"strands known as hyphae. As the hyphae germinate they will eventually form a large mass known as mycelium. The final stage is a fruiting body which pumps new spores out into the surrounding air. In other fields, the term has been applied to the decay of crop plants by fungi. In health and safety, the term is used to describe the deterioration of rubber, for example the cracking of rubber hoses. ""Dry rot"" is the term given to brown rot decay caused by certain fungi that deteriorate timber in buildings and other wooden construction without an apparent source of moisture."
"mushroom, which in 2003 comprised approximately 25% of total mushroom production. Wood-decay fungus A wood-decay fungus is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as brown rot, and some, such as ""Armillaria"" (honey fungus), are parasitic and colonize living trees. Excessive moisture above the fibre saturation point in wood is required for fungal colonization and proliferation. Fungi that not only grow on wood but permeate its fibrous structure and actually cause decay, are called lignicolous fungi. In nature, this process causes the breakdown of complex molecules"
"by fungi if the amount of oxygen is inadequate. Fungi timber defects: Following are the insects and molluscs which are usually responsible for the decay of timber: There are two main natural forces responsible for causing defects in timber: abnormal growth and rupture of tissues. Rupture of tissue includes cracks or splits in the wood called ""shakes"". ""Ring shake"", ""wind shake"", or ""ring failure"" is when the wood grain separates around the growth rings either while standing or during felling. Shakes may reduce the strength of a timber and the appearance thus reduce lumber grade and may capture moisture, promoting"
"Wood-decay fungus A wood-decay fungus is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as brown rot, and some, such as ""Armillaria"" (honey fungus), are parasitic and colonize living trees. Excessive moisture above the fibre saturation point in wood is required for fungal colonization and proliferation. Fungi that not only grow on wood but permeate its fibrous structure and actually cause decay, are called lignicolous fungi. In nature, this process causes the breakdown of complex molecules and leads to the return of nutrients to the soil. Various"
"Fibroporia vaillantii Fibroporia vaillantii, also known as mine fungus, white pore fungus, Antrodia vaillantii, Polyporus vaillantii, and various other names is a wood-decaying fungus which can occur on timber in humid conditions. The fungus causes brown rot of pine wood, in which cellulose and hemicellulose are broken down, leading to brown discoloration and shrinkage of wood. It has been/is sometimes considered to be a fungus causing dry rot, although that term is more often used for wood decay due to a different fungus, ""Serpula lacrymans"". The fungus grows on wood from coniferous trees, such as pine wood, under damp conditions,"
"of the fungus disperse airborne spores, but the actual degradation of the wood is by the threadlike vegetative part of the fungus inside the trees. The fungus can occur anywhere on roots or the stem, but is most common low on the bole, where frequent wounds promote infection. This stem decay fungi is found on live conifer trees in southeast Alaska such as Western hemlock, Mountain hemlock, White spruce, Lutz spruce and Sitka spruce. The trees stem decay is caused by the fungi when it invades and colonizes in the wood of living trees and decomposes the wood before the"
"tree is dead. This brown rot fungus degrades only cellulose, leaving the other primary constituents of wood, lignin, as a considerably less dense but fairly stable residual structure that is suitable for excavation by woodpeckers. This fungus is normally found on dead conifers, but can also be observed growing on large stem wounds, broken tops, and dead tissue of live trees. In mature forests, these stem decay fungi cause enormous annual wood volume loss of Alaska’s major tree species. Approximately one-third of the old-growth timber board foot volume in Southeast Alaska is defective, largely due to decay from this type"
"decomposed by certain fungi, such as the black-rot fungi. Wood decomposition is a complex process involving fungi which transport nutrients to the nutritionally scarce wood from outside environment. Because of this nutritional enrichment the fauna of saproxylic insects may develop and in turn affect dead wood, contributing to wood decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor. Lignin is one such remaining product of decomposing plants with a very complex chemical structure causing the rate of microbial breakdown to slow. Warmth increases the speed of plant decay, by the same amount regardless of the composition of the plant In most"
"germ theory, however, German forester Robert Hartig in the early 20th century theorized the opposite was the case, and developed a new model for tree decay: when trees are wounded, fungi infect the wounds, and the result is decayed wood. Over time, the research of Shigo and others helped to expand this theory, leading to the modern concept of tree decay: when trees are wounded, many organisms, not just fungi, infect the wood at different times and in different ways; trees respond to these infections with both chemical and physical changes; discolored and decayed wood results, but is limited by"
"may be attacked by a number of insects, including termites, carpenter ants, and beetles. One beetle, the wharf borer (""Nacedes melanura""), can attack untreated or damaged treated hardwoods and conifers with high moisture contents by tunneling extensively and leaving behind dark brown fecal matter that further degrades the wood. Wood decay describes wood in all stages of fungal attack, from the initial invasion of hyphae into the cell walls to the complete destruction of the wood. Wood-inhabiting fungi are most common on timber piles above the water surface since the lack of oxygen below water inhibits fungal growth. Incipient decay"
"The term is a misnomer because all wood decaying fungi need a minimum amount of moisture before decay begins. The decayed wood takes on a dark or browner crumbly appearance, with cubical like cracking or checking, that becomes brittle and can eventually crush the wood into powder. Chemically, wood attacked by dry rot fungi is decayed by the same process as other brown rot fungi. An outbreak of dry rot within a building can be an extremely serious infestation that is hard to eradicate, requiring drastic remedies to correct. Significant decay can cause instability and cause the structure to collapse."
