"was not even re-installed. In the 1871 German Empire, the imperial chancellor (""Reichskanzler"") served both as the emperor's first minister, and as presiding officer of the Bundesrat, the upper chamber of the German parliament. He was neither elected by nor responsible to Parliament (the ""Reichstag""). Instead, the chancellor was appointed by the emperor. The federal level had four organs: Technically, the foreign ministers of the empire's states instructed their states' deputies to the federal council (Bundesrat) and therefore outranked the chancellor. For this reason, Prince Bismarck (as he was from 1871 onwards) continued to serve as both prime minister and"
"Blood and Iron (speech) Blood and Iron (German: ""Blut und Eisen"") is the name given to a speech made by Otto von Bismarck given on 30 September 1862, at the time when he was Minister President of Prussia, about the unification of the German territories. It is also a transposed phrase that Bismarck uttered near the end of the speech that has become one of his most widely known quotations. In September 1862, when the Prussian House of Representatives was refusing to approve an increase in military spending desired by King Wilhelm I, the monarch appointed Bismarck Minister President and"
"terms. Eichel also served as President of the Bundesrat from November 1998 to April 1999. However, he unexpectedly lost the 1999 state elections to Roland Koch's CDU and lost his office. In March 1999, Oskar Lafontaine resigned as Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, and Eichel replaced him a month later. He served as a member of the Bundestag from 2002 to 2009. At the beginning of his term, Eichel tried to decrease the German federal deficit and wanted a balanced budget until 2006. Initially he was successful and earned the nickname Iron Hans or Iron"
"him the nickname the ""Iron Chancellor"". German unification and its rapid economic growth was the foundation to his foreign policy. He disliked colonialism but reluctantly built an overseas empire when it was demanded by both elite and mass opinion. Juggling a very complex interlocking series of conferences, negotiations and alliances, he used his diplomatic skills to maintain Germany's position and used the balance of power to keep Europe at peace in the 1870s and 1880s. A master of complex politics at home, Bismarck created the first welfare state in the modern world, with the goal of gaining working class support"
"Bismarck monument (Bremen) The Bismarck monument outside the cathedral in Bremen is a bronze figure of the former Chancellor, riding a horse. It was created in 1910, twelve years after Bismarck's death. The commission was entrusted to Adolf von Hildebrand in 1904. Since 1973 the monument has enjoyed protected status. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), the Prussian politician and, from 1871 till 1890, the German , was celebrated as the ""iron chancellor"", above all because of the central part he played in creating the German state. His reputation survived his dismissal in 1890 by the new emperor, William II. His relationship"
"Konrad Adenauer Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963. He was co-founder and first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) (till 1966), a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became one of the most influential parties in the country. In the early years of the Federal Republic he switched focus from denazification to recovery and led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation"
"Otto von Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck and Duke of Lauenburg (; Born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck (), was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890. In 1862, King Wilhelm I appointed Bismarck as Minister President of Prussia, a position he would hold until 1890, with the exception of a short break in 1873. He provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and"
"a ""highly reputed statesman, one of the patriarchs of European and world politics."" NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said Kohl was ""a true European"" and the ""embodiment of a united Germany in a united Europe."" UN Secretary-General António Guterres said Kohl had ""played an instrumental role in the peaceful reunification of his country"" and that ""today's Europe is a product of his vision and his tenacity, in the face of enormous obstacles."" Helmut Kohl Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (; 3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of"
"Robert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak and Konrad Adenauer; the three most important figures of the founding fathers of the European Union. Konrad Adenauer Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963. He was co-founder and first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) (till 1966), a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became one of the most influential parties in the country. In the early years of the Federal Republic he switched focus from"
