"Service Medal in Bronze was discontinued upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003. Service Medal in Bronze The Service Medal in Bronze was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa in April 1996. It was awarded to veteran cadres of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the African National Congress, for ten years service. Umkhonto we Sizwe, abbreviated as MK, ""Spear of the Nation"" in Zulu, was the para-military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). It was established on 16 December 1961 to wage an armed ""struggle"" against the"
"Umkhonto we Sizwe uMkhonto we Sizwe (abbreviated as MK, , meaning ""Spear of the Nation"") was the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC), co-founded by Nelson Mandela in the wake of the Sharpeville massacre. Its mission was to fight against the South African government. After warning the South African government in June 1961 of its intent to resist further acts of government instituted terror if the government did not take steps toward constitutional reform and increase political rights, MK launched its first attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation"
"of the Sword. Under a plea agreement, McCarthy became a government witness and testified in a pretrial hearing against Peter Kevin Langan in Columbus, Ohio. While his exact connection to group has not been revealed, white supremacist Dennis Mahon is known to have been close friends with members of the Aryan Republican Army during his stay at Elohim City. A handful of videos were taken which depict Dennis Mahon engaging in paramilitary training alongside Andreas Strassmeir and Carol Howe, as well as a few other individuals which have not been identified. The unidentified militants in the footage may be some"
"of its members. In 2009, Chapman was the leader of the ""white pride"" Right Wing Resistance (RWR) group, which he described as his National Alliance's ""street arm"". Chapman reportedly knighted the members with a sword after they recited a pledge. The group's insignia is a skull over a Wolfsangel, with the notation, ""NA 14"". RWR members have engaged in street patrols in New Brighton with the stated purpose of preventing vandalism by youth street gangs. The mayor of Christchurch denounced their vigilante behavior. Its street patrols have included from 5 to 15 members, who shave their heads. In October 2009,"
"Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People The Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People () or FARP were originally the armed wing of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde during the struggle against Portuguese rule in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Since 1973, they constitute the national armed forces of Guinea-Bissau. A separate Cape Verdean branch of the FARP constituted the national armed forces of this country from 1975 until the early 1990s, when these were renamed ""Cape Verdean Armed Forces"". In the process of the preparation of the armed struggle against the Portuguese rule over the"
"December 2007 there were two main factions that claimed descent from Butler's group. The Aryan Nations has been called a ""terrorist threat"" by the FBI, and the RAND Corporation has called it the ""first truly nationwide terrorist network"" in the United States. A splinter group made up of the more radical members of the Black Panther Party, the Black Liberation Army (BLA) sought to overthrow the US government in the name of racial separatism and Marxist ideals. The Fraternal Order of Police blames the BLA for the murders of 13 police officers. According to a Justice Department report on BLA"
"The more radical branch of the Irgun disagreed and, on 17 July 1940, it split under the leadership of Avraham Stern and became known as ""The National Military Organization in Israel"" as opposed to Irgun's official name, ""The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel"". It would later changed its name to Lehi, referred to by the British as the ""Stern Gang"", as a completely separated militia. During the Syria–Lebanon Campaign starting on 8 June 1941, many volunteers from Palestine participated in the fighting, including Palmach units that had been attached to allied troops. It was during this campaign"
"(SRN) is a group that is believed to have been putting up homophobic and anti-refugee posters in Dundee, Swansea, Cardiff and Bristol and is claimed by Hope Not Hate to be another alias of National Action. SRN was formerly known as Vanguard Britannia, the British chapter of American alt-right, neo-Nazi group Vanguard America. Former members of the SRN are suspected to have been involved in the creation of the Sonnenkrieg Division, an offshoot of the American neo-Nazi terrorist organization the Atomwaffen Division. During a trial of three people for being members of National Action it emerged that a successor organization"
"formed by those not happy with the Haganah methods. This group was called the National Military Organization in the Land of Israel or Irgun in short. It launched a campaign of violence against the government in 1944, carrying out several terrorist attacks. By 1945, Irgun had an estimated membership of 1,500. A third group was the Lehi, the Hebrew acronym of ""Fighters for the Freedom of Israel"", known in the British press as the Stern Gang. Lehi membership consisted of only around fifty men. It was the only Jewish group that contemplated working with the Italians and Germans during the"
