"are familiar but are not pronounceable as words. ... Such terms are also called ""initialisms""."" A clearer distinction has also been drawn by Pyles & Algeo (1970), who divided ""acronyms"" as a general category into ""word acronyms"" pronounced as words, and ""initialisms"" sounded out as letters. There is no special term for abbreviations whose pronunciation involves the combination of letter names and words or word-like pronunciations of strings of letters, such as ""JPEG"" and ""MS-DOS"" . There is also some disagreement as to what to call abbreviations that some speakers pronounce as letters and others pronounce as a word. For"
"initialism (or alphabetism)an abbreviation formed from a string of initials (and possibly pronounced as individual letters). Some dictionaries include additional senses equating ""acronym"" with ""initialism"". The distinction, when made, hinges on whether the abbreviation is pronounced as a word or as a string of individual letters. Examples in reference works that make the distinction include ""NATO"" , ""scuba"" , and ""radar"" for acronyms; and ""FBI"" , ""CRT"" , and ""HTML"" for initialisms. The rest of this article uses ""acronym"" for both types of abbreviation. The distinction is not well-maintained. According to ""Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage"": ""A number of commentators"
"the affix derives a new lexeme. The word ""independent"", for example, is derived from the word ""dependent"" by using the prefix ""in-"", while ""dependent"" itself is derived from the verb ""depend"". There is also word formation in the processes of clipping in which a portion of a word is removed to create a new one, blending in which two parts of different words are blended into one, acronyms in which each letter of the new word represents a specific word in the representation i.e. NATO for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, borrowing in which words from one language are taken and"
"continues to this day and has expanded to other countries in Europe. The first NATO Secretary General, the British Lord Ismay, famously stated the organization's initial goal was ""to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down."" From the late 20th century, the four most powerful members of the European Union — the UK, France, Italy and Germany — are referred to as the EU big four. They are major European powers and the only EU countries individually represented as full members of the G7, the G8 and the G20. The NATO Quint is made up by"
"by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a"
"literal reading of the English initialism for Voice of America; and ""NASA"" (), borrowed directly from the English acronym. As in Chinese, many compound words can be shortened to the first syllable when forming a longer word. For example, the term Việt Cộng is derived from the first syllables of ""Việt Nam"" (Vietnam) and ""Cộng sản"" (communist). This mechanism is limited to Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. Unlike with Chinese, such shortened words are considered portmanteau words or blend words rather than acronyms or initialisms, because the Vietnamese alphabet still requires each component word to be written as more than one character. In"
"bevy of other terms to cynical GIs ridiculing the United States Army's penchant for acronyms. Military slang Military slang is an array of colloquial terminology used commonly by military personnel, including slang which is unique to or originates with the armed forces. In English-speaking countries, it often takes the form of abbreviations/acronyms or derivations of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet, or otherwise incorporates aspects of formal military terms and concepts. Military slang is often used to reinforce or reflect (usually friendly and humorous) interservice rivalries. A number of military slang terms are acronyms. Rick Atkinson ascribes the origin of SNAFU (Situation"
"acronyms longer than three letters; thus ""U.S."" and ""FDR"" in normal caps, but """" in small caps. The acronyms ""AD"" and ""BC"" are often smallcapped as well, as in: ""From "". Words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case, so the root acronym is clear. For example, ""pre-WWII politics"", ""post-NATO world"", ""DNAase"". In some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case. For example, ""messenger RNA"" and ""transfer RNA"" become ""mRNA"" and ""tRNA"". Some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms, reserving all-caps styling for initialisms, writing the pronounced"
"acronyms ""Nato"" and ""Aids"" in mixed case, but the initialisms ""USA"" and ""FBI"" in all caps. For example, this is the style used in ""The Guardian"", and BBC News typically edits to this style (though its official style guide, dating from 2003, still recommends all-caps). The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme. Some style manuals also base the letters' case on their number. ""The New York Times"", for example, keeps ""NATO"" in all capitals (while several guides in the British press may render it ""Nato""), but uses lower case in ""UNICEF"""
"make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents. The NATO alphabet appeared in some United States Air Force Europe publications during the Cold War. A particular example was the Ramstein Air Base, Telephone Directory published between 1969 and 1973 (currently out of print). The USA and NATO versions had differences and the translation was provided as a convenience. Differences included Alfa, Bravo and Able, Baker for the first two letters. The NATO phonetic spelling alphabet was first adopted on January 1, 1956, while the ICAO radiotelephony spelling alphabet was still undergoing"
"research, and published the new official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. NATO was in the process of adopting the ICAO spelling alphabet, and apparently felt enough urgency that it adopted the proposed new alphabet with changes based on NATO's own research, to become effective on January 1, 1956, but quickly issued a new directive on March 1, 1956 adopting the now official ICAO spelling alphabet, which had changed by one word (November) from NATO's earlier request to ICAO"
