"September 2008, two Basque political parties were banned by a Spanish court for their secretive links to ETA. In another case in the same week, 21 people were convicted whose work on behalf of ETA prisoners actually belied secretive links to the armed separatists themselves. ETA reacted to these actions by placing three major car bombs in less than 24 hours in northern Spain. In April 2009 Jurdan Martitegi was arrested, making him the fourth consecutive ETA military chief to be captured within a single year, an unprecedented police record, further weakening the group. Violence surged in the middle of"
"force. ""Euskadi Ta Askatasuna"" or ETA (; pronounced ), is an armed Basque nationalist, separatist and terrorist organization. Founded in 1959, it evolved from a group advocating traditional cultural ways to a paramilitary group with the goal of Basque independence. Its ideology is Marxist–Leninist. The Nigerian Civil War was fought between Biafran secessionists of the Republic of Biafra and the Nigerian central government. From 1999 to the present day, the indigenous people of Biafra have been agitating for independence to revive their country. They have registered a human rights organization known as Bilie Human Rights Initiative both in Nigeria and"
"Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), an armed secessionist organization founded in 1959 in opposition to Franco and dedicated to promoting Basque independence through violent means, though originally violence was not a part of their method. They consider themselves a guerrilla organization but are considered internationally as a terrorist organisation. Although the government of the Basque Country does not condone any kind of violence, their different approaches to the separatist movement are a source of tension between the Central and Basque governments. Initially ETA targeted primarily Spanish security forces, military personnel and Spanish Government officials. As the security forces and prominent"
"and ETA (Basque acronym for ""Basque Homeland and Freedom"")) engaged in criminal activities (assassinations, indiscriminate bomb attacks on civilians, extortion, and kidnappings) in an attempt to reach their secessionist goals and counter Franco's heavy handedness and the planned forced migration of non-indigenous workers in these regions. An increasing extremism in Catalonia has been recently noticed in the form of attacks, boycotts and even death threats to those not supporting secessionist movement, and events like the so-called consultation on independence organized by the Catalan government and some civil organisations held in November 2014 despite the manifest illegality of the process as"
"those of Castro in Cuba and Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, the group aimed to establish an independent socialist Basque Country through violence. ETA's first confirmed assassinations occurred in 1968, thereafter including violence, even killing, as a practice—theory of action-repression-action. At an ideological level, instead of race, the organization stressed the importance of language and customs. When Spain re-emerged as a democracy in 1978, autonomy was restored to the Basques, who achieved a degree of self-government without precedent in modern Basque history. Thus, based on the ""fueros"" and their Statute of Autonomy, Basques have their own police corps and manage"
"and on 20 October 2011, ETA announced a ""definitive cessation of its armed activity"". On 24 November 2012, it was reported that the group was ready to negotiate a ""definitive end"" to its operations and disband completely. The group announced on 7 April 2017 that it had given up all its weapons and explosives. On 2 May 2018, ETA made public a letter dated to 16 April 2018 according to which it had ""completely dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative"". ETA's motto was (""Keep up on both""), referring to the two figures in its symbol, a snake"
"promoting Basque culture to a paramilitary group with the goal of gaining independence for the Basque Country. ETA is the main organisation of the Basque National Liberation Movement and was the most important participant in the Basque conflict. ETA declared temporary ceasefires in 1989, 1996, 1998 and 2006, but these subsequently came to an abrupt end. However, on 5 September 2010, ETA declared a permanent ceasefire that is still in force – moreover, on 20 October 2011 ETA announced a ""definitive cessation of its armed activity"". On 2 May 2018, ETA issued a historic statement declaring a definitive end to"
"Revolution, and disappointed with the weak opposition of the PNV against Franco's regime, a young group of students formed ETA in 1959. It first started as an organization demanding the independence of the Basque Country, from a socialist position, and it soon started its armed campaign. According to Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas, ETA became a socialist and revolutionary organization using violence after inner struggles related both to the difficulties found in applying a Third World model of national liberation in an already industrialized territory and the division between purely nationalist stances (such as the Branka splinter group) and the revolutionary"
