"an immediate, all-out attack to take the city. Hermann Hoth's 4th Panzer Army, immobilized for days far to the south of Stalingrad due to a lack of fuel, recommenced its offensive on 28 August with strong support from the Stukas and Fw 190s of ""Fliegerkorps VIII"". Hoth's Panzer Divisions outflanked the Soviets on 29 August, who fell back on Stalingrad. On 30 August Richthofen, believing the fall of Stalingrad to be imminent, ordered fresh terror attacks on the city to break the Soviet will to resist. That day and the next, ""Fliegerkorps VIII"" launched full-scale bombing operations against the city,"
"Tsaritsyno (Moscow Metro) Tsaritsyno () is a Moscow Metro station in Tsaritsyno District, Southern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Zamoskvoretskaya line, between Kantemirovskaya and Orekhovo stations. Tsaritsyno opened on 30 December 1984 as part of an extension but was closed the very next day because of flooding. It reopened on 9 February 1985. From its opening until November 1990, the station was named ""Lenino"" for the Lenino-Dachnoye region. The city renamed the station Tsaritsyno for Tsaritsyno Park, which houses a palace once owned by Catherine the Great. The station was designed by architects V. Cheremin and A. Vigdorov."
"According to Montefiore, at this point ""Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator"". His growing influence was reflected in the naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino, and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze. In 1926, Stalin published ""On Questions of Leninism"". Here, he introduced the concept of ""Socialism in One Country"", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established"
"after Joseph Stalin on April 10, 1925. This was officially to recognize the city and Stalin's role in its defense against the Whites between 1918 and 1920. In 1931, the German settlement-colony Old Sarepta (founded in 1765) became a district of Stalingrad. Renamed Krasnoarmeysky Rayon (or ""Red Army District""), it became the largest area of the city. The first institute was opened in 1930. A year later, the Stalingrad Industrial Pedagogical Institute, now Volgograd State Pedagogical University, was opened. Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river. During World War II, German"
"along a waterway. After Stalin's death in March 1953, Stalinabad, was renamed to ""Dushanbe"" on 10 November 1961 as part of the De-Stalinization program. In February 1990, tensions between the Tajiks and Armenians squared off in the republic's capital Dushanbe. 26 people died and 565 more were injured and the Soviet troops put down the riots. Both Yaqub Salimov, the Interior Minister and the youth activists were convicted for the participation in the riots. Later on 24 August 1990, Tajik SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. By 1991, Tajikistan participated in a referendum in March as part of the"
"November 1961, Nikita Khrushchev's administration changed the name of the city to Volgograd (""Volga City"") as part of his programme of de-Stalinization following Stalin's death, as he was trying to reduce the ""cult of personality"". This action was and remains somewhat controversial, given Stalingrad's importance as a symbol of resistance during the war. During Konstantin Chernenko's brief administration in 1984, proposals were floated to revive its historic name. There remains a strong degree of local support for a reversion but intermittent proposals have yet to be accepted by the Russian government. On May 21, 2007, the Communist Party obtained an"
"played a prominent role. In 1942, Tsaritsyn, by then renamed Stalingrad, was in the midst of the decisive Battle of Stalingrad, a turning point of the Second World War. Sergei Vasilyev Sergei Dmitrievich Vasilyev (4 November 1900 – 16 December 1959) was a Soviet film director, editor, and screenwriter. From 1928 to 1943 together with Georgi Vasilyev (often jointly, though incorrectly credited as the Vasilyev brothers) he co-directed several films, including the influential and critically acclaimed ""Chapaev"" (1934). Sergei Vasilyev was granted the honorary title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1948; and received (with Georgi Vasilyev) two Stalin"
"and the highest echelons of the Bolshevik hierarchy. His pseudonym, Stalin, means ""man of the steel hand"". The October Revolution took place in the Russian capital of Petrograd on 7 November 1917 (O.S. 25 October 1917), which saw the transfer of all political power to the Soviets. In the Russian Civil War that followed, Stalin forged connections with various Red Army generals and eventually acquired military powers of his own. He brutally suppressed counter-revolutionaries and bandits. After winning the civil war, the Bolsheviks moved to expand the revolution into Europe, starting with Poland, which was fighting the Red Army in"
"first exploitation of gas was conducted within the city. In addition, some sources state that the city was briefly called Trotsk—after Leon Trotsky—for a few months in 1923. At the beginning of World War II, the population of Stalino consisted of 507,000, and after the war, only 175,000. The German invasion during World War II almost completely destroyed the city, which was mostly rebuilt on a large scale at the war's end. It was occupied by German and Italian forces as part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine between 16 October 1941 and 5 September 1943. In 1945, young men and women"
"Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place. During the World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union."
