"Noble rot Noble rot (; ; ; ) is the beneficial form of a grey fungus, ""Botrytis cinerea"", affecting wine grapes. Infestation by ""Botrytis"" requires moist conditions. If the weather stays wet, the damaging form, ""grey rot,"" can destroy crops of grapes. Grapes typically become infected with ""Botrytis"" when they are ripe. If they are then exposed to drier conditions and become partially raisined this form of infection is known as noble rot. Grapes when picked at a certain point during infestation can produce particularly fine and concentrated sweet wine. Wines produced by this method are known as botrytized wines."
"Choanephora cucurbitarum The fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum is a plant pathogen that causes fruit and blossom rot of various cucurbits. It can also affect okra, snap bean, and southern pea, and may cause a stem and leaf rot of ""Withania somnifera"". Recently Das et al. 2017 added few more patho-index on ""aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), ""teasle gourd (Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde"", ""hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet)"", ""green pea (Pisum sativum)"" from India. ( Wet weather, high temperature and high humidity favor disease development from inoculum that is typically soil-borne. Signs of infection on fruits or"
"Ceratobasidium noxium Ceratobasidium noxium is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are thin, effused and web-like. The species is tropical to sub-tropical and is mainly known as a plant pathogen, the causative agent of ""kole-roga"" or black rot of coffee and various blights of citrus and other trees. The fungus responsible for kole-roga of coffee was sent from India to Mordecai Cubitt Cooke at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew who named it Pellicularia koleroga in 1876. Cooke, however, described only hyphae and some small warted spores, later presumed to be from a contaminating mould. As"
"in diameter. Its pore surface is bright reddish orange when fresh, and its flesh stains red with KOH. ""Pycnoporus cinnabarinus"" has a tougher fruit body and is a brighter red color. The edible ""beefsteak fungus"" ""Fistulina hepatica"" may readily be confused with ""H. nidulans"". It has soft, blood-red fruit bodies that ooze red juice. Also edible, the ""chicken of the woods"", ""Laetiporus sulphureus"", has bright yellow fruit bodies whose color fades in age. A saprobic species, ""Hapalopilus nidulans"" causes a white rot in its host. Fruit bodies of the fungus grow singly, in groups, or in fused and overlapping clusters"
"sprayed onto the fruit. Ceratocystis paradoxa ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" or Black Rot of Pineapple is a plant pathogen that is a fungus part of the phylum Ascomycota. It is characterized as the teleomorph or sexual reproduction stage of infection. This stage contains ascocarps, or sacs/fruiting bodies, which contain the sexually produced inoculating ascospores. These are the structures which are used primarily to survive long periods of time or overwinter to prepare for the next growing season of its host. Unfortunately, the sexual stage is not often seen in the natural field but instead the anamorph, or asexual stage is more commonly"
"of root rot and ""Rosellinia necatrix"" causing white root rot, while others affect root and bulb, such as ""Aspergillus niger"" (black mold), and species of ""Trichoderma"", including ""T. viride"" and ""T. harzianum"" (=""T. narcissi"") responsible for green mold. Other fungi affect the remainder of the plant. Another ""Botrytis"" fungus, ""Botrytis polyblastis"" (""Sclerotinia polyblastis"") causes brown spots on the flower buds and stems (narcissus fire), especially in damp weather and is a threat to the cut flower industry. ""Ramularia vallisumbrosae"" is a leaf spot fungus found in warmer climates, causing narcissus white mould disease. ""Peyronellaea curtisii"", the Narcissus leaf scorch, also"
"Phytophthora citrophthora Phytophthora citrophthora, also known as brown rot of citrus, is a soil borne oomycete that infects several economically important citrus crops. A diagnostic symptom of ""P. citrophthora"" is gummosis, wherein lesions around the base of the tree exude sap. Other common symptoms include dark longitudinal lesions forming at the soil line, a sour smell, and eventual cracking of the bark. Advanced symptoms include yellowing and necrosis of the tree canopy. Girdling action caused by the pathogen around the trunk can often cause the collapse of the tree. Resistant lemon varieties have been developed and their implementation has been"
"Phytophthora nicotianae Phytophthora nicotianae or Black Shank is an oomycete belonging to the order Peronosprales and family Peronosporaceae. ""Phytophthora nicotinae"" has a broad host range comprising 255 genera from 90 families. Hosts include tobacco, onion, tomato, ornamentals, cotton, pepper, and citrus plants. This pathogen can cause root rot, crown rot, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, poinsettia, tomato, pineapple, watermelon, and African violet. Fruit rots occur on tomato, papaya, and eggplant. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. In tobacco Black Shank affects the roots and basal stem area, but all parts"
