"can be isolated by low-temperature, low-pressure distillation, but decomposes on heating above room temperature. It decomposes into formic acid and carbon monoxide. The decomposition of formic anhydride may be catalyzed by formic acid. Formic anhydride can be detected in the gas-phase reaction of ozone with ethylene. The molecule is planar in the gas phase. Formic anhydride Formic anhydride, also called methanoic anhydride, is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of (H(C=O)−)O. It can be viewed as the anhydride of formic acid (HCOOH). Formic anhydride can be obtained by reaction of formyl fluoride with sodium formate"
"Methanol Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CHOH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH). Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Methanol is the simplest alcohol, consisting of a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group. It is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol). Methanol is however far more toxic than ethanol. At room"
"Methyl acetate Methyl acetate, also known as MeOAc, acetic acid methyl ester or methyl ethanoate, is a carboxylate ester with the formula CHCOOCH. It is a flammable liquid with a characteristically pleasant smell reminiscent of some glues and nail polish removers. Methyl acetate is occasionally used as a solvent, being weakly polar and lipophilic, but its close relative ethyl acetate is a more common solvent being less toxic and less soluble in water. Methyl acetate has a solubility of 25% in water at room temperature. At elevated temperature its solubility in water is much higher. Methyl acetate is not stable"
"in the mid- to late-1990s during a period of slumping gasoline pump prices diminished interest in methanol fuels. In the early 1970s, a process was developed by Mobil for producing gasoline fuel from methanol. Between the 1960s and 1980s methanol emerged as a precursor to the feedstock chemicals acetic acid and acetic anhydride. These processes include the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis, Cativa process, and Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process. Methanol Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CHOH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH). Methanol acquired the name"
"Heptanoic acid Heptanoic acid, also called enanthic acid, is an organic compound composed of a seven-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid. It is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. The methyl ester of ricinoleic acid, obtained from castor bean oil, is the main commercial precursor to heptanoic acid. It is pyrolyzed to the methyl ester of 10-undecenoic acid and heptanal, which is then air oxidized to the carboxylic acid. Approximately 20,000 tons were consumed in"
"Methanesulfonic acid Methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) is a colorless liquid with the chemical formula CHSOH. It is the simplest of the alkylsulfonic acids. Salts and esters of methanesulfonic acid are known as mesylates (or methanesulfonates, as in ethyl methanesulfonate). It is hygroscopic in its concentrated form. Methanesulfonic acid may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (HSO), and methylsulfonylmethane ((CH)SO), effectively replacing an –OH group with a –CH group at each step. This pattern can extend no further in either direction without breaking down the –SO– group. Methanesulfonic acid can dissolve a wide range of metal salts, many of them"
"Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CHCHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me = methyl). It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants. It is also produced by the partial oxidation of ethanol by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and is a contributing cause of hangover after alcohol consumption. Pathways of exposure include air, water, land, or groundwater, as well as drink and smoke. Consumption"
"derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. The global demand for acetic acid is about 6.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/a), of which approximately 1.5 Mt/a is met by recycling; the remainder is manufactured from methanol. Vinegar is mostly dilute acetic acid, often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol. The trivial name ""acetic acid"" is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name ""ethanoic acid"", a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive"
"Methanediol Methanediol, also known as formaldehyde monohydrate or methylene glycol, is an organic compound with chemical formula CH(OH). It is the simplest geminal diol, and formally the second simplest carbohydrate (after formaldehyde). Methanediol is a product of the hydration of formaldehyde HC=O, and predominates in water solution: the equilibrium constant being about 10, and in a 5% by weight solution of formaldehyde in water, 80% is in the methanediol form. The compound is of some relevance to astrochemistry. Methanediol, rather than formaldehyde, is listed as one of the main ingredients of ""Brazilian blowout"", a hair-straightening formula marketed in the US."