"Tsaritsyno Palace Tsaritsyno () is a palace museum and park reserve in the south of Moscow. It was founded in 1776 by the order of Catherine the Great. The palace has lent its name to the surrounding district and the nearby metro station. The estate is known from the late 16th century, when it belonged to Tsaritsa Irina, sister of Tsar Boris Godunov. At that time it was called Bogorodskoye. In the 17th century it belonged to the Streshnevs and then to the Galitzines. In 1775, the estate was bought by empress Catherine the Great, who happened to be passing"
"Mikhail Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (; 3 June 1946), known familiarly by Soviet citizens as ""Kalinych"", was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician. He served as head of state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1946. From 1926, he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The former East-Prussian city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad after Kalinin. The city of Tver was also known as ""Kalinin"" until the end of the Soviet Union in 1990. Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was born to a peasant"
"Governorate; in 1719 to the Astrakhan Governorate. According to the census in 1720, the city had a population of 408 people. In 1773 the city became a provincial and district town. From 1779 it belonged to the Saratov Viceroyalty. In 1780 the city came under the newly-established Saratov Governorate. In the 19th century Tsaritsyn became an important river-port and commercial center. The population expanded rapidly, increasing from fewer than 3,000 people in 1807 to about 84,000 in 1900. The first railway reached the town in 1862. The first theatre opened in 1872, the first cinema in 1907. In 1913 Tsaritsyn"
"death of his son Leonid, he asked Stalin in a letter to release his imprisoned son Peter, but he was subsequently shot. Petrovsky died in 1958. Petrovsky's body is interred near the Kremlin wall in Moscow. The city Dnipro (originally named Yekaterinoslav) was named ""Dnipropetrovsk"" after Petrovsky from 1926 until 2016. On 20 May 2016 the city was renamed ""Dnipro"". Some Ukrainians believed that the city should have been renamed after Ukraine gained independence in 1991. The city was eventually renamed to comply with 2015 decommunization laws. Ukraine's Dnipropetrovsk oblast was not renamed because as such it is mentioned in"
"bears the name of nemesis, Joseph Stalin, in his sights, Hitler sent Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus to crush the city of Stalingrad. What he did not expect was the ferocious resistance offered by Lieutenant General Vasily Chuikov. What was supposed to be a battle lasting only a few weeks dragged to become one of the bloodiest battles in history. Original Airdate: 3/09/2009 Germany and Russia clashed in 1943 near the Soviet city of Kursk, as control of the Eastern Front lay open. The Germans were led by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, an aristocratic master tactician. Across the battlefield was"
"Volgograd railway station Volgograd-Glavny () is a major junction railway station of Volgograd in Russia. It is located in the Central District of the city at Railway Station Square, 1. The station is one of the largest in Russia and serves long-distance trains and suburban trains. The station is the hub for services to five main destinations: Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow, Saratov and Astrakhan. The first railway to serve Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) was the Volga-Don railway in 1862. The first railway station was constructed of wood. In 1871 the station was replaced with a brick structure. During the Second World War,"
"addition, 50,000 people signed a petition to Vladimir Putin, asking that the city's name be permanently changed to Stalingrad. President Putin has replied that such a move should be preceded by a local referendum and that the Russian authorities will look into how to bring about such a referendum. On August 24, 2004, the Volga-AviaExpress Flight 1353, a Tupolev Tu-134 aircraft flying from Moscow to Volgograd, exploded in mid-air and crashed as a result of suicide terrorist attack. 34 passengers and 9 crew members were on board the aircraft, all of whom died in the crash. A Siberia Airlines flight"
"and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. On 29 January 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Staritsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. During World War II, between 12 October 1941 and 1 January 1942, the town was occupied by the German army. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Staritsa serves as the administrative center of Staritsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Staritsky District as Staritsa Urban Settlement. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Staritsky"
"is decorated with stucco and several paintings of the battles that took place in the city. Volgograd railway station Volgograd-Glavny () is a major junction railway station of Volgograd in Russia. It is located in the Central District of the city at Railway Station Square, 1. The station is one of the largest in Russia and serves long-distance trains and suburban trains. The station is the hub for services to five main destinations: Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow, Saratov and Astrakhan. The first railway to serve Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) was the Volga-Don railway in 1862. The first railway station was constructed of"
"to settle in the palace of the Tver Alexander II. On 12 July 1929 the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Tverskoy District, with the administrative centre in Tver, was established within Tver Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On 23 July 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On 20 November 1931, the city was renamed Kalinin after the nominal head of state (1919–1946) and affiliate of Josef Stalin, Mikhail Kalinin, who had been born nearby. Simultaneously, Tverskoy District was renamed Kalininsky District. On 29 January 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Kalininsky District was"
"Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra The Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra or just the Mariinsky Orchestra (formerly known as the Kirov Orchestra) is located in the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. The orchestra was founded in 1783 during the reign of Catherine the Great, it was known before the revolution as the Russian Imperial Opera Orchestra. The orchestra is one of the oldest musical institutions in Russia. In 1935 Joseph Stalin changed its name (and that of the Ballet) to the Kirov, after Sergei Kirov, the first secretary of the Communist Party in Leningrad, whose 1934 murder by his regime Stalin was attempting"
