"Vowel reduction in Russian Vowel reduction in Russian differs in the standard language and dialects, which differ from one another. Several ways of vowel reduction (and its absence) are distinguished. There are five vowel phonemes in Standard Russian. Vowels tend to merge when they are unstressed. The vowels and have the same unstressed allophones for a number of dialects and reduce to an unclear schwa. Unstressed may become more central and merge with . Under some circumstances, , , and may all merge. The fifth vowel, , may also be centralized but does not typically merge with any of the"
"open syllables immediately following / preceding ones that bear primary or secondary stress, we pronounce an ""œ"" ~ ""oe"" ~ ""e"" as an (unrounded) unstressed vowel, that is, as the unstressed one that sounds like ""short I"" or instead of it for some dialects as shwa, the examples being: ""tragœdy"", ""(arch)diœcese""; ""œconomisation"", ""œsophageal""; ""œsophagus"", ""œcologist"", ""œcology"", ""œconomise"", ""œconomist"", ""œconomy"", ""œdema"", ""œnologist"", ""œnology"", ..., ""pœnology"", and ""Phœnicia(n)"". As another option (except in the first subset, that is, save in ""tragœdy"" and ""(arch)diœcese""), especially when we want to enunciate more clearly, we alternatively add an additional (secondary) stress on this vowel and"
"here transcribed . The partially closed initial unstressed vowels began as short vowels, but were later reduced. These are the same sounds as in the preceding chart, but without the option of the ""long"" vowels and much less rounding of the ""o"". ""proscenium"" does not fall in this group, apparently because felt to be ""pro""+""scenium"". All vowels in medial unstressed syllables are reduced to or , regardless of whether they are in open or closed syllables. The pronunciation of the letter ""u"" does not depend upon stress, but rather upon whether the syllable in which it appears is open or"
"unstressed vowels, ""Unlike other areas of Galician phonetics, there are no relevant differences between open and closed ""-e-"" and ""-o-"" and the sound of variant pairs can be considered, each with their own ""archiphonemes"", keeping the following system: -i-, E-, a,-O-, u. There are three unstressed vowels in final position: -e-,-o-and-a -. There is the loss of the ""-o"" endings ""-ene"" and ""-inu"", ‘sen’, ‘fren’, ‘centen’, 'allén', ‘padrín’, ‘camín’..., an overall conservation ""-e"" syllables end, after ‘-ete’ and ‘ite’ headquarters, 'rede', 'vide', 'parede', etc... It is clearer still in place names ‘San Mamede’, ‘Nonide’, ‘Taladride’. It is also normal to"
"specific sound. Vowels are those sounds that have no audible friction caused by the narrowing or obstruction of some part of the upper vocal tract. They vary in quality according to the degree of lip aperture and the placement of the tongue within the oral cavity. Vowels are called ""close"" when the lips are relatively closed, as in the pronunciation of the vowel (English ""ee""), or ""open"" when the lips are relatively open, as in the vowel (English ""ah""). If the tongue is located towards the back of the mouth, the quality changes, creating vowels such as (English ""oo""). The"
"In practice, is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information. Near-open front unrounded vowel The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is simply an ""open"" or ""low front unrounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase of the ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as ""ash"". The rounded counterpart of , the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the"
"Open back unrounded vowel The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is codice_1. The letter is called ""script a"" because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter ""a"", which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. ""Script a"", which has its linear stroke on the bottom right, should not be confused with ""turned script a"", , which has its linear stroke"
"Near-open front unrounded vowel The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is simply an ""open"" or ""low front unrounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase of the ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as ""ash"". The rounded counterpart of , the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish; see open front rounded vowel for more information."
