"Its origins, however, go back to the early 1970s, to when the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was placed before the states for ratification. At that time, the term was used to denote secretarial staff as well as non-professional office staff, all of which were largely held by women. These positions were not white-collar jobs, but neither were they blue-collar, manual labor. Hence, the creation of the term ""pink-collar,"" which indicated it was not white-collar, was nonetheless an office job and one that was overwhelmingly filled by women. Pink-collar occupations tend to be personal-service-oriented worker working in retail, nursing, and teaching"
"Master of the doorkeepers The Master of the doorkeepers (, , ) was a high-ranking official in the Kingdom of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century to 1945. Formerly, the office was known as Ispán of the keepers (, ). The office-holders supervised the keepers in the royal manors and the court, who were responsible for guarding and had messenger functions. The Master of the doorkeepers cited the subjects of the Crown, with whom the monarch wished to speak, with his ore seal (the ""King's citations seal"") and using the countrywide messenger network. They also carried the bloody"
"2009, some in the mainstream media made Salmon's name a watchword for those who ""handed over reams of classified information simply for the money."" It is in this capacity, regardless of whether the accusation is with or without merit, that Salmon's name is currently remembered. David A. Salmon David Aden Salmon (1879–??) was a career government functionary in the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of State. In 1931, Salmon rose to head the State Department's Bureau of Indexes and Archives, a department with over 150 employees at the time. In 2008 Cold War historian John Earl Haynes"
"David A. Salmon David Aden Salmon (1879–??) was a career government functionary in the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of State. In 1931, Salmon rose to head the State Department's Bureau of Indexes and Archives, a department with over 150 employees at the time. In 2008 Cold War historian John Earl Haynes identified Salmon as ""Willy"", a codename for a Soviet agent, followed by a 2009 book which argued that Salmon was, from 1934 until early 1937, a paid source of classified diplomatic and military information which ended in the hands of Soviet intelligence. This identification has"
"Protasekretis The prōtasēkrētis (), also found as prōtoasēkrētis () and Latinized as protasecretis or protoasecretis, was a senior official in the Byzantine bureaucracy. The title means ""first ""asēkrētis"""", illustrating his position as the head of the order of the ""asēkrētis"", the senior class of imperial notaries. The post evolved gradually. The first ""asēkrētis"" are attested from the 6th century, and several Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople and one emperor, Anastasios II (r. 713–715), were drawn from their ranks. Aside from possibly anachronistic references to Maximus the Confessor being a ""prōtasēkrētis"" under Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), the earliest confirmed occurrence (as ""proto"
"distinguish"" or ""to set apart"", the passive participle () meaning ""having been set apart"", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word ""secret."" A was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.). As the duties of a modern secretary often still include the handling of confidential information, the literal meaning of their title still holds true. From the Renaissance until the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful had assumed the title of secretary. With time, like many"
"of the Upper House until the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 then of the House of Magnates until the Second World War. The office was only a symbolic function after 1848. Master of the doorkeepers The Master of the doorkeepers (, , ) was a high-ranking official in the Kingdom of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century to 1945. Formerly, the office was known as Ispán of the keepers (, ). The office-holders supervised the keepers in the royal manors and the court, who were responsible for guarding and had messenger functions. The Master of the doorkeepers cited the"
"British Post Office and the Admiralty's Room 40 and it is within this historical framework that Yardley uses the term. It was also used at about that time in Poland (see article on Marian Rejewski). Black Chamber The Black Chamber (1919–1929), also known as The Cipher Bureau, was the United States' first peacetime cryptanalytic organization, and a forerunner of the National Security Agency. The only prior codes and cypher organizations maintained by the US government had been some intermittent, and always abandoned, attempts by Armed Forces branches prior to World War I. Headed by Herbert O. Yardley (1889–1958), the Black"