"diameter) specimens of noble fir (""Abies procera""), Pacific silver fir (""Abies amabilis""), or western hemlock (""Tsuga heterophylla""). ""Bridgeoporus nobilissimus"" causes a brown rot in its tree hosts. Genetic analysis shows that the fungus is more prevalent than fruit body distribution indicates. ""Bridgeoporus nobilissimus"" was named for William Bridge Cooke, who originally described the species as ""Oxyporus nobilissimus"" in 1949. The fungus was discovered in Clackamas County, Oregon, in 1943 by brothers Ali and Fred Sandoz. Foresters called the species ""Fomes fuzzii-sandozii"", referring to the collectors and the fuzzy surface texture of the conk. Several collections were made in Oregon and"
"name is ""Thielaviopsis paradoxa"" and is the common cause of Black rot or stem-end rot of its hosts. One of the most well-known diseases caused by ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" is Black rot or stem-end rot of pineapple, but it can also infect tropical fruit plants such as banana and coconuts as well as sugarcane. The pathogen infects the fruits through wounds or other openings after harvest has already happened and the fruit is fresh. This is because the time to processing takes too long. Symptoms for this disease are very obvious black lesions on the fruit, the main infection part of"
"brown to dark brown, indistinctly striate with fine hyaline polar appendages, and measure 16-20 µm x 8-12 µm (Saroj et al. 2012). Choanephora cucurbitarum The fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum is a plant pathogen that causes fruit and blossom rot of various cucurbits. It can also affect okra, snap bean, and southern pea, and may cause a stem and leaf rot of ""Withania somnifera"". Recently Das et al. 2017 added few more patho-index on ""aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), ""teasle gourd (Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde"", ""hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet)"", ""green pea (Pisum sativum)"" from India. ("
"Another orange fungus, ""Ceriporia spissa"", is tightly appressed to the wood substrate, with a soft, gelatinous body texture. ""Pycnoporellus alboluteus"" causes a brown cubical rot on fallen logs of coniferous trees. The fruit bodies usually grow on the underside of the log, and may start developing while still immersed in snow. Although new fruit bodies usually begin growing in the spring, they may persist throughout the year. In Europe, it usually grows on ""Picea"" species, but also on ""Abies"". In North America, it also grows on ""Populus"". The fungus has a circumpolar distribution, and is found in the boreal conifer"
"x 3–6(–9) μm. The fungus can grow on a variety of citrus fruits and cause Sour Rot. It tends to cause rotting in fruits that are stored at . The conidia are colourless and have a slimy coating. ""G. candidum"" is also found occasionally in the human gut, feces, sputum and on skin. The fungus grows in soil, water, sewage, various plant substrates, baker’s dough, husks of fermentation, bread, milk and milk products The optimal temperature for growth is with a pH range of 5.0–5.5. The temperature range changes depending on the surface that the fungus grows on. For example,"
"causing diseases of plants, animals and humans with varying degrees of severity and economic impact. The irritating human skin disease known as athlete's foot or tinea pedis is caused by species of the microfungal genus ""Trichophyton"". Microfungi may cause diseases of crops and trees which range in severity from mild to disastrous, and in economic importance from beneficial to seriously costly. The mould ""Botrytis cinerea"" can cause spoilage of crops including grapes, but is also responsible for the ""noble rot"", which concentrates sugars in the grapes used to make the intensely sweet and concentrated Sauternes dessert wines from the Bordeaux"
"both the leaves and the fruit of the plant. It can result in premature nut ripening and plant defoliation. In some occasions, especially when rain persists in the springtime, complete defoliation and tree weakening can occur. Estimates have shown that approximately 80% of California's almond acres are infected with this fungus. A four-year research project by the Almond Board of California determined that production losses from shot hole could range from 50 to 75%. Captan in one to three applications has been used as the primary fungicide to combat this disease. It has been shown to reduce lesions per fruit"
