"other Communist countries' currencies, it was not freely convertible for Western funds. Consequently, black market rates were five to ten times higher than the official rate. During the period, until 1989 the lev was backed by gold, and the banknotes have the text stating: ""The bank note is backed by gold and all assets of the bank"" (). After the fall of communism, Bulgaria experienced several episodes of drastic inflation and currency devaluation. In order to change this, in 1997, the lev was pegged to the Deutsche Mark, with 1000 lev equal to 1 DM (one lev equal to 0.1"
"Dimitrov, who had a postmortem cult of personality built up around him by that time period. The reverse side of 1 lev, 3 and 5 leva notes depict hands holding up the hammer and sickle, while higher denominations each depict workers at various trades. In 1962, another redenomination took place at the rate of 10 to 1, setting the exchange rate at 1.17 leva = 1 U. S. dollar, with the tourist rate falling to 2 leva on February 1, 1964. The ISO 4217 code was BGL. After this, the lev remained fairly stable for almost three decades. However, like"
"(574 euro) (December, 2017). The national currency is the lev (plural leva), pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 leva for 1 euro. The lev is the strongest and most stable currency in Eastern Europe. The strongest sectors in the economy are energy, mining, metallurgy, machine building, agriculture and tourism. Primary industrial exports are clothing, iron and steel, machinery and refined fuels. The trading partners with largest contribution to the import/export are Germany, Italy, Romania, Turkey, Greece, Russia, France, Spain, Poland, Netherlands, China, Hungary and Belgium. Sofia is the capital and economic heart of Bulgaria and home to"
"as those of the Latin Monetary Union. Banknotes issued until 1928 were backed by gold (""leva zlato"" or ""zlatni"", ""лева злато"" or ""златни"") or silver (""leva srebro"" or ""srebarni"", ""лева сребро"" or ""сребърни""). In 1928, a new gold standard of 1 lev = 10.86956 mg gold was established. During World War II, in 1940, the lev was pegged to the German Reichsmark at a rate of 32.75 leva = 1 Reichsmark. With the Soviet occupation in September 1944, the lev was pegged to the Soviet ruble at 15 leva = 1 ruble. A series of pegs to the U.S. dollar"
"from 100:3 to 200:1. Prices for goods were replaced at a rate of 25:1. The new lev was pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 6.8 leva = 1 dollar, falling to 9.52 leva on July 29, 1957. In 1952, coins (dated 1951) were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 25 stotinki, with the lower three denominations in brass and the higher three in cupro-nickel. Shortly after, cupro-nickel 20 stotinki coins dated 1952 were also issued, followed by 50 stotinki in 1959 and 1 lev in 1960 which replaced the 1 lev note (both also"
"Economic Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the average salary in Bulgaria is only a quarter (1/4) of the average salary in the EU, and should be two times higher when the labour productivity is calculated in the formula. Bulgaria's unit of currency is the lev (pl., leva). In October 2006, the U.S. dollar was worth 1.57 leva. In 1999 the value of the lev was pegged to that of the German Deutschmark, which was replaced by the euro in 2001. Following the Bulgaria's admission to the EU, the lev is scheduled to be replaced by the euro. In"
"as its currency since 1 January 2014, replacing the Latvian lats. The name ""Latvija"" is derived from the name of the ancient Latgalians, one of four Indo-European Baltic tribes (along with Couronians, Selonians and Semigallians), which formed the ethnic core of modern Latvians together with the Finnic Livonians. Henry of Latvia coined the latinisations of the country's name, ""Lettigallia"" and ""Lethia"", both derived from the Latgalians. The terms inspired the variations on the country's name in Romance languages from ""Letonia"" and in several Germanic languages from ""Lettland"". Around 3000 BC, the proto-Baltic ancestors of the Latvian people settled on the"
"in cupro-nickel). All stotinki coins feature a head of wheat around denomination on the reverse and state emblem on the obverse, while the lev coin depicts an olive branch wreath around the denomination. In 1952, state notes (dated 1951) were issued in 1, 3 and 5 leva, together with notes of the National Bank for 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 leva. 500-lev notes were printed but not issued. 1 lev notes were withdrawn after the introduction of a coin in 1960. 1, 3, and 5 leva depict the state emblem, while all denominations 10 leva and up depict Georgi"
