"Braeburn is such a desirable variety, commercial orchards and trees in regions and locations that have proven not susceptible to the browning disorder are being maintained. Since most home orchardists do not attempt very long term storage, they do not encounter the browning disorder. Braeburn The 'Braeburn' is a cultivar of apple that is firm to the touch with a red/orange vertical streaky appearance on a yellow/green background. Its color intensity varies with different growing conditions. It was discovered as a chance seedling in 1952 by the farmer O. Moran from Waiwhero in the Moutere Hills near Motueka, New Zealand."
"and may be toxic. According to some traditions, a blackberry's deep purple color represents Christ's blood and the crown of thorns was made of brambles, although other thorny plants, such as ""Crataegus"" (hawthorn) and ""Euphorbia milii"" (crown of thorns plant), have been proposed as the material for the crown. Blackberry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ""Rubus"" in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus ""Rubus"", and hybrids between the subgenera ""Rubus"" and ""Idaeobatus"". The taxonomy of the blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that"
"from the German ""Spirsäure"", a reference to ""Spiraea"". Native American groups had various medicinal uses for local ""Spiraea"" species. ""S. betulifolia"" was used for abdominal pain and made into a tea. The Blackfoot used ""S. splendens"" root in an enema and to treat venereal conditions. Native Americans found ""S. douglasii"" useful for making brooms and hanging seafood to cook. There are also numerous named hybrids, some occurring naturally in the wild, others bred in gardens, including several important ornamental plants: Spiraea Spiraea , sometimes spelled spirea in common names, is a genus of about 80 to 100 species of shrubs"
"distinct styles were developed. In East Asia, ""Pteridium aquilinum"" (bracken fiddleheads) is eaten as a vegetable, called ""warabi"" (蕨 / わらび) in Japan, ""gosari"" (고사리) in Korea, and ""juécài"" (蕨菜) in China and Taiwan. In Korea, a typical ""banchan"" (small side dish) is ""gosari-namul"" (고사리나물) that consists of prepared bracken fiddleheads that has been sauteed. It is a component of the popular dish ""bibimbap"". Bracken has been shown to be carcinogenic in some animals and some have suggested it could have some part in causing the high incidence of stomach cancer in Japan. It is currently under investigation as a"
"Bracovirus Bracovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Polydnaviridae. Bracoviruses are an ancient symbiotic virus contained in parasitic braconid wasps that evolved off of the ""nudivirus"" about 190 million years ago and has been evolving at least 100 million years. It is one of two genera belonging to the ""Polydnaviridae"" family, ""Ichnovirus"" being the other genus. There are currently 32 species in this genus including the type species Cotesia melanoscela bracovirus. Parasitoid wasps in the subfamilies Microgastrinae, Miracinae, Cheloninae, Cardiochilinae, Khoikhoiinae, and Mendesellinae are the natural hosts for ""Bracoviruses"", though the virus does not cause disease in these"
"Auburn hair Auburn hair is a variety of red hair, most commonly described as reddish-brown in color or dark ginger. Auburn hair ranges in shades from medium to dark. It can be found with a wide array of skin tones and eye colors, but as is the case with most red hair, it is commonly associated with light skin features. The chemical pigments that cause the coloration of auburn hair are frequently pheomelanin with high levels of eumelanin; however, the auburn hair is due to a mutated melanocortin 1 receptor gene in the people of Northwestern European descent and by"
"""D. braunii"" are widely marketed in the U.S.A. and the UK as ""lucky bamboo"", although only superficially resembling true bamboos. A naturally occurring bright red resin, dragon's blood, is collected from ""D. draco"" and, in ancient times, from ""D. cinnabari"". Modern dragon's blood is however more likely to be from the unrelated ""Daemonorops"" rattan palms. Dracaena (plant) Dracaena (, derived from the romanized form of the Ancient Greek – ""drakaina"", ""female dragon"") is a genus of about 120 species of trees and succulent shrubs. In the APG IV classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly"
"and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry. Most species are hermaphrodites, ""Rubus chamaemorus"" being an exception. The blackberries, as well as various other ""Rubus"" species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles. However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word ""ruber"", meaning ""red"". The scientific study of brambles is known as ""batology"". Examples of the hundreds"
"but so too do chestnut and burgundy. In contrast with the two, auburn is more red in color, while chestnut is more brown, and burgundy is more purple; chestnut hair is also often referred to as ""chestnut-brown"". The word ""auburn"" comes from the Old French word ""alborne"", which meant blond, coming from Latin word ""alburnus"" (""off-white""). The first recorded use of ""auburn"" in English was in 1430. The word was sometimes corrupted into ""abram"", for example in early (pre-1685) folios of ""Coriolanus"", Thomas Kyd's ""Soliman and Perseda"" (1588) and Thomas Middleton's ""Blurt, Master Constable"" (1601). Auburn hair is common among"
