"the gospel of Luke (Luke 24:44). The books of the Bible that have an internal spiritual sense, and are thus divinely inspired, include the Law of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings), the Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi) and the Psalms. Swedenborg's groupings differ from Judaism's, as he assigned Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings to the Law of Moses, while according to the Jewish biblical canon the Law of Moses (the Torah) refers to the first five books, and these four books"
"with the following books, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings, as Deuteronomistic History. There is a growing recognition that Genesis developed apart from the Exodus stories until joined to it by the Priestly writer. The Torah (or Pentateuch) is the collective name for the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. According to tradition they were dictated by God to Moses, but when modern critical scholarship began to be applied to the Bible it was discovered that the Pentateuch was not the unified text one would expect from a single author. As a result, the Mosaic"
"it remains crucial to their understanding of the unity and authority of Scripture. The Torah (or Pentateuch, as biblical scholars sometimes call it) is the collective name for the first five books of the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. It forms the charter myth of Israel, the story of the people's origins and the foundations of their culture and institutions, and it is a fundamental principle of Judaism that the relationship between God and his chosen people was set out on Mount Sinai through the Torah. The development of the Torah began by around 600 BCE when"
"continues: The term occurs 15 times in the Hebrew Bible, a further 7 times in the New Testament, and repeatedly in Second Temple period, intertestamental, rabbinical and patristic literature. The Hebrew word for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, ""Torah"" (which means ""law"" and was translated into Greek as ""nomos"" or ""Law"") refers to the same five books termed in English ""Pentateuch"" (from Latinised Greek ""five books,"" implying the five books of Moses). According to some scholars, use of the name ""Torah"" to designate the ""Five Books of Moses"" of the Hebrew Bible is clearly documented only from"
"written at different times by different authors. All books of the Bible are not strictly religious in nature; for example, ""The Song of Songs"" is a love poem and, along with ""The Book of Esther"", does not explicitly mention God. ""Torah"" in this instance refers to the Pentateuch (to parallel ""Chumash"", חומש), so called because it consists of five books: Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, Leviticus and Deuteronomy. It is the core scripture of Judaism and Samaritanism, honored in these religions as the most sacred of scripture. It is sometimes called the ""Five Books of Moses"" because according to the Jewish tradition,"
"as the ""Five Books of Moses"" or the Pentateuch, meaning ""five scroll-cases"". The Hebrew names of the books are derived from the first words in the respective texts. The Torah consists of the following five books: The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation (or ordering) of the world and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel) and Jacob's children, the ""Children of Israel"", especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham"
"Heptateuch The Heptateuch (seven containers) is a name sometimes given to the first seven books of the Hebrew Bible. The seven books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua and Judges. The first four of these are sometimes called the Tetrateuch, the first five are commonly known as the Torah or the Pentateuch, the first six as the Hexateuch. With the addition of the Book of Ruth, it becomes the Octateuch. The ""Enneateuch"" is the Heptateuch plus the Books of Samuel and the Books of Kings (each pair of books counted as one, and not including the Book of Ruth)."
