"What Is the Third Estate? What Is the Third Estate? () is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836). The pamphlet was Sieyès' response to finance minister Jacques Necker's invitation for writers to state how they thought the Estates-General should be organized. In the pamphlet, Sieyès argues that the third estate – the common people of France – constituted a complete nation within itself and had no need of the ""dead weight"" of the two other orders, the first and second"
"Nemosis Nemosis is a process of cell activation and death in human fibroblasts. Initially discovered as programmed necrosis, the name nemosis, is a derivative from the Goddess Nemesis in Greek mythodology. This name was adopted for fibroblast activation based on its initiation by direct cell–cell interactions as opposed to preference for extracellular matrix, ECM, contacts. Contacts between normal diploid fibroblasts induce cell activation leading to programmed cell death, PCD. This type of PCD has features of necrosis rather than apoptosis. Nemosis of fibroblasts, or mesenchymal cells in general, generates large amounts of mediators of inflammation, such as prostaglandins, as well"
"to reaffirm ""Teutomanis quercyi""'s status as distinct from ""Necromanis"". Necromanis Necromanis is an extinct genus of pholidotan from the Oligocene and Miocene of France. It was originally placed within Manidae, but was eventually removed from it as more fossil pholidotids from outside that family were found and studied more extensively (i.e., with the discovery and study of ""Eomanis"" and ""Patriomanis""). Currently, ""Necromanis"" is placed as ""incertae sedis"" within the pholidotid superfamily Manoidea, together with the families Manidae and Patriomanidae. ""N. quercyi"" was originally placed within ""Teutomanis"" by Ameghino in 1905, but was later subsumed into ""Necromanis"". A new fossil humerus"
"Nemesis In ancient Greek religion, Nemesis (; Ancient Greek: Νέμεσις), also called Rhamnousia or Rhamnusia (""the goddess of Rhamnous""), is the goddess who enacts retribution against those who succumb to hubris (arrogance before the gods). Another name is Adrasteia (or Adrestia), meaning ""the inescapable"". The name ""Nemesis"" is related to the Greek word νέμειν ""némein"", meaning ""to give what is due"", from Proto-Indo-European ""nem-"" ""distribute"". Divine retribution is a major theme in the Hellenic world view, providing the unifying theme of the tragedies of Sophocles and many other literary works. Hesiod states: ""Also deadly Nyx bore Nemesis an affliction to"
"reputed the most foolish which deals with the belief in Necromancy, the sister of Alchemy, which gives birth to simple and natural things."" In the present day, necromancy is more generally used as a term to describe the pretense of manipulation of death and the dead, often facilitated through the use of ritual magic or some other kind of occult ceremony. Contemporary séances, channeling and Spiritualism verge on necromancy when supposedly invoked spirits are asked to reveal future events or secret information. Necromancy may also be presented as sciomancy, a branch of theurgic magic. Because of their themes of spirit"
"Necroptosis Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis, or inflammatory cell death. Conventionally, necrosis is associated with unprogrammed cell death resulting from cellular damage or infiltration by pathogens, in contrast to orderly, programmed cell death via apoptosis. The discovery of necroptosis showed that cells can execute necrosis in a programmed fashion and that apoptosis is not always the preferred form of cell death. Furthermore, the immunogenic nature of necroptosis favors its participation in certain circumstances, such as aiding defense pathogens by the immune system. Necroptosis is well defined as a viral defense mechanism, allowing the cell to undergo ""cellular suicide"""
"Necromancy Necromancy () is a practice of magic involving communication with the deceased – either by summoning their spirit as an apparition or raising them bodily – for the purpose of divination, imparting the means to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge, to bring someone back from the dead, or to use the deceased as a weapon, as the term may sometimes be used in a more general sense to refer to black magic or witchcraft. The word ""necromancy"" is adapted from Late Latin ""necromantia"", itself borrowed from post-Classical Greek νεκρομαντεία (""nekromanteía""), a compound of Ancient Greek νεκρός (""nekrós""),"
