"slogan, or an advertising phrase in the form of a hendiatris. Perhaps equally well known throughout the world are Julius Caesar's ""Veni, vidi, vici"" (an example of a tricolon) and the motto of the French Republic: ""Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité""; the phrase ""Peace, Order and Good Government"" is used as a guiding principle in the parliaments of the Commonwealth of Nations. In rhetorical teaching, such triple iterations marked the classic rhythm of Ciceronian style, typified by the triple rhetorical questions of his first Oration Against Catiline: In ancient Greece and Rome, such abstractions as liberty and justice were theologized (cf. triple"
"Vi veri universum vivus vici Vi veri universum vivus vici is a modern Latin phrase meaning: ""By the power of truth, I, while living, have conquered the universe"". It originates in the diary of English occultist Aleister Crowley (first published in 1952). Under the title ""The Cry of the 4th Aethyr"", dated 16 December 1909, Crowley writes: ""his name shall be called Vir [man], and Vis [power], and Virus [poison], and Virtus [manliness], and Viridis [green], in one name that is all these, and above all these."" In a footnote this is glossed as ""Vi Veri Universum Vivus Vici, the"
"""We came, we saw, he died"". The sentence has also been used in music, including several well-known works over the years. The opening of Handel's 1724 opera ""Giulio Cesare"" contains the line: ""Curio, Cesare venne, e vide e vinse"" (""Curius, Caesar came, saw and conquered""). The title song in the musical ""Mame"" contains the line: ""You came, you saw, you conquered"". More recently: the rapper Jay-Z directly uses the English translation in his song ""Encore""; Swedish band, The Hives, reference the phrase in the title of their album ""Veni Vidi Vicious."" The rapper Pitbull includes in his song ""Fireball"" the"
"him at Zela, where he uttered the famous phrase 'Veni, vidi, vici'. Pontic kings continued to rule the client Kingdom of Pontus, Colchis, and Cilicia until PolemonII was forced to abdicate the Pontic throne by Nero in 62CE. Although the Pontic kings claimed descent from the Persian royal house, they generally acted as Hellenistic kings and portrayed themselves as such in their coins, mimicking Alexander's royal stater. The army of the Pontic Kingdom had a varied ethnic composition, as it recruited its soldiers from all over the kingdom. The standing army included Armenians, Bithynians, Cappadocians, Galatians, Heniochoi, Iazyges, Koralloi, Leucosyrians,"
"Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus, Latin for ""Without Ceres and Bacchus, Venus freezes"", or Sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus, is a quotation from the Roman comedian Terence (c. 195/185 – c. 159 BC) that became a proverb in the Early Modern period. Its simplest level of meaning is that love needs food and wine to thrive. It was sometimes shown in art, especially in the period 1550–1630, in Northern Mannerism in Prague and the Low Countries, as well as by Rubens. It has been suggested that the concentration of images by the"
"vivus vici"", attributing the phrase to ""a German gentleman named Dr. John Faust"". In the film adaptation (2005), the same phrase appears instead on a mirror, also inside ""V""'s Shadow Gallery, and the character ""V"" says the quotation is ""from Faust"". Vi veri universum vivus vici Vi veri universum vivus vici is a modern Latin phrase meaning: ""By the power of truth, I, while living, have conquered the universe"". It originates in the diary of English occultist Aleister Crowley (first published in 1952). Under the title ""The Cry of the 4th Aethyr"", dated 16 December 1909, Crowley writes: ""his name"
"Vae victis Vae victis () is Latin for ""woe to the vanquished"", or ""woe to the conquered"". It means that those defeated in battle are entirely at the mercy of their conquerors and should not expect—or request—leniency. Most of the events related by ancient historians about early Roman history are considered legends, with the Gaulish sack of Rome one of the first events which modern scholars are confident actually occurred, without accepting the colourful incidents reported by tradition. According to tradition, in 390 BC, an army of Gauls led by Brennus attacked Rome, capturing all of the city except for"
"""Veni, vidi, vici"" or, ""I came, I saw, I conquered"". Another example is Mr. Jingle's speech in Chapter 2 of ""The Pickwick Papers"" by Charles Dickens. ""Come along, then,"" said he of the green coat, lugging Mr. Pickwick after him by main force, and talking the whole way. ""Here, No. 924, take your fare, and take yourself off—respectable gentleman—know him well—none of your nonsense—this way, sir—where's your friends?—all a mistake, I see—never mind—accidents will happen—best regulated families—never say die—down upon your luck—Pull him UP—Put that in his pipe—like the flavour—damned rascals."" And with a lengthened string of similar broken sentences,"
