"Cryogenics In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. A person who studies elements that have been subjected to extremely cold temperatures is called a ""cryogenicist"". It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, but scientists assume a gas to be cryogenic if it can be liquefied at or below . The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology has chosen to consider the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below . This is a logical dividing line, since the normal boiling points of the"
"""cryogenic"" is derived from Greek κρύο (cryo) – ""cold"" + γονική (genic) – ""having to do with production"". Cryogenic engineering Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics, and related very low temperature processes such as air liquefaction, cryogenic engines (for rocket propulsion), cryosurgery. Generally, temperatures below cold come under the preview of cryogenic engineering. Cryogenics may be considered as the recent advancement in the field of refrigeration. Though there is no fixed demarcation as to where refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins even then for general reference temperature below –150c(120k) are considered as cryogenic temperature. The"
"Cryogenic engineering Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics, and related very low temperature processes such as air liquefaction, cryogenic engines (for rocket propulsion), cryosurgery. Generally, temperatures below cold come under the preview of cryogenic engineering. Cryogenics may be considered as the recent advancement in the field of refrigeration. Though there is no fixed demarcation as to where refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins even then for general reference temperature below –150c(120k) are considered as cryogenic temperature. The four gases which mainly contribute for cryogenic application and research are (O2-B.P.90K), (N2-B.P.77K), (Helium-B.P.4.2k) & (H2-B.P.20K). The word"
"Cryochemistry Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below . It is derived from the Greek word ""cryos"", meaning 'cold'. It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry. Cryochemistry has been a topic of interest since liquid nitrogen, which freezes at −210°C, became commonly available. Cryogenic-temperature chemical interactions are an important mechanism for studying the detailed pathways of chemical reactions by reducing the confusion introduced by thermal fluctuations. Cryochemistry forms the foundation for cryobiology, which uses slowed or stopped biological processes for medical and research purposes. As a material cools, the"
"Cryobiology Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], ""cold"", βίος [bios], ""life"", and λόγος [logos], ""word"" (hence science). In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below normal. Materials or systems studied may include proteins, cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms. Temperatures may range from moderately hypothermic conditions to cryogenic temperatures. At least six major areas of cryobiology can be identified: 1) study of cold-adaptation of microorganisms, plants (cold"
"Cryonics Cryonics (from Greek κρύος ""kryos"" meaning 'cold') is the low-temperature preservation (usually at −196 °C) of a human corpse, with the hope that resuscitation and restoration to life and full health may be possible in the future. Cryopreservation of humans is not reversible with present technology; cryonicists hope that medical advances will someday allow cryopreserved bodies to be revived. Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the mainstream scientific community and is not part of normal medical practice. It is not known if it will ever be possible to revive a cryopreserved human cadaver. Cryonics depends on beliefs that the"
"Cryogenian The Cryogenian (, from Greek κρύος ""(krýos)"", meaning ""cold"" and γένεσις ""(génesis)"", meaning ""birth"") is a geologic period that lasted from . It forms the second geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era, preceded by the Tonian Period and followed by the Ediacaran. The Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations occurred during the Cryogenian period, which are the greatest ice ages known to have occurred on Earth. These events are the subject of much scientific controversy. The main debate contests whether these glaciations covered the entire planet (the so-called ""Snowball Earth"") or a band of open sea survived near the equator (termed"
"Crying Crying is the shedding of tears (or welling of tears in the eyes) in response to an emotional state, pain or a physical irritation of the eye. Emotions that can lead to crying include anger, happiness, or sadness. The act of crying has been defined as ""a complex secretomotor phenomenon characterized by the shedding of tears from the lacrimal apparatus, without any irritation of the ocular structures"", instead, giving a relief which protects from conjunctivitis. A related medical term is lacrimation, which also refers to non-emotional shedding of tears. Various forms of crying are known as ""sobbing"", ""weeping"", ""wailing"","
