"Pupa solidula Pupa solidula, common name the solid pupa, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Acteonidae. . The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 40 mm. The thick shell is ovate, oblong and cylindrical. It shows slightly impressed, transverse striae, traversed by oblong, brown spots, and often intermixed with other reddish spots, especially upon the whorls. A narrow, white band, surrounds towards the middle, the lowest woirl. The conical spire is pointed. The oblong aperture is narrowed, a little compressed towards its upper third, and dilated at its lower"
"""Aarodia nana"") have caused serious defoliation of palms. Limacodidae The Limacodidae or Euclidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Zygaenoidea or the Cossoidea; the placement is in dispute. They are often called slug moths because their caterpillars bear a distinct resemblance to slugs. They are also called cup moths because of the shape of their cocoons. The larvae are often liberally covered in protective stinging hairs, and are mostly tropical, but occur worldwide, with about 1000 described species and probably many more as yet undescribed species. They are small, hairy moths, with reduced or absent mouthparts and fringed"
"more or less, and make hiding places by fastening together the lower edges of coconut leaflets. Often several caterpillars can be found in the same place. As they become slightly larger, they eat the whole substance, eating from the edge, and not leaving the epidermis. When the leaflet is mostly eaten, they migrate to other leaflets. Larvae are full grown in about four weeks from hatching. Full-grown larvae are 32–35 mm long and dull greenish, with two dorsal whitish lines. Pupation takes place in a slight cocoon in the caterpillar's retreat. The pupa is 15–19 mm long and light to"
"Limacodidae The Limacodidae or Euclidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Zygaenoidea or the Cossoidea; the placement is in dispute. They are often called slug moths because their caterpillars bear a distinct resemblance to slugs. They are also called cup moths because of the shape of their cocoons. The larvae are often liberally covered in protective stinging hairs, and are mostly tropical, but occur worldwide, with about 1000 described species and probably many more as yet undescribed species. They are small, hairy moths, with reduced or absent mouthparts and fringed wings. They often perch with their abdomens sticking"
"which to spin its cocoon ready for pupation to take place. Hairs from the caterpillar are incorporated into its silken cocoon. The cocoon becomes black and shiny with yellow markings and the pupa will stay like this for 12 – 35 days. The length of pupation is largely affected by temperature and the humidity also has an effect on the pupal survival. The complete cycle of Nyctemera annulata takes 6 – 7 weeks depending on the temperature and therefore the time of year. The primary food source of ""Nyctemera annulata"" are plants from the tribe Senecioinae of the Asteraceae. Thirty"
"were attacked less by the moths in rainy summers. The pupae are 10-12mm long and can be as wide as 3mm. The color changes as time passes, from the brown color of the caterpillar to light brown. The pupa's morphology varies with both sex and generation. Female pupae are generally longer and wider than the male pupae. First generation caterpillars secrete smoother and more delicate silk, and thus the cocoon is covered with finer material. Second generation cocoons are coarser and have shreds of wood barks. That is because second generation caterpillars bore out the bark of the tree to"
"or frons. The clypeus, located below the frons, lies between the two antennae. The labrum is found below the clypeus. There is a small notch in the centre of the labrum with which the leaf edge engages when the caterpillar eats. The larvae have silk glands which are located on the labium. These glands are modified salivary glands. They use these silk glands to make silk for cocoons and shelters. Located below the labrum are the mandibles. On each side of the head there are usually six stemmata just above the mandibles. These stemmata are arranged in a semicircle. Below"
"referred to as a chrysalis, derived from the Greek term ""chrysalis"": ("""") for gold, referring to the golden colour of some pupae. The caterpillars of many butterflies attach themselves by a button of silk to the underside of a branch, stone, or other projecting surface. They remain attached to the silk pad by a hook-like process called a cremaster. Most chrysalids hang head downward, but in the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, and Lycaenidae, the chrysalis is held in a more upright position by a silk girdle around the middle of the chrysalis. The pupae of most Lepidoptera are ""obtect"", with appendages"
"completes its development in each larva (Berndt, 2010). Once the ""C. urabae"" larvae emerges from the host larvae, a tightly woven sulphur-yellow pupal cocoon in a loose surrounding silk matrix is spun by ""C. urabae"" to pupate alongside the host (Allen, 1990a). There is considerable variation in the time that the larval stage spends developing inside the host, and it ranges between 14 days in summer and 20 days in winter. The adults’ emergence takes place after 8 days pupation, when a cap is cut and pushed off at the end of the cocoons allowing the adult to emerge and"
