"or optical factors and those caused by judgmental factors. He offered an obscure explanation of the sun or moon illusion (the enlarged apparent size on the horizon) based on the difficulty of looking upwards. There are several characters or items named after Ptolemy, including: [[File:Ptolemaeus - Quadripartitum, 1622 - 4658973.tif|thumb|""Quadripartitum"", 1622]] [[Category:Ptolemy| ]] [[Category:100 births]] [[Category:170 deaths]] [[Category:1st-century Romans]] [[Category:2nd-century Romans]] [[Category:2nd-century philosophers]] [[Category:2nd-century poets]] [[Category:Egyptian calendar]] [[Category:Ancient Greek astrologers]] [[Category:Ancient Greek astronomers]] [[Category:Ancient Greek mathematicians]] [[Category:Ancient Greek music theorists]] [[Category:Astrological writers]] [[Category:Claudii]] [[Category:Egyptian astronomers]] [[Category:Egyptian mathematicians]] [[Category:Epigrammatists of the Greek Anthology]] [[Category:2nd-century people of Roman Egypt]] [[Category:Ancient Greek geographers]]"
"of the mid-1900s, the full text had never been edited. Claudius Ptolemy, known simply as Ptolemy, (born around 100 AD; died c. 170 AD) was an astronomer, mathematician, and geographer who lived in Alexandria and is known for (among other things) drawing detailed maps of what was known of the world at the time. Ptolemy's geographical works include tables of latitude and longitude and a discussion of how such lines could be mathematically calculated. In Ptolemy's most famous work, ""Almagest"", he comprehensively describes the layout of the stars and other astronomical objects as understood by ancient Greek and Babylonian scientists."
"[[Category:Roman-era geographers]] [[Category:Giftedness]] Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; , ""Klaúdios Ptolemaîos"" ; ; ) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Koine Greek, and held Roman citizenship. The 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes gave his birthplace as the prominent Greek city Ptolemais Hermiou () in the Thebaid (). This attestation is quite late, however, and, according to Gerald Toomer, the translator of his ""Almagest"" into English, there is no reason to suppose he ever lived anywhere other than Alexandria. He died there around AD 168. Ptolemy"
"(Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος; c. 90 – c. 168), known in English as Ptolemy, was a Greek geographer, astronomer, and astrologer who had written about Golden Chersonese, which indicates trade with India and China has existed since the 1st century AD., As early as the 1st century AD, Southeast Asia was the place of a network of coastal city-states, the centre of which was the ancient Khmer Funan kingdom in the south of what is now Vietnam. This network encompassed the southern part of the Indochinese peninsula and the western part of the Indonesian archipelago. These coastal cities had a continuous"
"scientists such as Ctesibius, Pappus, and Diophantus. It also attracted scholars from all over the Mediterranean such as Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy is one of the most famous astronomers and geographers from Egypt, famous for his work in Alexandria. Born Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος; c. 85 – c. 165) in Upper Egypt, he was a geographer, astronomer, and astrologer. Ptolemy was the author of two important scientific treatises. One is the astronomical treatise that is now known as the ""Almagest"" (in Greek ""Η μεγάλη Σύνταξις"", ""The Great Treatise""). In this work, one of the most influential books of antiquity,"
"Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy II Philadelphus (, ""Ptolemaîos Philádelphos"" ""Ptolemy, lover of his sister""; 308/9–246 BCE) was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 to 246 BCE. He was the son of Ptolemy I Soter, the Macedonian Greek general of Alexander the Great who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom after the death of Alexander, and queen Berenice I, originally from Macedon in northern Greece. During Ptolemy II's reign, the material and literary splendour of the Alexandrian court was at its height. He promoted the Museum and Library of Alexandria. He erected a commemorative stele, the Great Mendes Stela. He also led"
"way to master it. According to Proclus Euclid famously quipped: ""Sire, there is no Royal Road to geometry."" Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy I Soter (; , ""Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr"" ""Ptolemy the Savior""; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a companion and historian of Alexander the Great who succeeded to his empire. Ptolemy became ruler of Egypt (323–282 BC) and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty which ruled it for the next three centuries, turning Egypt into a Hellenistic kingdom and Alexandria into a center of Greek culture. Ptolemy was the son of Arsinoe of Macedon by either her husband Lagus or"
"Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; , ""Klaúdios Ptolemaîos"" ; ; ) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Koine Greek, and held Roman citizenship. The 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes gave his birthplace as the prominent Greek city Ptolemais Hermiou () in the Thebaid (). This attestation is quite late, however, and, according to Gerald Toomer, the translator of his ""Almagest"" into English, there is no reason to suppose he ever lived anywhere other than Alexandria. He died there around AD 168. Ptolemy wrote several scientific"
"upon his improvements to the observational instruments used at that time. Another of the most famous of the early physicists was Ptolemy (90–168 CE), one of the leading minds during the time of the Roman Empire. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the ""Almagest"" (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, ""The Great Treatise"", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, ""Mathematical Treatise""). The second is the ""Geography"", which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman"
"themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life. Hellenistic culture thrived in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens regnant, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in"
"It would remain one of the famous sights of the town for many years, until probably destroyed in riots in the 3rd century AD. The initial objective of Ptolemy's reign was to establish firm and broad boundaries to his newly acquired kingdom. That led to almost continuous warfare against other leading members of Alexander's circle. At times he held Cyprus and even parts of mainland Greece. When these conflicts were over, he was firmly in control of Egypt and had strong claims (disputed by the Seleucid dynasty) to Palestine. He called himself king of Egypt from 306 BC. By the"
"""Saviour"". The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens regnant, some of whom were married to their brothers, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her apparent suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the"
"He remarried his daughter to Alexander's rival Demetrius II and went to Antioch, where he crowned himself King of Asia. Alexander was defeated by Ptolemy when he returned from Cilicia with his army. Alexander then fled to Arabia, where he was killed. For the first time since the death of Alexander the Great, Egypt and Syria were united. However, Ptolemy died three days later, in unknown circumstances. Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VI Philometor (, ""Ptolemaĩos Philomḗtōr"" ""Ptolemy, lover of his Mother""); c. 186–145 BC) was a king of Egypt from the Ptolemaic period. He reigned from 180 to 164 BC"
"Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BC) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205–186/5 BC, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her"
"surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322–301 BC). In 305 BC, Ptolemy took the title of King. As Ptolemy I Soter (""Saviour""), he founded the Ptolemaic dynasty that was to rule Egypt for nearly 300 years. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, while princesses and queens preferred the names Cleopatra, Arsinoë and Berenice. Because the Ptolemaic kings adopted the Egyptian custom of marrying their sisters, many of the kings ruled jointly with their spouses, who were also of the royal house. This custom made Ptolemaic politics confusingly incestuous, and the later Ptolemies were"
"Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VI Philometor (, ""Ptolemaĩos Philomḗtōr"" ""Ptolemy, lover of his Mother""); c. 186–145 BC) was a king of Egypt from the Ptolemaic period. He reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC. Ptolemy succeeded in 180 BC at the age of about 6, upon the death of his father Ptolemy V. He ruled jointly with his mother Cleopatra I until her death in 176 BC, which is what his epithet 'Philometor' implies: ""he who loves his mother"" (φίλος (beloved,friend) + μήτηρ (mother)). In 173 BC Ptolemy VI married his sister Cleopatra II as"
"was undoubtedly the astronomer Ptolemy. He lived during the 2nd century AD, though little is known of his life. His masterpiece, originally entitled ""The Mathematical Collection"", has come to the present under the title ""Almagest"", as it was translated by Arab astronomers with that title. It was Ptolemy who devised a detailed description of an Earth-centered universe, a notion that dominated astronomical thinking for more than 1,300 years. The Ptolemaic view of the universe endured until Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and other early modern astronomers replaced it with heliocentrism. Epictetus ( 55 AD – 135 AD) was associated with the moral"