"Ann Liebert, Inc. dedicated to the diverse spectrum of preservation technologies including cryopreservation, dry-state (anhydrobiosis), and glassy-state and hypothermic maintenance. ""Cell Preservation Technology"" has been renamed ""Biopreservation and Biobanking"" and is the official journal of International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories. Cryobiology Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], ""cold"", βίος [bios], ""life"", and λόγος [logos], ""word"" (hence science). In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below"
"is an older term for a postmortem examination, unregulated, and not always a medical procedure. In modern times the term is more often used in the postmortem examination of the corpses of animals. Cryonics (from Greek κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') is the low-temperature preservation of animals and humans who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the future. Cryopreservation of people or large animals is not reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions may"
"on chemical interactions, but rather on fundamental chemical properties. Because of the extremely low temperatures, diagnosing the chemical status is a major issue when studying low temperature physics and chemistry. The primary techniques in use today are optical - many types of spectroscopy are available, but these require special apparatus with vacuum windows that provide room temperature access to cryogenic processes. Cryochemistry Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below . It is derived from the Greek word ""cryos"", meaning 'cold'. It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry. Cryochemistry has"
"Cryogenic grinding Cyrogenic grinding, also known as freezer milling, freezer grinding, and cryomilling, is the act of cooling or chilling a material and then reducing it into a small particle size. For example, thermoplastics are difficult to grind to small particle sizes at ambient temperatures because they soften, adhere in lumpy masses and clog screens. When chilled by dry ice, liquid carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen, the thermoplastics can be finely ground to powders suitable for electrostatic spraying and other powder processes. Cryogenic grinding of plant and animal tissue is a technique used by microbiologists. Samples that require extraction of"
"""cry"", which has the triconsonantal root |bky|, there are forms such as ('to cry') and ('he cried'), and for the verb meaning 'steal', which has the triconsonantal root ||, there are forms such as ('they steal') and ('he steals'). What is especially interesting about these pairs of phones is that they are distinguished in Tigrinya orthography. Because allophones are completely predictable, it is quite unusual for them to be represented with distinct symbols in the written form of a language. A Tigrinya syllable may consist of a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. When three consonants (or one geminated consonant and"
"left to be lost. Cryonics is the process of cryopreservating of a body to liquid nitrogen temperature to stop the natural decay processes that occur after death. Those practicing cryonics hope that future technology will allow the legally dead person to be restored to life when and if science is able to cure all disease, rejuvenate people to a youthful condition and repair damage from the cryopreservation process itself. , there were over 150 people in some form of cryopreservation at one of the two largest cryonics organizations, Alcor Life Extension Foundation and the Cryonics Institute. In some nations whole"
"CRYSIS CRYSIS is an acronym for CRYogenic Stockholm Ion Source. CRYSIS is an ion source of EBIS type, and is located in Stockholm, Sweden. The CRYSIS ion source is an electron beam that is compressed and confined by the magnetic field of the solenoid. CRYSIS uses a superconducting solenoid to produce the magnetic field necessary to achieve high electron beam densities. The cryostat is cooled to -269 °C by liquid helium and provides the high-quality vacuum necessary to prevent the highly charged ions from recombining. CRYSIS can produce highly intense electron beams with high current densities. By colliding with the"
"Cryotank Cryotank or cryogenic tank is a tank that is used to store frozen biological material. The term “cryotank” refers to storage of super-cold fuels, such as liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Cryotanks and cryogenics can be seen in many sci-fi movies, but they are still currently undeveloped. All that needs to be done is for a human to be loaded into the tank and then they can be frozen until a time comes when any diseases they have can be cured and they can live an even longer life. This could also be used in space travel and just"
"Cryogenine Cryogenine, also known as vertine or (10α)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-hydroxylythran-12-one, is a biphenylquinolizidine lactone alkaloid from the plants Sinicuichi (""Heimia salicifolia"") and ""H. myrtifolia"". The compound has no psychoactive properties in humans up to 310 mg, but has shown anti-inflammatory activity similar to aspirin. The freebase form melts at 250–251 °C and is soluble in moderately polar organic solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, benzene, and methanol, but is insoluble in water and petroleum ether. In the development of thin layer chromatography plates with diazotized p-nitroaniline spray, cryogenine produces a purple spot (as does sinicuichine, another biphenylquinolizidine lactone alkaloid found in ""Heimia"""