"moves"" (Venus, you return to battles long interrupted). IV.1, ""Intermissa, Venus, diu..."" – Venus, Forbear! – Horace complains that in advancing age he is vexed with new desires by the cruel goddess of love: he pines for Ligurinus. He bids her to turn to a more youthful and worthy subject, his friend Paulus Maximus. IV.2, ""Pindarum quisquis studet aemulari..."" – Not for Me to Sing of Augustus! – Horace was asked by Iulus Antonius (the son of Marc Antony and stepson of Augustus' sister Octavia) to sing of Augustus' victories in a Pindaric ode. Horace declines, alleging lack of talent,"
"""Venedi"" (as attested in Tacitus) and Old English ""Winedas"" 'Wends' call for Pre-Germanic ""*Wenetós"". Etymologically related words include Latin ""venus, -eris"" 'love, passion, grace'; Sanskrit ""vanas-"" 'lust, zest', ""vani-"" 'wish, desire'; Old Irish ""fine"" (< Proto-Celtic ""*venjā"") 'kinship, kinfolk, alliance, tribe, family'; Old Norse ""vinr"", Old Saxon, Old High German ""wini"", Old Frisian, Old English ""wine"" 'friend'. The ancient Veneti spoke Venetic, an extinct Indo-European language which is attested in approximately 300 short inscriptions dating from the 6th to 1st centuries BC. Venetic appears to share several similarities with Latin and the Italic languages, but also has some affinities with"
"letters, ""vi"", followed by the last two, ""et"", using the z-shaped Tironian ""et"", historically written ⁊, a common contraction for ""et"" in Latin shorthand in Ancient Rome and medieval Europe. ""Viz."" is an abbreviation of ""videlicet"", which itself is a contraction from Latin of ""videre licet"" meaning ""it is permitted to see"". The spelling ""viz."" is the continuation of an abbreviation using Tironian ""et"" (""vi⁊""), the ""z"" replacing the ""⁊"" once the latter had fallen out of common use. In contradistinction to i.e. and e.g., viz. is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before, and when it"
"Invidia In Latin, invidia is the sense of envy, a ""looking upon"" associated with the evil eye, from ""invidere"", ""to look against, to look in a hostile manner."" ""Invidia"" (""Envy"") is one of the Seven Deadly Sins in Christian belief. The material culture and literature of ancient Rome offer numerous examples of rituals and magic spells intended to avert ""invidia"" and the evil eye. When a Roman general celebrated a triumph, the Vestal Virgins suspended a ""fascinus"", or phallic effigy, under the chariot to ward off ""invidia"". Envy is the vice most associated with witches and magic. The witch's protruding"
"Vaticinia Nostradami The Vaticinia Michaelis Nostradami de Futuri Christi Vicarii ad Cesarem Filium D. I. A. Interprete (""The Prophecies of Michel Nostradamus on The Future Vicars of Christ to Cesar His Son, As Expounded by Lord Abbot Joachim""), or Vaticinia Nostradami (""The Prophecies of Nostradamus"") for short, is a collection of eighty watercolor images compiled as an illustrated codex. A version of the well-known Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus of the 13th–14th century, it was discovered in 1994 by the Italian journalists Enza Massa and Roberto Pinotti in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma (Central National Library) in Rome, Italy. The"
"a young man are known, a ""Laudes Herculis"" (""Praises of Hercules"") and the verse tragedy ""Oedipus""; their planned publication by the librarian Pompeius Macer was squelched by a ""short and simple"" — or perhaps ""curt and direct"" — letter from Caesar's heir Augustus as incompatible with his program of deification. A third title, ""Iter"" (""The Journey""), dates from 46 BC, composed during a 24-day trip from Rome to Spain during the civil war. This verse travelogue may have been modeled after Lucilius's poem about a trip to Sicily. Caesar's choice of writing as a pastime in prelude to the decisive"
"Zile in Turkey) with just a small detachment of cavalry. Caesar's victory was so swift and complete that, in a letter to a friend in Rome, he famously said of the short war, ""Veni, vidi, vici"" (""I came, I saw, I conquered""). Indeed, for his Pontic triumph, that may well have been the label displayed above the spoils. Pharnaces himself fled quickly back to the Bosporus, where he managed to assemble a small force of Scythian and Sarmatian troops, with which he was able to gain control of a few cities; however, a former governor of his, Asandar, attacked his"
"Livy. While Marcus Tullius Cicero (consul 63 BC) does mention the law in his prosecution of Verres in 70 BC, this is only an indirect reference. As such, the ancient evidence is limited and only dates from nearly two centuries later. Nonetheless, modern scholarship has continued to debate the purpose and significance of the ""lex Claudia"". After Rome's expansion during the First Punic War (263-241 BC), Roman imperialism around the Mediterranean Sea saw the beginnings of economic exploitations of newly formed provinces. This naval activity increased throughout the third century. The passage of the ""lex Claudia"", designed to restrict shipping,"
