"been involved. Weekh Zalmian Wíṣ Zalmiyān/Weekh Zalmyan (Pashto: ويښ زلميان or Awakened Youth) was a youth movement started in Afghanistan in 1947 in Kandahar. The movement was focused on a nationalist agenda of modernization. Following a brief period of liberalisation encouraged by Prime Minister Shah Mahmud Khan, it was dissolved in a crackdown between 1951 and 1952. The crackdown has been described as a contributing factor in the radicalisation of many leaders who later established the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Noor Mohammad Tarakai stated he was a founder of the movement, and Babrak Karmal and Hafizullah Amin also said"
"he reportedly said, ""Brothers, today the five long centuries of Pashtun political domination has come to an end."" Sultan Ali Keshtmand Sultan Ali Keshtmand (), sometimes transliterated Kishtmand, born May 22, 1935, in Kabul, was an Afghan politician. He served twice as Chairman of the Council of Ministers during the 1980s, from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Keshtmand was born in Kabul. He is a member of the Hazara ethnic group. He studied economics at Kabul University and became involved in the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. He joined the Parcham"
"and consumer goods. According to UN statistics, 1.7 million Afghans have so far fled to Pakistan and some 400,000 to Iran in order to escape the strife in their country. President Karmal gives up the post of prime minister; he is succeeded in that position on June 11 by Sultan Ali Keshtmand, another trusted member of the Parcham faction of the PDPA. Keshtmand is also put in direct charge of the National Patriotic Front, set up in December 1980 with the intention of rallying the people behind Karmal's Marxist revolutionary government. Karmal announces a new set of proposals for negotiations"
"British Prime Minister John Major. He lives in the UK. Immediately after the April 1978 coup d'état in which the People's Democratic Party came to power, Keshtmand became the minister of planning in the newly formed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. He lost that post in August 1978 when he was arrested for an alleged plot against President Nur Mohammad Taraki, a member of the rival Khalq faction of the party. The PDPA Politburo ordered the arrest of Keshtmand and Public Works Minister Muhammad Rafi'i for their part in the possible anti-regime conspiracy. He and the other inmates went through severe"
"political leadership has emerged from the Behsuds. Afghan leaders from the Behsud tribe include Sultan Ali Keshtmand, the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1989; Abdul Ali Mazari, The Father of Hazara nation & founder/leader of Hezb-e-Wahdat during the Civil War of Afghanistan in 1990, was from Surkhjoi of Waras district of Bamyan province belongs to behsud Hazara clan. Karim Khalili the current vice president of Afghanistan. Behsud (Hazara tribe) The Behsud (alternatively Besud, Behsud, Behsudi or Basud) () are one of the major tribes of the Hazara people of Hazarajat, central Afghanistan. They inhabit the Markaz Besud and"
"in the pre-communist administration of Muhammad Daoud Khan, decreased, turning negative by 1982 at 70.3 million $US. The only economic activity which grew substantially during Karmal's rule was export and import. Karmal observed in the spring of 1983 that without Soviet intervention, ""It is unknown what the destiny of the Afghan Revolution would be ... We are realists and we clearly realize that in store for us yet lie trials and deprivations, losses and difficulties."" Two weeks before this statement Sultan Ali Keshtmand, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, lamented the fact that half the schools and three-quarters of"
"and offered them autonomy. In his speech to the group, Keshtmand said that the government was going to set up several new provinces in the Hazarajat that would be administered by the local inhabitants. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1981 to 1988 and 1989 to 1990, and as one of the vice presidents from May 1990 until April 1991, when he was dismissed shortly before the fall of the government. A mujaheddin radio station reports intra-Parcham (a faction of the PDPA) (P) clashes in Kabul between supporters of Najibullah and Keshtmand, Chairman of the Executive"
"Abdullah Tarmugi Abdullah bin Tarmugi (Jawi: عبدالله بن ترموڬي; born 25 August 1944) is a former Singaporean politician. He was the Speaker of Parliament and a Member of Parliament (MP) for East Coast Group Representation Constituency (East Coast GRC) from 1996 to 2011. Born to a Javanese father and a Chinese mother, Abdullah's father was a low salaried surveyor's assistant and his grandfather ran a provision shop. Abdullah studied at Raffles Institution and obtained a Bachelor of Social Sciences from the University of Singapore, followed by a post-graduate diploma in urban studies from the University of London in 1972 under"
"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (; ; born 1 August, 1949) also known as 'Rocketyar' is an Afghan politician and former warlord. He is the founder and current leader of the Hezb-e Islami political party. He twice served as Prime Minister of Afghanistan during the 1990s. The ""New York Times"" once described him as ""perhaps the most brutal of a generally brutal group"". Hekmaytar joined the Muslim Youth organization as a student in the early 1970s, where he was known for his Islamic radicalism rejected by much of the organization. He spent time in Pakistan before returning to Afghanistan when the"