"Augustine of Hippo produced a piece called ""Questions on the Heptateuch"". Ælfric of Eynsham produced an Old English version of the Heptateuch. Heptateuch The Heptateuch (seven containers) is a name sometimes given to the first seven books of the Hebrew Bible. The seven books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua and Judges. The first four of these are sometimes called the Tetrateuch, the first five are commonly known as the Torah or the Pentateuch, the first six as the Hexateuch. With the addition of the Book of Ruth, it becomes the Octateuch. The ""Enneateuch"" is the Heptateuch plus the"
"Hexateuch The Hexateuch (""six scrolls"") is the first six books of the Hebrew Bible: the Torah (""Pentateuch"") and the book of Joshua. The term ""Hexateuch"" came into scholarly use from the 1870s onwards mainly as the result of work carried out by Abraham Kuenen and Julius Wellhausen. Following the work of Eichhorn, de Wette, Graf, Kuenen, Nöldeke, Colenso and others, in his ""Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels"" Wellhausen proposed that Joshua represented part of the northern Yahwist source (""c"" 950 BC), detached from JE document by the Deuteronomist (""c"" 650–621) and incorporated into the Deuteronomic history, with the books of Judges,"
"Ezra 3:2; 7:6; Neh. 8:1; II Chron. 23:18; 30:16) was intended to be comprehensive. Other early titles were ""The Book of Moses"" (Ezra 6:18; Neh. 13:1; II Chron. 35:12; 25:4; cf. II Kings 14:6) and ""The Book of the Torah"" (Neh. 8:3), which seems to be a contraction of a fuller name, ""The Book of the Torah of God"" (Neh. 8:8, 18; 10:29–30; cf. 9:3). Christian scholars usually refer to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the ""Pentateuch"" (, ""pentáteuchos"", ""five scrolls""), a term first used in the Hellenistic Judaism of Alexandria. The Torah starts from the"
"Damascus Pentateuch The Damascus Pentateuch ( Keter Dameseq or Crown of Damascus) is a 10th century Hebrew Bible codex (Pentateuch), containing the first Five Books of Moses. The codex was copied by an unknown scribe, replete with Masoretic annotations. The manuscript is defective in its beginning, as it starts with Genesis 9:26 (Exodus 18:1–23 is also missing). It was acquired by the Jewish National and University Library in 1975, and published in a large, two-volume facsimile edition in 1978 (not to be confused with another Damascus Keter, of medieval Spanish origin). The Damascus Pentateuch came to renown owing largely to"
"Pentateuch, or as the """"Five Books of Moses"""". Printed versions (rather than scrolls) of the Torah are often called """"Chamisha Chumshei Torah"""""" ( """"Five fifth-sections of the Torah"""") and informally a """"Chumash"""". ""Nevi'im"" ( , """"Prophets"""") is the second main division of the Tanakh, between the Torah and Ketuvim. It contains three sub-groups. This division includes the books which cover the time from the entrance of the Israelites into the Land of Israel until the Babylonian captivity of Judah (the """"period of prophecy""""). Their distribution is not chronological, but substantive. The Former Prophets ( ) The Latter Prophets ( )"
"may be contrasted with the view of scholars following the older rabbinic tradition, as expressed by the compilers of the Jewish Encyclopedia (compiled between 1901 and 1906), that the ""Pentateuch"" is a complete work in itself. The thesis may also be contrasted with the view put forward by Eduard Meyer (1855–1930) that there never was any ""Hexateuch"" per se, but that the ""Law"", ""Joshua"", ""Judges"", ""Samuel"", and ""Kings"" once formed one great historic work. Hexateuch The Hexateuch (""six scrolls"") is the first six books of the Hebrew Bible: the Torah (""Pentateuch"") and the book of Joshua. The term ""Hexateuch"" came"
"the 2nd century BCE. In modern usage, ""Torah"" can refer to the first five books of the Tanakh, as the Hebrew Bible is commonly called, to the instructions and commandments found in the 2nd to 5th books of the Hebrew Bible, and also to the entire Tanakh and even all of the Oral Law as well. Among English-speaking Christians the term ""The Law"" can refer to the whole Pentateuch including Genesis, but this is generally in relation to the New Testament where ""nomos"" ""the Law"" sometimes refers to all five books, including Genesis. This use of the Hebrew term ""Torah"""
"including a familiar ""piyyut"" (liturgical song) entitled ""Usherers of Mercy"", recited before and after Rosh Hashanah in Selichot (Jewish penitential prayers). The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh is the Jewish scriptural canon and central source of Jewish law. The word is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the three traditional subdivisions of the Tanakh: The Torah (""Teaching"", also known as the ""Five Books of Moses"" or ""Pentateuch""), the Nevi'im (""Prophets"") and the Ketuvim (""Writings""). The Tanakh contains 24 books in all; its authoritative version is the Masoretic Text. Traditionally, the text of the Tanakh was said to have"
"Samaritan Pentateuch The Samaritan Pentateuch, also known as the Samaritan Torah ( ""torah shomronit""), is a text of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, written in the Samaritan alphabet and used as scripture by the Samaritans. It constitutes their entire biblical canon. Some six thousand differences exist between the Samaritan and the Masoretic Text. Most are minor variations in the spelling of words or grammatical constructions, but others involve significant semantic changes, such as the uniquely Samaritan commandment to construct an altar on Mount Gerizim. Nearly two thousand of these textual variations agree with the Koine Greek Septuagint"
"different reason; most posit that God is not a being with a will; thus, they maintain that no will can be revealed. The Torah is composed of 5 books called in English Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. They chronicle the history of the Hebrews and also contain the commandments that Jews are to follow. Rabbinic Judaism holds that the Torah extant today is the same one that was given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai. Maimonides explains: ""We do not know exactly how the Torah was transmitted to Moses. But when it was transmitted, Moses merely wrote it"
"halakhic distinction. Law of Moses The Law of Moses ( ), also called the Mosaic Law, refers primarily to the Torah or first five books of the Hebrew Bible. Traditionally believed to have been written by Moses, some academics now believe they had many authors. The Law of Moses or Torah of Moses (Hebrew: , ""Torat Moshe"", Septuagint , ""nómos Mōusē"", or in some translations the ""Teachings of Moses"" ) is a biblical term first found in the Book of Joshua , where Joshua writes the Hebrew words of ""Torat Moshe "" on an altar of stones at Mount Ebal."
