"According to P. D. Casteel, ""Eros and Civilization"" is, with ""One-Dimensional Man"", the work Marcuse is best known for. Eros and Civilization Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (1955; second edition, 1966) is a book by the German philosopher and social critic Herbert Marcuse, in which the author proposes a non-repressive society, attempts a synthesis of the theories of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud, and explores the potential of collective memory to be a source of disobedience and revolt and point the way to an alternative future. Its title alludes to Freud's ""Civilization and Its Discontents"" (1930). The"
"it was the work that led Pope Paul VI to publicly condemn Marcuse in 1969. ""Eros and Civilization"" was reviewed by Paul Nyberg in the ""Harvard Educational Review"" in 1956. In the ""American Journal of Sociology"", the book was reviewed by the sociologist Kurt Heinrich Wolff in 1956 and received a mixed review from Barbara Celarent in 2010. (""Barbara Celarent"" is a pen-name). Celarent considered ""Eros and Civilization"" a ""deeper book"" than ""One-Dimensional Man"" (1964) because it ""addressed the core issue: How should we live?"" However, Celarent wrote that Marcuse's decision to analyze the issue of what should be done"
"views of the neo-Freudian psychoanalysts Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan. Though maintaining that both they and Marcuse confused ""ideology with reality"" and minimized ""the biological sphere"", he welcomed Marcuse's view that ""the distinction between psychological and political categories has been made obsolete by the condition of man in the present era."" Sontag wrote that together with Brown's ""Life Against Death"" (1959), ""Eros and Civilization"" represented a ""new seriousness about Freudian ideas"" and exposed most previous writing on Freud in the United States as irrelevant or superficial. Kimball identified ""Eros and Civilization"" and ""One-Dimensional Man"" (1964) as Marcuse's"
"Socrates Socrates (; , ; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, he made no writings, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers writing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. Other sources include the contemporaneous Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Aeschines of Sphettos. Aristophanes, a playwright, is the only source to have written during his lifetime. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive"
"Will Durant William James ""Will"" Durant (; November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was an American writer, historian, and philosopher. He became best known for his work ""The Story of Civilization"", 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife, Ariel Durant, and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for ""The Story of Philosophy"" (1926), described as ""a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy"". He conceived of philosophy as total perspective or seeing things ""sub specie totius"" (a phrase inspired by Spinoza's ""sub specie aeternitatis""). He sought to unify and humanize the great body of historical"
"and lack of reliability serves as the modern basis of criticism—that it is nearly impossible to know the real Socrates. Some controversy also exists about Socrates's attitude towards homosexuality and as to whether or not he believed in the Olympian gods, was monotheistic, or held some other religious viewpoint. However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic. Socrates Socrates (; , ; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the"
"Søren Kierkegaard Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( ; ; 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christendom, morality, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and parables. Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a ""single individual"", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. He was against literary critics"
"by ""Eros and Civilization"". He pointed to Altman as an activist who had been inspired by the book, which inspired him to argue that the challenge to ""conventional norms"" represented by gay people made them revolutionary. Rainer Funk wrote that the psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, in a letter to the philosopher Raya Dunayevskaya, dismissed ""Eros and Civilization"" as an incompetent distortion of Freud and ""the expression of an alienation and despair masquerading as radicalism"" and referred to Marcuse's ""ideas for the future man"" as irrational and sickening. The gay rights activist Jeffrey Escoffier discussed ""Eros and Civilization"" in ""GLBTQ Social Sciences"","
"morality Diderot moves to other themes of ownership and private property, specifically through marriage. Both societies seem extremely foreign to one another and think that each are better, but in reality they are just different. Because of his study of nature and the advancements in life sciences, Denis Diderot came to the conclusion that universal progress depends largely on Eros. For Diderot, Eros is “a priori existence of sexual energy that fuels the universe.” This concept greatly influenced Diderot’s views on human sexuality. His involvement in Enlightenment movements such as sensualism, vitalism and materialism also helped him developed his ideas"
"Carl Jung, whose psychology he describes as an ""obscurantist neo-mythology"". ""Eros and Civilization"" was first published in 1955 by Beacon Press. In 1974, it was published as a Beacon Paperback. ""Eros and Civilization"" received positive reviews from the philosopher Abraham Edel in ""The Nation"" and the historian of science Robert M. Young in the ""New Statesman"". The book was also discussed in 1961 by Susan Sontag in ""The Supplement"" to the ""Columbia Spectator"" and in 1997 by the art critic Roger Kimball in ""The New Criterion"". In ""Choice"", it received discussions from H. N. Tuttle, R. J. Howell, and M."
