"in the city — more than in any other city in the world. Whereas the communities of Basel and Zürich are traditionally shaped by large Ashkenazi communities, Geneva also hosts an important Sephardic community. Its main synagogue, the Synagogue Hekhal Haness, is considered to be the most important Sephardic synagogue in the whole of Europe. A ring with a Menorah depiction found in Augusta Raurica (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) in 2001 attests to Hebrew presence in Germania Superior. The Encyclopaedia Judaica mentioned a first documentation in 1214. In the Middle Ages, as in many places in Europe, they frequently suffered persecution, for"
"trading centre of Northern Europe to London. Although the Netherlands remained wealthy, investors for the nation's money became more difficult to find. Some investment went into purchases of land for estates, but most went to foreign bonds and Amsterdam remained one of Europe's banking capitals. Dutch culture also declined both in the arts and sciences. Literature for example largely imitated English and French styles with little in the way of innovation or originality. The most influential intellectual was Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), a Protestant refugee from France who settled in Rotterdam where he wrote the massive Dictionnaire Historique et Critique (""Historical"
"from the extreme points of Europe: the westernmost point in Portugal; the easternmost point in the Central Urals; the northernmost point in Norway; and the southernmost point in Greece (islands were not taken into consideration). There is a monument commemorating that definition in Suchowola . Locations currently vying for the distinction of being the centre of Europe include: Guinness World Records recognises Girija, as the official geographical midpoint of Europe, but that does not preclude other centres, depending on the methodology used in making the determination. The first official declaration of the Centre of Europe was made in 1775 by"
"and Westfield London is the largest inner-city shopping center in Europe. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year. There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, in forums where shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built"
"a number of cities in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. Commercial trading city Liverpool was regarded as holding this title with its massive port, merchant fleet and world-wide trading links. Liverpool was constantly referred to as the New York of Europe. Others included Dublin, Glasgow (which continues to use the title as a marketing slogan), and (outside the UK) Calcutta and Philadelphia. Prior to the union with Scotland in 1707, from the English Civil War until the 18th century, Norwich was the second-largest city of England, being a major trading centre, Britain's richest provincial city and county town"
"woods and fields surrounding the geographic centre point and including Lake Girija, Bernotai Hill, and an old burial ground, was set aside as a reserve in 1992. The State Tourism Department at the Ministry of Economy of Lithuania has classified the Geographic Centre monument and its reserve as a tourist attraction. 17 km away lies Europos Parkas, ""Open Air Museum of the Centre of Europe"", a sculpture park containing the world's largest sculpture made of TV sets. It is claimed that a 1992 survey found that the geometric centre of Europe is in the village of Tállya, Hungary . In"
"Overgate Centre The Overgate Centre is a shopping centre in Dundee, Scotland. Built in the 1960s to replace buildings erected in the 18th and 19th centuries, most of the original structure (e.g. the Angus Hotel) was demolished and redeveloped from 1998 to 2000. The centre reopened as a fully enclosed shopping mall in 2000 and follows the same basic layout as the 1960s structure. It is the only single-sided shopping mall in Europe. Two levels of retail units are enclosed by a long curved glass elevation looking out to the historic City Churches where a pedestrian precinct remains. It houses"
"Birmingham Central Library Birmingham Central Library was the main public library in Birmingham, England, from 1974 until 2013. For a time the largest non-national library in Europe, it closed on 29 June 2013 and was replaced by the Library of Birmingham. The building was demolished in 2016, after 41 years, as part of the redevelopment of Paradise Circus by Argent Group. Designed by architect John Madin in the brutalist style, the library was part of an ambitious development project by Birmingham City Council to create a civic centre on its new Inner Ring Road system; however, for economic reasons significant"
