"the larva, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists. Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the Ahimsa philosophy ""not to hurt any living thing"". This led to Gandhi's promotion of cotton spinning machines, an example of which can be seen at the Gandhi Institute. He also promoted Ahimsa silk, wild silk made from the cocoons of wild and semiwild silkmoths. The moth – the adult phase of the lifecycle – is not capable of functional flight, in contrast to the wild ""B. mandarina"" and other ""Bombyx"" species, whose males fly to meet females and"
"the larvae. The larvae fed on mulberry leaves grown in Italy. Silk fibres from the Bombyx mori silkworm have a triangular cross section with rounded corners, 5–10 μm wide. The silk is a protein, fibroin, that was cemented in place by the use of gum, another protein, sericin. The cocoons were harvested and placed in troughs of hot water to dissolve the gum and allowed the single thread to be wound into a skein. The skeins were placed into bales and taken to the mill for processing. Three sorts of yarn could be produced: ""no-twist"" which was suitable for weft,"
"have to be kept in the same container. Since ""Bombyx"" hybrids are much more common than the other variation more is known about them. The domesticated silkworm (""B. mori"") was domesticated from wild silkworm (""B. mandarina"") more than 5,000 years ago. Bombyx hybrid The ""Bombyx"" hybrid is a hybrid between a female ""Bombyx mori"" moth and a male ""Bombyx mandarina"" moth. They produce silkworm larvae like all species of ""Bombyx"". The larvae look a lot like the other variations. They are brown in the first half and gray at the bottom half, but they get larger black spots than other"
"the corn borer, ""Diatraea gradiosella"", JH is required for the accumulation by the fat body of a storage protein that is associated with diapause. Diapause hormone regulates embryonic diapause in the eggs of the silkworm moth, ""Bombyx mori"". DH is released from the subesophageal ganglion of the mother and triggers trehalase production by the ovaries. This generates high levels of glycogen in the eggs, which is converted into the polyhydric alcohols glycerol and sorbitol. Sorbitol directly inhibits the development of the embryos. Glycerol and sorbitol are reconverted into glycogen at the termination of diapause. Diapause in the tropics is often"
"specific cell labelled ""4d"" in the early embryo. There is no coelom at any stage. In some species the larva is a trochophore which is planktonic and feeds on floating food particles by using the two bands of cilia round its ""equator"" to sweep food into the mouth, which uses more cilia to drive them into the stomach, which uses further cilia to expel undigested remains through the anus. In some species of the genera ""Loxosomella"" and ""Loxosoma"", the larva produces one or two buds that separate and form new individuals, while the trochophore disintegrates. However, most produce a larva"
"The egg has a tough spiny coat, and usually hatches to release a free-swimming trochophore larva, typical of many other mollusc groups. In a few cases, the trochophore remains within the egg (and is then called lecithotrophic – deriving nutrition from yolk), which hatches to produce a miniature adult. Unlike most other molluscs, there is no intermediate stage, or veliger, between the trochophore and the adult. Instead, a segmented shell gland forms on one side of the larva, and a foot forms on the opposite side. When the larva is ready to become an adult, the body elongates, and the"
"malaxates the morsel to be fed to the larva. During this process, solid and liquid materials from the morsel are extracted by the female and stored in her crop, from where it can be regurgitated to larvae during mouth-to-mouth trophallaxis. The female regurgitates the solid extractions from the morsel directly into the mouth of the larva. She then grooms for a period. After grooming, she resumes feeding the larva and regurgitates the liquid portions of the morsel into the larval mouth, after which she once again grooms. During regurgitation, most of the contents of the crop may be released, or"
"the X-ray structure of ""Bombyx mori"" JHEH was recently determined. Juvenile hormone diol is acted on by juvenile hormone diol kinase, to give juvenile hormone diol phosphate, with the phosphate attached to the hydroxyl group on carbon atom 10. This modification greatly enhances the water solubility, making it easier to excrete. Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) is an enzyme that inactivates insect juvenile hormones. This inactivation is accomplished through hydrolysis of the epoxide functional group contained within these hormones into diols. JHEH is one of two enzymes involved in the termination of signaling properties of the"
"5:00pm. The ""Bombus morio"" display a specific type of behavior to release the pollen from the flowers called the buzz pollination. They land on the flowers and hold the stamens with their legs. Once the stamens are in place, the bee vibrates with its body curved. This is a very effective method of dislodging the pollen, and helps the ""Bombus morio"" be very effective pollinators. The ""Bombus"" morio make their nests in the neotropical regions on the surface of the ground. Like most bees the nests are made mostly of wax, and their brooding area containing the larvae of works,"
"of the host insects. The larvae are hypermetamorphic parasitoids which then feed on the food stored, as well as the young solitary bees or wasps. If the female is unable to flick her eggs near the nest she plants them on flowers visited by the host insects. The developing larvae then make their way to the host nest or attach themselves to the bees or wasps to then be carried to the nest. Although ""Bombylius major"" is an excellent pollinator, the larvae limit the population of other pollinators. http://500px.com/photo/79888947/bombylius-by-felipe-vilarroya?from=user_library Bombylius major The large bee-fly, Bombylius major, is a bee mimic."