"""-i(d)s"". The Ptolemaic dynasty, of Macedonian origin, ruled Hellenistic Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. The kings of this dynasty were all named Ptolemy. See Ptolemaic dynasty for details of their reigns and other ruling members of the dynasty. See also: Legacy of Ptolemy I Soter. There were several members of the Ptolemaic dynasty that did not become senior rulers of Egypt. Some of them became rulers of other kingdoms. Many of the dates and other details about these Ptolemies are uncertain. Ptolemy (name) The name Ptolemy or Ptolemaeus may refer to: Ptolemy, or Ptolemaeus,"
"Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy I Soter (; , ""Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr"" ""Ptolemy the Savior""; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a companion and historian of Alexander the Great who succeeded to his empire. Ptolemy became ruler of Egypt (323–282 BC) and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty which ruled it for the next three centuries, turning Egypt into a Hellenistic kingdom and Alexandria into a center of Greek culture. Ptolemy was the son of Arsinoe of Macedon by either her husband Lagus or Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander. Ptolemy was one of Alexander's most trusted companions and military"
"Ptolemy XII Auletes Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Theos Philadelphos (, ""Ptolemaios Néos Diónysos Theós Philopátōr Theós Philádelphos"" ""Ptolemy New Dionysus, God Beloved of his Father, God Beloved of his Brother""; uncertain–c. 51 BC) was a pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He was commonly known as Auletes (, ""Aulētḗs"" ""the Flutist""), referring to the king's love of playing the flute in Dionysian festivals. He ruled from 80 to 58 BC and again from 55 to 51 BC, with an interregnum of forced exile to Rome as his eldest daughter Berenice IV claimed the Ptolemaic throne. With the"
"until the following year, 201 BC, when he was in his turn replaced by Aristomenes of Alyzia. Tlepolemus (regent of Egypt) Tlepolemus was regent of Egypt in the Ptolemaic period under the reign of the boy-king Ptolemy V. He was briefly prominent at the end of the 3rd century BC; his dates of birth and death are not known. Tlepolemus was a member of a distinguished Persian family who had migrated to Egypt in the late 3rd century BC. He was ""strategos"" (military governor) of the region of Pelusium in 202 BC when the regent Agathocles and his family were"
"in fixing the dates of religious festivals and determining the hours of night, and temple astrologers were especially adept at watching the stars and observing the conjunctions and risings of the Sun, Moon, and planets, as well as the lunar phases. In Ptolemaic Egypt, the Egyptian tradition merged with Greek astronomy and Babylonian astronomy, with the city of Alexandria in Lower Egypt becoming the centre of scientific activity across the Hellenistic world. Roman Egypt produced the greatest astronomer of the era, Ptolemy (90-168 CE). His works on astronomy, including the Almagest, became the most influential books in the history of"
"Ptolemies, and again by the Macedonians. In 170 the Roman armies and those of Eumenes II of Pergamon besieged and sacked it. The town seems to have declined in importance after the middle of the 4th century. Cicero ridicules the city as a byword for stupidity in his letters to Atticus, writing of a debate in the Senate, ""Here was Abdera, but I wasn't silent"" (""Hic, Abdera non tacente me""). Nevertheless, the city counted among its citizens the philosophers Democritus, Protagoras and Anaxarchus, historian and philosopher Hecataeus of Abdera, and the lyric poet Anacreon. Pliny the Elder speaks of Abdera"
"wealth and power of the Ptolemies, but also celebrated and affirmed Greekness. These processions were used to shout Greek superiority over any non-Greeks that were watching, thereby widening the divide between cultures. From this division arose much of the later turbulence, which began to manifest itself under the rule of Ptolemy Philopater (221–204 BC). The reign of Ptolemy VIII Physcon from 144–116 BC was marked by purges and civil warfare (including the expulsion of intellectuals such as Apollodorus of Athens), as well as intrigues associated with the king's wives and sons. Alexandria was also home to the largest Jewish community"
"Ptolemaic dynasty The Ptolemaic dynasty (; , ""Ptolemaioi""), sometimes also known as the Lagids () or Lagidae (; , ""Lagidai"", after Lagus, Ptolemy I's father), was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 to 30 BC. They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt. Ptolemy, one of the seven somatophylakes (bodyguards) who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself Ptolemy I, later known as ""Sōter"""
