"able to reverse the child abuse claims with which the revolution charged Marie-Antoinette during her trial, directing them at the revolution itself, for harming Louis-Charles. In 2000, Philippe Delorme arranged for DNA testing of the heart as well as bone samples from Karl Wilhelm Naundorff. Ernst Brinkmann of Münster University and Belgian genetics professor Jean-Jacques Cassiman of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, conducted mitochondrial DNA tests in 2000 using samples from Marie-Antoinette, her sisters Maria Johanna Gabriela and Maria Josepha, their mother, Maria Theresa, and two living direct descendants in strict maternal line of Maria Theresa, Queen Anne of Romania and her"
"Christine. Maria Teresa's father Philip IV of Spain was also the brother of Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV and was eager to bring about peace between France and Spain with the marriage of Louis and Maria Teresa. Negotiations with France and Savoy went as far as Louis XIV and Margherita Violante, known to the French as ""Marguerite Yolande de Savoie"", meeting at Lyon on the French royal family leaving Paris on October 26, 1658. The French entourage included the Dowager Queen, Louis XIV, Philippe d'Anjou, ""la Grande Mademoiselle"" and Marie Mancini. The French were impressed by her appearance"
"poses as Amphitrite. Françoise Marie de Bourbon Françoise Marie de Bourbon, ""légitimée de France"" (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and his ""maîtresse-en-titre"", Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan. At the age of 14 she was wed to her first cousin Philippe d'Orléans, future regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Through four of the eight children she bore him in an unhappy marriage she became the ancestress of several of Europe's Roman Catholic monarchs of the 19th and 20th centuries, notably those of Belgium, Italy, Spain, and France."
"Françoise Marie de Bourbon Françoise Marie de Bourbon, ""légitimée de France"" (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and his ""maîtresse-en-titre"", Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan. At the age of 14 she was wed to her first cousin Philippe d'Orléans, future regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Through four of the eight children she bore him in an unhappy marriage she became the ancestress of several of Europe's Roman Catholic monarchs of the 19th and 20th centuries, notably those of Belgium, Italy, Spain, and France. Françoise Marie was"
"May 1739. She was buried in the chapel of Our Lady in the Saint-Roch church in Paris. Marie Anne de Bourbon Marie Anne de Bourbon, ""Légitimée de France"" (2 October 1666 – 3 May 1739) was the eldest legitimised daughter (""fille légitimée de France"") of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress Louise de La Vallière. At the age of thirteen, she was married to Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and as such was the Princess of Conti by marriage. Her father's favourite daughter, Marie Anne was widowed in 1685 aged 19. She never married again and"
"Marie Anne de Bourbon Marie Anne de Bourbon, ""Légitimée de France"" (2 October 1666 – 3 May 1739) was the eldest legitimised daughter (""fille légitimée de France"") of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress Louise de La Vallière. At the age of thirteen, she was married to Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and as such was the Princess of Conti by marriage. Her father's favourite daughter, Marie Anne was widowed in 1685 aged 19. She never married again and had no children. Following her mother's retirement to a convent, Marie Anne continued to reside at her"
"Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon, ""Légitimée de France"", Mademoiselle de Tours (Saint-Germaine-en-Laye, 18 November 1674 – Bourbon, 15 September 1681) was the illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and his most famous ""Maîtresse-en-titre"", Madame de Montespan. She died in infancy. Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon was born at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 18 November 1674. She was the couple's third daughter and their fifth child. She was legitimised by her father Louis XIV in January 1676 at the age of almost two. Her parents affectionately dubbed her ""Toutou"" after her title. After her"
"Marie Thérèse of France Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), ""Madame Royale"", was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11). She was married to Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, who was the eldest son of the future Charles X, her father's younger brother; thus the bride and groom were also first cousins. After her marriage, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême. She became the Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the"
"Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine Princess Elisabeth Charlotte (; nicknamed ""Lieselotte"", 27 May 1652 – 8 December 1722) was a German princess and, as ""Madame"", the second wife of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV of France, and mother of France's ruler during the Regency. Louis invoked her hereditary claim to the Palatinate as pretext to launch the Nine Years' War in 1688. Her vast, frank correspondence provides a detailed account of the personalities and activities at the court of her brother-in-law, Louis XIV, for half a century, from the date of her marriage in 1672. Princess"
"Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon (27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719) was the second wife of King Louis XIV of France. She was known during her first marriage as Madame Scarron, and subsequently as Madame de Maintenon. Her marriage to the king was never officially announced or admitted, as it was morganatic, and thus she was never considered Queen Consort of France. Even so, she was very influential at court, and was one of the king's closest advisers. She founded the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, a school for girls from poorer noble families, in"
"Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine Louise Françoise de Bourbon (4 December 1707 – 19 August 1743) was a grand daughter of Louis XIV of France and his mistress Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, better known as ""Madame de Montespan"". Louise-Françoise was known as ""Mademoiselle du Maine"" and had no children. Louise Françoise de Bourbon was born at the Palace of Versailles to Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Légitimé de France, ""duc du Maine"" and his wife Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, known as ""Mademoiselle de Charolais"" prior to her marriage. Her father was the eldest legitimised son of Louis"
"Anne Marie Martinozzi Anne Marie Martinozzi, Princess of Conti (1637 – 4 February 1672) was a French aristocrat and court official. She was a niece of King Louis XIV of France's chief minister Cardinal Mazarin, and the wife of Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti. She became the mother of the libertine François Louis, Prince of Conti, ""le Grand Conti"". Her marriage to the Prince of Conti made her a ""princesse du Sang"". She served as ""Surintendante de la Maison de la Reine"" for the queen dowager, Anne of Austria, between 1657 and 1666. Anna Maria Martinozzi was born in"
"continued to live in the Château de Lunéville with her husband and his mistress. Ligniville remained the favourite of Duke Leopold Joseph until his death in 1729. Yet the spouses had five more children, one of whom would become the father of Queen Marie Antoinette. In June 1701, her father died after having a heated argument with Louis XIV at Versailles about the Duke of Chartres. Her brother thus became the new Duke of Orléans and head of the House of Orléans. Her mother was left at the mercy of Louis XIV, who forbade her from visiting foreign soil ."
"Ernestine Lambriquet Ernestine de Lambriquet born ""Marie-Philippine Lambriquet"" (31 July 1778- 31 December 1813), was the adopted daughter of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. She was born in Versailles as the daughter of Jacques Lambriquet and Marie-Philippine Noiret. Her father was a servant to the king's brothers and her mother was a chamber maid at the royal palace of Versailles. She was regarded to have a physical resemblance to the king and to his daughter Marie Thérèse of France, and there have been unconfirmed speculations that she was the illegitimate daughter of Louis XVI of France."
"Sophie Hélène Beatrix of France Sophie Hélène Béatrix of France (9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787) was a French princess, the daughter of Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette. She was styled as ""Madame Sophie"" at birth. As the daughter of a King of France, she was a ""Fille de France"". Sophie was born at the Palace of Versailles, the youngest of the four children of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. She was named after her great-aunt Sophie of France, ""Madame Sophie"", Louis XV's fifth daughter, who had died four years earlier. Sophie was born a"
"Louise de Maisonblanche Louise Mary-Antoinette Josèphe Jane de Bourbon-Maisonblanche, Baroness of La Queue (Paris, 17 June 1676 – La Queue-les-Yvelines, 12 September 1718), was an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and Claude de Vin des Œillets, the called ""Mademoiselle des Œillets"", who was the lady-in-waiting to Madame de Montespan, Louis' long term mistress. Born in Paris in 1676, she was one of many illegitimate children that Louis XIV had. She was officially declared ""daughter of Philippe de Maisonblanche, old Captain of the Guards, and of Lady Gabrielle de La Tour, his spouse."" Brought up in Paris by her"
"concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military. Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné (Louis the God-given) and bore the traditional title of French heirs apparent: ""Dauphin"". At the time of his birth, his parents had been married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. Leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a"
"had been. Madame de Ventadour was renowned for having saved the infant Louis XV's life. Louis XV subsequently named his fourth daughter ""Marie Adélaïde"" in his mother's honour. The Dauphine was the subject of a statue held at the Louvre in which she posed as the Roman goddess Diana which was crafted by Antoine Coysevox in 1710. Marie Adélaïde of Savoy Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was the wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans."
"Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, Marquise de Montespan Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Marquise of Montespan (5 October 1640 – 27 May 1707), better known as Madame de Montespan (), was the most celebrated ""maîtresse-en-titre"" of King Louis XIV of France, by whom she had seven children. Born into one of the oldest noble families of France, the House of Rochechouart, Madame de Montespan was called by some the ""true Queen of France""' during her romantic relationship with Louis XIV due to the pervasiveness of her influence at court during that time. Her so-called ""reign"" lasted from around 1667, when she first"
"Anne-Antoinette Diderot Anne-Antoinette Diderot (born Anne-Antoinette Champion 22 February 1710 – 10 April 1796) was the wife of the pioneer encyclopedist Denis Diderot and the mother of his only surviving child, Marie-Angélique Diderot (1753–1824). The marriage took place in the teeth of parental opposition and accordingly, after dark on a Wednesday night, under conditions of secrecy. Sources indicate that the couple's life together was not without incident, but the marriage nevertheless endured from 1743 until the death of the philosopher in 1784. Anne Antoinette's mother was born Marie de Malleville in 1676, the daughter of a soldier from Le Mans."
"Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later Princess Marie of Belgium, Countess of Flanders (Marie Luise Alexandrine Karoline; 17 November 1845 – 26 November 1912) was a Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern, and mother of King Albert I of Belgium. Marie Luise was a daughter of Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prime minister of Prussia and Princess Josephine of Baden, and as such a sister of Carol I of Romania and aunt of his successor, Ferdinand of Romania. Marie was considered as a potential wife for the future Edward VII of the United Kingdom. Though she"
"in 1642. Her younger sister, Henriette Adelaide of Savoy married in 1650 to Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria. Margherita Violante's mother the French born Christine Marie started communicating with France in order to secure a marriage between Margherita Violante and the young Louis XIV of France, first cousin of Margherita Violante; Louis XIV's father Louis XIII was the oldest brother of Christine Marie. Margherita Violante was in competition with the Spanish court who had presented the Infanta Maria Teresa of Austria as another proposed bride. Maria Teresa was a daughter of Elisabeth of France, another sister of Louis XIII and"
"Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror. After a strict Catholic upbringing, she developed an interest in the arts and sciences early in life. Contemporaries described her as tall, beautiful and self-conscious. On 15 April 1844, she married Prince Luitpold in Florence. Luitpold's father Ludwig I of Bavaria initially opposed Luitpold's marriage plans, since Auguste was already showing symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis before the marriage (the disease of which she finally died aged only 39). They had four children (with whom she always spoke Italian), including Ludwig III of Bavaria, and she was a great support for Luitpold in"
"travelling to Saint-Maur and obliged him to spend the night with the queen. Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638, an event that secured the Bourbon line. At this time, Anne was 37. The official newspaper ""Gazette de France"" called the birth ""a marvel when it was least expected"". The birth of a living son failed to re-establish confidence between the royal couple. However, she conceived again fifteen months later. At Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 21 September 1640 Anne gave birth to her second son, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, and later the founder of the modern House of Orléans. Both"
"Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ""Légitimée de France"" (1 June 1673 – 16 June 1743) was the eldest surviving legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Madame de Montespan. She was said to have been named after her godmother, Louise de La Vallière, the woman that her mother had replaced as the king's mistress. Prior to her marriage, she was known at court as ""Mademoiselle de Nantes"". Married at the age of eleven, she became known as ""Madame la Duchesse"", a style which she kept as a widow. She was, Duchess"
"of Paris in 1689. After the death of her daughter, ""La Grande Mademoiselle"", in 1693, Marie's fortune was handed over to Philippe de France, Louis XIV's younger and only brother. Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier Marie de Bourbon (15 October 1605 – 4 June 1627), Duchess of Montpensier, and Duchess of Orléans by marriage, was a French noblewoman and one of the last members of the House of Bourbon-Montpensier. Her parents were Henri de Bourbon, ""Duke of Montpensier"" and Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse, Duchess of Joyeuse in her own right. Marie de Bourbon was born in the château de"
