"in the failure to normally develop dorsal specific structures such as nails and patellae. Other common abnormalities include elbow deformities, abnormally shaped pelvic (hip) bones, and kidney (renal) disease. Treatment for NPS varies depending on the symptoms observed. Nail–patella syndrome Nail–patella syndrome (NPS) is a genetic disorder that results in small, poorly developed nails and kneecaps, but can also affect many other areas of the body, such as the elbows, chest, and hips. The name ""nail–patella"" can be very misleading because the syndrome often affects many other areas of the body, including even the production of certain proteins. Those affected"
"is defined as trochlear dysplasia. Not having a groove because the trochlear bone has flattened out can cause the patella to slide because nothing is holding the patella in place. Patellar dislocations occur by: The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone which is embedded in tendon. It rests in the patellofemoral groove, an articular cartilage-lined hollow at the end of the thigh bone (femur) where the thigh bone meets the shin bone (tibia). Several ligaments and tendons hold the patella in place and allow it to move up and down the patellofemoral groove when the leg bends. The top of"
"disorder in 1979. This finding was important as they were the first to note that it was a benign disorder that is separate from the more severe nail-patella syndrome. Other common names for ischiopatellar syndrome are small patella syndrome (SPS), since the patellae are often small or absent in patients who have this syndrome, and coxo-podo-patellaire syndrome. Ischiopatellar dysplasia Ischiopatellar dysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a hypoplasia of the patellae as well as other bone anomalies, especially concerning the pelvis and feet. Individuals affected by ischiopatellar dysplasia commonly have abnormalities of the patella and pelvic girdle,"
"Patellar ligament The patellar ligament is the distal portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is also sometimes called the ""patellar tendon"" as it is a continuation of the quadriceps tendon. The patellar ligament is a strong, flat, ligament, which originates on the apex of the patella distally and adjoining margins of the patella and the rough depression on its posterior surface; below, it inserts on the tuberosity of the tibia; its superficial fibers are continuous over the front of the patella with those of the tendon"
"and serves for the attachment of the tendon of the quadriceps and often has exostoses. The middle third has numerous vascular canaliculi. The lower third culminates in the apex which serves as the origin of the patellar ligament. The posterior surface is divided into two parts. The upper three-quarters of the patella articulates with the femur and is subdivided into a medial and a lateral facet by a vertical ledge which varies in shape. In the adult the articular surface is about and covered by cartilage, which can reach a maximal thickness of in the centre at about 30 years"
"tinea corporis known as tinea imbricata, otherwise known as tokelau. This is characterized by concentric rings of overlapping scales called papulosquamous patches which may exist for an individual's lifetime. While these lesions appears to affect mostly the trunk region of the body, it may affect any other area. There has been rare occurrences where the nails, skin and palms are affected but it has not been known to invade hair. Most lesions begin on the face and subsequently spread to larger areas of the body. Pruritis has been the most common symptom of infection and it is most severe in"
"Palatine uvula The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is a conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers (musculus uvulae). It also contains a large number of serous glands that produce a lot of thin saliva. The ""musculus uvulae"", which lies entirely within the uvula, shortens and broadens the uvula. This changes the contour of the posterior part of the soft palate. This change in contour allows the soft palate to adapt closely to the posterior"
"sauce and chili; liver (stir-fried with onions, roasted); kidneys; heart and coronaries (coratella or animelle); head, eyes, and testicles of pig; and several preparations based on chicken entrails. Pajata, a traditional dish from Rome, refers to the intestines of an unweaned calf, i.e., fed only on its mother's milk. Soon after nursing, the calf is slaughtered, and its intestines are cleaned, but the milk is left inside. When cooked, the combination of heat and the enzyme rennet in the intestines coagulates the milk to create a thick, creamy, cheese-like sauce. Pajata and tomatoes are often used to prepare a sauce"
"assess the knee, a clinician can perform the patellar apprehension test by moving the patella back and forth while the people flexes the knee at approximately 30 degrees. The people can do the ""patella tracking assessment"" by making a single leg squat and standing, or by lying on his or her back with knee extended from flexed position. A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the , and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures. The patella is a floating sesamoid bone held in place by the quadriceps muscle tendon and patellar tendon ligament. Exercises should"
"palm as the palma and palmar, the thumb as the pollex, and the fingers as the digits, phalanges, and phalangeal. The buttocks are the gluteus or gluteal region and the pubic area is the pubis. Anatomists divide the lower limb into the thigh (the part of the limb between the hip and the knee) and the leg (which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the ankle). The thigh is the femur and the femoral region. The kneecap is the patella and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and popliteal area."