"close vowel sound of a quality between ""i"" and ""u"". In modern transcriptions and editions of ancient Greek epigraphic text that use consonantal Heta, in any of its shapes, the letter is most often rendered simply with a Latin ""h"", both in Latin transliteration and in Greek scholarly transcriptions (using lowercase in Greek, so that Latin ""h"" and Greek η are distinct). Some authors have also adopted the Heracleian ""tack"" Heta () for use in modern transcription. Jeffery (1961) uses the tack symbol also as a modern label for the abstract grapheme, i.e. as a cover label for any letter"
"but relaxed (without lowering) if unstressed (Capell, 1984). Occurs in all positions (Capell, 1984). /e/ - Open mid front unrounded vowel, phonetically [ɛ] in all positions (Capell, 1984). /a/ - Low open vowel in all positions (Capell, 1984). /o/ - Open mid back rounded vowel, phonetically [ɔ], occurs in all positions (Capell, 1984). /u/ - High back rounded vowel, corresponding to /i/ as regards tenseness; all positions (Capell, 1984). Before and after vowels /l/ and /u/ become semivowels (Capell, 1984). Looking at the information provided above, it is important to note out the variations of Aniwa compared to Futuna (Capell,"
"Ĥ Ĥ or ĥ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless velar fricative or voiceless uvular fricative . Its name in Esperanto is ""ĥo"" (pronounced ). It is also used in the revised Demers/Blanchet/St Onge orthography for Chinook Jargon. In the case of the minuscule, some fonts place the circumflex centred above the entire base letter h, others over the riser of the letter, and others over the shoulder. Ĥ was always the least used Esperanto letter (though it usually has more dictionary entries than ĵ), and most of its uses are in Greek etyms, where it represented"
"Open-mid back unrounded vowel The open-mid back unrounded vowel, or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is an ""open-mid back-central unrounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase ""v"" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital without the crossbar). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as either a wedge, a caret, or a hat. In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel, and in transcriptions"
"feels they are unnecessary since many words are legible without their vowels. Ordinary cursive vowels are reserved for long e, for diphthongs (e.g., ""o"" for ""ow/ou""), or as affixes (e.g. ""u"" for ""under-""). The ""long i"" diphthong is written as a dotless cursive i, for example, ""fine"" becomes ""fın."" While consonants are written phonetically, vowels generally reflect their original spelling. Forkner's symbol for ""a"" might express any of the sounds represented by ""a"" in English words such as ""cat, father, ago, day."" The ""oo"" sounds in ""too"" and ""book"" are represented by the ""u"" symbol. The short ""e"" sound is"
"Close front unrounded vowel The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word ""meet""—and often called long-e in American English. Although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as ) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound. A pure sound is also heard"
"a nasal open front unrounded vowel, as in Quebec French ""maman and ""Jean. It is often produced by text encoding errors. The letter was also used in the Greenlandic alphabet to represent a long vowel () next to a gemiated consonant, but now it is replaced with Aa (example: Ãpilátoq → Aappilattoq). All Unicode values start with 0, so the Unicode value for ã is actually 0227, not 227. Ã Ã/ã (a with tilde) is a letter used in some languages, generally considered a variant of the letter A. In Portuguese, Ã/ã represents a nasal near-open central vowel, (its exact"
"divisor"". ""O"" is a little less likely to appear with a long value in this location; or, at any rate, it is harder to distinguish the long value from the reduced vowel. Unstressed ""e"" and ""i"" in open syllables had merged by the early 17th century; their reduced reflex is often transcribed , but by many speakers is still pronounced as a high front lax vowel, distinct from the derived from ""a"". For such speakers, the first syllables in ""Demeter"" and ""Damascus"" are pronounced differently. Unstressed ""o"", also often transcribed , is by many speakers pronounced with considerable lip-rounding: ,"
"Also, an unstressed word-medial /i/ may manifest as [ɨ] or [ʉ]—depending on whether the vowels in the surrounding syllables are front or back—or even as a highly unstressed [ə], as in LT <vayiṟu> /ʋɐjirʉ/  H [ʋəj(ə)rʉ]. This is also attested by Meenakshisundaran (1965, pp. 122-124) as a systematic change in Tamil as far back as the 11th to 13th centuries. /ʊ/ only occurs word-finally, and is the only vowel that undergoes phonemic nasalisation. Although nasalised vowels may occur in borrowed Kannada colloquialisms such as /ɦ ː/ ‘yes’ and / ɦ ː/ ‘no’ (Sridhar 2007, p. 299), they are unproductive"
