"wife and seven of their children. He was buried in the parish churchyard of Kendal. Gough had wide-ranging scientific interests. He published papers in natural history, mechanics, mathematics, chemistry, and experimental physics. One of his most interesting pieces of work was an investigation into the properties of natural rubber or Caoutchouc. He was the first to describe the heat released when a rubber band is quickly stretched, the heat being detected by the lips to which the band is pressed. When stretched rubber is heated, it contracts, a reversal of the normal behaviour of materials when heated. Gough published these"
"Cacodyl Cacodyl, also known as dicacodyl or tetramethyldiarsine, (CH)As—As(CH), is an organoarsenic compound that constitutes a major part of ""Cadet's fuming liquid"" (named after the French chemist Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt). It is a poisonous oily liquid with an extremely unpleasant garlicky odor. Cacodyl undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air. Cacodyl is also the name of the functional group or radical (CH)As. A mixture of dicacodyl and cacodyl oxide ((CH)As—O—As(CH)) was first prepared by Cadet by the reaction of potassium acetate with arsenic trioxide. A subsequent reduction yields a mixture of several methylated arsenic compounds including dicacodyl. The reaction"
"Catechol Catechol ( or ), also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH(OH). It is the ""ortho"" isomer of the three isomeric benzenediols. This colorless compound occurs naturally in trace amounts. It was first discovered by destructive distillation of the plant extract catechin. About 20 million kg is now synthetically produced annually as a commodity organic chemical, mainly as a precursor to pesticides, flavors, and fragrances. Catechol occurs as feathery white crystals that are very rapidly soluble in water. Catechol was first isolated in 1839 by Edgar Hugo Emil Reinsch (1809 - 1884)"
"Hexanoic acid Hexanoic acid, also known as caproic acid, is the carboxylic acid derived from hexane with the chemical formula . It is a colorless oily liquid with an odor that is fatty, cheesy, waxy, and like that of goats or other barnyard animals. It is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils, and is one of the chemicals that give the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla. The primary use of hexanoic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for"
"plants like poison ivy, and catecholamines, drugs imitating them (such as MDMA), hormones/neurotransmitters, and catechin, which is found in tea. Many pyrocatechin derivatives have been suggested for therapeutic applications. Although rarely encountered, the officially ""preferred IUPAC name"" (PIN) of catechol is ""benzene-1,2-diol"". The trivial name ""pyrocatechol"" is a retained IUPAC name, according to the ""1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry"". Catechol Catechol ( or ), also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH(OH). It is the ""ortho"" isomer of the three isomeric benzenediols. This colorless compound occurs naturally in trace amounts."
"nature, although rare. Cadet's fuming liquid (impure cacodyl), often claimed as the first synthetic organometallic compound, was synthesized in 1760 by Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt by the reaction of potassium acetate with arsenic trioxide. In the Victorian era, ""arsenic"" (""white arsenic"" or arsenic trioxide) was mixed with vinegar and chalk and eaten by women to improve the complexion of their faces, making their skin paler to show they did not work in the fields. Arsenic was also rubbed into the faces and arms of women to ""improve their complexion"". The accidental use of arsenic in the adulteration of foodstuffs"
"War I the use of cacodyl as poison gas was considered, but it was never used in the war. Inorganic chemists discovered the properties of cacodyl as a ligand for transition metals. Cacodyl Cacodyl, also known as dicacodyl or tetramethyldiarsine, (CH)As—As(CH), is an organoarsenic compound that constitutes a major part of ""Cadet's fuming liquid"" (named after the French chemist Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt). It is a poisonous oily liquid with an extremely unpleasant garlicky odor. Cacodyl undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air. Cacodyl is also the name of the functional group or radical (CH)As. A mixture of dicacodyl and"
"clotting factors to be synthesized there. Coumarin Coumarin (; 2""H""-chromen-2-one) is a aromatic organic chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, although it may also be seen as a subclass of lactones. It is a natural substance found in many plants, and a colorless crystalline substance in its standard state. The name comes from a French term for the tonka bean, ""coumarou"", one of the sources from which coumarin was first isolated as a natural product in 1820. It has a sweet odor, readily recognised as the scent of newly-mown hay, and has been used in perfumes since 1882. Sweet"