"on religious practice. In the 1979 Soviet operation, Operation Storm-333, the Soviet special force, Spetnaz, stormed the Tajbeg Palace and killed then President Hafizullah Amin. The death of Amin led to Babrak Karmal becoming president the new Afghan president and General Secretary of the PDPA. After the death of Amin the Soviet invasion begun in 1979. At the time of the assassination of Amin, Karmal was exiled and was the Afghan ambassador to Czechoslovakia, stationed in Prague. Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems. Years later, when Karmal's inability to consolidate his government"
"judges in an Islamic state. In the modern era, Pakistan became the first Muslim-majority state with an elected female head of government (1988). Currently Bangladesh is the country that has had females as head of government continuously the longest starting with Khaleda Zia in 1991. In the past several decades, a number of countries in which Muslims are a majority, including Indonesia (President Megawati Sukarnoputri, 2001), Kosovo (President Atifete Jahjaga, 2011), Pakistan, Bangladesh (prime ministers Begum Khaleda Zia (1991-1996, 2001-2009) and Sheikh Hasina (1996-2001, 2009–Present), Leader of the Opposition Rowshan Ershad, Speaker of the House Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury (2013–present) and"
"in a caretaker capacity. From time to time prime ministers are required to leave the country on business and a deputy is appointed to take their place during that time. In the days before jet aeroplanes, such absences could be for extended periods. Colour key (for political coalitions): Prime ministers are usually granted certain privileges after leaving office at government expense. Former prime ministers continue to be important national figures. The most recently deceased prime minister was Tunku Abdul Rahman (1903–1990), who died on 6 December 1990. Currently the oldest living former prime minister is Abdullah Ahmad Badawi at the"
"elections. The Hezb-i Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who had been offered the position of prime minister but who instead strived for undisputed dictatorial power, started a massive bombardment against the Islamic State and the capital Kabul. The Shura-e Nazar fought for the implementation of the Peshawar Accords and the Islamic State of Afghanistan against the Hezb-i Islami of Hekmatyar.<ref name=""policypage/NMNG""></ref> According to Human Rights Watch: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar received operational, financial and military support from Pakistan. Afghanistan expert Amin Saikal concludes in ""Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival"": In late 1994, Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami and its allies were defeated"
"Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945-1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey (1923-2018)). See also ""First Minister"", ""Premier"","
"of Presidium members were from the PDPA Politburo. The Karmal government was ""a new evolutionary phase of the great Saur Revolution."" The Fundamental Principles was not implemented in practice, and it was replaced by the 1987 constitution under Muhammad Najibullah. Islamic principles were embedded in the 1987 constitution. For instance, Article 2 of the constitution stated that Islam was the state religion, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family. In 1990, the 1987constitution was amended to state that Afghanistan was an Islamic republic, and the last references to communism"
"opponent who has called for the end of President Ali Abdullah Saleh's regime. A Saudi cable leak from WikiLeaks revealed that while publicly denouncing Saudi Arabia she was secretly arranging meetings with the Saudis to request their support. Karman lavished praise on the Saudis for pushing through a transition agreement that for many reformers, was seen as a deep betrayal of the revolution. She accused Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi of supporting the Houthis and Al Qaeda. Nobel Laureate Tawakkol Karman was born on 7 February 1979 in Shara'b As Salam, Taiz Governorate, Yemen. She grew up near Taiz, which is"
"Members of the BPML later became prominent statesmen of Pakistan and Bangladesh, including holding offices such as the Prime Minister of Pakistan (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali of Bogra, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Nurul Amin), Governor General of Pakistan (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin), Chief Minister of East Bengal (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Nurul Amin, A. K. Fazlul Huq and Ataur Rahman Khan), President of Bangladesh (Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Mohammad Mohammadullah and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad), Vice President of Bangladesh (Syed Nazrul Islam) and Prime Minister of Bangladesh (Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Tajuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Mansur Ali and Ataur Rahman Khan). Eastern Bengal and Assam"
