"arm operations were cleared to continue, but drilling remained suspended indefinitely. The ""Curiosity"" team continued to perform diagnostics and testing on the drill mechanism throughout 2017. ""Curiosity"" has an advanced payload of scientific equipment on Mars. It is the fourth NASA unmanned surface rover sent to Mars since 1996. Previous successful Mars rovers are ""Sojourner"" from the Mars Pathfinder mission (1997), and ""Spirit"" (2004–2010) and ""Opportunity"" (2004–present) rovers from the Mars Exploration Rover mission. ""Curiosity"" is long by wide by in height, larger than Mars Exploration Rovers, which are long and have a mass of including of scientific instruments. In"
"operate on Mars. The primary scientific objectives of the lander mission were to search for biosignatures and observe meteorologic, seismic and magnetic properties of Mars. The results of the biological experiments on board the Viking landers remain inconclusive, with a reanalysis of the Viking data published in 2012 suggesting signs of microbial life on Mars. The Viking orbiters revealed that large floods of water carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Areas of branched streams, in the southern hemisphere, suggest that rain once fell. Mars Pathfinder was a U.S. spacecraft that landed a base station"
"traces of human activity."" Vinland Vinland, Vineland or Winland () is the area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings, where Leif Erikson first landed in ca. 1000, approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot. ""Vinland"" was the name given to North America as far as it was explored by the Vikings, presumably including both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick (where the eponymous grapevines are found). In 1960, archaeological evidence of the only known Norse settlement in North America (outside Greenland) was found at L'Anse"
"Vinland Vinland, Vineland or Winland () is the area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings, where Leif Erikson first landed in ca. 1000, approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot. ""Vinland"" was the name given to North America as far as it was explored by the Vikings, presumably including both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick (where the eponymous grapevines are found). In 1960, archaeological evidence of the only known Norse settlement in North America (outside Greenland) was found at L'Anse aux Meadows on the"
"professor emeritus of archaeology, ... at Memorial University."" Sutherland and the Helluland Archaeology Project among others have identified several potential pre-Columbian European archaeological sites including Tanfield Valley, Avayalik at the far north of the Labrador Peninsula, Willows Island at the southern part of Baffin Island, Pond Inlet (Nunguvik) in the far north of Baffin Island. Helluland Helluland is the name given to one of the three lands, the others being Vinland and Markland, seen by Bjarni Herjólfsson, encountered by Leif Erikson and further explored by Þorfinnr ""Karlsefni"" Þórðarson around AD 1000 on the North Atlantic coast of North America. As"
"channels entering it end at the same elevation, at which some surface features suggest an ancient shoreline may be present. Chryse basin opens into the North Polar Basin, so if an ocean was present Chryse would have been a large bay. The Viking 1 landed in Chryse Planitia, but its landing site was not near the outflow channels and no fluvial features were visible; the terrain at that point appeared primarily volcanic in origin. The Mars Pathfinder landed in Ares Vallis, at the end of one of the outflow channels emptying into Chryse. Chryse Planitia Chryse Planitia (Greek, """"Golden Plain"""")"
"two computer engineers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. DiPietro and Molenaar discovered the two misfiled images, Viking frames 035A72 and 070A13, while searching through NASA archives. More than 20 years after the ""Viking 1"" images were taken, a succession of spacecraft visited Mars and made new observations of the Cydonia region. These spacecraft have included NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (1997–2006) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006–), and the European Space Agency's ""Mars Express"" probe (2003–). In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. For instance, the ""Mars Express"""
"form (water instead sublimes to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet. ""In situ"" investigations have been performed on Mars by the ""Viking"" landers, ""Spirit"" and ""Opportunity"" rovers, ""Phoenix"" lander, and ""Curiosity"" rover. Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living organisms ever existed there remains unknown. The Viking probes of the mid-1970s carried experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil at their respective"
"when research, published in the ""Journal of Geophysical Research"" in September 2010, proposed that organic compounds were actually present in the soil analyzed by both Viking 1 and 2. NASA's Phoenix lander in 2008 detected perchlorate which can break down organic compounds. The study's authors found that perchlorate will destroy organics when heated and will produce chloromethane and dichloromethane, the identical chlorine compounds discovered by both Viking landers when they performed the same tests on Mars. Because perchlorate would have broken down any Martian organics, the question of whether or not Viking found life is still wide open. ""Vallis"" (plural"
"microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been habitable. The search for evidence of habitability, taphonomy (related to fossils), and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective. On September 11, 2014 (Sol 746), ""Curiosity"" reached the slopes of Aeolis Mons (or Mount Sharp), the rover mission's long-term prime destination and where the rover is expected to learn more about the history of Mars. ""Curiosity"" had traveled an estimated linear distance of to the mountain slopes since leaving its """"start"""" point in Yellowknife Bay"
"Gåten Ragnarok Gåten Ragnarok (lit. ""The Riddle Ragnarok"") or just simply Ragnarok is a 2013 Norwegian action adventure film about the legendary story of Ragnarök. Archaeologist Sigurd Swenson sets off to Finnmark in search of new physical evidence of Vikings explorations in the far Northern regions of Norway. His expedition with two colleagues and his two kids turns into an exploration of Ragnarok, the end of the world in Norse mythology - and the ""no man's land"" between Norway and Russia, where no one has set foot for ages. The urgent exploration disturbs the ancient site, providing unexpected answers to"
"sea (described by him as ""curdled""), and described what is believed to be the aurora and the midnight sun. Some historians claim that this new land of Thule was either the Norwegian coast or the Shetland Islands based on his descriptions and the trade routes of early British sailors. While no one knows exactly how far Pytheas sailed, he may have crossed the Arctic Circle. Nevertheless, his tales were regarded as fantasy by later Greek and Roman authorities, such as the geographer Strabo. The first Viking to sight Iceland was Gardar Svavarsson, who lost his route due to harsh conditions"
"the rover set off towards its next major destination, the crater Endeavour. Victoria (crater) Victoria is an impact crater on Mars located at 2.05°S, 5.50°W in the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, lying situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars. This crater was first visited by the Mars Exploration Rover ""Opportunity"". It is roughly 730 metres wide, nearly eight times the size of the crater Endurance, visited by ""Opportunity"" from sols 951 to 1630. It is informally named after ""Victoria"" – one of the five ships of Ferdinand Magellan and the first ship to circumnavigate the"
"by both Viking 1 and 2. The study determined that perchlorate —discovered in 2008 by Phoenix lander— can destroy organic compounds when heated, and produce chloromethane and dichloromethane as a byproduct, the identical chlorine compounds discovered by both Viking landers when they performed the same tests on Mars. Because perchlorate would have broken down any Martian organics, the question of whether or not Viking found organic compounds is still wide open. The Labeled Release evidence was not generally accepted initially, and, to this day lacks the consensus of the scientific community. In June 2018, NASA reported that the ""Curiosity"" rover"
"at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland, in what is now the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Although this proved conclusively the Vikings' pre-Columbian discovery of North America, whether this exact site is the Vinland of the Norse accounts is still a subject of debate. There is a consensus among scholars that the Vikings did reach North America, approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus. The main sources of information about the Norse voyages to Vinland are two Icelandic sagas, ""The Saga of Eric the Red"" and the ""Saga of"
"Glenelg, Mars Glenelg, Mars (or ""Glenelg Intrigue"") is a location on Mars near the Mars Science Laboratory (""Curiosity rover"") landing site (""Bradbury Landing"") in Gale Crater marked by a natural intersection of three kinds of terrain. The location was named ""Glenelg"" by NASA scientists for two reasons: all features in the immediate vicinity were given names associated with Yellowknife in northern Canada, and Glenelg is the name of a geological feature there. Furthermore, the name is a palindrome, and as the ""Curiosity"" rover is planned to visit the location twice (once coming, and once going) this was an appealing feature"
"explored the areas to the west, seeking large timbers for building in particular (Greenland had only small trees and brush). Regular activity from Greenland extended to Ellesmere Island, Skraeling Island and Ruin Island for hunting and trading with Inuit groups. A short-lived settlement was established at L'Anse aux Meadows, located in the northern part of Newfoundland, Canada. Since 2012, five other potential settlements have been discovered ranging from Tanfield Valley in the north to Point Rosee in the south. There is also evidence for Viking contact with Native Americans. The Vikings referred to them as Skraelings or ’uglies’. Fighting between"
"better pasturage and hunting grounds. Modern scholars debate the precise location of the new lands of Vinland, Markland, and Helluland that they discovered. The Scandinavian peoples also pushed farther north into their own peninsula by land and by sea. As early as 880, the Viking Ohthere of Hålogaland rounded the Scandinavian Peninsula and sailed to the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea. The Pechenga Monastery on the north of Kola Peninsula was founded by Russian monks in 1533; from their base at Kola, the Pomors explored the Barents Region, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya—all of which are in the Arctic Circle."