"fruit. Stem lesions are dark, slightly sunken and concentric in shape. Basal girdling and death of seedlings may occur, a symptom known as collar rot. In fruit, ""A. solani"" invades at the point of attachment to the stem as well as through growth cracks and wounds made by insects, infecting large areas of the fruit Fruit spots are similar in appearance to those on leaves – brown with dark concentric circles. Mature lesions are typically covered by a black, velvety mass of fungal spores that may be visible under proper light conditions. In potato, primary damage by ""A. solani"" is"
"a diameter up to , although neighbouring fruitbodies may be fused together to form larger complexes up to in diameter. The soft texture of the flesh hardens when the fruitbody becomes old. The fungus is inedible. In mass, the spores are white. Microscopic examination reveals additional spore details: they are smooth, allantoid (sausage-shaped) to elliptical, and inamyloid, measuring 3.5–7 by 1–3 µm. ""Phlebia radiata"" is a saprophytic species, and causes a white rot in the wood it colonizes, fallen logs and branches of both coniferous and hardwood trees. Phlebia radiata Phlebia radiata, commonly known as the wrinkled crust, is a"
"Monilinia laxa Monilinia laxa is a plant pathogen that is the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits. ""Monilinia laxa"" is an ascomycete fungus that is responsible for the brown rot blossom blight disease that infects many different types of stone fruit trees, such as apricots, cherries and peaches. It can also occasionally affect some pome fruits; for example, apples and pears. The pathogen overwinters on infected plant parts, particularly on infected twigs, branches, old flower parts or mummified fruits. In spring, the pathogen produces asexual conidia on the aforementioned infected plant debris. In addition, apothecia, which are small,"
"bacteria and oozes on to the outer bark. Unfortunately, there are few control methods for fungal spores apart from copper sprays. Brown rot causes blossom blight, twig blight; twig canker and fruit rot. Brown rot is caused by a fungus that produces spores, and can be a major problem during particularly wet seasons. Prolonged wet weather during bloom may result in extensive blossom infection. The length of wet periods required for blossom infection depends upon the temperature. Humid wet conditions are when the fruit trees are most at risk from infection. Young green fruit can be infected just before autumn,"
"mixture was the primary technique for controlling the disease; in the 1940s growers shifted to synthetic chemical use. Without these fungicides is it estimated that apple yield loss due to bitter rot would be as high at 90%. This disease primarily affects the southeastern portion of the United States and is known to infect the cultivars Rome Beauty, Grimes Golden, Delicious, York Imperial, and Golden Delicious. Lesions on twigs are well defined, conical, shiny black swellings and on the fruit itself they are black, spherical, slightly sunken spots. Severely affected leaves may die within 2 to 3 weeks of infection."
"Penicillium digitatum Penicillium digitatum (/ˌpɛnɪˈsɪlɪəm/digitatum/) is a mesophilic fungus found in the soil of citrus-producing areas. It is a major source of post-harvest decay in fruits and is responsible for the widespread post-harvest disease in ""Citrus"" fruit known as green rot or green mould. In nature, this necrotrophic wound pathogen grows in filaments and reproduces asexually through the production of conidiophores. However, ""P. digitatum"" can also be cultivated in the laboratory setting. Alongside its pathogenic life cycle, ""P. digitatum"" is also involved in other human, animal and plant interactions and is currently being used in the production of immunologically based"
"than other boletes. Orbatid mites such as ""Carabodes femoralis"", ""Nothrus silvestris"" and ""Oribatula tibialis"" eat them, as do squirrels. Several microbial pathogens can damage the fruit bodies, and have had an effect on populations in China, including soft rot caused by ""Pseudomonas aeruginosa"", and black mould caused by ""Mucor"", ""Sepedonium"", ""Paecilomyces"", and ""Diasporangium"" species. Often considered a poor relation of the cep (""Boletus edulis""), the bay bolete is nevertheless highly regarded as a choice edible mushroom by some authors such as Carluccio. In central Mexico, it is collected from Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park and sold in neighbouring markets. It may"
"to penetrate the fruit. It is most common for the affected area to appear brown in colour, indicating a contamination by "" R. stolonifer"" or ""Erwina"". However, the infected area may also appear black (indicating the presence of ""Aspergillis niger"") or grey (""B. theobromae""). Other symptoms associated with the presence of these pathogens include softening of the pod tissue accompanied by a pungent odour, or watery fluid in the fruit. Pod rot can be reduced by avoiding damage to the fruit during harvest and transport. The edible seeds can be boiled and eaten whole, or fermented and added to ""ogili""."
