"with silica phytoliths, which discourage grazing animals; some, such as sword grass, are sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs called the ligule lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath. Flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each having one or more florets. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. The part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla. A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or"
"Graminoid In botany and ecology, graminoid refers to a herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology, i.e. elongated culms with long, blade-like leaves. They are contrasted to forbs, herbaceous plants without grass-like features. The plants most often referred to include the families Poaceae (grasses in the strict sense), Cyperaceae (sedges), and Juncaceae (rushes). These are not closely related but belong to different clades in the order Poales. The grasses (Poaceae) are by far the largest family with some 12,000 species. Besides their similar morphology, graminoids share the widespread occurrence and often dominance in open habitats such as grasslands or marshes. They"
"can however also be found in the understory of forests. Sedges and rushes tend to prefer wetter habitats than grasses. Graminoid In botany and ecology, graminoid refers to a herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology, i.e. elongated culms with long, blade-like leaves. They are contrasted to forbs, herbaceous plants without grass-like features. The plants most often referred to include the families Poaceae (grasses in the strict sense), Cyperaceae (sedges), and Juncaceae (rushes). These are not closely related but belong to different clades in the order Poales. The grasses (Poaceae) are by far the largest family with some 12,000 species. Besides"
"Pomatiidae The family Pomatiidae is a taxonomic family of small operculate land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that can be found over the warmer parts of the Old World. In the older literature, this family is designated as Pomatiasidae. This family is a lineage closely related to the Littorinidae (periwinkles) common in coastal habitat. They have adapted to terrestrial life and are thus sometimes called ""land winkles"". They are defined by a chalky operculum at the rear end of the body, the shape of their thick shell and their mouth and a characteristic spiral sculpture. The sexes are separate and can"
"name such as Graminales in the Engler system (update of 1964) and in the Hutchinson system (first edition, first volume, 1926), Glumiflorae in the Wettstein system (last revised 1935) or Glumaceae in the Bentham & Hooker system (third volume, 1883). The earliest fossils attributed to the Poales date to the late Cretaceous period about million years ago, though some studies (e.g., Bremer, 2002) suggest the origin of the group may extend to nearly 115 million years ago, likely in South America. The earliest known fossils include pollen and fruits. The phylogenetic position of Poales within the commelinids was difficult to"
"Ipomoea Ipomoea () is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Convolvulaceae, with over 500 species. It is a large and diverse group with common names including morning glory, water convolvulus or kangkung, sweet potato, bindweed, moonflower, etc. The most widespread common name is morning glories, but there are also species in related genera bearing the same common name. Those formerly separated in ""Calonyction"" (Greek ""good"" and , , , ""night"") are called moonflowers. The generic name is derived from the Greek , (, ), meaning ""woodworm"", and (), meaning ""resembling."" It refers to their twining habit. The genus"
"Pooideae The Pooideae are the largest subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, with over 4,200 species in 14 tribes and roughly 200 genera. They include some major cereals such as wheat, barley, oat, rye and many lawn and pasture grasses. They are often referred to as cool-season grasses, because they are distributed in temperate climates. All of them use the C photosynthetic pathway. The Pooideae are the sister group of the bamboos within the BOP clade, and are themselves subdivided into 14 tribes. Relationships of tribes in the Pooideae according to a 2015 phylogenetic classification, also showing the bamboos as"
"sister group: Pooideae The Pooideae are the largest subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, with over 4,200 species in 14 tribes and roughly 200 genera. They include some major cereals such as wheat, barley, oat, rye and many lawn and pasture grasses. They are often referred to as cool-season grasses, because they are distributed in temperate climates. All of them use the C photosynthetic pathway. The Pooideae are the sister group of the bamboos within the BOP clade, and are themselves subdivided into 14 tribes. Relationships of tribes in the Pooideae according to a 2015 phylogenetic classification, also showing the"
