"translation of the Five Books, ""The Living Torah"", he includes a picture of the hemp plant as an illustration (p. 442). A judge in Colorado ruled that a man's belief that marijuana was a sacrament did not rise to the level of religion and ordered him to pay $450 in fines and costs and serve 15 hours of community service as a sentence. THC Ministry The THC Ministry, founded by Roger Christie from the Religion of Jesus Church, is a religion which considers cannabis to be a sacrament. Members base their practices on what they see as an eclectic mixture"
"Tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of at least 113 cannabinoids identified in cannabis. THC is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis. With chemical name (−)-""trans""-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, the term ""THC"" also refers to cannabinoid isomers. Like most pharmacologically-active secondary metabolites of plants, THC is a ""lipid"" found in cannabis, assumed to be involved in the plant's self-defense, putatively against insect predation, ultraviolet light, and environmental stress. THC, along with its double bond isomers and their stereoisomers, is one of only three cannabinoids scheduled by the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances (the other two are dimethylheptylpyran and parahexyl). It was listed under Schedule"
"treating certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis and pain, but there was insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness for treating several other neurological diseases. A 2015 review confirmed that medical marijuana was effective for treating spasticity and chronic pain, but caused numerous short-lasting adverse events, such as euphoria and dizziness. Tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of at least 113 cannabinoids identified in cannabis. THC is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis. With chemical name (−)-""trans""-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, the term ""THC"" also refers to cannabinoid isomers. Like most pharmacologically-active secondary metabolites of plants, THC is a ""lipid"" found in cannabis, assumed to be involved in"
"the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), they are distinct strains with unique phytochemical compositions and uses. Hemp has lower concentrations of THC and higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), which decreases or eliminates its psychoactive effects. The legality of industrial hemp varies widely between countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content. The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common Proto-Indo-European source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term ' is the oldest attested form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier"
"between the two types of plants are the appearance, and the amount of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes, although they can also be distinguished genetically. Oilseed and fiber varieties of ""Cannabis"" approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cultivars of ""Cannabis"" grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2% to over 20%. Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm"
"cannabinoids have been isolated from the ""Cannabis"" plant To the right, the main classes of cannabinoids from ""Cannabis"" are shown. The best studied cannabinoids include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). All classes derive from cannabigerol-type (CBG) compounds and differ mainly in the way this precursor is cyclized. The classical cannabinoids are derived from their respective 2-carboxylic acids (2-COOH) by decarboxylation (catalyzed by heat, light, or alkaline conditions). Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive component of the Cannabis plant. ""Delta""-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC, THC) and ""delta""-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC), through intracellular CB activation, induce anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis produced naturally in the body"
"the flower, resin (hashish), and oil (hash oil). The UNODC states that cannabis often contains 5% THC content, resin ""can contain up to 20% THC content"", and that ""Cannabis oil may contain more than 60% THC content."" A 2012 review found that the THC content in marijuana had increased worldwide from 1970 to 2009. It is unclear, however, whether the increase in THC content has caused people to consume more THC or if users adjust based on the potency of the cannabis. It is likely that the higher THC content allows people to ingest less tar. At the same time,"
"Cannabis indica Cannabis indica, formally known as Cannabis sativa"" forma ""indica, is an annual plant in the Cannabaceae family. It is a putative species of the genus ""Cannabis"". Whether it and ""Cannabis sativa"" are truly separate species is a matter of debate. Many uses come from ""Cannabis indica,"" such as extraction, cultivation, cloth from the fibers, medical uses, and a plant. ""Cannabis indica"" produces large amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The large amounts of THC makes it most commonly used as a drug, whether it be for recreational or medical purposes. In 1785, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a description of a second"