"Ptolemies, Greek kings who ruled as pharaohs for nearly 300 years. After Rome conquered the Ptolemaic kingdom in 30 BC, Roman emperors took on the role of ruler and temple patron, reducing the temples' wealth and political power. Many temples in Roman Egypt continued to be built in Egyptian style. Others, including some that were dedicated to Egyptian gods—such as the temple to Isis at Ras el-Soda—were built in a style derived from Roman architecture. Temple-building continued into the third century AD. As the empire weakened in the crisis of the third century, imperial donations to the temple cults dried"
"throne, and replacing the former sarcophagus with one made of glass. The citizens of Alexandria were so outraged at this act that they exiled him again almost immediately and attempted to wipe out all record of him. He would later be killed on his way to Cyprus. When Ptolemy X died, Ptolemy IX regained the throne. When Ptolemy IX died in 81 BC, Ptolemy X's wife Berenice III took over the throne for six months. Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy X Alexander I (, ""Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros"") was King of Egypt from 110 BC to 109 BC and 107 BC till"
"Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (, ""Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs"" ""Ptolemy the Benefactor""; c. 182 BC – June 26, 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon ( ""the Fat""), was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Ptolemy VIII's complicated political career started in 170 BC. This is when Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Seleucid Empire invaded and captured King Ptolemy VI Philometor and all of Egypt, with the exception of the city of Alexandria. Antiochus allowed Ptolemy VI to continue as a puppet monarch. Meanwhile, the people of Alexandria chose Ptolemy Euergetes, his younger brother, as king. Euergetes was popularly known"
"or friends (""hetairoi, philoi"") which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. The monarch was also expected to serve as a charitable patron of the people; this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion. Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as ""Soter"" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during"
"Eratosthenes, known for calculating the Earth's circumference and for his algorithm for finding prime numbers, who became head librarian. Strabo lists Alexandria, with Tarsus and Athens, among the learned cities of the world, observing also that Alexandria both admits foreign scholars and sends its natives abroad for further education. The early Ptolemies were careful to maintain the distinction of its population's three largest ethnicities: Greek, Jewish, and Egyptian. (At first, Egyptians were probably the plurality of residents, while the Jewish community remained small. Slavery, a normal institution in Greece, was likely present but details about its extent and about the"
"of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered, based largely on the export of horses and silphium, a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine. Cyrene became a place of cultivation, where knowledge blossomed. Like any young Greek, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and"
"Ptolemy compiled the astronomical knowledge of the ancient Greek and Babylonian world. Ptolemy's other main work is his ""Geography"". This too is a compilation, of what was known about the world's geography in the Roman Empire in his time. In his ""Optics"", a work which survives only in an Arabic translation, he writes about properties of light, including reflection, refraction and colour. His other works include ""Planetary Hypothesis"", ""Planisphaerium"" and ""Analemma"". Ptolemy's treatise on astrology, the ""Tetrabiblos"", was the most popular astrological work of antiquity and also enjoyed great influence in the Islamic world and the medieval Latin West. Ptolemy"
"model of Ptolemy was more commonly accepted until the seventeenth century. Ptolemy also contributed substantially to cartography and to the science of optics. For his part Archimedes was the first to calculate the value of ""π"" and a geometric series, and also the earliest known mathematical physicist discovering the law of buoyancy, as well as conceiving the irrigation device known as Archimedes' screw. The Byzantine period remained largely a period of preservation in terms of classical Greco-Roman texts; there were, however, significant advances made in the fields of medicine and historical scholarship. Theological philosophy also remained an area of study,"