"individual prisoners ask for forgiveness. In July 2014 France agreed for the first time to transfer 2 prisoners to a prison near the Basque Country. The Spanish government agreed in October 2014 to let members of ETA with Spanish nationality who are imprisoned in France, be transferred to prisons in Spain. In August 2017, the minister of interior Juan Ignacio Zoido declared he would not undertake any measures in order to change the prison policy until ETA disbands. In April 2018, ETA announced its dissolution, a move staged in an international conference held in Cambo (Kanbo), French Basque Country. All"
"ETA terrorism never targeted French civilians nor security forces and France had a long-standing policy of tolerating ETA presence on its territory since the times of Franco's dictatorship. This policy changed in the late 80s when French President Mitterrand decided that France would no longer be an ETA 'safe-haven' and began co-operation with Spanish authorities and extradition of ETA-members indicted for terrorism to Spain. One example of an alleged incident is that of Martxelo Otamendi, the editor of a Basque language newspaper Egunkaria which was subject to a precautionary closure in 2004 by a Spanish judge due to alleged links"
"in France on charges of extorting businessmen into making financial contributions to ETA. However, the charges were dropped and he was released within days. Julen Madariaga Julen Kerman Madariaga Agirre (born 1932, in Bilbao) is a Spanish Basque politician and lawyer who co-founded the Basque armed separatist group ETA in 1959. He was a leader of ETA, a prominent member of Herri Batasuna and, later, founder of the political party Aralar and a member of the pacifist organization, . Madariaga served long prison sentences and spent years in exile, but severed his links with ETA in 1989 after becoming disillusioned"
"appears the name ""ETA"". At the beginning and during its early years the actions of ETA were conducting nationalists painted what they were confused by these facts with the claims of EGI, until ETA has chosen to back the armed struggle. EGI continued industrial action nationalists as the placing of an ikurriña at the tip of one of the towers of the Cathedral of Burgos on Independence Day 1960 and participation in joint actions with other nationalist youth associations in Europe. Thus, in 1969, two of its militants, Joaquin Artajo and Alberto Azurmendi, died on the operator that a bomb"
"Basque nationalism has coexisted with a radical nationalist movement led by the armed terrorist organisation ETA. The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but has continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy. On 23 February 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes in an attempt to impose a military-backed government. King Juan Carlos took personal command of the military and successfully ordered the coup plotters, via national television, to surrender. During the 1980s the democratic restoration made possible a growing"
"than 340 civilians. It has maimed hundreds more and kidnapped dozens. Its ability to inflict violence has declined steadily since the group was at its strongest during the late 1970s and 1980 (when it killed 92 people in a single year). After decreasing peaks in the fatal casualties in 1987 and 1991, 2000 remains to date as the last year when ETA killed more than 20 in a single year. Since 2002 to date, the yearly number of ETA's fatal casualties has been reduced to single digits. Similarly, over the 1990s and, especially, during the 2000s (decade), fluid cooperation between"
"militant group ETA since the early 1970s. In 1973 it was accused of providing explosives for the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco in Madrid. In the 1970s, ETA also exchanged a quantity of handguns for training in explosives with the IRA. In addition, the leaders of the political wings of the respective Irish republican and Basque separatist movements have exchanged visits on several occasions to express solidarity with each other's cause. Prominent former IRA prisoners such as Brendan McFarlane and Brendan Hughes have campaigned for the release of ETA prisoners. In the mid-1990s after the IRA ceasefire, Basque media outlets"
"moderate stance of the Basque Nationalist Party. (Originally, the name for the organisation used the word ""Aberri"" instead of ""Euskadi"", creating the acronym ""ATA"". However, in some Basque dialects, ""ata"" means ""duck"", so the name was changed.) ETA held their first assembly in Bayonne, France, in 1962, during which a ""declaration of principles"" was formulated and following which a structure of activist cells was developed. Subsequently, Marxist and third-worldist perspectives developed within ETA, becoming the basis for a political programme set out in Federico Krutwig's 1963 book ""Vasconia"", which is considered to be the defining text of the movement. In"
"governments of Spain and France. María Soledad Iparraguirre María Soledad Iparraguirre Guenechea (born Eskoriatza, 1961), known as ""Marisol"" until 1994 and ""Anboto"" thereafter, is a senior figure in the Basque separatist group ETA and the second woman, after Dolores González Cataráin (alias ""Yoyes""), to be a member of ETA's executive. Arrested in October 2004, in December 2010 she was sentenced by French courts to 20 years in prison. When Iparraguirre was a child, her family ran safe houses for ETA. As a teenager in the late 1970s, she joined the Vizcaya unit of ETA, working mainly as a courier for"
