"optical axis of the Schmidt design creates a Schmidt-Newtonian telescope. The addition of a convex secondary mirror to the Schmidt design directing light through a hole in the primary mirror creates a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. The last two designs are popular with telescope manufacturers because they are compact and use simple spherical optics. A short list of notable and/or large aperture Schmidt cameras. Schmidt camera A Schmidt camera, also referred to as the Schmidt telescope, is a catadioptric astrophotographic telescope designed to provide wide fields of view with limited aberrations. The design was invented by Bernhard Schmidt in 1930. Some notable"
"which had chrysalises, the daytime butterflies and the nighttime moths. The second classification is that of the maggots, worms, flies, and bees. I retained the indigenous names of the plants, because they were still in use in America by both the locals and the Indians. Merian's drawings of plants, frogs, snakes, spiders, iguanas, and tropical beetles are still collected today by amateurs all over the world. The German word ""Vogelspinne""—(a spider of the infraorder Mygalomorphae), translated literally as ""bird spider""—probably has its origins in an engraving by Merian. The engraving, created from sketches drawn in Surinam, shows a large spider"
"""incertae sedis"". The Orthogregarinia with two new orders Arthrogregarida and Vermigregarida was created for the gregarines most closely related to ""Cryptosporidium"". The second class — Paragregarea — was created for the archigregarines, Stenophorida and a new order — Velocida which itself was created for ""Urosporoidea"" ""superfam. n."" and ""Veloxidium"". The third class was created — Squirmida — for ""Filipodium"" and ""Platyproteum"". Thus, the eugregarines proved to be splitted and distributed among these three classes together with some other apicomplexans. This point of view was challenged in 2017 by Simdyanov and co-authors, which performed the global integrated analysis of available morphological"
"and neogregarines differ in a number of respects. The neogregarines are in general more pathogenic to their hosts. The eugregarines multiply by sporogony and gametogony, while the neogregarines have an additional schizogenic stage — merogony — within their hosts. Merogony may be intracellular or extracellular depending on the species. DNA studies suggest the archigregarines are ancestral to the others. Cavalier-Smith has proposed a significant revision of this taxon assuming the polyphyly of eugregarines. He has separated gregarines into three classes. The first of them — Gregarinomorphea — comprises Orthogregarinia, Cryptosporidiidae and, additionally, Rhytidocystidae previously considered as divergent coccidians or Apicomplexa"
"from Ordovician, Silurian and Carboniferous Lagerstätten. Some bear toughened claws, plates or spines, which are commonly preserved as carbonaceous or mineralized microfossils in Cambrian strata. The better-known genera include, for example, ""Aysheaia"", which was discovered in the Canadian Burgess Shale and looks something like the modern velvet worms., and ""Hallucigenia"", known from Chengjiang and the Burgess Shale. The latter taxon was originally reconstructed with long, stilt-like legs and mysterious fleshy dorsal protuberances, and was long considered a prime example of the way in which nature experimented with the most diverse and bizarre body designs during the Cambrian. However, further discoveries"
"gregorii"" is an evergreen vine that grows to 8–10 ft. tall, or if left without support can become an extensive groundcover. It is native to east Africa. ""Thunbergia gregorii"" is pollinated by bees. Hardy to -1 C, ""Thunbergia gregorii"" flowers more profusely and even year-round in warmer climates, while restricted to summer and autumn in cooler climates. Propagation is by cuttings taken in the summer. Thunbergia gregorii Thunbergia gregorii, commonly known as orange clockvine or orange trumpet vine, is a herbaceous perennial climbing plant species in the family Acanthaceae, native to East Africa and sometimes cultivated as an ornamental vine."