"area. The city centre of Amsterdam is Centrum, the historical heart of the city, but the CBD of Amsterdam is the Zuidas, in the south. Additionally, Westpoort serves as the city's industrial park. Because of the bombardment of Rotterdam during World War II, with the loss of its historical core, the city centre and the CBD are the same area in Rotterdam. City centre A city centre is the commercial, cultural and often the historical, political and geographic heart of a city, especially those in the Western world. The term ""city centre"" is primarily used in British English. In North"
"granted city status in about AD 151, but was abandoned in the late 3rd century: thus the current settlement is not considered an uninterrupted continuation of the Roman city. At the end of the Middle Ages, the number of grants of city status fell dramatically. The strong position of merchants and traders allowed the Netherlands to become the first modern republic in the 16th century. The institution of city status gradually came to an end with the development and centralization of a national government. In the Netherlands the last city to receive real city rights (as defined above) was Willemstad"
"the leading commercial and financial center of Europe in the 16th century, a position it would enjoy until its sack by mutinous Spanish soldiers in 1576. Recent research has shown that, after 1505, most of the trade that moved between Lisbon and Antwerp sidestepped the Portuguese royal ""factory of Flanders"". Most of the European leg of the trade was directly contracted between the ""Casa da Índia"" in Lisbon and private foreign consortiums (usually Italian and German) in Antwerp and freighted largely by Dutch, Hanseatic and Breton ships. As a result, the bulk of the profits of the Portuguese spice trade"
"closely with his Chinese associate Xu Guangqi (1562–1633) on mathematical work. As a wider variety of global luxury commodities entered the European markets by sea, previous European markets for luxury goods stagnated. The Atlantic trade largely supplanted pre-existing Italian and German trading powers which had relied on their Baltic, Russian and Islamic trade links. The new commodities also caused social change, as sugar, spices, silks and chinawares entered the luxury markets of Europe. The European economic centre shifted from the Mediterranean to Western Europe. The city of Antwerp, part of the Duchy of Brabant, became ""the centre of the ""entire"""
"Strøget Strøget () is a pedestrian, car free shopping area in Copenhagen, Denmark. This popular tourist attraction in the centre of town is one of the longest pedestrian shopping streets in Europe at 1.1 km. Located at the centre of the old city of Copenhagen, it has long been one of the most high-profile streets in the city. The pedestrianisation of Strøget in 1962 marked the beginning a major change in the approach of Copenhagen to urban life; following the success of the initiative the city moved to place a much greater emphasis on pedestrian and bicycle access to the"
"years went against all principles of sustainability. However Birmingham City Council, Birmingham Civic Society, CABE and Argent Group strongly opposed any plans to retain the library and consequently the battle was lost. Birmingham Central Library Birmingham Central Library was the main public library in Birmingham, England, from 1974 until 2013. For a time the largest non-national library in Europe, it closed on 29 June 2013 and was replaced by the Library of Birmingham. The building was demolished in 2016, after 41 years, as part of the redevelopment of Paradise Circus by Argent Group. Designed by architect John Madin in the"
"claim. Westgate, Oxford The Westgate Centre (recently rebranded as Westgate Oxford) is a major shopping centre in Oxford city centre, England, that was extensively remodelled and extended between 2016–17. The original centre was built between 1970–72, designed by Douglas Murray and built by Taylor Woodrow. The centre was closed in February 2016 for comprehensive redevelopment, and reopened on Tuesday 24 October 2017. Westgate is at the west end of Queen Street, facing onto Bonn Square where the medieval West Gate into the city of Oxford once stood. The shopping centre is named after this former gateway into the medieval city."
