"that the leprosy acts of 1877 and 1885 were passed, leading to a steady decline of the disease in Norway from 1,800 known cases in 1875 to just 575 cases in 1901. His distinguished work was recognized at the International Leprosy Congress held at Bergen in 1909. Hansen had suffered from syphilis since the 1860s but died of heart disease. He was an atheist. Gerhard Armauer Hansen Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (29 July 1841 – 12 February 1912) was a Norwegian physician, remembered for his identification of the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" in 1873 as the causative agent of leprosy. Hansen"
"lives of many of the patients who suffer from Hansen's Disease. Damien House Damien House is a non-profit organization that provides support for over 100 Hansen’s Disease patients, especially those at a hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Hansen's disease is a bacterial disease also known as leprosy, and is very similar to tuberculosis. The hospital in Guayaquil treats a roster of around 700 outpatients. Quality medical care is provided seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. With the help of donations to the US-based Damien House organization, the staff is also able to provide patients with dental care, physical therapy,"
"Leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" or ""Mycobacterium lepromatosis"". Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present. Leprosy is spread between people and possibly from armadillos. This is thought to"
"completely eradicated, with no new outbreaks. The WHO stopped providing vaccinations and by 1986, vaccination was no longer necessary to anyone in the world except in the event of future outbreak. Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s Disease, is caused by a bacillus, ""Mycobacterium leprae"". It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Symptoms often include irritation or erosion of the skin, and effects on the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. The most common sign of leprosy are pale reddish spots on the skin that lack sensation. Leprosy probably originated"
"Damien House Damien House is a non-profit organization that provides support for over 100 Hansen’s Disease patients, especially those at a hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Hansen's disease is a bacterial disease also known as leprosy, and is very similar to tuberculosis. The hospital in Guayaquil treats a roster of around 700 outpatients. Quality medical care is provided seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. With the help of donations to the US-based Damien House organization, the staff is also able to provide patients with dental care, physical therapy, sanitary services, medication, and three well-balanced hot meals every day. Additionally,"
"""M. leprae"" multiplied in macrophages at the site of inoculation and lymph nodes. Leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" or ""Mycobacterium lepromatosis"". Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present."
"16 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. About 200 cases are reported per year in the United States. Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the Greek word (""léprā""), from (""lepís""; ""scale""), while the term ""Hansen's disease"" is named after the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen. Separating people by placing them in leper colonies still occurs in places such as India, China, and Africa. However, most colonies have closed, since leprosy is not very contagious. Social stigma has been associated with leprosy for much of history, which continues to be a"
"Gerhard Armauer Hansen Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (29 July 1841 – 12 February 1912) was a Norwegian physician, remembered for his identification of the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" in 1873 as the causative agent of leprosy. Hansen was born in Bergen, Norway and attended the Bergen Cathedral School. He worked at Rikshospitalet in Christiania (now Oslo) and as a doctor in Lofoten. In 1868 Hansen returned to Bergen to study leprosy while working at Lungegård Hospital (""Lungegårdshospitalet"") with Daniel Cornelius Danielssen, a noted expert. Leprosy was regarded as largely hereditary or otherwise miasmic in origin. Hansen concluded on the basis of"
"Louisiana; via a payment to a Hawaii in-patient program; or at any of 11 regional outpatient clinics under contract to the agency. The programs also support scientific research and training for health professionals at the world’s largest and most comprehensive laboratory dedicated to Hansen’s Disease. The programs are the only dedicated source of expertise, treatment and continuing education on the disease in the United States. Though Hansen's disease is very rare in the United States (there are currently only 6500 cases) there is still a widely held stigma because of the history of the disease. With current treatment methods patients"
