"period to 100 days and allows any woman who is not pregnant during the divorce to remarry immediately after divorce. The Civil Code of Japan requires legally married spouses to have the same surname. Although the law is gender-neutral, meaning that either spouse is allowed to change his/her name to that of the other spouse, Japanese women have traditionally adopt their husband’s family name and 96% of women continue to do so as of 2015. In 2015, the Japanese Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law, noting that women could use their maiden names informally, and stating that it"
"that restrict what surname a child may have. For example, Tennessee allows a child to be given a surname that does not include that of the father only upon ""the concurrent submission of a sworn application to that effect signed by both parents."" In 2007, Michael Buday and Diana Bijon enlisted the American Civil Liberties Union and filed a discrimination lawsuit against the state of California. According to the ACLU, the obstacles facing a husband who wishes to adopt his wife's last name violated the equal protection clause provided by the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. At the time of"
"only apply to same-sex couples, providing all of the rights of marriage except adoption and the ability to take the same surname. The bill was adopted by the Parliament on 20 April 2009. 199 MPs (the Hungarian Socialist Party and the Alliance of Free Democrats) voted for the bill, 159 MPs (Fidesz and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP)) voted against it, 8 unallied MPs abstained. The new registered partnership act took effect on 1 July 2009. Registered partnerships are only open to same-sex couples. All the rules of marriage apply, except for the right to take a common surname,"
"its intention to force a referendum. According to the Constitution, the organization had 30 days to collect at least 1,000 signatures. A referendum was held on 17 and 19 June 2011 and 68.8% of voters approved the law, which then went into effect on 1 September 2011. Since 1 January 2017, registered partners have been allowed to have a common ""name"" as equivalent to a ""family name"" for married couples. Single people regardless of sexual orientation are allowed to adopt in Liechtenstein. But neither stepchild or joint adoptions by same-sex couples are allowed. On 1 January 2016, during his annual"
"""male and female,"" in order to understand correctly the normative meaning of the words of Genesis. Western European societies established monogamy as their marital norm. Monogamous marriage is normative and is legally enforced in most of the world's highly developed countries. Laws prohibiting polygyny were adopted in 1880 in Japan, 1953 in China, 1955 in India and 1963 in Nepal. The women's rights movements in these nations want to make monogamy the only legal form of marriage. The United Nations joined these efforts in 1979 when the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination"
"security and identification needs, even where it is legal, the common law method is now rarely accepted except at marriage (especially for women). Traditionally, in the Anglophone West only women change their names on marriage, but in some instances men may change their last names upon marriage as well, including same-sex married couples. In the United States, only eight states have an official name change for a man as part of their marriage process, and in others a man may petition a court or—where not prohibited—use the common law method (though government agencies sometimes do not recognize this procedure for"
"explicitly banned in Article 3.12 of the country's Civil Code, stating that ""Marriage shall be concluded with a person of the opposite sex only"". Moreover, the country's Civil Code allows the institution of partnerships to be approved by the legislative authorities, although Article 3.229 of the Code restricts them to heterosexual couples. During the census of 2011, only 24 same-sex households were declared. As of 2017, a bill to allow same-sex couples to receive some limited partnership rights is pending in the Parliament. It was preliminarily approved 46-17 in May 2017. According to the ""Law on Equal Treatment 2005"", discrimination"
"the lawsuit, only the states of Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York and North Dakota explicitly allowed a man to change his name through marriage with the same ease as a woman. As a result of the lawsuit, the Name Equality Act of 2007 was passed to allow either spouse to change their name, using their marriage license as the means of the change; the law took effect in 2009. In 2013, a Florida man successfully forced the Florida Department of Motor Vehicles to accept his decision to take his wife's last name. The feminist Lucy Stone (1818–1893) made a"
"a provision to allow homosexual couples to adopt as a couple (single homosexuals can legally adopt). Although personally against it, the Portuguese President ratified the bill on 17 May 2010. The law became effective on 5 June 2010, after publication in the official gazette, on 31 May. The first marriage was celebrated on 7 June 2010 between Teresa Pires and Helena Paixão, the same lesbian couple that was denied a marriage licence in 2006. In July 2006, Slovenia became the first former Yugoslav country to introduce domestic partnerships nationwide. In December 2009 the Slovenian government approved a new Family Code,"
"From 2008 to 2017, only 3 same-sex couples (out of 550 applicants) were able to adopt, compared to 1,000 opposite-sex adoptions. According to a poll conducted earlier in August 2017, 60% of Israelis supported adoption rights for same-sex couples, while 33% were against. Israeli surrogacy law allows opposite-sex couples to sign a surrogacy agreement with a surrogate mother. In July 2018, the Knesset passed a bill expending surrogacy rights to single women, but rejected an amendment that would have included same-sex couples. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu supported the amendment, but later voted against it due to objections from Orthodox groups."
