"frequently works with mixed media on paper. He was permanently collected by the South African National Gallery in 1979. In 1981 and 1983 Stopforth made two large drawings titled ""Elegy"" and ""Interrogation Space #1-5"" about Steve Biko, South African Black Consciousness Movement leader who died in 1977 from head while in police custody. Following Biko's death images of his autopsy images of his body were widely circulated, further dehumanizing and transforming Biko into a vessel of bare life (in Agamben's use of the term, a body that represents a base level of life outside of civilization, one who has been"
"to be second-class citizens. They created the South African Student's Movement (SASM). It was particularly popular in Soweto, where the 1976 insurrection against Bantu Education would prove to be a crossroads in the fight against apartheid. Taken into custody on 18 August 1977, Steve Biko was brutally tortured by unidentified security personnel until he lapsed into a coma. He went for three days without medical treatment and finally died in Pretoria. At the subsequent inquest, the magistrate ruled that no-one was to blame, but the South African Medical Association eventually took action against the doctors who had failed to treat"
"the ""British Medical Journal"", Ames ""was never made a full professor, and believed that this was because she was a woman."" South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko, who had formerly studied medicine at the University of Natal Medical School, was detained by Port Elizabeth security police on 18 August 1977 and held for 20 days. Sometime between 6 and 7 September, Biko was beaten and tortured into a coma. According to allegations by Ames and others, surgeon Ivor Lang, along with chief district surgeon Benjamin Tucker, collaborated with the police and covered up the abuse, leading to Biko's death from"
"alter the feelings of inadequacy instilled among black people by the apartheid system. The leader of the movement, Steve Biko, was taken into custody on 18 August 1977 and was beaten to death in detention. In 1976, secondary students in Soweto took to the streets in the Soweto uprising to protest against the imposition of Afrikaans as the only language of instruction. On 16 June, police opened fire on students protesting peacefully. According to official reports 23 people were killed, but the number of people who died is usually given as 176, with estimates of up to 700. In the"
"killing scores (and by some estimates, hundreds) of them. As the children pelted the police with stones, South Africa went up in flames. The government responded by banning the entire Black Consciousness Movement along with many other political organisations, as well as issuing banning orders against various persons. Donald Woods was one of the banned persons and was effectively placed under house arrest. Steve Biko had been involved in clandestine contacts with two outlawed anti-apartheid movements, the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Returning to his home on the evening of August 18, 1977, from a"
"jail, while the world outside was divided in its effort to remove apartheid. Steve Biko, perhaps the most vocal adherent to non-violent civil resistance, was allegedly murdered in 1977 by agents of the government. When the first universal, free elections were held in South Africa in 1994, the ANC was elected and Mandela became president. Mandela made a special visit to India and publicly honoured Gandhi as the man who inspired the freedom struggle of black South Africans. Statues of Gandhi have been erected in Natal, Pretoria and Johannesburg. Martin Luther King Jr., a young Christian minister and a leader"
"also appointed by the family of Steve Biko to look into the death of Biko – said ""state pathologist at the inquest in April 1989, confirmed the cause of death as head injuries with subdural haematoma, and raised intracranial pressure and midbrain haemorrhage"". Sipho Philip Mutsi Sipho Mutsi was a regional organiser for the Congress of South African Students (COSAS) who was arrested at a bus stop in Odendaalsrus, Free State on 4 May 1985. He died in detention the following day, having been severely beaten by some members of the South African Police in Odendaalsrus. He was the first"
"imprisonment without trial in 1963. News of Biko's death spread quickly across the world, and became symbolic of the abuses of the apartheid system. His death attracted more global attention than he had ever attained during his lifetime. Protest meetings were held in several cities; many were shocked that the security authorities would kill such a prominent dissident leader. Biko's Anglican funeral service, held on 25 September 1977 at King William's Town's Victoria Stadium, took five hours and was attended by around 20,000 people. The vast majority were black, but a few hundred whites also attended, including Biko's friends, such"
"of non-disclosure. He died from stomach cancer on November 1, 1998. Harold Snyman Harold Snyman (April 23, 1928 – November 1, 1998) was a major in the South African Security Police. He led the interrogation of Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko after Biko's arrest in September 1977. He retired with the rank of colonel. In 1986, he was portrayed in the banned theatre production ""The Biko Inquest"", directed by Saira Essa and Charles Pillay in South Africa. His character was played by a British actor, Andrew Edwards. After South Africa's transition to democracy, Snyman applied for amnesty from the Truth"
"determination to render the Apartheid system ungovernable occurred in 1977 when the bus-taking mourners to Steve Biko’s funeral in Ginsberg, outside of King Williams Town, were stopped by security forces. Kgware, then 66 years old, evaded the police and hitched a lift all the way to King Williams Town to attend Biko’s funeral. Some of the lesser-known women with whom Kgware led and served with in the Black Consciousness Movement include Mamphela Ramphele, Deborah Matshoba, Oshadi Mangena, and Nomsizi Kraai. After a long life of teaching and activist work, Kgware passed away in 1998 at home in North West- Bophuthatswana."
