"Gun laws in Jamaica Gun laws in Jamaica began to be tightened in the early 1970s, when Jamaica experienced a rise in violence associated with criminal gangs and political polarization between supporters of the People's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party. After a rash of killings of lawyers and businessmen in 1974, the government of Michael Manley attempted to restore order by granting broad new law enforcement powers in the Suppression of Crime Act and the Gun Court Act. The Suppression of Crime Act allowed the police and the military to work together in a novel way to disarm"
"People's National Party The People's National Party (PNP) is a social-democratic political party in Jamaica founded in 1938 by Activist Osmond Theodore Fairclough. It holds 30 of 63 seats in the House of Representatives, as well as a majority of local government bodies with 151 of the 228 divisions. The party is democratic socialist by constitution. The PNP uses the hatted head, the rising sun, the fist, the trumpet and the colours orange, red and yellow as electoral symbols. The PNP was founded in 1938 by, The Honourable Osmond Theodore Fairclough and is the oldest political party in Jamaica. It"
"contact with a number of future leaders of the countries of the developing world who were fellow students in England. Patterson entered the Parliament of Jamaica as an Opposition Senator in 1969, appointed by Opposition Leader Norman Manley. He was elected the youngest ever Vice President of the People's National Party later that year at age 33. When in 1969 his predecessor as Prime Minister of Jamaica, Michael Manley, launched his campaign for the Presidency of the PNP, he turned to P. J. Patterson, youngest of the highest-ranking segment of the party executive, to lead his campaign. This was the"
"the PNP. A recount with official results cost the former agriculture minister, Christopher Tufton, his seat, putting the PNP at 42 and the JLP at 21. On January 5, 2012, PNP president Portia Simpson-Miller was sworn in as Prime Minister for the second time in her political career. On the following day, she assigned 20 cabinet ministers to various ministries, and 8 state ministers. The party is a member of the Socialist International. People's National Party The People's National Party (PNP) is a social-democratic political party in Jamaica founded in 1938 by Activist Osmond Theodore Fairclough. It holds 30 of"
"Peter Phillips (politician) Peter Phillips, MP (born 28 December 1949) is a Jamaican politician who is the currently the president of the People's National Party and the Opposition Leader in Jamaica. He served as Minister of Finance and Planning of Jamaica from 2012 to 2016. He is Member of Parliament for East Central St Andrew. Phillips first entered parliament as a senator when the People's National Party won the 1989 General Election by a landslide. He served as Minister of State in the Office of the Prime Minister during that period up until 1991. In 1991, he was then elevated"
"P. J. Patterson Percival Noel James Patterson, ON, PC, QC (born 10 April 1935), is a former Jamaican politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1992 to 2006. He was the leader of the People's National Party from 1992 to 2006 and as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Westmoreland South Eastern from 1970 to 1980 when he lost to the Jamaica Labour Party Euphemia Williams, and again from 1989 to 1993. Following a constituency reorganization, he served as the MP for Westmoreland Eastern from 1993 to 2006. He retired from all of"
"defeated the PNP, after several years characterised by inflation and rising unemployment, and in a campaign noteworthy for an alarming level of violence. Manley led the party in a boycott of the snap election called in 1983. The party was absent from parliament for more than five years. In 1989, it was returned to office under Manley's leadership. Manley retired from politics in 1992, and was replaced as party leader by P. J. Patterson. Patterson led the PNP to victory in 1993, 1997, and 2002, becoming the first political leader in Jamaican history to win three successive general elections. In"
"is one of the main two political parties in Jamaica and is considered more to the left than its main rival, the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). Fairclough recruited the PNP's first leader Norman Manley. The PNP held a majority of seats in the parliament of colonial Jamaica from 1955 until 1962. Following independence in 1962 it held the majority of seats in the Jamaican Parliament from 1972 to 1980, from 1989 to 2007, and from 2011 to 2016. The PNP was defeated in the first universal elections held in Jamaica in 1944, winning only four of the 32 seats (one"
"Norman Manley Norman Washington Manley MM, QC, National Hero of Jamaica (4 July 1893 – 2 September 1969), was a Jamaican statesman. A Rhodes Scholar, Manley became one of Jamaica's leading lawyers in the 1920s. Manley was an advocate of universal suffrage, which was granted by the British colonial government to the colony in 1944. Encouraged by the Founder of the People's National, Osmond Theodore Fairclough, who had joined forces with the brothers Frank and Ken Hill, Hedley P. Jacobs and others in 1938, he helped to launch the People's National Party which later was tied to the Trade Union"
