"("""" 1961) who launched the modern Creationist movement described the Antediluvian period as follows: However, there has since been debate among Creationists over the authenticity of arguments such as the one that 'there was no rain before the Flood' and previous ideas about what the Antediluvian world was like are constantly changing. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the understanding of the nature of early Earth went through a transformation from a biblical or deist interpretation to a naturalistic one. Even back in the early 18th century, Plutonists had argued for an ancient Earth, but the full impact"
"Antediluvian The Antediluvian (alternatively Pre-Diluvian or Pre-Flood period) is the time period referred to in the Bible between the fall of humans and the Genesis flood narrative in the biblical cosmology. The narrative takes up chapters 1–6 (excluding the flood narrative) of the Book of Genesis. The term found its way into early geology and science until the late Victorian era. Colloquially, the term is used to refer to any ancient and murky period. The Sumerian flood myth is the direct mythological antecessor to the biblical flood myth as well as other Near Eastern flood stories, and reflects a similar"
"Paris, were neither those of giant humans nor of any extant animals. The geologists of the day increasingly came to use the term ""Antediluvian"" only for the younger strata containing fossils of animals resembling those alive today. Antediluvian The Antediluvian (alternatively Pre-Diluvian or Pre-Flood period) is the time period referred to in the Bible between the fall of humans and the Genesis flood narrative in the biblical cosmology. The narrative takes up chapters 1–6 (excluding the flood narrative) of the Book of Genesis. The term found its way into early geology and science until the late Victorian era. Colloquially, the"
"their wives). According to Bishop Ussher's 17th-century chronology, the Antediluvian period lasted for 1656 years, from Creation (some say the fall of man) at 4004 BC to the Flood at 2348 BC. The elements of the narrative include some of the best-known stories in the Bible — the creation, Adam and Eve, and Cain and Abel, followed by the genealogies tracing the descendants of Cain and Seth, the third mentioned son of Adam and Eve. (These genealogies provide the framework for the biblical chronology, in the form ""A lived X years and begat B""). The Bible speaks of this era"
"forth by Moses report that there were Nephilim or ""giants"" in the promised land). Early scientific attempts at reconstructing the history of the Earth were founded on the biblical narrative and thus used the term ""Antediluvian"" to refer to a period understood to be essentially similar to the biblical one. Early scientific interpretation of the biblical narrative divided the Antediluvian into sub-periods based on the : Prior to the 19th century, rock was classified into three main types: primary or primitive (igneous and metamorphic rock), secondary (sedimentary rock) and tertiary (sediments). The primary rocks (like granite and gneiss) are void"
"Antediluvians (World of Darkness) Antediluvians is a term used by White Wolf Publishing in their fictional role-playing game set in the World of Darkness, """", which is now published under license by Onyx Path Publishing. According to in-game legends, antediluvians are the vampires of the Third Generation. Supposedly, they were created by Cain's firstborn ""childer"", Enoch, Irad, and Zillah. Game lore holds there to be thirteen of them, and their sins are to blame for God causing the Great Deluge. From each of these vampires come the thirteen original clans: Assamites, Brujah, Cappadocians, Followers of Set, Gangrel, Lasombra, Malkavians, Nosferatu,"
"Diluvium Historically, diluvium was a term in geology for superficial deposits formed by flood-like operations of water, and so contrasted with alluvium or alluvial deposits formed by slow and steady aqueous agencies. The term was formerly given to the boulder clay deposits, supposed to have been caused by the Noachian deluge. In the late 20th century Russian geologist proposed the term ""diluvium"" for description of deposits created as a result of catastrophic outbursts of Pleistocene giant glacier-dammed lakes in intermontane basins of the Altai. The largest of these lakes, Chuya and Kuray, had volumes of water in hundreds of cubic"
"Alluvium Alluvium (from the Latin ""alluvius"", from ""alluere"", ""to wash against"") is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil or sediment that has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. When this loose alluvial material is deposited or cemented into a lithological unit, or lithified, it is called an alluvial deposit. The term ""alluvium"" is not typically used in situations where the formation of the sediment"