"Jurdan Martitegi Jurdan Martitegi Lizaso (born May 10, 1980, in Durango, Vizcaya) is a member of the terrorist Basque nationalist and separatist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). He is best known as the head of the military/commando unit of the group since late 2008 until April 18, 2009, when he was arrested by French police. He is considered to be one of the most dangerous members of ETA, considered a terrorist organization by the European Union, with police describing him as ""extremely violent"". He gained prominence in the military section of ETA by leading the 'commando Vizcaya' (Biscay Command) after"
"launched conventional attacks as well as bombings against Turkish governmental installations. In 1999 Turkish authorities captured Öcalan. He was tried in Turkey and sentenced to life imprisonment. The PKK has since gone through a series of name changes. Founded in 1959 and still active, the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (or ETA (Basque for ""Basque Homeland and Freedom"", pronounced )) is an armed Basque nationalist separatist organization. Formed in response to General Francisco Franco's suppression of the Basque language and culture, ETA evolved from an advocacy group for traditional Basque culture into an armed Marxist group demanding Basque independence. Many ETA victims"
"trafficking and of benefiting economically from its political counterpart Batasuna. Extortion remains ETA's main source of funds. ETA is considered to form part of what is informally known as the Basque National Liberation Movement, a movement born much after ETA's creation. This loose term refers to a range of political organizations that are ideologically akin, comprising several distinct organizations that promote a type of leftist Basque nationalism that is often referred to by the Basque-language term ""Ezker Abertzalea"" (Nationalist Left). Other groups typically considered to belong to this independentist movement are: the political party Batasuna, the nationalist youth organization Segi,"
"ETA officially ended the ceasefire in 2007 and resumed its attacks around Spain. At the same time, dozens of members were arrested by Spanish and French police. Despite that, the organisation did not lose the capacity of carrying out attacks. In 2009, Patxi López became the first non-nationalist lendakari since the 1979 Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country. On June 19, ETA killed inspector Eduardo Puelles García in Arrigorriaga near Bilbao, Biscay, when a bomb attached to his car exploded , and on July 9, a powerful bomb exploded in a Socialist Workers' Party local office in Durango, Biscay,"
"to have contained 120 firearms, about 3 tonnes of explosives and several thousand rounds of ammunition, which were seized by the Spanish and French authorities. The Spanish government stated that ETA will gain no impunity for their disarmament, and urged the group to dissolve formally. On May 3rd, 2018, during a ceremony held at the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue’s (HD) in Geneva, Switzerland, it was confirmed by the center's Director that the ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna) had disbanded forever was officially sent and verified. Following this announcement, a ceremony was organized in Northern Basque Country, in Kanbo (Cambo-les-Bains) where the"
"Julen Madariaga Julen Kerman Madariaga Agirre (born 1932, in Bilbao) is a Spanish Basque politician and lawyer who co-founded the Basque armed separatist group ETA in 1959. He was a leader of ETA, a prominent member of Herri Batasuna and, later, founder of the political party Aralar and a member of the pacifist organization, . Madariaga served long prison sentences and spent years in exile, but severed his links with ETA in 1989 after becoming disillusioned with the group's methods. He left Herri Batasuna in 1995 after the party refused to condemn ETA violence. In June 2006, he was arrested"
"the arrest and extradition of ETA members. These would often travel to and from between the two countries using France as a base for attacks and training. This cooperation reached its peak in 1992, with the arrest of all ETA leaders in the town of Bidart. The raid came months before the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, with which ETA tried to gather worldwide attention with massive attacks around Catalonia. After that, ETA announced a two-months ceasefire, while they restructured the whole organisation and created the kale borroka groups. In 1995, ETA tried to kill José María Aznar, who would"
"method of the fight for a more autonomous state. Negotiations with the newly elected administration may prove difficult with the return to the center-right People's Party, which is replacing Socialist control, due to pressure from within the party to refuse all ETA negotiations. In September 2016, French police stated that they did not believe ETA had made progress in giving up arms. In March 2017, well-known French-Basque activist was quoted as having told ""Le Monde"", ""ETA has made us responsible for the disarmament of its arsenal, and by the afternoon of 8 April, ETA will be completely unarmed."" On 7"
