"specific physiological response pattern that is thought to indicate the emotional state of being moved. In humans, goose bumps are strongest on the forearms, but also occur on the legs, neck, and other areas of the skin that have hair. In some people, they even occur in the face or on the head. Piloerection is also a classic symptom of some diseases, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, some brain tumors, and autonomic hyperreflexia. Goose bumps can also be caused by withdrawal from opiates such as heroin. A skin condition that mimics goose bumps in appearance is keratosis pilaris. Goose bumps"
"Cold chill A cold chill (also known as chills, the chills or simply thrills) is described by David Huron as, ""a pleasant tingling feeling, associated with the flexing of hair follicles resulting in goose bumps (technically called piloerection), accompanied by a cold sensation, and sometimes producing a shudder or shiver."" Dimpled skin is often visible due to cold chills especially on the back of the neck or upper spine. Unlike shivering, however, it is not caused by temperature, menopause, or anxiety but rather is an emotionally triggered response when one is deeply affected by things such as music, speech, or"
"same. These hairs then form a heat-trapping layer above the epidermis. This process is formally called piloerection, derived from the Latin words 'pilus' ('hair') and 'erectio' ('rising up'), but is more commonly known as 'having goose bumps' in English. This is more effective in other mammals whose fur fluffs up to create air pockets between hairs that insulate the body from the cold. The opposite actions occur when the body is too warm; the arrector muscles make the hair lie flat on the skin which allows heat to leave. In some mammals, such as hedgehogs and porcupines, the hairs have"
"recollection. It is similar to autonomous sensory meridian response; both sensations consist of a pleasant tingling feeling that affects the skin on the back of the neck and spine. Cold chill A cold chill (also known as chills, the chills or simply thrills) is described by David Huron as, ""a pleasant tingling feeling, associated with the flexing of hair follicles resulting in goose bumps (technically called piloerection), accompanied by a cold sensation, and sometimes producing a shudder or shiver."" Dimpled skin is often visible due to cold chills especially on the back of the neck or upper spine. Unlike shivering,"
"the evolutionary selection for this response. The pilomotor reflex, more commonly known as goose bumps, was originally a reflex that assured the raising of fur for additional insulation against cold. When scared, this response also made the frightened animal seem bigger and a more formidable enemy. The sudden startled arm-jerking response sometimes experienced when on the verge of sleeping is known as the hypnic jerk. The evolutionary explanation for the existence of the hypnic jerk is unclear, but a possibility is that it is a vestigial reflex humans evolved when they usually slept in trees. Experiencing a hypnic jerk prior"
"appearing as a remnant to mammalian ancestors who possessed more than two nipples or breasts. Humans also bear some vestigial behaviors and reflexes. For example, the formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is a vestigial reflex; a possible function in human evolutionary ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger and scaring off predators. Raising the hair is also used to trap an extra layer of air, keeping an animal warm. Due to the diminished amount of hair in humans, the reflex formation of goose bumps when cold is also vestigial. The palmar grasp"
"are still useful for other purposes (facial expression). Humans also bear some vestigial behaviors and reflexes. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is a vestigial reflex; its function in human ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger and scaring off predators. The arrector pili muscle, which is a band of smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle to connective tissue, contracts and creates the goose bumps on skin. There are also vestigial molecular structures in humans, which are no longer in use but may indicate common ancestry with other species. One example"
"In 2014, Jablonski began researching the adaptation of goose bumps because she was interested in the connection between the integument of ring-tailed lemurs and thermoregulation. The mechanism for goose bumps is the contraction of smooth muscle called Musculi Arrectores Pilorum (MAP). Jablonski noted that early primates did not have effective networks of MAP throughout the body, a factor that may have significantly affected their ability to forage under the cooler conditions of the late Eocene epoch. Using this information, she concluded that the absence of MAP networks in early primates likely contributed to their extinction in non-tropical latitudes. Jablonski also"