"and begin to spin cocoons. After the larval feeding period, pupae spin the cocoons in which they will hibernate until the next spring. Cocoons completely occupy the cells, and strongly adhere to the sides of the cell, but not the closure. There is a small hole near the apex of the cocoon, opening to the soil closure of the cell. This allows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide as the waxy oil coating the cell and the silk of the cocoon does not allow for gas movement. Not only does the cocoon allow safety from the cold of the winter,"
"(varies depending on location). When they are full grown they drop to the ground, overwinter and pupate in the duff underneath the trees. Larvae are 1-1.5 inches, pale brown to greenish-grayish bodies, with lighter dorsum and darker striped and sides, yellow legs, spotted head and black spiracles. They vary considerably in coloring and are often best identified by observing if needles are mined rather than eaten completely, as most other loopers will do. Lambdina pellucidaria Lambdina pellucidaria, known by the common names pitch pine looper, eastern pine looper and yellow-headed looper, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is"
"a delicate framework to support its cocoon. The ""Hemipepsis"" cocoon is a brown, silk structure. It is slightly wider at the end from which the wasp will emerge. The inner wall is varnished, but no inner cocoon is seen. Completion takes several hours, and at the end of it, the grub evacuates its alimentary canal; this meconium, or first stool, becomes a hardened mass at the end of the cocoon. The grub is much smaller than it was at the end of feeding because it has expended so much body content on spinning the cocoon and voiding its alimentary canal."
"at its end which fastens the egg to the host. The eggs are normally laid on the back of the caterpillar and the larvae stay at the laying site until they complete their development sucking on the caterpillar's haemolymph. When they have completed their growth they migrate to the underside of the caterpillar and spin a loose cocoon in which they pupate, in some species the larvae spin communal cocoons around the dying host. The ability of ""Euplectrus"" larvae to spin cocoons is unique among the Eulophidae and the silk which forms the cocoon is produced in modified malpighian tubules"
"Pupation occurs inside a silk cocoon spun between the leaves of the food plant. The caterpillar of this species is a polyphagous pest on diverse range of plant species. In India, the caterpillar has been recorded on crops such as ""Solanum tuberosum"", ""Tamarindus indica"", ""Citrus"", ""Cedrus deodara"", ""Acacia nilotica"", ""Mangifera indica"", ""Camelia sinensis"", ""Ricinus communis"", and ""Salmalia malabarica"". In Bangladesh, caterpillars were recorded on ""Sesbania aculeata"" and ""Bauhinia purpurea"". Other common food plants of larva include, ""Ceiba"", ""Durio"", ""Terminalia"", ""Raphanus"", ""Shorea"", ""Dipterocarpus"", ""Aleurites"", ""Excoecaria"", ""Pelargonium"", ""Saccharum"", ""Sorghum"", ""Zea"", ""Cinnamomum"", ""Careya"", ""Arachis"", ""Butea"", ""Cajanus"", ""Cassia"", ""Dalbergia"", ""Pithecellobium"", ""Sesbania"", ""Vigna"", ""Lagerstroemia"", ""Hibiscus"","
"grown, hormones such as prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) are produced. At this point the larva stops feeding, and begins ""wandering"" in the quest for a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf or other concealed location. There it spins a button of silk which it uses to fasten its body to the surface and moults for a final time. While some caterpillars spin a cocoon to protect the pupa, most species do not. The naked pupa, often known as a chrysalis, usually hangs head down from the cremaster, a spiny pad at the posterior end, but in some species"
"including ""Kyllinga brevifolia"" and ""Kyllinga monocephala"". They bore the stem of their host plant. Affected plants first show a withering of the inner leaves, which become yellow and finally die. Early instars are pale, glassy yellowish, with a shining black head. Full-grown caterpillars are green or pale yellowish. They spin a tube of silk in the stem and in this cocoon sheds its skin to turn into a pupa of about 5–7 mm long. Adults have grayish forewings with complex brown markings. Hindwings plain grayish. Mechanical methods such as hand picking of adults and caterpillars are effective. Pheromone traps and"
"a silken cocoon of a tubular shape. Ypsolopha senex Ypsolopha senex is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is found throughout North America. In Canada it occurs in most provinces, from British Columbia and Alberta to Manitoba. It is present in most of the continental United States. It is known from a wide variety of habitats, including riparian ecosystems, mixed wood forest and alpine tundra. They are of a uniform, drab colour. Adults are on wing from June to September. There is probably one generation per year. The larvae feed on the leaves of ""Salix"" species. Feeding occurs in"