"the World Trade Center Barcelona, is located in Barcelona's Port Vell harbour. The city is known for hosting well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 ""Exposición Universal de Barcelona"", the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures and the 2004 World Urban Forum. Barcelona was the 20th-most-visited city in the world by international visitors and the fifth most visited city in Europe after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome, with 5.5 million international visitors in 2011. By 2015, both Prague and Milan had more international visitors. With its Rambles, Barcelona is ranked the most"
"of types of investment include pedestrian malls, and foreshoreways such as oceanways and also river walks. The first purpose-built pedestrian street in Europe is the Lijnbaan in Rotterdam, opened in 1953. The first pedestrianised shopping centre in the United Kingdom was in Stevenage in 1959. A large number of European towns and cities have made part of their centres car-free since the early 1960s. These are often accompanied by car parks on the edge of the pedestrianised zone, and, in the larger cases, park and ride schemes. Central Copenhagen is one of the largest and oldest: It was converted from"
"on the hotel. Ballymun Shopping Centre was the main source for shopping throughout much of Ballymun's first 40 years. However, due to regeneration, the centre has slowly emptied - in 2014 the anchor store, a Tesco supermarket, closed and was not replaced. As of 2017, the shopping centre still stands but only a handful of units remain occupied. On the site of a former large underpass roundabout, a brand new civic complex was built, including The Axis, with the local health centre and Garda station also moved here, although their defunct buildings remain across the road. City Council offices are"
"became the largest market town in Europe. Paris was one of the first European cities to implement a system of formal, centralised and covered market places. Les Halles, a vast centralised wholesale market, was known to be in existence at least by the 13th century when it was expanded, and was only demolished in 1971 to make way for an underground shopping precinct. The French system of organised, designated central retail markets was extensively studied by architects in London with a view to emulating the system and ultimately eradicating the informal supply of produce via street vendors. The majority of"
"December 2014, The Centre's owners 'Land Securities' sold the shopping centre and associated retail parks to an investment firm 'HSBC Investments' marking the end of a momentous run of 30 plus years for the London-based management firm. The Centre (Livingston) The Centre is the name of a shopping centre in Livingston, Scotland. Formerly known as 'Livingston Regional Centre' before becoming the more widely and recognized formerly Land Securities owned 'Almondvale Shopping Centre'. It is (as of 2017) the 26th largest shopping centre in the UK. The original centre was built in the 1970s by the now defunct Livingston Development Corporation"
"addition, the rise of a merchant class led to the import and exports of a broad range of goods, contributing to a reduced reliance on local produce. At the centre of this new global mercantile trade was Antwerp, which by the mid-16th century, was the undisputed largest market town in Europe. A good number of local histories of individual market towns can be found. However, more general histories of the rise of market-towns across Europe are much more difficult to locate. Clark points out that while a good deal is known about the economic value of markets in local economies,"
"municipalities. Many of the former market towns are now seats of municipalities. In contrast to the term ""stad"", ""köping"" is seldom used in everyday speech today. Köping Köping (cognate to the English toponymical name ""chipping"") was a Swedish denomination for a market town. This term was abolished with the municipal reform of 1971, when Sweden was subdivided into the Municipalities of Sweden (currently amounting to 290). In medieval times it was the designation of an official market place/market town. As present-day Finland was then a part of Sweden, the Finnish word ""kauppala"" has the same meaning. The Finnish word ""kaupunki"","
"Runcorn Shopping City Runcorn Shopping City, formerly Halton Lea and Runcorn Shopping Centre, is a medium-sized indoor shopping centre in Runcorn, Cheshire, England. It is the main shopping area in Runcorn with over 125,000 visitors per week. It was the largest enclosed shopping centre in Europe at the time of its construction and remains the largest in Cheshire. It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1972. Designed by Fred Roche CBE, the Chief Architect and Planning Officer of the New Town, Runcorn Shopping City was built on a greenfield site near Halton Village. Roche is best known for"
"on the environment and the area's dependence on the through traffic. Done properly, pedestrianization can increase local business sales. The first purpose-built pedestrian street in Europe is the Lijnbaan in Rotterdam, opened in 1953. The first pedestrianised shopping centre in the United Kingdom was in Stevenage in 1959. A large number of European towns and cities have made part of their centres car-free since the early 1960s. These are often accompanied by car parks on the edge of the pedestrianised zone, and, in the larger cases, park and ride schemes. Central Copenhagen is one of the largest and oldest: it"