"has been nearly completely replaced in everyday use by the 1 lev coin. The 2 leva note was replaced in everyday use by a coin on December 7, 2015. The contemporary 2 leva banknote contains Paisiy Hilendarski, his monastery, the Coat of Arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire, images and seals of some kings, a double-headed eagle; the 5 leva banknote contains the painter Ivan Milev Lalev, a man with a crown of thorns, a face with shield(or a pregnant women with a belly) touching it, and the sideview of a creature with а sickle and hood resembling the death;"
"Russian ruble The Russian ruble or rouble ( ""rublʹ"", plural: ""rubli""; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognised republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognised republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ruble is subdivided into 100 ""kopeks"" (sometimes written as ""kopecks"" or ""copecks""; ""kopeyka"", plural: ""kopeyki""). The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble). However, today only Russia, Belarus and Transnistria use currencies with the same name. The ruble was the world's first decimal currency: it was decimalised"
"Ruble The ruble or rouble (; ) is or was a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia. Originally, the ruble was the currency unit of Imperial Russia and then the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble), and it is currently the currency unit of Russia (as the Russian ruble) and Belarus (as the Belarussian ruble). The Russian ruble is also used in the partially recognised states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were"
"by Georgian lari), Armenia (replaced by Armenian dram), Kazakhstan (replaced by Kazakhstani tenge), Kyrgyzstan (replaced by Kyrgyzstani som), Moldova (replaced by Moldovan cupon), Turkmenistan (replaced by Turkmenistan manat), Uzbekistan (replaced by Uzbekistani so'm), and until 1994 in Azerbaijan (replaced by Azerbaijani manat) and until 1995 in Tajikistan (replaced by Tajikistani ruble). Ruble The ruble or rouble (; ) is or was a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia. Originally, the ruble was the currency unit of Imperial Russia and then the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble), and it"
"1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 stotinki were introduced. A 1 lev coin in 2002 replaced the 1 lev banknote introduced in 1999. In November 2014 it was announced that coins of 2 leva to replace banknotes of the same value are to be introduced on December 7, 2015. In 2004, 2005 and 2007 commemorative circulation issues were struck of the 50 stotinkas coin. Also many commercial commemorative coins have been minted. In 1999, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 leva. 100 leva notes were added in 2003. The 1 lev note"
"Latvian lats The lats (plural: ""lati"" (2–9) ""latu"" (10 and more)), ISO 4217 currency code: LVL or 428) was the currency of Latvia from 1922 until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2014. A two-week transition period during which the lats was in circulation alongside the euro ended on 14 January 2014. It is abbreviated as ""Ls"" and was subdivided into 100 ""santīmi"" (singular: ""santīms""; from French ""centime""). The lats was first introduced on 3 August 1922, replacing the Latvian rublis at a rate of 1 lats = 50 rubļi. The lats was pegged against the gold"
"(dated 1922 and 1925) was introduced which gave the denominations solely in leva. Denominations introduced were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 leva. These were followed in 1929 by 200 and 250 leva. In 1930, coins up to 100 leva replaced notes, although 20-lev notes were issued between 1943 and 1950. Between 1943 and 1945, State Treasury Bills for 1000 and 5000 leva were issued. In 1952, following wartime inflation, a new lev replaced the original lev at a rate of 1 ""new"" lev = 100 ""old"" leva. However the rate for banking accounts was different, ranging"
"Heaven’s doorsill.” Moldovan leu The leu (sign: L; ISO 4217 code: MDL) is the currency of Moldova. Like the Romanian leu, the Moldovan leu (plural: lei) is subdivided into 100 bani (singular: ban). The name of the currency originates from a Romanian word which means ""lion"". Between 1918 and 1940 and again between 1941 and 1944, when Moldova was part of Romania, the Romanian leu was used in what was then the eastern part of the broader Romanian region of Moldavia (""Moldova"" in Romanian). The Moldovan leu was established on 29 November 1993, following the collapse of the Soviet Union"
"baht, Turkish lira, Ukrainian hryvnia, UK pound, Venezuelan bolivar, Albanian lek, Algerian dinar, Angolan kwanza, Azerbaijani manat, Bahrain dinar, Bangladesh taka, Belarusian rouble, Bolivian boliviano, Botswana pula, Bulgarian lev, Costa Rica colon, Croatian kuna, Dominican Republic peso, Ecuadorian sucre, Egyptian pound, El Salvador colon, Georgian lari, Ghanaian cedi, Guatemalan quetzal, Guyanese dollar, Haitian gourde, Honduran lempira, Icelandic krona, Iranian rial, Iraqi dinar, Ivory Coast CFA franc, Jamaican dollar, Jordanian dinar, Kazakhstani tenge, Kenyan shilling, Kuwaiti dinar, Laos kip, Lebanese pound, Libyan dinar, Macedonian denar, Malawian kwacha, Moroccan dirham, Myanmarian kyat, Nicaraguan cordoba, Nigerian naira, Oman rial, Pakistani rupee, Paraguayan guarani,"