"Meudon. Upon the death of ""Le Grand Dauphin"", Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France. The mourning court traveled to Fontainebleau in February 1712. At Fontainebleau, Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which escalated in measles. Having been bled and given emetics, she died in Versailles at the age of 26. Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon were plunged into sadness. ""Madame"" later said that Marie Adélaïde was one of the only two persons Louis XIV had ever truly loved in his life, the other being Anne of Austria, the king's mother. After the Dauphine's death,"
"father's court and was later her mother's heiress. She later became the Duchess of La Vallière in her own right. Born secretly at the Château de Vincennes outside Paris on 2 October 1666 while the court was in residence, Marie Anne was the eldest illegitimate child of King Louis XIV. Considered by some as the king's most beautiful daughter, she would become his favourite female child. His favourite child, however, was her younger half-brother, Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine. She and her younger brother Louis de Bourbon (later Count of Vermandois) were put in the care of Madame Colbert, the"
"Angélique de Froissy Philippe Angélique de Froissy (1702 – 15 October 1785 in Paris) was an illegitimate daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, the nephew and son-in-law of Louis XIV of France. She was ""comtesse de Ségur"" by marriage, and a courtier of Louis XV, her cousin. Her mother was Christine Antoinette ""Charlotte"" Desmares (1682–1753), a beautiful actress (""tragedienne"") of the Théâtre-Français who was painted by Jean-Baptiste Santerre. Charlotte Desmares was a niece of Marie Champmeslé and one of the many mistresses of the regent, Philippe d'Orléans, around 1702, the year their daughter was born. Also born in 1702 was another illegitimate"
"and his wife Louise d'Astorg. Marie Antoinette married Charles, Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, eldest son of Anton Aloys, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and his wife Princess Amalie Zephyrine of Salm-Kyrburg, on 4 February 1808 in Paris. Marie Antoinette and Charles had four children: Marie Antoinette Murat Marie Antoinette Murat, (3 January 1793, Labastide-Murat, Lot, French Republic – 19 January 1847, Sigmaringen, Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) was a member of the House of Murat. Through her marriage to Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Marie Antoinette was also a member of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Princess consort of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Marie Antoinette was the niece"
"a product of years and generations of royal intermarriage between cousins. In 1659, as the war with France began to wind down, a union between the two royal families, of Spain and of France, was proposed as a means to secure peace. María Teresa and Louis XIV were double first-cousins, and it was proposed that they wed. His father was Louis XIII of France, who was the brother of her mother, while her father was brother to Anne of Austria, his mother. Such a prospect was intensely enticing to Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV and aunt of María"
"Rochechouart de Mortemart (1643–1707), was the future ""maîtresse en titre"" of Louis XIV from 1667 giving him seven children. His youngest, often called ""the"" most beautiful of the Mortemart daughters, was Marie Madeleine, who took a religious path in life later being nicknamed the ""reine des Abbesses"", ""Queen of Abbesses"". She was the Abbess of Fontevraud, the ancient and wealthy convent in Anjou. He was born at the Hôtel de Rochechouart, the family town house in Paris, on 25 August 1636 and was given the courtesy title of Count of Vivonne, one of the family's numerous titles. The county was"
"Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden Auguste of Baden-Baden (Auguste Marie Johanna; 10 November 1704 – 8 August 1726) was born a member of the ruling family of Baden-Baden and was later the Duchess of Orléans by marriage to Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans. Her husband was a grandson of her father's former enemy, Louis XIV of France. Known in France as ""Auguste de Bade"", she died in childbirth. She is an ancestor of Louis Philippe I and of several members of royal families of Europe, such as the Spanish and Italian royal families, as well as the present Grand Duke of"