"look down upon as reflecting the nouveau-riche tastes of their owners—and feature ostentatious items such as marble statues, fountains and exotic plants. Some have state-of-the-art sporting facilities such as an indoor swimming pool, multiple tennis courts and stables for race horses. A few privately owned estates even have small forests and lakes. Wealthy Russians have also bought up many of the tsarist-era dachas of the aristocracy, and Soviet-era dachas of artists and intellectuals. Types of houses or gardens similar to the ""dacha"": Dacha A dacha () is a seasonal or year-round second home, often located in the exurbs of Russian"
"every affluent family in the country having a dacha of their own or spending weekends and holidays at friends' dachas. Often ill-equipped and without indoor plumbing, dachas were nevertheless the ultimate solution for millions of Russian working-class families to having an inexpensive summer retreat. Having a piece of land also offered an opportunity for city dwellers to indulge themselves in growing their own fruits and vegetables. To this day, May Day holidays remain a feature of Russian life allowing urban residents a long weekend to plant seeds and tend fruit trees as the ground defrosts from the long Russian winter."
"Dacha A dacha () is a seasonal or year-round second home, often located in the exurbs of Russian and other post-Soviet cities. A cottage (, """") or shack serving as a family's main or only home, or an outbuilding, is not considered a dacha, although some dachas recently have been converted to year-round residences and vice versa. In some cases, owners occupy their dachas for part of the year and rent them to urban residents as summer retreats. People living in dachas are colloquially called ""dachniki"" (); the term usually refers not only to dacha dwellers but to a distinctive"
"are also often referred to (especially in official statistical publications) as хозяйства населения (), i.e., plots (or farms) of rural residents (where the term “rural residents” is used to distinguish them from peasant farmers). This Russian terminology was universally accepted in all former Soviet countries until the early 1990s, but a certain terminological divergence has since emerged in the newly independent states. For instance, in Uzbekistan the traditional household plots are now called dehkan farms and in Ukraine the Russian abbreviation ЛПХ has been replaced with OСГ (from Ukrainian: ""osobysti selyanski hospodarstva""). In Czarist Russia, the plot (""usad'ba"") was usually"
"short drive from his former apartments in the Winter Palace. The Beloselsky Belozersky mansion, bought by Sergei to live with his wife, was renamed Sergeivsky Palace. The couple also had Ferme, a villa located in the grounds of Peterhof that Sergei had inherited from his mother. They usually entertained at Ilinskoe during the summer months, with guests occupying various wooden villas dotted around the park. There was also Usovo, a substantial stone and brick house with an innovative central heating, that Sergei had had built on the opposite bank of the Moskva River. The couple were close to Alexander III"
"cottages""). Cottages may be detached houses, or terraced, such as those built to house workers in mining villages. The tied accommodation provided to farm workers was usually a cottage, see cottage garden. Peasant farmers were once known as cotters. The holiday cottage exists in many cultures under different names. In American English, ""cottage"" is one term for such holiday homes, although they may also be called a ""cabin"", ""chalet"", or even ""camp"". In certain countries (e.g. Scandinavia, Baltics, and Russia) the term ""cottage"" has local synonyms: In Finnish ""mökki"", in Estonian ""suvila"", in Swedish ""stuga"", in Norwegian ""hytte"" (from the"
"transformed into dacha settlements, used mostly for seasonal residence. The historically Cossack regions of Southern Russia and parts of Ukraine, with their fertile soil and absence of serfdom, had a rather different pattern of settlement from central and northern Russia. While peasants of central Russia lived in a village around the lord's manor, a Cossack family often lived on its own farm, called ""khutor"". A number of such ""khutors"" plus a central village made up the administrative unit with a center in a ""stanitsa"" (; , ). Such ""stanitsas"" often with a few thousand residents, were usually larger than a"
"In Russia the term """" (""vyselki"", literally, ""those who moved away"") was also used. Khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions. During the Stolypin reforms in the Russian empire, Peter Stolypin envisaged rich peasants ""privatising"" their share of the community (""obshchina"" or ""tovarystvo"") lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an ""otrub"" (отруб) or ""vidrub"": a section of formerly ""obshchina"" land, whose owner has left the ""obshchina"" but still continued to live in the village and to ""commute"" to his land."
