"Rubber tapping Rubber tapping is the process by which latex is collected from a rubber tree. The latex is harvested by slicing a groove into the bark of the tree at a depth of a quarter inch with a hooked knife and peeling back the bark. Trees must be approximately six years old and six inches in diameter in order to be tapped for latex. Rubber Tapping is not damaging to the forest, as it does not require the tree to be cut down in order for the latex to be extracted. Jungle rubber is essentially old secondary forest, strongly"
"an entire plantation to become brittle and break once it has been refined."" Harvesters make incisions across the latex vessels, just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the latex is collected in small buckets. This process is known as rubber tapping. Latex production is highly variable from tree to tree and across clone types. As latex production declines with age, rubber trees are generally felled when they reach the age of 25 to 30 years. The earlier practice was to burn the trees, but in recent decades, the wood has been harvested for furniture"
"Debarking (lumber) Debarking is the process of removing bark from wood. Traditional debarking is conducted in order to create a fence post or fence stake which would then go on to be pointed before being planted. Debarking can occur naturally during powerful tornadoes. Debarking generally involves the use of industrial machinery into which the log or stake is placed. These machines can be either stationary or portable. Generally they are powered by hydraulic motors but can also be driven by a power take-off. The log or stake is then pressed against blades or knives which remove the bark while the"
"recent decades with the development of chemical treatments to protect the wood against fungal and insect attacks. There are extensive rubber plantations with mature trees, especially in southeast Asia; the earlier practice was to burn the tree at the end of its latex-producing cycle. Currently, rubber plantation trees are generally harvested for wood after they complete the latex producing cycle, when they are 25 to 30 years old. When the latex yields become extremely low, the trees are then felled, and new trees are usually planted. This makes rubberwood 'eco-friendly' in that the wood is harvested from a renewable source."
"log is turned to ensure the removal of bark from all around the log. Debarking can also take place by hand, although this can be very time consuming and may not be suitable for large volumes. Debarking (lumber) Debarking is the process of removing bark from wood. Traditional debarking is conducted in order to create a fence post or fence stake which would then go on to be pointed before being planted. Debarking can occur naturally during powerful tornadoes. Debarking generally involves the use of industrial machinery into which the log or stake is placed. These machines can be either"
"Bark spud (tool) The Bark spud, (also known as a Peeling Iron, Peeler Bar, Peeling Spud, or abbreviated to Spud) is an implement which is used to remove bark from felled timber. Most bark spuds have steel heads and wooden handles, typically hickory or ash. The head is curved, sometimes in one direction with a single cutting edge, and sometimes more dish shaped and sharpened on three sides. In use, the sharpened edge is slid between the bark and the wood, removing the bark from the tree in a number of strips. It is especially useful at removing bark without"
"and pulley, and they are opened with a spring. Averruncator An averruncator is a form of long shears used in arboriculture for averruncating or pruning off the higher branches of trees, etc. The word averruncate (from Latin ""averruncare"", ""to ward off, remove mischief"") glided into meaning to weed the ground, prune vines, etc., by a supposed derivation from the Lat. ""ab"", ""off"", and ""eruncare"", ""to weed out"", and it was spelt aberuncate to suit this; but the ""New English Dictionary"" regarded such a derivation as impossible. An averruncator has a compound blade attached to a handle between five and eight"
"Averruncator An averruncator is a form of long shears used in arboriculture for averruncating or pruning off the higher branches of trees, etc. The word averruncate (from Latin ""averruncare"", ""to ward off, remove mischief"") glided into meaning to weed the ground, prune vines, etc., by a supposed derivation from the Lat. ""ab"", ""off"", and ""eruncare"", ""to weed out"", and it was spelt aberuncate to suit this; but the ""New English Dictionary"" regarded such a derivation as impossible. An averruncator has a compound blade attached to a handle between five and eight feet long. The blades are closed with a rope"
"Cleaning (forestry) Cleaning and weeding are two similar terms referring to the practice of selecting particularly desirable trees in a young stand and removing or killing trees that threaten their survival or development. Colloquially, these treatments are often referred to as crop tree release when they are practiced in sapling sized stands. Cleaning is common in softwood plantations, clearcuts, and over story removals, where the desired conifers are over topped by rapidly growing early-successional hardwood species. Herbicides are often used in these cleaning operations because the correct chemical at the correct dose (e.g. glyphosate or triclopyr) and time will kill"
"Limbing Limbing (also known as ""chasing"") in logging is the process of removing branches from the trunk of a fallen tree. Options for cutting off the branches include chain saws, harvesters, stroke delimbers and others. Limbing can happen at the stump in log/tree length systems and cut-to-length systems or at the landing in whole-tree logging. Different definitions for it include: When the tree is lying on the ground, branches may be storing enormous potential energy through mechanical strain. When a branch is cut, often with a chain saw, this energy can be released suddenly and the branch can jump dangerously."
