"whose smoke was called ""tobacco"" by the natives of Hispaniola. In 1560, Jean Nicot de Villemain, then French ambassador to Portugal, brought tobacco seeds and leaves as a ""wonder drug"" to the French court. In 1586 the botanist Jaques Dalechamps gave the plant the name of ""Herba nicotiana"", which was also adopted by Linné. It was considered a decorative plant at first, then a panacea, before it became a common snuff and tobacco plant. Tobacco arrived in Africa at the beginning of the 17th century. The leaf extract was a popular pest control method up to the beginning of the"
"Nicotiana Nicotiana () is a genus of herbaceous plants and shrubs of the family Solanaceae, that is indigenous to the Americas, Australia, south west Africa and the South Pacific. Various ""Nicotiana"" species, commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. ""N. tabacum"" is grown worldwide for production of tobacco leaf for cigarettes and other tobacco products. The 67 species include; The word ""nicotiana"" (as well as ""nicotine"") was named in honor of Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent it as a medicine to the court of Catherine de' Medici. Despite containing enough"
"Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tabacum, or cultivated tobacco, is an annually-grown herbaceous plant. It is found only in cultivation, where it is the most commonly grown of all plants in the genus ""Nicotiana"", and its leaves are commercially grown in many countries to be processed into tobacco. It grows to heights between 1 and 2 meters. Research is ongoing into its ancestry among wild ""Nicotiana"" species, but it is believed to be a hybrid of ""Nicotiana sylvestris"", ""Nicotiana tomentosiformis"", and possibly ""Nicotiana otophora"". In their first voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus and his expedition were introduced to a plant"
"nicotine in regular cigarettes to a minimally or non-addictive level. Nicotine is one of the most rigorously studied drugs. Nicotine was originally isolated from the tobacco plant in 1828 by chemists Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann from Germany, who believed it was a poison. Its chemical empirical formula was described by Melsens in 1843, its structure was discovered by Adolf Pinner and Richard Wolffenstein in 1893, and it was first synthesized by Amé Pictet and A. Rotschy in 1904. The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has increased over time, and one study found that there was an"
"princess Margaret of Valois to five-year-old King Sebastian of Portugal. When Nicot returned, he brought tobacco plants. He introduced snuff tobacco to the French royal court. The plant was also an instant success with the Father Superior of Malta, who shared tobacco with all of his monks. More and more of the fashionable people of Paris began to use the plant, making Nicot a celebrity. Although André Thevet argued that he had introduced tobacco to France, the plant was called Nicotina. But nicotine later came to refer specifically to the particular chemical in the plant. The tobacco plant, ""Nicotiana"", also"
"Tobacco products Tobacco is the agricultural product of the leaves of plants in the genus ""Nicotiana"". All species of ""Nicotiana"" contain the addictive drug nicotine—a stimulant and sedative contained in all parts of the plants except the seeds—which occurs in varying amounts depending on the species and variety cultivated. See types of tobacco and curing of tobacco for more information. The vast majority of commercially available tobacco is derived from the species ""Nicotiana tabacum"", although it is also produced from ""Nicotiana alata"", and to a lesser extent ""Nicotiana clevelandii"", ""Nicotiana longiflora"", and ""Nicotiana rustica"", among others. Once tobacco has been"
"with heat in early spring, and planted out after the last frosts. In Great Britain, it will only successfully overwinter in more sheltered coastal areas or parts of London where the temperature never falls below . This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana sylvestris is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, known by the common names woodland tobacco, flowering tobacco, and South American tobacco. It is a perennial plant in the tobacco genus ""Nicotiana"", native to the Andes region in Argentina and Bolivia, in South America. It is"
"machine to make large blocks, called bales. The hands or bales are aged for one to three years to improve flavor and reduce bitterness. Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tabacum, or cultivated tobacco, is an annually-grown herbaceous plant. It is found only in cultivation, where it is the most commonly grown of all plants in the genus ""Nicotiana"", and its leaves are commercially grown in many countries to be processed into tobacco. It grows to heights between 1 and 2 meters. Research is ongoing into its ancestry among wild ""Nicotiana"" species, but it is believed to be a hybrid of ""Nicotiana sylvestris"","
"replacement use were unknown as of 2014. Overdose on nicotine-containing products results in nicotine poisoning. The use of electronic cigarettes, which are designed to be refilled with nicotine-containing e-liquid, has raised concerns over nicotine overdoses, especially with regard to the possibility of young children ingesting the liquids. Nicotine is found in the leaves of ""Nicotiana rustica"" (in amounts of 2–14%); in the tobacco plant, ""Nicotiana tabacum"" (in amounts of 1–3% ); in ""Duboisia hopwoodii""; and in ""Asclepias syriaca"". It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco. Concentrations of nicotine in dry tobacco are about a hundred thousand times"
"by Indonesia, Laos, Ukraine, Belarus, Greece, Jordan, and China. Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus ""Nicotiana"". The genus contains a number of species, however, ""Nicotiana tabacum"" is the most commonly grown. ""Nicotiana rustica"" follows as second containing higher concentrations of nicotine. These leaves are harvested and cured to allow for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves which can be attributed to sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavors. Before packaging, the tobacco is often combined with other"
"Tobacco Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus ""Nicotiana"" and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. While more than 70 species of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is ""N. tabacum"". The more potent variant ""N. rustica"" is also used around the world. Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is a stimulant, and harmala alkaloids. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and flavored shisha tobacco. They can also be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco and snus."
