"stipule, present on the leaves of many dicotyledons, is an appendage on each side at the base of the petiole, resembling a small leaf. Stipules may be lasting and not be shed (a stipulate leaf, such as in roses and beans), or be shed as the leaf expands, leaving a stipule scar on the twig (an exstipulate leaf). The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules is called the ""stipulation"". Veins (sometimes referred to as nerves) constitute one of the more visible leaf traits or characteristics. The veins in a leaf represent the vascular structure of the organ, extending into"
"Eschar An eschar (; Greek: ""eschara"") is a slough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, ulcer, fungal infections, necrotizing spider bite wounds, spotted fevers and exposure to cutaneous anthrax. The term ""eschar"" is not interchangeable with ""scab"". An eschar contains necrotic tissue, whereas a scab is composed of dried blood and exudate. Black eschars are most commonly attributed to anthrax, which may be contracted through herd animal exposure, but can also be obtained from ""Pasteurella multocida"" exposure in cats and rabbits."
"Spots are very common on leaves and fruits and are probably the most familiar necrotic symptom. Sometimes the necrotic tissue within a leaf spot may crack and fall off from the surrounding green tissue leaving an empty space. Such a symptom is known as a shot hole. Minute or very small spots are sometimes referred to as flecks or specks. When dark mycelia of a fungal pathogen appear on the surface of necrotic spot, blotting the leaves, shoots, an stems as large and irregular spots, the symptom is referred to as a blotch. Both streaks and stripes occur in grasses"
"Scarred tree Scarred trees are trees which have had bark removed by indigenous Australians for the creation of bark canoes, shelters, shields and containers, such as coolamons. They are among the easiest-to-find archaeological sites in Australia. Bark was removed by making deep cuts in a tree with a stone pickaxe or other similar tool. The area of bark removed is typically regular in shape, often with parallel sides and slightly pointed or rounded ends, and the scar usually stops above ground level. Australian native Eucalypt species such as box and red gum were commonly used, and the scars remain in"
"Plant litter Litterfall, plant litter, leaf litter, tree litter, soil litter, or duff, is dead plant material (such as leaves, bark, needles, twigs, and cladodes) that have fallen to the ground. This detritus or dead organic material and its constituent nutrients are added to the top layer of soil, commonly known as the litter layer or O horizon (""O"" for ""organic""). Litter has occupied the attention of ecologists at length for the reasons that it is an instrumental factor in ecosystem dynamics, it is indicative of ecological productivity, and may be useful in predicting regional nutrient cycling and soil fertility."
"Exfoliation (botany) Exfoliation (from the term ""foliate"", meaning “related to leaves”) means the removal or loss of leaves from a plant. It is used both to describe the loss of a leaves as a natural part of a plant’s life cycle (such as in the case of deciduous trees which lose their leaves in the autumn) or because of some trauma or outside cause (such as dehydration, an infestation of caterpillars or hurricane-force winds). In arboriculture, the term “exfoliating bark” describes the natural process and condition of the bark peeling-away from a tree trunk, typically in large pieces that remain"
"Hilum (biology) In botany, a hilum (pronounced ) is a scar or mark left on a seed coat by the former attachment to the ovary wall or to the funiculus (which in turn attaches to the ovary wall). On a bean seed, the hilum is called the ""eye"". For some species of fungus, the hilum is the microscopic indentation left on a spore when it separates from the sterigma of the basidium. A hilum can also be a nucleus of a starch grain; the point around which layers of starch are deposited. The adjectival form ""hilar"" denotes the presence of"
"Tree stump After a tree has been cut and felled, the stump or tree stump is usually a small remaining portion of the trunk with the roots still in the ground. Stumps may show the age-defining rings of a tree. The study of these rings is known as dendrochronology. Stumps (both those on the ground and stumps of removed branches) are sometimes able to regenerate into new trees. Often, a deciduous tree that has been cut will re-sprout in multiple places around the edge of the stump or from the roots. Depending on whether the tree is being removed permanently"
"Scar A scar is an area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury. Scars result from the biological process of wound repair in the skin, as well as in other organs and tissues of the body. Thus, scarring is a natural part of the healing process. With the exception of very minor lesions, every wound (e.g., after accident, disease, or surgery) results in some degree of scarring. An exception to this are animals with complete regeneration, which regrow tissue without scar formation. Scar tissue is composed of the same protein (collagen) as the tissue that it replaces,"
"Meander scar A meander scar, occasionally meander scarp, is a geological feature formed by the remnants of a meandering water channel. They are characterized by ""a crescentic cut in a bluff or valley wall, produced by...a meandering stream."" They are often formed during the creation of oxbow lakes. The term itself may refer alternatively to the actual cuts into the bank of a bluff, or to the general feature of a drying or dried meander. Both uses, however, describe features of the same process. Meander scars are caused by the varying velocities of current within the river channel. Due to"
"can only be done by a qualified plant pathologist. The most distinct symptoms are on the fruit. Fruits will have small black lesions form on young fruit and heavily affected fruits falls off. Fruits can develop into light brown scar and sometimes irregular large scars when lesions join up. Common symptom on stem is the mass of grey oval to elliptical lesions that are around 1–2 mm in diameter. If the environment is dry, the lesion can turn black in color and small in diameter. These lesions might appear like anthracnose lesions. Usual symptoms on leaves are brown spots with"
"countries and while some prescription medicines are available with this effect, unauthorized sales are illegal. Some prosecutions have been pursued over unlicensed sales of escharotic products such as Cansema. Eschar An eschar (; Greek: ""eschara"") is a slough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, ulcer, fungal infections, necrotizing spider bite wounds, spotted fevers and exposure to cutaneous anthrax. The term ""eschar"" is not interchangeable with ""scab"". An eschar contains necrotic tissue, whereas a scab is composed of dried blood and exudate."