"and produce more defensive compounds to respond to wounds, drought, and insect attack. Cleaning (forestry) Cleaning and weeding are two similar terms referring to the practice of selecting particularly desirable trees in a young stand and removing or killing trees that threaten their survival or development. Colloquially, these treatments are often referred to as crop tree release when they are practiced in sapling sized stands. Cleaning is common in softwood plantations, clearcuts, and over story removals, where the desired conifers are over topped by rapidly growing early-successional hardwood species. Herbicides are often used in these cleaning operations because the correct"
"to 1600BC. The Amerindians in the Amazon rainforest developed ways to extract rubber from the rubber tree (""Hevea brasiliensis""), a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. A white liquid called latex is extracted from the stem of the rubber tree, and contains rubber particles dispersed in an aqueous serum. The rubber, which constitutes about 35% of the latex, is chemically cis-1,4-polyisoprene ((CH)). Latex is practically a neutral substance, with a pH of 7.0 to 7.2. However, when it is exposed to the air for 12 to 24 hours, its pH falls and it spontaneously coagulates to form a solid mass of"
"forest and then the rainforest, marked on Main Roads working drawings as ""vine scrub"" or ""jungle"", had to be manually cleared. Initially, the only mechanical aids were a few trucks, two tractors and two air compressors, with cuttings being blasted through the granite with gelignite and most work being done with picks and shovels. After the trees were cleared, horse-drawn ploughs broke up the softer earth, while horse-drawn scoops, wheelbarrows or mining trolleys on portable lengths of track removed the overburden. ""Tumbling tommies"", small scoops that were towed behind the crawler tractors, were used later on. The significance of the"
"Snedding Snedding is the process of stripping the side shoots and buds from the length of a branch or shoot, usually of a tree or woody shrub. This process is most commonly performed during hedge laying and prior to the felling of trees on plantations ready for cropping. The verb, ""to sned"", analogous to today's limbing, was also used by woodcutters in Scotland to refer to the process of removing branches from felled trees. Whether using an axe, a chainsaw or a billhook, the relative difficulty of snedding was a key measure of the difficulty of the job as a"
"Slaughter tapping Slaughter tapping is an obsolete method of extracting large quantities of natural latex from rubber trees in a forest environment. Prior to commercial exploitation of latex-bearing trees such as ""Hevea brasiliensis"" in the Amazon Basin and ""Funtumia elastica"" in the Congo, native populations limited harvesting to non-lethal tapping of the latex. However, with the rising demand for rubber worldwide in the late nineteenth century, debt-slave ""hunters"" began tapping more intensively, using ladders to extract as much latex as possible from all areas of the tree, killing the tree as a result. This ""slaughter tapping"" resulted in the destruction"
"of all latex-bearing trees across large swathes of sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Eventually, the establishment of rubber plantations in the Far East made ""hunting"" of naturally occurring rubber trees unprofitable, and the practice largely ceased in the early twentieth century. Slaughter tapping Slaughter tapping is an obsolete method of extracting large quantities of natural latex from rubber trees in a forest environment. Prior to commercial exploitation of latex-bearing trees such as ""Hevea brasiliensis"" in the Amazon Basin and ""Funtumia elastica"" in the Congo, native populations limited harvesting to non-lethal tapping of the latex. However, with the rising demand for"
"practice, refers to the removal of the lower branches of the young trees (also giving the shape to the tree) so clear knot-free wood can subsequently grow over the branch stubs. Clear knot-free lumber has a higher value. Pruning has been extensively carried out in the Radiata pine plantations of New Zealand and Chile, however the development of Finger joint technology in the production of lumber and mouldings has led to many forestry companies reconsidering their pruning practices. ""Brashing"" is an alternative name for the same process. Pruning can be done to all trees, or more cost effectively to a"