"religious and cultural relevance to their religion. Much as Jews and Christians, ancient Sumerians divided the world between pre-flood and post-flood eras, the former being a time where the gods walked the earth and humans were immortal. After the flood, humans ceased to be immortal and the gods distanced themselves. In the Christian Bible and Hebrew Torah, the Antediluvian period begins with the Fall of the first Man and woman, according to Genesis and ends with the destruction of all life on the earth except those saved with Noah in the ark (Noah and his wife, his three sons and"
"Atlantis: The Antediluvian World Atlantis: The Antediluvian World is a book published in 1882 by Minnesota populist politician Ignatius L. Donnelly, who was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1831. Donnelly considered Plato's account of Atlantis as largely factual and attempted to establish that all known ancient civilizations were descended from this lost land. Many of its theories are the source of many modern-day concepts about Atlantis, including these: the civilization and technology beyond its time, the origins of all present races and civilizations, and a civil war between good and evil. Much of Donnelly's scholarship, especially with regard to Atlantis"
"clan. Antediluvians (World of Darkness) Antediluvians is a term used by White Wolf Publishing in their fictional role-playing game set in the World of Darkness, """", which is now published under license by Onyx Path Publishing. According to in-game legends, antediluvians are the vampires of the Third Generation. Supposedly, they were created by Cain's firstborn ""childer"", Enoch, Irad, and Zillah. Game lore holds there to be thirteen of them, and their sins are to blame for God causing the Great Deluge. From each of these vampires come the thirteen original clans: Assamites, Brujah, Cappadocians, Followers of Set, Gangrel, Lasombra, Malkavians,"
"of the 19th century, the estimated lengths of the various sub-periods were greatly increased. The fossil rich Secondary Pre-Adamitic period was divided up into the Coal period, the Lias and the Chalk period, later expanded into the now-familiar geologic time scale of the Phanerozoic. The term ""Antediluvian"" was used in natural science well into the 19th century and lingered in popular imagination despite increasingly detailed stratigraphy mapping the Earth's past, and was often used for the Pleistocene period, where humans existed alongside now extinct megafauna. Writers such as William Whiston (""A New Theory of the Earth"" 1696) and Henry Morris"
"consist of thin layers (between 8 and 15 meters in the old plain) of marine clay, sand and pebbles. The newest fields contain organic matter such as peat or shells. Fluvial alluvia of continental origin are mainly located in the lower reaches of the rivers, they are mainly sandy products. They come from the erosion of the Precambrian basement of the Guyanese Shield. Geology of French Guiana Guyana belongs to the Guiana Shield, a massif extending north of the Amazon, between the Andes Mountains and the Atlantic, made up of Precambrian rocks dated to between 2.7 and 3.5 billion years"
"at least five large-scale flooding events. Enormous water masses were drained simultaneously and repeatedly toward the south of West Siberia. The total water volume out of the Altai basins only used to reach 10 thousand cubic kilometres. With some periodicity, all of the basins of South Siberia were able to deliver northwards about 60 thousand cubic kilometres of flood waters. Diluvium Historically, diluvium was a term in geology for superficial deposits formed by flood-like operations of water, and so contrasted with alluvium or alluvial deposits formed by slow and steady aqueous agencies. The term was formerly given to the boulder"
"period. Hegemony, which came to be conferred by the Nippur priesthood, alternated among a number of competing dynasties, hailing from Sumerian city-states traditionally including Kish, Uruk, Ur, Adab and Akshak, as well as some from outside of southern Mesopotamia, such as Awan, Hamazi, and Mari, until the Akkadians, under Sargon of Akkad, overtook the area. None of the following pre-dynastic antediluvian rulers have been verified as historical via archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions, or otherwise. While there is no evidence they ever reigned as such, the Sumerians purported them to have lived in the mythical era before the ""Flood"". The antediluvian"
