"Amitayurdhyana Sutra The Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra (Sanskrit; ) is a Mahayana sutra in Pure Land Buddhism, a branch of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It is one of the three principle Pure Land sutras along with the ""Infinite Life Sutra"" and the ""Amitabha Sutra"". Amitāyus is another name for the Buddha Amitābha, the preeminent figure in Pure Land Buddhism, and this sūtra focuses mainly on meditations involving complex visualization. This is reflected in the name of the sūtra, which translates to the ""Amitāyus Meditation Sūtra."" It is generally considered by modern scholarship to be apocryphal, a composition originally written in Chinese. No Sanskrit original"
"Kamashastra (from Kama = pleasure, shastra = specialised knowledge or technique). This collection of explicit sexual writings, both spiritual and practical, covers most aspects of human courtship and sexual intercourse. It was put together in this form by the sage Vatsyayana from a 150 chapter manuscript that had itself been distilled from 300 chapters that had in turn come from a compilation of some 100,000 chapters of text. The Kamasutra is thought to have been written in its final form sometime between the third and fifth century AD. Also notable are the sculptures carved on temples in India, particularly the"
"could also read and write and had instruction and education. The sixty four arts of love-passion-pleasure began in India. There are many different versions of the arts which began in Sanskrit and were translated into other languages, such as Persian or Tibetan. Many of the original texts are missing and the only clue to their existence is in other texts. Kama Sutra, the version by Vatsyayana, is one of the well-known survivors and was first translated into English by Sir Richard Burton and F. F. Arbuthnot. The Kama Sutra is now perhaps the most widely read secular text in the"
"to have been written in the 1st to 6th centuries, has a notorious reputation as a sex manual, although only a small part of its text is devoted to sex. It was compiled by the Indian sage Vatsyayana sometime between the second and fourth centuries CE. His work was based on earlier Kamashastras or ""Rules of Love"" going back to at least the seventh century BCE, and is a compendium of the social norms and love-customs of patriarchal Northern India around the time he lived. Vatsyayana's ""Kama Sutra"" is valuable today for his psychological insights into the interactions and scenarios"
"of their bodies with clothes and upper part of body was covered by gold and precious stones, jewellery, while women used to wear traditional sarees made of silk and expensive clothes as a symbol of their wealth. As Indian civilisation further developed and the writing of the Upanishads around 500 BCE, it was somewhere between the 1st and 6th centuries that the Kama Sutra, originally known as Vatsyayana Kamasutram ('Vatsyayana's Aphorisms on Love'), was written. This philosophical work on kama shastra, or 'science of love', was intended as both an exploration of human desire, including infidelity, and a technical guide"
"Vātsyāyana Vātsyāyana is the name of an ancient Indian philosopher, known for writing the ""Kama Sutra"", the most famous book in the world on human sexuality. He lived in India during the second or third century CE, probably in Pataliputra (modern day Patna). He is not to be confused with Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana, the author of ""Nyāya Sutra Bhāshya"", the first preserved commentary on Gotama's ""Nyāya Sutras"". His name is sometimes erroneously confused with Mallanaga, the prophet of the Asuras, to whom the origin of erotic science is attributed. Hardly anything is known about Vātsyāyana, although it is believed that his"
"on original writings attributed to Vātsyāyana, a Hindu philosopher in the Vedic tradition who is believed to have lived during time of the Gupta Empire (4th to 6th centuries CE). The Kama Sutra was composed from many sources, not all of which were used in the Vatsyayana version. Deshmukh, the pseudonymous creator of Kirtu.com, claims to have chosen as its name the anglicization of the Sanskrit term for an untranslated and forbidden sex position in the uncompiled Kama Sutra texts that involves the penetration of all of a woman's orifices, much like the mythical Venus Butterfly position in the West."
