"""ad nauseam"", ""modus operandi"" (M.O.), ""ad hoc"", ""in flagrante delicto"", ""mea culpa"", and so on—but few are. Among them are: ""hoi polloi"" 'the many', ""eureka"" 'I have found (it)', ""kalos kagathos"" 'beautiful and virtuous', ""hapax legomenon"" 'once said', ""kyrie eleison"" 'Lord, have mercy'. Greek technical terminology was often calqued in Latin rather than borrowed, and then borrowed from Latin into English. Examples include (grammatical) ""case"" from Latin ""casus"" 'an event, something that has fallen', a semantic calque of Greek πτώσις 'a fall'; ""nominative"", from Latin ""nōminātīvus"", a translation of Greek ὀνομαστική; ""adverb"", a morphological calque of Greek ἐπίρρημα as ""ad-"""
"Hoi polloi Hoi polloi (, ""hoi polloi"", ""the many"") is an expression from Greek that means ""the many"" or, in the strictest sense, ""the people"". In English, it has been given a negative connotation to signify deprecation of the working class, commoners, the masses or common people in a derogatory or (more often today) ironic sense. Synonyms for hoi polloi, which also express the same or similar distaste for the common people felt by those who believe themselves to be superior, include ""the great unwashed"", ""the plebeians"" or ""plebs"", ""the rabble"", ""the masses"",""the dregs of society"", ""riffraff"", ""the herd"", ""the"
"Pro multis Pro multis is a Latin phrase that means ""for many"" or ""for the many"". Not having the definite article, Latin does not distinguish between these two meanings. The phrase is part of the longer phrase ""qui pro vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum"" used, with reference to the blood of Christ, in the consecration of the wine in the Roman Rite Mass. In the definitively approved English translation this longer phrase appears as ""which will be poured out for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins"". The phrase ""poured out for you"" comes from"
"""pour la multitude"" (for the multitude). The word ""many"" (Latin ""multi"", Greek ""πολλοί"") is opposed to ""few"" (Latin ""pauci"", Greek ""ὀλίγοι""), not to ""all"" (Latin ""omnes"", Greek ""πάντες""). In a large group, all the members are many; in a small group, all are few. People can be many whether they form the totality of a group or only part of a group. An article by Father Max Zerwick, S.J. gives examples of texts in which the totality of a group are referred to as ""many"". In 2006, the Holy See gave instructions that in vernacular translations of the revised edition"
"pollon""), the form used in the Byzantine Greek liturgy, and from , which in the original Greek reads ὑπὲρ πολλῶν (""hyper pollon""). Unlike Latin, Greek has the definite article, which appears in neither passage. ""For many"", not ""for the many"", is also how all English translations of the Bible translate these phrases. In the view of Manfred Hauke, use in the liturgy of ""for the many"" would be ""a shabby compromise"". Hebrew רבים (rabbim), translated in Greek as πολλῶν (pollon), ""means 'a great number' without any specification as to whether this refers to a totality"". This also is without the"
"canaille"", ""the proles"" (proletariat), ""sheeple"", and ""peons"". The phrase probably became known to English scholars through Pericles' Funeral Oration, as mentioned in Thucydides' ""History of the Peloponnesian War"". Pericles uses it in a positive way when praising the Athenian democracy, contrasting it with ""hoi oligoi"", ""the few"" (Greek: , see also ""oligarchy""). Its current English usage originated in the early 19th century, a time when it was generally accepted that one must be familiar with Greek and Latin in order to be considered well educated. The phrase was originally written in Greek letters. Knowledge of these languages served to set"
"all"" as a translation of ""pro multis"", since ""for all"" corresponds to a correct interpretation of Christ's intention expressed in the words of the consecration, and since it is a dogma of the Catholic faith that Christ died on the Cross for all (cf. , , , ). Pro multis Pro multis is a Latin phrase that means ""for many"" or ""for the many"". Not having the definite article, Latin does not distinguish between these two meanings. The phrase is part of the longer phrase ""qui pro vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum"" used, with reference to the"
"Greek, giving English a large range of common affixes. Many words with affixes have entered English, such as ""dismantle"" and ""dishevelled"", so it may be easy to believe that these are formed from roots such as ""mantle"" (meaning to put something together) and ""shevelled"" (meaning well-dressed) although these words have no history of existing in English. Many words came into English by this route: ""Pease"" was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation ""pea"". The noun ""statistic"" was likewise a back-formation from the field of study ""statistics"". In Britain, the verb ""burgle"" came"
