"diseases. Some diseases are capable of changing from local to disseminated diseases. Pneumonia, for example, is generally confined to one or both lungs but can become disseminated through sepsis, in which the microbe responsible for the pneumonia ""seeds"" the bloodstream or lymphatic system and is transported to distant sites in the body. When that occurs, the process is no longer described as a localized disease, but rather as a disseminated disease. Localized disease A localized disease is an infectious or neoplastic process that originates in and is confined to one organ system or general area in the body, such as"
"of the patients reported symptoms being worse than those present at the time of their diagnosis. Benign fasciculation syndrome Benign fasciculation syndrome (BFS) is a neurological disorder characterized by fasciculation (twitching) of various voluntary muscles in the body. The twitching can occur in any voluntary muscle group but is most common in the eyelids, arms, legs, and feet. Even the tongue may be affected. The twitching may be occasional or may go on nearly continuously. Usually intentional movement of the involved muscle causes the fasciculations to cease immediately, but they may return once the muscle is at rest again. The"
"Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome The Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome (BYS), formerly known as the Brazilian Lyme-like disease and Brazilian human borreliosis, is a disease transmitted by the ""Amblyomma cajennense"" tick, but the organism that causes the infection is still unknown. Clinical features resemble those of Lyme disease (LD). A distinct feature of the syndrome is its prolonged clinical evolution, with relapsing episodes and autoimmune dysfunction. If diagnosed in its early stages, the symptoms respond well to antibiotics. If the disease evolves to a chronic phase, it can potentially cause oligoarthritis, cognitive impairment, meningoencephalitis and erythema nodosum, with the patient risking to develop both articular"
"that cause disruption of hemidesmosome components can lead to skin blistering disorders between different layers of the skin. These are collectively coined epidermolysis bullosa, or EB. Typical symptoms include fragile skin, blister development, and erosion from minor physical stress. However, the disease also can manifest as erosions on the cornea, trachea, gastrointestinal tract, espophagus, muscular dystrophy and muscular deformity. Mutations in 12 different genes that code for parts of the hemidesmosome have led to epidermolysis bullosa. There are three types of EB: EB simplex (EBS), dystrophic EB (DEB) and junctional EB (JEB). In epidermolysis bullosa simplex, layers of the epidermis"
"bullosa simplex (EBS) is an inherited skin blistering disorder associated with mutations in either K5 or K14. EBS-causing mutations are primarily missense mutations, but a small number of cases arise from insertions or deletions. Their mechanism of action is dominant negative interference, with the mutated keratin proteins interfering with the structure and integrity of the cytoskeleton. This cytoskeletal disorganization also leads to a loss of anchorage to the hemidesmosomes and desmosomes, causing basal cells to lose their linkage with the basal lamina and each other. The severity of EBS has been observed to be dependent upon the position of the"
"for occurrence of relapsing episodes and auto-immune disorders"". Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome The Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome (BYS), formerly known as the Brazilian Lyme-like disease and Brazilian human borreliosis, is a disease transmitted by the ""Amblyomma cajennense"" tick, but the organism that causes the infection is still unknown. Clinical features resemble those of Lyme disease (LD). A distinct feature of the syndrome is its prolonged clinical evolution, with relapsing episodes and autoimmune dysfunction. If diagnosed in its early stages, the symptoms respond well to antibiotics. If the disease evolves to a chronic phase, it can potentially cause oligoarthritis, cognitive impairment, meningoencephalitis and erythema nodosum,"
"Benign fasciculation syndrome Benign fasciculation syndrome (BFS) is a neurological disorder characterized by fasciculation (twitching) of various voluntary muscles in the body. The twitching can occur in any voluntary muscle group but is most common in the eyelids, arms, legs, and feet. Even the tongue may be affected. The twitching may be occasional or may go on nearly continuously. Usually intentional movement of the involved muscle causes the fasciculations to cease immediately, but they may return once the muscle is at rest again. The main symptom of benign fasciculation syndrome is focal or widespread involuntary muscle activity (twitching), which can"
"those infected include ""butterfly children"" as the skin is fragile as a butterfly’s wings, ""cotton wool babies"", or ""crystal skin children"". Epidermolysis bullosa Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of genetic conditions that result in easy blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Blisters occur with minor trauma or friction and are painful. Its severity can range from mild to fatal. Those with mild cases may not develop symptoms until they start to crawl or walk. Complications may include esophageal narrowing, squamous cell skin cancer, and the need for amputations. EB is due to a mutation in at least one"