"which encircles St. Petersburg. A paved road connects Gatchina with Kingisepp via Volosovo. There are also local roads. Gatchina is the site of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. Gatchina Gatchina (, ) is a town and the administrative center of Gatchinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located south of St. Petersburg, along the E95 highway leading to Pskov. Population: It was previously known as ""Khotchino"", ""Gatchina"" (until February 14, 1923), ""Trotsk"" (until August 2, 1929), ""Krasnogvardeysk"" (until January 28, 1944). Gatchina is the largest town in Leningrad Oblast, and is best known as the location of the Great"
"Gatchina Gatchina (, ) is a town and the administrative center of Gatchinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located south of St. Petersburg, along the E95 highway leading to Pskov. Population: It was previously known as ""Khotchino"", ""Gatchina"" (until February 14, 1923), ""Trotsk"" (until August 2, 1929), ""Krasnogvardeysk"" (until January 28, 1944). Gatchina is the largest town in Leningrad Oblast, and is best known as the location of the Great Gatchina Palace, one of the main residences of the Russian Imperial Family during the 18th and 19th centuries. Gatchina is frequently placed high in quality of life rankings"
"Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. Stalin retained this name for the rest of his life, possibly because it had been used on the article which established his reputation among the Bolsheviks. In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to"
"inhabitants of Leningrad had died from starvation, exposure and German shelling. 300,000 soldiers had perished in the defence and relief of Leningrad. Leningrad was awarded the title Hero City in 1945, being the first city to receive that distinction. Volgograd is the present-day name of the city of Stalingrad. The defence of Stalingrad from July to November 1942, the counter-offensive of 19 November 1942 that trapped the Axis forces in and around the ruined city, and the German surrender on 2 February 1943 marked the turning-point of the European Theatre of World War II. The intensity and sheer scale of"
"of Terijoki (renamed Zelenogorsk in 1948). Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In 1953 Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Leningrad. Leningrad gave its name to the Leningrad Affair (1949–1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the USSR. It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's"
"salvage some of this equipment in order to continue his activities. In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup—the October Revolution—was being directed. Armed Bolshevik militia had seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the ""Aurora"", sailed up to the Winter Palace, and opened fire, with the assembled delegates of the Provisional Government surrendering and being arrested by the Bolsheviks. Stalin's birth name in Georgian was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (). An ethnic"
"Ladushkin Ladushkin (), formerly known as in German (; ), is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located between Kaliningrad and the Polish border. Population: It was founded as Ludwigsort (lit. ""Ludwig's/Louis' place"") in 1314 and is situated not far from the shores of the Vistula Lagoon and the ruins of the medieval Balga Castle erected by the Teutonic Knights. After the transfer of northern East Prussia to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic following World War II, the town was renamed Ladushkin in 1946 after the Red Army soldier Ivan Ladushkin who was killed nearby during the East Prussian"
"originally selected to lead the attack ""was symptomatic of his standing and the importance of his location as an indicator of significant, impending Soviet operations."" By the fall of 1942 the German army had pulled up along the new Soviet defense at the Don and Volga rivers, centered at Stalingrad, and had broken through south of Rostov toward the strategic oil centers of Tbilisi and Baku. Stalin was determined that Stalingrad should not fall, and the Red Army was given strict orders to hold the city at any cost. The Battle of Stalingrad became a struggle for control of the"
"town of Staritsa was established. It belonged to Rzhev Okrug of Western Oblast. On August 1, 1930 the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. On 29 January 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Staritsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. During World War II, in 1941—1942, a considerable part of the district, including Staritsa, was occupied by German troops. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast. On 12 July 1929 Yemelyanovsky District, with the center in the selo of Yemelyanovo was created as well. It was a part of Tver Okrug of Moscow"
"Viceroyalty was transformed into Tver Governorate. Maksatikha belonged to Bezhetsky Uyezd. Since 1924, Maksatikha was the center of Maksatikha Volost of Bezhetsky Uyezd of Tver Governorate, and in 1928, it was granted urban-type settlement status. On July 12, 1929 the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Maksatikhinsky District, with the administrative center in Maksatikha, was established within Bezhetsk Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Maksatikhinsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. On July 9, 1937 Maksatikhinsky District"
"transferred to Kalinin Oblast. The last vestige of the pre-Petrine epoch, the Savior Cathedral, was blown up in 1936. In 1940, the NKVD executed more than 6,200 Polish policemen and prisoners of war from Ostashkov camp. The Wehrmacht occupied Kalinin for two months from Tuesday, 14 October to 19 December 1941, leaving the city in ashes. Kalinin was the first major city in Europe to be liberated from the Wehrmacht. During the Cold War, Kalinin was home to the Kryuchkovo air base, which is no longer in service. The city’s historic name of Tver was restored on 17 July 1990."
"and Axis forces attacked the city, and in 1942 it became the site of one of the pivotal battles of the war. The Battle of Stalingrad had perhaps the greatest casualty figures of any single battle in the history of warfare (estimates are between 1,250,000 and 1,798,619). The battle became a titanic struggle between Hitler and Stalin as both saw it of great propaganda value, each keenly aware of the namesake of the city, and each poured hundreds of thousands of men into the battle. The battle began on August 23, 1942, and on the same day, the city suffered"