"Divers hands Divers hands (or more rarely dyvers hands), is an archaic phrase used to refer to a project that has been contributed to by many people. ""Divers"" is a word of Latin origin (""diversus"") that is still commonly used in modern French language; it literally means ""many and varied"". This usage of the word ""Divers"" can be found in the Bible and other older texts, but it is not commonly used in modern English. The phrase is still used to refer to the authorship of plays, essay collections, and short story collections by multiple authors. The oldest usage of"
"French conference used ""pour la multitude"" (for the multitude), but the Italian Bishops Conference has rejected this expression for use in the Mass in Italian. ""For many"", rather than ""for all"" or ""for the many"", is now the official translation in English. The Holy See is insisting on the same for the German translation, with Pope Benedict XVI pointing out that ""neither Matthew nor Mark uses the definite article, so it is not 'for the many', but 'for many'"". In fact, the Latin liturgical phrase ""pro multis"" is drawn from , which in the original Greek reads περὶ πολλῶν (""peri"
"English is however thought to be derived from the Latin word ""ilium"", an orthographic variant in Latin of ""ile"", ""flank"" or ""groin"". Whereas the expression of Andreas Vesalius ""os ilium"" appropriately expresses ""bone of the flanks"", the sole term ""ilium"" as used in English, lacks this precision and has to be literally translated as ""groin"" or ""flank"". There exists however in classical Latin an adjective ""ilius/ilia/ilium"". This adjective however means not ""with respect to the flanks"", but ""Trojan"". ""Troy"" is referred to in classical Latin as ""Ilium"", ""Ilion"" or ""Ilios"" and in ancient Greek as Ἴλιον or Ἴλιος. The first"
"borrowed both by Old English and by French from Latin ""platea"", itself borrowed from Greek πλατεία (ὁδός) 'broad (street)'; the Italian ""piazza"" and Spanish ""plaza"" have the same origin, and have been borrowed into English in parallel. The word ""olive"" comes through the Romance from the Latin word ""olīva"", which in turn comes from the Greek (""elaíwā""). A later Greek word, (""boútȳron"") becomes Latin ""butyrum"" and eventually English 'butter'. A large group of early borrowings, again transmitted first through Latin, then through various vernaculars, comes from Christian vocabulary: ""chair"" « καθέδρα (""cf."" 'cathedra'), ""bishop"" « ἐπίσκοπος (""epískopos"" 'overseer'), ""priest"" «"
"isn't any author's name, use 'divers hands'. Otherwise, most of the usage seen for 'divers hands' is in literary criticism, for instance: Divers hands Divers hands (or more rarely dyvers hands), is an archaic phrase used to refer to a project that has been contributed to by many people. ""Divers"" is a word of Latin origin (""diversus"") that is still commonly used in modern French language; it literally means ""many and varied"". This usage of the word ""Divers"" can be found in the Bible and other older texts, but it is not commonly used in modern English. The phrase is"
"resulted in several mistranslations. For example, Saint Augustine's warning that Christians should beware of ""mathematici"", meaning astrologers, is sometimes mistranslated as a condemnation of mathematicians. The apparent plural form in English, like the French plural form (and the less commonly used singular derivative ), goes back to the Latin neuter plural (Cicero), based on the Greek plural (""ta mathēmatiká""), used by Aristotle (384–322 BC), and meaning roughly ""all things mathematical""; although it is plausible that English borrowed only the adjective ""mathematic(al)"" and formed the noun ""mathematics"" anew, after the pattern of ""physics"" and ""metaphysics"", which were inherited from Greek. In"
"Latin ""centenarium (pondus)""). Curiously, ""chemist"" appears to be a back-formation from ""alchemist"". Some Greek words have given rise to etymological doublets, being borrowed both through a later learned, direct route, but earlier through an organic, indirect route: Other doublets come from differentiation in the borrowing languages: Finally, with the growth of tourism, some words reflecting modern Greek culture have been borrowed into English—many of them originally borrowings into Greek themselves: ""retsina"", ""souvlaki"", ""taverna"" (< Italian), ""ouzo"" (disputed etymology), ""moussaka"" (< Turkish < Arabic), ""baklava"" (< Turkish), ""feta"" (< Italian), ""bouzouki"" (< Turkish), ""gyro"" (the food, a calque of Turkish ""döner"")."