"Methyl formate Methyl formate, also called methyl methanoate, is the methyl ester of formic acid. The simplest example of an ester, it is a colorless liquid with an ethereal odour, high vapor pressure, and low surface tension. It is a precursor to many other compounds of commercial interest. In the laboratory, methyl formate can be produced by the condensation reaction of methanol and formic acid, as follows: Industrial methyl formate, however, is usually produced by the combination of methanol and carbon monoxide (carbonylation) in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium methoxide: This process, practiced commercially by BASF"
"Mefenamic acid Mefenamic acid is a member of the anthranilic acid derivatives (or fenamate) class of NSAID drugs, and is used to treat mild to moderate pain, including menstrual pain, and is sometimes used to prevent migraines associated with menstruation. It is not widely used in the United States due to its side effects and high cost compared to other NSAID drugs. Its name derives from its systematic name, dimethylphenylaminobenzoic acid. It was discovered and brought to market by Parke-Davis in the 1960s. It became generic in the 1980s and is available worldwide under many brand names. As of 2015"
"common, being sufficiently inexpensive to be useful. Methanol is the lightest and simplest alcohol, produced from the natural gas component methane. Its application is limited primarily due to its toxicity (similar to gasoline), but also due to its high corrosivity and miscibility with water. Small amounts are used in some types of gasoline to increase the octane rating. Methanol-based fuels are used in some race cars and model aeroplanes. Methanol is also called ""methyl alcohol"" or ""wood alcohol"", the latter because it was formerly produced from the distillation of wood. It is also known by the name ""methyl hydrate"". Ethanol,"
"is not to be confused with ""meth"", a common abbreviation for methamphetamine and for methadone in Britain and the United States. Methanol is toxic by two mechanisms. First, methanol (whether it enters the body by ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through the skin) can be fatal due to its CNS depressant properties in the same manner as ethanol poisoning. Second, in a process of toxication, it is metabolized to formic acid (which is present as the formate ion) via formaldehyde in a process initiated by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. Methanol is converted to formaldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)"
"This is more common in the developing world. In 2013 more than 1700 cases occurred in the United States. Those affected are often adult men. Outcomes may be good with early treatment. Toxicity to methanol was described as early as 1856. Because of its toxic properties, methanol is frequently used as a denaturant additive for ethanol manufactured for industrial uses. This addition of methanol exempts industrial ethanol (commonly known as ""denatured alcohol"" or ""methylated spirit"") from liquor excise taxation in the US and some other countries. Methanol is primarily converted to formaldehyde, which is widely used in many areas, especially"
"CHO = (CH)(HO)). The term ""methyl"" was derived in about 1840 by back-formation from ""methylene"", and was then applied to describe ""methyl alcohol"". This was shortened to ""methanol"" in 1892 by the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature. The suffix -yl used in organic chemistry to form names of carbon groups, was extracted from the word ""methyl"". In 1923, the German chemists Alwin Mittasch and Mathias Pier, working for Badische-Anilin & Soda-Fabrik (BASF), developed a means to convert synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen) into methanol. US patent 1,569,775 () was applied for on 4 Sep"
"The equilibrium with formaldehyde has caused concern since formaldehyde in hair straighteners is a health hazard, but the risk has been disputed. Methanediol Methanediol, also known as formaldehyde monohydrate or methylene glycol, is an organic compound with chemical formula CH(OH). It is the simplest geminal diol, and formally the second simplest carbohydrate (after formaldehyde). Methanediol is a product of the hydration of formaldehyde HC=O, and predominates in water solution: the equilibrium constant being about 10, and in a 5% by weight solution of formaldehyde in water, 80% is in the methanediol form. The compound is of some relevance to astrochemistry."
