"since. Pad feet can still be seen on some classical furniture. Club foot (furniture) A club foot is a type of rounded foot for a piece of furniture, such as the end of a chair leg. It is also known by the alternative names pad foot and Dutch foot, the latter sometimes corrupted into duck foot. Such feet are rounded flat pads or disks at the end of furniture legs. Pad feet were regularly used on cabriole legs during the 18th century. They can be found on tables, chairs, and some early sofas. Pad feet were first seen in the"
"(""one illustrated"") are more formal. A ""bergère"" in the eighteenth century was essentially a ""meuble courant"", designed to be moved about to suit convenience, rather than being ranged permanently formally along the walls as part of the decor. The fanciful name, ""shepherdess chair"", was coined in mid-eighteenth century Paris, where the model developed without a notable break from the late-seventeenth century ""chaise de commodité"", a version of the wing chair, whose upholstered ""wings"" shielding the face from fireplace heat or from draughts were retained in the ""bergère à oreilles"" (""with ears""), or, fancifully, ""bergère confessionale"", as if the occupant were"
"Bergère A bergère is an enclosed upholstered French armchair (""fauteuil"") with an upholstered back and armrests on upholstered frames. The seat frame is over-upholstered, but the rest of the wooden framing is exposed: it may be moulded or carved, and of beech, painted or gilded, or of fruitwood, walnut or mahogany with a waxed finish. Padded elbowrests may stand upon the armrests. A ""bergère"" is fitted with a loose, but tailored, seat cushion. It is designed for lounging in comfort, with a deeper, wider seat than that of a regular ""fauteuil"", though the ""bergères"" by Bellangé in the White House"
"Bergère hat A bergère (French for shepherdess) hat is a flat-brimmed straw hat with a shallow crown, usually trimmed with ribbon and flowers. It could be worn in various ways with the brim folded back or turned up or down at whim. It is also sometimes called a milkmaid hat. It was widely worn in the mid-18th century, and versions may be seen in many British and French paintings of the period, such as ""The Swing"" by Fragonard, and in portraits by Thomas Gainsborough and Johann Zoffany, amongst others. It has been suggested that the hat was named after Madame"
"hidden from view, as in a confessional. A ""bergère"" may have a flat, raked back, in which case it is ""à la reine"", or, more usually in Louis XV furnishings, it has a coved back, ""en cabriolet"". A ""bergère"" with a low coved back that sweeps without a break into the armrests is a ""marquise"". Appearing first in Paris during the Régence (1715–23), the form reaches its full development in the unifying curves of the rococo style, then continues in a more architectural rectilinear style in the Louis XVI, Directoire, and French and American Empire styles. Bergère A bergère is"
"Bergeret, who is holding a shepherdess-style hat in a Boucher portrait painted c.1766. A nineteenth century version of the bergère hat formed part of the Dolly Varden ensembles popular in the early 1870s, as summed up in Alfred Lee's novelty song ""Dolly Varden"" (published Cleveland, 1872) which contains the lyrics: ""Have you seen my little girl? She doesn’t wear a bonnet/ She’s got a monstrous flip-flop hat with cherry ribbons on it."" Bergère hat A bergère (French for shepherdess) hat is a flat-brimmed straw hat with a shallow crown, usually trimmed with ribbon and flowers. It could be worn in"
"Plain cloth across the back hid the wooden framing. Stools with column legs complement the set, but aren't ""en suite"". In seventeenth century France the bergere chair became fashionable among the nobility and was often made of walnut. Leather was not infrequently used even for the costly and elaborate chairs of the faldstool form—occasionally sheathed in thin plates of silver—which Venice sent all over Europe. To this day, indeed, leather is one of the most frequently employed materials for chair covering. The outstanding characteristic of most chairs until the middle of the 17th century was massiveness and solidity. Being usually"
"French fashions in chairs, as with everything else, radiated from Paris. From the late 1720s, fashionable ""Louis XV"" French chairs were constructed without stretchers, which interfered with the unified flow of curved seatrails into cabriole legs that generally ended in scroll feet. According to strict guild regulations in force until the Revolution, French chairmaking was the business of the ""menuisier"" alone, whose craft was conjoined with that of the upholsterer (""huissier""), both of whom specialized in seat-furniture-making in Paris. A range of specialised seats were developed and given fanciful names, of which the comfortable ""bergère"" (""shepherdess"") is the most familiar."
