"Copper arsenate tetrahydrate, Cu(AsO).4HO, occurs naturally as the mineral rollandite. Copper arsenate hydroxide or basic copper arsenate (Cu(OH)AsO) is a basic variant with CAS number . It is found naturally as the mineral olivenite. It is used as an insecticide, fungicide, and miticide. Its use is banned in Thailand since 2001. Copper(II) arsenate Copper arsenate (Cu(AsO).4HO, or CuH(AsO).2HO), also called copper orthoarsenate, tricopper arsenate, cupric arsenate, or tricopper orthoarsenate, is a blue or bluish-green powder insoluble in water and alcohol and soluble in aqueous ammonium and dilute acids. Its CAS number is or . Copper arsenate is an insecticide used"
"Chalcopyrite Chalcopyrite ( ) is a copper iron sulfide mineral that crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has the chemical formula CuFeS. It has a brassy to golden yellow color and a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. Its streak is diagnostic as green tinged black. On exposure to air, chalcopyrite oxidises to a variety of oxides, hydroxides and sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfides bornite (CuFeS), chalcocite (CuS), covellite (CuS), digenite (CuS); carbonates such as malachite and azurite, and rarely oxides such as cuprite (CuO). Chalcopyrite is rarely found in association with native copper. Natural"
"The mineral was given this name due to its resemblance to the leaves of the mallow plant. Malachite was extensively mined at the Great Orme mines in Britain 3,800 years ago using stone and bone tools. Archaeological evidence indicates that mining activity ended around 600 B.C.E with up to 1,760 tonnes of copper being produced from the mined Malachite. Archaeological evidence indicates that the mineral has been mined and smelted to obtain copper at Timna Valley in Israel for over 3,000 years. Since then, malachite has been used as both an ornamental stone and as a gemstone. In ancient Egypt"
"has also been reported from Salamanca Province, Spain; the Organullo Mining District of Salta Province, Argentina; and the Delamar Mountains of Lincoln County, Nevada, US. Mohite Mohite is a copper tin sulfide mineral with the chemical formula CuSnS. It is colored greenish gray and leaves a gray streak. It is opaque and has metallic luster. Its crystal system is triclinic pedial. It is rated 4 on the Mohs Scale and has a specific gravity of 4.86. Mohite was first described in 1982 for an occurrence in the Chatkal-Kuramin Mountains of eastern Uzbekistan. It was named after Günter Harald Moh (1929–1993),"
"Chalcocite Chalcocite (), copper(I) sulfide (CuS), is an important copper ore mineral. It is opaque and dark-gray to black with a metallic luster. It has a hardness of - 3 on the Mohs scale. It is a sulfide with an orthorhombic crystal system. The term chalcocite comes from the alteration of the obsolete name ""chalcosine"", from the Greek ""khalkos"", meaning copper. It is also known as redruthite, vitreous copper and copper-glance. Chalcocite is sometimes found as a primary vein mineral in hydrothermal veins. However, most chalcocite occurs in the supergene enriched environment below the oxidation zone of copper deposits as"
"Maucherite Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group ""P4""22 or ""P4""22. It has the chemical formula: NiAs and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities. It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German mineral"
"collector. Maucherite Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group ""P4""22 or ""P4""22. It has the chemical formula: NiAs and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities. It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German"
"Mohawkite Mohawkite is a rare rock consisting of mixtures of arsenic , silver, nickel, skutterudite and copper, with the formula CuAs up to CuAs, and the most desirable material was usually found in white quartz matrix. It has a hardness of 3-3.5 and a metallic luster. It is named after the Mohawk mine where it was originally found. Colors range from brassy-yellow to metallic gray, and sometimes will have a blue or greenish surface tarnish. These colors come from its two main ingredients, the arsenic-rich copper minerals algodonite and domeykite. Its color may resemble pyrrhotite, but unlike pyrrhotite, mohawkite is"
"Mohite Mohite is a copper tin sulfide mineral with the chemical formula CuSnS. It is colored greenish gray and leaves a gray streak. It is opaque and has metallic luster. Its crystal system is triclinic pedial. It is rated 4 on the Mohs Scale and has a specific gravity of 4.86. Mohite was first described in 1982 for an occurrence in the Chatkal-Kuramin Mountains of eastern Uzbekistan. It was named after Günter Harald Moh (1929–1993), University of Heidelberg. It is of hydrothermal origin and occurs associated with tetrahedrite, famatinite, kuramite, mawsonite and emplectite in the type locality in Uzbekistan. It"
