"systemic infection. Lighter cases of puerperal mastitis are often called breast engorgement. In this Wikipedia article, ""mastitis"" is used in the original sense of the definition as inflammation of the breast with additional qualifiers where appropriate. Mastitis occurs in other animals as in humans, and is especially a concern in livestock, since milk from the affected udders of livestock may enter the food supply and pose a health risk. It is a major condition in some species, like dairy cows. It is the cause of much unwanted suffering for the dairy cows. It is of tremendous economic importance for the"
"Mastitis Mastitis is inflammation of the breast or udder, usually associated with breastfeeding. Symptoms typically include local pain and redness. There is often an associated fever and general soreness. Onset is typically fairly rapid and usually occurs within the first few months of delivery. Complications can include abscess formation. Risk factors include poor latch, cracked nipples, use of a breast pump, and weaning. The bacteria most commonly involved are Staphylococcus and Streptococci. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms. Ultrasound may be useful for detecting a potential abscess. Prevention is by frequently and properly breastfeeding. When infection is present, antibiotics such"
"some mastitis causing bacteria strain in the oral cavity of the calf where it will stay dormant until it is transmitted elsewhere. Since grouped calves like to stimulate suckling, they will transmit the bacteria to the udder tissue of their fellow calves. The bacteria will lay dormant in the udder tissue as the calf grows until it begins to lactate. That is when the bacteria activates and causes mastitis. This calls for strict calf management practices to curb this route of transmission. Mastitis can cause a decline in potassium and an increase in lactoferrin. It also results in decreased casein,"
"is messy, and will stain clothing. The baby's lips will turn purple, but the purple will disappear after a few days. Milk stasis is when a milk duct is blocked and cannot drain properly. This may affect only a part of the breast and is not associated with any infection. It can be treated by varying the baby's feeding position and applying heat before feeding. If it happens more than once, further evaluation is needed. Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast. It causes local pain (""dolor""), redness (""rubor""), swelling (""tumor""), and warmth (""calor""). Later stages of mastitis cause symptoms"
"sulphar drug. Mastitis occurs when white blood cells (leukocytes) are released into the mammary gland, usually in response to bacteria invading the teat canal or occasionally by chemical, mechanical, or thermal trauma on the udder. Milk-secreting tissue and various ducts throughout the mammary gland are damaged due to toxins released by the bacteria resulting in reduced milk yield and quality. This disease can be identified by abnormalities in the udder such as swelling, heat, redness, hardness, or pain (if it is clinical). Other indications of mastitis may be abnormalities in milk such as a watery appearance, flakes, or clots. When"
"a result of pressure on the breast, such as tight-fitting clothing or an over-restrictive bra, although there is sparse evidence for this supposition. Mastitis may occur when the baby is not appropriately attached to the breast while feeding, when the baby has infrequent feeds or has problems suckling the milk out of the breast. The presence of cracks or sores on the nipples increases the likelihood of infection. Tight clothing or ill-fitting bras may also cause problems as they compress the breasts. There is a possibility that infants carrying infectious pathogens in their noses can infect their mothers; the clinical"
"dairy industry, and it is also of concern for public health. The same considerations apply to mastitis in sheep and goats and other milk-producing females. It is also of economic importance in the sow, but, in this species, it is not related to public health. In other domestic females (queen, mare, etc.), it is more an individual illness dealt with by veterinary practitioners. The word ""mastitis"" () uses combining forms of ""mast-"" + ""-itis"". The word ""mammitis"" () uses combining forms of ""mamm-"" + ""-itis"". They are synonymous in modern usage, and ""mastitis"" is the more commonly used synonym. Mastitis"
"their stability, or excised if they are symptomatic, large, and/or enlarging. Mastitis, infection of the breast tissue, occurs most commonly in neonates and children over 10, though it is rare overall in children. Most often caused by ""S. aureus"", mastitis in children is caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, nipple piercing, lactation and/or pregnancy, or shaving periareolar hair. The development of abscesses from mastitis is more common in children than in adults. Precocious puberty occurs when children younger than 8 experience changes indicative of puberty, including development of breast buds (thelarche), pubic hair, and a growth spurt. Thelarche"