"vary widely. Sodium methoxide Sodium methoxide is a chemical compound with the formula CHONa. This colorless solid, which is formed by the deprotonation of methanol, is a widely used reagent in industry and the laboratory. It is also a dangerously caustic base. Sodium methoxide is prepared by carefully treating methanol with sodium: The reaction is so exothermic that ignition is possible. The resulting solution, which is colorless, is often used as a source of sodium methoxide, but the pure material can be isolated by evaporation followed by heating to remove residual methanol. The solid hydrolyzes in water to give methanol"
"they are called methanotrophs. The methanotroph ""Methylococcus capsulatus"" is used to degrade methane and other substrates. The abundance, purity, and low price of methanol compared to commonly used sugars make methylotrophs competent organisms for production of amino acids, vitamins, recombinant proteins, single-cell proteins, co-enzymes and cytochromes. The key intermediate in methylotrophic metabolism is formaldehyde, which can be diverted to either assimilatory or dissimilatory pathways. Methylotrophs produce formaldehyde through oxidation of methanol and/or methane. Methane oxidation requires the enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO). Methylotrophs with this enzyme are given the name methanotrophs. The oxidation of methane (or methanol) can be assimilatory or"
"Itaconic acid Itaconic acid, or methylidenesuccinic acid, is an organic compound. This dicarboxylic acid is a white solid that is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone. Historically, itaconic acid was obtained by the distillation of citric acid, but currently it is produced by fermentation. The name ""itaconic acid"" was devised as an anagram of aconitic acid, another derivative of citric acid. Dry distillation of citric acid affords itaconic anhydride, which undergoes hydrolysis to itaconic acid. Upon heating, itaconic anhydride isomerizes to citraconic acid anhydride, which can be hydrolyzed to citraconic acid (2-methylmaleic acid). Since the 1960s, it is produced industrially"
"Malonic acid Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH(COOH). The ionized form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acid's diethyl ester. The name originates from the Greek word μᾶλον (""malon"") meaning 'apple'. Malonic acid is often mistakenly believed to occur in beetroot at high concentration. However, a study on the composition of sugar beet liquors revealed no malonic acid. It exists in its normal state as white crystals. Malonic acid is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor: It"
"as the taste/odor threshold for acetaldehyde. The level at which an average consumer could detect acetaldehyde is still considerably lower than any toxicity. Candida albicans in patients with potentially carcinogenic oral diseases has been shown to produce acetaldehyde in quantities sufficient to cause problems. Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CHCHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me = methyl). It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced"
"artificial flavors, and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Salts and esters of hexanoic acid are known as hexanoates or caproates. Two other acids are named after goats: caprylic (C8) and capric (C10). Along with hexanoic acid, these total 15% in goat milk fat. Caproic, caprylic, and capric acids (capric is a crystal- or wax-like substance, whereas the other two are mobile liquids) are not only used for the formation of esters, but also commonly used ""neat"" in: butter, milk, cream, strawberry, bread, beer, nut, and other flavors. Hexanoic acid Hexanoic acid, also known as caproic acid,"
"Methoxide Methoxides are organic salts and the simplest alkoxides. Sodium methoxide and potassium methoxide have widespread use, though other metal-cation variants such as lithium methoxide, rubidium methoxide, and caesium methoxide exist as well. The methoxide ion has the formula of CHO and is the conjugate base of methanol. It is a strong organic base, even stronger than the inorganic hydroxide ion. As such, methoxide solutions must be kept free of water; otherwise, the methoxide will remove a proton from a water molecule, yielding methanol and hydroxide. Sodium methoxide, also called sodium methylate and sodium methanolate, is a white powder when"
"The former synonym should not be confused with ""methylandrostenolone"", which is another name for a different AAS known as metenolone. Metandienone was introduced and formerly sold primarily under the brand name Dianabol. It has also been marketed under a variety of other brand names including Anabol, Averbol, Chinlipan, Danabol, Dronabol, Metanabol, Methandon, Naposim, Reforvit-B, and Vetanabol among others. Metandienone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act. There are many known cases of doping in sports with metandienone by professional athletes. Metandienone Metandienone, also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone"