"are either sterile or fertile but artificially induced ""hermaphrodites"" can have fully functional reproductive organs. ""Feminized"" seed sold by many commercial seed suppliers are derived from artificially ""hermaphrodytic"" females that lack the male gene, or by treating the plants with hormones or silver thiosulfate. Although the main psychoactive constituent of ""Cannabis"" is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the plant is known to contain more than 500 compounds, among them at least 113 cannabinoids; however, most of these ""minor"" cannabinoids are only produced in trace amounts. Besides THC, another cannabinoid produced in high concentrations by some plants is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive"
"inert vegetable matter, but some contain other psychoactive substances, including psychoactive herbs, e.g., “Wild Dagga” and “Indian Warrior,” and psychoactive alkaloids, e.g., betonicine, aporphine, leonurine, nuciferine, and nicotine. Some synthetic cannabinoids products have also been found to contain synthetic opioids including ""O""-desmethyltramadol and AH-7921. In 2010, nine people died due to the combination of ""O""-desmethyltramadol, a μ-opioid agonist and analgesic drug, and Kratom, an Asiatic medicinal plant containing mitragynine, another μ-opioid agonist, in a synthetic cannabinoid product called “Krypton.” In 2013, AH-7921 was detected in smoking blends in Japan. One of the most common non-cannabinoid ingredients in these products is"
"revisions to cannabis scheduling in the UK, the government moved cannabis back from a class C to a class B drug. A purported reason was the appearance of high potency cannabis. They believe skunk accounts for between 70 and 80% of samples seized by police (despite the fact that skunk can sometimes be incorrectly mistaken for all types of herbal cannabis). Extracts such as hashish and hash oil typically contain more THC than high potency cannabis flowers. Marijuana or marihuana (herbal cannabis), consists of the dried flowers and subtending leaves and stems of the female ""Cannabis"" plant. This is the"
"likely to be long, sausage shaped flowers. On average, ""Cannabis indica"" has lower levels of THC compared to CBD, whereas ""Cannabis sativa"" has higher levels of THC to CBD. However, huge variability exists within either species. A 2015 study shows the average THC content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005. In the recent era of cannabis breeding higher-ratio CBD strains are being developed from Indica origins that may test out as 1:1 (CBD-THC balanced) or even as high as a 22:1 (CBD dominant). The medical interests in Cannabis are taking this"
"sell it. Tetrahydropalmatine Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in several different plant species, mainly in the genus ""Corydalis"" (Yan Hu Suo), but also in other plants such as ""Stephania rotunda"". These plants have traditional uses in Chinese herbal medicine. The pharmaceutical industry has synthetically produced the more potent enantiomer Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (Levo-THP), which has been marketed worldwide under different brand names as an alternative to anxiolytic and sedative drugs of the benzodiazepine group and analgesics such as opiates. It is also sold as a dietary supplement. Tetrahydropalmatine has been demonstrated to possess analgesic effects and may be beneficial in"
"CBD levels in seized samples have lowered, in part because of the desire to produce higher THC levels and because more illegal growers cultivate indoors using artificial lights. This helps avoid detection but reduces the CBD production of the plant. Australia's National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre (NCPIC) states that the buds (flowers) of the female cannabis plant contain the highest concentration of THC, followed by the leaves. The stalks and seeds have ""much lower THC levels"". The UN states that leaves can contain ten times less THC than the buds, and the stalks one hundred times less THC. After"
"insects, and tobacco plants with limited success. Production of THCA on a milligram scale has been demonstrated in ""Pichia pastoris"" yeast cells in two independent studies. Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase (full name ""Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase"") is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the formation of THCA from cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). THCA is the direct precursor of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, which is produced from various strains of ""Cannibis sativa"". Therefore, THCA synthase is considered to be a key enzyme controlling cannabis psychoactivity. Polymorphisms of THCA synthase result in varying levels of THC in Cannabis"
"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA, 2-COOH-THC; conjugate base tetrahydrocannabinolate) is a precursor of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of cannabis. THCA is found in variable quantities in fresh, undried cannabis, but is progressively decarboxylated to THC with drying, and especially under intense heating such as when cannabis is smoked or cooked into cannabis edibles. THCA is often the majority constituent in cannabis resin concentrates, such as hashish and hash oil, when prepared from high-THC cannabis plant material, frequently comprising between 50% and 90% by weight. THCA is not directly used, but its presence is commonly analyzed when cannabis or hemp-based"
