"his from the capture of Corioli. Latin ""agnōmen"" (also spelled ""adnomen"") comes from ""ad"" ""to"" and ""nōmen"" ""name"". As a minimum, a Roman ""agnomen"" is a name attached to an individual's full titulature after birth and formal naming by the family. True Roman nicknames, fully replacing the individual's name in usage, are rare. One such example where the nickname fully replaced the individual's name in usage was the Emperor Caligula, where that name was used in place of, and not along with, his full name, which was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Caligula's ""praenomen"" was Gaius, his ""nomen"" Julius, his"
"Germanicus Germanicus (Latin: ""Germanicus Julius Caesar""; 24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the Roman Empire, who was known for his campaigns in Germania. The son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor, Germanicus was born into an influential branch of the patrician ""gens Claudia"". The agnomen ""Germanicus"" was added to his full name in 9 BC when it was posthumously awarded to his father in honor of his victories in Germania. In AD 4, he was adopted by his paternal uncle, Tiberius, who succeeded Augustus"
"heir. As a result, Germanicus was adopted out of the ""Claudii"" and into the ""Julii"". In accordance with Roman naming conventions, he adopted the name ""Julius Caesar"" while retaining his ""agnomen"", becoming Germanicus Julius Caesar. Upon Germanicus's adoption into the ""Julii"", his brother Claudius became the sole legal representative of his father, and his brother inherited the ""agnomen"" ""Germanicus"" as the new head of the family. Germanicus was born in Rome on 24 May 15 BC to Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor, and had two younger siblings: a sister, Livilla; and a brother, Claudius. His paternal grandmother was Livia,"
"Gaius Julius Caesar (name) Gaius Julius Caesar () was a prominent name of the ""Gens Julia"" from Roman Republican times, borne by a number of figures, but most notably by the general and dictator Julius Caesar. The name ""Caesar"" probably originated from a dialect of Latium which did not share the rhotacism of the Roman dialect. (That is, the ""s"" between vowels did not change to ""r"".) Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC) (i.e., without lower case letters, ""J"", or ""U""), Caesar's name is properly rendered (the spelling"
"Augustus (title) Augustus (plural augusti; ; , Latin for ""majestic"", ""the increaser"" or ""venerable""), was an ancient Roman title given as both name and title to Gaius Octavius (often referred to simply as Augustus), Rome's first Emperor. On his death, it became an official title of his successor, and was so used by Roman emperors thereafter. The feminine form ""Augusta"" was used for Roman empresses and other females of the Imperial family. The masculine and feminine forms originated in the time of the Roman Republic, in connection with things considered divine or sacred in traditional Roman religion. Their use as"
"Gaius Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar was the name of several members of the ""gens Julia"" in ancient Rome. It was the full name ""(tria nomina)"" of the dictator Julius Caesar, as well as other prominent men of the Roman Republic, including the dictator's father and grandfather. ""Gaius"" was one of the three praenomina regularly used by the Julii Caesares, the others being ""Lucius"" and ""Sextus"". Livy mentions a senator named Gaius Julius who wrote a Roman history in Greek about 143 BC. Given the time period, he would probably have been one of the Julii Caesares, most probably a"
"Gaius Caesar Gaius Caesar (; Latin: ""Gaius Julius Augusti f. Divi n. Caesar""; 20 BC – 21 February AD 4) was consul in AD 1 and the grandson of Augustus, the first emperor of the Roman Empire. Although he was born to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, Augustus' only daughter, Gaius and his younger brother, Lucius Caesar were raised by their grandfather as his adopted sons and joint-heirs to the empire. He would experience an accelerated political career befitting a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, with the Roman Senate allowing him to advance his career without first holding"
"BC to Lucius Julius Caesar, in 84 BC to Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, in 60 BC to Gaius Julius Caesar, relative of the previously mentioned Lucius Julius Caesar, in 45 BC again to Gaius Julius Caesar, in 44 BC to Marcus Iunius Brutus, and in 41 BC to Lucius Antonius (younger brother and ally of the more famous Marcus Antonius). In 15 AD Germanicus was also ""imperator"" during the empire (see below) of his adoptive father Tiberius. After Augustus established the Roman Empire, the title ""imperator"" was generally restricted to the emperor, though in the early years of the empire it"