"City Centre, Dundee Until the industrial revolution the current City Centre represented the full extent of the City of Dundee, Scotland. Now roughly encircled by the Marketgait dual carriageway, the city centre is now the main shopping and commercial district. Unlike the city centre of Glasgow many of the city centre's streets (especially in the southern and eastern quarters) are not built on a grid plan and in that way have more in common with street plan of the Old Town of Edinburgh (although most buildings in Dundee's city centre date from the 19th century or later). The modern city"
"Geographical midpoint of Europe The location of the geographical centre of Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe, mainly whether remote islands are included to define the extreme points of Europe, and on the method of calculating the final result. Thus, several places claim to host this hypothetical centre. The first official declaration of the Centre of Europe was made in 1775 by the Polish royal astronomer and cartographer Szymon Antoni Sobiekrajski, who calculated it to be in the town of Suchowola near Białystok in modern north-eastern Poland. The method used was that of calculating equal distances"
"six months as well further expanding in France. The first Spanish store opened on 3 April on Calle Fuencarral in Madrid, and the first British store will be open in the Victoria Place shopping centre, next Victoria station in London on 12 June. HEMA (store) HEMA (; originally an acronym for ""Hollandsche Eenheidsprijzen Maatschappij Amsterdam"", ""Hollandic Standard Prices Company Amsterdam"") is originally a Dutch discount retail chain that started life as a dimestore, owned by the British investment firm Lion Capital LLP from 2007 to 2018, when it was sold to Dutch billionaire Marcel Boekhoorn. The chain is characterized by"
"international economy"", and the richest city in Europe at this time. Centred in Antwerp first and then in Amsterdam, ""Dutch Golden Age"" was tightly linked to the Age of Discovery. Francesco Guicciardini, a Venetian envoy, stated that hundreds of ships would pass Antwerp in a day, and 2,000 carts entered the city each week. Portuguese ships laden with pepper and cinnamon would unload their cargo. With many foreign merchants resident in the city and governed by an oligarchy of banker-aristocrats forbidden to engage in trade, the economy of Antwerp was foreigner-controlled, which made the city very international, with merchants and"
"to Constantinople in the empire. By the middle of the 16th century, Aleppo had displaced Damascus as the principal market for goods coming to the Mediterranean region from the east. This is reflected by the fact that the Levant Company of London, a joint-trading company founded in 1581 to monopolize England's trade with the Ottoman Empire, never attempted to settle a factor, or agent, in Damascus, despite having had permission to do so. Aleppo served as the company's headquarters until the late 18th century. As a result of the economic development, many European states had opened consulates in Aleppo during"
"east of the historical city; Shanghai's city centre was defined by the Old Chinese City, the International Settlement and the French Concession and sat on the west bank of the Huangpu River, whereas the modern financial district is concentrated on Lujiazui, a newly developed area across the river from the traditional city centre (although parts of the traditional city centre remain key financial and business centres). In Dutch, the terms ""binnenstad"", ""centrum"", ""stadscentrum"" or ""stadskern"" are used to describe the city centre. Amsterdam is a clear example of the city centre and the central business district not being the same"
"Köping Köping (cognate to the English toponymical name ""chipping"") was a Swedish denomination for a market town. This term was abolished with the municipal reform of 1971, when Sweden was subdivided into the Municipalities of Sweden (currently amounting to 290). In medieval times it was the designation of an official market place/market town. As present-day Finland was then a part of Sweden, the Finnish word ""kauppala"" has the same meaning. The Finnish word ""kaupunki"", borrowed from the Old Norse word for köping, is today the main word for town in Finnish. In 1863 the first local government acts were implemented"
"17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Since the annexation of the municipality of Sloten in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam, the oldest historic part of the city lies in Sloten (9th century). As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) study group. The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the"
"Westgate, Oxford The Westgate Centre (recently rebranded as Westgate Oxford) is a major shopping centre in Oxford city centre, England, that was extensively remodelled and extended between 2016–17. The original centre was built between 1970–72, designed by Douglas Murray and built by Taylor Woodrow. The centre was closed in February 2016 for comprehensive redevelopment, and reopened on Tuesday 24 October 2017. Westgate is at the west end of Queen Street, facing onto Bonn Square where the medieval West Gate into the city of Oxford once stood. The shopping centre is named after this former gateway into the medieval city. The"