"the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid. Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding"
"Lichen sclerosus Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a skin disease of unknown cause, commonly appearing as whitish patches on the genitals, which can affect any body part of any person but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva) and is also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) when it affects the penis. Lichen sclerosus is not contagious. There is a well-documented increase of skin cancer risk in LS, potentially improvable with treatment. LS in adult age is normally incurable, but improvable with treatment, and often gets progressively worse. LS can occur without symptoms. White patches on the LS body"
"disease as IBS. Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens is a type of familial, autosomal dominant ichthyosis, a rare skin disorder. It is also known as bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of Siemens or ichthyosis exfoliativa. It is a genetic disorder with no known cure which is estimated to affect about 1 in 500,000 people. IBS has symptoms very similar to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK) but is generally milder than EHK. IBS affects only the upper layers of the epidermis whilst EHK affects the suprabasal layer which is deeper in the skin. At birth the baby's skin has a red"
"or afflicted with, cystinosis"". Cystinosis Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine. It is a genetic disorder that follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from accumulation of free cystine in lysosomes, eventually leading to intracellular crystal formation throughout the body. Cystinosis is the most common cause of Fanconi syndrome in the pediatric age group. Fanconi syndrome occurs when the function of cells in renal tubules is impaired, leading to abnormal amounts of carbohydrates and amino acids in the urine, excessive urination, and low"
"that may extend to bone or be present in other areas of the body. In the typical scenario, the patient has HIV or another cause of severe immune dysfunction. Bacillary peliosis is caused by ""B. henselae"" that most often affects patients with HIV and other conditions causing severe immune compromise. The liver and spleen are primarily affected, with findings of blood-filled cystic spaces on pathology. ""Bartonella henselae"" is a fastidious, intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium. The cat was recognized as the natural reservoir of the disease in 1950 by Robert Debré. Kittens are more likely to carry the bacteria in their blood,"
"for ""all"" forms of EB, not just dystrophic, which is one of three main sub-types of the condition; the others being EB simplex and junctional EB. The DebRA US organisation have continued to use the aforementioned acronym DEBRA for the Dystrophic EB Research Association of America since their formation in 1980. Epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic condition that in its most severe forms affects all of the body's linings, the skin, the linings of the mouth and oesophagus, and even the eyes. In its most severe forms the linings blister or rip away from the flesh under the lightest of"
"Rhinoscleroma Rhinoscleroma, or simply scleroma, is a chronic granulomatous bacterial disease of the nose that can sometimes infect the upper respiratory tract. It most commonly affects the nasal cavity—the nose is involved in 95–100 per cent of cases—however, it can also affect the nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Slightly more females than males are affected and patients are usually 10 to 30 years of age. Rhinoscleroma is considered a tropical disease and is mostly endemic to Africa and Central America, less common in the United States. Rhinoscleroma has been divided into 3 stages: catarrhal/atrophic, granulomatous, and sclerotic stages. The catarrhal"
"Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens is a type of familial, autosomal dominant ichthyosis, a rare skin disorder. It is also known as bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of Siemens or ichthyosis exfoliativa. It is a genetic disorder with no known cure which is estimated to affect about 1 in 500,000 people. IBS has symptoms very similar to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK) but is generally milder than EHK. IBS affects only the upper layers of the epidermis whilst EHK affects the suprabasal layer which is deeper in the skin. At birth the baby's skin has a red appearance like a"
"Inclusion body rhinitis Inclusion Body Rhinitis, also known as IBR or Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease, is a pig disease caused by porcine cytomegalovirus, which is a member of the herpesvirus family. It is a notifiable disease that is found worldwide. It is spread both vertically and horizontally and prevalence is high. It is not a zoonosis but the risk to humans that receive pig organ transplants is currently under investigation. Clinical signs are normally only seen in either piglets less than 3 weeks old or pregnant sows. Signs in piglets include rhinitis, pneumonia, anaemia, fever and sudden death. Black discoloration around"