"they jointly placed Freud at the center of moral and philosophical inquiry. The philosopher Roger Scruton criticized Brown in ""Sexual Desire"" (1986), describing his proposals for sexual liberation, like those of Marcuse in ""Eros and Civilization"", as ""another expression of the alienation"" he condemned and an attempt to ""dress up the outlook of the alienated individual in the attributes of virtue."" Stephen Frosh found ""Life Against Death"" and ""Eros and Civilization"" to be among the most important advances towards a psychoanalytic theory of art and culture, although he finds the way these works turn the internal psychological process of repression"
"The Aesthetic Dimension The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics () is a 1977 book on aesthetics by the philosopher Herbert Marcuse, in which the author provides an account of modern art's political implications and relationship with society at large. It is the final major work by Marcuse, a founding member of the Frankfurt School. The book is also noteworthy as a demarcation of Marcuse's split with Marxism via his rejection of Marxist aesthetics. ""The Aesthetic Dimension"" (not to be confused with a chapter from Marcuse's ""Eros and Civilization"" of the same name) is a response to previous"
"end of the film is taken almost directly from Durant's work ""Caesar and Christ"". In an article in 1927, he wrote his thoughts about reconciling religion and Darwinism: In ""Our Oriental Heritage,"" Durant wrote: See a full bibliography at Will Durant Online Will Durant William James ""Will"" Durant (; November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was an American writer, historian, and philosopher. He became best known for his work ""The Story of Civilization"", 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife, Ariel Durant, and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for ""The Story of Philosophy"" (1926),"
"(1991) that Marcuse studied with Heidegger but later broke with him for political reasons and suggested that the Heideggerian aspects of Marcuse's thinking, which had been in eclipse during Marcuse's most active period with the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, reemerged, displaced onto Freud, in ""Eros and Civilization"". The economist Richard Posner maintained in ""Sex and Reason"" (1992) that ""Eros and Civilization"" contains ""political and economic absurdities"" but also interesting observations about sex and art. He credited Marcuse with providing arguments that made his work a critique of conventional sexual morality superior to Bertrand Russell's ""Marriage and Morals"" (1929), but"
"Dialectic of Enlightenment Dialectic of Enlightenment () is a work of philosophy and social criticism written by Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno and first published in 1944. A revised version appeared in 1947. One of the core texts of Critical Theory, ""Dialectic of Enlightenment"" explores the socio-psychological ""status quo"" that had been responsible for what the Frankfurt School considered the failure of the Age of Enlightenment. Together with ""The Authoritarian Personality"" (1950; also co-authored by Adorno) and Frankfurt School member Herbert Marcuse's ""One-Dimensional Man"" (1964), it has had a major effect on 20th-century philosophy, sociology, culture,"
"a popular New Left theorist"" but would nevertheless ""be of interest to students of 19th- and 20th-century philosophy."" He noted that the work, ""highly technical in its vocabulary"", had a helpful glossary. Tuttle described the book as ""Marcuse's most important and certainly his most fundamental work"" and ""a philosophical classic"", and recommended it ""without qualification to advanced undergraduates and graduate students."" He considered it less ideological than Marcuse's later writings, but essential for understanding Marcuse's ""Eros and Civilization"" (1955) and ""One-Dimensional Man"" (1964). ""Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity"" received a mixed review from the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno"
"progress does ""so little to end human misery and destructiveness"" in ""Liberation and Its Limits"" (1986). He compared ""Eros and Civilization"" to Brown's ""Life Against Death"" (1959), the cultural critic Philip Rieff's """" (1959), Ricœur's ""Freud and Philosophy"" (1965), and the philosopher Jürgen Habermas's ""Knowledge and Human Interests"" (1968), writing that these works jointly placed Freud at the center of moral and philosophical inquiry. However, he argued that while Marcuse recognized the difficulties of explaining how sublimation could be compatible with a new and non-repressive social order, he presented a confused account of a ""sublimation without desexualization"" that could make"
