"have been the first person to sight the penguins in 1773–74; he recorded a sighting of what he believed to be ""A. patagonicus"" but, given the location, may well have been ""A. forsteri"". Together with the similarly coloured but smaller king penguin (""A. patagonicus""), the emperor penguin is one of two extant species in the genus ""Aptenodytes"". Fossil evidence of a third species—Ridgen's penguin (""A. ridgeni"")—has been found in fossil records from the late Pliocene, about three million years ago, in New Zealand. Studies of penguin behaviour and genetics have proposed that the genus ""Aptenodytes"" is basal; in other words,"
"(""Mulleripicus pulverulentus""). The largest-known parrot is the extinct Norfolk Island kaka (""Nestor productus""), about long. The largest-known penguin of all time was ""Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi"" of New Zealand and Antarctica. It stood in height and was in weight. Similar in size were the New Zealand giant penguin (""Pachydyptes pondeorsus"") with a height of and weighing possibly around and over, and ""Icadyptes salasi"" at tall. The largest-known owl of all time was the Cuban ""Ornimegalonyx"" at tall probably exceeding . The largest-known amphibian of all time was the long temnospondyli ""Prionosuchus"". Another huge temnospondyli was ""Koolasuchus"" at long, but only high. The"
"Kairuku grebneffi Kairuku grebneffi is an extinct species of giant penguin. It is among the tallest and heaviest penguins attested to, weighing 50% more than modern emperor penguins. The species is marked by a slender body and long, slender bill. ""K. grebneffi"" lived in what is now New Zealand during the late Oligocene, going extinct around 25 million years ago. Bones of the species were first discovered in 1977, but it was not classified as a distinct species until 2012. ""Kairuku grebneffi"" were nearly long and stood tall. Adult individuals weighed an estimated , 50% more than modern emperor penguins."
"Kumimanu Kumimanu biceae is an extinct species of giant penguin, which lived around 60 to 56 million years ago. The species arose after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. Fossils were found in New Zealand, and the discovery was announced in December 2017. The Sphenisciformes order refers to all living and extinct penguin species. In 2017 an article on one of the largest and oldest species of the order herewith discovered was published. It was discovered at Hampden Beach in the Otago region of New Zealand. This organism is named ""Kumimanu biceae"", of which the genus name translates from Maori"
"Palaeeudyptes Palaeeudyptes is an extinct genus of large penguins, currently containing four accepted species. They were probably larger than almost all living penguins, with the smaller species being about the size of an emperor penguin and the largest ones having stood about 2 meters tall. Of the four species, two (""P. gunnari"" and ""P. klekowskii"") are known from numerous remains found in Middle or Late Eocene strata (34 to 50 MYA) of the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. ""P. antarcticus"", the first fossil penguin described, is only really known from a single incomplete tarsometatarsus found in the Late"
"Emperor penguin The emperor penguin (""Aptenodytes forsteri"") is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica. The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching in height and weighing from . The dorsal side and head are black and sharply delineated from the white belly, pale-yellow breast and bright-yellow ear patches. Like all penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. Its diet consists primarily of fish, but can also include crustaceans, such as krill, and cephalopods, such as squid. In"
"Icadyptes Icadyptes is an extinct genus of giant penguins from the Late Eocene tropics of South America. The genus name is a combination of """"Ica"""" for the Peruvian region where the type species was found and ""dyptes"" from the Greek word for diver. The species epithet ""salasi"" refers to Rodolfo Salas, a noted Peruvian paleontologist. Standing about tall, the penguin was much larger than any of its modern-day cousins, yet ""Icadyptes salasi"" is merely the third largest penguin ever described. It had an exceptionally long spear-like beak resembling that of a heron. The researchers who discovered the penguins believe the"
"Palaeeudyptinae The giant penguins, Palaeeudyptinae, are an extinct subfamily of penguins. It includes several genera of medium-sized to very large species – including ""Palaeeudyptes marplesi"", the 1.5 meter tall ""Icadyptes salasi"", ""Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi"" which grew tall or even larger, and the massive ""Pachydyptes ponderosus"" which weighed at least as much as an adult human male. They belonged to an evolutionary lineage more primitive than modern penguins. In some taxa at least, the wing, while already having lost the avian feathering, had not yet transformed into the semi-rigid flipper found in modern penguin species: While the ulna and the radius were"
"example, around 10 known species of penguins ranging in size from medium to huge apparently coexisted some 35 mya during the Priabonian (Late Eocene). It is not even known whether the gigantic palaeeudyptines constitute a monophyletic lineage, or whether gigantism was evolved independently in a much restricted Palaeeudyptinae and the Anthropornithinae – whether they were considered valid, or whether there was a wide size range present in the Palaeeudyptinae as delimited as usually done these days (i.e., including ""Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi""). The oldest well-described giant penguin, the -tall ""Icadyptes salasi"", actually occurred as far north as northern Peru about 36 mya."