"Catechu Catechu ( or ) is an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye. It is extracted from several species of ""Acacia"", but especially ""Senegalia catechu"" (""Acacia catechu""), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew. It is also known as cutch, black cutch, cachou, cashoo, khoyer, terra Japonica, or Japan earth, and also katha in Hindi, kaath in Marathi, khoyer in Assamese and Bengali, and kachu in Malay (hence the Latinized ""Acacia catechu"" chosen as the Linnaean taxonomy name of the type-species Acacia plant which provides the extract). As"
"Catechin Catechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant. It is a plant secondary metabolite. It belongs to the group of flavan-3-ols (or simply flavanols), part of the chemical family of flavonoids. The name of the catechin chemical family derives from catechu, which is the tannic juice or boiled extract of ""Mimosa catechu"" (""Acacia catechu"" L.f). Catechin possesses two benzene rings (called the A- and B-rings) and a dihydropyran heterocycle (the C-ring) with a hydroxyl group on carbon 3. The A ring is similar to a resorcinol moiety while the B ring is similar to a catechol"
"mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for benzoic acid. Benzoic acid Benzoic acid , CHO (or CHCOOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as"
"Coumarin Coumarin (; 2""H""-chromen-2-one) is a aromatic organic chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, although it may also be seen as a subclass of lactones. It is a natural substance found in many plants, and a colorless crystalline substance in its standard state. The name comes from a French term for the tonka bean, ""coumarou"", one of the sources from which coumarin was first isolated as a natural product in 1820. It has a sweet odor, readily recognised as the scent of newly-mown hay, and has been used in perfumes since 1882. Sweet woodruff, meadowsweet, sweet grass and sweet-clover"
"Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CHCH=CHCHO. Occurring naturally as predominantly the ""trans"" (""E"") isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. It is a flavonoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway. This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus ""Cinnamomum"". The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 50% cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde was isolated from cinnamon essential oil in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugène-Melchior Péligot and synthesized in the laboratory by the Italian chemist Luigi Chiozza in 1854. The natural product is ""trans""-cinnamaldehyde. The"
"Uchu Jacu Uchu Jacu (or Uchujacu; Quichua for hot flour) is a traditional flour produced from six different grains, originating from the Cayambe region in the northern part of the Ecuadorian province of Pichincha. After the recipe had almost been forgotten during some time, the flour is being produced again today in the mills of the organization UNOPAC. Though the flour is relatively little known, it is still very popular with the members of the various indigenous communities in the area. The production of Uchu Jacu marks an elaborate process; wheat, barley, corn, pea, lentil and field bean are being"
"cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing drugs, antioxidants, fungicides, and biomaterials. It is used in tropical folk medicine and for antitermite treatment of timber. Its composition varies depending on how it is processed. These substances are skin allergens, like the oils of poison ivy, and present danger during manual cashew processing. This natural oil phenol has been found to have interesting chemical structural features which enable a range of chemical modifications to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers capitalizing on the chemically versatile construct, containing"
"Acrylic acid Acrylic acid (IUPAC: propenoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH=CHCOOH. It is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, consisting of a vinyl group connected directly to a carboxylic acid terminus. This colorless liquid has a characteristic acrid or tart smell. It is miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. More than a million tons are produced annually. Acrylic acid is produced from propylene, which is a byproduct of ethylene and gasoline production: Because propane is a significantly cheaper raw material than propylene, considerable research efforts are being undertaken to develop a process based on the one-step"
"Acrylic acid Acrylic acid (IUPAC: propenoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH=CHCOOH. It is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, consisting of a vinyl group connected directly to a carboxylic acid terminus. This colorless liquid has a characteristic acrid or tart smell. It is miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. More than a million tons are produced annually. Acrylic acid is produced from propylene, which is a byproduct of ethylene and gasoline production: Because propane is a significantly cheaper raw material than propylene, considerable research efforts are being undertaken to develop a process based on the one-step"