"Mud fever Mud fever, also known as scratches or pastern dermatitis, is a group of diseases of horses causing irritation and dermatitis in the lower limbs of horses. Often caused by a mixture of bacteria, typically ""Dermatophilus congolensis"", and ""Staphylococcus spp"", mud fever can also be caused by fungal organisms (dermatophytes). Photosensitization, chorioptic mange mites, contact dermatitis and other conditions also contribute to some cases. This condition is also known as ""dew poisoning,"" ""grease heel,"" or ""greasy heel"". Mud fever affects most horses and ponies during winter and early spring, resulting in painful sores and scabs, which in severe cases"
"Arrector pili muscle The arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end, known colloquially as goose bumps. Each arrector pili is composed of a bundle of smooth muscle fibres which attach to several follicles (a follicular unit), and is innervated by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. The contraction of the muscle is then involuntary–stresses such as cold, fear etc. may stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, and thus cause contraction. Contraction of the muscles has a number of different purposes. Its principal function"
"known, long-term health implications, nor is it associated with increased mortality or morbidity. It is not related to goose bumps, which results from muscle contractions, except that both occur in the area where the hair shaft exits the skin. Keratosis pilaris results in small, rough bumps on the surface of the skin. They are skin-colored bumps the size of a grain of sand, many of which are surrounded by a slight pink color in light skinned people and dark spots in dark skinned people. Most people with keratosis pilaris do not have symptoms but the bumps in the skin can"
"lumps around a hair follicle that are tender, warm, and very painful. They range from pea-sized to golf ball-sized. A yellow or white point at the center of the lump can be seen when the boil is ready to drain or discharge pus. In a severe infection, an individual may experience fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. A recurring boil is called chronic furunculosis. Skin infections tend to be recurrent in many patients and often spread to other family members. Systemic factors that lower resistance commonly are detectable, including: diabetes, obesity, and hematologic disorders. Boils can be caused by other"
"Other structures associated with the hair follicle include the cup in which the follicle grows known as the infundibulum, the arrector pili muscles, the sebaceous glands, and the apocrine sweat glands. Hair follicle receptors sense the position of the hair. Attached to the follicle is a tiny bundle of muscle fiber called the ""arrector pili"". This muscle is responsible for causing the follicle lissis to become more perpendicular to the surface of the skin, and causing the follicle to protrude slightly above the surrounding skin (piloerection) and a pore encased with skin oil. This process results in goose bumps (or"
"Keratosis pilaris Keratosis pilaris (KP) (also follicular keratosis, lichen pilaris, or colloquially ""chicken skin"") is a common, autosomal dominant, genetic condition of the skin's hair follicles characterized by the appearance of possibly itchy, small, gooseflesh-like bumps, with varying degrees of reddening or inflammation. It most often appears on the outer sides of the upper arms, (the forearms can also be affected), thighs, face, back, and buttocks; KP can also occur on the hands, and tops of legs, sides, or any body part except glabrous (hairless) skin (like the palms or soles of feet). Often the lesions can appear on the"
"fever. In southern Australia, the presentation is more often as a pimple in the skin (dermis) rather than under it and may be confused with an insect bite. The infection is mostly in the limbs, most often in exposed areas, but not on the hands or feet. In children, all areas may be involved, including the face or abdomen. The oedematous form of infection produces diffuse swelling of a limb, which, unlike the papule or nodule, can be painful and accompanied by low-grade fever. Infection may follow physical trauma, often minor trauma such as a small scratch. The disease is"
"in the majority of mammals is to provide insulation: air becomes trapped between the erect hairs, helping the animal retain heat. Erection of the porcupine's long, thick hairs causes the animal to become more intimidating, scaring predators. Pressure exerted by the muscle may cause sebum to be forced along the hair follicle towards the surface, protecting the hair. Arrector pili muscle The arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end, known colloquially as goose bumps. Each arrector pili is composed of a bundle of smooth"
"This article is copied in part from the Equilibrium website. Used by permission. This article is copied in part from the ArcaNatura USA website. Used by permission. www.nannasfarmbeautyproducts.com.au Mud fever Mud fever, also known as scratches or pastern dermatitis, is a group of diseases of horses causing irritation and dermatitis in the lower limbs of horses. Often caused by a mixture of bacteria, typically ""Dermatophilus congolensis"", and ""Staphylococcus spp"", mud fever can also be caused by fungal organisms (dermatophytes). Photosensitization, chorioptic mange mites, contact dermatitis and other conditions also contribute to some cases. This condition is also known as ""dew"