"Neither one nor many The 'neither one nor many' argument (Wylie: gcig du 'bral ba'i gtan tshigs) is an argument employed by different philosophers and spiritual traditions for various reasons. The argument and its permutations and antecedents, particularly the ""problem of the One and the Many"" as charted by McEvilley (2002: pp. 23–66) in his ""magnum opus"", has an ancient pedigree in the lineages of both Indian philosophy and Greek philosophy. McEvilley (2002) also provides strongly persuasive arguments inferring the mutual influence and mutual iteration of the ancient Indian and Greek philosophical traditions but proffers patently inconclusive and undemonstrable evidence,"
"a prefix in Greek. Many Greek affixes such as ""anti-"" and ""-ic"" have become productive in English, combining with arbitrary English words: ""antichoice"", ""Fascistic"". Some portmanteau words in English have led to suffixes based on Greek words, but which are not suffixes in Greek, ""e.g."" ""-athon"" or ""-a-thon"" (""walkathon"", from ""walk"" and ""(mar)athon"") and ""-nomics"" (""Reaganomics"", from ""Reagan"" and ""(eco)nomics""). Some Greek words were borrowed through Arabic and then Romance. Many are learned: ""alchemy"" (""al-"" + χημεία or χημία), ""elixir"" (""al-"" + ξήριον), ""alembic"" (""al-"" + ἄμβιξ); but others are popular: ""botargo"" (ᾠοτάριχον), ""tajine"" (τάγηνον), and possibly ""quintal"" (κεντηνάριον <"
"word ἔθνος ""ethnos"" (more precisely, from the adjective ἐθνικός ""ethnikos"", which was loaned into Latin as ""ethnicus""). The inherited English language term for this concept is ""folk"", used alongside the latinate ""people"" since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ""ethnic"" was used to mean heathen or pagan (in the sense of disparate ""nations"" which did not yet participate in the Christian oikumene), as the Septuagint used ""ta ethne"" (""the nations"") to translate the Hebrew ""goyim"" ""the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews"". The Greek term in early antiquity (Homeric Greek) could refer to any large"
"money, where it derives from the Latin singular ablative in the phrase ""in specie"". Colloquial usages based in a humorous fashion on the second declension include ""Elvii"" (better Latin would be ""Elvēs"" or Elvidēs) to refer to multiple Elvis impersonators and ""Loti"", used by petrolheads to refer to Lotus automobiles in the plural. Some Greek plurals are preserved in English (""cf."" Plurals of words of Greek origin): Such -ata plurals also occur in Latin words borrowed from Greek, e.g. poemata.. The a's are both short in both languages. See also below. Foreign terms may take native plural forms, especially when"
"in historical religions of Classical antiquity, especially ancient Greek religion and ancient Roman religion, and after the decline of Greco-Roman polytheism in tribal religions such as Germanic paganism or Slavic paganism. Important polytheistic religions practiced today include Chinese traditional religion, Hinduism, Japanese Shinto, Santeria, and various neopagan faiths. The term comes from the Greek πολύ ""poly"" (""many"") and θεός ""theos"" (""god"") and was first invented by the Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria to argue with the Greeks. When Christianity spread throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, non-Christians were just called Gentiles (a term originally used by Jews to refer to non-Jews)"
"to reflect a mistaken belief that the word was originally and is still properly only an adjective ... however, the noun is in fact the older form, dating to the 16th century. The noun ""myriad"" has appeared in the works of such writers as Milton (plural 'myriads') and Thoreau ('a myriad of'), and it continues to occur frequently in reputable English."" ""Myriad"" is also infrequently used in English as the specific number 10,000. Owing to the possible confusion with the generic meaning of ""large quantity"", however, this is generally restricted to translation of other languages like ancient Greek, Chinese, and"
"normally ""moose"" or ""mooses"" — or even of ""mouse"". Some words have irregular plurals that do not fit any of the types given here. English has borrowed a great many words from Classical Latin and Classical Greek. The general trend with loanwords is toward what is called ""Anglicization"" or ""naturalization"", that is, the re-formation of the word and its inflections as normal English words. Many nouns have settled on, or acquired a modern form from the original (usually Latin). Other nouns have become Anglicized, taking on the normal ""s"" ending. In some cases, both forms are still competing. The choice"
"of Cicero's ""Ad Atticum"" letters in 51 B.C. and in the anonymous 13th-century French work ""De l'oue au chapelain"", There is a slight similarity between the wording of the proverb and that of an unattributed Greek iambic trimeter verse quoted by Cicero in a letter to Atticus, but this refers to the geographical distance between Cicero and his correspondent. Erasmus's 1523 ""Adagia"", in which he translated the Greek verse proverb into Latin verse as ""Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra"" was the basis of translations into many languages. An English translation by Taverner in 1539 rendered the proverb as ""Many"
"explained by the proposition that it was the Norman rulers who mostly ate meat (an expensive commodity) and the Anglo-Saxons who farmed the animals. This explanation has passed into common folklore but has been disputed. English has proved accommodating to words from many languages. Scientific terminology, for example, relies heavily on words of Latin and Greek origin, but there are a great many non-scientific examples. Spanish has contributed many words, particularly in the southwestern United States. Examples include , , , , and states' names such as and . , , , , and from Portuguese; and ""prima donna"" from"
"large number of items as in ""several dozen"" (ex. dozens of people came to the party). The English word ""dozen"" comes from the old form ""douzaine"", a French word meaning ""a group of twelve"" (""""Assemblage de choses de même nature au nombre de douze"""" — (translation: ""A group of twelve things of the same nature"" as defined in the eighth edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française). This French word is a derivation from the cardinal number ""douze"" (""twelve"", from Latin ""duodĕcim"") and the collective suffix ""-aine"" (from Latin ""-ēna""), a suffix also used to form other words with similar"
"implemented to prevent the problem from happening internally in a government. A term used in Classical and Hellenistic Greece for oppressive popular rule was ""ochlocracy"" (""mob rule""). ""Tyranny"" meant rule by one man whether undesirable or not. While James Madison referred to the same idea as ""the violence of majority faction"" in The Federalist Papers, for example Federalist 10, the phrase ""tyranny of the majority"" was used by John Adams in 1788. It was also used by Edmund Burke in ""Reflections on the Revolution in France"" (1790), where he said that ""The tyranny of a multitude is a multiplied tyranny."""