"or Monongahela corresponds to the rest of the Kasimovian. The Desmoinesian or Allegheny corresponds to the upper half of the Moscovian. The Atokan or upper Pottsville corresponds to the lower half of the Moscovian. The Morrowan corresponds to the Bashkirian. In the European subdivision, the Carboniferous is divided into two epochs: Dinantian (early) and Silesian (late). The Silesian starts earlier than the Pennsylvanian and is divided in three ages: Pennsylvanian (geology) The Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods (or upper of two subsystems) of the Carboniferous"
"is composed of five traditional tribes (Cicereae , Fabeae , Galegeae , Hedysareae , Trifolieae ) and several genera of the traditional tribe Millettieae (""Afgekia"" , ""Callerya"" , ""Endosamara"" , ""Sarcodum"" , ""Wisteria"" , and possibly ""Antheroporum"" ). The name of this clade is informal and is not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN or the ICPN. The clade is defined as:""The most inclusive crown clade exhibiting the structural mutation in the plastid genome (loss of one copy of the ~25-kb inverted repeat region) homologous with that found in ""Galega officinalis"" ,"
"As was the case in some previous analyses, caecilians were found to be the descendants of a group of small amphibious Paleozoic tetrapods called Lepospondyli while frogs and salamanders had an independent origin within Temnospondyli. The phylogeny supported by the 2008 analysis has been called the ""polyphyletic hypothesis"" and is one of three main hypotheses for lissamphibian origins. The other two hypotheses are the ""lepospondyl hypothesis"", which places all lissamphibians as the closest relatives of a group of lepospondyls called lysorophians, and the ""temnospondyl hypothesis"", which has all lissamphibians derived from amphibamid temnospondyls like ""Gerobatrachus"". Paleontologists David Marjanović and Michel"
"from semi-arid to tidal. It has been suggested that ""Sadovnikovia"" (Kungurian) is the common ancestor of both the Isoetaceae and the Pleuromeiaceae. The earliest species of the extant genus ""Isoetes"" is known from the Lower Triassic, its extinct sister genus ""Annalepis"" occurs later during the Triassic. The Pleuromeiaceae seems to be represented by the subsequent development of the genera ""Viatcheslavia"" (Roadian), ""Signacularia"" (Wordian), ""Pleuromeia"" (Induan to Anisian) and ""Ferganodendron"" (Ladinian–Carnian) from each other. When the Cathedral of Magdeburg was under repair during the 1830s, a block of sandstone crashed and split open, revealing a fragment of the stem of ""Pleuromeia"
"the Chattian stage, Oligocene, are known from the Oberleichtersbach Formation in the Rhön Mountains, central Germany. Ostrya Ostrya is a genus of eight to 10 small deciduous trees belonging to the birch family Betulaceae. Its common name is hophornbeam in American English and hop-hornbeam in British English. It may also be called ironwood, a name shared with a number of other plants. The genus is native in southern Europe, southwest and eastern Asia, and North and Central America. They have a conical or irregular crown and a scaly, rough bark. They have alternate and double-toothed birch-like leaves 3–10 cm long."
"caecilians being the sister group of the reptile-like amphibians, rendering Lissamphibia itself an evolutionary grade relative to the remaining tetrapod classes. The cladistic analysis of ""Chinlestegophis"" by Pardo et al. (2017) does recover Lissamphibia as polyphyletic, but with all groups of lissamphibians falling within Temnospondyli; Batrachia is recovered in the analysis as part of Dissorophoidea, while Gymnophonia falls within Stereospondylomorpha. The fossil sequence leading from the early Carboniferous labyrinthodonts to the amniotes has traditionally been seen as fairly well mapped out since the early 20th century, mainly leaving only the question of the demarcation line between the amphibian and reptilian"
"""Paulogramma"" and ""Perisama""; others (like ""Cyclogramma"") are not often considered distinct anymore however. These genera have been found to be close relatives of ""Antigonis"" and ""Haematera"", which like them are in the Callicorini. Jean Baptiste Boisduval lumped this conspicuous group of Callicorini during his epic Lepidoptera reviews from the 1830s to 1850s. He ignored the generic names of previous authors, creating numerous junior subjective synonyms throughout, but was widely followed by subsequent sources. Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin, for example, used the name ""Catagramma"" in the ""Biologia Centrali-Americana"", establishing it for posterity. The type species of ""Catagramma"" is ""Catagramma"