"Mozambique, Tanzania and Nepal as having 90% of Hansen's disease cases. According to recent figures from the WHO, new cases detected worldwide have decreased by approximately 107,000 cases (or 21%) from 2003 to 2004. This decreasing trend has been consistent for the past three years. In addition, the global registered prevalence of HD was 286,063 cases; 407,791 new cases were detected during 2004. In the United States, Hansen's disease is tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with a total of 92 cases being reported in 2002. Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, pockets"
"Eugene Kellersberger of the American Leprosy Mission, who had had the vision for establishing such a multifaceted center and had been the main promoter of the project. ALERT (medical facility) ALERT is a medical facility on the edge of Addis Ababa, specializing in Hansen’s disease, also known as “leprosy”. It was originally the All Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center (hence the acronym), but the official name is now expanded to include tuberculosis: All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Centre. ALERT’s activities focus on its hospital, rehabilitation of leprosy patients, training programs for leprosy personnel from around the world,"
"be treated and limit the physical damage, as well as control contagion. In the twenty-first century, effective, free treatment of dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine was available through WHO. However, in many parts of the world, lay people still believe the disease to be incurable. The multi-drug therapy provided free to countries where the disease is endemic provides a reliable cure for leprosy. The misconception also stems from the discontinuity between science and government policy. Although the medical community has agreed for decades that Hansen’s disease is only mildly contagious, it still remains on the list of “communicable diseases of public"
"populations of 1,000 to 2,700 people living on the peninsula, in the valleys, and in the villages"" but by 1853, there were only about 140 people remaining after epidemics of Eurasian diseases. In 1865 the Kingdom legislature passed a law to try to prevent transmission of leprosy, now known as Hansen's disease after the scientist who discovered the bacterium. The disease had been introduced to the islands about 1830 by foreign workers. At the time it was incurable. Sugar planters had brought pressure on the government as they were worried about the labor supply. The government arranged for Native Hawaiian"
"– expressed during latency in B cells K11 – vIRF2 K12 – kaposin K13 – vFLIP Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is HHV-8. Like other herpesviruses, its informal name (KSHV) is used interchangeably with its more formal ICTV name. This virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma, HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. In"
"Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is HHV-8. Like other herpesviruses, its informal name (KSHV) is used interchangeably with its more formal ICTV name. This virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma, HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. In 1872, Moritz Kaposi described a blood vessel tumor (originally called ""idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the"
"ancient Indian text, the ""Atharava Veda"", as early as 2000 BC. Another Indian text, the ""Manusmriti"" (1500 BC), prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. Biblically speaking, the Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע,—tsaw-rah'—to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός—lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc.…) as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of"
"Hansen (surname) Hansen or Hanssen () is a Scandinavian patronymic surname, meaning ""son of Hans"". As of 2008, it is the third most common surname in Denmark, shared by 4.3% of the population. As of 2000, ""Hansen"" is the single most common surname in Norway, not counting spelling variations such as ""Hanssen"", which are also quite common. In the Faroe Islands ""Hansen"" is the second most common surname, while in the North German federal states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg ""Hansen"" is the third and fifth most common surname, respectively. In Sweden the parallel form is ""Hansson"". The frequent occurrences of"
"Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) or hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) is a condition used to describe any of the types of this disease which inhibit sensation. They are less common than Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Five different clinical entities have been described under hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies – all characterized by progressive loss of function that predominantly affects the peripheral sensory nerves. Their incidence has been estimated to be about 1 in 25,000. Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 is a condition characterized by nerve abnormalities in the legs and feet (peripheral neuropathy). Many people with"
"Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) is a viral disease of penaeid shrimp that causes mass mortality (up to 90%) among the Western blue shrimp (""Penaeus stylirostris"") and severe deformations in the Pacific white shrimp (""P. vannamei""). It occurs in Pacific farmed and wild shrimp, but not in wild shrimp on the Atlantic coast of the Americas. The shrimp-farming industry has developed several broodstocks of both ""P. stylirostris"" and ""P. vannamei"" that are resistant against IHHN infection. The disease is caused by a single-stranded DNA virus simply called ""IHHN virus"", the smallest of the known"
"The family name of all the herpesviridae derives from the Greek word ""herpein"" (""to creep""), referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses. ""Zoster"" comes from Greek ""zōstēr"", meaning ""belt"" or ""girdle"", after the characteristic belt-like dermatomal rash. The common name for the disease, ""shingles"", derives from the Latin ""cingulus"", a variant of Latin ""cingulum"" meaning ""girdle"". In Arabic its name means ""belt of fire"", while in Spanish it means ""small snake""; in Hindi it means ""big rash"" and in Norwegian its name is ""helvetesild"", literally ""hell's fire"". Until the mid 1990s, infectious complications of the"
"Epstein–Barr virus The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (""mono"" or ""glandular fever""). It is also associated with various non-malignant, premalignant, and malignant Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases such as Burkitt lymphoma, hemophagocytic lympohistiocytosis, and Hodgkin's lymphoma; non-lymphoid malignancies such as gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus such as hairy leukoplakia and central nervous system lymphomas. The virus is also"
"all the cases in Asia and Europe had involved hantaviruses that caused kidney failure, never respiratory failure. The testing revealed a previously unknown hantavirus which was eventually named Sin Nombre virus, Spanish for ""No Name"" virus. The disease became formally known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) or simply hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Several theories were advanced to explain the emergence of the new virus. These included increased contact between humans and mice due to a ""bumper crop"" in the deer mouse population. Another theory was that something within the virus had changed, allowing it to jump to humans. A third"
"Heck's disease Heck's disease (also known as focal or multifocal epithelial hyperplasia) is an asymptomatic, benign neoplastic condition characterized by multiple white to pinkish papules that occur diffusely in the oral cavity. Can present with slightly pale, smooth or roughened surface morphology. It is caused by the human papilloma virus types 13 and 32. It exhibits surface cells with vacuolated cytoplasm around irregular, pyknotic nuclei and occasional cells with mitosis-like changes within otherwise mature and well-differentiated epithelium. A distinguishing histologic feature is elongated rete ridges with mitosoid bodies present. It was first identified in the Aboriginal population of North America."
"the death rate fell and discharges increased. There had only been three discharges of Hansen's disease patients from Fantome Island from 1940 the end of 1948; compared to 22 discharges from 1949 to the end of 1952. In March 1950 Abraham Fryberg, Cilento's successor as Director-General of Health and Medical Services, recommended that Peel Island patients be moved to the mainland, and Queensland's Premier, Ned Hanlon, noted that the disease of leprosy would now be known as Hansen's disease. About the same time that Hansen's disease patients were finally receiving effective treatment, there was increased public pressure to end the"
"Leprosy stigma Leprosy stigma is a type of social stigma, a strong negative feeling towards a person with leprosy relating to their moral status in society. It is also referred to as leprosy-related stigma, leprostigma, and stigma of leprosy. Since ancient times leprosy instilled the practice of fear and avoidance in many societies because of the associated physical disfigurement and lack of understanding behind its cause. Because of the historical trauma the word ""leprosy"" invokes, the disease is now referred to as Hansen's disease, named after Gerhard Armauer Hansen who discovered ""Mycobacterium leprae"", the bacterial agent that causes Hansen's disease."
"Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen’s bacillus spirilly, mostly found in warm tropical countries, is a bacterium that causes leprosy (Hansen's disease). It is an intracellular, pleomorphic, acid-fast, pathogenic bacterium. ""M. leprae"" is an aerobic bacillus (rod-shaped) surrounded by the characteristic waxy coating unique to mycobacteria. In size and shape, it closely resembles ""Mycobacterium tuberculosis"". Due to its thick waxy coating, ""M. leprae"" stains with a carbol fuchsin rather than with the traditional Gram stain. The culture takes several weeks to mature. Optical microscopy shows ""M. leprae"" in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by"
"tuberculosis. During the 20th century, tuberculosis killed approximately 100 million people. TB is still one of the most important health problems in the developing world. Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by a bacillus, ""Mycobacterium leprae"". It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Since 1985, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. Historically, leprosy has affected people since at least 600 BC. Leprosy outbreaks began to occur in Western Europe around 1000 AD. Numerous ""leprosaria"", or leper hospitals, sprang up in the Middle Ages; Matthew Paris estimated that in"
"the island of Hawaii. While Father Damien was serving in several parishes on Oʻahu, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was struggling with a labor shortage and a public health crisis, as identified by planters. Many of the parishioners Native Hawaiians had high mortality rates to such Eurasian infectious diseases as smallpox, cholera, influenza, syphilis, and whooping cough, brought to the Hawaiian Islands by foreign traders, sailors and immigrants. Thousands of Hawaiians died of such diseases, to which they had no acquired immunity. It is believed that Chinese workers carried leprosy (later known as Hansen's disease) to the islands in the 1830s"
"Huntington's disease-like syndrome The Huntington's disease-like syndromes (often abbreviated as HD-like or ""HDL"" syndromes) are a family of inherited neurodegenerative diseases that closely resemble Huntington's disease (HD) in that they typically produce a combination of chorea, cognitive decline or dementia and behavioural or psychiatric problems. HDL1 is an unusual, autosomal dominant familial prion disease. Only described in one family, it is caused by an eight-octapeptide repeat insertion in the ""PRNP"" gene. More broadly, inherited prion diseases in general can mimic HD. HDL2 is the commonest HD-like syndrome and is caused by GTC/CAG triplet expansions in the ""JPH3"" gene encoding junctophilin-3."
"ALERT (medical facility) ALERT is a medical facility on the edge of Addis Ababa, specializing in Hansen’s disease, also known as “leprosy”. It was originally the All Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center (hence the acronym), but the official name is now expanded to include tuberculosis: All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Centre. ALERT’s activities focus on its hospital, rehabilitation of leprosy patients, training programs for leprosy personnel from around the world, and leprosy control (administration of the Ethiopian Ministry of Health’s regional leprosy control program). From the beginning, ALERT provided leprosy training for medical students from Addis Ababa"
"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Heřmanský–Pudlák syndrome (often written Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome or abbreviated HPS) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder which results in oculocutaneous albinism (decreased pigmentation), bleeding problems due to a platelet abnormality (platelet storage pool defect), and storage of an abnormal fat-protein compound (lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin). It is considered to affect around 1 in 500,000 people worldwide, with a significantly higher occurrence in Puerto Ricans, with a prevalence of 1 in 1800. Many of the clinical research studies on the disease have been conducted in Puerto Rico. There are eight classic forms of the disorder, based on the"
"transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, and occurs in one in 5,000 people. The disease carries the names of Sir William Osler, Henri Jules Louis Marie Rendu, and Frederick Parkes Weber, who described it in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Telangiectasia (small vascular malformations) may occur in the skin and mucosal linings of the nose and gastrointestinal tract. The most common problem is nosebleeds (epistaxis), which happen frequently from childhood and affect about 90–95% of people with HHT. Lesions on the skin and in the mouth bleed less often but may be considered cosmetically displeasing; they affect about"
"Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), also known as chromosome deletion Dillan 4p syndrome, Pitt–Rogers–Danks syndrome (PRDS) or Pitt syndrome, is a chromosomal deletion syndrome resulting from a partial deletion from the short arm of chromosome 4 (del(4p16.3)). Features include a distinct craniofacial phenotype and intellectual disability. The most common characteristics include a distinct craniofacial phenotype (microcephaly, micrognathia, short philtrum, prominent glabella, ocular hypertelorism, dysplastic ears and periauricular tags), growth restriction, intellectual disability, muscle hypotonia, seizures, and congenital heart defects. Less common characteristics include hypospadias, colobomata of the iris, renal anomalies, and deafness. Antibody deficiencies are also common, including common variable"