"in the tropical north, nor in the cooler, wetter, southwest and southeast corners. It thus occurs in every mainland state except Victoria. It grows in sand, clay and stony soils, on plains, along creeklines, and upon coastal limestone. Nicotiana occidentalis Nicotiana occidentalis, commonly known as Native Tobacco, is a short-lived herb native to Australia. It grows as an annual or short-lived perennial herb, from ten to 120 centimetres high, with white or pink flowers. It is densely covered in sticky hairs. It was first published in 1935 by Helen-Mar Wheeler, based on a specimen collected from Port Hedland in 1911."
"a flowering garden plant, was named after him by Carl Linnaeus, as was nicotine. Nicot described its believed medicinal properties (1559) and sent it as a medicine to the French court. For his service to the French royal court, Nicot was given the name 'de Villemain' and land near Brie-Comte-Robert. There, he compiled one of the first French dictionaries, ""Thresor de la langue françoyse tant ancienne que moderne"" (published in 1606). His dictionary, according to Ibram X. Kendi, was the first that included an entry for the concept of race. He died on May 4, 1604 in Paris, France. Jean"
"Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana sylvestris is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, known by the common names woodland tobacco, flowering tobacco, and South American tobacco. It is a perennial plant in the tobacco genus ""Nicotiana"", native to the Andes region in Argentina and Bolivia, in South America. It is a tall plant, growing to high by broad. The leaves are simple, somewhat sticky, with the blade partially surrounding the stem, clasping petiole. Flowers are produced on many-branched stems. The flowers are tubular, white, borne in racemes held above the foliage. Flowers can be over 7 cm long"
"Nicotiana occidentalis Nicotiana occidentalis, commonly known as Native Tobacco, is a short-lived herb native to Australia. It grows as an annual or short-lived perennial herb, from ten to 120 centimetres high, with white or pink flowers. It is densely covered in sticky hairs. It was first published in 1935 by Helen-Mar Wheeler, based on a specimen collected from Port Hedland in 1911. Three subspecies are recognised. ""N. occidentalis"" subsp. ""obliqua"" is the only widespread subspecies; the other two, ""N. occidentalis"" subsp. ""occidentalis"" and ""N. occidentalis"" subsp. ""hesperis"", are endemic to Western Australia. It occurs throughout mid-latitude mainland Australia, but not"
"Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana benthamiana is a close relative of tobacco and species of ""Nicotiana"" indigenous to Australia. The herbaceous plant is found amongst rocks on hills and cliffs throughout the northern regions of Australia. Variable in height and habit, the species may be erect and up to or sprawling out no taller than . The flowers are white. The plant was used by people of Australia as a stimulant - it contains nicotine and other alkaloids - before the introduction of commercial tobacco (""N.tabacum"" and ""N.rustica""). The indigenous names for it include ""tjuntiwari"" and ""muntju"". It was first collected on"
"Nornicotine Nornicotine is an alkaloid found in various plants including ""Nicotiana"", the tobacco plant. It is chemically similar to nicotine, but does not contain a methyl group. It is a precursor to the carcinogen ""N""-nitrosonornicotine that is produced during the curing and processing of tobacco. There are several routes for the synthesis of nornicotine. One route is the demethylation of nicotine, which can be accomplished by reaction with silver oxide. formula_1 Another route is the partial reduction of 3-myosmine, which can be accomplished by standard catalytic hydrogenation conditions using palladium as a catalyst. or with sodium borohydride This reaction gives"
"The original seeds must have been acquired from afar, as tobacco was not native to the northern Northwest Coast. Myths reflecting this, describe the supernatural original acquisition of the seeds. Nicotiana quadrivalvis Nicotiana quadrivalvis is a species of wild tobacco known by the common name Indian tobacco. It is native to the western United States, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a bushy, sprawling annual herb growing up to two meters in maximum height. The lower leaf blades are up to long and are borne on short petioles, the upper smaller and sessile on the stem."