"most widely consumed form, containing 3% to 20% THC, with reports of up-to 33% THC. This is the stock material from which all other preparations are derived. Although herbal cannabis and industrial hemp derive from the same species and contain the psychoactive component (THC), they are distinct strains with unique biochemical compositions and uses. Hemp has lower concentrations of THC and higher concentrations of CBD, which decreases the psychoactive effects Kief is a powder, rich in trichomes, which can be sifted from the leaves and flowers of cannabis plants and either consumed in powder form or compressed to produce cakes"
"of the plant's psychoactive THC. The ""trim leaf"" (small leaves surrounding the flowers) are usually coated in a large amount of trichomes which are collected by various means to make hash. One simple method of collection is to separate the trichomes from the trim leaf using a basic screen; plant matter containing trichomes is run over or beat against the screen to separate the trichomes. Another method involves freezing the trim and then agitating it with ice to separate the trichomes, the mixture then is filtered through screen bags of decreasing screen sizes ranging from 25-200 µm which capture the"
"in the United States and several U.S. states have legalized recreational or medical use. Private use of cannabis was legalized in September 2018 after a unanimous decision by the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg. South Africa is the world's third largest producer of cannabis and the plant has historically been used by traditional healers and Rastafari. Footnotes Citations Cannabis (drug) Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the ""Cannabis"" plant used for medical or recreational purposes. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of 483 known compounds in the plant, including at"
"Cannabichromene Cannabichromene (CBC) is one of the 113 cannabinoids found in the ""Cannabis"" plant and therefore can be also described as a phytocannabinoid – from ancient Greek ""phyton"" = ""plant"". It bears structural similarity to the other natural cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabidiol, and cannabinol, among others. It, and its deriatives, are as abundant as cannabinols in cannabis. It is not active at CB1 or CB2 receptors but is an agonist of TRPA1 and less potently, an agonist of TRPV3 and TRPV4. CBC has two stereoisomers. It is not scheduled by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Within the ""Cannabis"" plant,"
"Federal Analogue Act. Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA, 2-COOH-THC; conjugate base tetrahydrocannabinolate) is a precursor of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of cannabis. THCA is found in variable quantities in fresh, undried cannabis, but is progressively decarboxylated to THC with drying, and especially under intense heating such as when cannabis is smoked or cooked into cannabis edibles. THCA is often the majority constituent in cannabis resin concentrates, such as hashish and hash oil, when prepared from high-THC cannabis plant material, frequently comprising between 50% and 90% by weight. THCA is not directly used, but its presence is commonly analyzed when"
"is prohibited. Home growing is permitted, with up to four plants per household. Industrial hemp is the cannabis plant and variances that contain under 0.3% THC in the leaves and flowering heads. Under the ""Opium Narcotic Drug Act"" hemp production was prohibited in Canada in 1938 for the battle against THC abuse, now under the Controlled Drugs and Substance Act(CDSA) and subsection ""Industrial Hemp Regulation""(IHR) permission of Canadian Farmer's under regulated approval the right to commercially produce industrial hemp on 12 March 1998. There are two separate licensing applications for individuals and corporations that gives the right to grow, sell,"
"good solubility in most organic solvents, specifically lipids and alcohols. A total synthesis of the compound was reported in 1965; that procedure called for the intramolecular alkyl lithium attack on a starting carbonyl to form the fused rings, and a tosyl chloride mediated formation of the ether. In the ""Cannabis"" plant, THC occurs mainly as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA, 2-COOH-THC, THC-COOH). Geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid react, catalysed by an enzyme to produce cannabigerolic acid, which is cyclized by the enzyme THC acid synthase to give THCA. Over time, or when heated, THCA is decarboxylated, producing THC. The pathway for THCA"
"Tetrahydroharmine Tetrahydroharmine (THH) is a fluorescent indole alkaloid that occurs in the tropical liana species ""Banisteriopsis caapi"". THH weakly inhibits serotonin reuptake. THH does not inhibit monoamine oxidase B, however two other harmala alkaloids in ""B. caapi"", harmaline and harmine, are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A. While THH may not play a significant role in the inhibition of MAO it may contribute psychoactivity indirectly by inhibiting the uptake of Serotonin in platelets and presynaptic neurons . Harmala alkaloids are considered Schedule 9 prohibited substances under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may"
"tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (up to 29% by weight) as the season changes from summer to autumn. ""C. ruderalis"" is very short, produces only trace amounts of THC, but is very rich in cannabidiol (CBD), which may be 40% of the cannabinoids in a plant and is an antagonist to THC, and it flowers independently of the photoperiod and according to age. However, commercial cross-bred hybrids containing both ruderalis, indica and/or sativa genes exist (usually called autoflowering). Cannabis needs certain conditions to flourish. Soil is required, except for cannabis grown with hydroponics or aeroponics The optimal day temperature range for cannabis is"