"unstressed position, where only the close-mid vowels occur. The height of these vowels in unstressed position is context-sensitive; they are somewhat lowered () in the vicinity of more open vowels. The distinction between close-mid and open-mid vowels is lost entirely in a few Southern varieties, especially in the Northern Sicilian dialect (Palermo), where they are realized as open-mid , as well as in some Northern varieties (in particular in Piedmont), where they are realized as mid . Word-final stressed is found in a small number of words: ""però"", ""ciò"", ""gio’"" (short for ""gioia""), and the first person singular future of"
"o are therefore not distinct phonemes. A sound called ""anusvāra"" (Skt.; Pali: ""nigghahita""), represented by the letter ' (ISO 15919) or ' (ALA-LC) in romanization, and by a raised dot in most traditional alphabets, originally marked the fact that the preceding vowel was nasalized. That is, ', ' and ' represented , and . In many traditional pronunciations, however, the anusvāra is pronounced more strongly, like the velar nasal , so that these sounds are pronounced instead , and . However pronounced, ' never follows a long vowel; ā, ī and ū are converted to the corresponding short vowels when"
"typical compressed open-mid front vowel and the unrounded open-mid front vowel . Open-mid front rounded vowel The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is an open-mid front-central rounded vowel. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is . The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. The sound , a small capital version of the ligature, is used for a distinct vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel. The open-mid front compressed vowel is typically"
"Meow A meow (American English) or miaow (British English; ), is a vocalization of cats. They have diverse tones and are sometimes chattered, murmured or whispered. Adult cats rarely meow to each other, so an adult cat meowing to human beings is probably a post-domestication extension of meowing by kittens, a call for attention. In English, the first use of the spelling ""meow"" was in 1842. Before that, the word could be spelled ""miaow"", ""miau"", or ""meaw""; the first of these still dominates in British English. The following table lists the onomatopoeic word for the ""miau"" or ""meow"" sound in"
"(fem.)"" . Intertonic vowels (i.e. unstressed vowels in interior syllables) were lost entirely, except for ""a"" in a syllable preceding the stress, which (originally) became a schwa (stressed syllable underlined in the Latin examples): As noted above, stressed vowels developed quite differently depending on whether they occurred in an open syllable (followed by at most one consonant) or a closed syllable (followed by two or more consonants). In open syllables, the Vulgar Latin mid vowels all diphthongized, becoming Old French ""ie oi ue eu"" respectively (""ue"" and ""eu"" later merged), while Vulgar Latin was raised to Old French ""e"". In"
"(""chaos""). Several words commonly use ĥ, particularly those of non-Greek etymology (""ĥano"" (""khan""), ""ĥoto"" (""jota""), ""Liĥtenŝtejno"" (""Liechtenstein""), etc.) or those in which there is another word that uses ""k"" in that context. The latter include: An Italian italo disco singer from the 1980s had the ĥ in his stage name ""Cĥato"". In quantum mechanics, ""Ĥ"" is sometimes used to represent the Hamiltonian operator, especially in the Wheeler–DeWitt equation. Ĥ Ĥ or ĥ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless velar fricative or voiceless uvular fricative . Its name in Esperanto is ""ĥo"" (pronounced ). It is also used"
"the similar half open front vowel of French, but less open than the [æ] of English 'cat'. [a] is low central. Length is phonemic for vowels. A long vowel is marked by a pair of identical vowel letters. Some minimal pairs: Stress accent is phonemic. The default position for word stress in Huichol is the penultimate syllable (the next to last syllable), as in Spanish and English. When a word has primary stress on the penult, the orthography does not mark it. When the primary stress of the word falls on a syllable other than the penult, the stress is"
"Ö Ö, or ö, is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter ""o"" modified with an umlaut or diaeresis. In many languages, the letter ""ö"", or the ""o"" modified with an umlaut, is used to denote the non-close front rounded vowels or . In languages without such vowels, the character is known as an """"o"" with diaeresis"" and denotes a syllable break, wherein its pronunciation remains an unmodified . The letter ""o"" with umlaut (""ö"") appears in some Germanic languages alphabets, namely the German alphabet and Norwegian alphabet. It represents the umlauted"