"via Zodiac boat excursions and landings to see glaciers, icebergs, fjords, and the world’s northernmost communities and research stations. Expeditions beginning in Iceland have in the past included land-based activities such as a day in Reykjavík; visits to the Blue Lagoon, active geysers, Iceland’s icecap, ancient fishing villages, the volcanic Vestmannaeyjar, or Westman Islands; a tour of a geothermal power plant; a hike in Thingvellir National Park, a UNESCO world heritage site or along the shores of Skagafjörður, aka the Skaga Fjord, Saudarkrokur; a trip to Hvammstangi, home of the Icelandic Seal Centre, or the Husavik Whale Museum, located on"
"an hour in the hostile atmosphere. Two NASA probes arrive at Mars. Each Viking mission consists of an orbiter, which photographs the planet from above, and a lander, which touches down on the surface, analyzes the rocks, and searches unsuccessfully for life. On August 20 the Voyager 2 space probe launched by NASA to study the Jovian system, Saturnian system, Uranian system, Neptunian system, the Kuiper belt, the heliosphere and the interstellar space. On September 5 The Voyager 1 space probe launched by NASA to study the Jovian system, Saturnian system and the interstellar medium. Columbia, the first of NASA's"
"them smooth and without any sharp edges. Boat lovers often travel the fjords and spend time on the islands. Tjølling is the site of one of the oldest Viking Era settlement within Scandinavia. Kaupang was a big trading centre for the Vikings. There have been several earlier archaeological surveys and excavations at Kaupang. In 1867 Antiquarian Nicolay Nicolaysen mapped one of the grave-fields around the former town and excavated 79 grave mounds. He uncovered a cremation cemetery, largely dated to the 10th century. Charlotte Blindheim (1917-2005) started excavating in 1947 and completed her last publication in 1999. In 1997, Dagfinn"
"did not detect organic molecules. More recently, high levels of organic chemicals, particularly chlorobenzene, were detected in powder drilled from one of the rocks, named ""Cumberland"", analyzed by the ""Curiosity"" rover. The results of the Viking mission concerning life are considered by the general expert community as inconclusive. In 2007, during a Seminar of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution (Washington, D.C., US), Gilbert Levin's investigation was assessed once more. Levin still maintains that his original data were correct, as the positive and negative control experiments were in order. Moreover, Levin's team, on 12 April 2012, reported a statistical"
"Film said: ""It adds up to a fun family adventure, with Norwegian style and a welcome edge, something even Indiana Jones in his prime could never quite achieve"". Gåten Ragnarok Gåten Ragnarok (lit. ""The Riddle Ragnarok"") or just simply Ragnarok is a 2013 Norwegian action adventure film about the legendary story of Ragnarök. Archaeologist Sigurd Swenson sets off to Finnmark in search of new physical evidence of Vikings explorations in the far Northern regions of Norway. His expedition with two colleagues and his two kids turns into an exploration of Ragnarok, the end of the world in Norse mythology -"
"parchment, when decoded into Latin and translated by Lidenbrook's nephew Axel, reveals an entrance to the route in the extinct volcano of Snæfellsjökull in Iceland. The pair embark on their journey with their guide Hans. Upon entering the volcano they pass a lava gallery and find themselves in an intersection of two paths. Lidenbrook chooses the eastern tunnel, but after three days it had taken the trio to a dead end. They returned with just one day's supply of water, reaching the intersection weak and tired. After sleep, they continued their journey and Hans hears flowing water behind a wall"
"to complete filming. Along the way, however, he gets a wood sliver in his hand, and in order to mess with himself, he demands a huge bandage, over which he pours mercurochrome to make it look like blood. With the movie a smash hit, Climactic's future is assured. Only one puzzle remains. The Vikings went to Vinland, but where did the real settlers land? The Norse sagas say that the expedition was led by Thorfinn Karlsefni, but there was no sign of him. Then Ottar, overhearing, reveals that his formal name is indeed Thorfinn Karlsefni. Shocked, Barney and Hewitt realize"
