"and the British Empire what Marianne is to France or perhaps what Columbia is to the United States. Britannia became a very potent and more common figure in times of war, and represented British liberties and democracy. During the 1990s the term ""Cool Britannia"" (drawn from a humorous version by the Bonzo Dog Band of the song ""Rule Britannia"", with words by James Thomson [1700–1748], which is often used as an unofficial national anthem), was used to describe the contemporary United Kingdom. The phrase referred to the fashionable scenes of the era, with a new generation of pop groups and"
"Brittany Brittany (; ; , pronounced or ; Gallo: ""Bertaèyn"", pronounced ) is a cultural region in the northwest of France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation. It became an independent kingdom and then a duchy before being united with the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province governed as if it were a separate nation under the crown. Brittany has also been referred to as ""Less"", ""Lesser"" or ""Little"" Britain (as opposed to ""Great Britain"", with which it shares an etymology). It is bordered by the English Channel"
"with Brittany in modern-day France. One historical term for the peninsula in France that largely corresponds to the modern French province is ""Lesser"" or ""Little Britain"". That region was settled by many British immigrants during the period of Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain, and named ""Little Britain"" by them. The French term ""Bretagne"" now refers to the French ""Little Britain"", not to the British ""Great Britain"", which in French is called ""Grande-Bretagne"". In classical times, the Graeco-Roman geographer Ptolemy in his ""Almagest"" also called the larger island ""megale Brettania"" (great Britain). At that time, it was in contrast to the smaller"
"Franco-British Union A Franco-British Union is a concept for a union between the two independent sovereign states of the United Kingdom and France. Such a union was proposed during certain crises of the 20th century; it has some historical precedents. Ties between France and the Kingdom of England have been intimate since the Norman Conquest, in which the Duke of Normandy, an important French fief, became King of England, while also owing feudal ties to the French crown. The relationship was never stable, and it only endured as long as the French crown was weak. From 1066 to 1214, the"
"Franco-British Union A Franco-British Union is a concept for a union between the two independent sovereign states of the United Kingdom and France. Such a union was proposed during certain crises of the 20th century; it has some historical precedents. Ties between France and the Kingdom of England have been intimate since the Norman Conquest, in which the Duke of Normandy, an important French fief, became King of England, while also owing feudal ties to the French crown. The relationship was never stable, and it only endured as long as the French crown was weak. From 1066 to 1214, the"
"northern France and north western Spain and forged the colonies of Brittany and Britonia. Brittany remained independent of France until the early 16th century and still retains a distinct Brittonic culture and language, whilst Britonia in modern Galicia was absorbed into Spanish states by the end of the 9th century AD. Britons - people with British citizenship or of British descent - have a significant presence in a number of countries other than the United Kingdom, and in particular in those with historic connections to the British Empire. After the Age of Discovery the British were one of the earliest"
"Brittany (administrative region) Brittany (, , ) is one of the 18 regions of France. It is named after the historic and geographic region of Brittany, of which it constitutes 80%. The capital is Rennes. Bathed by the English Channel to the north and the Bay of Biscay to the south, it is located in the West of France, bordering the Normandy and Pays de la Loire regions. Bro Gozh ma Zadoù is the anthem of Brittany. It is sung to the same tune as that of the national anthem of Wales, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, and has similar words."