"Oak wilt Oak wilt is a fungal disease affecting oak trees caused by the fungus ""Bretziella fagacearum"" (previously known as ""Ceratocystis fagacearum""). Symptoms vary by tree species, but generally consist of leaf discoloration, wilt, defoliation, and death. The fungus spreads from diseased to healthy trees from insects or by connections between tree roots. Management of the disease historically meant preventing infection by avoiding tree wounds, removing diseased trees and breaking root connections with vibratory plows, trenchers/rocksaws or hoes. Present methods focus on the area of monocultures and restoring correct ecosystems using soils. Fungicide treatments, used in urban areas, are available"
"The term ""dry rot"", or ""true dry rot"", refers to the decay of timbers from only certain species of fungi that are thought to provide their own source of moisture and nutrients to cause decay in otherwise relatively dry timber. However, there has been no published experimental evidence to support the phenomenon. In modern texts, the term 'dry rot' is used in reference to damage inflicted by either: ""Serpula lacrymans"" (formerly ""Merulius lacrymans"") predominantly in the United Kingdom and northern Europe; and/or ""Meruliporia incrassata"" (which has a number of synonyms, including ""Poria incrassata"" and ""Serpula incrassata"") in North America. Both"
"Society has been receiving reports from gardeners and horticulturalists of damage to plants of the shrub ""Kerria japonica"". Symptoms include multiple red spots on leaves, and lesions on the stems, resulting in defoliation and eventual death. It has been determined that this infection is caused by the fungus ""Blumeriella kerriae"", which is specific to the kerria. This highly contagious disease, known in English as kerria twig and leaf blight, was known in the U.S. but has not previously been observed on British plants. It is regarded as a serious threat to the cultivated kerria plants, which are popular garden shrubs."
"the potential to feed on microorganisms, or other inhabitants of the wood. Fungi are the major degraders of lignocellulose in aquatic environments. In aerobic terrestrial environments, a majority of cellulose breakdown is broken down by wood-decay fungi commonly and collectively known as white rot and soft rot. Complex enzymes are secreted by the various fungi, converting cellulose into a carbon form that can be utilized by the fungus, and subsequently any organism up the food chain. Bacteria also contribute to the digestion of deep-sea wood, using an alternative method from that of fungi. In order to classify bacteria present on"
"than a few feet above ground level. Losses due to the fungus are estimated at 4.4 million m (157 million ft) of timber in the Northwestern United States and in British Columbia. Reduced growth rate is an attribute of tree infection. Particular attention is invited to the growth ring patterns visible in the images attached. Phellinus weirii Phellinus weirii is a plant pathogen causing laminated root rot in certain conifers, typically Douglas-fir and western redcedar. It is widespread in the Douglas-fir growing regions of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. Symptoms of fungal infection are readily recognized when timber is cut"
"soil and sediment, so can have a noticeable effect on the environment of that area. Brown-rot fungi break down hemicellulose and cellulose that form the wood structure. Cellulose is broken down by hydrogen peroxide (HO) that is produced during the breakdown of hemicellulose. Because hydrogen peroxide is a small molecule, it can diffuse rapidly through the wood, leading to a decay that is not confined to the direct surroundings of the fungal hyphae. As a result of this type of decay, the wood shrinks, shows a brown discoloration, and cracks into roughly cubical pieces, a phenomenon termed cubical fracture. The"
"lignicolous fungi consume wood in various ways; for example, some attack the carbohydrates in wood and some others decay lignin. The rate of decay of wooden materials in various climates can be estimated by empirical models. Wood-decay fungi can be classified according to the type of decay that they cause. The best-known types are brown rot, soft rot, and white rot. Each produce different enzymes, can degrade different plant materials, and can colonise different environmental niches. The residual products of decomposition from fungal action have variable pH, solubility and redox potentials. Over time this residue will become incorporated in the"