"lost, God remained present with Israel. The history of exilic and post-exilic Judah is little known, but a summary of current theories can be made as follows: The Pentateuch or Torah (the Greek and Hebrew terms, respectively, for the bible's books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) describe the history of the Israelites from the creation of the world, through the earliest biblical patriarchs and their wanderings, to the exodus from Egypt and the encounter with God in the wilderness. The books contain many inconsistencies, repetitions, different narrative styles, and different names for God. There are, for example, two"
"with the Leningrad Codex. As for the variants in vocalization it follows that of Ben Asher up to 52% of the time, and that of Ben Naphtali up to 46% of the time, for which diversity it has been called by him ""a mixed manuscript where one can find in it a few 'improvements,' but which differs in several aspects regarding its vocalization and trope symbols from the Aleppo Codex."" Damascus Pentateuch The Damascus Pentateuch ( Keter Dameseq or Crown of Damascus) is a 10th century Hebrew Bible codex (Pentateuch), containing the first Five Books of Moses. The codex was"
"Law of Moses The Law of Moses ( ), also called the Mosaic Law, refers primarily to the Torah or first five books of the Hebrew Bible. Traditionally believed to have been written by Moses, some academics now believe they had many authors. The Law of Moses or Torah of Moses (Hebrew: , ""Torat Moshe"", Septuagint , ""nómos Mōusē"", or in some translations the ""Teachings of Moses"" ) is a biblical term first found in the Book of Joshua , where Joshua writes the Hebrew words of ""Torat Moshe "" on an altar of stones at Mount Ebal. The text"
"Torah Torah (; , ""Instruction"", ""Teaching"" or ""Law"") has a range of meanings. It can most specifically mean the first five books (""Pentateuch"") of the 24 books of the Tanakh, and is usually printed with the rabbinic commentaries ('). It can mean the continued narrative from the Book of Genesis to the end of the Tanakh (Malachi), and it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching, culture and practice, whether derived from biblical texts or later rabbinic writings. Common to all these meanings, Torah consists of the origin of Jewish peoplehood: their call into being by God, their trials"
"the majority of contemporary Evangelicals, while accepting that some or much of the Pentateuch can be traced to Moses or traditions about him, pay little attention to the question of authorship. Mosaic authorship Mosaic authorship is the Jewish, Christian and Muslim tradition that Moses was the author of the Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. The books do not name any author, as authorship was not considered important by the society that produced them, and it was only after Jews came into contact with author-centric Hellenistic culture in the late Second Temple period that the rabbis"
"Old English Hexateuch The Old English Hexateuch is the collaborative project of the late Anglo-Saxon period that translated the six books of the Hexateuch into Old English, presumably under the editorship of Ælfric of Eynsham. It is the first vernacular translation of the first six books of the Old Testament, i.e. the five books of the Torah (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) and Joshua. The translation is retained in seven manuscripts, most of which are fragmentary. The best-known of those is a richly illuminated manuscript kept in London: British Library, Cotton MS Claudius B.iv. Another copy of the text,"
"Five Megillot The Five Scrolls or The Five Megillot ( , ""Hamesh Megillot"" or ""Chomeish Megillos"") are parts of the Ketuvim (""Writings""), the third major section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). The Five Scrolls are the Song of Songs, the Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and the Book of Esther. These five relatively short biblical books are grouped together in Jewish tradition. An early testimony that these five scrolls were grouped together is in the ""Midrash Rabba"". This ""midrash"" was compiled on the Pentateuch and on the Five Scrolls. All five of these ""megillot"" (""scrolls"") are traditionally"
"Five Megillot The Five Scrolls or The Five Megillot ( , ""Hamesh Megillot"" or ""Chomeish Megillos"") are parts of the Ketuvim (""Writings""), the third major section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). The Five Scrolls are the Song of Songs, the Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and the Book of Esther. These five relatively short biblical books are grouped together in Jewish tradition. An early testimony that these five scrolls were grouped together is in the ""Midrash Rabba"". This ""midrash"" was compiled on the Pentateuch and on the Five Scrolls. All five of these ""megillot"" (""scrolls"") are traditionally"