"full name ""Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus"" upon his posthumous adoption in 44 BC, and the name became fused with the imperial dignity; in this sense it is preserved in the German and Bulgarian words ""Kaiser"" and ""Tsar"" (sometimes spelled ""Czar""), both of which refer to an emperor. Compare the Hungarian, Slavic and Turkish words for ""king"", forms of """", all adapted from ""Karl"", the personal name of Charlemagne. The name of the dictator Julius Caesar—Latin script: ""CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR""—was often extended by the official filiation ""Gai filius"" (""son of Gaius""), rendered as ""Gaius Iulius Gai filius Caesar"". A longer version"
"and enjoyed a brief period of popularity and admiration. This faded as his reputation for cruelty and capriciousness became increasingly apparent. He was assassinated in AD 41. Gaius Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar was the name of several members of the ""gens Julia"" in ancient Rome. It was the full name ""(tria nomina)"" of the dictator Julius Caesar, as well as other prominent men of the Roman Republic, including the dictator's father and grandfather. ""Gaius"" was one of the three praenomina regularly used by the Julii Caesares, the others being ""Lucius"" and ""Sextus"". Livy mentions a senator named Gaius Julius"
"that of his contemporaries. Suetonius also says that Germanicus was a gifted writer, and that despite all these talents, he remained humble and kind. Due to his prominence as heir to the imperial succession, he is depicted in many works of art. He often appears in literature as the archetypal ideal Roman. His life and character have been portrayed in many works of art, the most notable of which include: Germanicus Germanicus (Latin: ""Germanicus Julius Caesar""; 24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the Roman Empire,"
"Agrippa and Julia the Elder, and grandson of Augustus. As the emperor had no sons, he adopted Lucius and his brother, Gaius, and became ""Lucius Julius Caesar"". He died in AD 2, while still a young man, and in his grandfather's lifetime. Lucius Julius Caesar Lucius Julius Caesar was the name of several men of the ""gens Julia"" at ancient Rome. ""Lucius"" was one of three praenomina used by the Julii Caesares; the others were ""Sextus"" and ""Gaius"", which was the praenomen of the most famous Julius Caesar. The earliest known Lucius Julius Caesar was praetor in Cisalpine Gaul in"
"can also be found, however rarely: ""Gaius Iulius Gai(i) filius Gai(i) nepos Caesar"" (""Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Gaius, grandson of Gaius""). Caesar often spoke of himself only as ""Caius Caesar"", omitting the ""nomen gentile Iulius"". After his senatorial consecration as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, the ""dictator perpetuo"" bore the posthumous name ""Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Divus"" (, best translated as ""Commander [and] God Gaius Julius Caesar""), which is mostly given as his official historical name. Suetonius also speaks of the additional cognomen ""Pater Patriae"", which would render Caesar's complete name as ""Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Pater Patriae Divus""."
"was written ""Καῖσαρ,"" which was pronounced more or less the same. Roman nomenclature is somewhat different from the modern English form. ""Gaius"", ""Iulius"", and ""Caesar"" are Caesar's praenomen, nomen, and cognomen, respectively. In modern usage, his full name might be something like ""Gaius Iulius, the Caesar"", where 'Caesar' denoted him as a member of the 'Caesarian' family branch of the 'Iulian' clan, and 'Gaius' was his personal name. Though contemporary writers sometimes referred to him as ""Gaius Caesar,"" the name's historical usage was not the same as it is in the 21st century. His grand-nephew, Gaius Octavius, duly took the"
"Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He is also known as an author of Latin prose. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as ""Populares"" were opposed by the"
"best known from the Quinctii and the Fabii, possibly derived from their ritual duty of striking with the goat-skin (""februis caedere"") at the ""luperci Quinctiales"" and the ""luperci Fabiani"" respectively, the Julians would then have argued that the name ""Caesar"" was identical to the Quinctian and Fabian ""Kaeso"". The identification of the cognomina ""Kaeso"" and ""Caesar"" was indeed supposed by Pliny, but is—according to Alföldi (1975)—unwarranted. Gaius Julius Caesar (name) Gaius Julius Caesar () was a prominent name of the ""Gens Julia"" from Roman Republican times, borne by a number of figures, but most notably by the general and dictator"
"the Julian-affiliated cognomen ""Caesar"" to his full name. Nero (""Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus"") was a great-great-grandson of Augustus and Livia through his mother, Agrippina the Younger. The younger Agrippina was a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, as well as Caligula's sister. Through his mother, Nero was related by blood to the Julian and Claudian branches of the Imperial family. However, he was born into the Domitii Ahenobarbi on his father's side. Nero became a Claudian in name as a result of Agrippina's marriage to her uncle, Claudius, who ultimately adopted her son as his own. He succeeded"
