"VF-8 (1943-5) Fighter Squadron 8 or VF-8 was an aviation unit of the U.S. Navy, originally established on 1 June 1943, it was disestablished on 23 November 1945. It was the second US Navy squadron to be designated VF-8. VF-8 under the command of Lt Cdr William M. Collins Jr. was initially assigned to the during that ship's shakedown cruise in the Caribbean. In March 1944 the squadron was deployed as part of Carrier Air Group 8 (CVG-8) aboard the until October 1944. During this deployment VF-8 pilot Lt. Edward L. Feightner scored 5 victories bringing his total score to"
"8 is a factor of 10 (1000), so 1/8 and other fractions with a denominator of 8 can not require more than 3 fractional decimal digits to terminate. 5/8 = 0.625 For duodecimal, 12 = 2 * 3. This has (2""n""+1)(""n""+1) divisors. The sample denominator of 8 is a factor of a gross (12 = 144), so eighths can not need more than two duodecimal fractional places to terminate. 5/8 = 0.76 Because both ten and twelve have two unique prime factors, the number of divisors of ""b"" for ""b"" = 10 or 12 grows quadratically with the exponent ""n"""
"Eight per thousand Eight per thousand () is an Italian law under which Italian taxpayers devolve a compulsory 8 ‰ = 0.8% ('eight per thousand') from their annual income tax return to an organised religion recognised by Italy or, alternatively, to a social assistance scheme run by the Italian State. On the IRE form, people optionally declare a recipient. If they don't, the law stipulates that this undeclared amount be distributed among the normal recipients of such taxes in proportion to what they have already received from explicit declarations. In the period from 1990 to 2007, 42.73% expressed a choice,"
"Eight per thousand Eight per thousand () is an Italian law under which Italian taxpayers devolve a compulsory 8 ‰ = 0.8% ('eight per thousand') from their annual income tax return to an organised religion recognised by Italy or, alternatively, to a social assistance scheme run by the Italian State. On the IRE form, people optionally declare a recipient. If they don't, the law stipulates that this undeclared amount be distributed among the normal recipients of such taxes in proportion to what they have already received from explicit declarations. In the period from 1990 to 2007, 42.73% expressed a choice,"
"then 250 of them are male. An increase of $0.15 on a price of $2.50 is an increase by a fraction of = 0.06. Expressed as a percentage, this is a 6% increase. While many percentage values are between 0 and 100, there is no mathematical restriction and percentages may take on other values. For example, it is common to refer to 111% or −35%, especially for percent changes and comparisons. In Ancient Rome, long before the existence of the decimal system, computations were often made in fractions which were multiples of . For example, Augustus levied a tax of"
"8 8 (eight) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9. 8 is: A number is divisible by 8 if its last three digits, when written in decimal, are also divisible by 8, or its last three digits are 0 when written in binary. There are a total of eight convex deltahedra. A polygon with eight sides is an octagon. Figurate numbers representing octagons (including eight) are called octagonal numbers. A polyhedron with eight faces is an octahedron. A cuboctahedron has as faces six equal squares and eight equal regular triangles. A cube has eight vertices. Sphenic numbers always"
"1.5%, and a 10 in 0.5% of the cases). Generally, either one or two decimal places are predominantly used in secondary and higher education. In primary education, fractions of grades are identified with a + or −, which signifies a quarter (converted to either 0.8 or 0.3 if only one decimal place is used). Thus, a grade of 6.75 (or 6.8) could be written as 7−, whereas a grade of 7+ would count for 7.25 or 7.3. A 5.5 constitutes a pass, whereas 5.4 and below constitute a fail. If no decimal places are used, 6 and up is a"
"3:2 ratio. The table of below gives approximations of a scale to ratios that are rounded towards being as simple as possible. In just intonation, a minor chord is often (but not exclusively) tuned in the frequency ratio 10:12:15 (). In 12-TET, or twelve-tone equal temperament (now the most common tuning system in the West), a minor chord has 3 semitones between the root and third, 4 between the third and fifth, and 7 between the root and fifth. It is represented by the integer notation 0,3,7. The 12-TET fifth (700 cents) is only about two cents narrower than the"