"Blastocystosis Blastocystosis refers to a medical condition caused by infection with ""Blastocystis"". ""Blastocystis"" is a protozoal, single-celled parasite that inhabits the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Many different types of ""Blastocystis"" exist, and they can infect humans, farm animals, birds, rodents, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and even cockroaches. Blastocystosis has been found to be a possible risk factor for development of irritable bowel syndrome. Reports conflict regarding whether ""Blastocystis"" causes disease in humans. These reports resulted in a brief debate in medical journals in the early 1990s between some physicians in the United States who believed that ""Blastocystis"" was"
"be seen on cystoscopy. Other conditions which can produce similar symptoms include urinary tract infection (UTI), overactive bladder, sexually transmitted infections, endometriosis, bladder cancer, and prostatitis. There is no cure for interstitial cystitis. Treatments that may improve symptoms include lifestyle changes, medications, or procedures. Lifestyle changes may include stopping smoking and reducing stress. Medications may include ibuprofen, pentosan polysulfate, or amitriptyline. Procedures may include bladder distention, nerve stimulation, or surgery. Pelvic floor exercises and long term antibiotics are not recommended. In the United States and Europe it is estimated that around 0.5% of people are affected. Women are affected about"
"significance of this finding is still unknown. Mastitis, as well as breast abscess, can also be caused by direct trauma to the breast. Such injury can occur for example during sports activities or due to seat belt injury. Mastitis can also develop due to contamination of a breast implant or any other foreign body, for example after nipple piercing. In such cases, the removal of the foreign body is indicated. Women who are breastfeeding are at risk for developing mastitis especially if they have sore or cracked nipples or have had mastitis before while breastfeeding another baby. Also, the chances"
"treatment with antibiotics may have minimal impact, and over-all there is insufficient evidence to confirm or refute the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for treating lactational mastitis. When it occurs in breastfeeding mothers, it is known as puerperal mastitis, lactation mastitis, or lactational mastitis. When it occurs in non breastfeeding women it is known as non-puerperal or nonlactational. Mastitis can, in rare cases, occur in men. Inflammatory breast cancer has symptoms very similar to mastitis and must be ruled out. The symptoms are similar for puerperal and nonpuerperal mastitis but predisposing factors and treatment can be very different. Puerperal mastitis is"
"yeast infection. Interstitial cystitis (chronic pain in the bladder) may be considered for people who experience multiple episodes of UTI symptoms but urine cultures remain negative and not improved with antibiotics. Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) may also be considered in the differential diagnosis. Hemorrhagic cystitis, characterized by blood in the urine, can occur secondary to a number of causes including: infections, radiation therapy, underlying cancer, medications and toxins. Medications that commonly cause this problem include the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide with rates of 2 to 40%. Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare condition where eosinophiles are present in the bladder wall."
"infected with sub-clinical mastitis, a cow does not show any visible signs of infection or abnormalities in milk or on the udder. Bacteria that are known to cause mastitis include: These bacteria can be classified as environmental or contagious depending on mode and source of transmission. Mastitis may be classified according two different criteria: either according to the clinical symptoms or depending on the mode of transmission. Mastitis is most often transmitted by repetitive contact with the milking machine, and through contaminated hands or materials. Another route is via the oral-to-udder transmission among calves. Feeding calves on milk may introduce"
"Mastocytosis Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (also called ""mastocytes"") and CD34+ mast cell precursors. People affected by mastocytosis are susceptible to a variety of symptoms including itching, hives, and anaphylactic shock, caused by the release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory substances from mast cells. Mastocytosis can occur in a variety of forms: Cutaneous mastocytosis in children usually presents in the first year after birth and in most cases vanishes during adolescence. Systemic mastocytosis involves the bone marrow in the majority"