"Feynman's 1959 essay ""There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom."" Cryonics, the practice of preserving organisms (either intact specimens or only their brains) for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped, can be used to 'pause' for those who believe that life extension technologies will not develop sufficiently within their lifetime. Ideally, cryonics would allow clinically dead people to be brought back in the future after cures to the patients' diseases have been discovered and aging is reversible. Modern cryonics procedures use a process called vitrification which creates a glass-like"
"""cria"" meaning a person (especially a servant) raised in one's house. ""Cria"" is derived from ""criar"", meaning ""to raise or bring up,"", itself derived from the Latin ""creare"", meaning ""to make, bring forth, produce, beget"". Creole is also known by cognates in other languages, such as crioulo, criollo, creolo, créole, kriolu, criol, kreyol, kreol, kriol, krio, and kriyoyo. The following ethnic groups have been historically characterized as ""creole"" peoples: People of mixed Alaska Native American and Russian ancestry are Creole, sometimes colloquially spelled ""Kriol"". The intermingling of ""promyshlenniki"" men with Aleut and Alutiiq women in the late 18th century gave"
"context of the ethical concept of brain death and organ donation. Cryonics uses temperatures below −130 °C, called cryopreservation, in an attempt to preserve enough brain information to permit future revival of the cryopreserved person. Cryopreservation may be accomplished by freezing, freezing with cryoprotectant to reduce ice damage, or by vitrification to avoid ice damage. Even using the best methods, cryopreservation of whole bodies or brains is very damaging and irreversible with current technology. Cryonics requires future technology to repair or regenerate tissue that is diseased, damaged, or missing. Brain repairs in particular will require analysis at the molecular level."
"This is transliterated as ""rrh"" in Latin. In crasis (contraction of two words), when the second word has a rough breathing, the contracted vowel does not take a rough breathing. Instead, the consonant before the contracted vowel changes to the aspirated equivalent (i.e., π → φ, τ → θ, κ → χ), if possible, and the contracted vowel takes the apostrophe or coronis (identical to the smooth breathing). Under the archaizing influence of Katharevousa, this change has been preserved in modern Greek neologisms coined on the basis of ancient words, e.g. πρωθυπουργός (""prime minister""), from (""first"") and (""minister""), where the"
"Cryogenic treatment A cryogenic treatment is the process of treating workpieces to cryogenic temperatures (i.e. below ) in order to remove residual stresses and improve wear resistance on steels. In addition to seeking enhanced stress relief and stabilization, or wear resistance, cryogenic treatment is also sought for its ability to improve corrosion resistance by precipitating micro-fine eta carbides, which can be measured before and after in a part using a quantimet. The process has a wide range of applications from industrial tooling to the improvement of musical signal transmission. Some of the benefits of cryogenic treatment include longer part life,"
"Memorial Park Cemetery. Robert A. Heinlein, who wrote enthusiastically of the concept in ""The Door into Summer"" (serialized in 1956), was cremated and had his ashes distributed over the Pacific Ocean. Timothy Leary was a long-time cryonics advocate and signed up with a major cryonics provider, but he changed his mind shortly before his death, and was not cryopreserved. Cryonics Cryonics (from Greek κρύος ""kryos"" meaning 'cold') is the low-temperature preservation (usually at −196 °C) of a human corpse, with the hope that resuscitation and restoration to life and full health may be possible in the future. Cryopreservation of humans"
"disease. Cryofibrinogenemia Cryofibrinogenemia refers to a condition classified as a fibrinogen disorder in which the chilling of an individual's blood plasma from the normal body temperature of 37 °C to the near-freezing temperature of 4 °C causes the reversible precipitation of a complex containing fibrinogen, fibrin, fibronectin, and, occasionally, small amounts of fibrin split products, albumin, immunoglobulins and other plasma proteins. Returning this plasma to 37 °C resolubilizes the precipitate. Cryofibrinogenmia may occur as a laboratory finding in individuals that have no evidence of precipitate-induced tissue damage (i.e. asymptomatic cryofibrinogenemia) or in individuals suffering serious consequences of cryofibrinogen precipitation, particularly"
"to be done. Many years ago, cryogenics was simply theoretical, with spotty results when there were improvements. Now, cryogenic processors are ensuring the accurate and consistent results for all products that are treated these days. As the technology sector improves, cryogenic processors will only get better as they benefit from new computer systems. Ongoing research in the future will also improve their temperature treatment profiles. Cryogenic processor A Cryogenic processor is a unit designed to reach ultra-low temperatures (usually around −300 °F / −150 °C) at a slow rate in order to prevent thermal shock to the components being treated."
