"has a variety of programming language bindings such as PHP, and forms the basis for Libsodium, a cross-platform cryptography library created in 2013 which is API compatible with NaCl. NaCl (software) <dfn>NaCl</dfn> (pronounced ""salt"") is an abbreviation for ""Networking and Cryptography library"", a public domain ""...high-speed software library for network communication, encryption, decryption, signatures, etc"". NaCl was created by the mathematician and programmer Daniel J. Bernstein who is best known for the creation of qmail and Curve25519. The core team also includes Tanja Lange and Peter Schwabe. The main goal while creating NaCl, according to the paper, was to ""avoid"
"Sodium chloride Sodium chloride , also known as salt (though sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form of table salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are"
"SiC, AgCO, AgCN, NaHCO, NaCO, NaOCN, NaCN, NaFe(CN)NO, NaSCN, SrCO, TaC, (SCN), CSCl, TiC, WC, W(CO), CO(NH), ZnCO (NH)Ce(NO) (CAN), (NH)Ce(SO), Ce(CO), CeCl, CeF, CeF, CeO, CePO, Ce(SO), Ce(OSOCF), Ce(OSOCF) AcCl, AlCl, AmCl, NHCl, SbCl, SbCl, AsCl, BaCl, BeCl, BiCl, BCl, BrCl, CdCl, CdCl, CsCl, CaCl, Ca(OCl), CCl, CeCl, NHCl, ClO, ClO, ClF, HPtCl, ClSOH, ClSONCO, CrCl, CrCl, CrOCl, CoCl, CuCl, CuCl, CmCl, ClCN, ClO, ClO, SCl, DyCl, ErCl, EuCl, EuCl, GdCl, GaCl, GeCl, GeCl, AuCl, AuCl, HfCl, HPtCl, HoCl, HCl, HCl(aq), HOCl, InCl, InCl, ICl, IrCl, FeCl, FeCl, LaCl, PbCl, LiCl, LiClO, LuCl, MgCl, Mg(ClO), MnCl, HgCl, HgCl, Hg(ClO),"
"MoCl, MoCl, NdCl, NpCl, NiCl, NbCl, NbCl, NbOCl, NCl, NOCl, NOCl, OsCl, PdCl, COCl, (PNCl), POCl, PCl, PCl, PtCl, PtCl, PuCl, KCl, KClO, KClO, PrCl, PaCl, RaCl, ReCl, ReCl, RhCl, RbCl, RuCl, SmCl, ScCl, SeCl, SeCl, SiCl, AgCl, AgClO, NaClO, NaClO, NaCl, NaOCl, NaClO, SrCl, SCl, SOCl, TaCl, TaCl, TaCl, TeCl, TbCl, TlCl, TlCl, SOCl, CSCl, ThCl, TmCl, SnCl, SnCl, TiCl, TiCl, HSiCl, WCl, WCl, WCl, UCl, UCl, UCl, UCl, UOCl, VCl, VCl, VCl, VOCl, YbCl, YCl, ZnCl, ZrCl (NH)CrO, NH[Cr(NCS)(NH)], BaCrO, Cr(CO), CrCl, CrCl, CrCl, CrF, CrO, CrO, CrO, Cr(NO), KCr(SO), Cr(SO), CrS, CrN, CrOCl, CuCrO, PbCrO, KCrO, KCrO,"
"Sodium dichloroisocyanurate Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (INN: sodium troclosene, ""troclosenum natricum"" or NaDCC or SDIC) is a chemical compound widely used as a cleansing agent and disinfectant. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. The dihydrate is also known () as is the potassium salt (). It is mainly used as a disinfectant, biocide and industrial deodorant. It is found in some modern water purification tablets/filters. It is more efficient than the formerly used halazone water disinfectant. In these applications, it is a slow-release source of chlorine in low concentrations at a relatively constant rate. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize"
"History of salt Salt, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl, is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions. All life has evolved to depend on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from food preservation to seasoning. Salt's ability to preserve food was a founding contributor to the development of civilization. It helped to eliminate dependence on seasonal availability of food, and made it possible to transport food over large distances. However, salt was often difficult to obtain, so it was a highly valued"
"although stored pressure versions are now popular. Common sizes are portable and wheeled. Since at least medieval times, people have used salt as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces. It is also used in many brands of shampoo, toothpaste and popularly to de-ice driveways and patches of ice. Defect-free NaCl crystals have an optical transmittance of about 90% for infrared light, specifically between 200 nm and 20 µm. They were therefore used in optical components (windows and prisms) operating in that spectral range, where few non-absorbing alternatives exist and where requirements for absence of microscopic inhomogeneities are less strict"
"Na-K-Cl cotransporter The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein, NKCC1 and NKCC2, encoded by two different genes (""SLC12A2"" and ""SLC12A1"" respectively). Two isoforms of the NKCC1/Slc12a2 gene result from keeping (isoform 1) or skipping (isoform 2) exon 21 in the final gene product. NKCC1 is widely distributed throughout the human body; it has important functions in organs that secrete fluids. NKCC2 is found specifically in the kidney, where it serves to extract sodium, potassium, and chloride"
"Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. Because it has long been known and is widely used, the"