"Strauss served as a translator for Hauser. Both were good friends which Strauss later denied in the wake of his defense which in return was not credible due to the fact that Strauss attended Hauser's wedding. As the allegations were not corroborated, the issue was dropped.<ref> Franz Josef Strauss Franz Josef Strauss ( ; 6 September 1915 – 3 October 1988) was a German politician. He was the long-time chairman of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) from 1961 until 1988, member of the federal cabinet in different positions between 1953 and 1969 and minister-president of the state of"
"Helmut Schmidt Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (; 23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1974 to 1982. Before becoming Chancellor, he had served as Minister of Defence (1969–1972) and as Minister of Finance (1972–1974). In the latter role he gained credit for his financial policies. He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister. As Chancellor, he focused on international affairs, seeking ""political unification of Europe in partnership"
"those living further north, in colder and wetter climates, did not. Himmler was aware of these views but, unlike Hitler, admired what he believed was the fierceness and valour of the Germanic tribes of northern Europe. He was particularly interested in ""Germania"", a book about the Iron Age Germanic tribes which had been written by the Roman writer Tacitus in the first century CE. In the 1932 federal election, the Nazis secured 230 seats in the Reichstag, making then the largest single party but without a controlling majority. Six months later, President Paul von Hindenburg invited Hitler to become Chancellor,"
"Hersdorf (Berlin Reinickendorf) on 16 September 1944. Gustav Bauer Gustav Adolf Bauer (; 6 January 1870 – 16 September 1944) was a German Social Democratic Party leader and 11th Chancellor of Germany from 1919 to 1920. He served as head of government for a total of 219 days. Prior to becoming head of government, Bauer had been Minister of Labour in the first democratically elected German cabinet. After his cabinet resigned in March 1920, Bauer served as vice-chancellor, Minister of Transportation, and Minister of the Treasury in other cabinets of the Weimar Republic. Bauer was born on 6 January 1870"
"Hans Luther Hans Luther () (10 March 1879 – 11 May 1962) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany for 482 days in 1925 to 1926. As Minister of Finance he helped stabilize the Mark during the hyperinflation of 1923. From 1930 to 1933, Luther was head of the Reichsbank and from 1933 to 1937 he served as German ambassador to Washington. Hans Luther was born in Berlin on 10 March 1879 into a Lutheran family as the son of Otto (1848-1912), a well-off merchant, and Wilhelmine Luther (née Hübner). After attaining the ""Abitur"" at the Leibniz-Gymnasium/Berlin, Luther studied"
"decided—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by iron and blood (""Eisen und Blut"")."" This phrase, relying on a patriotic poem written by Max von Schenkendorf during the Napoleonic Wars, was popularized as the more euphonious ""Blut und Eisen"" (""Blood and Iron""), and became symbolic of Bismarckian ""Machtpolitik"" (""Power politics""). Although Bismarck was an outstanding diplomat, the phrase ""blood and iron"" has become a popular description of his foreign policy partly because he did on occasion resort to war to further the unification of Germany and the expansion of its continental power. Therefore he became known as ""the"
"Kanzler Friedrich von Müller"" (Stuttgart, 1870). Friedrich von Müller (statesman) Friedrich von Müller (13 April 1779 - 21 October 1849) was a German statesman. He was born at Kunreuth, Bavaria, studied law at Erlangen and Göttingen, and in 1801 entered the administrative employ of Weimar. His greatest political achievement was his inducing Napoleon to keep Weimar independent (1806–07). For this he was rewarded by being ennobled and raised to the post of privy councilor. Müller became chancellor in 1815, and from 1835 to 1848 was deputy. He wrote ""Erinnerungen aus den Kriegszeiten von 1806-13"" (1851). On his friendship with Goethe,"
"Gustav Bauer Gustav Adolf Bauer (; 6 January 1870 – 16 September 1944) was a German Social Democratic Party leader and 11th Chancellor of Germany from 1919 to 1920. He served as head of government for a total of 219 days. Prior to becoming head of government, Bauer had been Minister of Labour in the first democratically elected German cabinet. After his cabinet resigned in March 1920, Bauer served as vice-chancellor, Minister of Transportation, and Minister of the Treasury in other cabinets of the Weimar Republic. Bauer was born on 6 January 1870 in Darkehmen, near Königsberg in East Prussia"