"in Europe and North America, the two subperiods were long thought to have been more or less equal in duration. In Europe the Lower Carboniferous sub-system is known as the Dinantian, comprising the Tournaisian and Visean Series, dated at 362.5-332.9 Ma, and the Upper Carboniferous sub-system is known as the Silesian, comprising the Namurian, Westphalian, and Stephanian Series, dated at 332.9-298.9 Ma. The Silesian is roughly contemporaneous with the late Mississippian Serpukhovian plus the Pennsylvanian. In Britain the Dinantian is traditionally known as the Carboniferous Limestone, the Namurian as the Millstone Grit, and the Westphalian as the Coal Measures and"
"whole, as were the two tribes, although some genera such as ""Ipheion"" and ""Nothoscordum"" were biphyletic. In general the Gilliesieae, with their unusual floral morphology, have genera that are closely related. For instance ""Ancrumia"", ""Gethyum"" and ""Solaria"" have been treated as three, two or one (""Solaria"") genus by different authors. (see Genera and notes) In 2009, Chase ""et al."" more formally brought together the three families, Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, under the single Asparagalean monophyletic family, now renamed Amaryllidaceae from Alliaceae, reversing the Dahlgrenian process of family splitting. This necessitated reducing the existing ranks of the component subfamilial taxa. This formed"
"North American stratigraphy. In North America, where the early Carboniferous beds are primarily marine limestones, the Pennsylvanian was in the past treated as a full-fledged geologic period between the Mississippian and the Permian. In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are grouped together as the Carboniferous Period. The current internationally used geologic timescale of the ICS gives the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian the rank of subperiods, subdivisions of the Carboniferous Period. All modern classes of fungi have been found in rocks of Pennsylvanian age. Amphibians were diverse and common; some were several"
"and ""Martiguesia"" are related genera. Anchispirocyclina Anchispirocyclina is a genus of agglutinated discoidal forams known from the upper Jurassic (lower Kimmeridgian) to the lower Cretaceous (lower Valanginan) of Europe, north Africa, USA (North Carolina) and Cuba. The test of ""Anchispirocyclina"" is discoidal, thin and often slightly undulating. The early stage is close coiled, later flaring some becoming circular in outline. Walls are microgranular to finely agglutinated. Chambers have complex interiors produced by a network of rafters and beams. Those near the median plane have an irregular labyrinthic structure produced by radial pillars or buttresses extending from septum to septum between"
"Thunbergia gregorii Thunbergia gregorii, commonly known as orange clockvine or orange trumpet vine, is a herbaceous perennial climbing plant species in the family Acanthaceae, native to East Africa and sometimes cultivated as an ornamental vine. The bright, pure all-orange flowers distinguish it from the related black-eyed Susan (""Thunbergia alata""). Spencer Le Marchant Moore described the species in 1894, naming it after John Walter Gregory. Within the genus ""Thunbergia"", it is most closely related to ""T. alata"", the two being placed in the subgenus ""Parahexacentris"". The common name of clockvine relates to the vine spiralling upwards in a clockwise direction. ""Thunbergia"
"of earlier authors, are shown in the following cladogram, with the Orthoptera divided into two main groups, Ensifera and Caelifera (grasshoppers). Fossil Ensifera are found from the late Carboniferous period onwards. The oldest known fossil in the Archaeorthoptera, the crown group of the Orthoptera, and also the oldest member of the Pterygota (winged insects), is from the Namurian (324 mya) Lower Carboniferous beds in the Upper Silesian Basin of the Czech Republic. Ensifera Ensifera is a suborder of insects that includes the various types of crickets and their allies including: true crickets, camel crickets, bush crickets or katydids, grigs, wetas"
"are primarily based on the motile stages (namely on the thecae, which are less diverse). This has led to two distinct systematics: paleontological (with four subordinate groups, primarily based on the cyst wall ultrastructure, of which the c-axes of the crystals are orientated irregularly oblique, regularly radial, regularly tangential, or regularly oblique) and neontological (with the motile taxa ""Bysmatrum"" Faust and Steidinger, ""Ensiculifera"" Balech, ""Pentapharsodinium"" Indelicato and Loeblich III, and ""Scrippsiella""). Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts or calcareous dinocysts are dinoflagellate cysts produced by a group of peridinoid dinoflagellates, called calcareous dinoflagellates. Organisms producing calcareous structures are exclusively found"