"is still not as quick and cheap to make as petroleum-based rubber, which is why it does not occupy a larger portion of the market. The Hevea tree naturally produces a latex substance which can tapped by cutting into the tree, and the latex can then be processed into rubber. Most hydrocarbon plants are not trees, however, so this technique of tapping the tree is no longer feasible. Instead of tapping the tree, the hydrocarbons are extracted using various organic solvents. This process is especially useful with single-cell algae, such as Botryococcus braunii. This algae has two forms, both of"
"Felling Felling is the process of cutting down individual trees, an element of the task of logging. The person cutting the trees is a ""feller"". In hand felling, an axe, saw, or chainsaw is used to ""fell"" a tree, followed up by limbing and bucking in traditional applications. In the modern commercial logging industry, felling is typically followed by limbing and skidding. A feller-buncher is a motorized vehicle with an attachment which rapidly cuts and gathers several trees in the process of felling them. In cut-to-length logging a harvester performs the tasks of a feller-buncher additionally doing the delimbing and"
"Code 1864). In 1990, Earth First! leader Judi Bari led activists in Northern California and Southern Oregon to renounce tree-spiking as a tactic on the eve of Redwood Summer, a 1990 campaign of nonviolent protests against logging of the redwood forest. Tree spiking Tree spiking involves hammering a metal rod, nail, or other material into a tree trunk, either inserting it at the base of the trunk where a logger might be expected to cut into the tree, or higher up where it would affect the sawmill later processing the wood. It is used to prevent logging by risking damage"
"whole. The word comes from the Scandinavian ""snäddare"", meaning a smooth log via the Old English ""snaedan"". Snedding can also describe a form of pruning when only some shoots will be removed, or when removing the leafy top from root crops (particularly turnips). Snedding Snedding is the process of stripping the side shoots and buds from the length of a branch or shoot, usually of a tree or woody shrub. This process is most commonly performed during hedge laying and prior to the felling of trees on plantations ready for cropping. The verb, ""to sned"", analogous to today's limbing, was"
"tree leaving a tuft at the top – vanished from Britain long ago. Only at Haresfield (Gloucestershire) have I seen a few ancient ashes that may once have been shredded"". Another name for cutting side branches off trees, used mainly in Northern England, is snagging. Other similar woodland management techniques include pollarding and coppicing. Shredding (tree-pruning technique) Shredding is a traditional European method of tree pruning by which all side branches are removed repeatedly leaving the main trunk and top growth. In the Middle Ages the practice was common throughout Europe, but it is now rare, found mainly in central"
"trees which have not been stripped before. After harvesting, the tree is not used for bark again, although it may later be felled for wood. Stripping bark is usually started with a series of cuts at the base of the tree above any buttresses, after which the bark is peeled upwards. To remove bark high up, a pair of platforms strung on rope around the tree are used and the harvester climbs by alternating between them for support. Since redcedars lose their lower branches as all tall trees do in the rainforest, the harvester may climb or more into the"
"damaging the wood below the bark. A coa de jima is a similar specialized tool for harvesting agaves. The draw knife also removes bark from felled trees. Bark spud (tool) The Bark spud, (also known as a Peeling Iron, Peeler Bar, Peeling Spud, or abbreviated to Spud) is an implement which is used to remove bark from felled timber. Most bark spuds have steel heads and wooden handles, typically hickory or ash. The head is curved, sometimes in one direction with a single cutting edge, and sometimes more dish shaped and sharpened on three sides. In use, the sharpened edge"
"to malfunction. Men called peelers removed bark from fallen trees in the woods through the early 20th century, but the process was dangerous and labor intensive. In the mid-20th century hydraulic barkers were built at several large sawmills including the Union Lumber Company at Fort Bragg, California, the Northern Redwood Company at Korbel, and the Pacific Lumber Company at Scotia, California. The last was featured in a popular sawmill tour. Although less expensive mechanical debarkers were adequate for smaller logs harvested from young trees on redwood tree farms, hydraulic barkers remained in operation until all old growth trees had been"