"to the specific viral infection. Some viruses, including those that cause AIDS and viral hepatitis, evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections. Several antiviral drugs have been developed. The word is from the Latin neuter ""vīrus"" referring to poison and other noxious liquids, from 'the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit ""viṣa"" poison, Avestan ""vīša"" poison, ancient Greek ""ἰός"" poison', first attested in English in 1398 in John Trevisa's translation of Bartholomeus Anglicus's ""De Proprietatibus Rerum"". ""Virulent"", from Latin ""virulentus"" (poisonous), dates to c. 1400. A meaning of ""agent that causes infectious disease"" is first recorded in 1728, before"
"Via Valeria The Via Valeria was an ancient Roman road of Italy, the continuation north-eastwards of the Via Tiburtina. It probably owed its origin to Marcus Valerius Messalla, censor in 154 BC. It ran first up the Anio valley past Varia, and then, abandoning it at the 36th mile, where the Via Sublacensis diverged, ascended to Carsoli, and then again to the lofty pass of Monte Bove, whence it descended again to the valley in Roman times occupied by the Lake Fucino. It is doubtful whether Via Valeria ran farther than the eastern point of the territory of the Marsi"
"and the assassination of Julius Caesar. Augustus, as Mercury in human shape, is invoked to save the empire. I.3, ""Sic te diva potens Cypri.."" – To Virgil, Setting Out for Greece – The ode begins with a prayer for the safe voyage of Virgil to Athens, which suggests the daring of the earliest mariners and the boldness of men in overcoming difficulties set by Nature. I.4, ""Solvitur acris hiems..."" – A Hymn to Springtime – The changing season warns us of the shortness of life. Horace urges his friend Sestius – ""vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam"" (The"
"Pervigilium Veneris Pervigilium Veneris (or The Vigil of Venus) is a Latin poem of uncertain date, variously assigned to the 2nd, 4th or 5th centuries. It is sometimes thought to have been by the poet , because of strong similarities with his poem ""Amnis ibat"", though other scholars attribute it to Publius Annius Florus, and yet others find no sufficient evidence for any attribution. It was written professedly in early spring on the eve of a three-night festival of Venus (probably April 1–3) in a setting that seems to be Sicily. The poem describes the annual awakening of the vegetable"
"Versus de Verona The Versus de Verona, also Carmen Pipinianum or Rhythmus Pipinianus (""Ritmo Pipiniano""), was a medieval Latin poetic encomium on the city of Verona, composed during the Carolingian Renaissance, between 795 and 806. It was modeled on the ""Laudes Mediolanensis civitatis"" (c.738), which is preserved today only in a Veronese manuscript. The anonymous ""Versus"" have been ascribed to Pacificus, archdeacon at Verona from 803 until his death in 846, but this ascription is unlikely. The poem consists of thirty-three strophes and three verses. Contextually, the ""Versus"" were composed in a city that had undergone a recent ecclesiastical reform—under"
"to Cassius Longinus, one of the future assassins of Julius Caesar and a recent convert to Epicureanism. Cicero prods Cassius about his new philosophy, and jokes about ""spectra Catiana"" (""Catian apparitions""), that is, the εἴδωλα or material images which were supposed by the Epicureans to present themselves to the mind and to call up the idea of absent objects: Although Cicero's purpose is ridicule, the passage is an important source for understanding the Epicurean theory of vision. Catius's ""spectrum"" is equivalent to ""simulacrum"" in Lucretius, but the term ""spectrum"" does not appear again in Latin until the 17th century and"
"in 476 under Odoacer with a toe-hold allowed in the port of Lilybaeum. In the Republican period, the main language was still Greek, since the Romans had no policy of enforcing their language on communities. Even in the period of Cicero, Greek was the main language used by the elite and almost all the Sicilians mentioned by Cicero in the ""Verrine Orations"" have Greek names. Cicero also refers to the Greek calendar (in use throughout Sicily in this period), Greek festivals, relations between the Sicilian cities and panhellenic sanctuaries like Delphi, Sicilian victors of the Olympic Games, and Greek civic"
"Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He is also known as an author of Latin prose. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as ""Populares"" were opposed by the"
"49 BCE, it being firmly established by the time Cicero returned to Rome in the autumn of 47. Traditionally divided into two books, the collection features 26 letters written from March or April to July 43 BCE — a year after the assassination of Julius Caesar, and a year before the death of Brutus in 42. The authenticity of the letters was for a long time cast into doubt, but is now generally recognized, with the exception of the first book's letters 16 and 17. These two letters resemble the style of """" — exercises in rhetoric commonly used by"