"the JLP was defeated and the People's National Party leader, Michael Manley, became Prime Minister. Between 1980 and 1989, during the prime ministership of Edward Seaga, who had succeeded him as leader of the JLP in 1974, Shearer was deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs. He died at his home in Kingston on 5 July 2004, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, sons Corey Alexander, Howard, Lance and Donald, and daughters Hope, Hilary, Heather, Mischka Garel, and Ana Margaret Sanchez. On 14 May 2009, the Bank of Jamaica announced a plan to issue"
"a member of the People's National Party, said to represent the party's ""Glasspole tendencies"", that is to say, its right wing. At a conference in 1964, he clashed with Vernon Arnett over proposals for land reform and the party's support for democratic socialism; Arnett's supporters blasted Blake as a ""capitalist"", ""land baron"", and ""race-horse owner"", while one of Blake's supporters drew a pistol. The conference quickly dispersed thereafter. In 1969, he vied with Michael Manley for leadership of the PNP; in the end, Manley achieved a decisive victory in the election to become party leader. Blake later became Jamaica's Minister"
"of South Africa's liberation movement. Upon becoming the Prime Minister of Jamaica in 1992 Patterson was invested with the Order of the Nation, allowing him to be known as ""The Most Honourable"" and to use the post-nominal letters ""ON"". In 2006 he was invested with the Order of Excellence of Guyana, allowing him to use the post-nominal letters ""OE"". P. J. Patterson Percival Noel James Patterson, ON, PC, QC (born 10 April 1935), is a former Jamaican politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1992 to 2006. He was the leader of the People's National Party"
"of Socialist International following a conference in Cape Town, South Africa. Portia Simpson-Miller Portia Lucretia Simpson-Miller, (born 12 December 1945), is a Jamaican politician. She served as Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2006 to September 2007 and again from 5 January 2012 to 3 March 2016. She was the leader of the People's National Party from 2006 to 2017 and the Leader of the Opposition twice, from 2007 to 2012 and from 2016 to 2017. While serving as Prime Minister, Simpson-Miller retained the positions of Minister of Defence, Development, Information and Sports. She has also served as Minister of"
"were not being shared by the urban poor. Combined with the effects of a slowdown in the global economy in 1970, the voters elected the PNP (People's National Party) in 1972. They tried to implement more socially equitable policies in education and health, but the economy suffered under their leadership. By 1980, Jamaica's gross national product had declined to some 25% below the 1972 level. Due to rising foreign and local debt, accompanied by large fiscal deficits, the government sought International Monetary Fund (IMF) financing from the United States and others. Economic deterioration continued into the mid-1980s, exacerbated by a"
"1989 Jamaican general election General elections were held in Jamaica on 9 February 1989. The result was a victory for the People's National Party, which won 45 of the 60 seats. Voter turnout was 78.4%. This was the first election contested by the People's National Party since 1980, as they had boycotted the 1983 snap election. Prime Minister Edward Seaga announced the election date on January 15, 1989 at a rally in Kingston. He cited emergency conditions caused by Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 as the reason for extending the parliamentary term beyond its normal five-year mandate. The election date and"
"a movement and a man in the October Revolution, and Lenin was the man."" Despite some international opposition, Manley deepened and strengthened Jamaica's ties with Cuba. In diplomatic affairs, Manley believed in respecting the different systems of government of other countries and not interfering in their internal affairs. Manley was Prime Minister when Jamaica experienced a significant escalation of its political culture of violence. Supporters of his opponent Edward Seaga and the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and Manley's People's National Party (PNP) engaged in a bloody struggle which began before the 1976 election and ended when Seaga was installed as"
"such as economic growth and crime reduction which the JLP says the PNP failed to do during their eighteen years rule of the country. The JLP, however, lost at the polls to the People's National Party, which gained a large majority of 42 to the JLP's 21 parliamentary seats. On 25 February 2016, the Jamaica Labour Party, headed by Andrew Holness, won the national elections with the JLP winning 32 seats compared to 31 seats for the incumbent People's National Party. His wife Juliet also won a seat in parliament, the first time a Prime Minister or Opposition Leader and"