"Gautama Dharmasutra Gautama Dharmasūtra is a Sanskrit text and likely one of the oldest Hindu Dharmasutras (600-200 BCE), whose manuscripts have survived into the modern age. The ""Gautama Dharmasutra"" was composed and survives as an independent treatise, unattached to a complete Kalpa-sūtras, but like all Dharmasutras it may have been part of one whose Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras have been lost to history. The text belongs to Samaveda schools, and its 26th chapter on penance theory is borrowed almost completely from Samavidhana Brahmana layer of text in the Samaveda. The text is notable that it mentions many older texts and authorities"
"language is late Vedic Sanskrit, and they date to around roughly 500 BCE, contemporary with the Śrautasūtras. They are named after Vedic shakhas. The Dharmasūtras are texts dealing with custom, rituals, duties and law. They include the four surviving written works of the ancient Indian tradition on the subject of dharma, or the rules of behavior recognized by a community. Unlike the later dharmaśāstras, the dharmasūtras are composed in prose. The oldest dharmasūtra is generally believed to have been that of Apastamba, followed by the dharmasūtras of Gautama, Baudhayana, and an early version of Vashistha. It is difficult to determine"
"which nonetheless remained a huge and encyclopaedic tome. Between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC, several authors reproduced different parts of the Babhravya group's work in various specialist treatises. Among the authors, those whose names are known are Charayana, Ghotakamukha, Gonardiya, Gonikaputra, Suvarnanabha, and Dattaka. However, the oldest available text on this subject is the ""Kama Sutra"" ascribed to Vātsyāyana who is often erroneously called ""Mallanaga Vātsyāyana"". Yashodhara, in his commentary on the ""Kama Sutra"", attributes the origin of erotic science to Mallanaga, the ""prophet of the Asuras"", implying that the ""Kama Sutra"" originated in prehistoric times. The attribution of"
"also called ""Dasasutri"", was commented on by numerous Jaina scholars in the centuries that followed, for instance the 8th or 10th century Digambar acharya Vidyananda. Umaswati was a notable scholar to other Indian traditions, particularly to Hinduism. His text ""Tattvartha Sutra"" was composed in Sanskrit, which was unusual since the usual ancient language used in Jaina scholarship was the Prakrit language, making it, according to Johnson, the earliest extant Sanskrit language literature related to Jainism. His text was cherished not only by the Jaina traditions, but widely distributed and preserved by the Hindus for centuries. The Hindu theistic scholar Madhvacharya"
"pirated books in English language"" soon after it was published in 1883 by Richard Burton. This first European edition by Burton does not faithfully reflect much in the ""Kamasutra"" because he revised the collaborative translation by Bhagavanlal Indrajit and Shivaram Parashuram Bhide with Forster Arbuthnot to suit 19th-century Victorian tastes. The original composition date or century for the ""Kamasutra"" is unknown. Historians have variously placed it between 400 BCE and 300 CE. According to John Keay, the ""Kama Sutra"" is a compendium that was collected into its present form in the 2nd century CE. In contrast, the Indologist Wendy Doniger"
"a Pali syntax, states Renou. The Mahāsāṃghika and Mahavastu, in their late Hinayana forms, used hybrid Sanskrit for their literature. Sanskrit was also the language of some of the oldest surviving, authoritative and much followed philosophical works of Jainism such as the ""Tattvartha Sutra"" by Umaswati. The Sanskrit language has been one of the major means for the transmission of knowledge and ideas in Asian history. Indian texts in Sanskrit were already in China by 402 CE, carried by the influential Buddhist pilgrim Faxian who translated them into Chinese by 418 CE. Xuanzang, another Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, learnt Sanskrit in"
"the world's first sex guide, the Kama Sutra. In the south, the giant temple of Tanjore built by emperor Rajaraja Chola and traditional bronze casters, working as their ancestors did 1,000 years ago are shown. Michael Wood calls Tamil Nadu, ""the only surviving 'Classical Civilization' in the world"". In an interview to The Hindu Michael Wood said, ""One that's 2,000 years old like ancient Greece or Rome, Tamil is the last living classical Indian language.The first surviving work in Tamil, a 300 BC book on linguistics, refers to an already existing culture. Tamil is older than any modern European language."
"1930-1). A 21st-century example is ""One Hundred Strokes of the Brush Before Bed"" (2004) by Melissa Panarello. Sex manuals are among the oldest forms of erotic literature. Three brief fragments of a sex manual written in the fourth century BC that is attributed to Philaenis of Samos have survived, though modern scholars generally regard it as a work of parody probably written by a man, most likely the Athenian sophist Polycrates. Other examples of the genre from the classical world include the lost works of Elephantis and Ovid's ""Ars Amatoria"". The Indian ""Kama Sutra"" is one of the world's best-known"
"Maharashtri Prakrit Maharashtri or Maharashtri Prakrit (""""), is a language of ancient and medieval India which is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani. It is one of the many languages (often called dialects) of a complex called Prakrit, and the chief Dramatic Prakrit. Maharashtri was spoken for 1000 years (500 BCE to 500 CE). It was used in numerous works of literature, and its literary use was made famous by the Sanskrit playwright Kālidāsa. Maharashtri Prakrit was commonly spoken until 875 CE and was the official language of the Satavahana dynasty. Works like ""Karpurmanjari"" and ""Saptashati"" (150BCE) were written in"
"Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love is a 1996 Indian English-language historical romance film co-written, co-produced, and directed by Mira Nair. It takes its title from the ancient Indian text, the ""Kama Sutra"" and serves as a common link between the characters. The film stars Rekha, Indira Varma, and Naveen Andrews in pivotal roles. The plot takes its origin from a short story by Urdu author Wajida Tabassum titled ""Utran"" (""Hand-Me-Downs"" or ""Cast-Offs""). The portion of plot derived from ""Utran"" takes place from the film's beginning until the scene where Maya says: ""Now something"
"Vashistha Dharmasutra The Vashistha Dharmasutra is one of the few surviving ancient Sanskrit Dharmasutras of Hinduism. It is reverentially named after a Rigvedic sage Vashistha who lived in the 2nd millennium BCE, but the text was probably composed by unknown authors between 300 BCE – 100 CE. It forms an independent text and other parts of the Kalpasūtra, that is Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras are missing. It is written in sutra style, and contains 1,038 sutras. According to Patrick Olivelle – a professor of Sanskrit and Indian religions, the text may be dated closer to the start of the common era,"
"of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage"". Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture. The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1700 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit language. Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the ""Mahābhārata"" and the ""Ramayana"", the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the ""Abhijñānaśākuntalam"" (""The Recognition of Śakuntalā""), and poetry such as the ""Mahākāvya"". Kamasutra, the famous book about sexual intercourse also originated in India. Developed between 600 BCE and 300"
"modern writers on cryptography have christened the ciphers alluded to in the Kamasutra as ""Kamasutra cipher"" or ""Vatsyayana cipher"". The exact date of the composition of Kamasutra has not been fixed. It is supposed that Vatsyayana must have lived between the sixth and first century BC. However, the date of the Jayamangla commentary has been fixed as between the tenth and thirteenth centuries CE. This is a Mlecchita named after Kautilya, the author of the ancient Indian political treatise, the Arthashastra. In this system, the short and long vowels, the anusvara and the spirants are interchanged for the consonants and"
"and Artha. He makes a passing mention of the fourth aim of life in some verses. The earliest foundations of the ""kamasutra"" are found in the Vedic era literature of Hinduism. Vatsyayana acknowledges this heritage in verse 1.1.9 of the text where he names Shvetaketu Auddalaki as the ""first human author of the ""kamasutra"""". Auddalaki is an early Upanishadic rishi (scholar-poet, sage), whose ideas are found in the ""Brihadaranyaka Upanishad"" such as in section 6.2, and the ""Chandogya Upanishad"" such as over the verses 5.3 through 5.10. These Hindu scriptures are variously dated between 900 BCE and 700 BCE, according"
"Paramartha Paramārtha (Sanskrit: परमार्थ ""Paramārtha""; ) (499-569 CE) was an Indian monk from Ujjain in central India, who is best known for his prolific Chinese translations which include Vasubandhu's ""Abhidharmakośa"". Paramārtha is considered one of the greatest translators of sutras in Chinese Buddhism, along with Kumārajīva and Xuanzang. Paramārtha was born in 499 CE in the autonomous kingdom of Malwa in central India, at the end of the Gupta Dynasty. His given name was Kulanātha, meaning ""savior of the family"", and his parents were Brahmins belonging to the Bhāradvāja clan. His Buddhist name of ""Paramārtha"" means ""the ultimate meaning,"" ""parama"":"
"Sanskrit Sanskrit (; , ) is a language of ancient India with a history going back about 3,500 years. It is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; the predominant language of most works of Hindu philosophy as well as some of the principal texts of Buddhism and Jainism. Sanskrit, in its various variants and dialects, was the ""lingua franca"" of ancient and medieval India. In the early 1st millennium CE, along with Buddhism and Hinduism, Sanskrit migrated to Southeast Asia, parts of East Asia and Central Asia, emerging as a language of high culture and of local ruling elites in"
"Literature of Kashmir Literature of Kashmir has a long history, the oldest texts having been composed in the Sanskrit language. Early names include Patanjali, the author of the ""Mahabhashya"" commentary on Pāṇini's grammar, suggested by some to have been the same to write the Hindu treatise known as the Yogasutra, and Dridhbala, who revised the Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda. In medieval times, philosophers of Kashmir Shaivism include Vasugupta (c. 800), Utpala (c. 925), Abhinavagupta, and Kshemaraja as well as Anandavardhana. The use of the Kashmiri language began with the work ""Mahanayakaprakash"" (Light of the Supreme Lord) by Shitikantha (c.1250), and"
"Literature of Kashmir Literature of Kashmir has a long history, the oldest texts having been composed in the Sanskrit language. Early names include Patanjali, the author of the ""Mahabhashya"" commentary on Pāṇini's grammar, suggested by some to have been the same to write the Hindu treatise known as the Yogasutra, and Dridhbala, who revised the Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda. In medieval times, philosophers of Kashmir Shaivism include Vasugupta (c. 800), Utpala (c. 925), Abhinavagupta, and Kshemaraja as well as Anandavardhana. The use of the Kashmiri language began with the work ""Mahanayakaprakash"" (Light of the Supreme Lord) by Shitikantha (c.1250), and"