"Esse quam videri Esse quam videri is a Latin phrase meaning ""To be, rather than to seem"". It has been used as a motto by a number of different groups. ""Esse quam videri"" is found in Cicero's essay ""On Friendship"" (""Laelius de Amicitia"", chapter 98). ""Virtute enim ipsa non tam multi praediti esse quam videri volunt"" (""Few are those who wish to be endowed with virtue rather than to seem so""). Just a few years after Cicero, Sallust used the phrase in his ""Bellum Catilinae"" (54.6), writing that Cato the Younger ""esse quam videri bonus malebat"" (""He preferred to be"
"famous inscription ""Salve, lucru"" (""Welcome, profit"") indicates a trading company owned by two partners, Sirico and Nummianus (but this could be a nickname, since ""nummus"" means ""coin; money""). Other houses provide details concerning professions and categories, such as for the ""laundry"" workers (""Fullones""). Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the world's earliest known marketing pun (technically a blend), ""Vesuvinum"" (combining Vesuvius and the Latin for wine, vinum). The numerous graffiti carved on the walls and inside rooms provides a wealth of information regarding Vulgar Latin, the form of Latin spoken colloquially rather than the literary language of"
"Valerian and Porcian laws was deemed to be almost a sacrilege. Cicero’s oration in his prosecution of Verres indicates the high pitch to which this feeling was carried. Verres, who as the governor of Sicily (73 - 70 BC) had a number of Roman citizens cruelly killed, was eventually tried before the senators in Rome, ostensibly on charges of extortion. Valerian and Porcian laws The Valerian and Porcian laws were Roman laws passed between 509 BC and 184 BC. They exempted Roman citizens from degrading and shameful forms of punishment, such as whipping, scourging, or crucifixion. They also established certain"
"Dacica Dacica (or ""De bello dacico"") is a Latin work by Roman Emperor Trajan, written in the spirit of Julius Caesar's commentaries like ""De Bello Gallico"", and describing Trajan's campaigns in Dacia. It is assumed to be based on Criton of Heraclea's Getica, a work on the history of the Daco-Getae. Criton was Trajan's Greek chief physician and procurator, during the Dacian wars. Based on the research so far, ""Dacica"" is considered lost. However, one sentence survived in the Latin grammar work by Priscian. To describe a grammatical rule, Priscian cites Trajan: ""inde Berzobim, deinde Aizi processimus "", meaning ""We"
"receiver of the vision, known as the ""Apocalypse of the Virgin"". The lost Greek original was translated into Latin as the ""Visio Pauli"", and was widely copied, with extensive variation coming into the tradition as the text was adapted to suit different historical and cultural contexts; by the eleventh century, there were perhaps three main independent editions of the text. From these diverse Latin texts, many subsequent vernacular versions were translated, into most European languages, prominently including German and Czech. The ""Visio Pauli"" also influenced a range of other texts again. It is particularly noted for its influence in the"
"authors as being made on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius; one such traveller is the scientist John Ray, writing in 1673. Ray distinguishes this ""Greco"" from another Vesuvian type, ""Lagrime"", which is evidently the wine now called Lacryma Christi. Vino Greco Vino Greco is the name of a wine style which originated, at least 2,150 years ago, as an Italian imitation of the sweet, strong Greek wines that were exported to Italy at the period of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. Its names in other languages were: Latin ""vinum graecum""; English ""Greek"", ""greke"", ""wine greke""; French ""vin grec"". The"
"Valerian and Porcian laws The Valerian and Porcian laws were Roman laws passed between 509 BC and 184 BC. They exempted Roman citizens from degrading and shameful forms of punishment, such as whipping, scourging, or crucifixion. They also established certain rights for Roman citizens, including Provocatio, the right to appeal to the tribunes of the plebs. The Valerian law also made it legal to kill any citizen who was plotting to establish a tyranny. This clause was used several times, the most important of which was its usage by Julius Caesar's assassins. The first Valerian law was enacted by Publius"
"contemporary politics would have attracted him to a piece like the ""Visio"". Its popularity assures that Dante would have had access to it. Visio Karoli Grossi The Visio Karoli Crassi or Visio Karoli Grossi (meaning ""Vision of Charles the Fat""), also called the Visio Karoli (Tertii) Imperatoris (""Vision of [Emperor] Charles III""), is an anonymous work of Latin prose from around 900. It was composed at Reims and depicts a vision of his ancestors warning the Emperor Charles the Fat of the coming downfall of his family, the Carolingians. The work was produced in or near Reims, possibly by someone"