"Percentage In mathematics, a percentage is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, ""%"", or the abbreviations ""pct."", ""pct""; sometimes the abbreviation ""pc"" is also used. A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number). For example, 45% (read as ""forty-five percent"") is equal to , 45:100, or 0.45. Percentages are often used to express a proportionate part of a total. If 50% of the total number of students in the class are male, that means that 50 out of every 100 students are male. If there are 500 students,"
"Percentage In mathematics, a percentage is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, ""%"", or the abbreviations ""pct."", ""pct""; sometimes the abbreviation ""pc"" is also used. A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number). For example, 45% (read as ""forty-five percent"") is equal to , 45:100, or 0.45. Percentages are often used to express a proportionate part of a total. If 50% of the total number of students in the class are male, that means that 50 out of every 100 students are male. If there are 500 students,"
"Eighth note An eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for half the value of a quarter note (crotchet) and twice that of the sixteenth note (semiquaver), which amounts to one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), one eighth the duration of whole note (semibreve), one sixteenth the duration of a double whole note (breve), and one thirty-second the duration of a longa, hence the name. It is the equivalent of the ""fusa"" in mensural notation Eighth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with one"
"12 (number) 12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. The product of the first three factorials, twelve is a superior highly composite number, divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6. It is central to many systems of counting, including the Western calendar and units of time, and frequently appears in the Abrahamic religions. Twelve is the largest number with a single-syllable name in English. Early Germanic numbers have been theorized to have been non-decimal: evidence includes the unusual phrasing of eleven and twelve, the former use of ""hundred"" to refer to groups of 120, and the"
"is an incorporeal being (hence the term mystery God). The 10% can also include the governments of the world that deceive and mislead the majority of the world through most of the available media outlets. The remaining 5% are the Poor Righteous Teachers—those who do not subscribe to the teachings of the 10%, as they know and teach that God is the Asiatic Black man. The Supreme Mathematics and Supreme Alphabet are key concepts in the Five Percent Nation. The Supreme mathematics is a system of understanding numerals alongside concepts and qualitative representations that are used along with the Supreme"
"..., ""n""), the arithmetic mean is the sum of the ""a""s divided by ""n"" or The arithmetic mean, often simply called the mean, of two numbers, such as 2 and 8, is obtained by finding a value A such that 2 + 8 = A + A. One may find that ""A"" = (2 + 8)/2 = 5. Switching the order of 2 and 8 to read 8 and 2 does not change the resulting value obtained for A. The mean 5 is not less than the minimum 2 nor greater than the maximum 8. If we increase the number"
"""N50"" can be found mathematically for a list ""L"" of positive integers as follows: For example: If ""L"" = (2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 8, 8), then ""L' "" consists of six 2's, six 3's, four 4's, and sixteen 8's. That is, ""L' "" has twice as many 2s as ""L""; it has three times as many 3s as ""L""; it has four times as many 4s; etc. The median of the 32-element set ""L' "" is the average of the 16th smallest element, 4, and 17th smallest element, 8, so the ""N50"" is 6. We can see that"
"Percentage point A percentage point or percent point is the unit for the arithmetic difference of two percentages. For example, moving up from 40% to 44% is a 4 ""percentage point"" increase, but is an actual 10 percent increase in what is being measured. In the literature, the percentage point unit is usually either written out, or abbreviated as ""pp"" or ""p.p."" to avoid ambiguity. After the first occurrence, some writers abbreviate by using just ""point"" or ""points"". Consider the following hypothetical example: In 1980, 50 percent of the population smoked, and in 1990 only 40 percent smoked. One can"
"Similarly, ""15"" (""quindicesima"") means ""play two octaves higher than written"" and ""15"" (""quindicesima bassa"") means ""play two octaves lower than written."" The abbreviations ""col 8"", ""coll' 8"", and ""c. 8"" stand for ""coll'ottava"", meaning ""play the notes in the passage together with the notes in the notated octaves"". Any of these directions can be cancelled with the word ""loco"", but often a dashed line or bracket indicates the extent of the music affected. An octave band is a frequency band that spans one octave. In this context an octave can be a factor of 2 or a factor of 10."