"penguins in the way they lived. However, these “monster birds” were likely able to consume larger prey due to their size. Kumimanu Kumimanu biceae is an extinct species of giant penguin, which lived around 60 to 56 million years ago. The species arose after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. Fossils were found in New Zealand, and the discovery was announced in December 2017. The Sphenisciformes order refers to all living and extinct penguin species. In 2017 an article on one of the largest and oldest species of the order herewith discovered was published. It was discovered at Hampden Beach"
"Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Archaeospheniscus lopdelli was the largest species of the extinct penguin genus ""Archaeospheniscus"", standing about 90–120 cm high, or somewhat less than the extant emperor penguin. It is only known from bones of a single individual (Otago Museum C.47.21) which was found in the Late Oligocene Kokoamu Greensand Formation (27-28 MYA) at Duntroon, New Zealand. Bones apparently belonging to this species are now also known from the Late Eocene La Meseta Formation (34-37 MYA) on Seymour Island, Antarctica (Tambussi ""et al."", 2006). As the bird is not very well distinguished except in size from its contemporary congener ""Archaeospheniscus lowei"""
"Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, also known as the colossus penguin, was a species of the extinct penguin genus ""Palaeeudyptes"". It was until recently thought to have been approximately the size of its congener ""Palaeeudyptes antarcticus"", which would mean it was somewhat larger than the modern emperor penguin, but a new study shows it was in fact almost twice as tall. It is known from an extensive collection of fossil bones from the Late Eocene (34-37 MYA) of the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. ""P. klekowskii"" was at first not recognized as a distinct species, and despite the coexistence"
"the remainder being placed in the Anthropornithidae. The arrangement followed here is based on the review of Marples (1962) who synonymized the two, with updates to incorporate more current findings. Palaeeudyptinae The giant penguins, Palaeeudyptinae, are an extinct subfamily of penguins. It includes several genera of medium-sized to very large species – including ""Palaeeudyptes marplesi"", the 1.5 meter tall ""Icadyptes salasi"", ""Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi"" which grew tall or even larger, and the massive ""Pachydyptes ponderosus"" which weighed at least as much as an adult human male. They belonged to an evolutionary lineage more primitive than modern penguins. In some taxa at"
"King penguin The king penguin (""Aptenodytes patagonicus"") is a large species of penguin, second only to the emperor penguin in size. There are two subspecies: ""A. p. patagonicus"" and ""A. p. halli""; ""patagonicus"" is found in the South Atlantic and ""halli"" found at the Kerguelen Islands and Crozet Island, Prince Edward Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and Macquarie Island. King penguins eat small fish, mainly lanternfish, squid and krill. On foraging trips king penguins repeatedly dive to over , and have been recorded at depths greater than . King penguins breed on the subantarctic islands at the northern reaches"
"Palaeospheniscus wimani The extinct penguin Palaeospheniscus wimani is a member of the genus ""Palaeospheniscus"", which belonged to the prehistoric subfamily Palaeospheniscinae. It was the largest member of its genus, being just as large as the Magellanic penguin of today (to which it is quite unrelated). A fairly large number of fossil bones has been found, some of which are tentatively assigned to this species. They are from the Early Miocene Gaiman Formation. The specimens from known localities were collected near Trelew and Gaiman in Chubut Province, Argentina. As there is not much notable difference apart from size, this species is"
"and the size range, an estimated 85–120 cm, is in the upper range of the variation found in modern penguins, it is probable that ""A. lopdelli"" is a synonym of ""A. lowelli"". As the recent finds in Antarctica suggest, this is far from certain, however, and there remains much to be learned about the systematics and biogeography of the two larger ""Archaeospheniscus"" species. The species' binomen honors J. C. Lopdell, who assisted Marples in recovering the fossils of this bird and others found in the Duntroon excavations. Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Archaeospheniscus lopdelli was the largest species of the extinct penguin genus"
"The children's book ""And Tango Makes Three"" was written based on this event. Chinstrap penguin The chinstrap penguin (""Pygoscelis antarcticus"") is a species of penguin which inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Ocean. Its name derives from the narrow black band under its head which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet, making it one of the most easily identified types of penguin. Other common names are ""ringed penguin"", ""bearded penguin"", and ""stonecracker penguin"" due to its loud, harsh call. Chinstrap penguins have an average body length of"