"Nicorette Nicorette is the brand name of a number of products for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that contain nicotine. Developed in the late 1970s in Sweden by in the form of a chewing gum, Nicorette was the first nicotine replacement product on the market. The product range encompasses chewing gum, lozenges, patches of two kinds (transparent and non-transparent), oral spray (Nicorette QuickMist), inhalator, sublingual tablets (Nicorette Microtab) and nasal spray. The products are manufactured by McNeil Consumer Healthcare company, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. GlaxoSmithKline is the licence holder of Nicorette gum in the United States while Johnson &"
"the racemic product. formula_2 Nornicotine Nornicotine is an alkaloid found in various plants including ""Nicotiana"", the tobacco plant. It is chemically similar to nicotine, but does not contain a methyl group. It is a precursor to the carcinogen ""N""-nitrosonornicotine that is produced during the curing and processing of tobacco. There are several routes for the synthesis of nornicotine. One route is the demethylation of nicotine, which can be accomplished by reaction with silver oxide. formula_1 Another route is the partial reduction of 3-myosmine, which can be accomplished by standard catalytic hydrogenation conditions using palladium as a catalyst. or with sodium"
"recommend IHN to treat dyslipidemia. In 1942, when flour enrichment with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said ""Tobacco in Your Bread."" So the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the American Medical Association approved of the Food and Nutrition Board's new names ""niacin"" and ""niacin amide"" for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate it from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name ""niacin"" was derived from ""cotinic id"" + ""vitam"". Niacin was first described by"
"""Nicotiana benthamiana"" is also a common plant used for pharming; for example, the drug ZMapp was produced using these plants. Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana benthamiana is a close relative of tobacco and species of ""Nicotiana"" indigenous to Australia. The herbaceous plant is found amongst rocks on hills and cliffs throughout the northern regions of Australia. Variable in height and habit, the species may be erect and up to or sprawling out no taller than . The flowers are white. The plant was used by people of Australia as a stimulant - it contains nicotine and other alkaloids - before the introduction"
"The product is sold globally under different brand names such as Nicoderm in the US, Nicabate in Australia and New Zealand and NiQuitin CQ in China, many parts of Europe and South America. Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco products. According to the research consensus, many of the constituents of tobacco smoke are carcinogenic. Nicotine itself has not been shown to be carcinogenic, but it has been suggested that it may cause more favorable conditions for cancerous growth. The drawback to NRT products is that they don't cure an individual's addiction to nicotine, but simply substitute cigarettes with an"
"and those of the Colony were both about to change. Rolfe, a businessman from London, had planned to become a planter upon arrival in Virginia, and had some new ideas about exporting tobacco for profit. He knew that the native tobacco from Virginia was not liked by the English settlers, nor did it appeal to the market in England. However, he brought with him some seeds for several new strains of tobacco to experiment with. Using the sweeter strains, Rolfe is credited with being the first to commercially cultivate"" Nicotiana tabacum"" tobacco plants in North America in 1611; the export"
"would last all night, the remaining flowers, smoking tubes and food would be given as a kind of alms to old and poor people who had been invited to witness the social occasion, or it would be rewarded to the servants. A Frenchman named Jean Nicot (from whose name the word nicotine derives) introduced tobacco to France in 1560 from Spain. From there, it spread to England. The first report of a smoking Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen ""emitting smoke from his nostrils."" Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants"
"NNK Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), also known as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines which play an important role in carcinogenesis. NNK is a compound that is naturally synthesized in tobacco leaves that are exposed to light: the pyrrolidine ring in the nicotine opens and turns the nicotine into NNK. Most of the NNK found in tobacco smoke originates from nicotine burning. It can also be formed synthetically by taking the following steps: Sun-cured tobaccos (a.k.a. ""Oriental"") contain very little NNK and other TSNAs due to low-nitrate soil, lack of nitrate fertilizer, and sun-curing. Flue-cured tobacco (a.k.a. ""Virginia"""