"healthcare centre and a crèche in the Ginsberg area. During his ban he received repeated anonymous threats, and was detained by state security services on several occasions. Following his arrest in August 1977, Biko was severely beaten by state security officers, resulting in his death. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral. Biko's fame spread posthumously. He became the subject of numerous songs and works of art, while a 1978 biography by his friend Donald Woods formed the basis for the 1987 film ""Cry Freedom"". During Biko's life, the government alleged that he hated whites, various anti-apartheid activists accused him of"
"apartheid. “The native detested white society, but was envious of it. Realising that his own skin prevented him from ever attaining privilege, the native despised his own blackness."" To counter this, the Black Consciousness Movement encouraged personal dignity and pride in one’s identity and culture. In 1977, Steve Biko, the founder of the Black Consciousness Movement, died after violent police interrogation. As a result of his high profile, news of his death drew national and international attention. Within the country, the Black Consciousness Movement was supported more vehemently than ever, including within the art scene. Globally, many became aware of"
"owners in Fairview were forcibly relocated from 1965 through to 1975, as these areas were valued as prime real estate. The city-planning was viewed as the prototypical apartheid city. As black South Africans organized to try to achieve civil rights and social justice, government repression increased. In 1977 Steve Biko, the black anti-apartheid activist, was interrogated and tortured by the security police in Port Elizabeth before being transported to Pretoria, where he died. Other notable deaths in the city during this time included those of The Cradock Four, and of George Botha, a high-school teacher. In 1952 the African National"
"Island. In 1973, Biko had enrolled for a law degree by correspondence from the University of South Africa. He passed several exams, but had not completed the degree at his time of death. His performance on the course was poor; he was absent from several exams and failed his Practical Afrikaans module. The state security services repeatedly sought to intimidate him; he received anonymous threatening phone calls, and gun shots were fired at his house. A group of young men calling themselves 'The Cubans' began guarding him from these attacks. The security services detained him four times, once for 101"
"he was interrogated. During his interrogation he was severely beaten by some of the policemen questioning him. He suffered severe injuries, including to his brain, and died soon after on 12 September 1977. News of his death spread quickly, and became a symbol of the abuses perpetrated under the apartheid government. Biko's position as an individual who had never been convicted of a crime led to the death being reported in the international press; he thus became one of first anti-apartheid activists widely known internationally. Several musicians wrote songs about Biko, including Tom Paxton, Peter Hammill, Steel Pulse, and Tappa"
"regime. Biko's political activities eventually drew the attention of the South African government which often harassed, arrested, and detained him. These situations resulted in his being banned in 1973. The banning restricted Biko from talking to more than one person at a time, in an attempt to suppress the rising anti-apartheid political movement. Following a violation of his banning, Biko was arrested and later killed while in police custody. The circumstances leading to Biko's death caused worldwide anger, as he became a martyr and symbol of black resistance. As a result, the South African government banned a number of individuals"
"1954, Naidoo enrolled at the University of Durban-Westville to study for a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in pursuance of a medical career in 1975 to be a medical doctor but his studies were interrupted by the political turmoil at the time because of student uprisings. Naidoo became active in the South African Students' Organisation (SASO) that was banned in 1977 just after its leader Steve Biko was murdered in police detention. He then became a community-based organizer working with grassroots civic structures. He joined the Federation of South African Trade Unions as a volunteer in 1979. Naidoo was later"
"Tonderai Ndira Tonderai Ndira (1975/1976 – May 2008) was a Zimbabwe and a Movement for Democratic Change party member murdered in May 2008. Ndira lived in the township of Mabvuku and Tafara, east of the capital, Harare, and was a ""prominent activist"" member of the Movement for Democratic Change. He was described as a human rights campaigner and as ""a youth activist who went around the country holding workshops and teaching people their rights"". He had a wife and three young children. He was arrested on thirty-five occasions, and was reportedly described by his followers as ""Zimbabwe's Steve Biko"". The"