"or Keeper of the Jewel House. He was also Treasurer of the Chamber, a division of the Royal Household of the monarch. In this position he was also called Keeper of the Court Wardrobe, Keeper of the Privy Wardrobe, or Receiver of the Chamber. In this capacity, he represented the Lord Treasurer's interests in the regalia, and the wardrobe and privy wardrobe. Because of this, the Receiver of the Chamber exercised delegated authority over the Crown Jewels, especially those kept at the Tower of London (these two positions were separated in 1485). Although a treasury had been located in the"
"Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. When the Secret Service was established, its head was called the Chief of the Secret Service. In 1965, the title was changed to the Director of the Secret Service, four years into the term of James Joseph Rowley (1961–1973). The longest serving head of the Secret Service was William H. Moran, who served under five presidents from 1917 to 1936. On March 27, 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Julia Pierson to be the twenty-third Director of the Secret Service. She became the first female director of the agency. On October 1, 2014, the Secret"
"Relying heavily upon anonymous sources, ""Post"" reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deeply into the upper reaches of the Justice Department, FBI, CIA, and the White House. Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller, the bookkeeper for Nixon, who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed. Chief among the ""Post's"" anonymous sources was an individual whom Woodward and Bernstein had nicknamed Deep Throat; 33 years later, in 2005, the informant was identified as William Mark Felt, Sr., deputy director"
"Rose Rosenberg Rose Rosenberg, CBE (1 September 1892 – 13 April 1966) was a Jewish English woman who served as the private secretary for statesman Ramsay MacDonald from 1923 to 1935. Prior to her employment with MacDonald, she worked in the National Council for Civil Liberties with those opposed to conscription and was the personal assistant of suffragette, Margaret Mackworth, 2nd Viscountess Rhondda. She was known for her ability to keep secrets, monitoring those who wished to engage with MacDonald, and earned the nickname ""Miss Rose of No. 10"" from the international press. She was honored as a Commander of"
"Treasurer (Ancient Egypt) The Treasurer (or often also translated as Chancellor) in Ancient Egypt is the modern translation of the title ""imi-r ḫtmt"" (word by word: Overseer of the Seal or Overseer of sealed things). The office is known since the end of the Old Kingdom, where people with this title appear sporadically in the organization of private estates. In the Middle Kingdom, the office became one of the most important ones at the royal court. At the end of the 18th Dynasty, the title lost its importance, although the famous Bay had this office. In the later New Kingdom"
"as though I was lying to them”. This conveys that she was almost living a dual life, as she was sworn to secrecy about all things Bletchley Park. Whenever she was asked what she did, she would reveal that she worked for the Foreign Office in Bletchley. Mair Russell-Jones Mair Russell-Jones, born Mair Eluned Thomas (1917–2013), was a graduate in Music and German from Cardiff University who during the Second World War worked as a civilian codebreaker for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park. She worked in Hut 6, decrypting messages in Enigma machine cipher. Having signed"
"of the Tower of London and Keeper of the Jewel House"" Master of the Jewel Office The Master of the Jewel Office was a position in the Royal Households of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. The office holder was responsible for running the Jewel House, which houses the Crown Jewels. This role has, at various points in history, been called Master or Treasurer of the Jewel House, Master or Keeper of the Crown Jewels, Master or Keeper of the Regalia, and Keeper of the Jewel House. In 1967, the role was combined with Resident Governor"
"Secretary (title) Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived from the Latin word , ""to distinguish"" or ""to set apart"", the passive participle () meaning ""having been set apart"", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word ""secret."" A was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.). The official title of the leader of most communist"
"class of the ""asēkrētis"" is not attested after the 12th century, the post of ""prōtasēkrētis"" survived into the Palaiologan period. Protasekretis The prōtasēkrētis (), also found as prōtoasēkrētis () and Latinized as protasecretis or protoasecretis, was a senior official in the Byzantine bureaucracy. The title means ""first ""asēkrētis"""", illustrating his position as the head of the order of the ""asēkrētis"", the senior class of imperial notaries. The post evolved gradually. The first ""asēkrētis"" are attested from the 6th century, and several Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople and one emperor, Anastasios II (r. 713–715), were drawn from their ranks. Aside from possibly"