"People's Liberation Army (Lebanon) The People's Liberation Army – PLA (Arabic: جيش التحرير الشعبي | ""Jayish al-Tahrir al-Sha'aby"") or Armée de Libération Populaire (ALP) in French was the military wing of the left-wing Druze Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), which fought in the Lebanese Civil War. The PSP and its militia were members of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) from 1975 to 1982. The PLA official emblem consisted of a red flag with a white disc on the centre, featuring a crossed dip pen and pickaxe superimposed on an AK-47 Assault rifle in the middle standing upwards, all in silver, inserted"
"Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS (, Armed SS) was the armed wing of the Nazi Party's SS organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers and conscripts from both occupied and un-occupied lands. The Waffen-SS grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, and served alongside the ""Heer"" (regular army), ""Ordnungspolizei"" (uniformed police) and other security units. Originally, it was under the control of the ""SS Führungshauptamt"" (SS operational command office) beneath ""Reichsführer-SS"" Heinrich Himmler. With the start of World War II, tactical control was exercised by the High Command of the Armed Forces (OKW),"
"Rohingya National Army The Rohingya National Army (abbreviated RNA) was a Rohingya insurgent group active in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. It was the armed wing of the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation. On 28 October 1998, remnants of the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation's armed wing and the Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front merged and formed the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO), with the RNA as the group's armed wing. The RNA launched a joint operation with the Arakan Army on 5 April 2001, killing five Myanmar Army soldiers and wounding 12 others. On 27 May 2001, the RNA raided a Myanmar Army military"
"Armed Revolutionary Nuclei The Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (), abbreviated NAR, was an Italian neofascist militant organization active from 1977 to November 1981. It committed 33 murders in four years, and had planned to assassinate Francesco Cossiga, Gianfranco Fini and Adolfo Urso. The group maintained close links with the ""Banda della Magliana"", a Rome-based criminal organization, which provided such logistical support as lodging, false papers, weapons, and bombs to the NAR. In November 1981, it was discovered that the NAR hid weapons in the basements of the Health Ministry. The first trial against them sentenced 53 persons on 2 May 1985"
"the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats (COD) and the Coloured People's Congress. The government claimed that this was a communist document, and consequently leaders of the ANC and Congress were arrested. 1960 saw the Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 people were killed when police opened fire on anti-apartheid protesters. uMkhonto we Sizwe or MK, translated ""The Spear of the Nation"", was the military wing of the ANC. Partly in response to the Sharpeville massacre of 1960, individual members of the ANC found it necessary to consider violence to combat what passive protest had failed to"
"bore the tricolored shield of black, white, and red stripes, the traditional national colors of Imperial Germany (cf. the black, red, and gold of today's Germany, harking back to the 1848 Revolt). The left side of the shell often received decal insignia denoting the branch of the armed forces, or ""Wehrmacht"", or an organization within the Nazi Party. The combined ""Wehrmacht"" military forces of Nazi Germany consisted of the ""Heer"" (army), the ""Kriegsmarine"" (navy), and the ""Luftwaffe"" (air force). While not technically part of the Wehrmacht, the ""Waffen-SS"" (""Armed-SS"") tactically operated as such and was considered part of Germany's armed"
"an acronym for ""Lohamei Herut Israel"", ""Fighters for the Freedom of Israel"", לח""י - לוחמי חירות ישראל), also known as the ""Stern Group"" or ""Stern Gang"", was an armed underground Zionist faction in Mandatory Palestine that had as its goal the eviction of the British from Palestine to allow unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish state. The name of the group became ""Lehi"" only after the death of its founder, Avraham Stern. Irgun (; shorthand for ""Ha'Irgun Ha'Tsvai Ha'Leumi B'Eretz Yisrael"", , ""National Military Organization in the Land of Israel"") was a clandestine Zionist group that"
"was formed to counter the Folks alliance. Gangs demonstrate their particular alliance-alignment by ""representing"" through the display of symbols, colors, graffiti, and numbers and letters. Folk Nation symbols are Winged Heart, Devil's Horns, 6-Dice, Number 6, Devil's Tail, Six Point Star (Star of David), Upside Down 5 and Crown, Broken Five Point Star, and a Pitch Fork. Folk Nation group members use right-handed identifiers to distinguish themselves from the People Nation groups, wearing articles of clothing to the right, such as caps, bandannas, or rolling up the right pant leg and using right angles. Folk Nation gangs use the term"
"money from The Order to finance operations of the White Patriot Party. The Order was also called the ""Brüder Schweigen"", or ""Silent Brotherhood"". White Patriot Party The White Patriot Party (WPP) was an American anti-Semitic white supremacist paramilitary political party associated with Christian Identity and the Ku Klux Klan. It was led by its founder, Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., through various organizational incarnations. The organization began in the mid-1970s as the Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. It was involved in the incident in Greensboro, North Carolina, when a confrontation between Klansmen, Nazis and communists left five people dead."