"Interstitial cystitis Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic pain that affects the bladder. Symptoms include feeling the need to urinate right away, needing to urinate often, and pain with sex. IC/BPS is associated with depression and lower quality of life. Many of those affected also have irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. The cause of IC/BPS is unknown. While it can, it does not typically run in a family. The diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms after ruling out other conditions. Typically the urine culture is negative. Ulceration or inflammation may"
"the nipple. Infection is usually caused by ""Staphylococcus aureus"". Infectious pathogens commonly associated with mastitis are ""Staphylococcus aureus"", ""Streptococcus"" spp., and Gram-negative bacilli such as ""Escherichia coli"". ""Salmonella spp."", mycobacteria, and fungi such as ""Candida"" and ""Cryptococcus"" have been identified in rare instances. Recent research suggests that infectious pathogens play a much smaller role in the pathogenesis than was commonly assumed only a few years ago. Most detected pathogens are very common species that are natural part of the breast fauna and simple detection of their presence is not sufficient to prove a causative role. Furthermore, there are indications that"
"and identification of growth factors and genetic mechanisms responsible for increased mast cell production. Researchers are currently evaluating approaches to improve ways to treat mastocytosis. Scientists also are focusing on identifying disease-associated mutations (changes in genes). NIH scientists have identified some mutations, which may help researchers understand the causes of mastocytosis, improve diagnosis, and develop better treatments. In Europe the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM) coordinates studies, registries and education on mastocytosis. Urticaria pigmentosa was first described in 1869. Systemic mastocytosis was first reported by French scientists in 1936. Mastocytosis Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a"
"Proctitis Proctitis is an inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum, affecting only the last 6 inches of the rectum. A common symptom is a continual urge to have a bowel movement—the rectum could feel full or have constipation. Another is tenderness and mild irritation in the rectum and anal region. A serious symptom is pus and blood in the discharge, accompanied by cramps and pain during the bowel movement. If there is severe bleeding, anemia can result, showing symptoms such as pale skin, irritability, weakness, dizziness, brittle nails, and shortness of breath. Symptoms are ineffectual straining"
"Bartholin's cyst A Bartholin's cyst occurs when Bartholin's gland, within the labia, becomes blocked. Small cysts may result in few symptoms. Large cysts may result in swelling of one side of the vagina, and pain with sex or walking. If the cyst becomes infected an abscess occurs. These are typically red and very painful. The cause is typically unknown. With an abscess, a bacterial infection has occurred, but it is not usually a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Rarely gonorrhea may be involved. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and examination. In those over the age of 40, a tissue biopsy"
"name: ""agalactiae"" meaning ""no milk""). Mastitis associated with GBS can have an important effect on the quantity and quality of milk produced, and is also associated with elevated somatic cell count and total bacteria count in the milk. Outbreaks in herds are common, and as this is of major significance for the dairy industry, programs to reduce the impact of GBS have been enforced in many countries. GBS it is also an important pathogen in a diversity of fish species, leading to serious economic losses in many species of fish worldwide. GBS causes severe epidemics in farmed fish, causing septicemia"
"Male accessory gland infection Male Accessory Gland Infection (MAGI), also known as Male Accessory Gland Inflammation, is a condition with signs of inflammation involving one or more sites in the male genital tract. Diagnosis is made according to parameters defined by the World Health Organization, and it is particularly made in relation to infectious or inflammatory causes of male infertility. Although it is usually caused by infection spreading from the urethra, non-infectious causes also exist. MAGI includes infections (bacterial, viral, fungal etc.) involving one or more of the following male genital organs or tracts: As infection has a negative impact"
"infected cows get sick – some shed the disease without becoming ill, allowing for transmission between farms if apparently healthy cows are moved. Mastitis can cause a decline in potassium and lactoferrin. It also results in decreased casein, the major protein in milk. As most calcium in milk is associated with casein, the disruption of casein synthesis contributes to lowered calcium in milk. The milk protein continues to undergo further deterioration during processing and storage. Milk from cows with mastitis also has a higher somatic cell count. Generally speaking, the higher the somatic cell count, the lower the milk quality."