"Neville Chamberlain Arthur Neville Chamberlain (; 18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940) was a British statesman and Conservative Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. When Adolf Hitler invaded Poland, the UK declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of the Second World War. After working in business"
"Death and funeral of Helmut Kohl Helmut Kohl, the former Chancellor of Germany, died at 9:15 a.m. on Friday, 16 June 2017 in the Oggersheim district of Ludwigshafen, his home town, aged 87. Kohl is widely regarded as the ""father of the German reunification"" and as a principal architect of the Maastricht Treaty which established the European Union (EU) and the euro currency, and became the second person to be named an Honorary Citizen of Europe in 1998. Following his death, he was lauded by world leaders as ""the greatest European leader of the second half of the 20th century"""
"Heinrich Brüning Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning () (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932. A political scientist and Christian social activist with a PhD on the implications of nationalizing the British railway system, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the Reichstag in 1924. Shortly after Brüning took office as Chancellor on 30 March 1930 he was confronted by an economic crisis caused by the Great Depression. Brüning responded with tightening of credit and"
"Bernhard von Bülow Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow (; 3 May 1849 – 28 October 1929), created Fürst von Bülow in 1905, was a German statesman who served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs for three years and then as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909. He was born at Klein-Flottbeck, Holstein (now part of Altona, Hamburg). His father, Bernhard Ernst von Bülow, was a Danish and German statesman and member of the Bülow family. His brother, Major-General Karl Ulrich von Bülow, was a cavalry commander during World War I who took part in the"
"Helmut Kohl Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (; 3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982–1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990–1998) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998. From 1969 to 1976, Kohl was minister president of the state Rhineland-Palatinate. Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in 1985 and 1992. In 1998 he became honorary chairman of the CDU, resigning from the position in 2000. Born in 1930 in Ludwigshafen to a Roman Catholic family, Kohl"
"to a central position in Europe, presiding over the German Economic Miracle. He was a driving force behind West Germany becoming the first German state to re-establish a national military (the ""Bundeswehr"") in 1955. He came to terms with France, which made possible the economic unification of Western Europe. Adenauer opposed rival East Germany and made his nation a member of NATO and a firm ally of the United States. Adenauer, who was Chancellor until age 87, was dubbed ""Der Alte"" (""the elder""). British politician and historian Roy Jenkins says he was ""the oldest statesman ever to function in elected"
"Chancellor of Germany in 1933. After Hitler took Germany out of the League of Nations, Mussolini of Fascist Italy and Hitler formed the Rome-Berlin axis, under a treaty known as the Pact of Steel. Later, the Empire of Japan, under the government of Hideki Tojo, would also join as an Axis power. Japan and Germany had already signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1939, to counter the perceived threat of the communism of the Soviet Union. Other smaller powers also later joined the Axis throughout the war. Germany and the Soviet Union were sworn enemies, but following the Munich Agreement, which"
"Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann-Hollweg (29 November 1856 – 1 January 1921) was a German politician who was the Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917. Bethmann-Hollweg was born in Hohenfinow, Brandenburg, the son of Prussian official Felix von Bethmann-Hollweg. His grandfather was August von Bethmann-Hollweg, who had been a prominent law scholar, president of Frederick William University in Berlin, and Prussian Minister of Culture. His great-grandfather was Johann Jakob Hollweg, who had married a daughter of the wealthy Frankfurt am Main banking family of Bethmann, founded in 1748. Cosima Wagner was a relative"