"Ischiopatellar dysplasia Ischiopatellar dysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a hypoplasia of the patellae as well as other bone anomalies, especially concerning the pelvis and feet. Individuals affected by ischiopatellar dysplasia commonly have abnormalities of the patella and pelvic girdle, such as absent or delayed patellar and ischial ossification as well as infra-acetabular axe-cut notches. Patellae are typically absent or small in these individuals, when patellae are present they are small and laterally displaced or dislocated. In addition, abnormalities in other parts of their skeleton and dysmorphic features are common in those affected. Other features that have"
"Chondromalacia patellae Chondromalacia patellae (also known as CMP) is inflammation of the underside of the patella and softening of the cartilage. The cartilage under the kneecap is a natural shock absorber, and overuse, injury, and many other factors can cause increased deterioration and breakdown of the cartilage. The cartilage is no longer smooth and therefore movement and use is very painful. While it often affects young individuals engaged in active sports, it also afflicts older adults who overwork their knees. ""Chondromalacia patellae"" is sometimes used synonymously with patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, there is general consensus that ""patellofemoral pain syndrome"" applies"
"Patellar dislocation A patellar dislocation is a knee injury in which the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position. Often the knee is partly bent, painful and swollen. The patella is also often felt and seen out of place. Complications may include a patella fracture or arthritis. A patellar dislocation typically occurs when the knee is straight and the lower leg is bent outwards when twisting. Occasionally it occurs when the knee is bent and the patella is hit. Commonly associated sports include soccer, gymnastics, and ice hockey. Dislocations nearly always occur away from the midline. Diagnosis is typically"
"eminence composed of a lateral and a medial tubercle. The patella also serves an articular body, and its posterior surface is referred to as the trochlea of the knee. It is inserted into the thin anterior wall of the joint capsule. On its posterior surface is a lateral and a medial articular surface, both of which communicate with the patellar surface which unites the two femoral condyles on the anterior side of the bone's distal end. The articular capsule has a synovial and a fibrous membrane separated by fatty deposits. Anteriorly, the synovial membrane is attached on the margin of"
"Plica syndrome Plica syndrome (also known as synovial plica syndrome) is a condition that occurs when a ""plica"" (a vestigial extension of the protective synovial capsule of the knee) becomes irritated, enlarged, or inflamed. This inflammation is typically caused by the plica being caught on the femur, or pinched between the femur and the patella. The most common location of plica tissue is along the medial (inside) side of the knee. The plica can tether the patella to the femur, be located between the femur and patella, or be located along the femoral condyle. If the plica tethers the patella"
"and adjacent fibula, and these are all long bones. The patella (kneecap) is the sesamoid bone in front of the knee. Most of the leg skeleton has bony prominences and margins that can be palpated and some serve as anatomical landmarks that define the extent of the leg. These landmarks are the anterior superior iliac spine, the greater trochanter, the superior margin of the medial condyle of tibia, and the medial malleolus. Notable exceptions to palpation are the hip joint, and the neck and body, or shaft of the femur. Usually, the large joints of the lower limb are aligned"
"the knee on the affected side. Rest usually relieves symptoms. Physical exam reveals erythema, tenderness to touch, fluctuant edema over the lower pole of the patella and crepitus. Prepatellar bursa The prepatellar bursa is a frontal bursa of the knee joint. It is a superficial bursa with a thin synovial lining located between the skin and the patella. Prepatellar bursitis, also known as housemaid's knee, is a common cause of swelling and pain above the patella (kneecap), and is due to inflammation of the prepatellar bursa. It is common in people who frequently kneel, such as roofers, plumbers, carpet layers,"
"Pasteurella Pasteurella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. ""Pasteurella"" species are nonmotile and pleomorphic, and often exhibit bipolar staining (""safety pin"" appearance). Most species are catalase- and oxidase-positive. The genus is named after the French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, who first identified the bacteria now known as ""Pasteurella multocida"" as the agent of chicken cholera. Many ""Pasteurella"" species are zoonotic pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from domestic animal bites. In cattle, sheep, and birds, ""Pasteurella"" species can cause a life-threatening pneumonia; in cats and dogs, however, ""Pasteurella"" is not a cause of disease, and constitutes"