"Medieval texts, such as ""Apararka"", state that thirty six Dharmasastra authors were influenced by ""Gautama Dharmasutras"". Gautama Dharmasutra Gautama Dharmasūtra is a Sanskrit text and likely one of the oldest Hindu Dharmasutras (600-200 BCE), whose manuscripts have survived into the modern age. The ""Gautama Dharmasutra"" was composed and survives as an independent treatise, unattached to a complete Kalpa-sūtras, but like all Dharmasutras it may have been part of one whose Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras have been lost to history. The text belongs to Samaveda schools, and its 26th chapter on penance theory is borrowed almost completely from Samavidhana Brahmana layer of"
"the ""Kama Sutra"", which is an ancient sex manual related to Hindu literature, ""Ratirahasya"" deals with medieval Indian society. During the medieval age, India became more conservative compared to ancient India, freedom of women decreased, and premarital and extramarital sex were frowned upon. A sex manual was needed that would be suitable for the medieval cultural climate, and ""Ratirahasya"" was written, quite different from the ancient text ""Kama Sutra"". There are fifteen ""pachivedes"" (chapters) and 800 verses in ""Ratirahasya"" which deal with various topics such as different physiques, lunar calendar, different types of genitals, characteristics of women of various ages,"
"the Brahmasutras, and multiple authors predating Badarayana, is supported by textual evidence. Some scholars, such as Sengaku Mayeda, state Brahmasutra that has survived into the modern times may be the work of multiple authors but those who lived after Badarayana, and that these authors composed the currently surviving Brahmasutra starting about 300 BCE through about 400-450 CE. Nakamura states that the original version of Brahma sutra is likely very ancient and its inception coincides with the Kalpa Sutras period (1st-millennium BCE). Natalia Isaeva states, ""on the whole, scholars are rather unanimous, considering the most probable date for Brahmasutra sometime between"
"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, also called Kanada sutra, is an ancient Sanskrit text at the foundation of the Vaisheshika school of Hindu philosophy. The sutra was authored by the Hindu sage Kanada, also known as Kashyapa. According to some scholars, he flourished before the advent of Buddhism because the ""Vaiśeṣika Sūtra"" makes no mention of Buddhism or Buddhist doctrines; however, the details of Kanada's life are uncertain, and the ""Vaiśeṣika Sūtra"" was likely compiled sometime between 6th and 2nd century BCE, and finalized in the currently existing version before the start of the common era. A number of scholars have"
"virtues]. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali was the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages and two non-Indian languages: Old Javanese and Arabic. By early 21st century, scholars had located 37 editions of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras published between 1874 and 1992, and 82 different manuscripts, from various locations in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Europe and the United States, many in Sanskrit, some in different North and South Indian languages. The numerous historical variants show that the text was a living document and it was changed as these manuscripts were transmitted or"
"Kashyapa Samhita Kashyap Samhitā (Devanagari , also ""Kashyapa, Kasyap, Kasyapa""), also known as Vriddha Jivakiya Tantra is a treatise on Ayurveda attributed to the sage Kashyap. The text is often named as one of the earliest treatises on Indian medicine, alongside the Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, Bheda Samhita, Harita Samhita (and others). In contemporary practice of Ayurveda, it is consulted especially in the fields of Ayuvedic pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics. It is also part of the Ayurveda teaching syllabus especially in ""Kaumarabhritya Balaroga"" (Pediatrics). It is dated to a period of 6th century BCE. Kashyapa Samhita was translated into Chinese"
"in the western imagination after the widely popular first ""Kamasutra"" translation by Sir Richard Burton in 1883. In his translation, even though the original Sanskrit text does not use the words lingam or yoni for sexual organs, and almost always uses other terms, Burton adroitly avoided been viewed as obscene to the Victorian mindset by avoiding the use of words such as penis, vulva, vagina and other direct or indirect sexual terms in the Sanskrit text to discuss sex, sexual relationships and human sexual positions. Burton used the terms lingam and yoni instead throughout the translation. This conscious and incorrect"
"Sanghata Sutra The Sanghata Sutra (Ārya Sanghāta Sūtra; Devanagari, आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र) is a Mahāyāna Buddhist scripture widely circulated in northwest India and Central Asia. Although the Sanghāta circulated first in Sanskrit, it was subsequently translated into all the major languages of Buddhist communities to the north, northwest and east of India: Khotanese, Chinese, Sogdian and Tibetan. This translation work took place over the course of the 5th through 10th centuries of the common era. Manuscripts of the Sanghāta have been recovered in Gilgit (in 1931 and 1938), Khotan, Dunhuang, and other sites in Central Asia along the silk route."