"freshly formed pupa clings onto the silken pad almost immediately. The pupa is stubby, with protruding eyes and a prominent projection on the head in between them. The pupa may be light brown or violaceous. The body tapers away from the shoulders towards the rear. The abdomen is creamish with a row of four black spots on each side. The pupa is shiny, but plastered with a white powder. The caterpillars have been recorded on the following deciduous and semi-evergreen forest plants, mostly from the family Combretaceae: Badamia exclamationis Badamia exclamationis, commonly known as the brown awl or narrow-winged awl,"
"can live months to years within a single streams (because the cold conditions increase longevity) before pupating. Larvae chew off the silk on the ventral part of the case and fasten it, using silk, to a rock when ready to pupate. Inside of the case, the larva will spin a brown, silken cocoon where it will pupate. This life stage last for about month, unless they are in diapause. The pupae are exarate and decticous, this means that the pupa are capable of using their mandibles. Chewing the silk holding the case to the rock, the pupa will then float"
"cocoon. A straw frame is placed over the tray of caterpillars, and each caterpillar begins spinning a cocoon by moving its head in a pattern. Two glands produce liquid silk and force it through openings in the head called spinnerets. Liquid silk is coated in sericin, a water-soluble protective gum, and solidifies on contact with the air. Within 2–3 days, the caterpillar spins about 1 mile of filament and is completely encased in a cocoon. The silk farmers then heat the cocoons to kill them, leaving some to metamorphose into moths to breed the next generation of caterpillars. Harvested cocoons"
"pupation site where they spin a cocoon cell in which to pupate. Adults emerge after 20 to 30 days and will live for as long 12 months. At 70% R.H. development of ""Ptinus tectus"" from egg laying to emergence from the cocoon takes an average of about 62 days at 23-25 °C; at 15 °C the time taken is about 130 days. The minimum temperature at which complete development can occur is 10 °C and the maximum is between 28 and 30 °C. Considerable mortality occurs in eggs and larvae at 28 °C. The species is considered as a pest"
"and in other places where larvae rested. During periods when population numbers are dense, pupation is not restricted to these locations, but can take place in sheltered and open locations, even exposed on the trunks of trees or on foliage of nonhost trees. Usually, the caterpillars create flimsy cocoons made of silk strands holding the leaf together, while others do not cover their pupae in cocoons, but rather hang from a twig or tree bark, like butterfly pupae do. The males have feathery antennae versus the thin antennae of females. Size differences are also noted, with the forewing of the"
"The pupa is hidden in a silk cocoon in the ground. The caterpillars emerge from the pupa as a moth with a wingspan of up to 5.5 cm. The forewings are dark grey or brown, and the hindwings are white shading to grey at the base. Some moths have a pale dot in the centre of each forewing and some have white lines across the wings. They have a banded abdomen which ends in a white tuft of hairs. The variety of their markings also suggests that there might be more than one species present in Australia. The caterpillar larvae"
"the trees or rotting on the ground. Larval development depends on warmth, so development takes longer during winter periods. During cold winter periods, the larvae will stay in topsoil or under the loose bark of host plants and exhibit diapause, or a period of suspended development, until warmer temperatures arise. Pupa is the term for the moth in its cocoon phase. Pupae are web-covered and brown. The cocoon is silken and they are usually hidden on the trees or in the upper soil layers near the vine trunks. Pupal development period usually lasts about 10 days, after which the adult"
"Clathrina luteoculcitella Clathrina luteoculcitella is a species of calcareous sponge in the genus ""Clathrina"" from Australia. The species name means ""yellow pillow"" and refers to the appearance of the cormus. Holotype massive yet delicate. The cormus has folds and is formed of thin, irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes. However, in the interior, tubes are loosely anastomosed. Oscula are simple apertures surrounded by a thin membrane. There are no water-collecting tubes. The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines and diactines. The actines of the triactines are conical, slightly undulated and sharp. Diactines are straight and one of the tips is thicker"
"and do not typically cause irritation. The caterpillar eats a variety of broadleaf plants such as broadleaf plantains, dandelions and violets: Giant leopard moth The giant leopard moth or eyed tiger moth (""Hypercompe scribonia"") is a moth of the family Erebidae. They are distributed through North America from southern Ontario, and southern and eastern United States through New England, Mexico and down to Panama. The obsolete name ""Ecpantheria scribonia"" is still occasionally encountered. This species has a wingspan of . The wings of this moth are bright white with a pattern of neat black blotches, some solid and some hollow."