"epogdoon () is the interval with the ratio 9 to 8. The word is composed of the prefix ""epi""- meaning ""on top of"" and ""ogdoon"" meaning ""one eighth""; so it means ""one eighth in addition"". For example, the natural numbers are 8 and 9 in this relation (). According to Plutarch, the Pythagoreans hated the number 17 because it separates the 16 from its Epogdoon 18. ""[""Epogdoos""] is the 9:8 ratio that corresponds to the tone, [""hêmiolios""] is the 3:2 ratio that is associated with the musical fifth, and [""epitritos""] is the 4:3 ratio associated with the musical fourth. It"
"notes). In classical music and Western music in general, the most common tuning system since the 18th century has been twelve-tone equal temperament (also known as 12 equal temperament, 12-TET or 12-ET), which divides the octave into 12 parts, all of which are equal on a logarithmic scale, with a ratio equal to the 12th root of 2 ( ≈ 1.05946). That resulting smallest interval, the width of an octave, is called a semitone or half step. In modern times, 12TET is usually tuned relative to a standard pitch of 440 Hz, called A440, meaning one note, A, is tuned"
"(in other words, of the order of ""n""). The Dozenal Society of America argues that factors of 3 are more commonly encountered in real-life division problems than factors of 5. Thus, in practical applications, the nuisance of repeating decimals is encountered less often when duodecimal notation is used. Advocates of duodecimal systems argue that this is particularly true of financial calculations, in which the twelve months of the year often enter into calculations. However, when recurring fractions ""do"" occur in duodecimal notation, they are less likely to have a very short period than in decimal notation, because 12 (twelve) is"
"which are graphical dingbats). Eighth notes in , , , and are beamed three eighth notes at a time. A single eighth note is always stemmed with a flag, while two or more are usually beamed in groups . Eighth note An eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for half the value of a quarter note (crotchet) and twice that of the sixteenth note (semiquaver), which amounts to one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), one eighth the duration of whole note (semibreve), one sixteenth the duration of a double whole note"
"without any space in between. However, the International System of Units and the ISO 31-0 standard require a space. The word ""percentage"" is often a misnomer in the context of sports statistics, when the referenced number is expressed as a decimal proportion, not a percentage: ""The Phoenix Suns' Shaquille O'Neal led the NBA with a .609 field goal percentage (FG%) during the 2008–09 season."" (O'Neal made 60.9% of his shots, not 0.609%.) Likewise, the winning percentage of a team, the fraction of matches that the club has won, is also usually expressed as a decimal proportion; a team that has"
"often said that 80% of the errors are caused by just 20% of the bugs. 20% of the world creates roughly 80% of worldwide GDP. 80% of healthcare expenses in the US are caused by 20% of the population. Zipf's law, described as an ""empirical statistical law"" of linguistics, is another example. According to the ""law"", given some dataset of text, the frequency of a word is inversely proportional to its frequency rank. In other words, the second most common word should appear about half as often as the most common word, and the fifth most common world would appear"
"the addition tables for decimal most people are already familiar with, because the summands are now in base twelve and so the arithmetic with them has to be in duodecimal as well. In decimal, 6 + 6 equals 12, but in duodecimal it equals 10; so, if using decimal arithmetic with duodecimal numbers one would arrive at an incorrect result. Doing the arithmetic properly in duodecimal, one gets the result: That is, 123,456.78 equals 5Ɛ,540.9... ≈ 5Ɛ,540.94 This section is about the divisibility rules in duodecimal. Any integer is divisible by 1. If a number is divisible by 2 then"
"Percent Encoding, where a character is replaced with a percent sign ""%"" and its Base16-encoded form. Most modern programming languages directly include support for formatting and parsing Base16-encoded numbers. Hexadecimal In mathematics and computing, hexadecimal (also base , or hex) is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A–F (or alternatively a–f) to represent values ten to fifteen. Hexadecimal numerals are widely used by computer system designers and programmers, as they provide a more human-friendly representation of binary-coded values."
