"pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution. Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia, a region that had been part of the Kingdom of Poland since 1466. A polyglot and polymath, he obtained a doctorate in canon law and was also a mathematician, astronomer, physician, classics scholar, translator, governor, diplomat, and economist. In 1517 he derived a quantity theory of money – a key concept in economics – and in 1519 he formulated an economic principle that later came to be called Gresham's law. Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in the city of Thorn (modern Toruń), in"
"Koperniki Koperniki (; formerly German ""Köppernig"", ""Köppernick"", ""Koppirnik"" (obsolete - used 1845), Latin ""Copirnik"", ""Copernik"" is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nysa, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland. It lies approximately southwest of Nysa and southwest of the regional capital Opole. It was the ancestral village of Nicolaus Copernicus (born Niclas Koppernigk), whose great-grandfather had moved to then Polish capital Cracow (Polish Kraków, German Krakau) in c. 1380. The etymology of the name has been debated especially in the context of the biography of Copernicus, since at least the 1870s, surrounding two competing proposals, one"
"Lucas Watzenrode the Elder Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (also ""Lukas"" in German; Polish ""Łukasz"") (1400–1462) was a merchant in the Hanseatic Prussian city of Thorn (Toruń), father of Bishop Lucas Watzenrode the Younger, and grandfather of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Watzenrode the Elder was born 1400 at Thorn, in the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, to a German merchant family, who had come there from Weizenrodau (earlier Wazygenrode) near Schweidnitz (Świdnica). Lucas fought against the Teutonic Knights and was wounded. In the Thorn citizen registry, Watzenrode the Elder was registered as a landowner, businessmen, judge, councilman, etc., as living on"
"For further reading on this topic: Copernicus in China In honour of W.P. Kirwitzer there are annual Kirwitzer Days organized in Kadaň, the astronomer's birthplace. The event is dedicated to the dialogue between natural sciences and theological and philosophical systems. Wenceslas Pantaleon Kirwitzer Wenceslas Pantaleon Kirwitzer (1588, Kadaň; 1626, Macao) was an astronomer and a Jesuit missionary. His name in China was Qi Weicai (祁維材). Kirwitzer was born in Kadaň (Germ. ""Kaaden""), Bohemia (present-day Czech Republic) to a protestant family descended from the village of Krbice (Germ. ""Kürbitz"") so his surname was derived from """"Kürbitzer"""". He converted to ""Catholicism"" as"
"Lucas Watzenrode Lucas Watzenrode the Younger (sometimes ""Watzelrode"" and ""Waisselrod""; ; ; 30 October 1447 – 29 March 1512) was Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermeland) and patron to his nephew, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. The family and its name stemmed from the Silesian village of Weizenrodau, now Pszenno. Watzenrode was born in Thorn (Toruń), son of the merchant Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (1400–62). He studied at Jagiellonian University and at Cologne and Bologna. After his sister Barbara and her husband Niklas Koppernigk died in about 1483, Lucas cared for their four children, Katharina, Barbara, Andreas and Nicolaus, the last of whom would"
"Nicolae Donici Nicolae Donici (; 1/13 September 1874, Chişinău (currently the Republic of Moldova) - 1960, Puget-Theniers, Alpes-Maritimes, France) was a Romanian astronomer born in Bessarabia. Nicolae Donici (Donitch) was born into an old family of Romanian nobles from Bessarabia in the Petricani region of Chişinău. He graduated from the University in Odessa (Ukraine). Subsequently he served as state clerk in Saint Petersburg (Russia). Concomittantly he had his own private observatory. He conducted research in countries such as Spain, Russia, Portugal, Indonesia, Egypt, Turkey, Algeria and USA. He was an honorary member of the Romanian Academy and doctor honoris causa"
"Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier. The publication of Copernicus' model in his book ""De revolutionibus orbium coelestium"" (""On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres""), just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a"
"minutes. He made four of Saturn, with errors of 31, 20, 23 and -4 minutes. Having completed all his studies in Italy, 30-year-old Copernicus returned to Warmia, where he would live out the remaining 40 years of his life, apart from brief journeys to Kraków and to nearby Prussian cities: Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig), Elbląg (Elbing), Grudziądz (Graudenz), Malbork (Marienburg), Königsberg (Królewiec). The Prince-Bishopric of Warmia enjoyed substantial autonomy, with its own diet (parliament) and monetary unit (the same as in the other parts of Royal Prussia) and treasury. Copernicus was his uncle's secretary and physician from 1503 to 1510"
"feast day on 23 May. Wrocław-Strachowice International Airport is named after Nicolaus Copernicus (Copernicus Airport Wrocław) Contemporary literary and artistic works inspired by Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier. The publication of Copernicus' model in his book ""De revolutionibus orbium coelestium"" (""On the Revolutions of the"
