"Expectations"" by Charles Dickens. According to Constance Reid, Courant finalized the title after a conversation with Thomas Mann. What Is Mathematics? What Is Mathematics? is a mathematics book written by Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins, published in England by Oxford University Press. It is an introduction to mathematics, intended both for the mathematics student and for the general public. First published in 1941, it discusses number theory, geometry, topology and calculus. A second edition was published in 1996 with an additional chapter on recent progress in mathematics, written by Ian Stewart. The book was based on Courant's course material. Although"
"the law can be written as: The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s. In two of a series of four essays presented between 2 and 30 October 1801, John Dalton demonstrated by experiment that all the gases and vapours that he studied expanded by the same amount between two fixed points of temperature. The French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac confirmed the discovery in a presentation to the French National"
"his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) in a manned gas balloon. Their pioneering use of hydrogen for lift led to this type of balloon being named a ""Charlière"" (as opposed to a Montgolfière which used hot air). Charles's law, describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Jacques Charles. Charles was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1795 and subsequently became professor of physics at the Académie de Sciences. Charles was born in Beaugency-sur-Loire in"
"Jacques Charles Jacques Alexandre César Charles (November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823) was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist. Charles wrote almost nothing about mathematics, and most of what has been credited to him was due to mistaking him with another Jacques Charles, also a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, entering on May 12, 1785. He was sometimes called Charles the Geometer. (See J. B. Gough, Charles the Obscure, Isis 70, #254, pgs 576-579) Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first unmanned hydrogen-filled gas balloon in August 1783; then in December 1783, Charles and"
"mathematical exposition."" On November 7–9, 2014, a conference on conservation laws was held in honor of his 60th birthday. Denis Serre Denis Serre (born 1 November 1954) is a French mathematician who works as a professor at the École normale supérieure de Lyon, where he has chaired the mathematics department since 2012. His research concerns partial differential equations, hydrodynamics, and conservation laws. Serre was born in Nancy, France; he is the nephew of mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre. He obtained his agrégation in 1977, and his doctorat de troisième cycle in 1978, before finishing a D.Sc. in 1982 from the University of"
"Jacques Masquelier Many people refer to Professor Masquelier as Jacques Masquelier. Probably the mistake is caused by the fact that Jacques sounds more French, but the French scientist referred to in this article was called Jack Arthur Masquelier. Jack Masquelier was a French scientist. In July 1948 he published his doctoral thesis based on his successful isolation and chemical description of the phytonutrient we know today as oligomeric proanthocyanidins or OPCs. That same year he filed a patent for the industrial method of producing the first botanical product based on OPCs. Based on Masquelier’s role in the research and development"
"et Métiers. A stele at Nesles-la-Vallée marks the Charles-Robert flight of 1 December 1783. Image of commemorative stele The ""Coupe Charles et Robert"" was an international ballooning event that was run in 1983 in parallel with the Gordon Bennett Cup. Jacques Charles Jacques Alexandre César Charles (November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823) was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist. Charles wrote almost nothing about mathematics, and most of what has been credited to him was due to mistaking him with another Jacques Charles, also a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, entering on May 12, 1785. He"
"of Canada. Jacques Beaulieu Jacques A. Beaulieu, (born April 15, 1932) is a Canadian physicist who invented the first transversely excited atmospheric carbon dioxide laser or TEA laser in 1968. In 1978, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Thomas W. Eadie Medal. In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition of his ""major influence on the development of lasers and their application in the fields of defence and medicine"". In 1999, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 1980, he was made a Fellow of the"
"equally dramatic increase in cardiovascular and other degenerative diseases. Jacques Masquelier Many people refer to Professor Masquelier as Jacques Masquelier. Probably the mistake is caused by the fact that Jacques sounds more French, but the French scientist referred to in this article was called Jack Arthur Masquelier. Jack Masquelier was a French scientist. In July 1948 he published his doctoral thesis based on his successful isolation and chemical description of the phytonutrient we know today as oligomeric proanthocyanidins or OPCs. That same year he filed a patent for the industrial method of producing the first botanical product based on OPCs."
