"Personification in the Bible Personification, the attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions and natural forces like seasons and the weather, is a literary device found in many ancient texts, including the Hebrew Bible and Christian New Testament. Personification is often part of allegory, parable and metaphor in the Bible. A famous example of personification is the personification of Wisdom as a woman in the Book of Proverbs, or natural forces in the Book of Job. An early example of zoomorphism in the Hebrew Bible is when sin is likened to an animal ""crouching"""
"Book of Enoch The Book of Enoch (also 1 Enoch; Ge'ez: መጽሐፈ ሄኖክ ""mets’iḥāfe hēnoki"") is an ancient Jewish religious work, ascribed by tradition to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah. The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) of the text are estimated to date from about 300 BCE, and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably to the 1st century BCE. It is not part of the biblical canon as used by Jews, apart from Beta Israel. Most Christian denominations and traditions may accept the Books of Enoch as having some historical or theological interest, but they"
"""The Holy Bible"" (in Greek , ) or ""the Holy Scriptures"" (, ). The Bible was divided into chapters in the 13th century by Stephen Langton and it was divided into verses in the 16th century by French printer Robert Estienne and is now usually cited by book, chapter, and verse. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the ""sof passuk"" cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in earlier oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican"
"Book of Genesis The Book of Genesis (from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek """", meaning ""Origin""; , """"Bərēšīṯ"""", ""In [the] beginning"") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and the Old Testament. It can be divided into two parts, the Primeval history (chapters 1–11) and the Ancestral history (chapters 12–50). The primeval history sets out the author's (or authors') concepts of the nature of the deity and of humankind's relationship with its maker: God creates a world which is good and fit for mankind, but when man corrupts it with sin God"
"in 2006, with pages of translation facing pages from the ""Jerusalem Crown"". This print contains the Torah only, but volumes for the rest of the Bible are planned. The Aleppo Codex, now known in Hebrew as ""Keter Aram Tsoba"", is the oldest and most famous manuscript of the Bible. Written in Tiberias in the year 920, and annotated by Aaron ben Asher, it has become the most authoritative Biblical text in Jewish culture. The most famous halachic authority to rely on it was Maimonides, in his exposition of the laws governing the writing of Torah scrolls in his codification of"
"Codex Cairensis The Codex Cairensis (also: ""Codex Prophetarum Cairensis"", ""Cairo Codex of the Prophets"") is a Hebrew manuscript containing the complete text of the Hebrew Bible Nevi'im (prophets). It has been described as ""the oldest dated Hebrew Codex of the Bible which has come down to us"". It contains the books of the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) and Latter Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the book of the Twelve Minor Prophets). It comprises 575 pages including 13 carpet pages. According to its colophon, it was written complete with punctuation by Moses ben Asher in Tiberias ""at the"
"Old Testament The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God. The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament. The books that comprise the Old Testament canon, as well as their order and names, differ between Christian denominations. The Catholic canon comprises 46 books, and the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 51 books and the most"
"Codex Vaticanus The Codex Vaticanus (The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; no. B or 03 Gregory-Aland, δ 1 von Soden) is regarded as the oldest extant manuscript of the Greek Bible (Old and New Testament), one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library, where it has been kept since at least the 15th century. It is written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters and has been dated palaeographically to the 4th century. The manuscript became known to Western scholars as a result of correspondence between"
"which he will come here from heaven and dwell with them and lead them in a holy war to possess the land, and then give them peace. Traditionally ascribed to Moses himself, modern scholarship sees the book as initially a product of the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), based on earlier written and oral traditions, with final revisions in the Persian post-exilic period (5th century BCE). Carol Meyers in her commentary on Exodus suggests that it is arguably the most important book in the Bible, as it presents the defining features of Israel's identity: memories of a past marked by"
"of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The King James Bible—which has been called ""the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language"""
"Library, and it is known as the Codex Vaticanus. The oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the Codex Amiatinus, dating from the 8th century. Professor John K. Riches, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, says that ""the biblical texts themselves are the result of a creative dialogue between ancient traditions and different communities through the ages"", and ""the biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers – political, cultural,"