"to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. Though modern scholars to avoid confusion commonly refer to him at this point as Octavian, he called himself ""Caesar"", which is the name his contemporaries also used. Rejecting the advice of some army officers to take refuge with his troops in Macedonia, Octavian sailed to Italy to claim his inheritance. Early life of Augustus The early life of the Roman Emperor Augustus began at his birth in Rome on September 23, 63 BC, and is considered to have ended around the assassination of Dictator Julius Caesar, his great-uncle and adoptive father, on March 15, 44"
"part of the Julia gens. The line draws to a close with the death of Germanicus' son, Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, better known simply as Gaius or Caligula, in AD 41; after this, the imperial authority passed to Gaius' uncle, Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, and out of the Julian line. The table below reflects known and probable relationships, with speculative descent indicated by a question mark ""(?)"". The male line of the family, showing both natural and adoptive lineage through the Julio-Claudian emperors. Julii Caesares The Julii Caesares were the most illustrious family of the patrician ""gens Julia"". The family"
"of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources. Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. His cognomen was subsequently adopted as a synonym for ""Emperor""; the title ""Caesar"" was used throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern cognates such as Kaiser or Tsar. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic works, and his political philosophy, known as ""Caesarism"" inspired politicians into the modern era. Gaius Julius Caesar was born into a patrician family, the ""gens Julia"", which claimed descent from Iulus, son"
"Caesar (title) Caesar (English Caesars; Latin ""Caesares"") is a title of imperial character. It derives from the ""cognomen"" of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about AD 68/69, the so-called ""Year of the Four Emperors"". For political and personal reasons, Octavian chose to emphasize his relationship with Julius Caesar by styling himself simply ""Imperator Caesar"" (whereto the Roman Senate added the honorific ""Augustus"", ""Majestic"" or ""Venerable"", in 27 BC), without any of the other elements of his full name. His successor as"
"Right next to Paule's place, you can find this very impressive Roman Arch. The dedicatory inscription on the attic (""CIL"" XIII, 1036 = ""Inscriptions Latines des Trois Gaules"", 148) is heavily worn in the area naming the emperor Tiberius and is son Drusus. The dedication to his nephew and adoptive son, Germanicus, is better preserved and not only allows the arch to be dated to 18 or 19 but also gives it its usual name: GERMANICO [CAESA]R[I] TI(berii) AUG(usti) F(ilio) DIVI AUG(usti) NEP(oti) DIVI IULI PRONEP(oti) [AUGU]RI FLAM(ini) AUGUST(ali) CO(n)S(uli) II IMP(eratori) II ""To Germanicus Caesar, son of Tiberius Augustus,"
"Augustus Augustus (; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire, controlling Imperial Rome from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate has consolidated an enduring legacy as one of the most effective and controversial leaders in human history. He was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian ""gens"" Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's"
"the adopted son to acknowledge his original family by adding an extra name at the end of his new name. As such, Augustus' adopted name would have been ""Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus"". However, there is no evidence that he ever used the name Octavianus. Following Augustus' ascension as the first emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, his family became a ""de facto"" royal house, known in historiography as the ""Julio-Claudian dynasty"". For various reasons, the Julio-Claudians followed in the example of Julius Caesar and Augustus by utilizing adoption as a tool for dynastic succession. The next four emperors"
"Nero Julius Caesar Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus (c. AD 6–31) was the adopted grandson and heir of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, alongside his brother Drusus. Born into the prominent Julio-Claudian dynasty, Nero was the son of Tiberius' general and heir, Germanicus. After the deaths of his father and of Tiberius' son, Drusus the Younger, Nero and his brother Drusus were adopted together by Tiberius in September AD 23. As a result of being heirs of the emperor, he and his brother enjoyed accelerated political careers. Sejanus had become powerful in Rome and is believed by ancient writers such as Suetonius"