"small ornamental design. The back of the chair took on a more graceful violin form. This form became known as the ""Chaise a la Reine"", or ""Chair of the Queen."" A variety of other new forms appeared, designed especially for comfort. The ""Bergere"" had a low seat with an additional cushion, and sometimes added padded wings atop the arms on either side of the back which protected the head against drafts, which also made it easier to take naps. Other new types that were introduced were the ""marquise"", basically an armchair expanded to seat two persons, and the ""chaise longue"","
"The Shepherdess The Shepherdess (), also known as The Little Shepherdess is a painting by William-Adolphe Bouguereau completed in 1889. The title is taken from the Southern French dialect. The painting depicts an idyllic, pastoral scene of a lone young woman in peasant attire posed for the artist, balancing a stick (likely her crook) across her shoulders, standing barefooted in the foreground. In the background are oxen grazing in the field. It is one of many paintings by Bouguereau depicting shepherdesses, including one of the same name created in 1881. The subject is a model employed by Bouguereau for this"
"Romans. Such headgear has been popular among the nobility and artists across Europe throughout modern history. The Basque style beret was the traditional headgear of Aragonese and Navarrian shepherds from the Ansó and Roncal valleys of the Pyrenees, a mountain range that divides Southern France from northern Spain. The commercial production of Basque-style berets began in the 17th century in the Oloron-Sainte-Marie area of Southern France. Originally a local craft, beret-making became industrialised in the 19th century. The first factory, Beatex-Laulhere, claims production records dating back to 1810. By the 1920s, berets were associated with the working classes in a"
"still in use today, but primarily as glamping accommodation, or as an alternative to a summer house, shed or workshop. Shepherd's hut The shepherd's hut (or shepherd's wagon) was, since the 15th century and into the 20th century, used by shepherds during sheep raising and lambing, primarily in the United Kingdom and France. Shepherd's huts often had iron wheels and corrugated iron tops. Sometimes the sides were also made of corrugated iron. Use of shepherd's huts by farmers reached a peak in the late 19th century and dwindled in the 20th century with the advent of mechanised farm machinery and"
"1720, in imitation of Chinese chairs. Because of this amalgamation, chairs and other seat furniture began to use veneering techniques which were formerly the guarded privilege of ébénistes. This privilege became less distinct after the relaxation of guild rules of the Ancien Régime, and after the French Revolution's abolition of guilds in 1791. Seat furniture in the Empire style was often veneered with mahogany, and later in pale woods also. From the mid-nineteenth century onward, the two French trades, ""ébéniste"" and ""menuisier,"" were often assembled under the single roof of a ""furnisher"", and the craft began to make way for"
"the rooms on the ""bel étage"" of a country house, ""schloss"" or chateau. In French garden art the parterre en broderie was the highest form of parterre. Broderie (garden feature) Broderie (from the French word = ""embroidery"") is a garden art term associated with Baroque garden design. ""Broderie"" emerged in France around 1600 and was used until 1770. Several phases of development can be distinguished. A ""broderie"" is an ornamental garden made of sheared box hedges. The main motifs are wreaths and strapwork, more rarely they are in the shape of monograms and figures. The ornamental shapes were filled in"
"Shepherd's hut The shepherd's hut (or shepherd's wagon) was, since the 15th century and into the 20th century, used by shepherds during sheep raising and lambing, primarily in the United Kingdom and France. Shepherd's huts often had iron wheels and corrugated iron tops. Sometimes the sides were also made of corrugated iron. Use of shepherd's huts by farmers reached a peak in the late 19th century and dwindled in the 20th century with the advent of mechanised farm machinery and electric power reaching even remote farms. Their use persisted in some northern counties in the United Kingdom, particularly Westmoreland and"
"of grand French furniture. It was made in a vast variety of forms but is strictly limited by its destination. As a rule these delicate and dainty pieces were in pairs and placed in opposite angles; frequently the tops were finished in expensive colored marble. Encoignure Encoignure is a type of furniture located in a corner of a room. In French, it literally means the angle, or return, formed by the junction of two walls. Since the 20th century, the word is chiefly used to designate a small armoire, commode, cabinet or cupboard made to fit a corner. A chair"