"this possible. He described some of Marcuse's speculations as bizarre, and suggested that his ""vision of Eros"" is ""imbalanced in the direction of the sublime"" and that the ""essential conservatism"" of his stance on sexuality had gone unnoticed. The philosopher Roger Scruton criticized Marcuse and Brown in ""Sexual Desire"" (1986), describing their proposals for sexual liberation as an ""another expression of the alienation"" they condemned and an attempt to ""dress up the outlook of the alienated individual in the attributes of virtue."" The anthropologist Pat Caplan identified ""Eros and Civilization"" as an influence on student protest movements of the 1960s,"
"Critolaus Critolaus (; ""Kritolaos""; c. 200 – c. 118 BC) of Phaselis was a Greek philosopher of the Peripatetic school. He was one of three philosophers sent to Rome in 155 BC (the other two being Carneades and Diogenes of Babylon), where their doctrines fascinated the citizens, but scared the more conservative statesmen. None of his writings survive. He was interested in rhetoric and ethics, and considered pleasure to be an evil. He maintained the Aristotelian doctrine of the eternity of the world, and of the human race in general, directing his arguments against the Stoics. He was born in"
"philosophy, she began doctoral research into metaphysics, ethics, Greek philosophy and Continental philosophy and theology at Harvard. The philosopher Herbert Marcuse lived with Sontag and Rieff for a year while working on his 1955 book ""Eros and Civilization"". Sontag researched for Rieff's 1959 study """" prior to their divorce in 1958, and contributed to the book to such an extent that she has been considered an unofficial co-author. The couple had a son, David Rieff, who went on to be his mother's editor at Farrar, Straus and Giroux, as well as a writer in his own right. Sontag was awarded"
"man and freedom in human nature itself, from an immanent conception of man and critiquing the dualist conceptions that –from her philosophical view- are unsustainable. Also, she believes that free will is necessary for Ethics and it is in this line that she worked on a study from the Greek Philosophers to thinkers like Spinoza and writers such as Dostoyevsky and Kafka, whom she considers crucial to Ethics. This work became the book Ethics and Freedom. Her research on the foundations of ethics and values were collected in the book The Ethos, Destiny of Man and The Power of Eros."
"Socrates attributes to the (possibly fictional) Diotima of Mantinea his lessons in the art of Eros (or philosophical searching). Plato's final views on women are highly contested, but the ""Republic"" suggests that women are equally capable of education, intellectual vision, and rule of the city. Other notable philosophers include: Medieval philosophy dates from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD to the Renaissance in the 16th century. Hypatia (AD 350 – 370 to 415) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in Egypt, then a part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was the head"
"und Familie"" (ed. Max Horkheimer, Paris 1936), Erich Fromm authored the social-psychological part. Another new member of the institute was Herbert Marcuse, who would become famous during the 1950s in the US. ""Eros and Civilization"" is one of Marcuse's best known early works. Written in 1955, it is an attempted dialectical synthesis of Marx and Freud whose title alludes to Freud's ""Civilization and its Discontents"". Marcuse's vision of a non-repressive society (which runs rather counter to Freud's conception of society as naturally and necessarily repressive), based on Marx and Freud, anticipated the values of 1960s countercultural social movements. In the"
"Xenocrates Xenocrates (; ; c. 396/5314/3 BC) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements. He distinguished three forms of being: the sensible, the intelligible, and a third compounded of the two, to which correspond respectively, sense, intellect and opinion. He considered unity and duality to be gods which rule the universe, and the soul a self-moving number. God pervades all things, and there are daemonical powers, intermediate between the divine and"
"such cosmic exile'. Word and Object Word and Object is a 1960 work by philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, in which the author expands upon the line of thought of his earlier writings in ""From a Logical Point of View"" (1953), and reformulates some of his earlier arguments, such as his attack in ""Two Dogmas of Empiricism"" on the analytic-synthetic distinction. The thought experiment of radical translation and the accompanying notion of indeterminacy of translation are original to ""Word and Object"", which is Quine's most famous book. Quine emphasizes his naturalism, the doctrine that philosophy should be pursued as part"
"represent new forms of social control. Between 1943 and 1950, Marcuse worked in US government service for the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency) where he criticized the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the book """" (1958). After his studies, in the 1960s and the 1970s he became known as the preeminent theorist of the New Left and the student movements of West Germany, France, and the United States; some consider him the ""father of the New Left"". His best known works are ""Eros and Civilization"" (1955) and ""One-Dimensional Man"" (1964)."