"represented as a decimal floating-point number with the integer 12345 as the significand and a 10 power term, also called characteristics, where −2 is the exponent (and 10 is the base). Its value is given by the following arithmetic: This same value can also be represented in normalized form with 1.2345 as the fractional coefficient, and +2 as the exponent (and 10 as the base): Schmid, however, called this representation with a significand ranging between 1.0 and 10 a modified normalized form. For base 2, this 1.xxxx form is also called a normalized significand. Finally, the value can be represented"
"(); in 12-tone equal temperament, a major seventh is equal to eleven semitones, or 1100 cents, about 12 cents wider than the 15:8 major seventh. In 24-tone equal temperament a supermajor seventh, semiaugmented seventh or, semidiminished octave, 23 quarter-tones, is 1150 cents (). The small major seventh is a ratio of 9:5, now identified as a just minor seventh. 35:18, or 1151.23 cents, is the ratio of the septimal semi-diminished octave. The 15:8 just major seventh occurs arises in the extended C major scale between C & B and F & E. The major seventh interval is considered one of"
"subnormals) from approximately 3.65×10 to 1.18×10. Although log(2) ≅ 19.266, this format is usually described as giving approximately eighteen significant digits of precision. The use of decimal when talking about binary is unfortunate because most decimal fractions are recurring sequences in binary just as 2/3 is in decimal. Thus, a value such as 10.15 is represented in binary as equivalent to 10.1499996185 etc. in decimal for REAL*4 but 10.15000000000000035527etc. in REAL*8: interconversion will involve approximation except for those few decimal fractions that represent an exact binary value, such as 0.625. For REAL*10, the decimal string is 10.1499999999999999996530553etc. The last 9"
"Duodecimal The duodecimal system (also known as base 12 or dozenal) is a positional notation numeral system using twelve as its base. The number twelve (that is, the number written as ""12"" in the base ten numerical system) is instead written as ""10"" in duodecimal (meaning ""1 dozen and 0 units"", instead of ""1 ten and 0 units""), whereas the digit string ""12"" means ""1 dozen and 2 units"" (i.e. the same number that in decimal is written as ""14""). Similarly, in duodecimal ""100"" means ""1 gross"", ""1000"" means ""1 great gross"", and ""0.1"" means ""1 twelfth"" (instead of their"
"iii, and vii. In 12-TET, or twelve-tone equal temperament (now the most common tuning system in the West), a minor chord has 3 semitones between the root and third, 4 between the third and fifth, and 7 between the root and fifth. It is represented by the integer notation 0,3,7. The 12-TET fifth (700 cents) is only two cents narrower than the just perfect fifth (3:2, 701.9 cents), but the 12-TET minor third (300 cents) is noticeably (about 16 cents) narrower than the just minor third (6:5, 315.6 cents). The 12-TET minor third (300 cents) more closely approximates the 19-limit"
"9:8. The 9:8 major tone arises in the C major scale between C & D, F & G, and A & B. This 9:8 interval was named epogdoon (meaning 'one eighth in addition') by the Pythagoreans. Notice that in these tuning systems, a third kind of whole tone, even wider than the major tone, exists. This interval of two semitones, with ratio 256:225, is simply called the diminished third (for further details, see Five-limit tuning#Size of intervals). Some equal temperaments also produce major seconds of two different sizes, called ""greater"" and ""lesser tones"" (or ""major"" and ""minor tones""). For instance,"
"Septimal semicomma In music, the septimal semicomma, a seven-limit semicomma, is the ratio 126/125 and is equal to approximately 13.79 cents (). It is also called the ""small septimal comma"" and the ""starling comma"" after its use in starling temperament. Factored into primes it is: formula_1 Or as simple just intervals: formula_2 Thus it is the difference between three minor thirds of 6/5 plus a septimal minor third of 7/6 and an octave (2/1). This comma is important to certain tuning systems, such as septimal meantone temperament. A diminished seventh chord consisting of three minor thirds and a subminor third"
"note designations. In twelve-tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal parts, the width of a semitone, i.e. the frequency ratio of the interval between two adjacent notes, is the twelfth root of two: This is equivalent to: This interval is divided into 100 cents. To find the frequency, ""P"", of a note in 12-TET, the following definition may be used: In this formula ""P"" refers to the pitch, or frequency (usually in hertz), you are trying to find. ""P"" refers to the frequency of a reference pitch (usually 440Hz). ""n"" and ""a"" refer to numbers assigned to"