"common in the period, the spellings of both the toponym and the surname vary greatly. Copernicus ""was rather indifferent about orthography"". During his childhood, about 1480, the name of his father (and thus of the future astronomer) was recorded in Thorn as ""Niclas Koppernigk"". At Kraków he signed himself, in Latin, ""Nicolaus Nicolai de Torunia"" (Nicolaus, son of Nicolaus, of Toruń). At Bologna, in 1496, he registered in the ""Matricula Nobilissimi Germanorum Collegii, resp. Annales Clarissimae Nacionis Germanorum"", of the ""Natio Germanica Bononiae"", as ""Dominus Nicolaus Kopperlingk de Thorn – IX grosseti"". At Padua he signed himself ""Nicolaus Copernik"", later"
"the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland until the First (1772) and Second (1793) Partitions of Poland. Copernicus's father married Barbara Watzenrode, the astronomer's mother, between 1461 and 1464. He died about 1483. Nicolaus' mother, Barbara Watzenrode, was the daughter of a wealthy Toruń patrician and city councillor, Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (deceased 1462), and Katarzyna (widow of Jan Peckau), mentioned in other sources as ""Katarzyna Rüdiger gente Modlibóg"" (deceased 1476). The Modlibógs were a prominent Polish family who had been well known in Poland's history since 1271. The Watzenrode family, like the Kopernik family, had come from Silesia from"
"to become mayor of Braunsberg. Lucas Watzenrode the Younger died in Thorn (Toruń) during his return from an official journey. Lucas Watzenrode Lucas Watzenrode the Younger (sometimes ""Watzelrode"" and ""Waisselrod""; ; ; 30 October 1447 – 29 March 1512) was Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermeland) and patron to his nephew, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. The family and its name stemmed from the Silesian village of Weizenrodau, now Pszenno. Watzenrode was born in Thorn (Toruń), son of the merchant Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (1400–62). He studied at Jagiellonian University and at Cologne and Bologna. After his sister Barbara and her husband Niklas Koppernigk"
"Andreas and Niklas, who would become known as the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Christina and Tideman's daughter Cordula von Allen married Reinhold Feldstedt, who was born 1468 in Danzig (Gdańsk) and died 1529 in Danzig. Their daughter Katharina Feldstedt married Herman Giese, born 1523 in Danzig. A descendant was Tiedemann Giese, a famous bishop of Culm and bishop of Warmia. Lucas Watzenrode the Elder Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (also ""Lukas"" in German; Polish ""Łukasz"") (1400–1462) was a merchant in the Hanseatic Prussian city of Thorn (Toruń), father of Bishop Lucas Watzenrode the Younger, and grandfather of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Watzenrode the"
"Kopernik Observatory & Science Center The Kopernik Observatory & Science Center (KOSC) is a public observatory in Vestal, New York opened to the public on 16 June 1974 by the Kopernik Society of Broome County to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the birth of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus () in 1973. Its mission is to offer hands-on investigations and outreach programs for educating all ages about astronomy and science using advanced optical telescopes, computers and other tools. It is the first science laboratory facility in New York State designed for K-12 teachers, students and their families, and has been one"
"the child of German-speaking parents and grew up with German as his mother tongue. His first ""alma mater"" was the University of Kraków in Poland. When he later studied in Italy, at the University of Bologna, he joined the ""German Nation"", a student organization for German-speakers of all allegiances (Germany would not become a nation-state until 1871). His family stood against the Teutonic Order and actively supported the city of Toruń during the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66). Copernicus' father lent money to Poland's King Casimir IV Jagiellon to finance the war against the Teutonic Knights, but the inhabitants of Royal"
"quality of life. In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2007 the Old Town in Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland. Toruń is the birthplace of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. The first settlement in the vicinity of Toruń is dated by archaeologists to 1100 BC (Lusatian culture). During early medieval times, in the 7th through 13th centuries, it was the location of an old Slavonic settlement, at a ford in the Vistula river. In spring 1231 the Teutonic Knights crossed the river Vistula at the height of"
"near Świdnica (Schweidnitz), and after 1360 had settled in Toruń. They soon became one of the wealthiest and most influential patrician families. Through the Watzenrodes' extensive family relationships by marriage, Copernicus was related to wealthy families of Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig) and Elbląg (Elbing), and to prominent Polish noble families of Prussia: the Czapskis, Działyńskis, Konopackis and Kościeleckis. Lucas and Katherine had three children: Lucas Watzenrode the Younger (1447–1512), who would become Bishop of Warmia and Copernicus's patron; Barbara, the astronomer's mother (deceased after 1495); and Christina (deceased before 1502), who in 1459 married the Toruń merchant and mayor, Tiedeman"