"such a mark, and can be used as a distinguishing characteristic of a seed or spore. Hilum (biology) In botany, a hilum (pronounced ) is a scar or mark left on a seed coat by the former attachment to the ovary wall or to the funiculus (which in turn attaches to the ovary wall). On a bean seed, the hilum is called the ""eye"". For some species of fungus, the hilum is the microscopic indentation left on a spore when it separates from the sterigma of the basidium. A hilum can also be a nucleus of a starch grain; the"
"damage causes many effects that help to diagnose and characterize the disease. The name of the disease comes from the symptom which occurs in older plants, in which the new leaves that are produced are narrower than normal, yellow, and flat, which causes a “bunchy” appearance at the top of the tree. If any fruit is produced, which is unusual, it will be deformed. In addition, one of the most distinctive symptoms is “Morse code streaking” where the infected cells die and are lighter in color, causing irregular spots and dashes on the leaves that are easier to see when"
"Scape (botany) In botany, a scape is a long internode forming the basal part or the whole of a peduncle. Typically it takes the form of a long, leafless flowering stem rising directly from a bulb, rhizome, or similar subterranean or underwater structure. The scapes of scallions, chives, garlic chives, and garlic are used as vegetables. The word ""scape"" (Latin ""scapus"", from Greek σκᾶπος), as used in botany, is fairly vague and arbitrary; various sources provide divergent definitions. Some older usages simply amount to a stem or stalk in general, but modern formal usage tends to favour the likes of"
"into the leaf. This forked strand is sometimes referred to as the ""parichnos"". Surrounding this strand were parenchyma cells and occasionally thick-walled elements. Surrounding both conducting tissues was a broad sheath of transfusion tracheids. Below the leaf scar the leaf-cushion tapered to a basal position. In this tapering area circular impressions with fine pits were present. These impressions were continuous with the parichnos scars near the top of the tapering portion. This is because the impressions are formed by aerenchyma tissue that developed in closely with the parichnos. Above the leaf scar was a deep triangular impression known as the"
"Bur A bur (also spelled burr) is a seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth. Some other forms of diaspores, such as the stems of certain species of cactus also are covered with thorns and may function as burs. Bur-bearing plants such as ""Xanthium"" species are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly. Burs catch on the fur of passing animals or the clothing of people. The hooks or teeth generally cause irritation, and some species commonly cause gross injury to animals, or expensive damage to clothing or to"
"""Colletotrichum"" blight is named after the fungi ""Colletotrichum capsici"", and ""Phytophthora"" blight is named after the water mold ""Phytophthora parasitica"". Blight Blight refers to a specific sign affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs. Accordingly, many diseases that primarily exhibit this symptom are called blights. Several notable examples are: On leaf tissue, symptoms of blight are the initial appearance of lesions which rapidly engulf surrounding tissue. However, leaf spots may, in advanced stages, expand to kill"
"A plantar wart can be painful if left untreated. Warts may spread through autoinoculation, by infecting nearby skin or by infected walking surfaces. They may fuse or develop into clusters called mosaic warts. A plantar wart is a small lesion that appears on the surface of the skin and typically resembles a cauliflower, with tiny black petechiae (tiny hemorrhages under the skin) in the center. Pinpoint bleeding may occur when these are scratched. Plantar warts occur on the soles of feet and toes. They may be painful when standing or walking. Plantar warts are often similar to calluses or corns,"
"Forest dieback Forest dieback (also """", a German loan word) is a condition in trees or woody plants in which peripheral parts are killed, either by pathogens, parasites or due to conditions like acid rain and drought. Two of the nine tipping points for major climate changes, forecast for the next century, are directly related to forest diebacks. Forest dieback refers to the phenomena of a stand of trees losing health and dying without an obvious cause. This condition is also known as forest decline, forest damage, canopy level dieback, and stand level dieback (also Waldsterben and Waldschäden, German loan"
"Blight Blight refers to a specific sign affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs. Accordingly, many diseases that primarily exhibit this symptom are called blights. Several notable examples are: On leaf tissue, symptoms of blight are the initial appearance of lesions which rapidly engulf surrounding tissue. However, leaf spots may, in advanced stages, expand to kill entire areas of leaf tissue and thus exhibit blight symptoms. Blights are often named after their causative agent, for example"
"scarring without control. A ""shari"" is deadwood on the main trunk of the bonsai. A small shari usually runs vertically on or near the front of the trunk - shari have little aesthetic value at the rear of the trunk, where they are rarely viewed and are obscured by branch growth. The shallow wound exposes a non-living portion of the trunk, which will be surrounded by living bark. The natural causes of shari include a falling branch that has ripped bark from the trunk below it, lightning damage, or trunk damage from another external source. Shari may occur naturally on"