"in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [e] occurs in all other environments. /æ/ is a low front vowel [æ]. /a/ is a low central vowel. Its high allophone [ʌ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i], [w], [j], or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [ɑ] occurs in all other environments. Before [ɛ] or [ɔ] it is nasalized [æ]. /o/ is a mid back vowel. It is weakly rounded. Its high allophone [ʊ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [o] occurs in all other environments. /u/ is a"
"Open back rounded vowel The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is a ""near-open"" or ""near-low back rounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is called ""turned script ""a"""", being a rotated version of ""script (cursive) ""a"""", which is the variant of ""a"" that lacks the extra stroke on top of a ""printed ""a"""". Turned script ""a"" has its linear stroke on the left, whereas ""script ""a"""" (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke"
"as in ('stick'). For most speakers, is a mid vowel , but it can be more open for some speakers. Following a soft consonant, is centralized and raised to as in ('aunt'). As with the other back vowels, is centralized to between soft consonants, as in ('narrowly'). When unstressed, becomes near-close; central between soft consonants, centralized back in other positions. Russian unstressed vowels have lower intensity and lower energy. They are typically shorter than stressed vowels, and in most unstressed positions tend to undergo mergers for most dialects: The merger of unstressed and in particular is less universal in the"
"Most Coptic dialects have two phonemic vowels in unstressed position. Unstressed vowels generally became , written as or null ( in Bohairic and Fayyumic word-finally), but pretonic unstressed /a/ occurs as a reflex of earlier unstressed near an etymological pharyngeal, velar or sonorant ('to become many' < ꜥšꜣ ) or an unstressed . Pretonic [i] is underlyingly : Sahidic 'ibis' < h(j)bj.w . Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. 400 CE: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV(:)(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. In addition, CV:C or CVCC can occur"
"Ü Ü, or ü, is a character that typically represents a close front rounded vowel . It is classified as a separate letter in several extended Latin alphabets (including Azeri, Estonian, Hungarian and Turkish), but as the letter U with an umlaut/diaeresis in others such as Catalan, French, Galician, German, Occitan and Spanish. Although not a part of their alphabet, it also appears in languages such as Swedish when retained in foreign names and words, and Swedish spells said letter and sound in domestic words solely as Y. A small number of Dutch words also use this as a diaeresis."
"""pity, may, be, hi-fi, go, emu, spa, her, hair, for, saw, cow, boy, too"". The primary vowels letters ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, and ‘u’ are used to spell both 'long' and 'short' vowels, distinguishing long vowels as necessary by a diacritic (grave accent) as in ""national/nàtion, repetition/repèt, finish/fìnal, consolàtion/consòl"", and ""consumtion/consùmer"". The remaining vowel sounds are spelled as in ""car, perturb"" (""ur"" = stressed, ""er"" = unstressed), ""hair, fort, taut, round, boil, boot"", and, still unsolved, spelling for the vowel sound with no spelling of its own, as in ""book"" (perhaps as ""buuk""). Sequences of vowels can then be represented"
"the short vowels are open and the long vowels are close. The one exception is the open sound of long ""Ä""; in some varieties of standard German, and have merged into , removing this anomaly. In that case, pairs like 'bears/berries' or 'spike (of wheat)/honour' become homophonous (see: Captain Bluebear). In many varieties of standard German, an unstressed is not pronounced , but vocalised to . Whether any particular vowel letter represents the long or short phoneme is not completely predictable, although the following regularities exist: Both of these rules have exceptions (e.g. ""has"" is short despite the first rule;"
"""línea"" ('line'), ""ahorita"" ('now'). The system of seven oral vowels of Vulgar Latin has been fairly well preserved in Portuguese, as in the closely related Galician language. In Portuguese, unstressed vowels have been more unstable, both diachronically (across time) and synchronically (between dialects), producing new vowel sounds. The vowels written ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ are pronounced in different ways according to several factors, most notably whether they are stressed, and whether they occur in the last syllable of a word. The basic paradigm is shown in the following table (it has some exceptions). Brazilian unstressed vowel allophones vary according to"