"Bible); the world's largest and most complete bible manuscript which predates the King James Bible by approximately 300 years and the Gutenberg Bible by approximately 150 years. Since publication of the King James Bible of 1611, the name Helon as it appears in historical and contemporary bibles, concordances and biblical commentaries has been perpetually corrupted and rendered as Elon (phonetically spelt ""ay-lone""'). Elon (sometimes ""Elom"", as referenced in the Gutenberg Bible, or ""Helom"") was the name of the Hittite father of Basemath (who was also called Adah), the second wife of Esau ben Isaac. Dr James Strong (1890) who based"
"Constantin von Tischendorf Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (von) Tischendorf (18 January 1815 – 7 December 1874) was a world-leading biblical scholar in his time. In 1844 he discovered the world's oldest and most complete Bible dating from 325, with the complete New Testament not discovered before. This Bible is called Codex Sinaiticus, after the St. Catherine's Monastery at Mt. Sinai, where Tischendorf discovered it. The codex can be seen either in the British Library in London, or as a digitalised version on the Internet. Textual disputes are resolved when the two oldest books, Codex Sinaiticus (source aleph, 4th AD) and Codex"
"it directly. The oldest list of books for the New Testament canon is the Muratorian fragment dating to c. 170. It shows that by 200 there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the 27-book New Testament, which included the four gospels. Thus, while there was debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the current books of the New Testament were accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the 2nd century, with the exception of James, Hebrews, and 2nd Peter. However, these 3 books were also agreed upon and recognized"
"the New Testament that critics have identified as remnants of oral creeds used by the early church. There is consensus these texts are older than the writings which contain them. Textual indications are that they were received by Paul, recorded by him in his epistles, but not authored by him. They are: , a primitive narrative outline of the gospel; Philippians 2:6–11, a song of Christ; and Galatians 3:28, a fragment of prayer used at baptism. The majority of scholars, including textual scholar Bart Ehrman, say , which references the resurrection, is the oldest passage in the New Testament. It"
"only lacking 1–3 Maccabees and Sinaiticus is lacking 2–3 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah. Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Vaticanus and Sinaiticus are the earliest extant Christian Bibles. There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon, however, Jerome (347–420), in his ""Prologue to Judith"", makes the claim that the Book of Judith was ""found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures"". Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the ""Decretum Gelasianum"" is correctly"
"The Samuel Scroll The Samuel scroll was one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in 1947, by a Bedouin shepherd who stumbled across them in what was termed ""The greatest archaeological find of the twentieth century"" by William Foxwell Albright. Among these scrolls were over 930 biblical manuscripts - the oldest known copies of the Hebrew Bible, over 1000 years older than the Masoretic text from which the Old Testament was then translated from. Among these manuscripts, four contain parts of what is commonly referred to as ""The First and Second Books of Samuel"". What is commonly known as two"
"Book of Job The Book of Job (; Hebrew: אִיוֹב ""Iyov"") is a book in the Ketuvim (""Writings"") section of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), and the first poetic book in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Addressing the problem of theodicy – the vindication of the justice of God in the light of humanity's suffering – it is a rich theological work setting out a variety of perspectives. It has been widely praised for its literary qualities, with Alfred, Lord Tennyson calling it ""the greatest poem of ancient and modern times"". The Book of Job consists of a prose"
"Vienna Genesis The Vienna Genesis (Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, cod. theol. gr. 31), designated by siglum L (Ralphs), is an illuminated manuscript, probably produced in Syria in the first half of the 6th Century. It is the oldest well-preserved, surviving, illustrated biblical codex. The text is a fragment of the Book of Genesis in the Greek Septuagint translation. The text is frequently abbreviated. There are twenty-four surviving folios each with miniatures at the bottom of both sides. It is thought that there were originally about ninety-six folios and 192 illustrations. It is written in uncials with silver ink on calfskin vellum"
"Criticism of the Bible The view that the Bible should be accepted as historically accurate and as a reliable guide to morality has been questioned by many scholars in the field of biblical criticism. In addition to concerns about morality, inerrancy, or historicity, there remain some questions of which books should be included in the Bible. The Hebrew Bible, upon which the Christian Old Testament is based, was originally composed in Biblical Hebrew, except for parts of Daniel and Ezra that were written in Biblical Aramaic. These writings depict Israelite religion from its beginnings to about the 2nd century BC."