"Tanbark Tanbark is the bark of certain species of tree. It is traditionally used for tanning hides into leather. The words ""tannin"", ""tanning"", ""tan,"" and ""tawny"" are derived from the Medieval Latin ""tannare"", ""to convert into leather."" Bark mills are horse- or oxen-driven or water-powered edge mills and were used in earlier times to shred the tanbark to derive tannins for the leather industry. A ""barker"" was a person who stripped bark from trees to supply bark mills. In Europe, oak is a common source of tanbark. Quercitannic acid is the chief constituent found in oak barks. The bark is"
"Airfield rubber removal Airfield rubber removal, also known as runway rubber removal, is the use of high pressure water, abrasives, chemicals and/or other mechanical means to remove the rubber from tires that builds up on airport runways. In the USA, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) specifies friction levels for safe operation of planes and measures friction coefficients for the evaluation of appropriate friction levels. Individual airports incorporate rubber removal into their maintenance schedules based on the number of take offs and landings that each airport experiences. When a plane lands, the tires are not spinning. The time it takes for"
"led to labor disputes. Resin is usually collected by causing minor damage to the tree by making a hole far enough into the trunk to puncture the vacuoles, to let sap exit the tree, known as tapping, and then letting the tree repair its damage by filling the wound with resin. This usually takes a few days. Then, excess resin is collected. Resin extraction Resin extraction consists of incising the outer layers of a pine tree in order to collect the sap or resin. Resin circulates throughout a coniferous tree and a few others, and serves to seal damage to"
"verb: ""pollarding"". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollard can also be used as an adjective: ""pollard tree"". Pollarding Pollarding, a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, promotes a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height. Traditionally, people pollarded trees for one of two reasons: for fodder to feed livestock or"
"Shredding (tree-pruning technique) Shredding is a traditional European method of tree pruning by which all side branches are removed repeatedly leaving the main trunk and top growth. In the Middle Ages the practice was common throughout Europe, but it is now rare, found mainly in central and Eastern Europe. The purpose of shredding is to allow harvest of firewood and animal fodder while preserving a tall main trunk which may be harvested for timber at a later date. It was formerly practiced in Britain although Oliver Rackham notes that ""The medieval practice of shredding – cropping the side-branches of a"
"manufacture of silicone and as a soil additive. Products Softwoods, such as the Australian eucalyptus, are highly valued, and are used mainly for construction, paper making, and cladding. The term ""roundwood"" describes all the wood that is removed from forests in log form and used for purposes other than fuel. Wood manufacturing residues, such as sawdust and chippings, are collectively known as ""pulp"". Originally, ""trees were felled from native forests using axes and hand-held cross-cut saws"". This was a slow process involving manual labour. Nowadays, harvesting is done by a small team of contractors, who are aided by various pieces"
"of the tree. This was an experiment conducted regarding felling trees and the continuous felling of trees in boom-corridors which might lead to an increase in harvester productivity. An efficient way to do this would be to use felling heads which would increase efficiency and fall time. Felling Felling is the process of cutting down individual trees, an element of the task of logging. The person cutting the trees is a ""feller"". In hand felling, an axe, saw, or chainsaw is used to ""fell"" a tree, followed up by limbing and bucking in traditional applications. In the modern commercial logging"
"Wood splitting Wood splitting (""riving"", cleaving) is an ancient technique used in carpentry to make lumber for making wooden objects, some basket weaving, and to make firewood. Unlike wood sawing, the wood is split along the grain using tools such as a hammer and wedges, splitting maul, cleaving axe, side knife, or froe. In woodworking carpenters use a wooden siding which gets its name, clapboard, from originally being split from logs—the sound of the plank against the log being a clap. This is used in clapboard architecture and for wainscoting. Coopers use oak clapboards to make barrel staves. Split-rail fences"