"with his work ""Bay Ganyo untold tales of a contemporary Bulgarian"" hit by a spear in the chest through his pocket watch. The fourth lev was pegged to the German mark at par from the start. With the replacement of the Deutsche Mark by the euro, the lev's peg effectively switched to the euro at the rate of 1.95583 leva = 1 euro (precisely equivalent to the Deutsche Mark's fixed exchange rate to euro). This rate is unlikely to change before the lev's eventual retirement. (Bulgaria committed to adopting the euro as part of its joining the EU.) On 25"
"against the U.S. dollar. A 6.5 percentage point interest rate rise to 17 percent failed to prevent the currency hitting record lows in a ""perfect storm"" of low oil prices, looming recession and Western sanctions over the Ukraine crisis. Russian ruble The Russian ruble or rouble ( ""rublʹ"", plural: ""rubli""; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognised republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognised republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ruble is subdivided into 100 ""kopeks"" (sometimes written as ""kopecks"" or ""copecks""; ""kopeyka"", plural: ""kopeyki""). The ruble was"
"a member of the World Trade Organization (1999) and the European Union (2004). On 1 January 2014, the Euro became the country's currency, superseding the Lats. According to statistics in late 2013, 45% of the population supported the introduction of the euro, while 52% opposed it. Following the introduction of the Euro, Eurobarometer surveys in January 2014 showed support for the Euro to be around 53%, close to the European average. Since the year 2000, Latvia has had one of the highest (GDP) growth rates in Europe. However, the chiefly consumption-driven growth in Latvia resulted in the collapse of Latvian"
"Latvian rublis The Latvian rublis () was the currency of Latvia from 1919 to 1922 and again from 1992 to 1993. After the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918, a great variety of different currencies were in circulation: ostrubles, ostmarks, German Papiermark, the so-called ""Tsar rubles"", kopecks, the so-called ""Money of Duma"" and ""kerenkas"", as well as promissory notes issued by several town municipalities. On 4 February 1919, the Latvian Provisional Government authorized the Minister of Finance to issue the first currency notes of the Republic of Latvia: Treasury notes. They were denominated in ""rublis"" (plural: ""rubļi"" or"
"Moldovan leu The leu (sign: L; ISO 4217 code: MDL) is the currency of Moldova. Like the Romanian leu, the Moldovan leu (plural: lei) is subdivided into 100 bani (singular: ban). The name of the currency originates from a Romanian word which means ""lion"". Between 1918 and 1940 and again between 1941 and 1944, when Moldova was part of Romania, the Romanian leu was used in what was then the eastern part of the broader Romanian region of Moldavia (""Moldova"" in Romanian). The Moldovan leu was established on 29 November 1993, following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the"
"international currency will eventually result in its role being undermined"". Lavrov speaks Russian, English, French, and Sinhala. Lavrov is a keen sportsman despite being a smoker. He likes to watch football games on television, is an ardent fan of the Moscow club Spartak, and a keen amateur footballer in his own right. He has one daughter, Ekaterina, a graduate of Columbia University, who stayed in New York City until 2014, when she was asked to come back to live in Moscow. Sergey Lavrov Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (, ; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat and politician; he is"
"Until World War II, Latvia also had significant minorities of ethnic Germans and Jews. Latvia is historically predominantly Lutheran Protestant, except for the Latgale region in the southeast, which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic. The Russian population are largely Eastern Orthodox Christians. Latvia is a member of the European Union, NATO, the Council of Europe, the United Nations, CBSS, the IMF, NB8, NIB, OECD, OSCE, and WTO. For 2014, the country was listed 46th on the Human Development Index and as a high income country on 1 July 2014. A full member of the Eurozone, it uses the euro"
"Belarusian ruble The Belarusian ruble or rouble ( ""rubieĺ"", plural: рублі ""rubli"", genitive plural: рублёў ""rublioŭ""; sign: Br; code: BYN) is the official currency of Belarus. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kapeks ( ""kapiejka"", plural: капейкі ""kapiejki"", genitive plural: капеек ""kapiejek""). As a result of the breakup of the supply chain in the former Soviet enterprises, goods started to be bought and sold in the market, often requiring cash settlement. The Belarusian unit of the USSR State Bank had neither the capacity nor the licence to print Soviet banknotes, so the government decided to introduce its own national currency"
