"(2002), Lyn et al. (1998), and Swart et al. (1995), impacted cerumen is one of the most common ear diseases and causes of hearing loss, with prevalence rate between 7.4% and 63%. Additionally, otoscopy does not require a great deal of expertise beyond basic training and is useful to refer a child when the tympanic membrane cannot be visualized due to occlusion of the external auditory meatus by cerumen. Pure-tone audiometry screening, in which there is typically no attempt to find threshold, has been found to accurately assess hearing status in children six years and older, when trained health workers"
"Serum albumin Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood. Human serum albumin is encoded by the ""ALB"" gene. Other mammalian forms, such as bovine serum albumin, are chemically similar. Serum albumin is produced by the liver, occurs dissolved in blood plasma and is the most abundant blood protein in mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the oncotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between blood vessels and body tissues; without albumin, the high pressure in the blood vessels would force more fluids out into"
"Serum iron Serum iron is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin (90%) and serum ferritin (10%). Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems. 65% of the iron in the body is bound up in hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. About 4% is bound up in myoglobin molecules. Around 30% of the iron in the body is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin in the spleen, the bone marrow and the liver. Small amounts of iron can be found"
"Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ""CP"" gene. Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948. Another protein, hephaestin, is noted for its homology to ceruloplasmin, and also participates in iron and probably copper metabolism. Ceruloplasmin is an enzyme () synthesized in the liver containing 6 atoms of copper in its structure. Ceruloplasmin carries more than 95% of the total copper in healthy human plasma. The rest is accounted for by macroglobulins. Ceruloplasmin exhibits a"
"Selenocysteine Selenocysteine (symbol Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid. Selenocysteine exists naturally in all three domains of life, but not in every lineage, as a building block of selenoproteins. Selenocysteine is a cysteine analogue with a selenium-containing selenol group in place of the sulfur-containing thiol group. Selenocysteine is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases, selenophosphate synthetase 2, methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1 (SEPX1), and some hydrogenases). Selenocysteine was discovered by biochemist Thressa Stadtman at the National Institutes of Health. Selenocysteine has a"
"dementia, and extrapyramidal signs. Excess iron may also deposit in the liver, pancreas, and retina, leading to cirrhosis, endocrine abnormalities, and loss of vision, respectively. Lower-than-normal ceruloplasmin levels may indicate the following: Greater-than-normal ceruloplasmin levels may indicate or be noticed in: Normal blood concentration of ceruloplasmin in humans is 20-50 mg/dL. Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ""CP"" gene. Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948. Another protein, hephaestin, is noted for its homology"
"essential for regulating blood pressure. Serum albumin contains eleven distinct binding domains for hydrophobic compounds. One hemin and six long-chain fatty acids can bind to serum albumin at the same time. Serum albumin is widely distributed in mammals. Serum albumin Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood. Human serum albumin is encoded by the ""ALB"" gene. Other mammalian forms, such as bovine serum albumin, are chemically similar. Serum albumin is produced by the liver, occurs dissolved in blood plasma and is the most abundant blood protein"
"Human serum albumin Human serum albumin is the serum albumin found in human blood. It is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma; it constitutes about half of serum protein. It is produced in the liver. It is soluble in water and monomeric. Albumin transports hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH, and maintains oncotic pressure, among other functions. Albumin is synthesized in the liver as preproalbumin, which has an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The product, proalbumin, is in turn cleaved in the Golgi vesicles to"
"Cerberin Cerberin is a type of cardiac glycoside, a steroidal class found in the seeds of the dicotyledonous angiosperm genus ""Cerbera""; including the suicide tree (""Cerbera odollam"") and the sea mango (""Cerbera manghas""). This class includes digitalis-like agents, channel-blockers that as a group have found historic uses as cardiac treatments, but which at higher doses are extremely toxic; in the case of cerberin, consumption of the ""C. odollam"" results in poisoning with presenting nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, often leading to death. The natural product has been structurally characterized, its toxicity is clear—it is often used as an intentional human"
"CALU mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and maps to 7q32. Calumenin Calumenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""CALU"" gene. Calumenin (CALU) is a calcium-binding protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is involved in such ER functions as protein folding and sorting. Calumenin is a member of the EF-hand superfamily in the ER and Golgi apparatus named CERC. CERC is an acronym for its family members Cab-45, reticulocalbin, Erc-55 (RCN2), and calumenin. The CALU gene encodes a deduced 315-amino acid protein containing 6 EF-hand motifs, 1 potential N-glycosylation site, and a C-terminal"
"Calumenin Calumenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""CALU"" gene. Calumenin (CALU) is a calcium-binding protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is involved in such ER functions as protein folding and sorting. Calumenin is a member of the EF-hand superfamily in the ER and Golgi apparatus named CERC. CERC is an acronym for its family members Cab-45, reticulocalbin, Erc-55 (RCN2), and calumenin. The CALU gene encodes a deduced 315-amino acid protein containing 6 EF-hand motifs, 1 potential N-glycosylation site, and a C-terminal ER retention signal. The human and mouse CALU proteins are 98% identical."