"Nicotiana alata Nicotiana alata is a species of tobacco. It is called jasmine tobacco, sweet tobacco, winged tobacco, tanbaku, and sometimes Persian tobacco, though the latter name is also used for ""Nicotiana persica"". Unlike the latter species, which is of some commercial importance in the production of Iranian Tobacco Company cigarettes, ""N. alata"" is mainly grown as an ornamental plant; numerous cultivars and hybrids are derived from it. In Iran, narghila tobacco is sometimes produced from ""N. alata""; it is not chopped like cigarette tobacco, but broken up by hand. Has a lovely fragrance in the evening to night. Most"
"Nicotine Nicotine is an antiherbivory alkaloid and potent parasympathomimetic stimulant found in plants, mostly those in the nightshade family. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. Nicotine is highly addictive. It is one of the most commonly abused drugs. An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine, while high amounts (30–60 mg) can be harmful. Nicotine induces both behavioral stimulation and anxiety in animals. Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence. Nicotine dependence"
"calyx and with a short apical beak, about long. Seeds are very numerous, very small, ovoid or kidney shaped, brown. Almost every part of the plant except the seed contains nicotine, but the concentration is related to different factors such as species, type of land, culture and weather conditions. The concentration of nicotine increases with the age of the plant. Tobacco leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine combined as malate or citrate. The distribution of the nicotine in the mature plant is widely variable: 64% of the total nicotine exists in the leaves, 18% in the stem, 13% in the"
"during the Victorian era. The same argument can be applied to nicotine but, in addition, various plants other than tobacco are a source of nicotine and two of these, ""Withania somnifera"" and ""Apium graveolens"", were known and used by ancient Egyptians. Henut Taui Henut Taui, or Henuttaui, Henuttawy (""fl."" ca 1000 BCE) was an Ancient Egyptian priestess during the 21st Dynasty whose remains were mummified. She is mainly known for being one of the so-called ""cocaine mummies"". Little to nothing is known about her life. She was a priestess and chantress in the temple of Amun at Thebes, and after"
"Cytisine Cytisine, also known as baptitoxine and sophorine, is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plant genera, such as ""Laburnum"" and ""Cytisus"" of the family Fabaceae. It has been used medically to help with smoking cessation. Its molecular structure has some similarity to that of nicotine and it has similar pharmacological effects. Like varenicline, cytisine is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Cytisine has a short half-life of 4.8 hours, and is rapidly eliminated from the body. The use of cytisine for smoking cessation remains relatively unknown outside Eastern Europe. Plant species that contain cytisine are found"
"Cytisine Cytisine, also known as baptitoxine and sophorine, is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plant genera, such as ""Laburnum"" and ""Cytisus"" of the family Fabaceae. It has been used medically to help with smoking cessation. Its molecular structure has some similarity to that of nicotine and it has similar pharmacological effects. Like varenicline, cytisine is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Cytisine has a short half-life of 4.8 hours, and is rapidly eliminated from the body. The use of cytisine for smoking cessation remains relatively unknown outside Eastern Europe. Plant species that contain cytisine are found"
"Stomatitis nicotina Stomatitis nicotina (also known as nicotine stomatitis, nicotinic stomatitis, nicotine palatinus, stomatitis palatini, leukokeratosis nicotina palate, palatal leukokeratosis, smoker's keratosis, smoker's palate, and smoker's patches), is a diffuse white patch on the hard palate, usually caused by tobacco smoking, usually pipe or cigar smoking. It is painless, and it is caused by a response of the palatal oral mucosa to chronic heat. A more pronounced appearance can occur with reverse smoking, sometimes distinguished from stomatitis nicotina by the term reverse smoker's keratosis. While stomatitis nicotina that is caused by heat is not a premaligant condition (i.e. it does"