"the Pooideae in having chromosome base numbers of 9, 10, and 8. The Meliceae are most abundant in temperate regions of Eurasia but are also well represented in temperate regions of North and South America but there are great differences between the genera. ""Glyceria"" and"" Pleuropogon"" grow in wet areas, often in standing water; ""Melica"" and ""Schizachne"" tend to grow in dry, well-drained sites. Members of the Meliceae have little economic importance. A few species of both ""Melica"" and ""Glyceria"" are grown as ornamentals; more merit consideration but caution should be used. Some species of ""Glyceria"", notably ""G. declinata"", are"
"Pomacea Pomacea is a genus of freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails. The genus is native to the Americas; most species in this genus are restricted to South America. in the aquarium trade these snails are sometimes called ""Pomacea"" or incorrectly ""Ampullarius"", and in English as ""[color] mystery snail"" or ""apple snail"". Some species have been introduced outside their native range and are considered invasive because of their voracious appetite for plants. Because of this, imports involving this genus are restricted in some regions (including the United States) and"
"species named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753). However, due to its highly variable nature and propensity for hybridisation, various-leaved pondweed has received a bewildering number of synonyms. DNA analysis indicates that ""P. gramineus"" is one of the broad-leaved pondweed clade (section ""Potamogeton"") and is probably most closely related to the ""P. lucens"" group. ""Potamogeton gramineus"" is native to much of the Northern Hemisphere, with a Holarctic distribution. It occurs in northern Europe (Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland, France, Poland, Russia, the Baltic States), Greenland, North America (USA except for the southeast, Canada). There are outlying populations in southern"
"Graminivore In zoology, a graminivore (not to be confused with a granivore) is an herbivorous animal that feeds primarily on grass (specifically ""true"" grasses, plants of the family Poaceae). The word is derived from Latin ""graminis"", meaning ""grass"", and ""vorare"", meaning ""to eat."" Graminivory is a form of grazing. These herbivorous animals have digestive systems that are adapted to digest large amounts of cellulose, which is abundant in fibrous plant matter and more difficult to break down for many other animals. As such, they have specialized enzymes to aid in digestion and in some cases symbiotic bacteria that live in"
"Potamogeton gramineus Potamogeton gramineus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common name various-leaved pondweed, variableleaf pondweed, grass-leaved pondweed or grassy pondweed, native to the northern hemisphere where it grows in shallow, clean water. This is an aquatic perennial growing from a creeping rhizome that anchors in wet substrate. It produces thin, cylindrical, heavily branching stems usually less than a metre in length. The submerged leaves are sessile, relatively narrow, typically 40–90 mm long and 5–12 mm wide along the main stem but smaller on the side branches. They are translucent and pale green with a white midrib,"
"sometimes be recognised because the female shell is slightly larger than the male shell. According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), the family Pomatiidae consists of two subfamilies: Genera within the family Pomatiidae include: subfamily Pomatiinae subfamily Annulariinae tribe Annulariini tribe Adamsiellini tribe Choanopomatini tribe Cistulopsini tribe Rhytidopomatini to be sorted to subfamilies: Pomatiidae The family Pomatiidae is a taxonomic family of small operculate land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that can be found over the warmer parts of the Old World. In the older literature, this family is designated as Pomatiasidae. This family is a lineage"
"Phrymaceae Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America. Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains. Phrymaceae is a family of mostly herbs and a few subshrubs, bearing tubular, bilaterally symmetric flowers. They can be annuals or perennials. Some of the Australian genera are aquatic or semiaquatic. One of these, ""Glossostigma"", is among the smallest of flowering plants, larger than"
"Pomatiopsidae Pomatiopsidae is a family of small, mainly freshwater snails, (some also occur in other habitats) that have gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Truncatelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Pomatiopsidae are well known as intermediate hosts of Asian schistosomes. Species in the family Pomatiopsidae occur worldwide. The generic diversity of Pomatiopsinae is particularly high in the Japanese Archipelago, where four of the eight genera, including two endemics, are recorded. The subfamily Triculinae radiated as aquatic snails in freshwater habitats in Southeast Asia. The American malacologist William Stimpson first"