"year, 80 percent of the global market, while Thai silk exports account for just 0.1 percent of global production, with most Thai silk used locally. The production of Thai silk begins with the ""Bombyx mori"", a small silk worm that comes from the eggs of a silk moth. For their first year, these worms feast on the leaves of mulberry trees before building a cocoon with their spittle. In its original cocoon form, raw silk is bumpy and irregular. Thai weavers separate the completed cocoons from the mulberry bush and soak them in a vat of boiling water to separate"
"of research supporting body odour and sexual attraction in insects. Observations and laboratory experiments of ""Culiseta inornata"", identified a chemical substance involved in mating behavior, when exposed to this scent the male mosquitos were found to attempt sex with dead females and when exposed to the scent of virgin females, the males showed increased sexual activity through excited flight, searching and attempts to copulate with other males. Further evidence comes from research on the commercial silkworm moth, ""Bombyx mori"", a chemical produced in the abdominal sac of the female adult moth is released shortly after its emergence from the cocoon,"
"has a dark spot on each side. The larvae reach a length of about . The elytra of newly emerged adults have a coating of a yellowish, waxy powder. As the beetle ages this powder wear off. The males apparently attract the females by a clicking sound produced by the elytra. This species usually mates in August. The larvae are miners of fallen timber, while adults are usually found walking around on the trunks of trees. Larva feed on decaying timber, especially of the Bombacaceae family (kapok or ceiba trees, mainly ""Ceiba pentandra "", ""Bombacopsis"" spp., ""Ochroma"" spp. and ""Pseudobombax"""
"or ""Borralinivirus reprimens"". Viral particles consumed by the larva when eating through the egg chorion will kill them during the first instar. The bodies disintegrate, spreading the virus on the foliage, which will then be consumed by other larvae. Outbreaks of the virus result in high larva mortality, and the odor of the decaying larvae permeates the area. The pathogen is used as an insecticide under the name Gypchek. ""Steptococcus faecalis"" is another pathogen which is notable for its mortality. Larva killed by the pathogen have a shriveled appearance. ""Entomophaga maimaiga"" is a Japanese fungus that helps control the population"
"produced by the Dufour's gland of the parent. In the very first days, the larvae feed mainly on the liquid food regurgitated by the adults on the secretion mass. Afterwards, cuds of chewed food are inserted by the adults into the secretion mass which is not in itself a food, but rather a substrate which permits the larvae to remain attached to the cell and a ""dish"" to collect the supplements of the adults. The more the larva increases in size, the less is the secretion added by the adults, so a fourth-instar larva remains curled in the cell pushing"
"larva burrow and lay her eggs on the grub. Below ground large number of larva are consumed by moles. During rainy periods, when the burrows of the larva are flooded, the larva will crawl to the surface. At these times the larva are subject to predation by raccoons, gophers, skunks, opossums, chipmunks and birds. Birds will also attack the adult, notably the common crow, common grackle, mocking bird and blue jay. One of the most effective controls is used during the larva stage. Beetle larva can be controlled using milky spore disease (Bacillus popilliae), which occurs naturally in some larva."