"consisting of the following groups: ""Astianthus"", Jacarandeae, ""Argylia"", ""Delostoma"", ""Perianthomega"", Catalpeae, Tecomeae ""sensu stricto"", and all of Crescentiina except those genera placed in Crescentieae or Coleeae. All of these groups are monophyletic except Crescentiina ""pro parte"". The whole Crescentiina is monophyletic. Crescentiina is one of a type of name with no definite taxonomic rank. Crescentiina is composed of two strongly supported clades, informally named the ""Tabebuia"" alliance and the Paleotropical clade. The tribe Crescentieae is embedded in the ""Tabebuia"" alliance and might be expanded to include ""Spirotecoma"". Coleeae ""sensu"" Fischer ""et al."" (2004) is polyphyletic because of the inclusion of"
"between various subgenera and sections. It summarizes the results of two studies (Jobson et al. 2003; Müller et al. 2004), following Müller et al. 2006. Since the sections ""Aranella"" and ""Vesiculina"" are polyphyletic, they show up multiple times in the cladogram (*). Some monotypic sections have not been included in the study, so that their place in this system is unclear. Sections that are not included below are ""Candollea"", ""Chelidon"", ""Choristothecae"", ""Kamienskia"", ""Martinia"", ""Meionula"", ""Mirabiles"", ""Oliveria"", ""Setiscapella"", ""Sprucea"", ""Steyermarkia"", and ""Stylotheca"" in subgenus ""Utricularia""; ""Minutae"" in subgenus ""Bivalvaria""; and ""Tridentaria"" in subgenus ""Polypompholyx"". Utricularia Utricularia, commonly and collectively called the"
"caste. However it is clear that individuals can be designated reproductives and nonreproductives. Bequaert describes the extensive color and shape similarities between ""B. lecheguana"" and a number of other species with the word “homeochromic” instead of “mimic”. He lists a number of vespid wasps and potter wasps belonging to the genera ""Pachodynerus"", ""Odynerus"", and ""Ancistrocerus"", and several crabronid wasps of the genera ""Gorytes"" and ""Cerceris"". Along with wasps, there are several bee species that are homeochromic, including mason bees of the genera ""Megachile"", ""Anthidiellum"", ""Hypanthidium"", and ""Dianthidium"", Cuckoo bees belonging to the genus ""Epeolus"", stingless ""Trigona"" bees, and sweat bees"
"pratinus"" and consequently report monophyly) steindachneri clade, conformed of the allopatric ""N. pratinus"", and sympatric ""N. pame"" and ""N. steindachneri""; and the monophyletic pantostictus clade (in the study by León-Romero ""et al."" some of the lineages of ""N. pantostictus"" are misidentified as ""N. labridens""; consequently they report polyphyly) composed of the nominal species ""N. pantostictus"". In comparison to ""Herichthys"", high levels of intrageneric divergence and structure within ""Nosferatu"" were revealed. Divergence time for the split between ""Herichthys"" and ""Nosferatu"" has been estimated in ~5 Mya. During these times (i.e. Miocene-Pliocene), intense regional vulcanism led to the formation of the graben"
"Trichosanthes Trichosanthes is a genus of tropical and subtropical vines. They belong to the cucumber family (Cucurbitaceae), and are closely related to ""Gymnopetalum"". ""Hodgsonia"", formerly included here, is usually considered a well-distinct genus nowadays. The shoots, tendrils, and leaves of some or possibly all species may be eaten as greens, and at least two species (serpent gourd, ""T. cucumerina"", and pointed gourd, ""T. dioica"") are grown commercially for their fleshy fruits used as vegetables, most popular in South Asia and Southeast Asia. At least two species (""T. kirilowii"" and ""T. rosthornii"") are grown for use in traditional Chinese medicine, where"
"Chrysosplenium Chrysosplenium (golden saxifrage or golden-saxifrage) is a genus of 57 species of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae. Species can be found throughout the arctic and northern temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest species diversity in eastern Asia; two species are found disjunctly in South America. They are soft herbaceous perennial plants growing to 20 centimeters tall, typically growing in wet, shady locations in forests. The leaves are rounded, palmately veined, with a lobed margin; they may be arranged either alternately or opposite, depending on the species. The flowers are small, yellow or yellowish-green, with four"