"little shops, a school and a local culture center (дом культуры / ""dom kultury"", literally meaning ""a house of culture""), in which different culture events and national holidays take place. A hamlet in Russia consists of several tens of wooden (sometimes brick) houses. In the past hamlets were the most common kind of settlement in Russia, but nowadays many hamlets in Russia are settled only during the summer as places for vacation because people go to towns and cities in order to find better jobs and get a better education than a rural school can offer. In the four national"
"Terem (Russia) The ""terem"" (Russian: Терем) refers to the separate living quarters occupied by elite women of Muscovite Russia. Also, the upper story of a home or castle, often with a pitched roof. More broadly, the term is used by historians to discuss the elite social practice of female seclusion that reached its height in seventeenth-century Muscovy. Royal or noble women were not only confined to separate quarters, but were also prevented from socialization with men outside their immediate family, and were shielded from the public eye in closed carriages or heavily concealing clothing. The word is not to be"
"Repartition Repartition (, ""peredel"") was a practice in the Russian Empire of the periodic redistribution of the peasant's arable land by the village community. The traditional household did not permanently hold a particular allotment in the open fields. What the household had was the ""right"", so long as it remained within the village community (`mir'), to a holding commensurate with its size. The mir's assembly, the ""skhod"", periodically redistributed the arable land to allow for changes in the size of households, and for new (or extinguished) households. Repartition was the concomitant of Tsarist tax policies; it ensured that every peasant"
"of landownership. Its votchinas were located in the most economically developed regions of the Novgorod Land. The Yuriev Monastery, Arkazhsky Monastery, Antoniev Monastery and some other privileged monasteries are known to have been big landowners. There were also the so-called ""zhityi lyudi"" (житьи люди), who owned less land than the boyars, and unprivileged small votchina owners called ""svoyezemtsy"" (своеземцы, or private landowners). The most common form of labor exploitation — the system of metayage — was typical for the afore-mentioned categories of landowners. Their household economies were mostly serviced by slaves (kholopy), whose number had been constantly decreasing. Along with"
"part of one of the world's best known museums, the palace attracts an annual 3.5 million visitors. Winter Palace The Winter Palace () in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs. Today, the restored palace forms part of a complex of buildings housing the Hermitage Museum. Situated between the Palace Embankment and the Palace Square, adjacent to the site of Peter the Great's original Winter Palace, the present and fourth Winter Palace was built and altered almost continuously between the late 1730s and 1837, when it was severely damaged by fire and"
"Millerhof Millerhof () is a folk name of a residence-style palace built on the Istra Reservoir near Berezhki village, Moscow Region, Russia. The palace is also known as the Residence on the Istra Reservoir (Russian: Резиденция на Истринском водохранилище). The palace was constructed in 2008-09, and resembles a somewhat diminished and simplified copy of the famous palaces of Peterhof. The site also hosts several formal gardens that seem to be however inaccessible for general public. Rumors about the ownership of the lavish palace began to circulate almost as soon as the construction was finished. In 2009, Russian newspapers alleged the"
"Tsarskoye Selo Tsarskoye Selo (, ""Tsar's Village"") was the town containing a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, located south from the center of Saint Petersburg. It is now part of the town of Pushkin. Tsarskoye Selo forms one of the World Heritage site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. During the Soviet times it was known as Detskoye Selo. In the 17th century, the estate belonged to a Swedish noble. Its original Finnish name is usually translated as ""a higher ground"". Max Vasmer, on the other hand, derives this toponym from the Finnish word"
"lifestyle. The Russian term is often said to have no exact counterpart in English. Dachas are common in Russia, and are also widespread in most parts of the former Soviet Union and in some countries of the former Eastern Bloc. Surveys in 1993–1994 suggest about 25% of Russian families living in large cities had dachas. Most dachas are in colonies of dachas and garden plots near large cities. These clusters have existed since the Soviet era, and consist of numerous small, typically , land plots. They were initially intended only as recreation getaways of city dwellers and for growing small"
"gatherings. The ""obshchina"" (, literally: ""commune"") or ""mir"" (, literally: ""society"" (one of the meanings)) or ""Selskoye obshestvo"" ( (""Rural community"", official term in the 19th and 20th century) were peasant communities, as opposed to individual farmsteads, or khutors, in Imperial Russia. The term derives from the word о́бщий, ""obshchiy"" (common). The vast majority of Russian peasants held their land in communal ownership within a mir community, which acted as a village government and a cooperative. Arable land was divided into sections based on soil quality and distance from the village. Each household had the right to claim one or"