"exiled PNV government attempted to join the Allies and settled itself in New York to gain American recognition and support, but soon after the war finished, Franco became an American ally in the context of the Cold War, depriving the PNV any chance for power in the Basque Country. In 1959, young nationalists (abertzaleak) founded the separatist group ETA. Its activism—paintings, pitching Basque flags, pamphlets—escalated into violence after shocking revelations emerged of torture practised by Spanish police on Basque activists during repression in the mid 1960s. By that time, ETA was adopting a Marxist revolutionary theory. Inspired by movements like"
"the labour union Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak (LAB), and Askatasuna among others. There are often strong interconnections between these groups, double or even triple membership are not infrequent. There are Basque nationalist parties with similar goals as those of ETA (namely, independence) but who openly reject their violent means. They are: EAJ-PNV, Eusko Alkartasuna, Aralar and, in the French Basque country, Abertzaleen Batasuna. In addition, a number of left-wing parties, such as Ezker Batua, Batzarre and some sectors of the EAJ-PNV party, also support self-determination but are not in favour of independence. Historically, members of ETA have taken refuge in France,"
"and 1995, respectively. The Madrid–Barajas airport had also been the location of ETA attacks on July 29, 1979, when three civilians were killed, and on August 27, 2002, when a car bomb exploded on the second floor of the Terminal 2 parking, causing only material damage, after a warning call from the armed organisation. In two meetings held at the Baztan valley in Navarre in the summer of 2006, Txeroki, then head of commandos, ordered fellow ETA members Mattin Sarasola, Igor Portu and Mikel San Sebastián to carry out the bombing. The three members had been born in the Navarrese"
"1975, eight weeks before Franco's death, sparked massive domestic and international protests against the Spanish government. During the Spanish transition to democracy which began following Franco's death, ETA split into two separate groups: ETA political-military or ETA(pm), and ETA military or ETA(m). Both ETA(m) and ETA(pm) refused offers of amnesty, and instead pursued and intensified their violent struggle. The years 1978–80 were to prove ETA's most deadly, with 68, 76, and 98 fatalities, respectively. During the Franco dictatorship, ETA was able to take advantage of tolerance by the French government, which allowed its members to move freely through French territory,"
"there were 544 related to ETA. For consistency the Etxerat figures have been used in the bar chart. According to Etxerat, as of July 2018 there were 277 people imprisoned due their activities in support of ETA or organizations linked to ETA. 226 are in Spain, 50 in France and one in Portugal. 38 are women, and 3 of these have young children with them. In 1989 the Spanish government began a policy of dispersal of Basque prisoners throughout Spain. The purpose was to restrict communication between ETA and its prisoners and to eventually reintegrate them into society. At the"
"All these steps were always carried out unilaterally, without any agreement with the Spanish or French governments. During these years, these governments continued to arrest ETA activists, including in several cases those members of the internal structure of ETA responsible for the disarmament. Faced with this impasse, three civil society figures in the Northern Basque Country contacted with ETA, and offered themselves to carry out the process of decommissioning. The incipient decommissioning process was thwarted on 16 December 2016, at Louhossoa/Luhuso, when five civilian activists were preparing the deactivation of an important quantity of weapons, about the 15% of ETA's"
"politicians improved their own security, ETA increasingly focused its attacks on the tourist seasons (scaring tourists was seen as a way of putting pressure on the government, given the sector's importance to the economy) and local government officials in the Basque Country. The group carried out numerous bombings against Spanish Government facilities and economic targets, including a car bomb assassination attempt on then-opposition leader Aznar in 1995, in which his armored car was destroyed but he was unhurt. The Spanish Government attributes over 800 deaths to ETA during its campaign of terrorism. On 17 May 2005, all the parties in"
"representatives of a region in Spain at most. The building today is the Instituto Cervantes premises where French people can learn any of the Spanish languages, including Basque. In 1959 ETA was created by young undergraduates from the area of Bilbao (organization EKIN) lured by Basque nationalist ideology, but increasingly disgruntled at the ineffective political action of the PNV, largely daunted by after-war repression and scattered in exile. In addition, the new generation resented an attempt of PNV to pull the strings of their movement and PNV's youth wing Euzko Gaztedi (EGI), with whom they had merged in the mid-50s,"