"many Western countries has led to the emergence of various non-traditional or ""ad hoc"" coinages of combined surnames. For example, Hispanic American politician Antonio Villar and his wife Corina Raigosa adopted the ""blended"" surname ""Villaraigosa"" upon their marriage in 1987. In some cases, courts in member states of the European Union have refused to register children under the surname given according to a foreign naming tradition. In France a practice abolished in 2010 was to use two consecutive hyphens <nowiki>--</nowiki> (not the same as a ""long hyphen"" or dash, or with a double hyphen) to distinguish between recently formed double"
"2013, following the conclusion of proponents' appeals. Proposition 8 countermanded the 2008 ruling by adding the same provision as in Proposition 22 to the California Constitution, providing that ""only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California"", thereby superseding the 2008 ruling. As an amendment, it was ruled constitutional by the California Supreme Court in ""Strauss v. Horton"", in 2009, on the grounds that it ""carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause""; in his dissent, Justice Carlos R. Moreno wrote that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not"
"in that case are represented by Roberta Kaplan, who successfully argued ""United States v. Windsor"" before the US Supreme Court. Mississippi was the only U.S. state to not have legal joint adoption rights for LGBT couples; the only other jurisdictions under US sovereignty where this is the case are American Samoa and some Native American tribal nations. In Mississippi, a state law passed in 2000 explicitly prohibits same-sex couples from joint adoption. After ""Obergefell"", Mississippi has specifically stated the ban is still in effect. On August 12, 2015, the Southern Poverty Law Center joined by four same-sex couples raising children"
"The Government of Thailand was the only state to vote against adoption, though it reversed its position a few days later. The protocol obligates states parties to provide protection and appropriate remedies, including compensation, to victims of forced labour and to sanction the perpetrators of forced labour. It also obligates states parties to develop ""a national policy and plan of action for the effective and sustained suppression of forced or compulsory labour"". On 14 May 2015, Niger became the first state to ratify the 2014 Protocol. As of November 2016, it has been ratified by nine states: Argentina, Czech Republic,"
"percent of female same-sex couple households and 22 percent of male same-sex couple households reported at least one child under eighteen living in their home. Some children do not know they have an LGB parent; coming out issues vary and some parents may never come out to their children. LGBT parenting in general, and adoption by LGBT couples may be controversial in some countries. In January 2008, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex couples have the right to adopt a child. In the U.S., LGB people can legally adopt in all states except for Florida. Although it"
"by an additional 26 states is now needed for its adoption. This proposed amendment would amplify both Article I, Section 9, Clause 8, which prohibits the federal government from issuing titles of nobility or honor, and , which prohibits the states from issuing them. One theory for why the Congress proposed the amendment is that it was in response to the 1803 marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, Jerome, and Betsy Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland, who gave birth to a boy for whom she wanted aristocratic recognition from France. The child, named Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte, was not born in the"
"same-sex marriage on the national level. The law came into force on 5 June 2010. The new Law of Gender Identity come into effect in 2011, being considered the most liberal of its kind in the world, it allows for transsexual people to change their name and sex in legal documentation. In 2015, the full equality in parenting for LGBT couples was authorized by law. The LGBT-parenting single adoption was already previously allowed, joint adoption by the couple is legal since 2016. Portugal was a pioneer in the approach to the drug abuse as a health issue, instead of the"
"2018, MP Guillaume Chiche introduced a bill to legalise assisted reproduction for lesbian couples and single women. On 5 July 2017, the Court of Cassation ruled that a child born to a surrogate mother abroad can be adopted by the partner of his or her biological father. However, the court refused a request that the two parents listed on the foreign birth certificate be automatically recognised. In 1985, national legislation was enacted to prohibit sexual orientation based discrimination in employment, housing and other public and private provisions of services and goods. In July 2012, the French Parliament added sexual identity"