"Archaeospheniscus Archaeospheniscus is an extinct genus of large penguins. It currently contains three species, known from somewhat fragmentary remains. ""A. wimani"", the smallest species (about the size of a gentoo penguin), was found in Middle or Late Eocene strata (34-50 MYA) of the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica, whereas the other two, about the size of a modern emperor penguin, are known from bones recovered from the Late Oligocene Kokoamu Greensand Formation (27-28 MYA) at Duntroon, New Zealand. The genus is one of the earliest known primitive penguins. Its humerus is still very slender, between the form seen"
"species, ""M. waitaha"", was discovered in 2008.) Previously thought closely related to the little penguin (""Eudyptula minor""), new molecular research has shown it more closely related to penguins of the genus ""Eudyptes"". Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests it split from the ancestors of ""Eudyptes"" around 15 million years ago. The yellow-eyed penguin was described by Jacques Bernard Hombron and Honoré Jacquinot in 1841. The Māori name is ""hoiho"". This is a mid-sized penguin, measuring long (fourth largest penguin). Weights vary through the year being greatest, 5.5 to 8 kg (12–18 lbs), just before moulting and least, 3 to 6"
"Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, also referred to as the narrow-flippered penguin, is the type species of the extinct penguin genus ""Palaeeudyptes"". It was a huge species, albeit probably with a large size variation. Although the size range can only be loosely estimated, the birds seem to have stood between high in life (""i.e."" somewhat larger than an emperor penguin), placing this species and its congener ""Palaeeudyptes marplesi"" among the largest penguin species known. It was the last known ""Palaeeudyptes"" species, and although the exact time when it lived is not precisely determined, it may have evolved from ""P. marplesi"", or"
"a foraging trip is spent diving. Birds have been calculated as catching from 4 to 16 krill or 40 to 50 amphipods per dive. Macaroni penguin The macaroni penguin (""Eudyptes chrysolophus"") is a species of penguin found from the Subantarctic to the Antarctic Peninsula. One of six species of crested penguin, it is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some authorities consider the two to be a single species. It bears a distinctive yellow crest, and the face and upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts. Adults weigh on average and are in length. The"
"name ""Kairuku"" means ""diver who returns with food"" in Māori. The holotype was collected in 1991 from a drainage area of the Waipati stream, a tributary of the Maerewhenua River. Kairuku grebneffi Kairuku grebneffi is an extinct species of giant penguin. It is among the tallest and heaviest penguins attested to, weighing 50% more than modern emperor penguins. The species is marked by a slender body and long, slender bill. ""K. grebneffi"" lived in what is now New Zealand during the late Oligocene, going extinct around 25 million years ago. Bones of the species were first discovered in 1977, but"
"Palaeospheniscus Palaeospheniscus is an extinct genus of penguins belonging to the subfamily Palaeospheniscinae. These penguins are apparently not closely related to the modern genus ""Spheniscus"". The species of ""Palaeospheniscus"" were medium-sized to largish penguins, ranging from ""P. gracilis"" with an estimated maximal length of 55 cm to ""P. wimani"", which reached up to 73 cm. This genus contains the following three species: The following other species are disputed : They are all (except ""P. bergi"", which is somewhat enigmatic) known from one or two handful of bones. Most of the specimens were found in Santa Cruz and Chubut Provinces of"
"underlying serious environmental message of threats from global warming and depletion of food sources by overfishing. The computer-animated movie ""Surf's Up"" (2007) features a surfing emperor penguin named Zeke ""Big-Z"" Topanga. More than 30 countries have depicted the bird on their stamps – Australia, Great Britain, Chile and France have each issued several. It has also been depicted on a 1962 10 franc stamp as part of an Antarctic expedition series. Canadian band The Tragically Hip composed the song ""Emperor Penguin"" for their 1998 album ""Phantom Power"". Emperor penguin The emperor penguin (""Aptenodytes forsteri"") is the tallest and heaviest of"
"(Simpson, 1971), lending support to the theory that these taxa were in reality a single species. Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, also referred to as the narrow-flippered penguin, is the type species of the extinct penguin genus ""Palaeeudyptes"". It was a huge species, albeit probably with a large size variation. Although the size range can only be loosely estimated, the birds seem to have stood between high in life (""i.e."" somewhat larger than an emperor penguin), placing this species and its congener ""Palaeeudyptes marplesi"" among the largest penguin species known. It was the last known ""Palaeeudyptes"" species, and although the exact"