"law"", as Gay-Lussac gave credit to Jacques Charles, who had arrived at nearly the same conclusion in the 1780s but had not published it. The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801, although Dalton's description was less thorough than Gay-Lussac's. In 1804 Gay-Lussac made several daring ascents of over 7,000 meters above sea level in hydrogen-filled balloons—a feat not equaled for another 50 years—that allowed him to investigate other aspects of gases. Not only did he gather magnetic measurements at various altitudes, but he also took pressure, temperature, and humidity measurements and samples of air,"
"Jules Duchesne Jules Charles Duchesne (1911–1984) was a Belgian scientist. He was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences and the Gold Medal of the Francqui Foundation in 1961, for his work on molecular physics. At the laboratory of atomic and molecular physics, Duchesne studied the dynamic behaviour of molecules and identified the role of molecular vibrations in chemical reactivity. In 1950 this gave rise to the theory of infra-red photoactivation. Duchesne studied the properties of the solid state. He was the first to establish the law governing the broadening of quadripolar nuclear resonance in crystals containing isomorphic impurities. In"
"Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (; ; 6 December 1778 – 9 May 1850) was a French chemist and physicist. He is known mostly for his discovery that water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen (with Alexander von Humboldt), for two laws related to gases, and for his work on alcohol-water mixtures, which led to the degrees Gay-Lussac used to measure alcoholic beverages in many countries. Gay-Lussac was born at Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat in the present-day department of Haute-Vienne. The father of Joseph Louis Gay, Anthony Gay, son of a doctor, was a lawyer and prosecutor and"
"hence, the law became known as Charles's law or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac. Gay-Lussac's (Amontons') law, Charles's law, and Boyle's law form the combined gas law. These three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be generalized by the ideal gas law. Gay-Lussac's law Gay-Lussac's law can refer to several discoveries made by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) and other scientists in the late 18th and early 19th centuries pertaining to thermal expansion of gases and the relationship between temperature, volume, and pressure. It states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly"
"Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; ; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist. He is best known for developing what is now known as Coulomb's law, the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on friction. The SI unit of electric charge, the coulomb, was named in his honour in 1908. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born in Angoulême, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, an inspector of the royal demesne originally from Montpellier, and Catherine Bajet. He was baptised at the parish church of"
"Jacques Beaulieu Jacques A. Beaulieu, (born April 15, 1932) is a Canadian physicist who invented the first transversely excited atmospheric carbon dioxide laser or TEA laser in 1968. In 1978, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Thomas W. Eadie Medal. In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition of his ""major influence on the development of lasers and their application in the fields of defence and medicine"". In 1999, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 1980, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society"
"other devices, such as the hydrometer and reflecting goniometer, and improved the Gravesand heliostat and Fahrenheit's aerometer. In addition he confirmed Benjamin Franklin's electrical experiments. Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was first published by natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Jacques Charles, and named the law in his honour. Around 1787 Charles did an experiment where he filled 5 sites to the same volume with different adds. He then raised the temperature of the sites to 80 °C and"
"months before his death at the age of 71. César-Mansuète Despretz César-Mansuète Despretz (4 May 1791, Lessines – 15 March 1863, Paris) was a chemist and physicist. He became a French citizen in 1838. A street is named after him in Lessines (rue César Despretz). In 1818, Despretz started working as répétiteur in chemistry at Polytechnique, in Paris, under Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) who mentored his early research. In 1824, he was appointed to teach at the prestigious Lycée Henri-IV, first as adjunct professor, then as holder of the chair of physics. In 1831, César Despretz was briefly appointed to"
"Hess's law Hess' law of constant heat summation, also known as Hess' law (or Hess's law), is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Switzerland-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is the same whether the reaction is made in one step or in several steps. Hess' law is now understood as an expression of the principle of conservation of energy, also expressed in the first law of thermodynamics, and the fact that the enthalpy of a chemical"
"in 1944. During his life he had filed more than 2,000 patent applications. In 1946 Camille Dreyfus set up the Henry Dreyfus Foundation in memory of his brother, ""to advance the science of chemistry, chemical engineering and related sciences as a means of improving human relations and circumstances around the world."" Henri Dreyfus Henri Dreyfus (or Henry Dreyfus, January 7, 1882 – December 30, 1944) was a Swiss chemist. He and his brother Camille Dreyfus invented Celanese, an acetate yarn. The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, originally the Henry Dreyfus Foundation, was founded in his honor by his brother. Henri"
"Georges Lemaître Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, RAS Associate (; 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest, astronomer, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven. He proposed on theoretical grounds that the universe is expanding, which was observationally confirmed soon afterwards by Edwin Hubble. He was the first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law, or the Hubble-Lemaître law, and made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant, which he published in 1927, two years before Hubble's article. Lemaître also proposed what became known as"
"Joseph Fourier Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (; ; 21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist born in Auxerre and best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's law are also named in his honour. Fourier is also generally credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect. Fourier was born at Auxerre (now in the Yonne département of France), the son of a tailor. He was orphaned at the age of nine. Fourier was recommended to the Bishop of Auxerre"
"naturalist whose research included experiments on plant leaves. His grandfather Nicolas de Saussure was a noted agriculturist, for whom Nicolas-Théodore was named. Nicolas-Théodore was called ""Théodore"" to distinguish him from his grandfather, and he published his professional papers under the name Théodore de Saussure after his father died. (While his father was alive, Théodore's papers were published under the name ""de Saussure fils"", as was the custom of the day for the sons of scientists having the same surname.) Nicolas-Théodore and his two siblings were educated at home by their father. From 1782 to 1786, he attended the l'académie de"