"and travel time. On 5 July 2016, spacecraft ""Juno"" arrived and entered the planet's orbit—the second craft ever to do so. Sending a craft to Jupiter entails many technical difficulties, especially due to the probes' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment. The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter was ""Pioneer 10"" in 1973, followed a year later by ""Pioneer 11"". Aside from taking the first close-up pictures of the planet, the probes discovered its magnetosphere and its largely fluid interior. The ""Voyager 1"" and ""Voyager 2"" probes visited the planet in 1979, and studied its"
"aux Meadows, an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, and a second site in southwestern Newfoundland, are the only known sites of a Norse village in North America outside of Greenland. These sites are notable for their possible connections with the attempted colony of Vinland established by Leif Erikson in 1003. The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained unaware of the existence of the Americas as a whole, until the first decades following the year 1492. Many expeditions were launched from European nations in search of a Northwest Passage to"
"Linnaeus, who visited the place on his 1741 journey to the island. Just south of the Neptune's fields is the ""Forgalla Skepp"", a Bronze Age ship shaped tumulus, and a grave field. The latter measures and contains 32 small stone circles, nine cists, twelve round cairns, and one in the shape of a three pointed star (""treudd""). A bit further south, just a kilometer north of Byxelkrok, is ""Höga Flisa"" (the Tall Shard), a high limestone. Neptune's fields Neptune's fields (Swedish: ""Neptuni åkrar"") is a nature reserve in the north of the island of Öland, Sweden. Located in Borgholm Municipality"
"Tromsø Burial The Tromsø Burial or ""Tromsø Grave Group"" is a significant hoard of Viking objects found near Tromsø, in the far north of Norway, in the late nineteenth century. Since 1900, the group has been part of the British Museum's early medieval collection. This group of jewellery was found in a woman's grave near Tromsø in the late nineteenth century by the famous English adventurer Arnold Pike, who also spent the 1888/89 winter exploring the island of Spitsbergen. Pike is said to have excavated several mounds on the island of Tussøya, where this grave group was discovered, although the"
"influenced by their environment and how they altered the ecosystem. Erlandson’s collaborative work in the Mosfell Valley of Iceland is another example of interdisciplinary research he has been involved in. Working with Jesse Byock (UCLA), Philip Walker (UCSB), and other colleagues, he spent seven field seasons excavating three archaeological sites that were occupied during the Viking Age, from the early 10th to mid-12th Century. These sites—including the well-preserved remains of an early Christian church and graveyard, a large Viking longhouse, and a ritual cremation feature located atop a knoll modified to resemble the prow of a ship—span the transitional time"
"""When they reached the land (which they were seeking in the Skuggifjord) father and son went ashore and walked until they saw a fortified structure very strongly built..."" According to a footnote in Arthur Middleton Reeves's ""The Norse Discovery of America"" (1906), ""the whole of the northern coast of America, west of Greenland, was called by the ancient Icelandic geographers Helluland it Mikla, or Great Helluland; and the island of Newfoundland simply Helluland, or Litla Helluland."" The Icelandic ""Saga of Erik the Red"" and the ""Greenland Saga"" characterized Helluland as a land of flat stones (Old Norse: ""hella""). Most scholars"
"the past billion years or so, but a climate supporting water, at least for a time, in the distant past. The Curiosity rover encountered rocks of special interest on the surface of Aeolis Palus near Aeolis Mons (""Mount Sharp"") in Gale Crater. In the autumn of 2012, rocks studied, on the way from Bradbury Landing to Glenelg Intrique, included ""Coronation"" rock (August 19, 2012), ""Jake Matijevic"" rock (September 19, 2012), ""Bathurst Inlet"" rock (September 30, 2012). On September 27, 2012, NASA scientists announced that the ""Curiosity rover"" found evidence for an ancient streambed suggesting a ""vigorous flow"" of water on"
"for one year after, and this site is believed to be the archaeological site L'Anse aux Meadows discovered by Helge Ingstad. Eriksson laid the groundwork for later colonizing efforts in the generations to come by establishing a foothold on Vinland, when he constructed some ""large houses."" Upon his return to Greenland, Thorvald has the first contact with the native population which would come to be known as the ""skrælings"". After capturing and killing eight of the natives, they were attacked at their beached ships, which they defended: Thorfinn Karlsefni was the first Norse explorer to attempt to truly colonize the"