"thorax. Males possess long prominent genital terminalia known as claspers. Females have a pair of anal recti. Batches of thirty to seventy eggs are laid in cracks and holes in the ground, in crevices in masonry and among leaf litter. The eggs require a humid environment to avoid desiccation, and hatch within about twenty days. The larvae are mainly scavengers, consuming fungi, leaf mould, rotting vegetation and detritus. The larvae are recognisable by their black heads, greyish twelve segmented bodies and conspicuous feathery, branching bristles on head and body, and two pairs of long hairs on the tip of the"
"larva of other organisms, and red blood cells in laboratory tests. It is currently being investigated as a possible model for novel antibiotics. Most larvae, however, come in contact with the bonellin in the skin of an adult female—its body or its roving, bonellin-rich proboscis—and are masculinised by this exposure. The chemical causes these larvae to develop into the tiny males, which cling to the female's body or are sucked inside it by the feeding tube, to spend the remainder of their lives inside her genital sac, producing sperm to fertilize her eggs, reliant on her for all other needs."
"While mating, males also transfer the juvenile hormone they synthesize to the females they copulate with. By 6 hours, levels on the female bursa copulatrix decrease dramatically. Vitellogenin (VG), an egg yolk precursor protein, is dependent on juvenile hormone levels. Mated females exhibit higher levels of VG than virgin females 48 hours after emergence; mated females also exhibit significantly higher egg production rates than virgin females at 48–120 hours post emergence. The tobacco budworm has a long record of attempted management. Records dating back to the early 1800s have descriptions of pest damage and control measures that match the damage"
"on a rigid program in each cell), and experiments that divided early embryos produced complete larvae. Mesoderm is formed from mesenchyme originating from the archenteron. The coelom is formed by schizocoely, and the blastopore (a dent in the embryo) becomes the mouth. The slug-like larva of ""Phoronis ovalis"" swims for about 4 days, creeps on the sea-bed for 3 to 4 days, then bores into a carbonate floor. Nothing is known about three species. The remaining species develop free-swimming actinotroch larvae, which feed on plankton. The actinotroch is an upright cylinder with the anus at the bottom and fringed with"
"of biological material that supports the chemistry and nutrient dynamics of shallow-water aquatic ecosystems and adjacent forest ecosystems. The eggs also provide habitat for water molds, also known as oomycetes. Larvae hatch from their egg casing in two to six weeks. They are born carnivores, feeding instinctively on small invertebrates that move in their field of vision. Food items include small aquatic crustaceans (cladocerans, copepods and ostracods), aquatic dipterans and tadpoles. As they develop, they naturally feed upon larger prey. To increase their chances for survival, some individuals grow bigger heads and become cannibals, and feed upon their own brood"
"is by the budding of reproductive polyps known as gonophores, the medusa stage in the life cycle. Gonophores may remain attached to the parent colony, but usually become detached. Each colony produces gonophores of one sex. Male gonophores soon eject white sperm into the water and females emit up to six eggs. After fertilisation, each embryo develops within a day or so into a free-swimming planula larva. After drifting with the plankton for some time, this finds a suitable hard surface on which to settle and start a new colony. It has been reported that an acute, painful dermatitis occurred"
"where it grows and molts. In three weeks, the larva passes from the respiratory system to be coughed up, swallowed, and thus returned to the small intestine, where it matures to an adult male or female worm. Fertilization can now occur and the female produces as many as 200,000 eggs per day for 12–18 months. These fertilized eggs become infectious after two weeks in soil; they can persist in soil for 10 years or more. The eggs have a lipid layer which makes them resistant to the effects of acids and alkalis, as well as other chemicals. This resilience helps"
"larvae produce salivary fluid. Usually, the wasps prompt the larvae to produce this salivary secretion by antennating a larva's head and vibrating its body. The larva then extends its head and produces a drop of clear saliva. Adults wasps prefer to solicit older larvae for trophallaxis, likely because they expect to receive more saliva from older larvae than from younger larvae. Sometimes, body vibrations of soliciting adults become synchronized and this seems to excite the larva in a positive way. There is a caste system within the ""B. petiolata"" colonies. There are physiological and morphological differences between worker castes and"