"copper(II) oxide powder. Characteristic of a carbonate, specimens effervesce upon treatment with hydrochloric acid. The optical properties (color, intensity) of minerals such as azurite and malachite are characteristic of copper(II). Many coordination complexes of copper(II) exhibit similar colors. As explained within the context of ligand field theory, the colors result from low energy d-d transitions associated with the d metal center. Azurite is unstable in open air compared to malachite, and often is pseudomorphically replaced by malachite. This weathering process involves the replacement of some of the carbon dioxide (CO) units with water (HO), changing the carbonate:hydroxide ratio of azurite"
"but it leaves the original mineral's crystal shape intact. Chalcocite has been known to form pseudomorphs of the minerals bornite, covellite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, enargite, millerite, galena and sphalerite. Chalcocite Chalcocite (), copper(I) sulfide (CuS), is an important copper ore mineral. It is opaque and dark-gray to black with a metallic luster. It has a hardness of - 3 on the Mohs scale. It is a sulfide with an orthorhombic crystal system. The term chalcocite comes from the alteration of the obsolete name ""chalcosine"", from the Greek ""khalkos"", meaning copper. It is also known as redruthite, vitreous copper and copper-glance. Chalcocite"
"Muscovite Muscovite (also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula KAl(AlSiO)(FOH), or (KF)(AlO)(SiO)(HO). It has a highly perfect basal cleavage yielding remarkably thin laminae (sheets) which are often highly elastic. Sheets of muscovite 5 meters × 3 meters (16.5 feet × 10 feet) have been found in Nellore, India. Muscovite has a Mohs hardness of 2–2.25 parallel to the [001] face, 4 perpendicular to the [001] and a specific gravity of 2.76–3. It can be colorless or tinted through grays, browns, greens, yellows, or (rarely) violet or red,"
"the deep blue color of low-humidity desert and winter skies. The modern English name of the mineral reflects this association, since both ""azurite"" and ""azure"" are derived via Arabic from the Persian ""lazhward"" (لاژورد), an area known for its deposits of another deep blue stone, lapis lazuli (""stone of azure""). Azurite is one of the two basic copper(II) carbonate minerals, the other being bright green malachite. Simple copper carbonate (CuCO) is not known to exist in nature. Azurite has the formula Cu(CO)(OH), with the copper(II) cations linked to two different anions, carbonate and hydroxide. Small crystals of azurite can be"
"in the orthorhombic system. Usually a pale turquoise-blue, with a pale blue streak and an adamantine to silky luster. It is quite hard, with hardness 5.5 to 6, close to that of feldspar, and specific gravity 3.6 to 3.8. Optically it is biaxial (+), with refractive indices between 1.64 and 1.74, and pleochroic. Plancheite is a secondary mineral formed in the oxidized zone of copper deposits, associated with other copper minerals chrysocolla, dioptase, malachite, conichalcite and tenorite. It occurs with primary malachite at the Milpillas Mine in Mexico. The type locality is the Sanda Mine, Mindouli, Pool Region, Republic of"
"Chalcanthite Chalcanthite, whose name derives from the Greek, ""chalkos"" and ""anthos"", meaning copper flower, is a richly colored blue/green water-soluble sulfate mineral CuSO·5HO. It is commonly found in the late-stage oxidation zones of copper deposits. Due to its ready solubility, chalcanthite is more common in arid regions. Chalcanthite is a pentahydrate and the most common member of a group of similar hydrated sulfates, the chalcanthite group. These other sulfates are identical in chemical composition to chalcanthite, with the exception of replacement of the copper ion by either manganese as jokokuite, iron as siderotil, or magnesium as pentahydrite. Other names include"
"the mineral azurite. It too has been used as pigment, sometimes under the name mountain blue or blue verditer. Both malachite and azurite can be found in the verdigris patina that is found on weathered brass, bronze, and copper. The composition of the patina can vary, in a maritime environment depending on the environment a basic chloride may be present, in an urban environment basic sulfates may be present. This compound is often improperly called (even in chemistry articles) copper carbonate, cupric carbonate, and similar names. The true (neutral) copper(II) carbonate CuCO is not known to occur naturally. It is"
"Mixite Mixite is a rare copper bismuth arsenate mineral with formula: BiCu(AsO)(OH)·3(HO). It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system typically occurring as radiating acicular prisms and massive encrustations. The color varies from white to various shades of green and blue. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 3.8. It has an uneven fracture and a brilliant to adamantine luster. It occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. Associated minerals include: bismutite, smaltite, native bismuth, atelestite, erythrite, malachite and barite. It was discovered in 1879 near J´achymov, Czech Republic"