"by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic. The word ""Brittany"", along with its French, Breton and Gallo equivalents ""Bretagne"", ""Breizh"" and ""Bertaèyn"", derive from the Latin ""Britannia"", which means ""Britons' land"". This word had been used by the Romans since the 1st century to refer to Great Britain, and more specifically the Roman province of Britain. This word derives from a Greek word, Πρεττανικη (Prettanike) or Βρεττανίαι (Brettaniai), used by Pytheas, an explorer from Massalia who visited"
"""Britain"" descends from the Latin name for Britain, ""Britannia"" or ""Brittānia"", the land of the Britons. Old French ""Bretaigne"" (whence also Modern French ""Bretagne"") and Middle English ""Bretayne"", ""Breteyne"". The French form replaced the Old English ""Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten"" (also ""Breoton-lond, Breten-lond""). Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the travel writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north as Thule (probably Norway). Marcian of Heraclea, in his ""Periplus maris exteri"", described the island group"
"Union of Brittany and France The union of Brittany and France was a critical step in the formation of modern-day France. Brittany had been a semi-independent component of the Kingdom of France since Clovis I was given authority over the Gallo-Roman domain during the 5th century. It was first recorded as a ""duchy"" during the rule of Nominoe in 846. Over the centuries, the fealty demonstrated by the Duchy of Brittany toward the French king depended significantly on the individuals holding the two titles, as well as the involvement of the English monarchy at that particular time. The reign of"
"forms of French government since 1792, the duchy was replaced by the French system of (or Departments) which continues under the Fifth Republic of France. In modern times the departments have also joined into administrative regions although the administrative region of Brittany does not encompass the entirety of the medieval duchy. The Duchy of Brittany that emerged in the early 10th century was influenced by several earlier polities. Prior to the expansion of the Roman Empire into the region, Gallic tribes had occupied the Armorican peninsula, dividing it into five regions that then formed the basis for the Roman administration"
"now divided between Normandy and Brittany. The distinctive culture of this region preserves the present-day Gallo language and legends of local heroes such as Roland. Roland's successor in ""Brittania Nova"" was Guy of Nantes, who like Roland, was unable to exert Frankish expansion over Brittany and merely sustained a Breton presence in the Carolingian Empire. According to legend, Roland was laid to rest in the basilica at Blaye, near Bordeaux, on the site of the citadel. Roland was a popular and iconic figure in medieval Europe and its minstrel culture. Many tales made him a nephew of Charlemagne, and turned"
"from the Britons who, back in the Dark Ages, came south across the English Channel to seek refuge from the Anglo Saxon invaders who were pushing them out of a large part of the island of Great Britain. In this historic past, other Britons fled to the west and south west of their own island, to Wales and Cornwall; and so it is that today, Brittany shares a historic culture with the other Celtic regions of northwest Europe. Today, the French administrative region of Brittany covers four ""departments"", the Côtes d'Armor (22) in the north, Finistère (29) in the far"
"by some historians that he did this to preserve the region as a sovereign haven for himself during a period when France was at war with Spain. Union of Brittany and France The union of Brittany and France was a critical step in the formation of modern-day France. Brittany had been a semi-independent component of the Kingdom of France since Clovis I was given authority over the Gallo-Roman domain during the 5th century. It was first recorded as a ""duchy"" during the rule of Nominoe in 846. Over the centuries, the fealty demonstrated by the Duchy of Brittany toward the"
"Britonia Britonia (which became Bretoña in Galician) is the historical, apparently Latinized name of a Celtic settlement, presently Santa Maria de Bretoña, or A Pastoriza, in the Province of Lugo, autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It was established in the Kingdom of the Suebi, in the Roman Gallaecia, northwestern Hispania, in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD by Romano-Britons escaping the Anglo-Saxons, who were conquering Britain. Britonia is therefore similar to Brittany in Gaul (present-day France) in that it was settled by expatriate Britons at roughly the same time. What little is known of Britonia is deduced from"
"France–United Kingdom relations France–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including conquest, wars, and alliances at various points in history. The Roman era saw both areas, except Scotland and Ireland, conquered by Rome, whose fortifications exist in both countries to this day, and whose writing system introduced a common alphabet to both areas; however, the language barrier remained. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 decisively shaped English history, as well as"