"Facial eczema Facial eczema, FE, is a disease that mainly affects ruminants such as cattle, sheep, deer, goats and South American camelids (alpaca, llamas). It is caused by the fungus ""Pithomyces chartarum"" that under favorable conditions can rapidly disseminate in pastures. The fungus requires warm humid weather with night time temperatures of over 13 °C (55 °F) for several days, and litter at the bottom of the sward. ""Pithomyces chartarum"" occurs worldwide but is a problem predominantly where farm animals are intensively grazed, especially in New Zealand. The spores of the fungus release the mycotoxin sporidesmin in the gastrointestinal tract,"
"Sebaceous hyperplasia Sebaceous hyperplasia is a disorder of the sebaceous glands in which they become enlarged, producing flesh-colored or yellowish, shiny, often umbilicated bumps on the face. Newly formed nodules often swell with sweating (which is pathognomonic for the condition), but this diminishes over time. Sebaceous glands are glands located within the skin and are responsible for secreting an oily substance named sebum. They are commonly associated with hair follicles but they can be found in hairless regions of the skin as well. Their secretion lubricates the skin, protecting it from drying out or becoming irritated. Sebaceous hyperplasia generally affects"
"Pigeon fever Pigeon fever is a disease of horses, also known as dryland distemper or equine distemper, caused by the Gram-positive bacteria ""Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis"" biovar ""equi"". Infected horses commonly have swelling in the chest area, making it look similar to a 'pigeon chest'. This disease is common in dry areas. Pigeon Fever is sometimes confused for Strangles, another infection that causes abscesses. There are three common forms of pigeon fever that affect horses; ulcerative lymphangitis, external abscess, and internal infection. The severity of symptoms varies depending on various factors such as age, immune system, health and nutrition. The bacteria has"
"a 'coiled' structure. This structure lends to many of the properties of hair, such as its ability to stretch and return to its original length. This coiled structure does not predispose curly or frizzy hair, both of which are defined by oval or triangular hair follicle cross-sections. Hair is a very good thermal conductor and aids heat transfer both into and out of the body. When goose bumps are observed, small muscles (Arrector pili muscle) contract to raise the hairs both to provide insulation, by reducing cooling by air convection of the skin, as well as in response to central"
"redness of the skin with small papules, or bumps, which resemble goose pimples. These bumps are what give the characteristic sandpaper texture to the rash. The reddened skin will blanch when you apply pressure to it. It is possible for the skin to be itchy, but it will not be painful. It usually first appears on the trunk and then gradually spreads out to the arms and legs. The palms, soles and face are usually left uninvolved by the rash. The face, however, is usually flushed, most prominently in the cheeks, with a ring of paleness around the mouth. After"
"Glanders Glanders (from Middle English ' or Old French ', both meaning glands; , ; also known as ""equinia"", ""farcy"", and ""malleus"") is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys. It can be contracted by other animals, such as dogs, cats, goats and humans. It is caused by infection with the bacterium ""Burkholderia mallei"", usually by ingestion of contaminated feed or water. Signs of glanders include the formation of nodular lesions in the lungs and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract. The acute form results in coughing, fever, and the release of"
"Saccular acoustic sensitivity Saccular acoustic sensitivity has a variety physiological as well as mental/emotional effects. Perhaps the most observable physical response is goose bumps. A similar effect is the manifestation of chills. Some sounds have been known to cause reflexive muscle movements like a twitch or even a jump. Since these physical effects are easily recorded and are linked consistently with strong emotion, they have been used in several types of psychological studies. Certain sounds, such as fingernails drawn down a blackboard, cause strong feelings of aversion or even fear in most humans. A 2004 study claimed that the blackboard"
"Bumblefoot (infection) Bumblefoot (ulcerative pododermatitis) is a bacterial infection and inflammatory reaction on the feet of birds, rodents, and rabbits. Ulcerative pododermatitis is referred to as ""sore hocks"" when it affects a rabbit and ""bumblefoot"" when it affects a bird. The terms ""sore hocks"" and ""bumblefoot"" are used interchangeably when describing ulcerative pododermatitis in rodents. The infection can usually be attributed to poor husbandry practices, therefore is much more likely to occur in captive animals than in those in the wild. It is caused by bacteria, namely strains of ""Staphylococcus"", ""Pseudomonas"" and ""Escherichia coli"" ""(E. coli)"", with ""S. aureus"" being"