"Carl Rattray Raphael Carl Rattray QC (18 September 1929 – 14 March 2012) was a Jamaican jurist and politician. Rattray was born in 1929 in St. Elizabeth. He began his career in law in England before being called to the Jamaica Bar in 1958. In 1969, he was appointed a Queen's Counsel. He was also a founder of the law firm of Rattray, Patterson, Rattray. Rattray was one of the founding members of the People's National Party as well as a founding member and past chairman of the Jamaica Council for Human Rights. From 1978 to 1980, Rattray was the"
"military headquarters. Reggae musician Bob Marley announced plans to hold a concert in an attempt to quell the violence. Politicians from both parties were hoping to capitalize on Marley's support. While Marley remained neutral, many viewed him as tacitly supporting Manley and the PNP. In 1972, Michael Manley assumed leadership under the People's National Party (PNP) as Prime Minister of Jamaica, where he maintained leadership until 1980. Upon entering office, the Democratic-Socialist prime minister immediately angered US officials by recognizing the Cuban government of Fidel Castro, nationalizing bauxite production, and recognizing the MPLA government of Angola, that was supported by"
"and started pre-school there before moving to Saint Ann Parish where his father took up a new job as principal of Moneague Teachers' College. He lived in the United Kingdom between ages six and nine while his father studied for a Ph.D. there, and then returned to Jamaica. Phillips holds a Bachelor's degree in Economics, a Master's in Government, and a Doctorate in International Political Economy and Development Studies. Peter Phillips (politician) Peter Phillips, MP (born 28 December 1949) is a Jamaican politician who is the currently the president of the People's National Party and the Opposition Leader in Jamaica."
"National Democratic Movement (Jamaica) The National Democratic Movement (NDM) is a conservative political party in Jamaica, led by Peter Townsend. In the 29 December 2011 elections, the party received 265 votes, but won no seats. The NDM was formed in 1995 by Brascoe Lee and Bobby Marsh. Bruce Golding was invited to become the first President. Golding was the chairman of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) before he and others decided to split. In their 1997 manifesto, the party expresses the reasons why they broke from the JLP. Namely, they believed that after gaining independence from the United Kingdom in"
"result of the 1938 riots that the real basis for national unity in Jamaica lay in the masses. Unlike the union-oriented Bustamante, however, Manley was more interested in access to control over state power and political rights for the masses. On 18 September 1938, he inaugurated the People's National Party (PNP), which had begun as a nationalist movement supported by the mixed-race middle class and the liberal sector of the business community with leaders who were highly educated members of the upper middle class. The 1938 riots spurred the PNP to unionise labour, although it would be several years before"
"duopoly which was composed of two labor organized parties: the People's National Party; led by Norman Manley in 1938, and the Jamaica Labour Party; led by Alexander Bustamante in 1943. In the mid-1940s, the JLP and Bustamante held the majority in Jamaica's limited-autonomy government under the authority of the Colonial office in London and the governor for a decade. Then in 1955 the PNP and Manley gained back the majority. In 1961, Jamaicans favored the stand-alone sovereignty government status proposed by Alexander Bustamante and the JLP to the Federation status proposed by Norman Manley and the PNP. In 1962, Jamaica"
"of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). The JLP used the threat of socialism to build support among property owners and churchgoers, attracting more middle-class support. By 1976 the two politicians hired local gangsters to help them increase their hold on power. The 1976 elections marked the beginning of a period of political violence in Jamaica. A State of Emergency was declared by Manley's party the PNP in June and 500 people, including some prominent members of the JLP, were accused of trying to overthrow the government and were detained, without charges, in the South Camp Prison at the Up-Park Camp"
"Portia Simpson-Miller Portia Lucretia Simpson-Miller, (born 12 December 1945), is a Jamaican politician. She served as Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2006 to September 2007 and again from 5 January 2012 to 3 March 2016. She was the leader of the People's National Party from 2006 to 2017 and the Leader of the Opposition twice, from 2007 to 2012 and from 2016 to 2017. While serving as Prime Minister, Simpson-Miller retained the positions of Minister of Defence, Development, Information and Sports. She has also served as Minister of Labour, Social Security and Sport, Minister of Tourism and Sports and"
