"by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a"
"I I (named ""i"" , plural ""ies"") is the ninth letter and the third vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative () in Egyptian, but was reassigned to (as in English ""yes"") by Semites, because their word for ""arm"" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent , the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words. The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician ""yodh"" as their letter ""iota"""
"equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'. I I (named ""i"" , plural ""ies"") is the ninth letter and the third vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative () in Egyptian, but was reassigned to (as in English ""yes"") by Semites,"
"International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators and translators. The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral language: phones, phonemes, intonation and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech, such as"
"serves either to indicate the location of a word's primary stress or to mark rising tone. Ɨ I-bar (majuscule: Ɨ, minuscule: ɨ), also called barred i, is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from I or i with the addition of a bar. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ɨ is used to represent a close central unrounded vowel. In American linguistic tradition, it is used to represent the weak vowel heard in the second syllable of ""roses"" when distinct from ""Rosa's. For related uses of the small capital barred i, see near-close central unrounded vowel. The ISO 6438 (African"
"Í Í, í (i-acute) is a letter in the Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Czech, Slovak, and Tatar languages, where it often indicates a long /i/ vowel. This form also appears in Catalan, Irish, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Galician, Leonese, Navajo, and Vietnamese language as a variant of the letter “i”. In Latin, the long i is used instead of for a long i-vowel. Í is the 11th letter of the Faroese alphabet and represents . Í is the 16th letter of the Hungarian alphabet, the 12th letter of the Icelandic alphabet, the 16th letter of the Czech alphabet and the 18th"
"I (Cyrillic) I (И и; italics: ""И"" ""и"") is a letter used in almost all Cyrillic alphabets. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in ""machine"", or the near-close near-front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in ""bin"". The Cyrillic letter І was derived from the Greek letter Eta (Η η). This is why the earliest (up to the 13th century) shape of Cyrillic was . The name of the Cyrillic letter І in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (""iže""), meaning ""which"". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter І had a"
"International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is codice_1. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of an en (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). It is similar to , the letter for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem, and to , the letter for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem. Saraiki uses the letter ⟨ݨ⟩ for . It"
"represent the sound [ɪ]. In Belarusian I is the tenth letter of the alphabet. It represents [i]. The two Carpathian Rusyn standard varieties use і, и and ы for three different sounds: , and , respectively. In Komi, і occurs only after the consonants д, з, л, н, с, and т and does not palatalize them while и does. In Kazakh and Khakas, і represents , as in ""bit"". In Kazakh, the letter occurs on most native Turkic words. Most of the loanwords use и. Just like the Latin letters I/i (and J/j), the dot above the letter appears only"
"Phonetic Alphabet uses to represent the voiceless labiodental fricative. An italic letter is conventionally used to denote an arbitrary function. See also f with hook (ƒ). F F (named ""ef"" ) is the sixth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The origin of 'F' is the Semitic letter ""vâv"" (or ""waw"") that represented a sound like or . Graphically it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club. It may have been based on a comparable Egyptian hieroglyph such as (transliterated as ḥ(dj)): T3 The Phoenician form of the letter was adopted into"
"or vice versa; examples from English include ""igh"" in ""thigh"" and ""x"" in ""x-ray"". In addition, extensions of the Latin alphabet have such independent vowel letters as ""Ä"", ""Ö"", ""Ü"", ""Å"", ""Æ"", and ""Ø"". The phonetic values vary considerably by language, and some languages use ""I"" and ""Y"" for the consonant , e.g., initial ""I"" in Italian or Romanian and initial ""Y"" in English. In the original Latin alphabet, there was no written distinction between ""V"" and ""U"", and the letter represented the approximant and the vowels and . In Modern Welsh, the letter a""W"" represents these same sounds. Similarly,"
"I (kana) い in hiragana or イ in katakana (romanised as ""i"") is one of the Japanese kana each of which represents one mora. い is based on the sōsho style of the kanji character 以, and イ is from the radical (left part) of the kanji character 伊. In the modern Japanese system of alphabetical order, it occupies the second position of the alphabet, between あ and う. Additionally, it is the first letter in Iroha, before ろ. Both represent the sound . In the Ainu language, katakana イ is written as ""y"" in their Latin-based alphabet, and a"