"to subdivide it into about ten species. Like other ferns, brackens do not have seeds or fruits, but the immature fronds, known as ""fiddleheads"", are sometimes eaten, although some are thought to be carcinogenic. (see Poisoning) The word bracken is of Old Norse origin, related to Swedish ""bräken"" and Danish ""bregne"", both meaning fern. Evolutionarily, bracken may be considered one of the most successful ferns. Bracken, like heather, is typically found in moorland environments, and is commonly referred to by local populations in the north of England as 'Moorland Scrub'. It is also one of the oldest ferns, with fossil"
"buffer. Bromelain (pharmacology) A concentrate of proteolytic enzymes from the pineapple plant enriched in bromelain is approved in Europe for the debridement (removal of eschar, that is dead and damaged tissue) of severe burn wounds under the trade name NexoBrid. In the US, it has completed Phase III clinical trials and has the tentative trade name Debrase. It was developed by MediWound, Germany; and Teva is responsible for development and marketing in the US. The medicine has been granted orphan drug status by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The medication is approved for burns of degrees IIb, i.e. deep partial"
"Virginia, where British soldiers consumed it while attempting to suppress Bacon's Rebellion. They spent 11 days in altered mental states: Fossil seeds like seeds of ""Datura stramonium"" have been found in Pliocene strata of Belarus. Also known as ""BURUNDANGA"" and ""ESCOPOLAMINA"" in Spanish : https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escopolamina Datura stramonium Datura stramonium, known by the English names jimsonweed or devil's snare, is a plant in the nightshade family. It is believed to have originated in Mexico, but has now become naturalized in many other regions.<ref name= 'NPGS/GRIN'></ref> Other common names for ""D. stramonium"" include thornapple and moon flower, and it has the Spanish"
"species of ""Kalanchoe"" are economically important for causing cardiotoxic effects in sheep and cattle, and diseases affecting the nervous system and muscles known as ""krimpsiekte"" (""shrinking disease"") or as cotyledonosis. ""Bryophyllum pinnatum"" may have similar chemical components, bufadienolide alkaloids. There are many hybrids within ""Bryophyllum"", and also hybrids with ""Kalanchoe"" such as ""Kalanchoe"" × ""crenatodaigremontiana"" (""B. laxiflorum"" (as the synonym ""B. crenatum"") × ""K. daigremontiana"") or Houghton's Hybrid (""K. daigremontianum"" × ""B. delagoense""). The three most commonly cultivated species are: Some other species in this section are: Bryophyllum Bryophyllum (from the Greek ""bryon/bryein"" = sprout, ""phyllon"" = leaf) is a"
"a transposon, LINE1, in humans. Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo[""a""]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the result of incomplete combustion of organic matter at temperatures between and . The ubiquitous compound can be found in coal tar, tobacco smoke and many foods, especially grilled meats. The substance with the formula CH is one of the benzopyrenes, formed by a benzene ring fused to pyrene. Its diol epoxide metabolites (more commonly known as BPDE) react and bind to DNA, resulting in mutations and eventually cancer. It is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. In the 18th century a scrotal cancer"
"Auburn turkey The Auburn, also known as the Light Brown, is a breed of domestic turkey. A heritage turkey, the Auburn is one of the rarest varieties currently in existence. It has been referenced by name in written records since the 18th century, and is named after the light reddish-brown color of its plumage. There is also an extremely rare variant of the Auburn, called the Silver Auburn. This is an old variety that was listed in receipts when transporting turkeys to markets in ""turkey trots"" during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Philadelphia. They are sex linked"
"Blackberry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ""Rubus"" in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus ""Rubus"", and hybrids between the subgenera ""Rubus"" and ""Idaeobatus"". The taxonomy of the blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that species have often been grouped together and called species aggregates. For example, the entire subgenus ""Rubus"" has been called the ""Rubus fruticosus"" aggregate, although the species ""R. fruticosus"" is considered a synonym of ""R. plicatus"". What distinguishes the blackberry from its raspberry relatives is whether or not the torus"
"opposed to just a pair. The species is frugivorous, feeding on a variety of fruits mixed with other foods. A comparison of the diets of the New World barebts found they were more frugivorous than the other barbets, and their diets were more similar to that of toucans. 62 different species of fruit from 20 families have been reported as being eaten; fruits of ""Cecropia"" trees have been shown to be especially important as food sources, as well as ""Clusia"". Other food taken includes insects such as termites, small reptiles, nectar, tree sap, and flower petals. The exact composition of"