"Chemistry of ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula , originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent. Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denoted """" (for ""levo"") and """" (for ""dextro""). The isomer is the one most often ecountered: it occurs naturally in many foods, and is one form (""vitamer"") of vitamin C, an essential nutrient for humans and many animals. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, formerly a major"
"Tellurocysteine Tellurocysteine (in some publications referred to as Te-Cys) is an amino acid analogous to cysteine and selenocysteine with tellurium in place of sulfur or selenium in its side chain. It is not naturally found in organisms. Perhaps due to its low bond energy with carbon (200 kJ/mol compared to 234 kJ/mol for selenium, or 272 kJ/mol for sulfur), tellurocysteine is not present in any known natural organisms and is hence relatively understudied in comparison to selenocysteine. Despite so, certain organisms such as fungi ""Aspergillus fumigatus"" is capable of incorporating tellurocysteine and telluromethionine into amino acids and proteins when exposed"
"Cereblon Cereblon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""CRBN"" gene. The gene that encodes the cereblon protein is found on the human chromosome 3, on the short arm at position p26.3 from base pair 3,190,676 to base pair 3,221,394. CRBN orthologs are highly conserved from plants to humans. It was believed that the drug thalidomide binds and inactivates cereblon, which leads to an antiproliferative effect on myeloma cells and a teratogenic effect on fetal development. Thalidomide was used as a treatment for morning sickness from 1957 until 1961 but was withdrawn from the market after it"
"Ceramide synthase 3 Ceramide synthase 3 (CersS3), also known as longevity assurance homologue 3, is an enzyme that is encoded in humans by the ""CERS3"" gene. CerS3 synthesizes C24-ceramides and ceramides with longer acyl chains, and is found mainly in skin and testis. Specifically, CerS3 synthesizes ceramides containing α-hydroxy (2-hydroxy) fatty acids, which are abundant in skin tissue, where they help maintain the water permeability barrier qualities of the skin. It is found in large quantities in keratinocytes, and this increases during keratinocyte differentiation. In the testes, CerS3 is involved in sperm formation and androgen production. Cers3 gene expression is"
"the lab techniques used; look at the individual laboratory reference values to interpret a specific test (for instance, your own). Serum iron Serum iron is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin (90%) and serum ferritin (10%). Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems. 65% of the iron in the body is bound up in hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. About 4% is bound up in myoglobin molecules. Around 30% of the iron in the body is stored"
"located within germ cells, where it is massively upregulated during juvenile testicular maturation. This upregulation is correlated with increase in levels of glycosphingolipids containing very long chain (C26-C32) polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA), which are required for spermatogenesis. CerS3 (T3l) mRNA is strongly expressed in skin, and was also found in brain, lung and kidney. CerS3 is mainly found in the skin and testes. CerS3 is not detectable in the brain or the sciatic nerve. Like other ceramide synthases, CerS3 is found in the endoplasmic reticulum within the cell. CerS3 has a molecular mass of 46.2 kDa, 383 amino acids, and"
"Cystine Cystine is the oxidized dimer form of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCHCH(NH)COH). It is a white solid that is slightly soluble in water. It serves two biological functions: a site of redox reactions and a mechanical linkage that allows proteins to retain their three-dimensional structure. It is common in many foods such as eggs, meat, dairy products, and whole grains as well as skin, horns and hair. It was not recognized as being derived of proteins until it was isolated from the horn of a cow in 1899. Human hair and skin contain approximately 10–14%"
"Ceruminous gland Ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal, in the outer 1/3. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. They are classed as apocrine glands. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard hairs that reside in the external auditory canal. Here they produce cerumen, or earwax, by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells. Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, lubricates and cleans the external auditory canal, waterproofs the"
"Chlorotoxin Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (""Leiurus quinquestriatus"") which blocks small-conductance chloride channels. The fact that chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells has allowed the development of new methods (currently under investigation) for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer. Chlorotoxin can be purified from crude leiurus, which belongs to the scorpion toxin protein superfamily. Chlorotoxin is a small toxin and at pH 7 is highly positively charged. It is a peptide consisting of 36 amino acids, with 8 cysteines forming 4 disulfide bonds. Chlorotoxin has a considerable sequence"
"a protein called ceruloplasmin, a protein involved in iron transport and processing. Ceruloplasmin helps move iron from the organs and tissues of the body and prepares it for incorporation into a molecule called transferrin, which transports it to red blood cells to help carry oxygen. The CP gene mutation results in the production of ceruloplasmin protein that is unstable or nonfunctional by altering the open reading frame such that the amino acid ligands in the essential carboxyl terminal region are eliminated. When ceruloplasmin is unavailable, transport of iron out of the body's tissues is impaired. The resulting iron accumulation damages"
"to date of possible antiproliferative activity of cerberin. Cerberin Cerberin is a type of cardiac glycoside, a steroidal class found in the seeds of the dicotyledonous angiosperm genus ""Cerbera""; including the suicide tree (""Cerbera odollam"") and the sea mango (""Cerbera manghas""). This class includes digitalis-like agents, channel-blockers that as a group have found historic uses as cardiac treatments, but which at higher doses are extremely toxic; in the case of cerberin, consumption of the ""C. odollam"" results in poisoning with presenting nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, often leading to death. The natural product has been structurally characterized, its toxicity is"
"Ceruletide Ceruletide (INN), also known as cerulein or caerulein, is a ten amino acid oligopeptide that stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions. Ceruletide is similar in action and composition to cholecystokinin. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. It is used to induce pancreatitis in experimental animal models. Ceruletide was discovered and its structure elucidated in 1967 by Australian and Italian scientists from dried skins of the Australian green tree frog (""Litoria caerulea"", formerly ""Hyla caerulea""). Its amino acid sequence is Pglu-Gln-Asp-Tyr[SOH]-Thr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH."