"by supporting the assassination of Julius Caesar. While Augustus had political and military supremacy, he needed the assistance of his fellow Romans to manage the Empire. In his Res Gestae, Augustus claims auctoritas for the princeps (himself). Various official titles were associated with the Roman Emperor. These titles included imperator, Augustus, Caesar, and later dominus (lord) and basileus (the Greek word for ""sovereign""). The word Emperor is derived from the Roman title ""imperator"", which was a very high, but not exclusive, military title until Augustus began to use it as his praenomen. The Emperor Diocletian (284-305), the father of the"
"name (normally referred to as ""Ignotus""); Gaius the Elder; Gaius the Younger (the future emperor ""Caligula""); Agrippina the Younger (the future empress); Julia Drusilla; and Julia Livilla. Only six of his children came of age; Tiberius and the Ignotus died as infants, and Gaius the Elder in his early childhood. Germanicus became a quaestor in AD 7, four years before the legal age of 25. He was sent to Illyricum the same year to help Tiberius suppress a rebellion by the Pannonians and Dalmatians. He brought with him an army of levied citizens and former slaves to reinforce Tiberius at"
"Julia Minor (sister of Caesar) Julia, also known as Julia Minor and Julia the Younger, (101–51 BC) was the second of two daughters of Gaius Julius Caesar and Aurelia Cotta. She is best known as the sister of the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar, and the maternal grandmother of Augustus. Julia and her siblings were born and raised at Rome. Because Roman daughters typically received praenomina only if they had several elder sisters, the elder sister came to be known as ""Julia Major"", and the younger as ""Julia Minor"", when it was necessary to distinguish between them. It is not known"
"father to son, but a Roman aristocrat could – either during his life or in his will – adopt an heir if he lacked a natural son. In accordance with Roman naming conventions, the adopted son would replace his original family name with the name of his adopted family. A famous example of this custom is Julius Caesar's adoption of his great-nephew, Gaius Octavius. Augustus (""Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus""), as Caesar's adopted son and heir, discarded the family name of his natural father and initially renamed himself ""Gaius Julius Caesar"" after his adoptive father. It was also customary for"
"Julii Caesares in the male line. Gaius Julius Caesar (named in honor of his famous relative) was born in Antium (modern Anzio and Nettuno) on 31 August 12 AD, the third of six surviving children born to Germanicus and his second cousin Agrippina the Elder. Gaius had two older brothers, Nero and Drusus, as well as three younger sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla. He was also a nephew of Claudius, Germanicus' younger brother and the future emperor. Agrippina the Elder was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. She was a granddaughter of"
"Lucius Julius Caesar Lucius Julius Caesar was the name of several men of the ""gens Julia"" at ancient Rome. ""Lucius"" was one of three praenomina used by the Julii Caesares; the others were ""Sextus"" and ""Gaius"", which was the praenomen of the most famous Julius Caesar. The earliest known Lucius Julius Caesar was praetor in Cisalpine Gaul in 183 BC. His mission was to keep Transalpine Gauls from settling in the area of Aquileia, without resorting to war. His brother, Sextus, was a military tribune in 181, and consul in 157 BC. Lucius Julius Caesar, son of the praetor of"
"Magnus Magnus, meaning ""great"" in Latin, was sometimes used as a first name among Romans but was not particularly common among them. The name was used as cognomen of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the first century BC. The best-known use of the name during the Roman Empire is for the fourth-century Western Roman Emperor Flavius Magnus Maximus Augustus, often just called Magnus Maximus. The name gained wider popularity in the Middle Ages, among various European peoples and their royal houses, being introduced to them upon being converted to the Latin-speaking Catholic Christianity. This was especially the case with Scandinavian royalty"
"Gaius Octavius Thurinus, the young future-emperor was adopted by his great-uncle, Julius Caesar, after demonstrating promising wit and skill. After his great-uncle's assassination, Augustus (at this time known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) took vengeance upon Caesar's murderers, and through tactical political moves, became one of Rome's three “Triumvirs"" alongside Marc Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. After defeating the other two triumvirs, and obtaining sole power over the Roman State, Augustus (known as ""Imperator"" Caesar Divi Filius), began taking measures to secure and increase his power. As a result, Augustus gave orders to exterminate Cleopatra's teenaged son, allegedly commenting, ""too"