"5-Bromouracil 5-Bromouracil (5-BrU, 5BrUra, or br5Ura) is a brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite or base analog, substituting for thymine in DNA, and can induce DNA mutation in the same way as 2-aminopurine. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside derivative (5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine) is used to treat neoplasms. 5-BrU exists in three tautomeric forms that have different base pairing properties. The keto form (shown in the infobox) is complementary to adenine, so it can be incorporated into DNA by aligning opposite adenine residues during DNA replication (see below left). Alternatively, the enol (below right)"
"related though not a member of the genus ""Tragopogon"". Salsifies are one example where hybrid speciation has been observed. In the early 1900s, humans introduced three species of goatsbeard into North America. These species, the western salsify (""T. dubius""), the meadow salsify (""T. pratensis""), and the oyster plant (""T. porrifolius""), are now common in urban areas. In the 1950s, botanists found two new species in the regions of Idaho and Washington, where the three already known species overlapped. One new species, ""Tragopogon miscellus"", is a tetraploid hybrid of ""T. dubius"" and ""T. pratensis"". The other species, ""Tragopogon mirus"", is also"
"variety with marionberry called ""Silvanberry"" in Australia. Classed under the blackberry family, Sylvanberry plants have many characteristics commonly found among other blackberry varieties. These plants are long living (15 to 20 years) perennials, hardy and cold tolerant, easy to grow, and productive spreaders. Boysenberries grow on low, trailing plants and are characterized by their soft texture, thin skins, and sweet-tart flavor. Mature fruits leak juice very easily and can start to decay within a few days of harvest. Boysenberry The boysenberry is a cross among the European raspberry (""Rubus idaeus""), European blackberry (""Rubus fruticosus""), American dewberry (""Rubus aboriginum""), and loganberry"
"Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo[""a""]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the result of incomplete combustion of organic matter at temperatures between and . The ubiquitous compound can be found in coal tar, tobacco smoke and many foods, especially grilled meats. The substance with the formula CH is one of the benzopyrenes, formed by a benzene ring fused to pyrene. Its diol epoxide metabolites (more commonly known as BPDE) react and bind to DNA, resulting in mutations and eventually cancer. It is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. In the 18th century a scrotal cancer of chimney sweepers, the chimney"
"enzymes enriched in bromelain is approved in Europe for the debridement (removal of dead tissue) of severe burn wounds under the trade name ""NexoBrid"". Systemic enzyme therapy (consisting of combinations of proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain) has been investigated in Europe to evaluate the efficacy in breast, colorectal, and plasmacytoma cancer patients. Bromelain may be effective as an adjunct therapy in relieving symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis in patients not treated with antibiotics. Bromelain is also claimed as a tooth plaque removal enhancer in toothpastes. Bromelain Bromelain is an enzyme extract derived from the stems of pineapples,"
"Barbarea Barbarea (winter cress or yellow rocket) is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest species diversity in southern Europe and southwest Asia. They are small herbaceous biennial or perennial plants with dark green, deeply lobed leaves and yellow flowers with four petals. They grow quickly into dandelion-like rosettes of edible, cress-like foliage. ""Barbarea verna"", also known as upland cress, early winter cress, American cress, Belle Isle cress and scurvy grass, is used in salads or to add a nippy taste to mixed"
"Bromelain (pharmacology) A concentrate of proteolytic enzymes from the pineapple plant enriched in bromelain is approved in Europe for the debridement (removal of eschar, that is dead and damaged tissue) of severe burn wounds under the trade name NexoBrid. In the US, it has completed Phase III clinical trials and has the tentative trade name Debrase. It was developed by MediWound, Germany; and Teva is responsible for development and marketing in the US. The medicine has been granted orphan drug status by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The medication is approved for burns of degrees IIb, i.e. deep partial skin"
"greens for cooking. Winter cress contains different glucosinolates, flavonoids and saponins. Barbarea Barbarea (winter cress or yellow rocket) is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest species diversity in southern Europe and southwest Asia. They are small herbaceous biennial or perennial plants with dark green, deeply lobed leaves and yellow flowers with four petals. They grow quickly into dandelion-like rosettes of edible, cress-like foliage. ""Barbarea verna"", also known as upland cress, early winter cress, American cress, Belle Isle cress and scurvy grass, is"