"forming verbs is the combination of a word (often a loan from Arabic or Avar) and the Tsez verbs ""-oq-"" (""to stay, to become"") or ""-od-"" (""to do""), although some combinations can also be formed with other verbs. Note that only the second word is inflected, while the first one remains uninflected. Some examples are: Noun phrases (NP) per definition have a nominal head, which can be a noun, a pronoun or a substantivized expression such as a participle with the nominalizer ""-łi"", verbal nouns (masdars) or substantivized restrictive adjectives (as in English: ""the older one"")—the latter one bears the"
"aircraft, or ""F""ulcrum for a fighter aircraft. A one syllable name refers to a propeller aircraft, a two syllable name to refers aircraft with jet engines. NATO reporting name NATO reporting names are code names for military equipment of Russia, China, and, historically, the former Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw Pact). They provide unambiguous and easily understood English words in a uniform manner in place of the original designations, which either may have been unknown to the Western world at the time or easily confused codes. For example, the Russian bomber jet Tupolev Tu-160 is"
"NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. Although often called ""phonetic alphabets"", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood"
"a modified form of the ""International Code of Signals"". Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally named the code words used to spell out messages by ""voice"" its ""phonetic alphabet"". The name ""NATO phonetic alphabet"" became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global. However, ATP-1 is marked ""NATO Confidential"" (or the lower ""NATO Restricted"") so it is not available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to"
"or higher. For example, the collective ""Checkmate"" might be assigned to an entire company and thus ""Checkmate Red 6"" would be the first platoon leader (platoons are red for first, white for second, blue for third, black for headquarters, and often additional colors for other portions under the command), ""Checkmate white 6"" to the second platoon leader, etc. ""Checkmate 6"" is the Company Commander and ""Checkmate 6 Romeo"" is the commander's radio-telephone operator (Romeo the NATO phonetic of the letter R). Under NATO conventions, 6 is designated the commander or leader, 5 the second-in-command or executive officer, 7 the chief"
"""team"" and ""boat,"" ""soifo"" from French ""soif)."" However, each root can then form dozens of derivations which may bear little resemblance to equivalent words in the source languages, such as ""registaro"" (government), which is derived from the Latinate root ""reg"" (to rule) but has a morphology closer to German or Russian. Zamenhof took most of his Esperanto root words from languages of the Italic and Germanic families, principally Italian, French, German, Yiddish, and English. A large number are what might be called common European international vocabulary, or generic Romance: Roots common to several languages, such as ""vir-"" ""man"", found in"
"as in ""NATO"". The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme. When a multiple-letter abbreviation is formed from a single word, periods are in general not used, although they may be common in informal usage. ""TV"", for example, may stand for a ""single"" word (""television"" or ""transvestite"", for instance), and is in general spelled without punctuation (except in the plural). Although ""PS"" stands for the single word ""postscript"" (or the Latin ""postscriptum""), it is often spelled with periods (""P.S.""). The slash ('/', or ""solidus"") is sometimes used to separate the letters in"
"Another global organisation, known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), was established on 4 April 1949 with Britain one of its founding members. The creation of NATO signified the beginning of the ""Cold War"" between the ideologically divided ""Western Allies"" and the Eastern Communist powers, controlled by the Soviet Union; they created their own NATO equivalent in 1955, known as the Warsaw Pact. An integral part of NATO's defences in the now divided Europe was the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in West Germany, the British Army's new overseas 'home' that replaced independent India. The British Army, just"
"the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO); and by many military organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the now-defunct Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the ITU (beginning on April 1, 1969) and the IMO define compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...)."
"for ""E"", or ""Yesterday"" for ""Y"". With the ultimate goal of clarity, especially in circumstances where signals can be garbled, the use of the word ""Ocean"" seems to be advantageous in the radio communication of the letter ""O"" because it begins with the long, clear vowel ""O"". The phonetic words ""Ida"" and ""Union"" feature this same advantage. However, spelling alphabets seem to rarely use initial long vowels. With the exception of ""Uniform"", none of the initial vowels in the NATO alphabet is like this. In an earlier U.S. military alphabet, ""A"" was indicated by ""Able"", which does start with a"
"Amalgamation (names) An amalgamated name is a name that is formed by combining several previously existing names. These may take the form of an acronym (where only one letter of each name is taken) or a blend (where a large part of each name is taken, such as the first syllable). Amalgamated names are most commonly used for amalgamated businesses, characters and places. Newly arising partnerships may also choose to name themselves by amalgamating their names. Amalgamation is also a term used in linguistics when a compound contains roots from several languages, without it being part of a blended language."