"Sodium chlorite Sodium Chlorite (NaClO) is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of paper and as a disinfectant. The main application of sodium chlorite is the generation of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used for disinfection of municipal water treatment plants after conversion to chlorine dioxide. An advantage in this application, as compared to the more commonly used chlorine, is that trihalomethanes (such as chloroform) are not produced from organic contaminants. Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite is approved by FDA under some conditions for disinfecting water used to wash"
"Hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene, also known as Nabac, is an organochlorine compound that was once widely used as a disinfectant. The compound occurs as a white odorless solid, although commercial samples can be off-white and possess a slightly phenolic odor. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and chloroform. In medicine, hexachlorophene is a useful as a topical anti-infective, anti-bacterial agent, often used in soaps and toothpaste. It is also used in agriculture as a soil fungicide, plant bactericide, and acaricide. In 1972, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) halted the production and distribution of products"
"Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl or NaClO, comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated. Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution commonly known as liquid bleach or simply bleach, a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant"
"by HOCl, hypochlorous acid, an antimicrobial substance produced by White Blood Cells while investigating the chemical reaction of White Blood Cells during oxidative burst cycle. HOCl and other chlorine-containing chemicals fight invading microbes. These natural substances rapidly oxidize the cell walls of bacteria and the protein coats of viruses, rendering them inactive. Najafi started NovaBay Pharmaceuticals in 2000 to create a stable version of HOCl. Najafi, chemistry Nobel Laureate Herbert C. Brown, and Purdue University Professor Dale Margerum recruited Dr. Lu Wang to NovaBay, where she is now Director of Product Development. She was able to develop the stable version"
"Napalm Napalm is an incendiary mixture of a gelling agent and a volatile petrochemical (usually gasoline (petrol) or diesel fuel). The title is a portmanteau of the names of two of the constituents of the original thickening and gelling agents: co-precipitated aluminium salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. Napalm B is the more modern version of napalm (utilizing styrene derivatives) and, although distinctly different in its chemical composition, is often referred to simply as ""napalm"". Napalm was originally developed in 1942 in a secret laboratory at Harvard University, by a team led by chemist Louis Fieser under the United States"
"than in the visible range. While inexpensive, NaCl crystals are soft and hygroscopic – when exposed to the ambient air, they gradually cover with ""frost"". This limits application of NaCl to dry environments, vacuum sealed assembly areas or for short-term uses such as prototyping. Nowadays materials like zinc selenide (ZnSe), which are stronger mechanically and are less sensitive to moisture, are used instead of NaCl for the infrared spectral range. In solid sodium chloride, each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite charge as expected on electrostatic grounds. The surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a"
"to the nitrate. One of the more prevalent uses of magnesium acetate is in the mixture called calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). It is a mixture of calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. CMA is thought of as an environmentally friendly alternative deicer to NaCl and CaCl. CMA also acts as a powerful SO, NO, and toxic particulate emission control agent in coal combustion processes to reduce acid rain, and as an effective catalyst for the facilitation of coal combustion. Magnesium acetate has been found to cause a conformational change in ""Escherichia coli"" enzyme Primase. In this experiment Mg(OAc), MnCl, CaCl, NaOAc,"
"NaCl structure. The distorted structure is believed to be caused by favourable thallium-thallium interactions, the closest Tl-Tl distance is 383 pm. At 175 °C the yellow form transforms to a red CsCl form. This phase transition is accompanied by about two orders of magnitude jump in electrical conductivity. The CsI structure can be stabilized down to room temperature by doping with other iodides such as RbI, CsI, KI, AgI, TlBr and TlCl. Thus, presence of impurities might be responsible for coexistence of the cubic and orthorombic phases at ambient conditions. Under high pressure, 160 kbar, becomes a metallic conductor. Nanometer-thin"
"Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride), is the chemical compound NiCl. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl·6HO is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure. The largest scale production of nickel chloride involves the extraction with hydrochloric acid of nickel matte and residues obtained from roasting refining nickel-containing ores. Nickel"
"Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, is the chemical compound with the formula NCl. This yellow, oily, pungent-smelling and explosive liquid is most commonly encountered as a byproduct of chemical reactions between ammonia-derivatives and chlorine (for example, in swimming pools). The compound is prepared by treatment of ammonium salts, such as ammonium nitrate with chlorine. Intermediates in this conversion include chloramine and dichloramine, NHCl and NHCl, respectively. Like ammonia, NCl is a pyramidal molecule. The N-Cl distances are 1.76 Å, and the Cl-N-Cl angles are 107°. The chemistry of NCl has been well explored. It is moderately polar"
"Sodium-chloride symporter The sodium-chloride symporter (also known as Na-Cl cotransporter, NCC or NCCT, or as the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter or TSC) is a cotransporter in the kidney which has the function of reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid into the cells of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. It is a member of the SLC12 cotransporter family of electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters. In humans, it is encoded by the gene ""SLC12A3"" (solute carrier family 12 member 3) located in 16q13. A loss of NCC function causes Gitelman syndrome, an autosomic recessive disease characterized by salt wasting"
"with traditional chromium based corrosion inhibitors, NdCl and other rare-earth salts are environment friendly and much less toxic to humans and animals. The protective action of NdCl on aluminium alloys is based on formation of insoluble neodymium hydroxide. Being a chloride, NdCl itself is a corrosive agent, which is sometimes used for corrosion testing of ceramics. Lanthanides, including neodymium are famous for their bright luminescence and therefore are widely used as fluorescent labels. In particular, NdCl has been incorporated into organic molecules, such as DNA, which could be then easily traced using a fluorescence microscope during various physical and chemical"
"and NaCl or KCl at temperatures about 700 °C. The mixture does melt at those temperatures, even though they are lower than the melting points of NdCl and KCl (~770 °C). Although NdCl itself does not have strong luminescence, it serves as a source of Nd ions for various light emitting materials. The latter include Nd-YAG lasers and Nd-doped optical fiber amplifiers, which amplify light emitted by other lasers. The Nd-YAG laser emits infrared light at 1.064 micrometres and is the most popular solid-state laser (i.e. laser based on a solid medium). The reason for using NdCl rather than metallic"
"tetrachloride. The estimated exposure to these chemicals from use is estimated to be within occupational exposure limits. Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl or NaClO, comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated. Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution commonly known as"
"the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not"
"salt), NaCl, illustrates the usual role of an alkali metal such as sodium. In the empirical formula for this ionic compound, the positively charged sodium ion balanced by a negatively charged chloride ion. The traditional explanation for stable Na is that the loss of one electron from elemental sodium to produce a cation with charge of +1 produces a stable closed-shell electron configuration. There are known alkalides for some of the alkali metals: Alkalides of the other alkali metals have not yet been discovered: Normally, alkalides are thermally labile due to the high reactivity of the alkalide anion, which is"