"are seriously infected by a fungus (Fomes spp.), which initially gains entry through broken branches or other wounds and eventually reduces the timber to a dark pulpy condition. With the exception of pin holes, the timber of chengal is free from knots and other defects characteristic of sawn timber. The timber is classified as naturally durable and is normally very resistant to termite attack and fungal infestation. Under graveyard test conditions, untreated specimens of size 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm lasted 9 years. Treated specimen of the same size and test conditions lasted about 19 years. Untreated"
"Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae is a plant pathogen commonly known as Faba-bean rust. The rust is distinguished by the typical rust-like marks on the stem and leaves, causing defoliation and loss of photosynthetic surface along with reduction in yield. The disease is fungal and is autoecious meaning it has one plant host. The rust of faba beans is macrocyclic, or contains 5 spores during its life cycle. Faba bean rust has a complex lifecycle containing three different stages. Each stage of the cycle has different symptoms. Faba bean rust grows best in July and August as"
"majority of trees and are only waiting for a possible infection route to be created. When damage or stress occurs, the fungi will further colonize, infect, and begin living off the nutrients of the tree, flourishing in the bark and vascular system (2). Natural stresses such as defoliation by insects, animal damage, soil nutrient depletions, drought, overcrowding, and other disease can weaken trees, enabling ""Hypoxylon"" to infect (9). Human-caused problems can also lead to infection; soil compaction and excavation, construction, and physical injuries are known stresses to trees (9). Drought is one of the major indicators that ""Hypoxylon"" will become"
"are formed. The strand mycelium of ""Serpula"", which can be up to 8 mm thick, are invasive and can spread over non-nutritive surfaces to find new food sources, even spreading through pores in stone, brickwork, and cement. After its initial growth period, the fungus can produce the water it needs and can continue growth into dry timber, eventually degrading it to powder—hence the term ""dry rot"". ""S. lacrymans"" is the most serious cause of building timber decay in the UK and northern Europe. The ""Dictionary of the Fungi"" (10th edition, 2008), suggests that the genus contains two species. , the"
"woody texture, but it is useful as tinder. Most of the stem decay (heart rot) in mature forests that results from this fungus does not interfere with the normal growth and physiological processes of live trees since the vascular system is not affected. It is classified as a brown rot, which primarily degrades cellulose in tree stands. Wood impacted by this fungus may become more brittle and prone to breakage in high winds, and cannot be used for pulp production. This species requires exposed wood of wounds for entry, and continue their decay after the tree dies. The fruiting bodies"
"to grow upon maple, cherry, hickory, lime tree, poplar, willow, alder, hornbeam, sycamore, and even, exceptionally, softwoods, such as conifers. ""Fomes fomentarius"" is a stem decay plant pathogen. The species' mycelium penetrates the wood of trees through damaged bark or broken branches, causing rot in the host. It can grow on the bark wound, or even directly onto the bark of older or dead trees. The decayed wood shows black lines in the lightly coloured decayed areas; these are known as pseudosclerotic layers or demarcation lines. The lines are caused by enzymes called phenoloxidases, converting either fungus or plant matter"
"stem tissues when soil has high moisture content and air temperatures from 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit. Rainy seasons promote brown stem rot. When soil is untilled, the disease is more likely to persist in soil. The incidence of brown stem rot is highest at soil pH ~6.3. The ""Phialophora gregata"" fungus is a deuteromycete with a monocyclic life cycle. There are two strains of Phialophora gregata, referred to as genotype A and genotype B. Genotype A causes both foliar and stem symptoms, while genotype B causes only stem symptoms. The ""Phialophora gregata"" fungus produces no survival structures, but can overwinter as"
"by another fungal species, growth will depend on whether that fungus produces antifungal chemicals and whether the new arrival can resist them. The chemical properties of colonizing fungi also affect the animal communities that graze on them: in one study, when hyphae from five different species of marine fungi were fed to nematodes, one species supported less than half the number of nematodes per mg of hyphae than did the others. Detection of fungi in timber may involve incubation at a suitable temperature in a suitable water medium for a period of six months to upward of eighteen months. ""Rhyzophydium"