"Necromanis Necromanis is an extinct genus of pholidotan from the Oligocene and Miocene of France. It was originally placed within Manidae, but was eventually removed from it as more fossil pholidotids from outside that family were found and studied more extensively (i.e., with the discovery and study of ""Eomanis"" and ""Patriomanis""). Currently, ""Necromanis"" is placed as ""incertae sedis"" within the pholidotid superfamily Manoidea, together with the families Manidae and Patriomanidae. ""N. quercyi"" was originally placed within ""Teutomanis"" by Ameghino in 1905, but was later subsumed into ""Necromanis"". A new fossil humerus attributed to ""N. franconica"" from Quercy, France lead researchers"
"Meiosis (figure of speech) In rhetoric, meiosis is a euphemistic figure of speech that intentionally understates something or implies that it is lesser in significance or size than it really is. Meiosis is the opposite of auxesis, and also sometimes used as a synonym for litotes. The term is derived from the Greek ""μειόω"" (“to make smaller”, ""to diminish""). The scientific term of meiosis was first developed by J. B. Farmer and J. E. Moore in 1905 to describe gametic cell division—concepts researched extensively by German biologist Theodor Boveri. The process involves a reduction of chromosome number in the resulting"
"as growth factors such as hepatocyte growth factor. It is thus indicated to contribute to processes like acute and chronic inflammation, and cancer. Factors secreted by nemotic fibroblasts also break down the ECM. Such factors include several matrix metalloproteinases, and plasminogen activation. Nemosis Nemosis is a process of cell activation and death in human fibroblasts. Initially discovered as programmed necrosis, the name nemosis, is a derivative from the Goddess Nemesis in Greek mythodology. This name was adopted for fibroblast activation based on its initiation by direct cell–cell interactions as opposed to preference for extracellular matrix, ECM, contacts. Contacts between normal"
"Pyknosis Pyknosis, or karyopyknosis, is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis. It is followed by karyorrhexis, or fragmentation of the nucleus. Pyknosis (from Greek ""pyknono"" meaning ""to thicken up, to close or to condense"") is also observed in the maturation of erythrocytes (a red blood cell) and the neutrophil (a type of white blood cell). The maturing metarubricyte (a stage in RBC maturation) will condense its nucleus before expelling it to become a reticulocyte. The maturing neutrophil will condense its nucleus into several connected lobes that stay in the cell until"
"Necrosis Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις ""death, the stage of dying, the act of killing"" from νεκρός ""dead"") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal. Cellular death due to necrosis"
"Phragmosis Phragmosis is any method by which an animal defends itself in its burrow, by using its own body as a barrier. This term was originally coined by W.M. Wheeler (1927), while describing the defensive technique exhibited by insects. Wheeler observed the positioning of specially modified body structures to block nest entrances, as exhibited in various insect species. The term phragmosis has since been further extended beyond just insects. Examples of phragmosis are found in the order Anura (frog). Some species, such as ""Pternohyla fodiens"" and ""Corythomantis greeningi"", have evolved a peculiarly casqued head adapted to protect the animal as"
"Nephelomys Nephelomys is a genus of South American oryzomyine rodents found in the Andes from Bolivia to Venezuela, with a westward extension into the mountains of Costa Rica. Its generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek word ""nephelê"" ""mist"", referring to the cloud forest habitat of the members of the genus. The species in this genus have historically been placed in ""Oryzomys"", but in 2006, Brazilian zoologist Marcelo Weksler and coworkers described it as a separate genus, because it is not closely related to the type species of ""Oryzomys"". They are most closely related to other members of clade"
"Necromys Necromys is a genus of South American sigmodontine rodents allied to ""Akodon"". This genus has also been known as ""Cabreramys"" or more recently ""Bolomys"", and the northern grass mouse (""N. urichi"") has recently been transferred from ""Akodon"". Most of the Brazilian members of the genus ""Necromys"" were first described in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the species from the Andes followed in the first decades of the twentieth century. Small rodents in South America were studied by the British zoologist Oldfield Thomas, curator at the Natural History Museum, London who erected the genus ""Bolomys"" in 1916."