"Butanone Butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), is an organic compound with the formula CHC(O)CHCH. This colorless liquid ketone has a sharp, sweet odor reminiscent of butterscotch and acetone. It is produced industrially on a large scale, and also occurs in trace amounts in nature. It is soluble in water and is commonly used as an industrial solvent. Butanone may be produced by oxidation of 2-butanol. The dehydrogenation of 2-butanol using a catalyst is catalyzed by copper, zinc, or bronze: This is used to produce approximately 700 million kilograms yearly. Other syntheses that have been examined but not"
"in agriculture because of its low toxicity, but it is a skin irritant. Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CHCH=CHCHO. Occurring naturally as predominantly the ""trans"" (""E"") isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. It is a flavonoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway. This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus ""Cinnamomum"". The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 50% cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde was isolated from cinnamon essential oil in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugène-Melchior Péligot and synthesized in the laboratory by"
"one of the main natural phenols in argan oil and is a component of castoreum, a substance from the castor gland of beavers, used in perfumery. It is also found in ""Agaricus bisporus"". Catechol moieties are also found widely within the natural world. Arthropod cuticle consists of chitin linked by a catechol moiety to protein. The cuticle may be strengthened by cross-linking (tanning and sclerotization), in particular, in insects, and of course by biomineralization. Catechols such as DHSA are produced through the metabolism of cholesterol by bacteria such as ""Mycobacterium tuberculosis"". Urushiols are naturally existing organic compounds that have the"
"Guaiacol Guaiacol () is a naturally-occurring organic compound with the formula CH(OH)(OCH), first isolated by Otto Unverdorben in 1826. Although it is biosynthesized by a variety of organisms, this yellowish aromatic oil is usually derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. Samples darken upon exposure to air and light. Guaiacol is present in wood smoke, resulting from the pyrolysis of lignin. The compound contributes to the flavor of many substances such as whisky and roasted coffee. Guaiacol is produced by methylation of ""o""-catechol; e.g., using potash and dimethyl sulfate: Guaiacol can be prepared by diverse routes in the laboratory. 2-Aminoanisole, derived"
"QUCHIC QUCHIC (BB-22 or 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1""H""-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester) is a designer drug offered by online vendors as a cannabimimetic agent, and was first detected being sold in synthetic cannabis products in Japan in early 2013, and subsequently also in New Zealand. The structure of QUCHIC appears to use an understanding of structure-activity relationships within the indole class of cannabimimetics, although its design origins are unclear. QUCHIC, along with QUPIC, represents a structurally unique synthetic cannabinoid chemotype since it contains an ester linker at the indole 3-position rather than the precedented ketone of JWH-018 and its analogues, or the amide of"
"Gouache Gouache (; ), body color, opaque watercolor, or gouache, is one type of watermedia, paint consisting of natural pigment, water, a binding agent (usually gum arabic or dextrin), and sometimes additional inert material. Gouache is designed to be used with opaque methods of painting. The term, derived from the Italian ""guazzo"", also refers to paintings using this opaque method. Gouache has a considerable history going back over 600 years. It is similar to watercolor in that it can be re-wetted, it dries to a matte finish, and the paint can become infused with its paper support. It is similar"
"skin and other tissue. Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, and is commonly called caustic potash. Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), this colorless solid is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications, most of which exploit its corrosive nature and its reactivity toward acids. An estimated 700,000 to 800,000 tonnes were produced in 2005. About 100 times more NaOH than KOH is produced annually. KOH is noteworthy as the precursor to most soft and liquid soaps, as well as numerous potassium-containing chemicals. It is a white, solid that is dangerously"
"Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CHCO)O. Commonly abbreviated AcO, it is the simplest isolable anhydride of a carboxylic acid and is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, which is formed by its reaction with moisture in the air. Acetic anhydride, like most acid anhydrides, is a flexible molecule with a nonplanar structure. The pi system linkage through the central oxygen offers very weak resonance stabilization compared to the dipole-dipole repulsion between the two carbonyl oxygens. The energy barriers"