"barley. Oryzoideae is the earliest-diverging lineage, sister to the bamboos and Pooideae: BOP clade The BOP clade (sometimes ""BEP clade"") is one of two major lineages (or clades) of undefined taxonomic rank in the grasses (Poaceae), containing more than 5,400 species, about half of all grasses. Its sister group is the PACMAD clade; contrary to many species of that group who have evolved C photosynthesis, the BOP grasses all use the C photosynthetic pathway. The clade contains three subfamilies from whose initials its name derives: the bamboos (Bambusoideae); Oryzoideae (syn. Ehrhartoideae), including rice; and Pooideae, mainly distributed in temperate regions,"
"Bromeliaceae The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot flowering plants of 51 genera and around 3475 known species native mainly to the tropical Americas, with a few species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, ""Pitcairnia feliciana"". They are among the basal families within the Poales and are the only family within the order that has septal nectaries and inferior ovaries. These inferior ovaries characterize the Bromelioideae, a subfamily of the Bromeliaceae. The family includes both epiphytes, such as Spanish moss (""Tillandsia usneoides""), and terrestrial species, such as the pineapple (""Ananas comosus""). Many bromeliads"
"Vitaceae The Vitaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants, with 14 genera and ca 910 known species, including the grapevine and Virginia creeper. The family name is derived from the genus ""Vitis"". The name sometimes appears as Vitidaceae, but Vitaceae is a conserved name and therefore has priority over both Vitidaceae and another name sometimes found in the older literature, Ampelidaceae. In the APG III system (2009) onwards, the family is placed in its own order, Vitales. Molecular phylogenetic studies place the Vitales as the most basal clade in the rosids. In the Cronquist system, the family was placed"
"the Proteaceae a mostly Southern Hemisphere family, while the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae are Northern Hemisphere plants. This represents a slight change from the APG system of 1998, which firmly did accept family Platanaceae as separate, using this circumscription of the order: The Cronquist system of 1981 recognized such an order and placed it in subclass Rosidae in class Magnoliopsida [=dicotyledons]. It used this circumscription: The Dahlgren system and Thorne system (1992) recognized such an order and placed it in superorder Proteanae in subclass Magnoliidae [=dicotyledons]. The Engler system, in its update of 1964, also recognized this order and placed it"
"but not nuclear DNA, shows a tight relationship between ""Cydonia"" and ""Dichotomanthes"", a non-pome-bearing genus. Maleae The Maleae (incorrectly Pyreae) are the apple tribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals. Older taxonomies separated some of this group as tribe Crataegeae, as the Cydonia group (a tentative placement), or some genera were placed in family Quillajaceae. The tribe consists exclusively of shrubs and small trees. Most have pomes, a type of accessory fruit that does not occur in other Rosaceae."
"Maleae The Maleae (incorrectly Pyreae) are the apple tribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals. Older taxonomies separated some of this group as tribe Crataegeae, as the Cydonia group (a tentative placement), or some genera were placed in family Quillajaceae. The tribe consists exclusively of shrubs and small trees. Most have pomes, a type of accessory fruit that does not occur in other Rosaceae. All except ""Vauquelinia"" (with 15 chromosomes) have a basal haploid chromosome count of 17, instead"
"Phrymaceae has recently become a model system for evolutionary studies. Within the order Lamiales, Phrymaceae is a member of an unnamed clade of five families. This clade has the topology of a phylogenetic grade and can therefore be represented as {Mazaceae [Phrymaceae (Paulowniaceae <Orobanchaceae + Lamiaceae>)]}. Two of these families, Mazaceae and Rehmanniaceae are not part of the APG III system. They were not formally validated until 2011. The composition of Phrymaceae and the delimitation of genera changed radically from 2002 to 2012 as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. Previously, Phrymaceae had been monotypic with ""Phryma leptostachya"" as its"
"system (1998) adopted the same placement of the order, although it used the spelling ""commelinoids"". It did not include the Bromeliaceae and Mayaceae, but had the additional families Prioniaceae (now included in Thurniaceae), Sparganiaceae (now in Typhaceae), and Hydatellaceae (now transferred out of the monocots; recently discovered to be an 'early-diverging' lineage of flowering plants). The morphology-based Cronquist system did not include an order named Poales, assigning these families to the orders Bromeliales, Cyperales, Hydatellales, Juncales, Restionales and Typhales. In early systems, an order including the grass family did not go by the name Poales but by a descriptive botanical"