"He thought that the attraction and repulsion were due to different kinds of fluids. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; ; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist. He is best known for developing what is now known as Coulomb's law, the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on friction. The SI unit of electric charge, the coulomb, was named in his honour in 1908. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born in Angoulême, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, an inspector of the royal demesne"
"for Jacques Rousseau who was both a botanist and an anthropologist. He was a former secretary of ACFAS. The Georges-Henri-Lévesque Award is an award given every year by ACFAS to the Canadian students who have written the best French-language master's thesis in anthropology and sociology. Association francophone pour le savoir Association francophone pour le savoir (before: l'Association Canadienne-Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences ""ACFAS"" or ""Acfas"") is the principal French-language learned society in Canada and, particularly, Quebec. The Acfas was founded in 1923 as the Association canadienne-française pour l'avancement des sciences (French-Canadian Association for the Advancement of Science). Its name was"
"a chamber and formulated the gas law named for him; he also contributed to physiology and to the founding of modern chemistry. Another important factor in the scientific revolution was the rise of learned societies and academies in various countries. The earliest of these were in Italy and Germany and were short-lived. More influential were the Royal Society of England (1660) and the Academy of Sciences in France (1666). The former was a private institution in London and included such scientists as John Wallis, William Brouncker, Thomas Sydenham, John Mayow, and Christopher Wren (who contributed not only to architecture but"
"as a teacher and mentor of young scientists, until his poor health forced him to retire, in 1848. Hess's investigation of minerals included the analysis of silver telluride (AgTe), which was named hessite in his honour. He also discovered that the oxidation of sugars yielded saccharic acid. Hess died prematurely in 1850, at the age of 48, in St. Petersburg. He was buried at Smolenskoe Lutheran cemetery. Germain Henri Hess Germain Henri Hess ( ""German Ivanovich Gess""; 7 August 1802 – 30 November 1850) was a Swiss-Russian chemist and doctor who formulated Hess's law, an early principle of thermochemistry. Hess"
"of rational mechanics began to be applied to experimental phenomena, most influentially with the French mathematician Joseph Fourier's analytical treatment of the flow of heat, as published in 1822. Joseph Priestley proposed an electrical inverse-square law in 1767, and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb introduced the inverse-square law of electrostatics in 1798. At the end of the century, the members of the French Academy of Sciences had attained clear dominance in the field. At the same time, the experimental tradition established by Galileo and his followers persisted. The Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences were major centers for the performance"
"Nicolas Clément Nicolas Clément (12 January 1779 – 21 November 1841), also known as Mr. Nicolas Calorie, was a French physicist and chemist. Also known as Nicolas Clément-Desormes, he was born in Dijon. He was a colleague of Charles Desormes, with whom he conducted the . The two chemists are also credited with determining an accurate value of gamma in the gas law (see Equation of state) that relates the heat capacity of air when expanded at constant pressure vs. constant temperature. They also conducted research on iodine and played a role in determining that it was an element. This"
"was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. Much of the activity was based at the Louvre, where the French Academy of Sciences, founded in 1666, was located; it had separate sections for geometry, astronomy, mechanics, anatomy, chemistry and botany. Under Louis XVI, the 18th century, new sections were added on physics, natural history and mineralogy. The biologist and natural historian Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon directed the Jardin des Plantes, and made it a leading center for botanic research. The mathematicians Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Jean-Charles de Borda, and Pierre-Simon Laplace; the botanist René Louiche Desfontaines, the chemists"
"noticed that they all increased in volume by the same amount. This experiment was referenced by Gay-Lussac in 1802 when he published a paper on the precise relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas. Charles' law states that under constant pressure, an ideal gas' volume is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure increases linearly with the absolute temperature of the gas. The formula he created was ""V""/""T"" = ""V""/""T"". Jacques Charles was elected to the Académie des Sciences, in 1795, and subsequently became professor of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts"
"Chaptal in 1782. Jacques Étienne Bérard Jacques Etienne Bérard (12 October 1789 – 10 June 1869) was a French naturalist, chemist and physicist. He was born in Montpellier to Thérèse Salettes and Étienne Bérard, the latter a scientist and chemical manufacturer (particularly of sulphuric acid). Bérard senior worked with Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Count of Chanteloup, who was a chemist, industrialist, politician and an acquaintance of another French chemist, Claude Louis Berthollet. Through this connection, his son was recommended as Berthollet's laboratory assistant. He married Madeleine Anaïs Combres in 1829. They had three children, Stéphanie Françoise Amica, Henri Étienne and Raoul. As"
"and on what experiments to devise in order to obtain it. As a distinct field, experimental physics was established in early modern Europe, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution, by physicists such as Galileo Galilei, Christiaan Huygens, Johannes Kepler, Blaise Pascal and Sir Isaac Newton. In the early 17th century, Galileo made extensive use of experimentation to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the modern scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in dynamics, in particular the law of inertia, which later became the first law in Newton's laws of motion. In Galileo's"
"to give the award to the research group head, only. He received the TWAS Prize in 1987. After his death UNICAMP decided to give his name to the central library. Gilberto Gil's Grammy-winning 1998 album ""Quanta"" includes a song dedicated to Lattes, called ""Ciência e Arte"". César Lattes Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes (11 July 1924 – 8 March 2005), also known as César Lattes, was a Brazilian experimental physicist, one of the discoverers of the pion, a composite subatomic particle made of a quark and an antiquark. Lattes was born to a family of Italian-Jewish immigrants in Curitiba, Paraná Brazil."