"catechol skeleton structure and diphenol functionality but with alkyl groups substituted onto the aromatic ring. Urushiols are the skin-irritating poisons found in plants like poison ivy, etc. Catecholamines are biochemically significant phenethylamine hormones and neurotransmitters in which the phenyl group has a catechol skeleton structure. The molecule catechin, another natural compound present in tea, contains a catechol group. Approximately 50% of synthetic catechol is consumed in the production of pesticides, the remainder being used as a precursor to fine chemicals such as perfumes and pharmaceuticals. It is a common building block in organic synthesis. Several industrially significant flavors and fragrances"
"Coex (material) Coex is a biopolymer with flame-retardant properties derived from the functionalization of cellulosic fibers such as cotton, linen, jute, cannabis, coconut, ramie, bamboo, raffia palm, stipa, abacà, sisal, nettle and kapok. The treatment effectiveness was also proven on wood and semi-synthetic fibers such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, viscose, modal, lyocell and cupro. The material is obtained by sulfation and phosphorylation reactions on glucan units linked to each other in position 1,4 and in particular on the secondary and tertiary hydroxyl groups of cellulosic biopolymer. The chemical modification of the fibers does not involve physical and visual alterations"
"catechol was a diol of benzene, so by 1868, catechol was listed as ""pyrocatechol"". In 1879, the ""Journal of the Chemical Society"" recommended that catechol be called ""catechol"", and in the following year, it was listed as such. Catechol has since been shown to occur in free-form naturally in kino and in beechwood tar. Its sulfonic acid has been detected in the urine of horses and humans. Catechol is produced industrially by the hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide. Previously, it was produced by hydroxylation of salicylaldehyde using hydrogen peroxide, as well as the hydrolysis of 2-substituted phenols, especially 2-chlorophenol,"
"a natural chemical substance of combined plant and fungal origin; mycotoxin also shares these properties. The identification of Dicoumarol in 1940 is the precursor of the drug class known as 4-Hydroxycoumarin. See warfarin for this history. The synthetic drugs in the 4-hydroxycoumarin class are all noted primarily for their use as anticoagulants, though they can have several additional effects. All affect the normal metabolism of vitamin K in the body by inhibiting the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase which recycles vitamin K to active form. As such, these compounds form the most important and widely used subset of vitamin K"
"Cuminaldehyde Cuminaldehyde, or ""4-isopropylbenzaldehyde"", is a natural organic compound with the molecular formula CHO. It is a benzaldehyde with an isopropyl group substituted in the 4-position. Cuminaldehyde is a constituent of the essential oils of eucalyptus, myrrh, cassia, cumin and others. It has a pleasant smell and contributes to the aroma of these oils. It is used commercially in perfumes and other cosmetics. It has been shown that cuminaldehyde, as a small molecule, inhibits the fibrillation of alpha-synuclein, which, if aggregated, forms insoluble fibrils in pathological conditions characterized by Lewy bodies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and"
"for the Therapeutic Goods Administration, show several reports of allergic issues since the anaphylaxis case from 2011. It is an organic compound with the formula CHCHOCCH. It is the ester of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. It forms either a viscous liquid or solid flakes and has a weak, sweet-balsamic odor. It occurs in a number of blossoms (e. g. tuberose, hyacinth) and is a component of Balsam of Peru and Tolu balsam. Benzyl benzoate is produced industrially by the reaction of sodium benzoate with benzyl alcohol in the presence of a base, or by transesterification of methyl benzoate and"
"as an infection-inhibiting factor in strawberry leaves. Epicatechin and catechin may prevent coffee berry disease by inhibiting appressorial melanization of ""Colletotrichum kahawae"". Catechin Catechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant. It is a plant secondary metabolite. It belongs to the group of flavan-3-ols (or simply flavanols), part of the chemical family of flavonoids. The name of the catechin chemical family derives from catechu, which is the tannic juice or boiled extract of ""Mimosa catechu"" (""Acacia catechu"" L.f). Catechin possesses two benzene rings (called the A- and B-rings) and a dihydropyran heterocycle (the C-ring) with a hydroxyl"
"Tabasheer Tabasheer (Hindustani: तबाशीर or طباشیر) or ""Banslochan"" (बंसलोचन, بنسلوچن), also spelt as Tabachir or Tabashir, is a translucent white substance, composed mainly of silica and water with traces of lime and potash, obtained from the nodal joints of some species of bamboo. It is part of the pharmacology of the traditional Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine of the Indian subcontinent. It is also an ingredient in many traditional Chinese medicines. Tabasheer is claimed to provide a variety of health benefits. It is variously regarded as an antipyretic, antispasmodic, antiparalytic, restorative and aphrodisiac. Tabasheer that has a blueish tint"