"The Bible with Sources Revealed The Bible with Sources Revealed (2003) is a book by American biblical scholar Richard Elliott Friedman dealing with the process by which the five books of the Torah or Pentateuch (the ""Five Books of Moses"") came to be written. Friedman follows the four-source Documentary Hypothesis model, but differs significantly from Julius Wellhausen's model in several respects. Most notably, Friedman agrees with Wellhausen on the date of the Deuteronomist (the court of Josiah, c. 621 or 622 BC), but places the Priestly source at the court of Hezekiah; his sequence of sources therefore runs Jahwist–Elohist–Priestly–Deuteronomist [JEPD]"
"E, the Elohist source, P, the priestly source, and D, the Deuteronomist source. ... Thus, the Pentateuch (or Torah, as it is known by Jews) comprises material taken from six centuries of human history, which has been put together to give a comprehensive picture of the creation of the world and of God's dealings with his peoples, specifically with the people of Israel."" (Professor John Riches of the University of Glasgow). According to Jewish tradition, Torah was recompiled by prophet Ezra during Second Temple period, and he recited it to the assembled Israelites in order to enforce the observance of"
"Although tradition attributes Genesis to Moses, biblical scholars hold that it, together with the following four books (making up what Jews call the Torah and biblical scholars call the Pentateuch), is ""a composite work, the product of many hands and periods."" A common hypothesis among biblical scholars today is that the first major comprehensive draft of the Pentateuch was composed in the late 7th or the 6th century BCE (the Jahwist source), and that this was later expanded by the addition of various narratives and laws (the Priestly source) into a work very like the one existing today. As for"
"text of the Samaritan Targum have appeared. In 1875, the German scholar Adolf Brüll published his ""Das samaritanische Targum zum Pentateuch"" (""The Samaritan Targum to the Pentateuch""). More recently a two volume set edited by Abraham Tal appeared featuring the first critical edition based upon all extant manuscripts containing the Targumic text. Samaritan Pentateuch The Samaritan Pentateuch, also known as the Samaritan Torah ( ""torah shomronit""), is a text of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, written in the Samaritan alphabet and used as scripture by the Samaritans. It constitutes their entire biblical canon. Some six thousand differences"
"Moses' writings would also believe Jesus' words: Among early centers of Christianity the Septuagint was used by Greek speakers, while Aramaic Targums were used by Aramaic speakers such as the Syriac Orthodox Church. It was regarded as the standard form of the ""Old Testament"" in the early Greek Christian Church and is still considered canonical in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Though different Christian denominations have slightly different versions of the ""Old Testament"" in their Bibles, the Torah as the ""Five Books of Moses"" (or ""the Mosaic Law"") is common among them all. While Christianity includes the five books of Moses"
"Ashburnham Pentateuch The Ashburnham Pentateuch (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS nouv. acq. lat. 2334, also known as the Tours Pentateuch and the Codex Turonensis) is a late 6th- or early 7th-century Latin illuminated manuscript of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). Although it originally contained all five books of the Pentateuch, it is now missing the whole of Deuteronomy as well as sections of the other five books. It has 142 folios and 19 miniatures, and measures 372mm by 321mm. It is thought to have originally included as many as 68 full page miniatures. A"
"Ethel Jenner Rosenberg. Torah Torah (; , ""Instruction"", ""Teaching"" or ""Law"") has a range of meanings. It can most specifically mean the first five books (""Pentateuch"") of the 24 books of the Tanakh, and is usually printed with the rabbinic commentaries ('). It can mean the continued narrative from the Book of Genesis to the end of the Tanakh (Malachi), and it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching, culture and practice, whether derived from biblical texts or later rabbinic writings. Common to all these meanings, Torah consists of the origin of Jewish peoplehood: their call into being by"