"owners from other parts of France, and from Britain. In cultural terms, Brittany is very distinctive, with its own language and Celtic cultural tradition that set it apart from the rest of France. The Breton language, though not much used in everyday life, and not understood by most of the modern population, has made a comeback in recent years, and is taught in a lot of schools. Celtic traditions are alive or recalled today in Breton folk music, its Celtic festivals, and its many prehistoric monuments. The name of Brittany derives from settlers from Great Britain, who fled that island"
"Cornouaille Cornouaille ( or """") is a historic region of Brittany in northwestern France. The name is cognate with Cornwall in neighbouring Great Britain. This can be explained by settlement of Cornouaille by migrant princes from Cornwall creating an independent principality founded by Rivelen Mor Marthou, and the founding of the Bishopric of Cornouaille by ancient saints from Cornwall. The two regions spoke a similar Brythonic language, which evolved into Cornish in Cornwall and the closely related Breton across the English Channel in Brittany; the two languages are more remotely related to Welsh. The toponym Cornouaille was established in the"
"939, Brittany became a duchy until its union with France in 1532. At the end of the Antiquity period, Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain (5th-7th centuries), settled the western part of Armorican peninsula and the region was renamed ""Brittany"" (""little Britain""). As a result, Celtic culture was revived in the Gallo-Roman Armorica and independent petty kingdoms arose in this region, namely Cornouaille, Domnonée and Broërec. From 801 to 837, the adjacent Frankish Empire tried several times to subdue the Briton tribes without success. In order to bring Brittany into the Empire's sphere of influence, Louis the Pious"
"Domnonée Domnonée is the modern French form of Domnonia or Dumnonia (Latin for ""Devon""; ), an historic kingdom in northern Armorica (Brittany) founded by British immigrants from Dumnonia (Sub-Roman Devon) fleeing the Saxon invasions of Britain in the early Middle Ages. Headed by the same ruling family, it was variously separate or united with its motherland and its Latin name was used for both indiscriminately. The mainland territory of Domnonée included Trégor, Dol-de-Bretagne through to Goélo, and Penthièvre. At the time of the Roman conquest of Gaul, the rough area of later Domnonée was held by the pagan Curiosolite Gauls."
"as a colonial power. Citizens of Brittany, or, Bretons, retain their own national identity including an independent language from that of France, music and other cultural details. Bretons are considered an ethnic Celtic group with English, German and French roots. The group was linked to surviving members of earlier nationalist groups, notably Yann Goulet, who was operating from Ireland. The first known FLB attack occurred in June 1966 when a municipal tax office in Saint-Brieuc was bombed, and a note signed by the FLB claimed that they would continue to carry out a campaign of violence against these ""occupying symbols"
"Britannia (TV series) Britannia is a British-American historical fantasy series written by Jez Butterworth. The nine-part series is the first co-production between Sky and Amazon Prime Video and stars Kelly Reilly, David Morrissey, Zoë Wanamaker, Liana Cornell, and Stanley Weber. It aired on Sky Atlantic in the UK beginning 18 January 2018 and on Amazon Prime Video in the US beginning 26 January 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Set in AD 43, the series follows the Roman conquest of Britain — ""a mysterious land ruled by wild warrior women and powerful druids who can channel the powerful forces of the underworld."" Celtic rivals"
"model amongst France's former colonial possessions and French-speaking countries. The French Union was created in 1946 and was succeeded by the short-lived French Community in 1958, which folded when its members gained independence. France and the Commonwealth of Nations Relations between the French Republic and the Commonwealth of Nations have undergone successive periods of change since the Commonwealth's creation. The Commonwealth's predecessor, the British Empire, was a notable rival to France's own empire. Even through eras of ""Entente cordiale"", decolonisation, and political integration with the United Kingdom (the leading Commonwealth member) in the European Union, there has been conflict between"
"Francia Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks (), or Frankish Empire was the largest post-Roman Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe. It was ruled by the Franks during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. It is the predecessor of the modern states of France and Germany. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, West Francia became the predecessor of France, and East Francia became that of Germany. Francia was among the last surviving Germanic kingdoms from the Migration Period era until its partitioning in 843. The core Frankish territories inside the former Western Roman Empire were close to"