"Cryofibrinogenemia Cryofibrinogenemia refers to a condition classified as a fibrinogen disorder in which the chilling of an individual's blood plasma from the normal body temperature of 37 °C to the near-freezing temperature of 4 °C causes the reversible precipitation of a complex containing fibrinogen, fibrin, fibronectin, and, occasionally, small amounts of fibrin split products, albumin, immunoglobulins and other plasma proteins. Returning this plasma to 37 °C resolubilizes the precipitate. Cryofibrinogenmia may occur as a laboratory finding in individuals that have no evidence of precipitate-induced tissue damage (i.e. asymptomatic cryofibrinogenemia) or in individuals suffering serious consequences of cryofibrinogen precipitation, particularly pathological"
"species). Cryogenine Cryogenine, also known as vertine or (10α)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-hydroxylythran-12-one, is a biphenylquinolizidine lactone alkaloid from the plants Sinicuichi (""Heimia salicifolia"") and ""H. myrtifolia"". The compound has no psychoactive properties in humans up to 310 mg, but has shown anti-inflammatory activity similar to aspirin. The freebase form melts at 250–251 °C and is soluble in moderately polar organic solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, benzene, and methanol, but is insoluble in water and petroleum ether. In the development of thin layer chromatography plates with diazotized p-nitroaniline spray, cryogenine produces a purple spot (as does sinicuichine, another biphenylquinolizidine lactone alkaloid found in"
"Tin cry A tin cry is the characteristic sound heard when a bar of tin is bent. Variously described as a ""screaming"" or ""crackling"" sound, the effect is caused by the crystal twinning in the metal. The sound is not particularly loud, despite terms like ""crying"" and ""screaming"". It is very noticeable when a hot-dip tin coated sheet metal is bent at high speed over rollers during processing. The tin cry is often demonstrated as a simple science experiment. The bar of tin will ""cry"" repeatedly when bent until it breaks. The experiment can then be recycled by melting and"
"etymonline.com. It was probably brought to England as Old French ""crimne"" (12th century form of Modern French ""crime""), from Latin ""crimen"" (in the genitive case: ""criminis""). In Latin, ""crimen"" could have signified any one of the following: ""charge, indictment, accusation; crime, fault, offense"". The word may derive from the Latin ""cernere"" – ""to decide, to sift"" (see crisis, mapped on Kairos and Chronos). But Ernest Klein (citing Karl Brugmann) rejects this and suggests *cri-men, which originally would have meant ""cry of distress"". Thomas G. Tucker suggests a root in ""cry"" words and refers to English plaint, plaintiff, and so on."
"Cryopump A cryopump or a ""cryogenic pump"" is a vacuum pump that traps gases and vapours by condensing them on a cold surface, but are only effective on some gases. The effectiveness depends on the freezing and boiling points of the gas relative to the cryopump's temperature. They are sometimes used to block particular contaminants, for example in front of a diffusion pump to trap backstreaming oil, or in front of a McLeod gauge to keep out water. In this function, they are called a cryotrap, waterpump or cold trap, even though the physical mechanism is the same as for"
"so-called permanent gases (such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air) lie below −180 °C while the Freon refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above −180 °C. Discovery of superconducting materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen has provided new interest in reliable, low cost methods of producing high temperature cryogenic refrigeration. The term ""high temperature cryogenic"" describes temperatures ranging from above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, , up to , the generally defined upper limit of study referred to as cryogenics. Cryogenicists use the Kelvin or Rankine temperature"
"Cryogenic hardening Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately , usually using liquid nitrogen. It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain steels, provided their composition and prior heat treatment are such that they retain some austenite at room temperature. It is designed to increase the amount of martensite in the steel's crystal structure, increasing its strength and hardness, sometimes at the cost of toughness. Presently this treatment is being practiced over tool steels, high-carbon, and high-chromium steels to obtain excellent wear resistance. Recent research shows that there is"
"Cryogenic hardening Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately , usually using liquid nitrogen. It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain steels, provided their composition and prior heat treatment are such that they retain some austenite at room temperature. It is designed to increase the amount of martensite in the steel's crystal structure, increasing its strength and hardness, sometimes at the cost of toughness. Presently this treatment is being practiced over tool steels, high-carbon, and high-chromium steels to obtain excellent wear resistance. Recent research shows that there is"