"Necrophoresis Necrophoresis is a behavior found in social insects – such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites – in which they carry the dead bodies of members of their colony from the nest or hive area. This acts as a sanitary measure to prevent disease or infection from spreading throughout the colony. Although any member of a colony can carry the bodies, it is usually done by designated 'undertakers'. Ant undertakers have a slightly altered development cycle, and are much more likely than other ants to handle corpse removal. They are not restricted to performing only this task, but they"
"necrosis is a special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels, known as Type III hypersensitivity reactions. This pattern of necrosis typically occurs when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries. Deposits of these immune complexes, together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessels, result in a bright pink and amorphous appearance in H&E stains, called “fibrinoid” (fibrin-like) by pathologists. Ultimately, in the living patient most necrotic cells and their contents disappear by phagocytosis of the debris and enzymatic digestion by leukocytes. If necrotic cells and cellular debris are not"
"clear distinctions among them: Nekyia In ancient Greek cult-practice and literature, a nekyia () is a ""rite by which ghosts were called up and questioned about the future,"" i.e., necromancy. A ""nekyia"" is not necessarily the same thing as a ""katabasis"". While they both afford the opportunity to converse with the dead, only a ""katabasis"" is the actual, physical journey to the underworld undertaken by several heroes in Greek and Roman myth. In common parlance, however, the term ""nekyia"" is often used to subsume both types of event, so that by Late Antiquity for example ""Olympiodorus ... claimed that three"
"as a mass of formless debris with no nuclei present. A related term, ""caseation"" (literally: turning to cheese) refers to a form of necrosis that, to the unaided eye (i.e., without a microscope), appears cheese-like (""caseous""), and is typically (but not uniquely) a feature of the granulomas of tuberculosis. The identification of necrosis in granulomas is important because granulomas with necrosis tend to have infectious causes. There are several exceptions to this general rule, but it nevertheless remains useful in day-to-day diagnostic pathology. The granulomas of tuberculosis tend to contain necrosis (""caseating tubercules""), but non-necrotizing granulomas may also be present."
"because I persecuted the church of God. But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace to me was not without effect. (1 Corinthians 15:9–10) Meiosis (figure of speech) In rhetoric, meiosis is a euphemistic figure of speech that intentionally understates something or implies that it is lesser in significance or size than it really is. Meiosis is the opposite of auxesis, and also sometimes used as a synonym for litotes. The term is derived from the Greek ""μειόω"" (“to make smaller”, ""to diminish""). The scientific term of meiosis was first developed by J. B."
"in peasant superstition. Nigromancy contrasts with this as scholarly ""high magic"" derived from High Medieval grimoires such as the ""Picatrix"" or the ""Liber Rasielis"". Necromancy or demonic magic is a black art usually performed in the night dealing with dark phenomena such as raising the dead. Using necromancy for divination is through a genocide using blood and corpses. Due to these acts, it is forbidden and goes against the Christian faith. The art and practitioners are not received well in philosophy as it destroy religion and taints a person's morals. Since demons enjoy blood, practitioners would experiment with human blood"
"Nekyia In ancient Greek cult-practice and literature, a nekyia () is a ""rite by which ghosts were called up and questioned about the future,"" i.e., necromancy. A ""nekyia"" is not necessarily the same thing as a ""katabasis"". While they both afford the opportunity to converse with the dead, only a ""katabasis"" is the actual, physical journey to the underworld undertaken by several heroes in Greek and Roman myth. In common parlance, however, the term ""nekyia"" is often used to subsume both types of event, so that by Late Antiquity for example ""Olympiodorus ... claimed that three [Platonic] myths were classified"
"Nephelomys albigularis Nephelomys albigularis, also known as the white-throated oryzomys or Tomes's rice rat, is a species of rodent in the genus ""Nephelomys"" of family Cricetidae. Described in 1860, it was the first ""Nephelomys"" species to be discovered. It was originally described in the defunct genus ""Hesperomys"" as ""Hesperomys albigularis"" and considered related to the much smaller ""H. longicaudatus"" (currently ""Oligoryzomys longicaudatus""). By 1894, it was placed in ""Oryzomys"", as ""Oryzomys albigularis"", and associated with what is now ""Nephelomys meridensis"". In the early 1960s, the scope of the species was considerably expanded to include most of the species that are"
"Necrolytic migratory erythema Necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) is a red, blistering rash that spreads across the skin. It particularly affects the skin around the mouth and distal extremities; but may also be found on the lower abdomen, buttocks, perineum, and groin. It is strongly associated with glucagonoma, a glucagon-producing tumor of the pancreas, but is also seen in a number of other conditions including liver disease and intestinal malabsorption. NME features a characteristic skin eruption of red patches with irregular borders, intact and ruptured vesicles, and crust formation. It commonly affects the limbs and skin surrounding the lips, although less"
"Necrotizing meningoencephalitis Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that occurs in young, small breed dogs. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis has been described in numerous small breeds, including the Pug, Maltese and Chihuahua. Meningoencephalitis refers to inflammation of the meninges (meningitis) and brain (encephalitis). The cause of inflammation in NME is unknown, although many speculate that it is an autoimmune disorder. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis is fatal without aggressive immunosuppressive treatment and is frequently fatal despite immunosuppressive therapy. Since NME can not be definitively diagnosed before death, it is difficult to truly determine the prognosis. Another similar inflammatory"
"name. Not much is known about her, but she is an ally of Zeus and lives in the underworld. Eurynomos is one of the daemons of the underworld, who eats off all the flesh of the corpses, leaving only their bones. In the Greek underworld, the souls of the dead still existed but they are insubstantial and they flitted around the underworld with no sense of purpose. The dead within the Homeric underworld lack ""menos"", or strength, and therefore they cannot influence those on earth. They also lack ""phrenes"", or wit, and are heedless of what goes on around them"
"Neurotmesis Neurotmesis (in Greek tmesis signifies ""to cut"") is part of Seddon's classification scheme used to classify nerve damage. It is the most serious nerve injury in the scheme. In this type of injury, both the nerve and the nerve sheath are disrupted. While partial recovery may occur, complete recovery is impossible. Symptoms of neurotmesis include but are not limited to pain, dysesthesias (uncomfortable sensations), and complete loss of sensory and motor function of the affected nerve. Neurotmesis occurs in the peripheral nervous system and most often in the upper-limb (arms), accounting for 73.5% of all peripheral nerve injury cases."