"is referred to as a scape. The acorns of the pedunculate oak are borne on a long peduncle, hence the name of the tree. Peduncle (botany) In botany, a peduncle is a stem supporting an inflorescence, or after fecundation, an infructescence. The peduncle is a stem, usually green, though some peduncles are more or less florally colored or neutral in color, having no particular pigmentation. In some species, peduncles are leafless, though others bear small leaves, or even cataphylls, at nodes; such leaves generally may be regarded as bracts. The peduncle is the inflorescence base without flowers. When an unbranched"
"leaves. The symptoms on leaves and twigs are often considered as the least notable. Infected leaves initially show small and green colored lesions on under the leaves. They progress into yellowish brown and eventually appear as dark brown or black spots. Twig lesions start to form on green young stems. The lesions are about 3 up to 6.5 mm in diameter size. They usually first have reddish brown colors then which will turn into darker colors as they enlarge to an oval shape of 3 x 6mm approximately. About six weeks after petals are fallen, the first and most notable"
"in deer, deciduous teeth (baby teeth) in some mammals (including humans); or decidua, the uterine lining that sheds off after birth. Wood from deciduous trees is used in a variety of ways in several industries including lumber for furniture, construction and flooring (oak), ornamental, bowling pins and baseball bats (maple) and furniture, cabinets, plywood and paneling (birch). In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscission. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter—namely in temperate or polar climates."
"partially attached to the trunk until such time as they are completely detached by the elements or the eventual and subsequent exfoliation of additional layers of bark. Examples of trees with exfoliating bark are the paperbark maple and various species of Plane (Sycamore) and birch. Exfoliation (botany) Exfoliation (from the term ""foliate"", meaning “related to leaves”) means the removal or loss of leaves from a plant. It is used both to describe the loss of a leaves as a natural part of a plant’s life cycle (such as in the case of deciduous trees which lose their leaves in the"
"also been implicated in autumn-leaf color change. Abscission Abscission (from Latin ""ab"", ""away"", and ""scindere"", ""to cut'"") is the shedding of various parts of an organism, such as a plant dropping a leaf, fruit, flower, or seed. In zoology, abscission is the intentional shedding of a body part, such as the shedding of a claw, husk, or the autotomy of a tail to evade a predator. In mycology, it is the liberation of a fungal spore. In cell biology, abscission refers to the separation of two daughter cells at the completion of cytokinesis. A plant will abscise a part either"
"cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called ""scales"" which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving a series of horizontally-elongated scars on the surface of the growing stem. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars."
"a type of spike called a spadix. Bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are often (but not always) different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Typically, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals or sepals. The state of having bracts is referred to as bracteate or bracteolate, and conversely the state of lacking them is referred to as ebracteate and ebracteolate,"
"tree are injured, the branches and leaves on that same side of the tree may die or wilt. For some trees however, such as the maple family, the effect of a root injury may show itself anywhere in the tree canopy. Stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground and form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons. Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous. Stolons are often called runners. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil"
"will continue to grow and after many years, the wound may close over entirely. Frost crack Frost crack or Southwest canker is a form of tree bark damage sometimes found on thin barked trees, visible as vertical fractures on the southerly facing surfaces of tree trunks. Frost crack is distinct from sun scald and sun crack and physically differs from normal rough-bark characteristics as seen in mature oaks, pines, poplars and other tree species. The sloughing or peeling of the bark is a normal process, especially in the spring when the tree begins to grow. The outer layers of the"
"of the lamina. Extreme reduction of the leaf lamina brings about the symptom known as the Shoe-string effect. The puckering or crinkling of leaves due to different growth rates in adjacent tissue is known as savoying. Overgrowth of epidermal and underlying tissues of leaves, stems, fruits and tubers may result scab formation. Scab consists of raised, rough, and discrete lesions. These are often sunken and cracked, giving a typical scabby appearance. Localized swellings or enlargement of epidermal cells due to excessive accumulation of water is termed intermuscence and the diagnostic symptom is the appearance of a blister. Symptoms causing enlargement"
"wood have been used to determine foliage associations. The fronds were often bipinnate and sometimes tripinnate. Other leaf taxon associated with ""Psaronius"" include: ""Asterotheca"", ""Acitheca"", ""Remia"" and ""Radstockia"". The bases where the leaves attached were thick to carry the weight of fronds that could attain the size of 2 to 3 meters. stem scars. When fronds abscised from Psaronius, they left elliptical scars on the surface of the stem. Fossils of these leaf scars appear in different arrangements which may indicate different species of trees. These scars are known as ""Caulopteris"", ""Megaphyton"", ""Hagiophyton"", and ""Artisophyton"" based on the four main"