"National Socialist Movement (United States) The National Socialist Movement (NSM) is a neo-Nazi political party based in Detroit, Michigan. It is a part of the Nationalist Front. The party was founded in 1974 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as the ""National Socialist American Workers Freedom Movement"" by Robert Brannen and Cliff Herrington, former members of the American Nazi Party before the decline of the ANP. The party's chairman is Jeff Schoep, who has held that position since 1994. The Party claims to be the ""largest and most active"" National Socialist organization in the United States. Although classified as a hate group"
"heard from them afterwards. Since 2002, several former NLP Tigers' commanders known for their right-wing, ultra-nationalist leanings rallied in support of General Michel Aoun and went on to occupy various key positions within the Aounist Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) hierarchy, ranging from political (Dr Naji Hayek and Georges Aaraj) to security (Jean Eid and Bob Azzam). Tigers Militia The Tigers Militia (Arabic: نمور الأحرار, transliterated: ""Numūr"" or ""Al-Noumour""), also known as NLP Tigers or Tigers of the Liberals (Arabic: ""Numur al-Ahrar"") and PNL ""Lionceaux"" in French, was the military wing of the National Liberal Party (NLP) during the Lebanese Civil"
"Peronist Armed Forces The Peronist Armed Forces (in Spanish: ""Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas"" - FAP) was an Argentine Left-wing Peronist urban guerrilla group created in 1968 active during the 1960s and 1970s. The organization apply terrorism and strike directly against the Argentina state forces. Led by Envar ""Cacho"" El Kadri. His appearance came on 17 September 1968 with an unsuccessful armed action in Taco Ralo, Tucumán. By 1971 the organization split into FAP Comando Central and a minority faction known as FAP 17. The former preferred armed struggle over the election of Perón as strategy while the latter joined Tendencia Revolucionaria."
"Peronist Armed Forces The Peronist Armed Forces (in Spanish: ""Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas"" - FAP) was an Argentine Left-wing Peronist urban guerrilla group created in 1968 active during the 1960s and 1970s. The organization apply terrorism and strike directly against the Argentina state forces. Led by Envar ""Cacho"" El Kadri. His appearance came on 17 September 1968 with an unsuccessful armed action in Taco Ralo, Tucumán. By 1971 the organization split into FAP Comando Central and a minority faction known as FAP 17. The former preferred armed struggle over the election of Perón as strategy while the latter joined Tendencia Revolucionaria."
"internal power struggle, which ended up with a former German soldier and expelled member of the National Democratic Party of Germany, Meinolf Schönborn, replacing Pauli as head of the party. Based primarily in Bielefeld, the group had a largely Pagan membership, hosting fire rituals and similar ceremonies. The group also performed cross burnings and forged links with Dennis Mahon, the head of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The group also became noted for its armed wing, the National Task Force (""Nationales Einsatzkommando"" - NEK) which was set up in 1991 with the help of"
"and guerrilla warfare tactics. Since 2017, the organization has been linked to five killings. The leader of Atomwaffen Division, Brandon Russell, is alleged to have described Omar Mateen, who pledged allegiance to ISIS and perpetrated the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, as ""a hero"". A member of Atomwaffen Division, Stephen Billingsley, was photographed at a vigil in San Antonio, Texas for the victims of the Orlando shooting with a skull mask and a sign saying ""God Hates Fags"". One 18-year-old member, Devon Arthurs, converted to Islam and described himself as a ""Salafist National Socialist"". In May 2017, Arthurs allegedly killed two"
"Daily Stormer"", ""The Right Stuff"", the National Policy Institute, and four groups that form the Nationalist Front: the neo-Confederate League of the South, the neo-Nazi groups Traditionalist Worker Party, Vanguard America, and the National Socialist Movement. Other groups involved in the rally were the Ku Klux Klan (specifically the Loyal White Knights branch) , the Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, the American Identitarian group Identity Evropa, the Southern California-based fight club Rise Above Movement, the American Guard, the Detroit Right Wings – misappropriating the name of the Detroit Red Wings NHL team, which usage was condemned by the team, True Cascadia,"