"I. In the 9th century, with chaos spreading over Brittany, the Frankish kings, following their policy of partial delegation of power to local representatives (a precursor of the feudal system), nominated administrators of Brittany. Thus Nominoë was designated as ""Missus Imperatoris"" (emissary of the emperor) by King Louis the Pious, and then as ""Ducatus Ipsius Gentismissus"" of the Bretons, before he rebelled against royal power and obtained a degree of autonomy for Brittany. It has been reported that Louis IV of France (reigned 936–954) stated that Brittany was not part of his kingdom. This was probably because the French king"
"However, such a reunification raises other questions: first, what to do with the remainder of the present region of Pays de la Loire, and second, which city should be chosen as the capital of such a reunified Brittany. Brittany, lying in the northwest corner of France, is one of the great historic provinces of France. The most Atlantic of France's regions, Brittany is proud of its Celtic heritage, that sets it apart from the rest of France. It enjoys a mild climate somewhat warmer though not necessarily drier than the climate of the southwest of England. The name ""Brittany"" derives"
"is a British dependency. Brittany is part of the French state, and does not have any legislative autonomy, but four ""départements"" have some financial autonomy as one of the Regions of France, whilst the fifth ""département"" is in another French region. The Republic of Ireland is completely independent. Nationality is indicated by letters after their names as so: An arrow indicates the editor relocated to one of the other Celtic countries. The presidency and vice-presidency ran from 1961 to 1971 and were then abolished. They were held by Gwynfor Evans (W) and Dr Robert McIntyre (S) respectively for the entire"
"Brittany. Duchy of Brittany The Duchy of Brittany (Breton: ""Dugelezh Breizh"", French: ""Duché de Bretagne"") was a medieval feudal state that existed between approximately 939 and 1547. Its territory covered the northwestern peninsula of Europe, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the English Channel to the north, and less definitively by the Loire River to the south, and Normandy and other French provinces to the east. The Duchy was established after the expulsion of Viking armies from the region around 939. The Duchy, in the 10th and 11th centuries, was politically unstable, with the dukes holding only limited"
"to their British counterparts in France). The 2011 UK Census recorded 137,862 French-born people living in the UK. Almost half of these were resident in the capital, London. Many more British people have French ancestry. French remains the foreign language most learned by Britons. It has traditionally been spoken as a second language by the country's educated classes and its popularity is reinforced by the close geographical proximity between Great Britain and France. Much of the UK's medieval aristocracy was descended from Franco-Norman migrants to England from the time of the Norman Conquest. Prominent families of the period, include the"
"to the promotion of Brittany and the Breton language on the Internet Breizh.net Bretons The Bretons (, ) are a Celtic ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brittonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain, particularly Cornwall and Devon, mostly during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. They migrated in waves from the 3rd to 9th century (most heavily from 450 to 600) into Armorica, which was subsequently named Brittany after them. The main traditional language of Brittany is Breton (""Brezhoneg""), spoken in Lower Brittany (i.e. the western"
"Finistère Finistère (; ) is a department of France in the extreme west of Brittany. The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor, both parts of pre-revolutionary Brittany. The name ""Finistère"" derives from the Latin ""Finis Terræ"", meaning ""end of the earth."" In England, a similar area is called Land's End. The Breton name for Finistère, ""Penn ar Bed,"" translates as ""Head/End of the World"" and is similar to the Cornish name for Land's End, ""Pedn-an-Wlas"" (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Galicia, Spain, which"
"Ushant Ushant (; , ; , ) is a French island at the south-western end of the English Channel which marks the north-westernmost point of metropolitan France. It belongs to Brittany and is in the traditional region of Leon. Administratively, Ushant is a commune in the Finistère department. It is the only place in Brittany, except the name ""Brittany"" itself, with a separate name in English. The island is ringed by several smaller islands, including Keller Island (""Île de Keller"") and Kadoran (""Île Cadoran"") to the north. The channel between Ushant and Keller is called the ""Toull C'heller"". Ushant marks"
"France's royal court, but the Breton merchant bourgeoisie in Saint-Malo did not identify with the interests of the Dukes of Brittany. The union of Brittany and France was a critical step in the formation of modern-day France. Geographically, the union resulted in France's northwestern border becoming the English Channel and its western border, as far south as the Pyrenees Mountains, becoming the Atlantic Ocean, save for island territories and colonies. Politically this unification marked the end to over 1000 years of efforts by various Kings of England to control Brittany, and thwarted later efforts by the King of Spain to"