"a result of infection or injury. Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternative form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations. Most recently, other types of regulated necrosis have been discovered as well, which share several signaling events with necroptosis and apoptosis. The concept of"
"deposits indicating that the local fauna lived in channels connected to a larger body of water. Necrogammarus Necrogammarus salweyi is the binomial name applied to an arthropod fossil discovered in Herefordshire, England. The fossil represents a fragmentary section of the underside and an appendage of a pterygotid eurypterid, a group of large and predatory aquatic arthropods that lived from the late Silurian to the middle Devonian. The ""Necrogammarus"" fossil is Late Silurian in age and its generic name means ""dead lobster"", deriving from Ancient Greek νεκρός (""nekrós"", “dead body”) and Latin ""gammarus"" (""lobster""). Historically classified as either a millipede or"
"been various dissertations on the way in which a statue of Venus could have been changed into one of Nemesis. As late as the early 20th century, parts of the statue's head were in the British Museum; some fragments of the reliefs which adorned the pedestal were in the museum at Athens. By the beginning of the 21st century, enough fragments had been recovered (including the base) that a partial reconstruction of Agoracritus' Nemesis was performed in Rhamnus. In it, Nemesis is depicted holding an apple branch and a phiale, wearing a crown decorated with deer. The base depicts Leda"
"Piecemeal necrosis Piecemeal necrosis generally refers to a necrosis that occurs in fragments. Piecemeal necrosis in liver aka interface hepatitis is necrosis of the limiting plates. It may be identified as actual necrosis of cells or by irregularity of the limiting plates which is caused IOS's hepatocytes and replacement with inflammatory cells and/or fibrosis. When used in relation to the liver, ""piecemeal necrosis"" (also termed ""troxis necrosis"", ""nibbling necrosis"" and ""interface necrosis"") refers specifically to a loss and degeneration of (limiting plate) hepatocytes at the lobular-portal-interface, producing a moth-eaten irregular appearance. Piecemeal necrosis of the liver is associated with a"
"Necrogammarus Necrogammarus salweyi is the binomial name applied to an arthropod fossil discovered in Herefordshire, England. The fossil represents a fragmentary section of the underside and an appendage of a pterygotid eurypterid, a group of large and predatory aquatic arthropods that lived from the late Silurian to the middle Devonian. The ""Necrogammarus"" fossil is Late Silurian in age and its generic name means ""dead lobster"", deriving from Ancient Greek νεκρός (""nekrós"", “dead body”) and Latin ""gammarus"" (""lobster""). Historically classified as either a millipede or a crustacean (hence the name) and once considered to potentially represent the oldest myriapod in the"
"Nemertea Nemertea is a phylum of invertebrate animals also known as ""ribbon worms"" or ""proboscis worms"". Alternative names for the phylum have included Nemertini, Nemertinea and Rhynchocoela. Although most are less than long, one specimen has been estimated at . Most are very slim, usually only a few millimeters wide, although a few have relatively short but wide bodies. Many have patterns of yellow, orange, red and green coloration. The foregut, stomach and intestine run a little below the midline of the body, the anus is at the tip of the tail, and the mouth is under the front. A"