"Rigatoni con la pajata Rigatoni con la pajata (Romanesco dialect; standard Italian rigatoni con la pagliata ) is a classic dish of the Roman cuisine. The dish can be found in some traditional trattorias in Rome. ""Pajata"" is the term for the intestines of an unweaned calf, i.e., only fed on its mother's milk. The intestines are cleaned and skinned, but the chyme is left inside. Then the intestine is cut in pieces 20–25 cm long, which are bound together with white thread, forming rings. When cooked, the combination of heat and the enzyme rennet in the intestines coagulates the"
"part of the normal flora of the nose and mouth. ""Pasteurella haemolytica"" is a species that infects mainly cattle and horses: ""P. multocida"" is the most frequent causative agent in human ""Pasteurella"" infection. Common symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans include swelling, cellulitis, and bloody drainage at the site of the wound. Infection may progress to nearby joints, where it can cause further swelling, arthritis, and abscesses. ""Pasteurella"" spp. are generally susceptible to chloramphenicol, the penicillins, tetracycline, and the macrolides. The common occurrence of the bacteria is a reason to be medically proactive and defensive (antibacterial treatments are often necessary) if"
"of surgery. This patellar ligament method of reconstruction was traditionally the gold standard graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and is still one of the more preferred methods. Its insertion on the tibia is the location of Osgood–Schlatter disease. Patellar ligament The patellar ligament is the distal portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is also sometimes called the ""patellar tendon"" as it is a continuation of the quadriceps tendon. The patellar ligament is a strong, flat, ligament, which originates on the apex of the patella distally"
"stifle joint in different species. These sesamoids assist with the smooth movement of tendon/muscle over the joint. The most well-known sesamoid bone is the patella, more commonly known as the 'knee cap'. It is located cranially to the joint and sits in the trochlear groove of the femur. It guides the patellar ligament of the quadriceps over the knee joint to its point of insertion on the tibia. Caudal to the joint, in the dog for example, are the two fabellae, which lie in the two tendons of origin of gastrocnemius. Fourth, there is often a small sesamoid bone in"
"Pyometra Pyometra or pyometrea is a uterine infection. Though it is most commonly known as a disease of the unaltered female dog, it is also a notable human disease. It is also seen in female cattle, horses, goats, sheep, swine, cats (queens), rabbits, hamsters, ferrets, rats and guinea pigs. Pyometra is an important disease to be aware of for any dog or cat owner because of the sudden nature of the disease and the deadly consequences if left untreated. It has been compared to acute appendicitis in humans, because both are essentially empyemas within an abdominal organ. The most obvious"
"Pasties Pasties (singular pasty or pastie) are patches that cover a person's nipples and areolae which are affixed with adhesive. Though pasties are commonly associated with strippers, burlesque shows and erotic entertainment, they are also at times worn more casually as an undergarment and occasionally as beachwear. As an example of rarer use, in the annual ""Go Topless Day"" protests in the United States, otherwise topless female demonstrators wear imitation nipple pasties over their own nipples, to avoid potential prosecution under indecency laws. Pasties come in a variety of colors, diameters, and shapes. Though pasties come in a variety of"
"Pasteurellosis Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus ""Pasteurella"", which is found in humans and other animals. ""Pasteurella multocida"" (subspecies ""P. m. septica"" and ""P. m. multocida"") is carried in the mouth and respiratory tract of various animals, including pigs. It is a small, Gram-negative bacillus with bipolar staining by Wayson stain. In animals, it can originate in fulminant septicaemia (chicken cholera), but is also a common commensal. Until taxonomic revision in 1999, ""Mannheimia"" spp. were classified as ""Pasteurella"" spp., and infections by organisms now called ""Mannheimia"" spp., as well as by organisms now called ""Pasteurella"""