"the country's foreign policy towards the West and restored free markets and the multiparty polity. President Zia was assassinated in 1981 during a failed military coup. He was eventually succeeded by his army chief Hussain Muhammad Ershad. Lasting for nine years, Ershad's rule witnessed continued pro-free market reforms and the devolution of some authority to local government. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was founded in Dhaka in 1985. The Jatiya Party government made Islam the state religion in 1988. A popular uprising restored parliamentary democracy in 1991. Since then, Bangladesh has largely alternated between the premierships of"
"country's ""de facto"" leader and assumed the presidency in 1983. Ershad lifted martial law in 1986. He governed with four successive prime ministers (Ataur Rahman Khan, Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury, Moudud Ahmed and Kazi Zafar Ahmed) and a parliament dominated by his Jatiyo Party. General elections were held in 1986 and 1988, although the latter was boycotted by the opposition BNP and Awami League. Ershad pursued administrative decentralization, dividing the country into 64 districts, and pushed Parliament to make Islam the state religion in 1988. A 1990 mass uprising forced him to resign, and Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed led the country's"
"the new Northern Alliance against the common new enemy. However, it was too late and despite the fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban by 1998. The Taliban had Hazarajat totally isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the United Nations to deliver food to the provinces of Bamiyan, Ghor, Wardak, and Daykundi. Though Hazara played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, other Hazara participated in the new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. Sultan Ali Kishtmand, a Hazara, served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1981–1990 (with one brief interruption in 1988)."
"2002. Abdullah announced his retirement from politics on March 24, 2011, prior to the 2011 general elections. In January 2012, Abdullah was appointed to the Presidential Council for Minority Rights by Singapore President Tony Tan and a permanent member by President Halimah Yacob. Abdullah Tarmugi Abdullah bin Tarmugi (Jawi: عبدالله بن ترموڬي; born 25 August 1944) is a former Singaporean politician. He was the Speaker of Parliament and a Member of Parliament (MP) for East Coast Group Representation Constituency (East Coast GRC) from 1996 to 2011. Born to a Javanese father and a Chinese mother, Abdullah's father was a low"
"Kashmir in its 80th year. Since 2002 unanimously elected consecutively for 3rd time (2002, 2006 & 2009) as 9th the President of the party. Elected 5 times as Member Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Azad Jammu and Kashmir since 1990. Elected first time as Prime Minister of Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir held this office from 24 July 2006 to 6 January 2009 Leader of the Parliamentary Opposition from 15 January 2009 to 22 October 2009. Re-elected 2nd time as Prime Minister by the same House which is a unique achievement in South Asian parliamentary practice on"
"May 13, 1925 it was transformed into Turkmen SSR and became a separate republic of the Soviet Union. Today it is the independent state of Turkmenistan in Central Asia. The Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR was the ruling communist party of the Turkmen SSR, and a part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1985 it was led by Mr Saparmurat Niyazov, who in 1991 renamed the party to the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, which is no longer a communist party . The current Communist Party of Turkmenistan is illegal. Ashkhabad has a population of 695,300 (2001"
"Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun is the Polisario Front representative to Algeria, with a base in Algiers. He has been Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic twice. Bouchraya was born at Dakhla in 1954. He studied Economics at the University of Havana, Cuba. He speaks Hassaniya (a variety of Arabic) & Spanish. He has held various posts in the Sahrawi government in exile. He started off his political career as the Minister of Trade and Development, when the former education minister Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed became the Prime Minister in December 1985. He was selected as the"
"Alauddin Marri Alauddin Marri (; born 28 February 1979) is a Pakistani businessman and social worker who served as caretaker Chief Minister of Balochistan, in office from 8 June 2018 to 19 August 2018. He was born on 28 February 1979 in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. He completed his early education from Tameer-i-Nau Public School and from the Tameer-i-Nau Public College in Quetta, and graduated from the University of Balochistan. He is from Mastung District of Balochistan, Pakistan and hails from Marri tribe.<ref name=""geo/7june2018""></ref> He was recommended by the outgoing Balochistan government but consensus between opposition and government could not be"