"The NCSS glossary instead suggests ""flood plain"". Alluvial plain An alluvial plain is a largely flat landform created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms. A floodplain is part of the process, being the smaller area over which the rivers flood at a particular period of time, whereas the alluvial plain is the larger area representing the region over which the floodplains have shifted over geological time. As the highlands erode due to weathering and water flow, the sediment from the hills"
"""hēméra""). According to the Genesis narrative, during the antediluvian age, human longevity approached a millennium, such as the case of Adam who lived 930 years. Thus, to ""die"" has been interpreted as to become mortal. However, the grammar does not support this reading, nor does the narrative: Adam and Eve are expelled from the Garden lest they eat of the second tree, the tree of life, and gain immortality. Catholic exegesis of Genesis 3 claims that the fall of man was a ""primeval event, a deed that took place at the beginning of the history of man."" Traditionally, the fall"
"or apkallu in Akkadian. They were beings that existed during a godlike generation of humanity. These beings were closely associated with the god Enki. During the antediluvian age humanity was ""covered"" or more commonly referred to as the great flood, and the inhabitants were purified and roamed the earth as invisible genii. There are also other references to the apkallus as being purified humans that were sent to Apsû, the underground sweet water realm of Enki/Ea by Marduk the ruler god. Aside from their wardrobe, the genii were created with several different functioning symbols. Several genii are shown carrying a"
"as being a time of great wickedness. There were Gibborim (giants) in the earth in those days as well as Nephilim; some translations identify the two as one and the same. The Gibborim were unusually powerful; Genesis calls them ""mighty men which were of old, men of renown"". The antediluvian period ended when God sent the Flood to wipe out all life except Noah, his family, and the animals they took with them. Nevertheless, the Nephilim (literally meaning 'fallen ones', from the Hebrew root n-f-l 'to fall') reappear much later in the biblical narrative, in Numbers (where the spies sent"
"is considered the first mass extinction and the second deadliest in the history of Earth. The Silurian spans from 440 million years to 415 million years ago, which saw a warming from Snowball Earth. This period saw the mass evolution of fish, as jaw-less fish became more numerous, jawed fish evolved, and the first freshwater fish evolved, though arthropods, such as sea scorpions, remained the apex predators. Fully terrestrial life evolved, which included early arachnids, fungi, and centipedes. The evolution of vascular plants (Cooksonia) allowed plants to gain a foothold on land. These early terrestrial plants are the forerunners of"
"means ""lofty"", ""elevated"", and is etymologically related to ""meteor"". Beside the Pindos Mountains, in the western region of Thessaly, these unique and enormous columns of rock rise precipitously from the ground. But their unusual form is not easy to explain geologically. They are not volcanic plugs of hard igneous rock typical elsewhere, but the rocks are composed of a mixture of sandstone and conglomerate. The conglomerate was formed of deposits of stone, sand and mud from streams flowing into a delta at the edge of a lake, over millions of years. About 60 million years ago during the Paleogene period"
"between the stories: Noah is the tenth patriarch and Berossus notes that ""the hero of the great flood was Babylonia’s tenth antediluvian king."" However, there is a discrepancy in the ages of the heroes. For the Mesopotamian antecedents, ""the reigns of the antediluvian kings range from 18,600 to nearly 65,000 years."" In the Bible, the lifespans ""fall far short of the briefest reign mentioned in the related Mesopotamian texts."" Also, the name of the hero differs between the traditions: ""The earliest Mesopotamian flood account, written in the Sumerian language, calls the deluge hero Ziusudra."" Gilgamesh’s historical reign is believed to"
"can clearly be attributed to another geologic process that is well described. This includes (but is not limited to): lake sediments (lacustrine), river sediments (fluvial), or glacially-derived sediments (glacial till). Sediments that are formed or deposited in a perennial stream or river are typically not referred to as alluvial. Most alluvium is geologically Quaternary in age, and is often referred to as ""cover"" because these sediments obscure the underlying bedrock. Most sedimentary material that fills a basin (""basin fill"") that is not lithified is typically lumped together as ""alluvial"". Alluvium of Pliocene age occurs, for example, in parts of Idaho."