"is located at inaccessible places like inside the inner canthus of the eye. Dermatobia hominis The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Greek δέρμα, skin + βίος, life, and Latin ""hominis"", of a human), is one of several species of flies, the larvae of which parasitise humans (in addition to a wide range of other animals, including other primates). It is also known as the torsalo or American warble fly, though the warble fly is in the genus ""Hypoderma"" and not ""Dermatobia"", and is a parasite on cattle and deer instead of humans. ""Dermatobia"" fly eggs have been shown to be vectored"
"from inferior edges of the mensici to the periphery of the tibial plateaus. The patellar ligament connects the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia. It is also occasionally called the patellar tendon because there is no definite separation between the quadriceps tendon (which surrounds the patella) and the area connecting the patella to the tibia. This very strong ligament helps give the patella its mechanical leverage and also functions as a cap for the condyles of the femur. Laterally and medially to the patellar ligament the lateral and medial retinacula connect fibers from the vasti lateralis and medialis muscles"
"Patellar tendinitis Patellar tendinitis, also known as jumper's knee, is a common cause of knee pain among athletes. It is a repetitive strain injury to the tendon connecting the patella, or kneecap, with the shinbone. Jumper's knee commonly occurs in athletes who are involved in jumping sports such as basketball and volleyball, but can affect any athlete. Patients report anterior knee pain, often with an aching quality. The symptom onset is insidious. Rarely is a discrete injury described. Usually, the problem is below the kneecap but it may also be above. Depending on the duration of symptoms, jumper's knee can"
"Medial patellofemoral ligament The medial patellofemoral ligament (or MPFL) is one of the several ligaments on the medial aspect of the knee. It originates on the superomedial aspect of the patella and inserts in the space between the adductor tubercle and the medial femoral epicondyle. Its main function is to prevent lateral displacement of the patella. The MPFL is the primary stabilizer to lateral displacement of the patella providing approximately 50-60% of restraining force. Injury to the MPFL is most common during a non-contact twisting action. The most likely time for the patella to shift laterally is during the first"
"Areola The human areola (""areola mammae"", or ) is the pigmented area on the breast around the nipple. Areola, more generally, is a small circular area on the body with a different histology from the surrounding tissue, or other small circular areas such as an inflamed region of skin. The mature human female nipple has several small openings arranged radially around the tip of the nipple (lactiferous ducts) from which milk is released during lactation. Other small openings in the areola are sebaceous glands, known as Montgomery's glands. The areolae can range from pink to red to dark brown or"
"Nipple tattoo The nipple tattoo, or tittoo as it is occasionally known, is a body trend which gained widespread recognition in 2013. It is a type of tattoo which appears on the areola and is semi-permanent. Nipple tattooing has its origins as a medical procedure for breast reconstruction after a mastectomy. It is increasingly commonly used as a cosmetic procedure, which began being reported on in early 2013, used to enlarge, darken and define the nipples and areola, with the intent to improve the 'sexiness' of the nipple. This practice began in the United States but slowly trickled through to"
"chyme and creates a sort of thick, creamy, cheese-like sauce. These rings can be served simply seasoned and grilled (""pajata arrosto"") or in the traditional Roman dish in which pajata is stewed in a typical tomato sauce and served with rigatoni. Rigatoni con la pajata Rigatoni con la pajata (Romanesco dialect; standard Italian rigatoni con la pagliata ) is a classic dish of the Roman cuisine. The dish can be found in some traditional trattorias in Rome. ""Pajata"" is the term for the intestines of an unweaned calf, i.e., only fed on its mother's milk. The intestines are cleaned and"
"Baculum The baculum (also penis bone, penile bone, or os penis, or os priapi) is a bone found in the penis of many placental mammals. It is absent in the human penis, but present in the penises of other primates, such as the gorilla and chimpanzee. The bone is located above the male urethra, and it aids sexual reproduction by maintaining sufficient stiffness during sexual penetration. The homologue to the baculum in female mammals is known as the baubellum or os clitoridis – a bone in the clitoris. The word ""baculum"" meant ""stick"" or ""staff"" in Latin and originated from"