"which altogether won 10 seats in its maiden electoral fight. In 2011 election for Assam Legislative Assembly, AIUDF won 18 seats and emerged as the largest opposition party in Assam. An Assamese Muslim group, the Sadou Asom Gariya – Moria Desi (SAGMJ), along with the All Assam Students Union, blamed Ajmal for inflammatory comments following Assam violence in 2012. Ajmal was the president of Hojai session reception committee of Assam Sahitya Sabha, 2004 and Darul Hadith, Jayanagar Madrassa, Assam. Badruddin Ajmal Badruddin Ajmal (born 12 February 1950) is a member of the Indian Parliament from Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency, born"
"to Moroccan sociologist ""Fatema Mernissi and scholars such as Amina Wadud and Leila Ahmed"". Advocates refer to the observation that Muslim majority countries produced several female heads of state, prime ministers, and state secretaries such as Lala Shovkat of Azerbaijan, Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan, Mame Madior Boye of Senegal, Tansu Çiller of Turkey, Kaqusha Jashari of Kosovo, and Megawati Sukarnoputri of Indonesia. In Bangladesh, Khaleda Zia was elected the country's first female prime minister in 1991, and served as prime minister until 2009, when she was replaced by Sheikh Hasina, who maintains the prime minister's office at present making Bangladesh"
"Zafarullah Khan Jamali Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (; born 1 January 1944) is a Pakistani politician who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2002 until his resignation in 2004. Originally a supporter of the Pakistan Peoples Party, Jamali emerged from the politics of Balochistan Province under military governor Rahimuddin Khan during the 1970s. He became a national figure as part of the government of Nawaz Sharif, and was Chief Minister of Balochistan for two non-consecutive terms (from June–December 1988 and November 1996 –February 1997). Although he was a senior leader in the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and Sharif's confidant,"
"Dr Dipu Moni (Foreign Minister), Matia Chowdhury (Agriculture Minister) and Sahara Khatun (Home Minister). Younger MPs with a link to assassinated members of the 1972–1975 AL government are Syed Ashraful Islam, son of Syed Nazrul Islam, Sheikh Fazle Noor Taposh, son of Sheikh Fazlul Huq Moni, and Tanjim Ahmad Sohel Taj, son of Tajuddin Ahmad. Since 2009, the Awami League government faced several major political challenges, including BDR (border security force) mutiny, power crisis, unrest in garments industry and stock market fluctuations. Judicial achievements for the party included restoring 1972 constitution (set by the first Awami League government), beginning of"
"independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Human Rights Watch says that ""Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion"", and other human rights organisations regularly describe Kazakhstan's human rights situation as poor. Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs (63% of the population), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Uyghurs. Islam is the religion"
"in hiding. Some of Gulbuddin's relatives have served or are suspected of serving as his deputies. [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Afghan expatriates in Iran]] [[Category:Afghan expatriates in Pakistan]] [[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin politicians]] [[Category:Afghan Muslim Brotherhood members]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War]] [[Category:Pashtun people]] [[Category:People from Kunduz Province]] [[Category:Genocide perpetrators]] Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (; ; born 1 August, 1949) also known as 'Rocketyar' is an Afghan politician and former warlord. He is the founder and current leader of the Hezb-e Islami political party. He twice served as Prime Minister of Afghanistan during the 1990s. The ""New York"
"was the Republic of Afghanistan. Islam became the official state religion again after the talks. National Reconciliation National Reconciliation is the term used for establishment of so-called 'national unity' in countries beset with political problems. In Afghanistan the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan government under Babrak Karmal issued a ten-point reconciliation program in 1985 upon the advice of Soviet leadership. Karmal appointed a six member group who belonged to no political party to his government to pursue the task. Mohammad Najibullah later intensified and broadened the proposals in 1987 and ended early in the 1990s to stop the Afghan civil"
"Boris Şyhmyradow Boris Orazovich Shikhmuradov (Turkmen: Boris Orazowiç Şyhmyradow; Russian: Бори́с Ора́зович Шихмура́дов, born 25 May 1949 in Ashgabat) was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan from 1995 to 2000. He was sentenced to life imprisonment after he was convicted of participation in a plot against Turkmen President Saparmurat Niyazov in 2002. Little is known about his life is prison; it's even unknown if he is still alive. Şyhmyradow was born in Ashgabat to an Armenian mother and Turkmen father. Beginning in 1971, he worked in the Soviet embassies to Pakistan and India. After Turkmenistan gained independence, in 1992 he"