"Apachite Apachite is a copper silicate mineral with a general formula of CuSiO·11HO. The name is associated with the Apache tribe residents of the area near the Christmas copper mine in the Dripping Spring Mountains of Gila County, Arizona, the location where apachite was first described in 1980. Apachite has monoclinic crystal symmetry, displaying 3 axes of unequal length with two of the axes perpendicular to each other as well as one angle oriented less than 90°. The mineral has a maximum birefringence value of δ = 0.040 which describes the difference between the highest and lowest index of refraction"
"Kampfite Kampfite is a rare barium silicate–carbonate–halide mineral with formula: Ba(SiAl)O(CO)Cl. Discovered in 1964 and described in 2001, it is named after Anthony R. Kampf. The mineral is known only from Fresno County, California. Kampfite is translucent and light blue-gray in color. Specimens occur as irregular masses up to in size. When first described, the formula was identified as Ba[(Si,Al)O](CO)Cl(Cl,HO). Subsequent work on analyzing the crystal structure led to a revised formula of Ba(SiAl)O(CO)Cl. The structural HO noted in the original description was not found in the later work. The structure consists of double layers of tetrahedra connected by barium-containing"
"Fuchsite Fuchsite, also known as chrome mica, is a chromium (Cr) rich variety of the mineral muscovite, belonging to the mica group of phyllosilicate minerals, with the following formula: K(Al,Cr)(AlSiO)(OH). Trivalent chromium replaces one of the aluminium (Al) atoms in the general muscovite formula producing the apple green hue distinctive of fuchsite. It is often found in minute micaceous aggregates (with individual plates barely visible), as a major component of chromium rich phyllitic or schistose metamorphic rocks of the greenschist facies. Verdite is an impure often multicolored variety of fuchsite used for ornamental carvings. Fuchsite is named after the German"
"produce different pigmentation. If malayaite is chromium-doped, it produces a pink-red color while with nickel, it produces a purple color. Pink chromium-doped malayaite Ca(Sn,Cr)SiO is among a few important minerals used in producing pigments for the ceramic industry, specifically for coloring glazes as it produces a resilient color. This mineral is generally found in tin-rich contact metamorphic skarn deposits. There is a possibility that malayaite is a hydrothermal altered form of cassiterite-quartz assemblage or some tin-bearing mineral. There have been specimens that were found with malayaite as a coating mineral on cassiterite. Malayaite Malayaite is a calcium tin silicate mineral"
"chemist and mineralogist Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs. Fuchsite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. Common colour of the mineral is pale green to emerald green depending on the amount of Cr substitution. The micaceous crystals are flexible and slightly sectile with a hardness of 2-2.5 on the Mohs scale. Fuchsite fluoresces lime green under long wave UV light. Fuchsite's radioactivity due to its potassium (K) content is barely detectable. Fuchsite Fuchsite, also known as chrome mica, is a chromium (Cr) rich variety of the mineral muscovite, belonging to the mica group of phyllosilicate minerals, with the following formula: K(Al,Cr)(AlSiO)(OH). Trivalent"
"Wallwork ""et al."" being published later in 2002. Decrespignyite-(Y) Decrespignyite-(Y) is a copper yttrium rare earth carbonate chloride hydrate; Usually found as single pseudohexagonal platelets, often curved, and regularly measuring 10-50μm in size. It appears as royal blue to turquoise blue in colour, with a pale blue streak, and a pearly to vitreous lustre. Regarded as a supergene mineral which is believed to be formed through by mildly carbonated ground waters precipitating through the ore body. It is often associated with malachite, kamphaugite-(Y), donnayite-(Y) and caysichite-(Y) First discovered at the Paratoo copper mine, near Yunta, Olary district, South Australia; Decrespignyite-(Y)"
"Paramelaconite Paramelaconite is a rare, black-colored copper oxide mineral with formula CuCuO (or CuO). It was discovered in the Copper Queen Mine in Bisbee, Arizona, about 1890. It was described in 1892 and more fully in 1941. Its name is derived from the Greek word for ""near"" and the similar mineral melaconite, now known as tenorite. Paramelaconite is black to black with a slight purple tint in color, and is white with a pinkish brown tint in reflected light. The mineral occurs with massive habit or as crystals up to . A yellow color is formed when the mineral is"
"Decrespignyite-(Y) Decrespignyite-(Y) is a copper yttrium rare earth carbonate chloride hydrate; Usually found as single pseudohexagonal platelets, often curved, and regularly measuring 10-50μm in size. It appears as royal blue to turquoise blue in colour, with a pale blue streak, and a pearly to vitreous lustre. Regarded as a supergene mineral which is believed to be formed through by mildly carbonated ground waters precipitating through the ore body. It is often associated with malachite, kamphaugite-(Y), donnayite-(Y) and caysichite-(Y) First discovered at the Paratoo copper mine, near Yunta, Olary district, South Australia; Decrespignyite-(Y) was first brought to the attention of Dr."