"Hymenoscyphus fraxineus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an Ascomycete fungus that causes ash dieback, a chronic fungal disease of ash trees in Europe characterised by leaf loss and crown dieback in infected trees. The fungus was first scientifically described in 2006 under the name Chalara fraxinea. Four years later it was discovered that ""Chalara fraxinea"" was only the asexual (anamorphic) stage of a fungus that was subsequently named ""Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus"" and then renamed as ""Hymenoscyphus fraxineus"". Trees now believed to have been infected with this pathogen were first reported dying in Poland in 1992. It is now entrenched in Europe. It is"
"stubs(larger than three inches) will inhibit the growth process and provide fungi with ideal growth environments. The following are some trees susceptible to heart rot: Heart rot In trees, heart rot is a fungal disease that causes the decay of wood at the center of the trunk and branches. Fungi enter the tree through wounds in the bark and decay the heartwood. The diseased heartwood softens resulting in trees being structurally weaker and prone to breakage. Heart rot is a major factor in the economics of logging and the natural growth dynamic of many older forests. Heart rot is prevalent"
"Foamy bark canker The foamy bark canker is a disease affecting oak trees in California caused by the fungus ""Geosmithia pallida"" and spread by the Western oak bark beetle (""Pseudopityopthorus pubipennis""). This disease is only seen through the symbiosis of the bark beetles and the fungal pathogen. The bark beetles target oak trees and bore holes through the peridermal tissues, making tunnels within the phloem. The fungal spores are brought into these tunnels by the beetles and begin to colonize the damaged cells inside the tunnels. Symptoms of the developing fungus include wet discoloration seeping from the beetle entry holes"
"The term ""forest ring"" was coined by The Ontario Geological Survey to differentiate the phenomenon from fairy rings. Forest rings were originally thought to be caused by the radial growth of fungi within the root system of black spruce (""Picea mariana""), possibly the fungus ""Armillaria ostoyae"". A ring would begin as a single point of infection and grow outward in all directions. Affected trees would die in the interior of the circle, and eventually new trees would grow in their place. The fungal mat would become ring-shaped and visible from above as a circular ring of stunted trees. The fungal"
"Kretzschmaria deusta Kretzschmaria deusta, commonly known as brittle cinder, is a fungus and plant pathogen found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is common on a wide range of broadleaved trees including beech (""Fagus""), oak (""Quercus""), lime (""Tilia""), Horse Chestnut and maple (""Acer""). It also causes serious damage in the base of rubber, tea, coffee and palms. It causes a soft rot, initially and preferentially degrading cellulose and ultimately breaking down both cellulose and lignin, and colonises the lower stem and/or roots of living trees through injuries or by root contact with infected trees. It can result in"
"of the low insulating capacity of the hard, flinty bark. Mockernut is not subject to severe loss from disease. The main fungus of hickory is ""Poria spiculosa"", a trunk rot. This fungus kills the bark, which produces a canker, causes heart rot and decay, and can seriously degrade the tree. Mineral streaks and sapsucker-induced streaks also degrade the lumber. In general, the hard, strong, and durable wood of hickories makes them relatively resistant to decay fungi. Most fungi cause little, if any, decay in small, young trees. Common foliage diseases include leaf mildew and witches' broom (""Microstroma juglandis""), leaf blotch"
"In plant cell walls, cellulose and hemicellulose is embedded in a pectin scaffold that requires pectin degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonases and pectin lyases to weaken the plant cell wall and uncover hemicellulose and cellulose to further enzymatic degradation. Degradation of lignin is catalyzed by enzymes that oxidase aromatic compounds, such as phenol oxidases, peroxidases and laccases. Many fungi have multiple genes encoding lignin-degrading exoenzymes. Most efficient wood degraders are saprotrophic ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. Traditionally, these fungi are classified as brown rot (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), white rot (Basidiomycota) and soft rot (Ascomycota) based on the appearance of the decaying material."