"Donald Woods Donald James Woods, CBE (15 December 1933 – 19 August 2001) was a South African journalist and anti-apartheid activist. As editor of the ""Daily Dispatch"", he was known for befriending fellow activist Steve Biko, who was killed by the police after being detained by the South African government. Woods continued his campaign against apartheid in London, and in 1978 became the first private citizen to address the United Nations Security Council. Woods was born at Hobeni, Transkei, where his family had lived for five generations. His ancestors arrived in South Africa with the 1820 Settlers. His parents ran"
"Harold Snyman Harold Snyman (April 23, 1928 – November 1, 1998) was a major in the South African Security Police. He led the interrogation of Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko after Biko's arrest in September 1977. He retired with the rank of colonel. In 1986, he was portrayed in the banned theatre production ""The Biko Inquest"", directed by Saira Essa and Charles Pillay in South Africa. His character was played by a British actor, Andrew Edwards. After South Africa's transition to democracy, Snyman applied for amnesty from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission but his submission was rejected on the basis"
"17 December, with over 1400 delegates in attendance representing 154 groups. At that conference, Winnie Kgware, Madibeng Mokoditoa, Sipho Buthelezi, Mosubudi Mangena and Saths Cooper emerged as president, vice-president, secretary-general, national organiser and public relations officer respectively, making up the inaugural national executive committee of the BPC, an umbrella body of the Black Consciousness Movement then led by Steve Biko. . On 19 October 1977, a few weeks after Steve Biko’s murder in police custody, 18 BCM-affiliated organisations were banned by the South African government, with BPC amongst these. One incident that stands out in the portrayal of Kgware’s sheer"
"apartheid. Buoyed by new support in Western countries, Oliver Tambo returned to the United Nations to try to convince the world body to sanction South Africa. His efforts gained new public support as the brutal suppression of a youth uprising in the South African township of Soweto and the controversial death of Steve Biko turned South Africa from a country into a cause, a worldwide emblem of injustice. In 1977 a significant victory was won when the United Nations issued a mandatory arms embargo: the first in history. But South Africa's strongest trading partners in the West still would not"
"saying that their position is not a misunderstanding but a rejection of the TRC's mandate. Among the highest-profile of these objections were the criticisms levelled by the family of prominent anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko, who was killed by the security police, and whose story was featured in the film ""Cry Freedom"". Biko's family described the TRC as a ""vehicle for political expediency"", which ""robbed"" them of their right to justice. The family opposed amnesty for his killers on these grounds and brought a legal action in South Africa's highest court, arguing that the TRC was unconstitutional. On the other side"
"Gideon Nieuwoudt Gideon Nieuwoudt (1951–2005) was a former apartheid-era security policeman involved in the torture and murder of several anti-apartheid activists, including Steve Biko. Nieuwoudt, nicknamed ""Notorious"", was one of the most feared security policemen in the Eastern Cape for his interrogation methods including wet bags, poison, torture machines and often disguised himself as a priest, dubbing him the ""Priest from hell"". Nieuwoudt had up to five hearings at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), in connection with the murders of numerous political activists. Nieuwoudt was implicated in the murder of the anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko, who was a leader"
"Nelson Mandela awarded Ames the Order of the Star of South Africa in 1999, the highest civilian award in the country. Frances Ames Frances Rix Ames (; 20 April 1920 – 11 November 2002) was a South African neurologist, psychiatrist, and human rights activist, best known for leading the medical ethics inquiry into the death of anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko, who died from medical neglect after being tortured in police custody. When the South African Medical and Dental Council (SAMDC) declined to discipline the chief district surgeon and his assistant who treated Biko, Ames and a group of five academics"