"to set up an armed wing for the Plebiscite Front, but the proposal did not get the majority support in the Plebiscite Front. Undeterred, they established an underground group called ""National Liberation Front"" (NLF), obtaining some support for it in August 1965. The group was fashioned after the Algerian ""Front de Libération Nationale"". Major Amanullah, a former soldier in the Azad Kashmir forces, was in charge of the armed wing while Amanullah Khan and Mir Abdul Qayoom took charge of the political and financial wings. Maqbool Bhat was made responsible for the overall coordination. All the members swore in blood"
"broad alliance between Sihanouk, his supporters, and the Communist Party of Kampuchea. The insurgency itself was conducted by the CPNLAF, the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces: they were backed by both the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the National Liberation Front (NLF, better known as the Viet Cong), who occupied parts of Cambodia as part of their ongoing war with the South Vietnamese government. Despite the strongly militaristic character of the Khmer Republic, and quantities of military and financial aid from the United States, its military the Khmer National Armed Forces (""Forces armées nationales khmères"", or FANK) was"
"Almighty Black P. Stone Nation The Almighty Black P. Stone Nation, or BPSN, is an American street gang founded in Chicago, estimated to have more than 100,000 members. The gang was originally formed in the late 1950s as the Blackstone Rangers. The organization was co-founded by Eugene Hairston and Jeff Fort. In later years, under Fort's leadership, an Islamic faction of the gang emerged, naming themselves the ""El Rukn tribe of the Moorish Science Temple of America"" (or simply El Rukn, Arabic for ""the pillar"" or ""the foundation""). They eventually started describing themselves as Orthodox Sunni Muslims. Jeff Fort changed"
"illegality of using militia forces to protect alt-right and white nationalist demonstrations. National Socialist Movement (United States) The National Socialist Movement (NSM) is a neo-Nazi political party based in Detroit, Michigan. It is a part of the Nationalist Front. The party was founded in 1974 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as the ""National Socialist American Workers Freedom Movement"" by Robert Brannen and Cliff Herrington, former members of the American Nazi Party before the decline of the ANP. The party's chairman is Jeff Schoep, who has held that position since 1994. The Party claims to be the ""largest and most active"" National"
"Militant faction The Militant faction was an organized grouping of Marxists in the Socialist Party of America (SPA) who sought to steer that organization from its orientation towards electoral politics and towards direct action and revolutionary socialism. The faction emerged during 1930 and 1931 and achieved practical control of the organization in 1934. The existence of the ""Militants"" and the threat they represented to the political line of the SPA caused traditional electorally oriented members to form an organized grouping of their own, known as the ""Old Guard faction."" In 1935 the personal and political friction between these two basic"
"Atomwaffen Division The Atomwaffen Division (""Atomwaffen"" meaning ""Atomic weapons"" in German) is a neo-Nazi terrorist organization based in the United States. Founded in 2013, the group's main base of operations is in Florida, but has members in other states such as Texas and Montana. The group is part of the alt-right, but is considered extreme even within that movement. Atomwaffen encourages members to burn the United States flag and Constitution, and to attack the U.S. government and minorities (especially Jews). The group's membership is mostly young, and the Atomwaffen Division has been active on university campuses recruitment postering. The San"
"Order of Nine Angles The Order of Nine Angles (ONA; O9A) is a Satanic and Left-Hand Path occult group based in the United Kingdom, but with affiliated groups in various other parts of the world. Claiming to have been established in the 1960s, it rose to public recognition in the early 1980s, attracting attention for its neo-Nazi ideologies and activism. Describing its approach as ""Traditional Satanism"", it has been identified by academic researchers as also exhibiting Hermetic and Neo-Pagan elements in its beliefs. It has been described as one of the most extreme and dangerous Satanist groups in the world."
"making them God's chosen people. It has been associated with groups such as the Aryan Nations, the Aryan Republican Army, the Army of God, the Phineas Priesthood, and The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord. It has been cited as an influence on a number of terrorist attacks around the world, including the 2002 Soweto bombings. These groups are estimated to have 2000 members in the United States, and an unknown number of members in Canada and the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations. Due to the promotion of Christian Identity doctrines through radio broadcasts and later"