"harmless and is not evidence for an impairment to health. The red-coloured azulene compounds, ingested with the mushroom food, are more or less excreted with the urine. The milk cap's fruit bodies have a characteristic orange milk juice (latex). The guaiane sesquiterpenes are responsible for the orange colour. Sesquiterpenes are terpenes composed of three isoprene units and therefore have 15 carbon atoms. Sesquiterpenes are widely distributed in nature and are found in plants as well as animals, for example in the juvenile hormone of insects. Plants use sesquiterpenes as a defense compound against insects. According to some studies, sesquiterpenes have"
"Bilirubin Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged red blood cells. First the hemoglobin gets stripped of the heme molecule which thereafter passes through various processes of porphyrin catabolism, depending on the part of the body in which the breakdown occurs. For example, the molecules excreted in the urine differ from those in the feces. The production of biliverdin from heme is the first major step in the catabolic"
"Urea Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH). This amide has two –NH groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic ( is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules (NH)"
"Cystatin C Cystatin C or cystatin 3 (formerly gamma trace, post-gamma-globulin, or neuroendocrine basic polypeptide), a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain disorders involving amyloid (a specific type of protein deposition), such as Alzheimer's disease. In humans, all cells with a nucleus (cell core containing the DNA) produce cystatin C as a chain of 120 amino acids. It is found in virtually all tissues and body fluids."
"Serum includes all proteins not used in coagulation (clotting), and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances, like drugs and microorganisms. Serous fluid In physiology, the term serous fluid or serosal fluid (originating from the Medieval Latin word ""serosus"", from Latin ""serum"") is any of various body fluids resembling serum, that are typically pale yellow and transparent and of a benign nature. The fluid fills the inside of body cavities. Serous fluid originates from serous glands, with secretions enriched with proteins and water. Serous fluid may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both mucous and serous"
"Serum chloride Chloride is an anion in the human body needed for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy). It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of serum chloride is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion;"
"or deimination. Proteins that normally contain citrulline residues include myelin basic protein (MBP), filaggrin, and several histone proteins, whereas other proteins, such as fibrin and vimentin are susceptible to citrullination during cell death and tissue inflammation. Circulating citrulline concentration is a biomarker of intestinal functionality. Citrulline The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, from which it was first isolated in 1914 by Koga and Odake. It was finally identified by Wada in 1930. It has the formula HNC(O)NH(CH)CH(NH)COH. It is a key intermediate in the urea cycle, the"
"nuclear spin of 1/2 and can be used for high-resolution NMR, among others. Selenocysteine Selenocysteine (symbol Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid. Selenocysteine exists naturally in all three domains of life, but not in every lineage, as a building block of selenoproteins. Selenocysteine is a cysteine analogue with a selenium-containing selenol group in place of the sulfur-containing thiol group. Selenocysteine is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases, selenophosphate synthetase 2, methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1 (SEPX1), and some hydrogenases). Selenocysteine was discovered"
"Serum (blood) In blood, the serum () is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white blood cells- leukocytes, or red blood cells- erythrocytes), nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma not including the fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs and microorganisms). The study of serum is serology. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests, as well as blood typing. Measurements of serum concentrations has proved useful in many fields including clinical trials of therapeutic vs"
"Ferritin Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including algae, bacteria, higher plants, and animals. In humans, it acts as a buffer against iron deficiency and iron overload. Ferritin is found in most tissues as a cytosolic protein, but small amounts are secreted into the serum where it functions as an iron carrier. Plasma ferritin is also an indirect marker of the total amount of iron stored in the body, hence serum ferritin is used as a diagnostic test for iron-deficiency anemia."