"in contact with glanders-infected animals or live in areas where melioidosis is endemic. Glanders Glanders (from Middle English ' or Old French ', both meaning glands; , ; also known as ""equinia"", ""farcy"", and ""malleus"") is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys. It can be contracted by other animals, such as dogs, cats, goats and humans. It is caused by infection with the bacterium ""Burkholderia mallei"", usually by ingestion of contaminated feed or water. Signs of glanders include the formation of nodular lesions in the lungs and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the upper"
"tends to play a large role in the amount of positive stimulation observed. For example, a man listening to a familiar song is more likely to experience pleasure and have goosebumps than a man listening to an unfamiliar song. Saccular acoustic sensitivity Saccular acoustic sensitivity has a variety physiological as well as mental/emotional effects. Perhaps the most observable physical response is goose bumps. A similar effect is the manifestation of chills. Some sounds have been known to cause reflexive muscle movements like a twitch or even a jump. Since these physical effects are easily recorded and are linked consistently with"
"temperature and perform barrier functions. Additional types of psoriasis comprise approximately 10% of cases. They include pustular, inverse, napkin, guttate, oral, and seborrheic-like forms. Pustular psoriasis appears as raised bumps filled with noninfectious pus (pustules). The skin under and surrounding the pustules is red and tender. Inverse psoriasis (also known as flexural psoriasis) appears as smooth, inflamed patches of skin. The patches frequently affect skin folds, particularly around the genitals (between the thigh and groin), the armpits, in the skin folds of an overweight abdomen (known as panniculus), between the buttocks in the intergluteal cleft, and under the breasts in"
"fear, and pain; it is independent of ambient temperature. Acetylcholine acts on the eccrine glands and adrenaline acts on both eccrine and apocrine glands to produce sweat. Emotional sweating can occur anywhere, though it is most evident on the palms, soles of the feet, and axillary regions. Sweating on the palms and soles is thought to have evolved as a fleeing reaction in mammals: it increases friction and prevents slipping when running or climbing in stressful situations. Gustatory sweating refers to thermal sweating induced by the ingestion of food. The increase in metabolism caused by ingestion raises body temperature, leading"
"Environmental risk factors include over 7 days of a weekly average land surface temperatures above 35 °C, and drier soils; these factors were implicated in an outbreak in Kansas in 2012. Pigeon fever Pigeon fever is a disease of horses, also known as dryland distemper or equine distemper, caused by the Gram-positive bacteria ""Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis"" biovar ""equi"". Infected horses commonly have swelling in the chest area, making it look similar to a 'pigeon chest'. This disease is common in dry areas. Pigeon Fever is sometimes confused for Strangles, another infection that causes abscesses. There are three common forms of pigeon"
"for causing hairs to stand up. In humans with little body hair, the effect results in goose bumps. The ""root of the hair"" ends in an enlargement, the ""hair bulb"", which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle. Bulb of hair layers consist of fibrous connective tissue, glassy membrane, external root sheath, internal root sheath composed of epithelium stratum (Henle's layer) and granular stratum (Huxley's layer), cuticle, cortex and medulla of hair. All natural hair colors are the result of two types"
"child, humans typically have not experienced real fear at this age, but a child develops a fear of the monster in their closet. Many physiological changes in the body are associated with fear, summarized as the fight-or-flight response. An inborn response for coping with danger, it works by accelerating the breathing rate (hyperventilation), heart rate, vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels leading to blushing and sanskadania of the central vessels (pooling), increasing muscle tension including the muscles attached to each hair follicle to contract and causing ""goose bumps"", or more clinically, piloerection (making a cold person warmer or a frightened"
"Pediculosis corporis Pediculosis corporis (also known as ""pediculosis vestimenti"" and ""vagabond's disease"") is a cutaneous condition caused by body lice (specifically ""Pediculus corporis"") that lay their eggs in the seams of clothing. Body lice are a nuisance in themselves and cause intense itching. They are also vectors (transmitters) of other diseases and can spread epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. Body lice are spread through prolonged direct physical contact with a person who has them or through contact with articles such as clothing, beds, bed linens, or towels that have been in contact with an infested person. In"