"was closer in size to the destroyed version. The cost was met by public subscription. Norman Manley entered politics, and founded the People's National Party in 1938. Although Edna Manley was hesitant at first, she quickly accepted her husband's place—and her own—in Jamaican politics. She also designed The Rising Sun logo for the People's National Party. The beginning of Jamaica's new government-—and the fall of colonialism-—was reflected in Manley's work, which at the time dealt with the cyclical, birth-and-death themes of the sun and moon. Her work was also heavily influenced by the nature that surrounded her at Nomdmi, the"
"Rose Leon Rose Agatha Leon (20 October 1913 – 16 August 1999) was a Jamaican businesswoman and politician. In August 1999, she was murdered in her home. In 1948, she became the first woman to chair a national political party, the Jamaica Labour Party, holding that position for 12 years.In 1949, she was elected into the house of representatives, and in 1953 was appointed minister of health and social welfare. In 1960 she left the JLP due to its lack of support for the Federation of the West Indies. Soon after, she switched sides and joined the People's National Party,"
"Nationalist Party (Panama) The Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista, PN) was a Panamanian small radical nationalist , personalistic political party. The Nationalist Party was created in 1961 by Aquilino Boyd prior to the 1964 elections after he had lost control of the Third Nationalist Party. Aquilino Edgardo Boyd de la Guardia, a member of one of the old ruling families and oligarch, he served as foreign minister of Panama (1956–58), permanent representative to the United Nations (1962–76), member of National Assembly for five terms (1948–52, 1956–60, 1960–64, 1964–68, 1968–69), President of the National Assembly (1949). He was one of leaders of"
"party was founded on 8 July 1943 by Alexander Bustamante as the political wing of the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union. Bustamante had previously been a member of the PNP. It won the 1944 general elections with 22 of the 32 seats. It went on to win the 1949 elections with a reduced majority, before losing power to the PNP in the 1955 elections. It remained in opposition following the 1959 elections, but was victorious in 1962 and was therefore the Government when Jamaica gained its political independence from Great Britain on 6 August 1962. Bustamante suffered a stroke in 1964"
"Finance and Planning. In 1974 he became Leader of the JLP, in which he served for 30 years; he was also Leader of the Parliamentary Opposition in various periods. Edward P.G. Seaga became Prime Minister of Jamaica following the General Election of 30 October 1980, when the Jamaica Labour Party won a landslide victory over the incumbent People’s National Party (PNP), with the largest mandate ever. The mandate of Seaga and the Jamaica Labour Party was renewed in the uncontested 1983 General Elections. He continued as Prime Minister until February 1989. As one of the founding fathers in the framing"
"Association (JTA). Byfield became Deputy Chairman of the People's National Party, headed by Norman Manley. In the 1972 Senate of Jamaica, there were eight members from the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and thirteen from the People's National Party (PNP). Byfield was President and Benjamin Clare was Deputy President. Byfield was President of the Senate until 1980. He was succeeded by Oswald Harding. In 1976 Byfield was elected member of parliament for St. Mary Western on the PNP ticket, holding office until 1980. In April 1978 Byfield was acting Minister of Education. He agreed to recommend to the government two points"
"elected independent joined the party afterwards). It came to office again in 1955, and held office until just before independence in 1962. The party was defeated that year by its principal rival, the JLP. During this period of government, it promoted actively reformist social democratic policies, including opening secondary education to many poorer Jamaicans through state funding of scholarships. Ten years later, under the leadership of Norman Manley's son Michael Manley, it returned to office committed to democratic socialism and a foreign policy focused on strengthening relations with the Global South. In 1980, the JLP led by Edward Seaga overwhelmingly"
"Communist Party of Jamaica The Communist Party of Jamaica was a political party in Jamaica, founded in 1975. At the time of the foundation of the party, when the 'Preparatory Committee for a Communist Party of Jamaica' was formed, the Workers Liberation League decided to stay out of it. Instead, the WLL founded the Workers Party of Jamaica (another communist party) three years later. The two parties existed parallel to each other, but the WPJ was larger than the CPJ. Chris Lawrence was the leading personality in the CPJ. H. L. Sinclair was the chairman of the party. CPJ was"