early because those not receiving treatment developed many more complications and it was deemed unethical to withhold treatment from them. The study continued in people with lower blood pressures and showed that treatment even in people with mild hypertension"