"English borrowed about 2000 words from Old Norse, several hundred surviving in Modern English. Norse borrowings include many very common words, such as ""anger"", ""bag"", ""both"", ""hit"", ""law"", ""leg"", ""same"", ""skill"", ""sky"", ""take"", ""window"", and even the pronoun ""they"". Norse influence is also believed to have reinforced the adoption of the plural copular verb form ""are"" rather than alternative Old English forms like ""sind"". It is also considered to have stimulated and accelerated the morphological simplification found in Middle English, such as the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (except in pronouns). That is possibly confirmed by observations"
"three or more possible choices. In British English the term majority is also alternatively used to refer to the winning margin, i.e., the number of votes separating the first-place finisher from the second-place finisher. Other related terms containing the word ""majority"" have their own meanings, which may sometimes be inconsistent in usage. A majority is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. For example, if a group consists of 20 individuals, a majority would be 11 or more individuals. For this group, having 10 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority. In parliamentary procedure, the term"
"elevate a lowly shepherd to the peerage, and members of the House of Lords who will not hear of such a thing: Gilbert's parallel use of ""canaille"", ""plebs"" (""plebeians""), and ""hoi polloi"" makes it clear that the term is derogatory of the lower classes. In many versions of the vocal score, it is written as ""οἱ πολλοί"", likely confusing generations of amateur choristers who had not had the advantages of a British Public School education. John Dryden used the phrase in his Essay of Dramatick Poesie, published in 1668. Dryden spells the phrase with Greek letters, but the rest of"
"There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip is a very old proverb, similar in meaning to ""don't count your chickens before they hatch"". It implies that even when a good outcome or conclusion seems certain, things can still go wrong. The English proverb is almost identical with a Greek hexameter verse, Πολλὰ μεταξὺ πέλει κύλικος καὶ χείλεος ἄκρου (Much there is between the cup and the tip of the lip). This verse was proverbial at the time of Aulus Gellius (2nd century A.D.), who mentions it in"
"more commonly used in British English than in American English, some amount is natural in any variety of English. American style guides give advice, for example, on notional agreement for phrases such as ""a number of"", ""a lot of"", and ""a total of"". The ""AMA Manual of Style"" says, """"The number"" is singular and ""a number of"" is plural"" (thus ""the number of mosquitoes is increasing"" but ""a number of brands of mosquito repellent are available"") and ""The same is true for ""the total"" and ""a total of"""" (thus ""the total was growing"" but ""a total of 28 volunteers have"
"them. The word, ""a reborrowing with French spelling of ""anomy"""", comes from Greek ""lawlessness"", namely the privative alpha prefix (""a-"" ""without""), and ""nomos"" ""law"". The Greeks distinguished between ""nomos"" (, ""law""), and ""arché"" (, ""starting rule, axiom, principle""). For example, a monarch is a single ruler but he or she might still be subject to, and not exempt from, the prevailing laws, i.e. ""nomos"". In the original city state democracy, the majority rule was an aspect of ""arché"" because it was a rule-based, customary system, which might or might not make laws, i.e. ""nomos"". Thus, the original meaning of ""anomie"""
"usage dates back to Old English. In 2008, Tesco changed supermarket checkout signs reading ""Ten items or less"" after complaints that it was bad grammar; it switched to ""Up to ten items"" rather than ""Ten items or fewer"" at the suggestion of the Plain English Campaign. There is often confusion about the two different concepts of ""collective noun"" and ""mass noun"". Generally, collective nouns are not mass nouns, but rather are a special subset of count nouns. However, the term ""collective noun"" is often used to mean ""mass noun"" (even in some dictionaries), because users conflate two different kinds of"