"type, and was used for summer. Yaranga A Yaranga is a tent-like traditional mobile home of some nomadic Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, such as Chukchi and Siberian Yupik. A Yaranga is a cone-shaped or rounded reindeer-hide tent. It is built of a light wooden frame covered with reindeer skins or canvas sewn together. The word ""yaranga"" comes from the Chukchi word for house: ""jaraŋə"" (Cyrillic: яраӈы). In Russian use, the terms chum, yurt and yaranga may be used interchangeably. It is built of a light wooden frame covered with reindeer skins sewn together. A medium-size yaranga requires about 50"
"Dolgiye Borody (residence) Dolgiye Borody ( or ""Long Beards"") also known as other names ""Valdai"" and ""Uzhin"" is a residence of the President of the Russian Federation and is located in the Novgorod Oblast, 20 kilometers from the city of Valdai, near the village of Dolgi Boroda. The official name of the residence is the ""Uzhin Holiday House"", named after the lake, on its bank there is a special facility. The neighboring village of Long Beards (population in 2000 - 17 people), by the beginning of the XXI century merged with the village of Roshchino. In 1992, the pioneer camp"
"Great Russia Great Russia, sometimes Great Rus' (, , , , , ), is an obsolete name formerly applied to the territories of ""Russia proper"", the land that formed the core of Muscovy and later Russia. This was the land to which the ethnic Russians were native and where the ethnogenesis of (Great) Russians took place. The name is said to have come from the Greek , used by Byzantines for the northern part of the lands of Rus'. From 1654–1721, Russian Tsars adopted the word - their official title included the wording (literal translation): ""The Sovereign of all Rus':"
"Putin's Palace The Residence at Cape Idokopas () also known as the """"Palace on the Idokopas Cape"""", often called ""Putin's Palace"", """"Dacha Putin"""", """"Putin’s country cottage"""", etc., is a large Italianate palace complex located on the Black Sea coast near the village of Praskoveevka in Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai, Russia. While officially dismissed in 2010 by Vladimir Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov, it has been claimed that the dacha was built for the personal use of Putin, and that its construction began during his first Presidency. Detailed claims about the project, which allegedly made improper use of state resources, were made by"
"of the Russian Empire became under the control of the Russian Empire. They however continued their nomadic pastoral lifestyle, ranging the pastures between the Don and the Volga Rivers, wintering in the lowlands along the shores of the Caspian Sea as far as Sarpa Lake to the northwest and Lake Manych-Gudilo to the west. In the spring, they moved along the Don River and the Sarpa lake system, attaining the higher grounds along the Don in the summer, passing the autumn in the Sarpa and Volga lowlands. In October and November they returned to their winter camps and pastures (Krader,"
"as a place of summer practice for poor students of the Imperial Academy of Arts. A plot of land with the park, house and buildings had been taken on lease by the Academy of Arts from the Ministry of Railways. It was originally named as ""Vladimir and Maria shelter"" in honor of Grand Duke Vladimir, president of the Imperial Academy of Arts, and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The exceptional role in Dacha's organization were the ""Academic cottages"" belonging to her guardian (1817–1889), a major industrialist, and the owner of one of the largest"
"of the Industrial Revolution to Russia brought about a rapid growth in the urban population, and wealthy urban residents increasingly desired to escape the heavily polluted cities, at least temporarily. By the end of the 19th century, the dacha became a favorite summer retreat for the upper and middle classes of Russian society. In the tsarist era, dachas tended to have pleasure gardens, but were not used much for growing food. Anton Chekhov wrote a novelette entitled ""Dachniki"" (1885), about newlywed city-dwellers living a 'simple' summer life of walks in the countryside. Following the Russian Revolution, most dachas were nationalised."
"Winter Palace The Winter Palace () in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs. Today, the restored palace forms part of a complex of buildings housing the Hermitage Museum. Situated between the Palace Embankment and the Palace Square, adjacent to the site of Peter the Great's original Winter Palace, the present and fourth Winter Palace was built and altered almost continuously between the late 1730s and 1837, when it was severely damaged by fire and immediately rebuilt. The storming of the palace in 1917 as depicted in Soviet paintings and Eisenstein's 1927"
"even though only the older wooden houses are called izbas today. An alternative word for ""izba"" in Russian is khata (хата), which is the word in most Slavic languages for any cottage or small house (including Belarusian and Ukrainian). According to historian of Russia Geoffrey Hosking, starting in the eighteenth century ""khata"" was used in to refer to cottages on the tree-poor southern steppes which used logs only for the framing, and then used wattle-and-daub as infill covered with a plaster and whitewash exterior. However, generally this wattle-and-daub house is called ""mazanka"" (мазанка) and ""khata"" is not necessarily a ""mazanka""."