"or Lower Ordovician. Flower however (1957, 1964) separated the Canadian from the rest of the Ordovician and defined it as a four-part system, divided in ascending order into the Gasconadian, Demingian, Jeffersonian, and Cassinian which stands today. The remaining Ordovician was also divided (Flower 1964, fig 3 p. 23) into four parts, the Whiterockian, Chazyan, Mohawkian, and Cincinnatian. Starting at the bottom: All four stages of the Canadian, except for the uppermost Cassinian, are represented in the El Paso Group in New Mexico and West Texas. The name comes from the City of El Paso, Texas, which is next to"
"cement, and the Textulariida ""sensu stricto"", which use a calcareous cement. All three orders or superfamilies are known as fossils from the Cambrian onwards. Textulariida The Textulariida are an order of foraminifera that produce agglutinated shells or tests. An agglutinated test is one made of foreign particles glued together with an organic or calcareous cement to form an external shell on the outside of the organism. Commonly, the order had been made up of all species of Foraminifera with these types of shells, but genetic studies indicate these organisms do not form an evolutionary group, and several superfamilies in the"
"of latticed or fenestrated shell. In the last decade, Radiolarians are reclassified in five taxonomic orders as characterized by the composition and morphology of the mineral skeletons which include Acantharia with strontium sulphate skeleton, Taxopodida with silica skeleton, Collodaria, Nassellaria and Spumellaria with polycystine silica skeleton. Hence, in the current classification Collodaria now has four sister orders instead of having one sister order as in Haeckel’s original tree. Collodaria, Nassellaria and Spumellaria are sometimes called the Polycystines for their shared skeleton composition character. Because most Collodaria species are colonial while others appear to be solitary, Collodaria was once divided into"
"surfaces as well. Test walls are composed of optically radial calcite. The Asterigerinacea range from the Cretaceous to Recent, the oldest family being the Asterigerinidae. Asterigerinacea The Asterigerinacea (or Asterigerinoidea) is a superfamily of foraminifera included in the order Rotaliida, proposed by Loeblich and Tappan, 1988. The Asterigerinacea unites three families, the Episomariidae and Asterigerinidae which had been included in the Discorbacea and the Amphisteginidae which was included in the Orbiotoidacea in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C. Asterigerinacea are characterized by a trochospiral or nearly planispiral arrangement of the chambers, which are fully or partially subdivided by internal"
"""Danthonia californica"", and ""Nassella pulchra"". Deschampsia cespitosa Deschampsia cespitosa, commonly known as tufted hairgrass or tussock grass is a perennial tufted plant in the grass family Poaceae. Distribution of this Deschampsia grass species is widespread including the eastern and western coasts of North America, parts of South America, Eurasia and Australia. The species is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant, and numerous cultivars are available. The cultivar ‘Goldschleier’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. It can be found on all types of grassland, although it prefers poorly drained soil. It forms a major component of the"
"deposited into the collections of the Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Hamburg Similarly, the epithet of the second species ""hoffeinsorum"" is a patronym for Christel and Hans-Werner Hoffeins for the donation of the type fossil to the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut and for their support of the authors research. The third related species, ""M. belgardeae"", bringing the total to four, was described from a compression fossil found in the early Eocene, Ypresian Klondike Mountain Formation lagerstätten, its discovery expanding both the temporal range and geographic range. ""M. belgardeae"" was described by S. Bruce Archibald, Christian Kehlmaier, and Rolf Mathewes"
"segregates of ""Brunnichia"", ""Eriogonum"", and ""Persicaria"" have been given generic status in major works. Some of the genera are not monophyletic and their limits will eventually be revised. These include ""Ruprechtia"", ""Eriogonum"", ""Chorizanthe"", ""Persicaria"", ""Aconogonon"", ""Polygonum"", ""Fallopia"", and ""Muehlenbeckia"". Most Polygonaceae are perennial herbaceous plants with swollen nodes, but trees, shrubs and vines are also present. The leaves of Polygonaceae are simple, and arranged alternately on the stems. Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused, sheathing stipules known as an ochrea. Those species that do not have the nodal ocrea can be identified by their possession of involucrate flower"