"been signed by five European countries and ratified by Spain and the Netherlands. In Finland, people wishing to change their legal gender must be sterilized or ""for some other reason infertile"". A recommendation from the UN Human Rights Council to eliminate the sterilization requirement was rejected by the Finnish government in 2017. In France, there is currently no law that defines sex-change procedures. However, it is possible to ask for a sex- or a name change before the Court. The judge decides to grant or refuse the change. Since 1980, Germany has a law that regulates the change of first"
"decision may be needed in that case. On 5 August 2009 a St. Petersburg court definitely resolved a dispute as to whether single women could apply for surrogacy and obliged the State Registration Authority to register a 35-year=old single intended mother, Nataliya Gorskaya, as the mother of her surrogate son. On 4 August 2010 a Moscow court ruled that a single man who applied for gestational surrogacy (using donor eggs) could be registered as the only parent of his son, becoming the first man in Russia to defend his right to become a father through court proceedings. The surrogate mother’s"
"people under the 2016 ""Gender Identity Law"" may change their legal gender solely based on self-determination, without undergoing surgery. Ecuador is also one of the few countries to have banned conversion therapy. The Constitution of Ecuador provides that marriage shall only be between a man and a woman. In 2013, gay activist Pamela Troya filed a lawsuit to strike down that ban and legalise same-sex marriage in the country. The lawsuit currently remains pending with the Supreme Court and focuses mostly on the Inter-American Court of Human Rights' ruling in ""Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile"". The ""Atala"" case has"
"are the parents of three children, and they reside in New York City. Blankenhorn was presented to the court as an expert witness in ""Perry v. Schwarzenegger"" by the proponents of California Proposition 8 (2008), a constitutional amendment restricting marriage to the union of opposite-sex couples. On cross-examination by David Boies, Blankenhorn stated that marriage's ""rule of two people"" is not violated by polygamy, because ""Even in instances of a man engaging in polygamous marriage, each marriage is separate. He — one man — marries one woman."" During questioning, Blankenhorn stated ""I believe that adopting same-sex marriage would be likely"
"law has now changed allowing single women access to state funded fertility treatment although long waiting lists may prove prohibitive. In Switzerland sperm donation is only allowed for married heterosexual couples—not for unmarried couples, singles or homosexual couples. A donor may give rise to a maximum of eight children. The HFEA sets a limit of 10 families within the UK which can be created using the gametes of one donor. However, there is no limit to the number of children which may be born to each such family from the same donor. A donor may set a lower limit and"
"South Africa is the only African country to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. The 2002 decision of the Constitutional Court in the case of ""Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development"" amended the Child Care Act, 1983 to allow both joint adoption and stepparent adoption by ""permanent same-sex life partners"". The Child Care Act has since been replaced by the Children's Act, 2005, which allows joint adoption by ""partners in a permanent domestic life-partnership"", whether same- or opposite-sex, and stepparent adoption by a person who is the ""permanent domestic life-partner"" of the child's current parent. Same-sex marriage"
"other than marriage on a national level are: Andorra, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Poland, San Marino, Slovenia and Switzerland. On a subnational level, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala, the Dutch constituent country of Aruba and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom allow same-sex couples to access civil unions or partnerships, but restrict marriage to couples of the opposite sex. Additionally, various cities and counties in Cambodia, Japan and Taiwan offer same-sex couples varying levels of benefits, which include hospital visitation rights and others. Additionally, fourteen countries which have legalized"