"is an archaic spelling of ""controller"", recorded since around 1500 in a number of British titles, and later also in the United States. The variant in spelling results from the influence of French ""compte"" ""account"". The office of Comptroller of the Household derives from the medieval Household office of Controller of the Wardrobe, who was deputy to the Keeper (or Treasurer) of the Wardrobe, as well as an important official in his own right as keeper of the Privy Seal. Later, both these offices became high-ranking political appointments. In modern times, the Comptroller has become a less prominent position in"
"clerks, operations agents, codebreakers, and undercover agents (out of the 13,000 people employed in total by the OSS), 1,500 worked overseas. One, Portland, Oregon's Claire Phillips, an untrained spy, operated a clandestine ring under the cover of Club Tsubaki, a cabaret popular with Japanese officers stationed in Manila. Earning the nickname ""high-pockets"" because she smuggled information in her brassiere, she also funnelled food, medicine and other supplies to prisoners in the Philippines. Another, Elizabeth Thorpe Pack, used seduction to extract information, and was best known for helping to acquire the first Enigma machine from Polish intelligence and for securing Italian"
"one of whose Clerks took responsibility for their receipt. A generation later, under Edward III, this official had the title Receiver of the Chamber, but was also referred to as the Treasurer of the Chamber. The Receiver tended to function as the executive head of the Chamber at this time, working under the titular head, the King's Chamberlain. In the 1330s-50s three Receivers held concurrently the offices of Keeper of the Mint and Keeper of the Privy Wardrobe, both at the Tower of London. The Privy Wardrobe was linked to the Chamber as a safe repository of jewels, plate and"
"Hostarius The Hostarius (alternatively, Usher, Doorward or Durward) was an office in medieval Scotland whose holders, eventually hereditary, had the theoretical responsibility of being warden of the king's door: protecting the king's property. This is a list of ""hostarii"". The family of ""Durward"" (a later name for ""hostarius"") may have held the office hereditarily after Thomas of Lundie, and certainly kept the title as a surname (in Norman French, ""l'Ussier"" (""the Usher""); in English, ""Durward"") The office was no longer hereditary by the second half of the 13th century, and indeed, by then, there were many ""hostarii"". Unlike many other"
"The office dates from the 1230s. The Controller also had charge of the Wardrobe's archive of state documents, which gave his office a distinctively secretarial flavour. Under Edward I the Controller was custodian of the Privy Seal and functioned as the King's private secretary; meanwhile his small department of clerks played a key part in the administrative oversight of the entire Household. By the end of the reign of Edward III this important court official was known as Controller of the Household. The office of Cofferer of the Wardrobe originated in the late 13th century when the Treasurer/Keeper's chief clerk"
"time was Whittaker Chambers. Browder oversaw the efforts of Jacob Golos and his girlfriend, Elizabeth Bentley, whose network of agents and sources included two key figures at the Department of Treasury, Nathan Gregory Silvermaster and Harry Dexter White. One early Soviet spy ring was headed by Jacob Golos. Jake Golos (birth name Jacob Golosenko, Tasin, Rasin or Raisen) was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet secret police (NKVD) operative in the USSR. He was also a longtime senior official of the CPUSA involved in covert work and cooperation with Soviet intelligence agencies. He took over an existing network of agents"
"Huissier The French word huissier (""doorman"", from ""huis"", an archaic term for a door) designates ceremonial offices in France and Switzerland. In French government ministries and Parliament, a ""huissier"", which can be translated as usher, is an employee who provides general service to the minister or assembly (transmitting messages, ensuring that doors are closed or open appropriately, handling ballot boxes, etc.). Traditionally, they wear a chain around the neck, because their original function was to lock and unlock doors. In Switzerland, ""huissier"" is the French equivalent of German ""Weibel"" (also ""Amtsweibel""), the term for a ceremonial office in Swiss cantonal"
"Asekretis The term asekretis (, invariable form) designated a senior class of secretaries in the Byzantine imperial court in the 6th–12th centuries. The term is derived from the Latin ""a secretis"", and in its full form was """"asekretis"" of the court"" (ἀσηκρῆτις τῆς αὺλῆς, ""asēkrētis tēs aulēs""). It seems to be an innovation of the 6th century, as the contemporary historian Procopius of Caesarea found it necessary to explain it to his readers. Modern scholars have sometimes assumed that it dates to the 4th century, but the only reference to it, in the acts of the Council of Chalcedon, actually"