"the concept of dacha. (Some wealthy Russians prefer the term 'cottage' for their country homes.) With construction costs often reaching into the millions of U.S. dollars, the dachas of the country's elite bear no resemblance to the small dachas of the Soviet era. Comparable in size and décor to mansions and palaces, they become an elaborate display of social status, wealth and power. Most dachas of the elite are constructed with brick and concrete, unlike the middle-class dachas that are mostly constructed with wood. These new symbols of prosperity are designed by professional architects, usually in eclectic style—that older ""dachniks"""
"Moscow because of the imminent premiere of his ballet ""Cinderella"". In a letter to his wife's mother he wrote about how big their room was and how he was ""totally delighted by the place"", especially the pine forest and its flowers which was thereafter nicknamed ""Prokofiev's forest"" by other composers. Prokofiev himself nicknamed the retreat the ""State Chicken Farm"" or the ""State Pig Farm"" is his letters to friends because of the livestock still living on the grounds at the time and the renovated farm buildings in which most of the composers lived. Shostakovich for example lived in what used"
"Social estates in the Russian Empire Social estates in the Russian Empire were denoted by the term soslovie (sosloviye), which approximately corresponds to the notion of the estate of the realm. The system of ""sosloviyes"" was a peculiar system of social groups in the history of the Russian Empire. In Russian language the terms ""сословие"" and ""состояние"" (in the meaning of the civil/legal estate) were used interchangeably. The Code of the Law of the Russian Empire of 1832, vol. 9, ""Laws about Estates"" (Законы о состояниях) defined four major estates: dvoryans (nobility), clergy, urban dwellers and rural dwellers (peasants). Within"
"to house and glorify. Following the Imperial Family's move to the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo, the Winter Palace became little more than an administrative office block and a place of rare official entertaining. Throughout the year, the family moved from one palace to another: in March, to Livadia; in May to Peterhof (not the great palace, but a 19th-century villa in its grounds); in June, they cruised upon the Imperial Yacht, Standart; August was spent in Poland, at Spala, September was spent back at Livadia, before a return to Tsarskoe Selo for the Winter. The Tsar betrayed his private"
"Ivanovka estate Ivanovka () is an estate near Tambov, Russia, which used to be the summer residence of the Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninoff in the period between 1890 and 1917 (until his emigration). It was the family home of his aristocratic relatives, the Satins. Many of Rachmaninoff's earlier masterpieces were created in its bucolic atmosphere. A museum commemorating the life and works of the composer was opened there in 1982. The estate of Rachmaninoff is actually located due east of the Russian town called Mozdek, and can be found at latitude 51°57'14.24""N and longitude 42° 0'7.85""E.1 This estate is now"
"terms chum, yurt and yaranga may be used interchangeably. The word ""chum"" () came from or , both mean ""tent, shelter"". In different languages it has different names: Nenets: ḿāʔ , Nganasan: maʔ, Khanty: (ńuki) χot. Evenki: ǯū . Chum (tent) A chum (pronounced ""choom"") is a temporary dwelling used by the nomadic Uralic (Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, Khanty, Mansi, Komi) reindeer herders of northwestern Siberia of Russia. The Evenks, Tungusic peoples, tribes, in Russia, Mongolia and China also use chums. They are also used by the southernmost reindeer herders, of the Todzha region of the Republic of Tyva and their"
"Chum (tent) A chum (pronounced ""choom"") is a temporary dwelling used by the nomadic Uralic (Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, Khanty, Mansi, Komi) reindeer herders of northwestern Siberia of Russia. The Evenks, Tungusic peoples, tribes, in Russia, Mongolia and China also use chums. They are also used by the southernmost reindeer herders, of the Todzha region of the Republic of Tyva and their cross-border relatives in northern Mongolia. It has a design similar to a Native American tipi but some versions are less vertical. It is very closely related to the Sami lavvu in construction, but is somewhat larger in size. Some"