"Polygonum Polygonum is a genus of about 220 species of flowering plant in the buckwheat and knotweed family Polygonaceae. Common names include knotweed, knotgrass, bistort, tearthumb, mile-a-minute, smartweed and several others. In the Middle English glossary of herbs ""Alphita"" ( 1400–1425), it was known as ars-smerte. There have been various opinions about how broadly the genus should be defined. For example, buckwheat (""Fagopyrum esculentum"") has sometimes been included in the genus as ""Polygonum fagopyrum"". The genus primarily grows in northern temperate regions. The species are very diverse, ranging from prostrate herbaceous annual plants under high to erect herbaceous perennial plants"
"them, including the following: Only a few natural hybrids within the genus have been named as species, such as ""Epidendrum × doroteae"", ""Epidendrum × gransabanense"" and ""Epidendrum × purpureum"". ""Epidendrum"" orchids hybridize readily with members of other related genera, such as ""Cattleya"" (""Epicattleya"" is the accepted nothogenus for such a hybrid) ""Brassavola"" (producing a ""Brassoepidendrum""). There are also multi-generic hybrids, for example, ""Adamara"" is the nothogenus for hybrids containing ancestor species from each of the genera ""Brassavola"", ""Cattleya"", ""Epidendrum"", and ""Laelia"", but no others. Hybridization is thought to have a strong influence in diversification of this genus sometimes compromising the"
"Brown, who noted its similarity to ""Melaleuca"", distinguishing it only on the basis of whether the stamens are free of each other, or joined in bundles. Botanists in the past, including Ferdinand von Mueller and Lyndley Craven have proposed uniting the two genera but the matter is not decided. Evidence from DNA studies suggests that either ""Callistemon"" and some other genera be incorporated into ""Melaleuca"" or that at least 10 new genera be created from the present genus. In 2014, Lyndley Craven and others proposed, on the basis of DNA evidence, that species in the genera ""Beaufortia"", ""Calothamnus"", ""Conothamnus"", ""Eremaea"","
"willow, tea-leaved willow, small-leaved lime or European white elm. Common vegetation of various types of pine forests includes heather, crowberry, common juniper, eared willow, lingonberry, water horsetail, bracken, graminoids (i.e. grasses in the wider sense) ""Avenella flexuosa"" and ""Carex globularis"", mosses ""Pleurozium schreberi"", ""Sphagnum angustifolium"" and ""S. russowii"", and lichens ""Cladonia"" spp. Prominent in various spruce forests are wood horsetail, common wood sorrel, bilberry, lingonberry, graminoids ""Avenella flexuosa"", ""Calamagrostis arundinacea"", ""Carex globularis"", and mosses ""Polytrichum commune"" and ""Sphagnum girgensohnii"". Prominent vegetation of various birch forests include meadowsweet, common wood sorrel, bilberry and graminoids ""Calamagrostis arundinacea"" and ""C. canescens"". 1184 species"
"of some Lepidoptera species including common emerald, feathered thorn and setaceous Hebrew character. Some botanists also include the closely related North American species ""Heteromeles arbutifolia"" in ""Photinia"" — as ""Photinia arbutifolia"". The genus ""Stranvaesia"" is so similar in morphology to ""Photinia"" that its species have sometimes been included within it, but recent molecular data indicate that the two genera are not related. The genus ""Aronia"" has been included in ""Photinia"" in some classifications, but recent molecular data confirm that these genera are not closely related. Other close relatives include the firethorns (""Pyracantha""), cotoneasters (""Cotoneaster"") and hawthorns (""Crataegus""). A number of"
"Bromoethane Bromoethane, also known as ethyl bromide, is a chemical compound of the haloalkanes group. It is abbreviated by chemists as EtBr (which is also used as an abbreviation for ethidium bromide). This volatile compound has an ether-like odour. The preparation of EtBr stands as a model for the synthesis of bromoalkanes in general. It is usually prepared by the addition of HBr to ethene: Bromoethane is inexpensive and would rarely be prepared in the laboratory. A laboratory synthesis includes reacting ethanol with a mixture of hydrobromic and sulfuric acids. An alternate route involves refluxing ethanol with phosphorus and bromine;"
"""Ixobrychus"" contains mainly small species: The genus ""Botaurus"" is the larger bitterns: The genus ""Zebrilus"" includes only one species: Bittern Bittern is a common name given to birds belonging to the subfamily Botaurinae of the heron family Ardeidae. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive than other members of the family. They were called ""hæferblæte"" in Old English; the word ""bittern"" came to English from Old French ""butor"", itself from Gallo-Roman ""butitaurus"", a compound of Latin ""būtiō"" and ""taurus"".. Bitterns usually frequent reed beds and similar marshy areas, and feed on amphibians, reptiles, insects, and fish. Unlike the"
"tandem mass spectrometric distinction in a geographically structured polymorphism in the crucifer Barbarea vulgaris. Phytochemistry 115, 130-142. Barbarea vulgaris Barbarea vulgaris, also called bittercress, herb barbara, rocketcress, yellow rocketcress, winter rocket, and wound rocket, is a biennial herb of the genus ""Barbarea"", belonging to the mustard family. This plant grows to about high, with a maximum of . The stem is ribbed and hairless, branched at the base. It has a basal rosettes of shiny, dark green leaves. The basal leaves are stalked and lyre-pinnatifid, that is with a large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes. The cauline leaves are"