"two parts: The first four digits are the NATO Supply Classification Group (NSCG) code. This relates the item to the NATO Supply Group (digits 1 & 2) and NATO Supply Class (digits 3 & 4) of similar items that it belongs to. For examples, see ""List of NATO Supply Classification Groups"". The next 9 digits make up the National Item Identification Number / NATO Item Identification Number (NIIN). The NIIN has lately become alphanumeric (digits and uppercase letters) due to the vast array of items in the NSN, recently adopting the use of the uppercase letter C in place of"
"as Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German and Dutch. However, this is merely an orthographic convention: As in other Germanic languages, arbitrary noun phrases, for example ""girl scout troop"", ""city council member"", and ""cellar door"", can be made up on the spot and used as compound nouns in speech, also in English. In the Russian language compounding is a common type of word formation, and several types of compounds exist, both in terms of compounded parts of speech and of the way of the formation of a compound. Compound nouns may be agglutinative compounds, hyphenated compounds (стол-книга 'folding table' lit. 'table-book', i.e.,"
"DC. The need to back up the commitments of the North Atlantic Treaty with appropriate political and military structures led to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). In December 1950, with the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), the members of the Treaty of Brussels decided to transfer the headquarters, personnel, and plans of the Western Union Military Organisation (WUDO) to NATO. NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) took over responsibility for the defence of Western Europe, while the physical headquarters in Fontainebleau were transformed into NATO's Headquarters, Allied Forces"
"at the beginning of a word is written with a rough breathing, equivalent to ""h"" ( ""rh""), and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second ( ""rrh""). That apparently reflected an aspirated or voiceless pronunciation in Ancient Greek, which led to the various Greek-derived English words starting with ""rh"" or contain ""rrh"". The name of the letter is written in Greek as (polytonic) or ρω/ρο (monotonic). Letters that arose from rho include Roman R and Cyrillic Er (Р). The characters ρ and ϱ are"
"to use the term ""element (στοιχεῖον, ""stoicheion"")"" in reference to air, fire, earth, and water. The ancient Greek word for element, ""stoicheion"" (from ""stoicheo"", ""to line up"") meant ""smallest division (of a sun-dial), a syllable"", as the composing unit of an alphabet it could denote a letter and the smallest unit from which a word is formed. A similar alphabetic metaphor may be the origin of the equivalent Latin word ""elementum"" (from which the English word comes), possibly based on the names of the letters 'l', 'm', and 'n', though the validity of this idea is debated. In his ""On"
"account’). Acronyms are classified into two groups: those consisting only of initials (""betűszók"" lit. ‘letter-words’), and those consisting parts of the original word (""szóösszevonások"" ‘word contractions’). The first group is divided again by whether they denote proper names (written in uppercase, e.g. ""ENSZ < Egyesült Nemzetek Szövetsége"" ‘United Nations Organization’, note that both letters of the digraphs ""SZ"" are capitalized) or common names (written in lowercase, e.g. ""vb < végrehajtó bizottság"" ‘executive committee’, note that it is written as one word despite the two elements). Some acronyms created from common names are still written in uppercase, though, especially in sciences"
"international military alliance of European countries known as NATO to counterbalance the Soviets' Warsaw Pact and until communist rule in Eastern Europe ended in the late 1980s. The Communists emerged from the war sharing the vast prestige of the victorious Soviet armed forces, and for a while it looked as though they might take power in France, Italy and Greece. The West quickly acted to prevent this from happening, hence the Cold War. In Greece the German occupation (April 1941 – October 1944) destroyed the economy through war reparations, plundering of the country's resources and hyper-inflation. In addition, the Germans"
"from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the term for the United Nations, ""kokusai rengō"" (国際連合) is often abbreviated to ""kokuren"" (国連). (Such abbreviations are called (略語) in Japanese; see also Japanese abbreviated and contracted words). The syllabic abbreviation is frequently used for universities: for instance, ""Běidà"" (北大) for ""Běijīng Dàxué"" (北京大学, Peking University) and ""Tōdai"" (東大) for ""Tōkyō daigaku"" (東京大学, University of Tokyo). The English phrase ""Gung ho"" originated as a Chinese abbreviation. Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by the US Navy, as it increases readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to"
"and some formerly neutral states taking in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, Spain and Greece became the Western Bloc. Canada, the United States, and the European countries among this group formed a military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, to oppose the Eastern Bloc and their military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, which was composed of the wartime Allies Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union, the ex-Axis powers of Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary and Romania as well as Albania. The conflict between the Eastern and Western Blocs became known as the Cold War. Though initially politically close"
"from each other as possible, to minimise the likelihood of ambiguity or mistaking one letter for another. For example, if a burst of static cuts off the start of an English-language utterance of the letter ""J"", it may be mistaken for ""A"" or ""K"". In the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet known as the ICAO (or NATO) phonetic alphabet, the sequence ""J–A–K"" would be pronounced ""Juliet–Alpha–Kilo"". Some voice procedure standards require numbers to be spelled out digit by digit, so some spelling alphabets replace confusable digit names with more distinct alternatives; for example, the NATO alphabet has “niner” for 9 to"
"terms are sometimes also seen within NATO. Thus, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the CHOD of the United States, the Chief of the Defence Staff is the CHOD of United Kingdom, and the Chief of Defence (""Forsvarssjefen"") is the CHOD of Norway. Both NATO and EU occasionally hold CHODs meetings of the NATO Military Committee and the European Union Military Committee respectively. Within member states of NATO, the following national positions are the CHOD positions. Sometimes more than one form of translation into English is encountered. Within the EU member states that are not members of"