"in ordinary bird wings and the thickened condition found in modern penguins. On the other hand, the tarsometatarsus shows a peculiar mix of characters found in modern and primitive forms. Whether this signifies that the genus is an ancestor of modern taxa or represents a case of parallel evolution is unknown. Archaeospheniscus Archaeospheniscus is an extinct genus of large penguins. It currently contains three species, known from somewhat fragmentary remains. ""A. wimani"", the smallest species (about the size of a gentoo penguin), was found in Middle or Late Eocene strata (34-50 MYA) of the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island,"
"Macaroni penguin The macaroni penguin (""Eudyptes chrysolophus"") is a species of penguin found from the Subantarctic to the Antarctic Peninsula. One of six species of crested penguin, it is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some authorities consider the two to be a single species. It bears a distinctive yellow crest, and the face and upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts. Adults weigh on average and are in length. The male and female are similar in appearance; the male is slightly larger and stronger with a relatively larger bill. Like all penguins, it is"
"as ""monster bird"", while the specific name honours the nickname of the mother one of the authors. Standing approximately five feet and three to ten inches (1.60 to 1.77m) tall, and weighing over , being thus the second largest penguin thus far known. This is a particularly significant discovery because the fossil is fifty-five million years old — meaning it lived in the Paleocene era — which is many million years older than all other previously found remains of penguins which reached 'giant' sizes, and thus the third or fourth oldest penguin known (pending new publications). Therefore, it allows scientists"
"African penguin The African penguin (""Spheniscus demersus""), also known as the jackass penguin and black-footed penguin, is a species of penguin, confined to southern African waters. It is also widely known as the ""jackass"" penguin for its loud, donkey-like bray, although several related species of South American penguins produce the same sound. Like all extant penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. Adults weigh on average and are tall. It has distinctive pink patches of skin above the eyes and a black facial mask; the body upperparts are"
"Magellanic penguin The Magellanic penguin (""Spheniscus magellanicus"") is a South American penguin, breeding in coastal Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands, with some migrating to Brazil where they are occasionally seen as far north as Rio de Janeiro. It is the most numerous of the ""Spheniscus"" penguins. Its nearest relatives are the African, the Humboldt penguin and the Galápagos penguins. The Magellanic penguin was named after Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who spotted the birds in 1520. The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. Magellanic penguins are medium-sized penguins which grow to be tall and weigh between ."
"Rockhopper penguin The rockhopper penguins are three closely related taxa of crested penguins that have been traditionally treated as a single species and are sometimes split into three species. Not all experts agree on the classification of these penguins. Some consider all three as distinct species, some split the western and eastern forms into the southern rockhopper penguin and keep the northern rockhopper as distinct, while other experts consider all three potential varieties to be one species. Rockhopper penguins are among the smaller species of penguin. They range from 3 inches to 6 where males are larger than females. After"
"of two so closely related species of similar size as ""Palaeeudyptes gunnari"" and ""P. klekowskii"" seeming somewhat improbable, the amount of fossil material suggests that the two species are indeed diagnosably different. Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, also known as the colossus penguin, was a species of the extinct penguin genus ""Palaeeudyptes"". It was until recently thought to have been approximately the size of its congener ""Palaeeudyptes antarcticus"", which would mean it was somewhat larger than the modern emperor penguin, but a new study shows it was in fact almost twice as tall. It is known from an extensive collection of"
"refers to Paracas, where the fossils were found. Although it was an early penguin, ""Inkayacu"" closely resembled its modern relatives. It had paddle-like wings with short feathers, and a very long bill. ""Inkayacu"", along with other extinct penguins from Peru, are often referred to as giant penguins because of their large size. ""Inkayacu"" was about long, in contrast to the largest living penguin, the emperor penguin, which is about long. The melanosomes within the feathers of ""Inkayacu"" are long and narrow, similar to most other birds. Their shape suggests that ""Inkayacu"" had grey and reddish-brown feathering across its body. Most"