"now know as Oleaceae. The last revision of Oleaceae was published in 2004 in a series entitled ""The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants"". Since that time, molecular phylogenetic work has shown that the next revision of Oleaceae must include substantial changes to the circumscription of genera. Oleaceae is most closely related to the small Indo-Malesian family Carlemanniaceae. These two families form the second most basal clade in the order Lamiales, after Plocospermataceae. The families Plocospermataceae, Carlemanniaceae, Oleaceae, and Tetrachondraceae form a paraphyletic group known as the ""basal Lamiales"", which is in contrast to the monophyletic ""core Lamiales"". Oleaceae is"
"Proteaceae The Proteaceae are a family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genera with about 1,660 known species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae, they make up the order Proteales. Well-known genera include ""Protea"", ""Banksia"", ""Embothrium"", ""Grevillea"", ""Hakea"" and ""Macadamia"". Species such as the New South Wales waratah (""Telopea speciosissima""), king protea (""Protea cynaroides""), and various species of ""Banksia"", ""Grevillea"", and ""Leucadendron"" are popular cut flowers, while the nuts of ""Macadamia integrifolia"" are widely grown commercially and consumed. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentrations of diversity. The name Proteaceae by Antoine"
"BOP clade The BOP clade (sometimes ""BEP clade"") is one of two major lineages (or clades) of undefined taxonomic rank in the grasses (Poaceae), containing more than 5,400 species, about half of all grasses. Its sister group is the PACMAD clade; contrary to many species of that group who have evolved C photosynthesis, the BOP grasses all use the C photosynthetic pathway. The clade contains three subfamilies from whose initials its name derives: the bamboos (Bambusoideae); Oryzoideae (syn. Ehrhartoideae), including rice; and Pooideae, mainly distributed in temperate regions, with the largest diversity and important cereal crops such as wheat and"
"at least locally important wetland starchy root crops. Poales The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales. The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences (except in three species of the genus ""Mayaca"", which possess very reduced, one-flowered inflorescences). The flowers of many species are wind pollinated; the seeds usually contain starch. The APG III system (2009) accepts the order within a monocot clade called commelinids, and"
"Malinae Malinae (incorrectly Pyrinae) is the name for the apple subtribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. This name is required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, which came into force in 2011 (article 19) for any group at the subtribe rank that includes the genus ""Malus"" but not either of the genera ""Rosa"" or ""Amygdalus"". The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals. The tribe consists exclusively of shrubs and small trees characterised by a pome, a type of accessory fruit"
"Potamogetonaceae The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, are an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over six genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). The largest genus in the family by far is ""Potamogeton"", which contains about 100 species. The family has a subcosmopolitan distribution, and is considered to be one of the most important angiosperm groups in the aquatic environment because of its use as food and habitat for aquatic animals. The Potamogetonaceae are currently placed in the early diverging monocot order Alismatales by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Their concept"
"Pomella (gastropod) Pomella is a genus of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails. As is the case in some other genera of apple snails, ""Pomella"" deposits eggs above the waterline in calcareous clutches. This protects the eggs against predation by fish and other aquatic inhabitants. Species within the genus ""Pomella"" include: The name of the country Uruguay perhaps ultimately comes from ""P. megastoma"", or """" in the Guaraní language. The name of the Uruguay river, which gave its name to the country, comes from the Spanish settlers' rendering of the native name the inhabitants"
"Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae () or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint or deadnettle family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Some species are shrubs, trees (such as teak), or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings. Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative"
"that does not occur in other Rosaceae, and by a basal haploid chromosome count of 17 (instead of 7, 8, 9, or 15 as in the other Rosaceae). There are approximately 28 genera with approximately 1100 species worldwide, with most species occurring in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The Malinae as currently circumscribed include the following genera: intergeneric hybrids: and graft hybrids: Malinae Malinae (incorrectly Pyrinae) is the name for the apple subtribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. This name is required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, which came into force in 2011 (article 19)"