"impact relates to the post-harvest disease it causes in citrus fruits known as green rot or mould. As a wound pathogen, the disease cycle begins when ""P. digitatum"" conidia germinate with release of water and nutrients from the site of injury on the fruit surface. After infection at 24 °C, rapid growth ensues with active infection taking place within 48 hours and initial symptom onset occurring within 3 days. As temperature at time of infection decreases, the delay of initial symptom onset increases. Initial symptoms include a moist depression on the surface which expands as white mycelium colonizes much of"
"are sealed with some type of synthetic closure. Noble One was given its name in 1990 as a result of the bilateral agreement between Australia and the European Economic Community in which Australia agreed to phase out the use of European names on wine labels. Previously the wine was known as 'Sauternes' but today it is simply called Noble One. The fungus botrytis cinerea is responsible for many of the great sweet whites of Europe including Sauternes. Botrytis develops on the grape bunches given the right moist and humid conditions. Botrytis spores leach moisture from the berries causing the fruit"
"Ceratocystis paradoxa ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" or Black Rot of Pineapple is a plant pathogen that is a fungus part of the phylum Ascomycota. It is characterized as the teleomorph or sexual reproduction stage of infection. This stage contains ascocarps, or sacs/fruiting bodies, which contain the sexually produced inoculating ascospores. These are the structures which are used primarily to survive long periods of time or overwinter to prepare for the next growing season of its host. Unfortunately, the sexual stage is not often seen in the natural field but instead the anamorph, or asexual stage is more commonly seen. This asexual stage"
"Monilinia fructicola Monilinia fructicola is a species of fungus in the order Helotiales. A plant pathogen, it is the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits. Stone fruits such as apricot and peaches originated in China and spread through old trade routes 3–4000 years ago. Nectarines are more recent (at least 2000 years). Cherries and European plums originated in Europe, although the Japanese plum originated in China. Trees exposed to cold in autumn and early spring can develop cankers under the bark of the trunk or branches. Cankers are usually associated with the production of amber-coloured gum that contains"
"and in such unusual places as coal mines. Less frequently, it is also found on non-coniferous hardwood. The fungus's fruiting season is spring to autumn and it is common in Europe and North America. There have also been multiple reports of its occurrence in the Western Cape, South Africa. ""Neolentinus lepideus"" has a saprotrophic mode of nutrition and is an important woodland decomposer and a cause of wet rot in building materials. The fungus has shown tolerance of wood treated with creosote and other preservatives, and has been used in experiments to evaluate the efficacy of treatment methods. While some"
"in Europe. Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mould ""Sepedonium ampullosporum"". Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue, and a yellow colour caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia (single-celled conidia produced by extrusion from the conidiophores). The bacterium ""Paenibacillus tylopili"" has been isolated from the mycorrhizosphere of ""T. felleus""; this is the region around its subterranean hyphae where nutrients released from the fungus affect the activity of the microbial population in the soil. The bacterium excretes enzymes that allow it to break down the biomolecule chitin. Fruit bodies of ""T. felleus"" have a high"
"to grow best, in culture, at 25 to 30 °C [77 to 86 °F].) Lenticels and wounds provide locations for wood infection The cankers of white rot appear similar to those of black rot, caused by ""Diplodia seriata"" (formerly ""B. obtusa""). Girdling of limbs by cankers can result in yellowing (""chlorosis"") of leaves on affected branches in the spring. While the precise time of fruit infection is unclear, symptoms of fruit rot appear approximately four to six weeks before harvest. The name ""white rot"" comes from the light brown color of the surface of affected red-skinned apples. ""Botryosphaeria dothidea"" is"
"of over US$3000 per acre in tomato crops in Florida in the United States. On several plants, such as tomatoes, the fungus causes a disease called target spot or target leaf spot. The disease is identified by leaf damage taking the form of target-shaped spots with light centres and dark margins, as well as pits on the fruit. The fungus also causes a disease on the cultivated rubber tree ""Hevea brasiliensis"" called corynespora leaf fall (CLF). It is one of the most economically significant fungal pathogens of rubber trees in Asia and Africa, causing ""fishbone""- or ""railway track""-shaped lesions on"
"Didymella bryoniae Didymella bryoniae, syn. ""Mycosphaerella melonis,"" is an ascomycete fungal plant pathogen that causes Gummy stem blight on the family Cucurbitaceae . The anamorph/asexual stage for this fungus is called ""Phoma cucurbitacearum"" ""."" This pathogen commonly affects the foliage and stems of plants from the family ""Cucurbitaceae"" (the family of gords and melons), which includes cantaloupe, cucumber, muskmelon and watermelon plants . When this pathogen infects the fruit of cucurbits it is called black rot . The first symptoms appear as grayish green, circular spots between the veins of the leaf lobes . With age these spots darken to"
"Stromatinia cepivora Stromatinia cepivora is a fungus in the division Ascomycota. It is the teleomorph of Sclerotium cepivorum, the cause of white rot in onions, garlic, and leeks. The infective sclerotia remain viable in the soil for many years and are stimulated to germinate by the presence of a susceptible crop. ""Sclerotium cepivorum"" is the asexual reproductive form of ""Stromatinia cepivora"" and is a plant pathogen, causing white rot in ""Allium"" species, particularly onions, leeks, and garlic. On a worldwide basis, white rot is probably the most serious threat to ""Allium"" crop production of any disease. This is a soil"