"Bursitis Bursitis is the inflammation of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial fluid in the body. They are lined with a synovial membrane that secretes a lubricating synovial fluid. There are more than 150 bursae in the human body. The bursae rest at the points where internal functionaries, such as muscles and tendons, slide across bone. Healthy bursae create a smooth, almost frictionless functional gliding surface making normal movement painless. When bursitis occurs, however, movement relying on the inflamed bursa becomes difficult and painful. Moreover, movement of tendons and muscles over the inflamed bursa aggravates its inflammation, perpetuating"
"the epidermis and the dermis. Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica or dystrophic EB (DEB) is an inherited disease affecting the skin and other organs. ""Butterfly child"" is the colloquial name for a child born with the disease, as their skin is seen to be as delicate and fragile as that of a butterfly. The deficiency in anchoring fibrils impairs the adherence between the epidermis and the underlying dermis. The skin of DEB patients is thus highly susceptible to severe blistering. Collagen VII is also associated with the epithelium of the esophageal lining, and DEB patients may suffer from chronic"
"can cause bacillary angiomatosis, a vascular proliferative disease involving mainly the skin, and other organs. The disease was first described in human immunodificiency virus (HIV) patients and organ transplant recipients. Severe, progressive and disseminated disease may occur in HIV patients. Differential diagnoses include Kaposi´s sarcoma, pyogenic granuloma, hemangioma, ""verruga Peruana"", and subcutanous tumors. Lesions can affect bone marrow, liver, spleen, or lymph nodes. ""B. henselae"" is the etiologic agent for peliosis hepatis, which is defined as a vascular proliferation of sinusoid hepatic capillaries resulting in blood-filled spaces in the liver in HIV patients and organ transplant recipients. Peliosis hepatis can"
"founder of the New Vienna School of Dermatology. He was assisted by M. Kohn who provided much of the histology for the paper. M. Kohn is the birth name of Moritz Kaposi (1837–1902). In 1876, Mikulicz contributed to the microscopic histology. In 1882, Anton Von Frisch (1849–1917) discovered the gram-negative bacillus which causes the disease. Rhinoscleroma Rhinoscleroma, or simply scleroma, is a chronic granulomatous bacterial disease of the nose that can sometimes infect the upper respiratory tract. It most commonly affects the nasal cavity—the nose is involved in 95–100 per cent of cases—however, it can also affect the nasopharynx, larynx,"
"Epidermolysis bullosa Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of genetic conditions that result in easy blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Blisters occur with minor trauma or friction and are painful. Its severity can range from mild to fatal. Those with mild cases may not develop symptoms until they start to crawl or walk. Complications may include esophageal narrowing, squamous cell skin cancer, and the need for amputations. EB is due to a mutation in at least one of 18 different genes. Some types are autosomal dominant while others are autosomal recessive. The underlying mechanism is a defect in"
"to GBCA. The main symptoms are the thickening and hardening of the skin associated with brawny hyperpigmentation, typically presenting in a symmetric fashion. The skin gradually becomes fibrotic and adheres to the underlying fascia. The symptoms initiate distally in the limbs and progress proximally, sometimes involving the trunk. Joint contractures of the fingers, elbows and knees can develop secondary to skin involvement and can severely impair physical function. While skin involvement is on the foreground, the process may involve any organ, e.g., the eye, heart, diaphragm, pleura, pericardium, and kidneys, as well as the lungs and liver. NSF is an"
"Trichinosis Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the ""Trichinella"" type. During the initial infection, invasion of the intestines can result in diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Migration of larvae to muscle, which occurs about a week after being infected, can cause swelling of the face, inflammation of the whites of the eyes, fever, muscle pains, and a rash. Minor infection may be without symptoms. Complications may include inflammation of heart muscle, central nervous system involvement, and inflammation of the lungs. Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing ""Trichinella"" cysts is eaten. Most often this is pork"
"Inclusion body myositis Inclusion body myositis (IBM) [my-oh-SIGH-tis] is the most common inflammatory muscle disease in older adults. The disease is characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of both distal and proximal muscles, most apparent in the finger flexors and knee extensors. There are two types of IBM: sporadic (sIBM), which is more common, and hereditary (hIBM). In sIBM, two processes appear to occur in the muscles in parallel, one autoimmune and the other degenerative. Inflammation is evident from the invasion of muscle fibers by immune cells. Degeneration is characterized by the appearance of holes, deposits of abnormal proteins,"