"it is insufficient in identification. Other useful tests include associated minerals, crystal habit, solubility and subsequent coloring of the water blue. Chalcanthite can also dye materials blue when dissolved in water, and has a peculiarly sweet and metallic taste, although consuming it can induce dangerous copper poisoning. Chalcanthite Chalcanthite, whose name derives from the Greek, ""chalkos"" and ""anthos"", meaning copper flower, is a richly colored blue/green water-soluble sulfate mineral CuSO·5HO. It is commonly found in the late-stage oxidation zones of copper deposits. Due to its ready solubility, chalcanthite is more common in arid regions. Chalcanthite is a pentahydrate and the"
"green tints of the specific dyes. Copper sulfate was used in the past as an emetic. It is now considered too toxic for this use. It is still listed as an antidote in the World Health Organization's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is a white solid. It can be produced by dehydration of the normally available pentahydrate copper sulfate. In nature, it found as the very rare mineral known as chalcocyanite. The pentahydrate also occurs in nature as chalcanthite. Two other copper sulfates comprise the remaining of these rare minerals: bonattite (trihydrate) and boothite (heptahydrate). Copper sulfate"
"Note the ""male/female yellow"" contrast between orange-red ""xionghuang"" (雄黃 ""realgar"") and yellow-red ""cihuang"" (雌黃 ""orpiment""). Compared with chapter 4's list of the Five Minerals, this version rearranges three ingredients (cinnabar, realgar, and stratified malachite) and replaces two: ""baifan"" (白礬 ""arsenolite"") with ""cihuang"" (雌黃 ""orpiment"") and ""cishi"" (慈石 ""magnetite"") with the graphically similar ""fanshi"" (礬石 ""alum""). In traditional ""wuxing"" ""five phases/elements"" theory, the correlating ""wuse"" (五色 ""five colors"") are blue, yellow, red, white, and black (青, 赤, 黄, 白, and 黑). Needham says, The [chapter 4] series cinnabar, realgar, alum, malachite and magnetite would be most consonant with the colours (red,"
"Margarite Margarite is a calcium rich member of the mica group of the phyllosilicates with formula: CaAl(AlSi)O(OH). It forms white to pinkish or yellowish gray masses or thin laminae. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. It typically has a specific gravity of around 3 and a Mohs hardness of 4. It is translucent with perfect 010 cleavage and exhibits crystal twinning. It occurs commonly as an alteration product of corundum, andalusite and other aluminous minerals. It has been reported as forming alteration pseudomorphs of chiastolite along with muscovite and paragonite. The margarite in this occurrence forms preferentially along the"
"of approximately 2.50 on the Mohs scale. When exposed to polarized light, it displays a range of colors varying from creamy white to dark blue. The display of these distinct colors, along with its reflectivity, allows athabascaite to be easily distinguished from other copper selenide minerals. It displays strong anisotropy and distinct birefringence. After being discovered in Canada, a few other samples have been found in Petrovice, Vysočina Region, Predborice, and Koksin Hill, Czech Republic; Puy-de-Dôme, France; Kalmar, Sweden; La Rioja Province, Argentina; and most recently Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo); all of which were found in or near uranium"
"Chatkalite Chatkalite is a copper, iron, tin sulfide mineral with formula CuFeSnS. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system and forms as rounded dissemations within tetrahedrite in quartz veins. Chatkalite can have sizes ranging from rounded grains of about 100 micron when found within a tetrahedrite. It has a metallic luster, a hardness of 274 on the Vickers scale and a hardness of 4.5 on the Mohs scale. It has a color of pale rose in reflected light with no internal reflection. Its diaphaneity can be described as opaque. It does not exhibit any cleavage or twinning properties. Chatkalite is"
"Antlerite Antlerite is a greenish hydrous copper sulfate mineral, with the formula Cu(SO)(OH). It occurs in tabular, acicular, or fibrous crystals with a vitreous luster. Originally believed to be a rare mineral, antlerite was found to be the primary ore of the oxidised zones in several copper mines across the world, including the Chuquicamata mine in Chile, and the Antler mine in Arizona, US from which it takes its name. It is chemically and optically similar in many respects to other copper minerals such as malachite and brochantite, though it can be distinguished from the former by a lack of"
"was found on a copper pin in St. Mark's Basilica, Venice and in two different Mayan paintings. Along with pseudomalachite, chalconatronite was found on an illuminated manuscript from the sixteenth century. Synthetic chalconatronite could have possibly been made in ancient China as a form of pigment, named ""synthetic malachite"". It was made by taking copper oxide and boiling it with white alum in a ""sufficient amount of water"". After the result is cooled, a natron solution would be added to precipitate a synthetic form of chalconatronite, as sodium copper carbonate. Chalconatronite Chalconatronite is a carbonate mineral and rare secondary copper"