"Caquetoire The caquetoire, or conversation chair, was an armchair style which emerged during the European Renaissance. It was largely used in France, and is one of the most well-known pieces of furniture from the French Renaissance. This chair is often associated with groups of women sitting and conversing. Due to fashions of the time and the lack of heating systems in homes, women wore several layers of skirts and petticoats to keep warm. This often prevented them from fitting comfortably into armchairs with rectangular seats. A caquetoire seat is splayed so women in their large skirts could easily sit. These"
"Shepherdess Seated on a Rock Shepherdess Seated on a Rock or The Knitter or Shepherdess Knitting is an 1856 oil on wood painting by Jean-François Millet. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city. Millet was a leader of the Barbizon school, which emphasized realism, and is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers and for reinvigorating the genre of landscape painting. The shepherdess in this painting is wearing the linen hood and white cloak that were typical of the peasant women in communities of north-central France such as Barbizon. This painting at"
"The Shepherds (Watteau) The Shepherds (French - ""Les Bergers"") is a c.1717 painting by Antoine Watteau, now in the Schloss Charlottenburg in Berlin. It is the most finished version of a composition later reused by the same artist in ""Pastoral Pleasure"" (c.1714-1716, musée Condé). It shows city-dwellers in the countryside pretending to be peasants. In the centre a young man dressed in an elegant doublet and a plumed beret dances what seems to be a minuet with a young woman in a satin dress whilst a musician plays for them. One other couple observes the dancers, another couple whispers to"
"provided for many European courts including the Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark. Bellange's work is often classified as Empire Style a reference to the First French Empire under Napoleon I. Motifs included swans favored by Napoleon's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais, honeybees (a symbol for Napoleon), laurel branches, laurel wreaths, and Roman eagles. Bellangé's furniture often showcases the dense grain of mahogony, combined with gilded bronze or carved and gilded relief decoration. His highest style court furniture was built of gilded beech and upholstered in silk lampas fabrics in saturated colors, often with a gold jacquard pattern of medallions, eagles, or"
"called ""lecteur"" or ""lectrice"" in the feminine gender. This is one indication of who this type of desk was originally marketed to. The Liseuse is an antique desk form which was popular in France during the 18th century and produced again in the first part of the 19th century. It was copied in several continental countries and in the United Kingdom. Many Liseuses are polyvalent pieces of furniture with a double or triple use. Geared towards an 18th-century feminine market for the most part, they often have drawers made specially for storing toiletry and cosmetics in addition to the drawer"
"Berm A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier (usually made of compacted soil) separating two areas. It can serve as a fortification line, a border/separation barrier, in industrial settings, or in many other applications. The word berm originates in the Middle Dutch and came into usage in English via French. In medieval military engineering, a berm (or berme) was a level space between a parapet or defensive wall and an adjacent steep-walled ditch or moat. It was intended to reduce soil pressure on the walls of the excavated part to prevent its collapse. It also meant that"
"D'où viens-tu, bergère? D'où viens-tu, bergère? (""Where are you coming from, shepherdess?"") is a traditional French carol. Written in 4-4 time, this carol is sung to celebrate Christmas in France. In its English translation Mary Magdalene comes from visiting the manger of Jesus and tells the shepherds and angels of his birth. The carol is a popular choice for francophone choirs internationally, especially in Canada. The carol is usually repeated 2 times, and traditionally, is accompanied by harpsichord and oboe. What did you see Oh Maiden, What did you see? On this very night, my own eyes were dazzled, by"
"mid-1980s. However, UK negligee sales are said to have been the fastest increasing sector of the market since 1998. Negligee The negligee or négligée (), literally meaning ""neglected"", known in French as déshabillé, is a form of see-through clothing for women consisting of a sheer usually long dressing gown. It is a form of nightgown intended for wear at night and in the bedroom. It was introduced in France in the 18th century, where it mimicked the heavy head-to-toe style of women's day dresses of the time. By the 1920s, the negligee began to mimic women's satin single-layer evening dress"