"of Technology Vienna) as part of the opening event of the first Sophistication Conference organised by the Department for Architecture Theory and Philosophy of Technics on 7 December 2017. Oration on the Dignity of Man The Oration on the Dignity of Man (""De hominis dignitate"") is a famous public discourse composed in 1486 by Pico della Mirandola, an Italian scholar and philosopher of the Renaissance. It remained unpublished until 1496. The ""Pico Project,"" a collaboration between University of Bologna, Italy, and Brown University, United States, dedicated to the ""Oration"", and others have called it the ""Manifesto of the Renaissance"". Pico,"
"revolutionary effect are Nicolaus Copernicus, who wrote ""De revolutionibus orbium coelestium"" (1543); Charles Darwin, who wrote ""On the Origin of Species"" (1859); and Sigmund Freud, who wrote ""The Interpretation of Dreams"" (1899). These three highly influential, and initially very controversial, works changed the way people understood their place in the world. Copernicus's heliocentric view of the cosmos displaced humans from their previously accepted place at the centre of the universe; Darwin's evolutionary theory placed humans firmly within, as opposed to above, the order of nature; and Freud's ideas about the power of the unconscious mind overcame the belief that humans"
"Marx's Concept of Man Marx's Concept of Man is a 1961 book about Karl Marx's theory of human nature by the psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, in which the author portrayed Marx as a humanist and existentialist thinker. The work sold widely thanks to the popularity of Marx's early writings, which was a product of the existentialism of the 1940s. Fromm portrayed Marx as a humanist and existentialist thinker, and compared Marxism to Zen Buddhism. He praised ""Reason and Revolution"" (1941), one of Herbert Marcuse's books on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and provided selections from several of Marx's works, including a translation"
"regressive potential may be transformed into the ground of mature autonomy, which recognizes the rights and needs of others."" He agreed with Marcuse that ""in spite of the reified power of the reality principle, humanity aims at a utopia in which its most fundamental needs would be fulfilled."" ""Eros and Civilization"" was discussed by the philosopher Jeremy Shearmur in ""Philosophy of the Social Sciences"", the philosopher Timothy F. Murphy in the ""Journal of Homosexuality"", C. Fred Alford in ""Theory, Culture & Society"", Michael Beard in ""Edebiyat: Journal of Middle Eastern Literatures"", Peter M. R. Stirk in the ""History of the"
"Plato Plato (; ""Plátōn"", in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the development of Western philosophy. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: ""the safest general characterization of"
"perceptible only through one's character (which includes one's desires and prejudices and one's limited understanding of logic). Man moves through the world of Becoming, the ever changing world of sensory perception, into the world of Being—the world of forms, absolutes and transcendence. Man transcends his place in Becoming by Eros, where man reaches the Highest Good, an intuitive and mystical state of consciousness. Neoplatonists like Plotinus later used the concept to express an ontological placement of Man between the Gods and animals. Much like Diotima did in expressing that Eros as a ""daemon"" was in between the Gods and mankind."
"goods. He then demonstrates that exile does not deprive a person of any of these three goods. Attribution: Stilpo Stilpo (or Stilpon; , gen.: Στίλπωνος; c. 360 – c. 280 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school. He was a contemporary of Theophrastus, Diodorus Cronus, and Crates of Thebes. None of his writings survive, he was interested in logic and dialectic, and he argued that the universal is fundamentally separated from the individual and concrete. His ethical teachings approached that of the Cynics and Stoics. His most important followers were Pyrrho, the founder of Pyrrhonism, and Zeno of"