"Soviet ruble replaced the ruble of the Russian Empire. The Soviet ruble (code: SUR) was the currency of the Soviet Union since 1917 until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet ruble was issued by the State Bank of the USSR. The Soviet ruble continued to be used in the 15 Post-Soviet states. The Soviet ruble was used until 1992 in Russia (replaced by Russian ruble), Ukraine (replaced by Ukrainian karbovanets), Estonia (replaced by Estonian kroon), Latvia (replaced by Latvian rublis), Lithuania (replaced by Lithuanian talonas), and until 1993 in Belarus (replaced by Belarusian ruble), Georgia (replaced"
"skyrocketed, with the lev's value plummeting from 70:1 USD in early 1996 to 3,000:1 in early 1997, causing a sharp decline in purchasing power. According to the Bulgaria-based Institute for Market Economics, the hyperinflation was caused by the government's inept finance policy. Videnov himself blamed the Bulgarian National Bank's incompetent actions, and abuses committed during the previous coalition government headed by Lyuben Berov. Despite its initial refusal in order to save its reputation during the presidential elections campaign in 1996, the government was forced by the crisis to accept eventually the currency board proposed by the International Monetary Fund, a"
"1 Rublis, 2 and 5 Rubļi, 10, 20, 50, 200 and 500 Rubļu. This second Latvian rublis was withdrawn from circulation on 18 October 1993, but could be exchanged for lats until 1 July 1994, when it lost validity. and the historic national currency - the ""lats"" - was reintroduced in 1993, replacing the Rublis at the ratio of 1 lats = 200 Rubļu. The lats was replaced on 1 January 2014 by the Euro, at the rate of 0.702804 Lats to 1 Euro. Latvian rublis The Latvian rublis () was the currency of Latvia from 1919 to 1922 and"
"Lebanese pound The Lebanese pound ( ""lira libnaniyya""; French: ""livre libanaise""; sign: , ISO 4217: LBP) is the currency of Lebanon. It used to be divided into 100 ""piastres"" (or qirsh) but inflation has eliminated the subdivisions. The plural form of lira, as used on the currency, is either ""lirat"" (ليرات) or the same, whilst there were four forms for qirsh: the dual ""qirshan"" (قرشان), the plural ""qirush"" (قروش) used with numbers 3–10, the accusative singular ""qirsha"" (قرشا) used with 11–99, or the genitive singular ""qirshi"" (قرش) used with multiples of 100. In both cases, the number determines which plural"
"Transnistrian ruble The ruble is the currency of Transnistria and is divided into 100 ""kopecks"". Since Transnistria is a state with limited international recognition and considered as part of Moldova, its currency has no ISO 4217 code. However, unofficially some Transnistrian organisations such as Agroprombank and Gazprombank used the code PRB, a code that would otherwise be reserved for Puerto Rico (ISO 3166-1 country code ""PR""). The Trans-Dniester Republican Bank sometimes uses the code RUP. Soviet banknotes were used in the Trans-Dniester Moldavian Republic after its formation in 1990. When the former Soviet republics began issuing their own currencies, Transnistria"
"and yet maintained its happiness!"". Tcherkelov cites the panic in the Bulgarian banking sector in the 1990s, which forced the government to devaluate the national currency, the Lev, by removing three zeroes, as the initial impetus that drove his consideration, from an aesthetic perspective, of the symbolic power of money. He also points to his arrival in New York as an immigrant, and his reliance on coins to make calls from payphones, as having ""left [him] with the feeling of communication,"" and that money is a component of expression. In 2011, Houben was selected to represent Bulgaria in the 54th"
"Lira Lira (plural lire) is the name of several currency units. It is the current currency of Turkey and also the local name of the currencies of Lebanon and Syria. It is the former currency of Italy, Malta, San Marino and the Vatican City, all of which were replaced in 2002 with the euro, and of Israel, which replaced it with the old shekel in 1980. The term originates from the value of a troy pound (Latin ""libra"") of high purity silver. The libra was the basis of the monetary system of the Roman Empire. When Europe resumed a monetary"
"Shekel sign The shekel sign (₪) is a currency sign used for the Israeli new shekel, which is the currency of the State of Israel. The Israeli new shekel is denoted in (""šéqel ħadáš"", , lit. ""New Shekel"") or by the acronym (). The symbol was announced officially on 22 September 1985, when the first new shekel banknotes and coins were introduced. It is constructed by combining the two Hebrew letters that constitute the acronym (the first letter of each of the two words): ""ש"" and ""ח"". Sometimes the ""₪"" symbol (Unicode 20AA) is used following the number, other times"