"Methanethiol Methanethiol (also known as methyl mercaptan) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless gas with a distinctive putrid smell. It is a natural substance found in the blood and brain of humans and animals, as well as in plant tissues. It is disposed of through animal feces. It also occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is one of the main compounds responsible for bad breath and the smell of flatus. Methanethiol is classified as a thiol and is sometimes abbreviated as MeSH. It is very flammable. The"
"Formate Formate (IUPAC name: methanoate) is the anion derived from formic acid. Its formula is represented in various equivalent ways: HCOO or CHOO or HCO. It is the product of deprotonation of formic acid. It is the simplest carboxylate anion. A formate (compound) is a salt or ester of formic acid. Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme formate dehydrogenase from ""Desulfovibrio gigas"": Formate esters have the formula ROC(O)H (alternative way of writing formula ROCH). Many form spontaneously when alcohols dissolve in formic acid. The most important formate ester is methyl formate, which is produced as an intermediate en route"
"Metandienone Metandienone, also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is mostly no longer used. It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes. It is taken by mouth. Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire, estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement, and liver damage. The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and has strong anabolic"
"Methanofollis In taxonomy, Methanofollis is a genus of the Methanomicrobiaceae. ""Methanofollis"" (""a methane-producing bag"") is a non-motile, Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, mesophilic archaeon that produces methane. It grows between the temperatures 20–45 °C (optimum 34–40 °C), and at the pH of around 7. The genome of the archaeon has not yet sequenced. The G + C content of the DNA is determined to be 60.0%. The cells of ""Methanofollis"" are highly irregular cocci, with diameter of 1.25–2.0 µm. The major polar lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and phosphoglycolipids. It utilizes H/CO, formate, 2-propanol/CO, and 2-butanol/CO for growth and methanogenesis. No growth has"
"in about 1840 by back-formation from ""methylene"", and was then applied to describe ""methyl alcohol"" (which since 1892 is called ""methanol""). ""Methyl"" is the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry term for an alkane (or alkyl) molecule, using the prefix ""meth-"" to indicate the presence of a single carbon. Methyl group A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH. In formulas, the group is often abbreviated Me. Such hydrocarbon groups occur in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is"
"Formaldehyde Formaldehyde (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CHO (H-CHO). It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R-CHO). The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid. Formaldehyde is an important precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds. In 1996, the installed capacity for the production of formaldehyde was estimated at 8.7 million tons per year. It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings. In view of its widespread use, toxicity, and volatility, formaldehyde poses a significant danger to"
"2014. Methanethiol Methanethiol (also known as methyl mercaptan) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless gas with a distinctive putrid smell. It is a natural substance found in the blood and brain of humans and animals, as well as in plant tissues. It is disposed of through animal feces. It also occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is one of the main compounds responsible for bad breath and the smell of flatus. Methanethiol is classified as a thiol and is sometimes abbreviated as MeSH. It is very flammable."
"Metaboric acid Metaboric acid is the name for a family of inorganic compounds formed by the dehydration of boric acid. Metaboric acids are colourless solids with the empirical formula HBO. There are two forms of metaboric acid, all are white solids. One form of metaboric acid is molecular, and the other forms are polymers. Heating of boric acid at 80-100 °C releases water to give orthorhombic metaboric acid: 3 B(OH) → (BOH)O + 3 HO This form is molecular, consisting of discrete trimers. This molecule has C symmetry and forms a sheet-like structure, similar to that of boric acid itself."
"common process, and reagents that undergo this reaction are called methylating agents. Common methylating agents are dimethyl sulfate, methyl iodide, and methyl triflate. Methanogenesis, the source of natural gas, arises via a demethylation reaction. Certain methyl groups can be deprotonated. For example, the acidity of the methyl groups in acetone ((CH)CO) is about 10 more acidic than methane. The resulting carbanions are key intermediates in many reactions in organic synthesis and biosynthesis. Fatty acids are produced in this way. When placed in benzylic or allylic positions, the strength of the C-H bond is decreased, and the reactivity of the methyl"