"refugeed to France (Nice) where he continued to work in the collaboration with Henri Chrétien and other French astronomers. In 1991 He was reestablished to the Romanian Academy. He was married to Maria Perks. The asteroid 9494 Donici is named after him. The most important publications were signed as Donitch. Nicolae Donici Nicolae Donici (; 1/13 September 1874, Chişinău (currently the Republic of Moldova) - 1960, Puget-Theniers, Alpes-Maritimes, France) was a Romanian astronomer born in Bessarabia. Nicolae Donici (Donitch) was born into an old family of Romanian nobles from Bessarabia in the Petricani region of Chişinău. He graduated from the"
"a natural choice for German-speaking students, regardless of their ethnicity or self-identification. The surname ""Kopernik"", ""Copernik"", ""Koppernigk"" is recorded in Kraków from c. 1350, in various spellings, apparently given to people from the village of Koperniki (prior to 1845 rendered Kopernik, ""Copernik, Copirnik"" and ""Koppirnik"") in the Duchy of Nysa. Nicolas Copernicus' great-grandfather is recorded as having received citizenship in Kraków in 1386. The toponym ""Kopernik"" (modern ""Koperniki"") has been variously tied to the Polish word for ""dill"" (""koper"") and German for copper (""Kupfer""). The suffix -nik (or plural -niki) denotes a Slavic and Polish agent noun, though. As was"
"came from), but not in Germany or Austria. The surname ""Kopernik"" is typically Polish, with its suffix ""-nik"", indicating an occupation (e.g. ""cukiernik"", ""confectioner"", or ""górnik"", ""miner""); while ""Koper-"" may refer to ""koprowina"", an old Polish term for the Latin """"cuprum"""" (""copper""). The surname ""Kopernik"" is now found in Poland in 130 persons, and in Germany in only 22, mostly Polish immigrants to Germany. No Polish texts by Copernicus survive due to the rarity of Polish literary language before the writings of the Polish Renaissance poets Mikołaj Rej and Jan Kochanowski (educated Poles had generally written in Latin); but it"
"his life. Copernicus never married and is not known to have had children, but from at least 1531 until 1539 his relations with Anna Schilling, a live-in housekeeper, were seen as scandalous by two bishops of Warmia who urged him over the years to break off relations with his ""mistress"". Copernicus' father's family can be traced to a village in Silesia near Nysa (Neiße). The village's name has been variously spelled Kopernik, Copernik, Copernic, Kopernic, Coprirnik, and today Koperniki. In the 14th century, members of the family began moving to various other Silesian cities, to the Polish capital, Kraków (1367),"
"Herman Potočnik Herman Potočnik (pseudonym Hermann Noordung; 22 December 1892 – 27 August 1929) was a Slovene rocket engineer and pioneer of cosmonautics (astronautics). He is chiefly remembered for his work addressing the long-term human habitation of space. Potočnik was born in the port of Pula, Istria, then part of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy (now in Croatia). His family was of Slovene ethnicity and originated from Lower Styria in Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia). Both of Potočnik's parents were Slovene. His father Jožef was born in 1841 in Zgornji Razbor near Slovenj Gradec and at the time of Herman's birth he served as"
"vessels. Over the course of history, the Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics. Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was Nicolaus Copernicus (""Mikołaj Kopernik""), who triggered the Copernican Revolution by placing the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. He also derived a quantity theory of money, which made him a pioneer of economics. Copernicus' achievements and discoveries are considered the basis of Polish culture and cultural identity. Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around 61,000"
"major towns. Polish science reached its culmination in the first half of the 16th century, in which the medieval point of view was criticized and more rational explanations were formulated. Copernicus' ""De revolutionibus orbium coelestium"", published in Nuremberg in 1543, shook up the traditional value system extended into an understanding of the physical universe, doing away with its Christianity-adopted Ptolemaic anthropocentric model and setting free the explosion of scientific inquiry. Generally the prominent scientists of the period resided in many different regions of the country, and increasingly, the majority were of urban, rather than noble origin. Nicolaus Copernicus, a son"
"1322 Coppernicus 1322 Coppernicus, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1934, the asteroid was later named after Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. ""Coppernicus"" was discovered on 15 June 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. ""Coppernicus"" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population."