"Sodium acetate Sodium acetate, CHCOONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. This colorless deliquescent salt has a wide range of uses. Sodium acetate is used in the textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams and also as a photoresist while using aniline dyes. It is also a pickling agent in chrome tanning and helps to impede vulcanization of chloroprene in synthetic rubber production. In processing cotton for disposable cotton pads, sodium acetate is used to eliminate the buildup of static electricity. Sodium acetate is used to mitigate water damage to concrete by acting as a"
"fruits, vegetables, and poultry. Sodium chlorite, NaClO, sometimes in combination with zinc chloride, also finds application as a component in therapeutic rinses, mouthwashes, toothpastes and gels, mouth sprays, as preservative in eye drops, and in contact lens cleaning solution under the trade name Purite. Under the brand name Oxine it is used for sanitizing air ducts and HVAC/R systems and animal containment areas (walls, floors, and other surfaces). In organic synthesis, sodium chlorite is frequently used as a reagent in the Pinnick oxidation for the oxidation of Aldehydes to Carboxylic acids. The reaction is usually performed in monosodium phosphate buffered"
"Google Native Client Google Native Client (NaCl) is a sandboxing technology for running either a subset of Intel x86, ARM, or MIPS native code, or a portable executable, in a sandbox. It allows safely running native code from a web browser, independent of the user operating system, allowing web apps to run at near-native speeds, which aligns with Google's plans for Chrome OS. It may also be used for securing browser plugins, and parts of other applications or full applications such as ZeroVM. To demonstrate the readiness of the technology, on 9 December 2011, Google announced the availability of several"
"diluted solutions where the effects of ionic strength and activity coefficients are negligible. Common salt has a 1:1 molar ratio of sodium and chlorine. In 2013, compounds of sodium and chloride of different stoichiometries have been discovered; five new compounds were predicted (e.g., NaCl, NaCl, NaCl, NaCl, and NaCl). The existence of some of them has been experimentally confirmed at high pressures: cubic and orthorhombic NaCl and two-dimensional metallic tetragonal NaCl. This indicates that compounds violating chemical intuition are possible, in simple systems under nonambient conditions. Small particles of sea salt are the dominant cloud condensation nuclei far out at"
"Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) chloride (CeCl), also known as cerous chloride or cerium trichloride, is a compound of cerium and chlorine. It is a white hygroscopic solid; it rapidly absorbs water on exposure to moist air to form a hydrate, which appears to be of variable composition, though the heptahydrate CeCl·7HO is known. It is highly soluble in water, and (when anhydrous) it is soluble in ethanol and acetone. Simple rapid heating of the hydrate alone may cause small amounts of hydrolysis. A useful form of anhydrous CeCl can be prepared if care is taken to heat the heptahydrate gradually to"
"Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO. It is a white crystalline, hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and in alcohol. It usually encountered as the monohydrate. The compound is noteworthy as the most water-soluble of the common perchlorate salts. In 2011, a study by the Georgia Institute of Technology unveiled the presence of sodium perchlorate on the planet Mars. Its heat of formation is −382.75 kJ/mol, i.e. it is favorable for it to decompose into sodium chloride and dioxygen. It crystallizes in the rhombic crystal system. Sodium perchlorate is the precursor"
"to high. High concentrations are used rarely in medicine but frequently in molecular biology. Normal saline (""NSS,"" ""NS"" or ""N/S"") is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90% w/v of NaCl, 308 mOsm/L or 9.0 g per litre. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as ""physiological saline"" or ""isotonic saline"" (because it closely approximates isotonic, that is, physiologically normal, solution); although neither of those names is technically accurate (because normal saline is not exactly like blood serum), they convey the practical effect usually seen: good fluid balance with minimal hypotonicity or hypertonicity. NS is used frequently in"
"Potassium chloride Potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water and its solutions have a salt-like taste. KCl is used as a fertilizer, in medicine, in scientific applications, and in food processing, where it may be known as E number additive E508. In a few states of the United States it is used to cause cardiac arrest as the third drug in the ""three drug cocktail"" for executions by lethal injection. It occurs naturally as the mineral"