"Under this old skin is a hard skin called a chrysalis. Because chrysalises are often showy and are formed in the open, they are the most familiar examples of pupae. Most chrysalides are attached to a surface by a Velcro-like arrangement of a silken pad spun by the caterpillar, usually cemented to the underside of a perch, and the ""cremastral"" hook or hooks protruding from the rear of the chrysalis or ""cremaster"" at the tip of the pupal abdomen by which the caterpillar fixes itself to the pad of silk. (Gr. ""kremastos"" 'suspended') Like other types of pupae, the chrysalis"
"Internally, the shell is distinguished by a shelf-like, cup-like, or half-cup-like structure used for muscle attachment. Some calyptraeids have shells that externally resemble those of limpets, so species in the genus ""Crepidula"" are often called slipper limpets. However, these snails are not closely related to true limpets and are more closely related to conches and cowries. The ""slipper"" in the name ""slipper limpet"" is based on the appearance of the inside of the shell, which with its half-shelf resembles a traditional western bedroom slipper. Calyptraeids may form a tower of up to 25 animals, sometimes referred to as a mating"
"pupal male bags averaging 42 mm. As the scientific name suggests, the caterpillars of ""L. omnivora"" feed on a very wide range of native and exotic broad-leaved and coniferous shrubs and trees, which they feed on at night. They feed on the foliage, but may occasionally constrict twigs so tightly that sap flow is restricted and gall-like swellings occur. Pupation usually occurs during winter. When ready to pupate, ""L. omnivora"" permanently secures the bag to a twig using a wide band of silk or to larger surfaces by a mat of many short lengths of silk. They then close both"
"Crepidula Crepidula, common name the slipper snails, slipper limpets or slipper shells, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails (""Crepidula""), hat snails (""Calyptraea""), spiny slipper snails (""Bostrycapulus""), and cup-and-saucer snails (""Crucibulum"") as well as ""Crepipatella"", ""Siphopatella"", ""Grandicrepidula"", and ""Maoricrypta"". These recent changes in the definition of ""Crepidula"" are based on both DNA sequence data as well as anatomical work. Dissections of various calyptraeids show that species that are now placed in ""Grandicrepidula"" and ""Maoricrypta"" are anatomically very different from the true ""Crepidula"". If only the shells are examined"
"on shoots. The caterpillar is a velvety-maroon colour and has a white band on a segment on its middle reminiscent of a belt or collar. It has numerous fleshy red-tipped white protuberances on the body. It is bulky and slow in its movements. The pupa is brownish with various shades of brown and pink markings. It is attached to its support by the tail and held at an angle by a body band. The support is usually a stick. The distinguishing feature of the common rose pupa is the presence of large semi-circular projections on the back of the abdomen,"
"anterior half to two-thirds of each segment on the thorax and abdomen is red, while the remainder is white. The pupa is 4–6 mm, fusiform and greenish yellow in the early pupal stage, changing gradually to yellowish brown and eventually blackish brown before eclosion (emergence). The cocoon is 7–9 mm, white, flat elliptic, with some white grains attached on surface. There are two generations per year in Tianjin, China. Mature larvae quit the fruits of their food plant before they are ripe and pupate on leaves or leaf litter. The pupal stage lasts from nine to twelve days. Adults of"
"than the other one. They are found perpendicular to the surface of all tubes (not just the external tubes) and the largest tip penetrates the cormus. The mesohyl is full of bacteria. Clathrina luteoculcitella Clathrina luteoculcitella is a species of calcareous sponge in the genus ""Clathrina"" from Australia. The species name means ""yellow pillow"" and refers to the appearance of the cormus. Holotype massive yet delicate. The cormus has folds and is formed of thin, irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes. However, in the interior, tubes are loosely anastomosed. Oscula are simple apertures surrounded by a thin membrane. There are no"