"The first Sumerian king Alulim, at Eridu, is described as reigning for 28,800 years, followed by several later kings of similar periods. In total these antediluvian kings ruled for 241,200 years from the time when ""the kingship was lowered from heaven"" to the time when ""the flood"" swept over the land. Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities—all dated to the same time. A layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2900 BC, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of"
"specific geological setting. Alluvium is sand, clay, or other similar detrital material deposited by running water. The distinction between colluvium and alluvium relates to the involvement of running water. Alluvium specifically refers to the geomorphic processes involved with flowing water and so alluvium is generally fine-grained clay and silt material that has the capacity to be entrained in water currents and eventually deposited. For these same reasons, alluvium is also generally well sorted material while colluvium is not. Colluvium Colluvium (also colluvial material or colluvial soil) is a general name for loose, unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited at the"
"Wordian In the geologic timescale, the Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Wordian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Roadian and followed by the Capitanian. The Wordian stage was introduced into scientific literature by Johan August Udden in 1916 and was named after the Word Formation of the North American Permian Basin. The Capitanian was first used as a stratigraphic subdivision of the Guadalupian in 1961, when both names were still only used regionally in the southern"
"The Wordian spans the entire conodont biozone of ""Jinogondolella aserrata"". It contains two fusulinid biozones: Olson’s Extinction, a worldwide loss of terrestrial vertebrate life occurred during the Early Guadalupian (Roadian, Wordian). Wordian In the geologic timescale, the Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Wordian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Roadian and followed by the Capitanian. The Wordian stage was introduced into scientific literature by Johan August Udden in 1916 and was named after the Word Formation"
"from post-settlement alluvium, (3) respects the spatial (nonuniform) and temporal (time-transgressive) variability of LS has been proposed. ""Legacy sediment: Earth materials—primarily alluvium [or colluvium]—deposited following human disturbances such as deforestation, agricultural land use, or mining. The phrase is often used to describe post-European floodplain sediments, also known as post settlement alluvium. Awareness of legacy sediment has grown in response to the importance it plays in sediment budgets, water quality, river restoration, toxicity, lateral channel connectivity, and geomorphic theory. . .’’ ""Legacy sediment is primarily alluvium [and colluvium] that was deposited following human disturbances in a watershed. The disturbance may have"
"papers in 1825, ""On the origin of alluvial and diluvial deposits"", and ""On diluvial formations"". At this time, most of what Sedgwick called ""The English school of geologists"" distinguished superficial deposits which were ""diluvial"", showing ""great irregular masses of sand, loam, and coarse gravel, containing through its mass rounded blocks sometimes of enormous magnitude"" and supposedly caused by ""some great irregular inundation"", from ""alluvial"" deposits of ""comminuted gravel, silt, loam, and other materials"" attributed to lesser events, the ""propelling force"" of rivers, or ""successive partial inundations"". In America, Benjamin Silliman at Yale College spread the concept, and in an 1833"
"Altai flood The Altai flood refers to the cataclysmic flood(s) that, according to some geomorphologists, swept along the Katun River in the Altai Republic at the end of the last ice age. These glacial lake outburst floods were the result of periodic sudden ruptures of ice dams like those triggering the Missoula flood. Large glacial outburst floods have been researched since the 1920s in USA only. In the 1980s, Russian geologist proposed the term ""diluvium"" for deposits created as a result of catastrophic outbursts of Pleistocene giant glacier-dammed lakes in intermontane basins of the Altai. The largest of these lakes"
"Antian, with temperate mixed coniferous/deciduous forest including ""Tsuga"" and ""Pterocarya""; 4. Baventian, a glacial stage more severe than the Thurnian, with the return of oceanic heaths; 5. An unnamed stage with temperate mixed coniferous/deciduous forest lacking ""Pterocarya"" and with only a few traces of ""Tsuga"". These stages were provisionally correlated with Early Pleistocene stages in the Netherlands: the Ludhamian with the Tiglian, the Thurnian with Eburonian, the Antian with Waalian, and the Baventian with Menapian. The unnamed stage was later tentatively correlated with the Pastonian. Further work was later conducted on Ludham pollen samples, yielding evidence for input by British"
"Capitanian In the geologic timescale, the Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Capitanian lasted between and million years ago. It was preceded by the Wordian and followed by the Wuchiapingian. A significant mass extinction event (the End-Capitanian extinction event) occurred at the end of this stage, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps. This extinction event may be related to the much larger Permian–Triassic extinction"
"extinction event when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated. The world after the extinction was almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. Ammonites, fishes, insects, and the tetrapods (cynodonts, amphibians, reptiles, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for 30 million years. Changhsingian In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Changhsingian lasted from to 251.902 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Wuchiapingian and"