"Ɨ I-bar (majuscule: Ɨ, minuscule: ɨ), also called barred i, is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from I or i with the addition of a bar. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ɨ is used to represent a close central unrounded vowel. In American linguistic tradition, it is used to represent the weak vowel heard in the second syllable of ""roses"" when distinct from ""Rosa's. For related uses of the small capital barred i, see near-close central unrounded vowel. The ISO 6438 (African coded character set for bibliographic information interchange) gives lowercase of Ɨ as ɪ, a small capital"
"IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. In the IPA, a pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the"
"letter of the Slovak alphabet. It represents . Í is the 14th letter of the Tatar alphabet (based on Zamanälif). It represents . In Vietnamese alphabet í is the ""sac"" tone (high-rising tone) of “i”. In Chinese pinyin í is the ""yángpíng"" tone (阳平, high-rising tone) of “i”. In Portuguese and Spanish, the ""í"" is not considered a letter, but the letter ""i"" with an accent. It is used to denote an ""i"" syllable with abnormal stress. Í/í is a variant of I carrying an acute accent; it represents an /i/ carrying the tonic accent. It is used only if"
"Dotted I (Cyrillic) The dotted i (І і; italics: ""І і ""), also called decimal i (и десятеричное), is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel like the pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ in English ""machine"". It is used in the orthographies of Belarusian, Kazakh, Khakas, Komi, Carpathian Rusyn and Ukrainian and quite often, but not always, is the equivalent of the Cyrillic letter i (И и) as used in Russian and other languages. In Ukrainian І is the twelfth letter of the alphabet and represents the sound [i] in writing. Ukrainian uses и to"
"syllable center. IPA vowel chart with audio This article provides a chart with audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart, which maps the vowels according to the position of the tongue. The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. In the IPA, vowel sounds are defined as sound which occurs"
"ranked letter. Several Greek letters are used as phonetic symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Several of them denote fricative consonants; the rest stand for variants of vowel sounds. The glyph shapes used for these letters in specialized phonetic fonts is sometimes slightly different from the conventional shapes in Greek typography proper, with glyphs typically being more upright and using serifs, to make them conform more with the typographical character of other, Latin-based letters in the phonetic alphabet. Nevertheless, in the Unicode encoding standard, the following three phonetic symbols are considered the same characters as the corresponding Greek letters"
"noteworthy example is the word ""colonel"", which is not pronounced but . Phonetic representation Phonetic representation, or more commonly phonetic transcription is the representation of speech sounds using symbols in phonetic alphabet such as IPA, X-SAMPA, Kirshenbaum for linguistic studies (especially phonetics, phonology and speech processing) and for learning the pronunciation of languages. Among these systems, the International Phonetic Alphabet has been the most widely used so far, whose symbols are printed in most dictionaries and books on linguistics. In all languages, the letters in the orthography do not always have a one-to-one correspondence with the speech sounds in the"
"Ï Ï, lowercase ï, is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet; it can be read as the letter I with diaeresis or I-umlaut. In Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, French, Galician, Welsh, Southern Sami, and occasionally English, is used when follows another vowel and indicates hiatus (diaeresis) in the pronunciation of such a word. It indicates that the two vowels are pronounced in separate syllables, rather than together as a diphthong or digraph. For example, French ""maïs"" (, ""maize""); without the diaeresis, the is part of the digraph : ""mais"" (, ""but""). The letter is also in"
"Latin iota Latin iota (majuscule: Ɩ, minuscule: ɩ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, based on the lowercase of the Greek letter iota (ι). It was formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent (the vowel in English ""bit""). It was replaced by a small capital I (ɪ) in 1989, but it can still be found in use in some later works. Ɩ has been adopted as a letter in the alphabets of some African languages, such as Kabiyé or Mossi. Its capital form has a hook to distinguish it from capital I. The dotted or accented italic"
"form ""ɩ"" is very often indistinguishable from the italic letter small I ""i"" in serif fonts. Other variations are used for phonetic transcription: ᵼ ᶥ. Latin iota Latin iota (majuscule: Ɩ, minuscule: ɩ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, based on the lowercase of the Greek letter iota (ι). It was formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent (the vowel in English ""bit""). It was replaced by a small capital I (ɪ) in 1989, but it can still be found in use in some later works. Ɩ has been adopted as a letter in the alphabets of"