"are the perfect combination of home and food source. The nasal, oral, or anal areas of a host are especially prone to ""Cochliomyia"" oviposition. Larvae hatch about 12–21 hours after the eggs have been laid. The larvae are a cream color. ""C. hominivorax"" larvae dive head-first into whatever food source is nearest, and burrow deeper, eating into live flesh if available. This results in a pocket-like lesion that causes severe pain to the host. ""C. macellaria"" larvae only feed on the necrotic tissue of a wound. After 5 to 7 days, the larvae drop and move away from the food"
"When a larva feeds, it molts at the site where it feeds and emerges as a nymph. The nymph feeds at the same site or close by and molts where it feeds. It emerges from molt as either an adult female or male. The female’s single large blood meal is converted into a batch of 2000 eggs. The males take several small meals of blood to support their repeated attempts at mating. The molts are rapid and the next stage remains in the hair coat to start feeding again. The combined feeding and molting periods take about 21 days. The"
"moving only when stimulated by touch. It will swim spontaneously, and often retreat back into the gelatinous envelope when disturbed. Newly hatched larvae develop a ciliary current over their skin and gill surfaces. This is believed to either provide respiratory exchange across the skin and gills without necessitating any movements of the jaw or brachial apparatus, or to keep the skin of the unprotected larvae free of debris, parasites, and predatory protozoans. Larvae are reported not to feed for two to three weeks while the yolk is still present. By the time the yolk is fully used, a spiral valve"
"in early summer. Each female releases millions of eggs into the water column and this stimulates the release of sperm by the males. About four days after fertilisation, the zygotes develop into bipinnaria larva which form part of the plankton. After several moults the seven arms can be seen developing in what is called the ""rudiment"" which is connected to a stalk which has several bands of cilia. The larva reaches a length of thirty-five millimetres in 3 to 4 months. It does not become a brachiolaria larva as is the case in most sea star taxa. Instead, it settles"
"is linear (~1 kilobase in length) and complementary to part of the major chromosome. Members of the ""Spiraviridae"" infect archaea. Members of the ""Genomoviridae"" infect fungi. All viruses in this group require formation of a replicative form—a double stranded DNA intermediate—for genome replication. This is normally created from the viral DNA with the assistance of the host's own DNA polymerase. In the 9th edition of the viral taxonomy of the ICTV (published 2011) the Bombyx mori densovirus type 2 was placed in a new family—the ""Bidnaviridae"" on the basis of its genome structure and replication mechanism. This is currently the"
"a closed cocoon to protect her larvae. These fed on the mulberry leaf which was grown in Italy. Silk fibres from the ""Bombyx mori"" silkworm have a triangular cross section with rounded corners, 5-10 μm wide. The silk is a protein called fibroin and it was cemented in place by the use of a gum, another protein called sericin. The cocoons were harvested and placed in troughs of hot water that dissolved the gum and allowed the single thread to be wound into a skein. The skeins were placed into bales and taken to the mill for processing. Three sorts"
"evolutionarily beneficial to the parents because they will have greater reproductive success and contribute more of their genes to further generations. The larvae of burying beetles feed partly by begging for predigested carrion from parents and partly by self-feeding. In this species, ""juvenile hormone"", a major regulatory insect hormone, stimulates begging and growth. Elevating larval juvenile hormone levels (by topical application of the analogue methoprene) increase begging indicating that juvenile hormone in insects could have a similar function to that of testosterone and corticosterone in birds. Elevated juvenile hormone levels have a negative effect on larval growth regardless of whether"
"which are crucial in eusocial colonies. There might also be a situation where the trophallaxis benefits the adults but also hinders the larva in form of nutritional castration where the lack of food results in underdeveloped reproductive organs thus leading to the creation of a worker class. Nests generally have a rough external appearance with a brownish-gray hue although some species have a whitish appearance with smooth texture. Species usually form communal nests that hang from a strong support such as a tree branch, vine, or overhanging rock formation via a petiole which is produced from a root tip rather"
"female. These species then brood the young inside their mantle cavity, eventually releasing them into the water column as veliger larvae or as crawl-away juveniles. Most of the bivalve larvae that hatch from eggs in the water column feed on diatoms or other phytoplankton. In temperate regions, about 25% of species are lecithotrophic, depending on nutrients stored in the yolk of the egg where the main energy source is lipids. The longer the period is before the larva first feeds, the larger the egg and yolk need to be. The reproductive cost of producing these energy-rich eggs is high and"