"2008 Proposition 8, an amendment to the California constitution that defined marriage as a union only between a man and a woman. Hanks and others raised over US$44 million to campaign against the proposition, in contrast to the supporters' $39 million, but Proposition 8 passed with 52% of the vote. It was overruled in June 2013, when the Ninth Circuit lifted its stay of the district court's ruling, enabling Governor Jerry Brown to order same-sex marriage officiations to resume. While premiering a TV series in January 2009, Hanks called supporters of Proposition 8 ""un-American"" and criticized the LDS Church members,"
"there is no law or religious dictate that says the bride must take the groom's last name. However, approximately 70% of Americans agree that a bride should change her last name. In the United Kingdom, if someone refuses to recognise someone's marriage, then that marriage will be declared null and void. A marriage can also end when one partner dies. In addition, a marriage may also be ended by divorce or annulment. Divorce laws vary significantly by country. The only countries that do not allow divorce are the Philippines and the Vatican City, an ecclesiastical state, which has no procedure"
"relation to the child (in case of donation) doesn’t matter. On 4 August 2010, a Moscow court ruled that a single man who applied for gestational surrogacy (using donor eggs) could be registered as the only parent of his son, becoming the first man in Russia to defend his right to become a father through a court procedure. The surrogate mother’s name was not listed on the birth certificate; the father was listed as the only parent. Surrogacy is completely legal in Ukraine. However, only healthy mothers who have had children before can become surrogates. Surrogates in Ukraine have zero"
"Andorra, Austria and Israel as well as several subnational jurisdictions which do not recognize same-sex marriage nonetheless permit joint adoption by unmarried same-sex couples: Querétaro and Veracruz in Mexico as well as Northern Ireland and Jersey in the United Kingdom. Some additional states allow stepchild adoption by those who are in a same-sex relationship but are unmarried: Croatia, Estonia, Italy (on a case-by-case basis), Slovenia and Switzerland. As of 2010, more than 16,000 same-sex couples were raising an estimated 22,000 adopted children in the United States, 4% of all adopted children. A gay or bisexual man has the option of"
"legal name change in most provinces, excluding British Columbia. For federal purposes, such as a Canadian passport, Canadians may also assume their partner's surname if they are in a common-law relationship. In the province of British Columbia, people have to undergo a legal name change if they want to use a combined surname after marriage. Their marriage certificate is considered proof of their new name. The custom in Québec was similar to the one in France until 1981. Women would traditionally go by their husband's surname in daily life, but their maiden name remained their legal name. Since the passage"
"in the world to do so. Since then, twelve other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003, Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, the United Kingdom in 2014, Luxembourg and Ireland in 2015, Finland in 2017, Malta in 2017 and Germany in 2017). On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples, including the use of the term marriage, (""matrimony""). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009. Civil partnerships have been legal"
"applies. This brought France into line with a 1978 declaration by the Council of Europe requiring member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was echoed by the United Nations in 1979. Similar measures were adopted by West Germany (1976), Sweden (1982), Denmark (1983) and Spain (1999). The European Community has been active in eliminating gender discrimination. Several cases concerning discrimination in family names have reached the courts. ""Burghartz v. Switzerland"" challenged the lack of an option for husbands to add the wife's surname to his surname, which they"
"of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, marriage is open to same-sex couples. A law enabling same-sex couples to marry in these municipalities passed and came into effect on 10 October 2012. The Caribbean countries Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, forming the remainder of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, do not perform same-sex marriages, but must recognize those performed in the Netherlands proper. On 14 May 2012, Labour Party MP Louisa Wall stated that she would introduce a private member's bill, the ""Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill"", allowing same-sex couples to marry. The bill was submitted to the members' bill"