"Berlin, and erected posthumously in 1853. The activities then continued in a society for science and arts, called ""Coppernicus-Verein für Wissenschaft und Kunst zu Thorn"", headed by Prowe for many years. Prowe researched the local archives of Copernicus' birthplace, as well as those of other towns in Prussia where the astronomer had worked and lived, especially Frauenburg. He also travelled to Krakau, then part of Austria, to Italian cities, and to Upsala in Sweden, where documents and books owned by the astronomer and scientist Copernicus had been abducted to in later wars. He published several reports, contributed to the celebration"
"to Prussia as part of the settlement following the First Silesian War. In 1945, it became part of Poland, as ""Koperniki"". The German population was displaced, and the village was re-populated with Polish settlers from (Tarnopol Voivodeship) and Jeleśnia. Koperniki Koperniki (; formerly German ""Köppernig"", ""Köppernick"", ""Koppirnik"" (obsolete - used 1845), Latin ""Copirnik"", ""Copernik"" is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nysa, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland. It lies approximately southwest of Nysa and southwest of the regional capital Opole. It was the ancestral village of Nicolaus Copernicus (born Niclas Koppernigk), whose great-grandfather had moved"
"of a Toruń trader from Kraków, made many contributions to science and the arts. His scientific creativity was inspired at the University of Kraków, at the institution's height; he also studied at Italian universities later. Copernicus wrote Latin poetry, developed an economic theory, functioned as a cleric-administrator, political activist in Prussian sejmiks, and led the defense of Olsztyn against the forces of Albrecht Hohenzollern. As an astronomer, he worked on his scientific theory for many years at Frombork, where he died. Josephus Struthius became famous as a physician and medical researcher. Bernard Wapowski was a pioneer of Polish cartography. Maciej"
"Johann Haller Johann Haller or Jan Haller (1463–1525) is considered one of the first commercial printers in Poland. Born in Rothenburg, Haller is perhaps best known for publishing in 1509 a volume of poems by Theophylact Simocatta which had been translated from Byzantine Greek by Nicolaus Copernicus. At the time there was no printing press in Copernicus' area—Lidzbark (Heilsberg), Frombork (Frauenburg), Toruń (Thorn)—therefore Copernicus' translation could have been printed only in Breslau (Wrocław), Kraków or farther afield. Copernicus, who had studied in Kraków, opted for Johann Haller, who together with Kasper Hochfeld had already published the first illustrated work in"
"Copernicus (Martian crater) Copernicus is a large crater on Mars, with a diameter close to 300 km. It is located south of the planet's equator in the heavily cratered highlands of Terra Sirenum in the Phaethontis quadrangle at 48.8°S and 191.2°E. Its name was approved in 1973, and it was named after Nicolaus Copernicus. Nearby named prominent craters include Ptolemaeus to the east, Liu Hsin to the south and Very to the west. Another one is further east-southeast and is Nordenskiöld located under a crater diameter away. The impact that formed Copernicus likely occurred more than 3 billion years ago."
"several Kraków astronomers with whom he collaborated in 1515–30 in observing eclipses. Tycho Brahe would include a fragment from the ""Commentariolus"" in his own treatise, ""Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata"", published in Prague in 1602, based on a manuscript that he had received from the Bohemian physician and astronomer Tadeáš Hájek, a friend of Rheticus. The ""Commentariolus"" would appear complete in print for the first time only in 1878. In 1510 or 1512 Copernicus moved to Frombork, a town to the northwest at the Vistula Lagoon on the Baltic Sea coast. There, in April 1512, he participated in the election of Fabian"
"Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara Domenico Maria Novara (1454–1504) was an Italian scientist. Born in Ferrara, for 21 years he was professor of astronomy at the University of Bologna, and in 1500 he also lectured in mathematics at Rome. He was notable as a Platonist astronomer, and in 1496 he taught Nicholas Copernicus astronomy. He was also an astrologer, perhaps for financial gain, as was common at the time. At Bologna, Novara was assisted by Copernicus, with whom he observed a lunar occultation of Aldebaran. Copernicus later used this observation to disprove Ptolemy's model of lunar distance. Copernicus had started"
"Copernicus University) at Piwnice, Poland. The small crater Draper on the Moon is named in his honor. Henry Draper Henry Draper (March 7, 1837 – November 20, 1882) was an American doctor and amateur astronomer. He is best known today as a pioneer of astrophotography. Henry Draper's father, John William Draper, was an accomplished doctor, chemist, botanist, and professor at New York University; he was also the first to photograph the moon through a telescope (1840). Draper's mother was Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner, daughter of the personal physician to the Emperor of Brazil. His niece, Antonia Maury was"