"but has recently been shown to block the effect of THC in the nervous system. Differences in the chemical composition of ""Cannabis"" varieties may produce different effects in humans. Synthetic THC, called dronabinol, does not contain cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), or other cannabinoids, which is one reason why its pharmacological effects may differ significantly from those of natural ""Cannabis"" preparations. ""Beside cannabinoids, Cannabis"" chemical constituents include about 120 compounds responsible for its characteristic aroma. These are mainly volatile terpenes and sesquiterpenes. Human intervention has produced variation within the species and some authorities only recognize one species in the genus that"
"In nature, cannabis plants sense the forthcoming winter as the Earth revolves about the Sun and daylight reduces in duration (see also season). If females are not pollinated (fertilized by male pollen) they start to produce buds that contain sticky white resin glands or trichomes in a final attempt for pollination by windborne male pollen. The trichomes produce resins that contain the largest amounts of THC and CBN, the two main psychoactive substances. Fertilized females continue to produce resinous trichomes but more plant energy is consumed by the production of seeds, which can be half the mass of a fertilized"
"""Cannabis"" using chemical treatment. A PCR-based method for the detection of female-associated DNA polymorphisms by genotyping has been developed. ""Cannabis"" plants produce a group of chemicals called cannabinoids, which produce mental and physical effects when consumed. Cannabinoids, terpenoids, and other compounds are secreted by glandular trichomes that occur most abundantly on the floral calyxes and bracts of female plants. As a drug it usually comes in the form of dried flower buds (marijuana), resin (hashish), or various extracts collectively known as hashish oil. In the early 20th century, it became illegal in most of the world to cultivate or possess"
"Theobromine Theobromine, formerly known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical formula CHNO. It is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, including the leaves of the tea plant, and the kola nut. It is classified as a xanthine alkaloid, others of which include theophylline and caffeine. The compounds differ in that caffeine has an extra methyl group (see under Pharmacology section). Despite its name, the compound contains no bromine—""theobromine"" is derived from ""Theobroma"", the name of the genus of the cacao tree (which itself is made up of"
"derived from a natural phytotoxin, leptospermone, obtained from the Australian bottlebrush plant (""Callistemon citrinus""). HPPD is essential in plants and animals for catabolism, or breaking apart, of tyrosine. In plants, preventing this process leads to destruction of chlorophyll and the death of the plant. In toxicology studies of the herbicide, it was discovered that it had activity against HPPD in rats and humans. In Type I tyrosinemia, a different enzyme involved in the breakdown of tyrosine, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase is mutated and doesn't work, leading to very harmful products building up in the body. Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase acts on tyrosine after HPPD"
"Pedro cactus"" – Saint Peter cactus. The name is attributed to the belief that just as St Peter holds the keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users ""to reach heaven while still on earth."" The San Pedro cactus contains a number of alkaloids, including the well-studied chemical mescaline (0.21–1.8%), and also 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 3-Methoxytyramine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethylamine, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, anhalonidine, anhalinine, hordenine, and tyramine. Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic drug and entheogen, which is also found in some other species of genus ""Echinopsis"" (i.e. ""Echinopsis lageniformis"", ""Echinopsis peruviana"", and ""Echinopsis scopulicola"") and the species ""Lophophora williamsii"" (peyote). Anecdotal evidence suggests that"
"Higenamine Higenamine (norcoclaurine) is a chemical compound found in a variety of plants including ""Nandina domestica"" (fruit), ""Aconitum carmichaelii"" (root), ""Asarum heterotropioides"", ""Galium divaricatum"" (stem and vine), ""Annona squamosa"", and ""Nelumbo nucifera"" (lotus seeds). Higenamine, also known as norcoclaurine HCl, is legal to use within food supplements in the UK, EU, the USA and Canada. Its main use is within food supplements developed for weight management, also known as 'fat burners'. Traditional formulations with higenamine have been used for thousands of years within Chinese medicine and come from a variety of sources including fruit and orchids. There are no studies"
"sewage plants, to evaluate the drug use of various communities. Their research is pioneering the field in the United States, though similar studies have been done in Europe. Every one of the samples, taken from 96 plants, contained methamphetamine; Cocaine was present in 80% of the samples, MDMA in 40%. the research is ongoing, and will evaluate some of the plants—along with plants in Washington—over time. Heroin, LSD, peyote, mescaline, and psilocybin are Schedule I drugs, and with the exception of marijuana their manufacture or distribution is a class A felony carrying a maximum of 20 years in prison. Opium,"