"fonts, the lowercase letter looks like the italic form of the lowercase Latin U . Both capital and small hand-written forms of the Cyrillic letter I look like hand-written forms of the Latin letter U. Since the 1930s, has been the tenth letter of the Russian alphabet, and in Russian, it represents , like the ""i"" in machine except after some consonants (see below). In Russian, it typically denotes a preceding soft consonant and, therefore, is considered the soft counterpart to (which represents ) but, unlike other ""soft"" vowels (, , and ), in isolation is not preceded by the"
"letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in ""yoke"", the vowel in ""myth"", the vowel in ""funny"", and the diphthong in ""my"". W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in ""growth"", ""raw"", and ""how"", and in a few loanwords from Welsh, like ""crwth"" or ""cwm"". In some other languages, such as Finnish,"
"where it is employed, this letter represents the sound (with or without aspiration) or some similar sound. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the voiceless velar plosive. K K (named ""kay"" ) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive. The letter K comes from the Greek letter Κ (kappa), which was taken from the Semitic kaph, the symbol for an open hand. This, in turn, was likely adapted by Semitic tribes who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for ""hand"""
"Phonetic representation Phonetic representation, or more commonly phonetic transcription is the representation of speech sounds using symbols in phonetic alphabet such as IPA, X-SAMPA, Kirshenbaum for linguistic studies (especially phonetics, phonology and speech processing) and for learning the pronunciation of languages. Among these systems, the International Phonetic Alphabet has been the most widely used so far, whose symbols are printed in most dictionaries and books on linguistics. In all languages, the letters in the orthography do not always have a one-to-one correspondence with the speech sounds in the pronunciation of words. This fact is not of great importance to native"
"vowels. A proposal to retire the letter was made at the Kiel Convention, at the same time the extensions to the IPA were presented, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by , but the proposal was defeated in committee. Features of the labiodental nasal: Phonemic is extremely rare. As an allophone of before or , however, it is nearly universal. Labiodental nasal The labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter ""m"" with a leftward hook protruding from"
"in on-line text has to some extent been adopted in the context input methods, allowing convenient keying of IPA characters that would be otherwise unavailable on standard keyboard layouts. Online IPA keyboard utilities are available, and they cover the complete range of IPA symbols and diacritics. International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and"
"is the fifth most common letter in the English language. The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is ""I"", pronounced and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing: In many languages' orthographies, is used to represent the sound or, more rarely, . The Roman numeral Ⅰ represents the number 1. In mathematics, the lowercase """" represents the unit imaginary number. In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase letter I, 'I' may be difficult to distinguish from the"
"Yi (Cyrillic) Yi (Ї ї; italics: ""Ї ї"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It represents the iotated vowel sound , like the pronunciation of in ""yeast"". It is used in the Ukrainian alphabet, the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet, and the Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia. In various romanization systems, ї is represented by Roman ""ji, yi"", ""i"", or even ""ï"", but the most common is ""yi"". It was formerly also used in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet in the late 1700s and early 1800s, where it represented the sound ; in this capacity, it was introduced by Dositej Obradović but"
"Phonetic Alphabet, corresponds to the close front rounded vowel, and the related character corresponds to the near-close near-front rounded vowel. In mathematics, y is commonly used as the name for a dependent variable or unknown. In Japan, ⓨ is a symbol used for resale price maintenance. On German typewriter- and computer keyboards (in comparison to those used in UK/US), the positions of the letters Y and Z are swapped. (In German, Y is used mainly in loanwords and names.) Y Y (named ""wye"" , plural ""wyes"") is the 25th and penultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO"
"Alphabet, represents the close-mid back rounded vowel. O O (named ""o"" , plural ""oes"") is the 15th letter and the fourth vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ""ʿeyn"", meaning ""eye"", and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, cf. Proto-Sinaitic script). Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably , the sound represented by the cognate Arabic letter ع ""ʿayn"". The"
"IPA vowel chart with audio This article provides a chart with audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart, which maps the vowels according to the position of the tongue. The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. In the IPA, vowel sounds are defined as sound which occurs at a"