"vomiting. Chronic or congenital diseases might be investigated using barium swallows, endoscopy and biopsy, whereas acute diseases such as reflux may be investigated and diagnosed based on symptoms and a medical history alone. Gastric diseases refer to diseases affecting the stomach. Inflammation of the stomach by infection from any cause is called gastritis, and when including other parts of the gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteritis. When gastritis persists in a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including atrophic gastritis, pyloric stenosis, and gastric cancer. Another common condition is gastric ulceration, peptic ulcers. Ulceration erodes the gastric mucosa, which protects"
"Metritis Metritis is inflammation of the wall of the uterus, whereas endometritis is inflammation of the functional lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. The term pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is often used for metritis. Postpartum metritis, also known as puerperal sepsis, occurs within 21 days and is most common within 10 days of delivery. Metritis is characterized by an enlarged uterus and a watery red-brown fluid to viscous off-white purulent uterine discharge, which often has a bad smell. The severity of disease is categorized by the signs of health: Clinical endometritis is defined in cattle as the presence of"
"Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever and bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. Those who have been infected for a long time may experience liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer. In children, it may cause poor growth and learning difficulty. The disease is spread by contact with fresh water contaminated with the parasites. These parasites are released from infected freshwater snails. The disease is especially common among children in developing countries, as"
"disease of the small intestine caused by a protist parasite ""Giardia lamblia"". This does not spread but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine. It can often be asymptomatic, but as often can be indicated by a variety of symptoms. Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans. There are diagnostic tools mostly involving the ingestion of barium sulphate to investigate disorders of the GI tract. These are known as upper gastrointestinal series that enable imaging of the pharynx, larynx, oesophagous, stomach and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal series for imaging of the colon. Gestation can"
"Treatment with antibiotics can lead to a yeast infection and irritation of the vulva. Some diseases increase the possibility of yeast infections, such as diabetes mellitus. Chronic inflammation of the vulva predisposes to the development of premalignant or malignant changes. Pruritus vulvae Pruritus vulvae is itchiness of the vulva, which is the counterpart of pruritus scroti, and may have many different causes. Patch testing may be used to diagnose the cause. This condition is a symptom of an underlying condition more often than it is a primary condition. Vulva irritation can be caused by any moisture left on the skin."
"Helminthiasis Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often live in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, but they may also burrow into other organs, where they induce physiological damage. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are the most important helminthiases, and are among the neglected tropical diseases. This group of helmianthiases have been targeted under the joint action of the world's"
"Prostatitis Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. Prostatitis is classified into acute, chronic, asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In the United States, prostatitis is diagnosed in 8 percent of all urologist visits and 1 percent of all primary care physician visits. The term ""prostatitis"" refers to inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland. It may occur as an appropriate physiological response to an infection, or it may occur in the absence of infection. In 1999, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) devised a new classification system. For more specifics about"
"function of the large intestine include barium swallows, abdominal x-rays, and colonoscopy. Diseases affecting the rectum and anus are extremely common, especially in older adults. Hemorrhoids, vascular outpouchings of skin, are very common, as is pruritus ani, referring to anal itchiness. Other conditions, such as anal cancer may be associated with ulcerative colitis or with sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. Inflammation of the rectum is known as proctitis, one cause of which is radiation damage associated with radiotherapy to other sites such as the prostate. Faecal incontinence can result from mechanical and neurological problems, and when associated with a"
"Mansonelliasis Mansonelliasis (or mansonellosis) is the condition of infection by the nematode ""Mansonella"". The disease exists in Africa and tropical Americas, spread by biting midges or blackflies. It is usually asymptomatic. Infections by ""Mansonella perstans"", while often asymptomatic, can be associated with angioedema, pruritus, fever, headaches, arthralgias, and neurologic manifestations. ""Mansonella streptocerca"" can manifest on the skin via pruritus, papular eruptions and pigmentation changes. ""Mansonella ozzardi"" can cause symptoms that include arthralgias, headaches, fever, pulmonary symptoms, adenopathy, hepatomegaly, and pruritus. Eosinophilia is often prominent in all cases of Mansonelliasis. ""M. perstans"" can also present with Calabar-like swellings, hives, and a"
"rams. It has also been described in roosters. Orchitis Orchitis or orchiditis (from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις meaning ""testicle""; same root as ""orchid"") is inflammation of the testes. It can also involve swelling, heavy pains and frequent infection, particularly of the epididymis, and is more rarely known as didymitis (as in ""epididymis""). Symptoms of orchitis are similar to those of testicular torsion. These can include: Orchitis can be related to epididymitis infection that has spread to the testicles (then called ""epididymo-orchitis""), sometimes caused by the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and gonorrhea. It has also been reported in cases of males"