"A rival clinic was built but it did not succeed. Other attempts to end the operations of the clinic included withholding the operating licence and not allowing the clinic access to free immunisations for children. Two weeks after the death of Steve Biko, on the 17 October 1977, all black consciousness organisations including the BCPs were banned. Two days after this ban, authorities confiscated all the assets of the clinic. They also destroyed the leather work factory and placed the Zanempilo clinic under government control. Additionally, all clinic programmes were cancelled, it no longer offered 24 hour care, it was"
"was partially successful in a leadership coup against Potlako Leballo. However he failed to get support from the Second Azanian People's Liberation Army, recruited from the 1976 student protest generation and was shot dead during an argument with them at his flat in Oyster Bay, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 12 June 1979. David Sibeko's contribution to the liberation struggle in South Africa unfortunately is little known. In actuality his influence was pervasive and, some would argue, on par with that of Nelson Mandela. Sibeko adroitly used his position as the head of the PAC Observer Mission at the United"
"riots of 1976 and the murder of Steve Biko, and right up to Mandela's release from prison in 1990 and the future president's speech in which he acknowledged the debt owed by all black South Africans to the students who gave their lives in Soweto on 16 June 1976. Soweto uprising The Soweto uprising was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa that began on the morning of 16 June 1976. Students from numerous Sowetan schools began to protest in the streets of Soweto in response to the introduction of Afrikaans as the"
"the Act tended to disappear. The death of Steve Biko in police custody in 1977, while being detained under the Act, was a particular ""cause célèbre"". It is estimated that approximately 80 people died while being detained under the Act. Other provisions of the Act included the founding of the Bureau of State Security. Terrorism Act, 1967 The Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967 was a law of the South African Apartheid regime until all except section 7 was repealed under the Internal Security and Intimidation Amendment Act 138 of 1991. Section 6 of the Act allowed someone suspected of"
"take political positions and remains connected to grasroots struggles. Phillip was involved in the Black Consciousness Movement, was a close friend to Steve Biko and was the Deputy President of the South African Student's Organisation in 1969 when Steve Biko was President. In 2008, Phillip successfully obtained a court order preventing arms shipments destined for Zimbabwe from being transported through South Africa. He is chair of the Zimbabwe Solidarity Forum in South Africa. Phillip has been, and remains, a strong supporter of the shack dwellers movement' Abahlali baseMjondolo. He has attended meetings, memorials, mass ecumenical prayers, marches and UnFreedom Day"
"they have two sons. She is a member of the Rondebosch United Church in Cape Town. Zille began her career as a political correspondent for the ""Rand Daily Mail"" newspaper in 1974. During September 1977, Minister of Justice and the Police J.T. Kruger announced that anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko had died in prison as the result of an extended hunger strike. Zille and her editor Allister Sparks were convinced Kruger's story was a cover-up, and Zille obtained concrete proof of this after tracking down and interviewing doctors involved in the case. Consequent to the publication of the story, headlined ""No"
"taught black students. Stubbs successfully argued for its relocation to Alice, Eastern Cape as part of the multi-denominational Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa. The new college nurtured debate among their students and others. Stubbs became known for his work in South Africa against the apartheid regime (so much so that the South African government refused to let him re-enter the country after his mother's funeral in 1977). During his time in Alice, Stubbs met and became friends with student activist Steve Biko, the first president of South African Students' Organisation (SASO). Stubbs said later that he came to realise"
"three Black Arts festivals for MDALI (the Music, Drama, Arts and Literature Institute in Soweto), of which he was a founder member and spokesman, and in 1975 he was detained under South Africa's 1963 Terrorism Act for 10 months. He was held in Johannesburg's police headquarters, John Vorster Square. In 1977, Pheto left South Africa and, after the murder of Steve Biko, began a life of exile in Britain. In 1983, Allison & Busby published his memoir, ""And Night Fell: Memoirs of a Political Prisoner in South Africa"", which was banned in South Africa. After 20 years in Britain, Pheto"