"Codex Amiatinus The Codex Amiatinus, is the earliest surviving complete manuscript of the Latin Vulgate version of the Christian Bible. It was produced around 700 C.E. in the north-east of England, at the Benedictine monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow in the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria and taken to Italy as a gift for the Pope in 716. It was one of three giant single-volume Bibles then made at Wearmouth-Jarrow, and is the earliest complete one-volume Latin Bible to survive, only the León palimpsest being older; and the oldest bible where all the biblical books present what would be their Vulgate texts. It"
"Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, ""tà biblía"", ""the books"") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans. With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies, it is widely considered to be the most influential and best-selling book of all time. Many different authors contributed to the Bible. What is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups; a number of Bible canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents. The Christian Old"
"a manuscript scholar, and his team gave it a date of AD 1200. He states that in 1999 the University of Arizona used carbon dating to date the codex between AD 1000 and 1190. When the Khabouris Codex was found, the news article ""US Library gets an Ancient Bible"" appeared in the New York Times on March 26, 1955 reporting on the oldest known New Testament Bible written in ""the language used by Christ."" The article noted that it was taken to the White House where President Eisenhower viewed it. The Codex was said to be insured for ""an hour"
"(the Septuagint). Christian use of the term can be traced to c. 223 CE. The biblical scholar F.F. Bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer (in his ""Homilies on Matthew"", delivered between 386 and 388) to use the Greek phrase ""ta biblia"" (""the books"") to describe both the Old and New Testaments together. By the 2nd century BCE, Jewish groups began calling the books of the Bible the ""scriptures"" and they referred to them as ""holy"", or in Hebrew כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ (Kitvei hakkodesh), and Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible"
"and a good God, are examples of criticisms of ethics in the Bible. According to traditional Jewish enumeration, the Hebrew canon is composed of 24 books which came into being over a span of almost a millennium. The Bible's earliest texts reflect a Late Bronze Age Near Eastern civilization, while its last text, usually thought to be Daniel, comes from a second century BCE Hellenistic world. This historical development has to be taken into consideration in any account of ethics in the Bible. Ethicist Eryl W. Davies writes that many scholars question whether the biblical account can be regarded as"
"it remains crucial to their understanding of the unity and authority of Scripture. The Torah (or Pentateuch, as biblical scholars sometimes call it) is the collective name for the first five books of the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. It forms the charter myth of Israel, the story of the people's origins and the foundations of their culture and institutions, and it is a fundamental principle of Judaism that the relationship between God and his chosen people was set out on Mount Sinai through the Torah. The development of the Torah began by around 600 BCE when"
"Bijbels Museum The Bijbels Museum (""Biblical Museum"") is a museum on the Herengracht in Amsterdam housing a collection of Bibles and other religious objects from the Judeo-Christian tradition, including the oldest Bible printed in the Netherlands (the 1477 ""Delftse Bijbel"",), a first edition of the 1637 Dutch Authorised Version, and a facsimile copy of a Dead Sea scroll from Qumran containing the Book of Isaiah. The museum also houses archaeological discoveries, artifacts from ancient Egypt collected by Leendert Schouten in the 19th century: oil lamps, clay tablets, earthenware, shards of pottery and coins. They give an impression of the religious"
"around 200 CE. Biblical Hebrew as reflected in the consonantal text of the Bible and in extra-biblical inscriptions may be subdivided by era. The oldest form of Biblical Hebrew, Archaic Hebrew, is found in poetic sections of the Bible and inscriptions dating to around 1000 BCE, the early Monarchic Period. This stage is also known as Old Hebrew or Paleo-Hebrew, and is the oldest stratum of Biblical Hebrew. The oldest known artifacts of Archaic Biblical Hebrew are various sections of the Tanakh, including the Song of Moses (Exodus 15) and the Song of Deborah (Judges 5). Biblical poetry uses a"
"that human history followed the plan of a divine ""week"" of seven ""days"" each lasting a thousand years; and second, a 4,000 year history—even longer in the Septuagint version—would establish the antiquity of the Jews against their pagan neighbours. The canonical text of the Hebrew Bible is called the Masoretic Text, a text preserved by Jewish rabbis from early the 7th and 10th centuries CE. There are, however, two other major texts, the Septuagint and the Samaritan Pentateuch. The Septuagint is a Koine Greek translation of the original biblical Hebrew holy books. It is estimated that the first five books"
"Leningrad Codex The Leningrad Codex (Latin: ""Codex Leningradensis"", the ""codex of Leningrad"") is the oldest ""complete"" manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew, using the Masoretic Text and Tiberian vocalization. It is dated 1008 CE (or possibly 1009) according to its colophon. The Aleppo Codex, against which the Leningrad Codex was corrected, is several decades older, but parts of it have been missing since 1947, making the Leningrad Codex the oldest complete codex of the Tiberian mesorah that has survived intact to this day. In modern times, the Leningrad Codex is significant as the Hebrew text reproduced in ""Biblia Hebraica"""
"time of King David, Tamar is still able to offer marriage to her half brother as an alternative to rape. Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers condemn all sexual relations between relatives. According to traditional Jewish enumeration, the Hebrew canon is composed of 24 books written by various authors, using primarily Hebrew and some Aramaic, which came into being over a span of almost a millennium. The Hebrew Bible's earliest texts reflect a Late Bronze Age Near Eastern civilization, while its last text, thought by most scholars to be the Book of Daniel, comes from a second century BCE Hellenistic world. Compared"
"on the origins of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the bible:Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), arguing, with Martin Noth, that Deuteronomy was the original beginning of a history that extended from Deuteronomy to the end of 2 Kings. However, against Noth and others, he held that the so-called Yahwist, the oldest literary source in Genesis, Exodus and Numbers, was written in the 6th century BCE as a prologue to the older Deuteronomistic History, and that the so-called Priestly Writer of the Pentateuch was a later supplement to this history. This approach represented a revival of the ""supplementary hypothesis"""
"This also continued into the age when the practice of the religion of Christianity became legal (see the Ecumenical Councils). The Biblical canon began with the officially accepted books of the Koine Greek Old Testament (which predates Christianity). This ""canon"", called the Septuagint or ""seventy"", continues to be the Old Testament of the Orthodox faith, along with the New Testament's Good news (gospels), Revelations and Letters of the Apostles (including Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Hebrews). The earliest text of the New Testament was written in common or Koine Greek. The texts of the Old Testament"