"there is a pair of French blackamoor torcheres, modeled by Émile Guillemin and cast by Barbedienne in the 19th century, as well as a number of small-scale statuary by the traditional Parisian firm E. Granger. There is also an assemblage of longcase clocks of Austrian and French origin, including a Planchon clock with porcelain dial and equinox-inspired decoration. Among the most valuable works in this collection is also an Italian Baroque organ produced by Domenico Mangino (""ca"". 1625). The collection of furniture is mostly composed of English and French examples, including storage and resting pieces, such as chests, sideboards, cupboards,"
"Broderie (garden feature) Broderie (from the French word = ""embroidery"") is a garden art term associated with Baroque garden design. ""Broderie"" emerged in France around 1600 and was used until 1770. Several phases of development can be distinguished. A ""broderie"" is an ornamental garden made of sheared box hedges. The main motifs are wreaths and strapwork, more rarely they are in the shape of monograms and figures. The ornamental shapes were filled in with other materials (gravel, grit, broken brick, glass shards, coal etc.). This enabled the ornamental garden to be admired from a distance, for example by those in"
"Virge A virge or verge () is a type of rod, made of wood. Originally it was one or more branches (the French often use ""verges"", the plural of its equivalent, as the normal word for a rod, the rarer singular ""verge"" rather indicates a switch) used as an instrument for corporal punishment, or as a riding crop. It later became a symbol of civil office, used in ceremonies of swearing fealty (from which the legal term ""tenant by the verge"" is derived). Further deriving from this use is the sense of a measurement, and so boundary or border, of"
"now sels a Cow against Easter to buy him silken geere for his Credit"". In the seventeenth century, the term mockado ends was used for a wool yarn, probably a worsted yarn similar to crewel yarn of that period, likely used for embroidery and making braids and fringes. Mockadoes continued in use for furnishings such as wall hangings, chair covers, and stools, as well as carpeting. A patent was issued in England in 1741 for a ""new invention of making carpeting commonly called French carpeting or Moccadoes and in France ""moucades"" or ""moquets""."" Mockado Mockado (also moquette, moucade) is a"
"Negligee The negligee or négligée (), literally meaning ""neglected"", known in French as déshabillé, is a form of see-through clothing for women consisting of a sheer usually long dressing gown. It is a form of nightgown intended for wear at night and in the bedroom. It was introduced in France in the 18th century, where it mimicked the heavy head-to-toe style of women's day dresses of the time. By the 1920s, the negligee began to mimic women's satin single-layer evening dress of the period. The term ""negligee"" was used on a Royal Doulton run of ceramic figurines in 1927, showing"
"chairs were often made from walnut rather than oak allowing the frames to be more elaborately carved. They were built with mortise and tenon joinery, so no nails were exposed and no glue had to be used. The supports were baluster-turned and terminated in bun feet. The name caquetoire is derived from “caqueter”, a French term meaning “to chat”. The chair was thus named the caquetoire as a reference to women sitting and talking. Caquetoire The caquetoire, or conversation chair, was an armchair style which emerged during the European Renaissance. It was largely used in France, and is one of"
"flattened at the top, giving them the desired geometric form. Only in the 18th century were they allowed to grow freely. The parterres de broderie (from the French meaning 'embroidery') is the typical form of French garden design of the Baroque. It is characterised by a symmetrical layout of the flower beds and sheared box hedging to form ornamental patterns known as broderie. Even the arrangement of the flowers is designed to create a harmonious interplay of colours. Frequently found in French Baroque gardens are water gardens, , grottos or statues. Further away from the country house, stately home, chateau"
"Encoignure Encoignure is a type of furniture located in a corner of a room. In French, it literally means the angle, or return, formed by the junction of two walls. Since the 20th century, the word is chiefly used to designate a small armoire, commode, cabinet or cupboard made to fit a corner. A chair placed in a corner is referred to as a chaise encoignure. Originally the object comes from France, hence the name, famous pieces by Louis Quinze or Louis Seize in lacquer or in mahogany, elaborately mounted in gilded bronze, are delightfully alluring pieces from the period"
"land, or generally a margin of space. In modern times it is best known as the ceremonial staff of the Anglican and Episcopal lay church officers known as vergers (or originally ""virger"" – the title derives from ""virge""), who originally used it as a 'weapon' to make way for the ecclesiastical procession (compare the Catholic Swiss Guard), and occasionally to chastise unruly choristers. Virge A virge or verge () is a type of rod, made of wood. Originally it was one or more branches (the French often use ""verges"", the plural of its equivalent, as the normal word for a"