"inguinal region, which is commonly involved in this infection. The disease is commonly known as donovanosis, after the Donovan bodies seen on microscopy, which are a diagnostic sign. The causative organism, ""Klebsiella granulomatis"", was called ""Calymmatobacterium granulomatis"", and some sources still use this classification, from the Greek ""kalymma"" (a hood or veil), referring to the lesions that contain the bacteria. Prior to this, it was called ""Donovania granulomatis"", named after the Donovan bodies. The specific name ""granulomatis"" refers to the granulomatous lesions. The organism was recently reclassified under the genus ""Klebsiella"", a drastic taxonomic change since it involved changing the"
"Pycnodysostosis Pycnodysostosis (from Greek: πυκνός (puknos) meaning ""dense"", ""dys"" (""defective""), and ""ostosis"" (""condition of the bone"")), is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K. Pycnodysostosis causes the bones to be abnormally dense (osteopetrosis); the last bones of the fingers (the distal phalanges) to be unusually short; and delays the normal closure of the connections (sutures) of the skull bones in infancy, so that the ""soft spot"" (fontanelle) on top of the head remains widely open. Those with the syndrome have brittle bones which easily break, especially in"
"age. Bowen–Conradi syndrome Bowen–Conradi syndrome (BCS or BWCNS) is a disease in humans that can affect children. The disease is due to an autosomal recessive abnormality of the ""EMG1"" gene, which plays a role in small ribosomal subunit (SSU) assembly. The preponderance of diagnoses has been in North American Hutterite children, but BWCNS can affect other population groups. BWCNS is a ribosomopathy. A D86G mutation of ""EMG1"" destroys an EcoRV restriction endonuclease site in the most highly conserved region of the protein. Skeletal dysmorphology is seen and severe prenatal and postnatal growth failure usually leads to death by one year"
"Intestinal spirochetosis Human intestinal spirochetosis, also intestinal spirochetes, colonic spirochetosis and colonic spirochetes, is an infection of the colonic-type mucosa with spirochete microorganisms. Human intestinal spirochetosis is caused by the Brachyspira genus, probabli more often ""Brachyspira pilosicoli"" than ""Brachyspira aalborgi"". Brachyspira bacterias have evolved a parasitic lifestile through genomic reduction (~2.5 to 3.3 Mb) [3] compared to other gram negative bacterias (~5 Mb). Humans infect themselves through dirty water ingestion, possibly by swimmimg in waters containing the bacteria or by direct oral exposure to contaminated feces (outdoor tribes, raw egg eaters, slum inhabitants with no sanitation, MSM). Genome homologies between"
"Cutaneous leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as oriental sore, tropical sore, chiclero ulcer, chiclero's ulcer or Aleppo boil, ’’’Delhi Boil’’’) is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly. There are about twenty species of ""Leishmania"" that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. This disease is considered to be a zoonosis (an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans), with the exception of ""Leishmania tropica"" — which is often an anthroponotic disease (an infectious disease that is naturally"
"liver and fever, while those with osseous BA experience intense pain in the affected area. BA is characterised by the proliferation of blood vessels, resulting in them forming tumour-like masses in the skin and other organs. It is caused by either ""Bartonella henselae"" or ""B. quintana"". It can manifest in people with AIDS and rarely appears in those who are immunocompetent. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical features and biopsy. While curable, BA is potentially fatal if not treated. BA responds dramatically to several antibiotics. Usually, erythromycin will cause the skin lesions to gradually fade away in the"
"Bowen–Conradi syndrome Bowen–Conradi syndrome (BCS or BWCNS) is a disease in humans that can affect children. The disease is due to an autosomal recessive abnormality of the ""EMG1"" gene, which plays a role in small ribosomal subunit (SSU) assembly. The preponderance of diagnoses has been in North American Hutterite children, but BWCNS can affect other population groups. BWCNS is a ribosomopathy. A D86G mutation of ""EMG1"" destroys an EcoRV restriction endonuclease site in the most highly conserved region of the protein. Skeletal dysmorphology is seen and severe prenatal and postnatal growth failure usually leads to death by one year of"
"Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (medicine) Junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a skin condition characterized by blister formation within the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone. Sufferers experience very fragile skin, with blisters and skin erosion occurring in response to relatively benign trauma. Blisters may form all over the body, including the mucous membranes. Chronic scarring can lead to the formation of granulation tissue, which may bleed easily, predisposing to infection. Hands and fingers may be affected, as well as various joints. α6β4 integrin is a transmembrane protein found in hemidesmosomes. As a heterodimer molecule containing two polypeptide chains its extracellular domain"