"Company is known for being secretive. The firm is sometimes referred to as the ""KGB of Consulting."" Clients are given codenames. Employees must sign nondisclosure contracts, promising not to reveal client names, and are required to adhere to a ""code of confidentiality."" Bain employees are sometimes called ""Bainies."" It was originally a pejorative term, but was adopted by employees as an affectionate term. According to ""Fortune Magazine"", were Bain & Company a person, ""it would be articulate, attractive, meticulously well groomed, and exceedingly charming. It would exude Southern gentility. But it would also be a shrewd, intensely ambitious strategist, totally"
"William Bowyer (Keeper of the Records) William Bowyer (d. 1569/1570) was an antiquary and government official who was a Member of Parliament and Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London early in the reign of Elizabeth I of England. He was the first Keeper to systematically organize and catalogue the store of government records maintained in the Tower. An avid collector of old manuscripts, he also created ""Heroica Eulogia"", a compilation of grants and verse eulogies relating to the earls of Leicester, along with satirical verses and illustrations, for presentation to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. William Bowyer"
"Lafayette C. Baker Lafayette Curry Baker (October 13, 1826 – July 3, 1868) was a United States investigator and spy, serving the Union Army, during the American Civil War and under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Baker was born in Stafford, New York on October 13, 1826. He became a mechanic, moved to Michigan in 1839, returned to New York in 1848, moved to California in 1853, and was a San Francisco vigilante in 1856. He moved to the District of Columbia in 1861. Baker's exploits are mainly known through his book ""A History of the Secret Service"" which"
"Elyesa Bazna Elyesa Bazna (), infrequently referred to as Iliaz and Ilyaz Bazna (; 28 July 1904 – 21 December 1970), was a secret agent for Nazi Germany during World War II, operating under the code name Cicero. Born in Pristina, Bazna attended a military academy, and joined a French military unit at age 16. He was caught stealing cars and weapons, for which he served three years in a penal labor camp in France. Bazna held a number of manual jobs in Turkish and French cities before obtaining work for foreign diplomats and consulates as a doorman, driver, and"
"Richard Crossman Richard Howard Stafford Crossman (15 December 1907 – 5 April 1974), sometimes known as Dick Crossman, was a British Labour Party Member of Parliament, as well as a significant figure among the party's advocates of Zionism and anti-communism. Late in his life, Crossman was editor of the ""New Statesman"". He is remembered for his highly revealing three-volume ""Diaries of a Cabinet Minister"". Crossman was born in either Cropredy, Oxfordshire, or Bayswater, London, the son of Helen Elizabeth (née Howard; she was of the Howard family of Ilford descended from Luke Howard, a Quaker chemist and meteorologist who founded"
"Richard Crossman Richard Howard Stafford Crossman (15 December 1907 – 5 April 1974), sometimes known as Dick Crossman, was a British Labour Party Member of Parliament, as well as a significant figure among the party's advocates of Zionism and anti-communism. Late in his life, Crossman was editor of the ""New Statesman"". He is remembered for his highly revealing three-volume ""Diaries of a Cabinet Minister"". Crossman was born in either Cropredy, Oxfordshire, or Bayswater, London, the son of Helen Elizabeth (née Howard; she was of the Howard family of Ilford descended from Luke Howard, a Quaker chemist and meteorologist who founded"
"distinguished himself as a publisher. In 2007, he published ""Thirty Secret Years,"" a biography of his father that consolidated his reputation in GCHQ history. In the 2014 film ""The Imitation Game"" he is portrayed by Charles Dance. Alastair Denniston Commander Alexander ""Alastair"" Guthrie Denniston (1 December 1881 – 1 January 1961) was a British codebreaker in Room 40, first head of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and field hockey player. Denniston was appointed operational head of GC&CS in 1919 and remained so until February 1942. Denniston was born in Greenock, Renfrewshire, the son of a medical practitioner. He"
"Agent 355 Agent 355 (died after 1780) was the code name of a female spy during the American Revolution, part of the Culper Ring. Agent 355 was one of the first spies for the United States, but her real identity is unknown. The number, 355, could be de-crypted from the system the Culper Ring used to mean ""lady."" The only direct reference to Agent 355 in any of the Culper Ring's missives was from Abraham Woodhull (""Samuel Culper Sr.""), to General George Washington. Woodhull described her as ""one who hath been ever serviceable to this correspondence."" The true identity of"