"He was survived by a daughter, Countess Zeech, the wife of the Secretary of the Russian Legation at Munich. Bethmann-Hollweg is buried in Hohenfinow. Essays Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann-Hollweg (29 November 1856 – 1 January 1921) was a German politician who was the Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917. Bethmann-Hollweg was born in Hohenfinow, Brandenburg, the son of Prussian official Felix von Bethmann-Hollweg. His grandfather was August von Bethmann-Hollweg, who had been a prominent law scholar, president of Frederick William University in Berlin, and Prussian Minister of Culture. His great-grandfather was Johann"
"Ludwig Erhard Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (; 4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977) was a German politician affiliated with the CDU and the second Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1963 until 1966. He is often famed for leading German postwar economic reforms and economic recovery (""""Wirtschaftswunder,"""" German for ""economic miracle"") in his role as Minister of Economic Affairs under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer from 1949 to 1963. During that period he promoted the concept of the social market economy (""soziale Marktwirtschaft""), on which Germany's economic policy in the 21st century continues to be based. In his"
"Friedrich von Müller (statesman) Friedrich von Müller (13 April 1779 - 21 October 1849) was a German statesman. He was born at Kunreuth, Bavaria, studied law at Erlangen and Göttingen, and in 1801 entered the administrative employ of Weimar. His greatest political achievement was his inducing Napoleon to keep Weimar independent (1806–07). For this he was rewarded by being ennobled and raised to the post of privy councilor. Müller became chancellor in 1815, and from 1835 to 1848 was deputy. He wrote ""Erinnerungen aus den Kriegszeiten von 1806-13"" (1851). On his friendship with Goethe, see Burkhardt, ""Goethes Unterhaltungen mit dem"
"Werner Goldberg Werner Goldberg (October 3, 1919 – September 28, 2004) was a German who was of half Jewish ancestry, or in Nazi terminology, who served briefly as a soldier during World War II. His image appeared in the Berliner Tageblatt as ""The Ideal German Soldier"", and was later used in recruitment posters for the Wehrmacht. Goldberg's father grew up in Königsberg as a member of the Jewish community but he had himself baptized in the local Lutheran church as he wished to become assimilated and marry a Christian. After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the senior Goldberg"
"Bismarck Memorial The Bismarck Memorial () in the Tiergarten in Berlin, is a prominent memorial statue dedicated to Prince Otto von Bismarck, Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia and the first Chancellor of the German Empire. It was sculpted by Reinhold Begas. It is one of 250 memorials to Bismarck worldwide. This memorial in Berlin portrays Bismarck in his ceremonial garb as Chancellor standing above statues of: The statue, along with the famous Berlin victory column, were once located in front of the Reichstag building before they were moved in 1938 by Adolf Hitler in his project to recast"
"Reich Chancellery The Reich Chancellery () was the traditional name of the office of the Chancellor of Germany (then called ""Reichskanzler"") in the period of the German Reich from 1878 to 1945. The Chancellery's seat, selected and prepared since 1875, was the former city palace of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833) on Wilhelmstraße in Berlin. Both the palace and a new Reich Chancellery building (completed in early 1939) were seriously damaged during World War II and subsequently demolished. Today the office of the German chancellor is usually called ""Kanzleramt"" (Chancellor's Office), or more formally ""Bundeskanzleramt"" (Federal Chancellor's Office). The latter is"
"from Oxford University in chemistry). Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar. Later in her tenure, Merkel acquired the nickname """"Mutti"""" (a German familiar form of ""mother""). She has also been called the ""Iron Chancellor"", in reference to Otto von Bismarck. In the US, both Donald Trump and ""Business Insider"" writer Josh Barro have described Merkel as being similar to Hillary Clinton. In addition to being the first female German chancellor, the first to have grown up in the former East Germany (though she was born in the West), and the youngest German chancellor"
"as having ""read more Machiavelli than he could digest"". His mother-in-law claimed, ""Bernhard makes a secret out of everything"". Bernhard von Bülow Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow (; 3 May 1849 – 28 October 1929), created Fürst von Bülow in 1905, was a German statesman who served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs for three years and then as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909. He was born at Klein-Flottbeck, Holstein (now part of Altona, Hamburg). His father, Bernhard Ernst von Bülow, was a Danish and German statesman and member of the Bülow family. His"