"horse's abdomen, which also can be seen contracting with the animal's heartbeat, but at rates of 40-50 times per minute. The condition was first identified by a veterinarian in 1831. Thumps Thumps or synchronous diaphragmatic flutter is a condition that occurs in horses where there is an irregular spasming of the diaphragm, usually caused by dehydration due to fluid loss and related abnormal electrolyte levels, most often blood calcium. It is essentially a case of the hiccups, but in horses it usually has a more serious underlying cause than in the corresponding human condition. For that reason, a case of"
"Atrial flutter Atrial flutter (AFL) is a common abnormal heart rhythm that starts in the atrial chambers of the heart. When it first occurs, it is usually associated with a fast heart rate and is classified as a type of supraventricular tachycardia. Atrial flutter is characterized by a sudden-onset (usually) regular abnormal heart rhythm on an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which the heart rate is fast. Symptoms may include a feeling of the heart beating too fast, too hard, or skipping beats, chest discomfort, difficulty breathing, a feeling as if one's stomach has dropped, a feeling of being light-headed, or loss"
"successful, prevents the recurrence of the atrial flutter. Atrial fibrillation often occurs (30% within 5 years) after catheter ablation for atrial flutter. Atrial flutter Atrial flutter (AFL) is a common abnormal heart rhythm that starts in the atrial chambers of the heart. When it first occurs, it is usually associated with a fast heart rate and is classified as a type of supraventricular tachycardia. Atrial flutter is characterized by a sudden-onset (usually) regular abnormal heart rhythm on an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which the heart rate is fast. Symptoms may include a feeling of the heart beating too fast, too hard,"
"be 150. Studies show that possible causes include disruptions within the central or peripheral nervous systems, anxiety, nutritional disorder, and certain pharmaceuticals. No single treatment has proven effective, though blocking or crushing of the phrenic nerve can provide instantaneous relief when pharmacologic treatment has proven ineffective. Only about 50 people in the world have been diagnosed with diaphragmatic flutter. One case is Chaz Moore of Colorado Springs, Colorado, who was interviewed by CNN’s Dr. Sanjay Gupta. The patient had tried several medications, of which only medical marijuana worked. Benign myoclonus can occur in healthy individuals and is most commonly caused"
"Diaphragmatic breathing Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep breathing, is breathing that is done by contracting the diaphragm, a muscle located horizontally between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity. Air enters the lungs and the chest rises and the belly expands during this type of breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing is also known scientifically as ""eupnea"", which is a natural and relaxed form of breathing in all mammals. Eupnea occurs in mammals whenever they are in a state of relaxation, i.e. when there is no clear and present danger in their environment. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, ""12.7 percent"
"Coherent breathing Coherent Breathing is a type of breathing method and system which involves breathing at the nominal rate of 5 breaths per minute with equal periods of inhalation and exhalation and conscious relaxation of anatomical zones called “bridges.” Bridges are 12 specific anatomical zones over which there is both explicit conscious and unconscious or autonomic control, the diaphragm being foremost of the bridges. The Coherent Breathing method was developed in the early 2000s based on research by Stephen Elliott and Dee Edmonson, RN, BCIAC-EEG. In 2009, with his colleague Robert Grove, Elliott named the wave that rises in the"
"started but atrial flutter recurs at a high rate (70–90% of the time) despite continued use. Atrial flutter can be treated more definitively with a technique known as catheter ablation. This involves the insertion of a catheter through a vein in the groin which is followed up to the heart and is used to identify and interrupt the electrical circuit causing the atrial flutter (by creating a small burn and scar). Atrial flutter was first identified as an independent medical condition in 1920 by the British physician Sir Thomas Lewis (1881–1945) and colleagues. AFL is the second most common pathologic"
"flutter. Petasti Unicode symbol is U+1D049. Petasti Petasti (or Petaste; Greek: πεταστη) is a neume of Byzantine chant notation, which is usually called a flutter in English. In the most general form it means ""Go one note up, and stress this note"", where the ""stress"" is usually interpreted either as a mordent of Western music (in a high tempo), as a triplet (in a medium tempo), or as a sequence of two eighth notes and a quarter note (in a slow tempo). Petasti can also be combined with other neumes, such as oligon, to form jumps of more than one"
"achieved with wing length equal to a multiblade rotary windpump's diameter, in half the windspeed regime. P. Sharp and J. Hare showed a toy linear generator run by two flutter wings. The word ""flutter"" is typically linked to the form of aerodynamic instability discussed above. Though, a connection between dry friction and flutter instability in a simple mechanical system has been discovered, watch the movie for more details. Buffeting is a high-frequency instability, caused by airflow separation or shock wave oscillations from one object striking another. It is caused by a sudden impulse of load increasing. It is a random"
"asthmatics since breathing in these patients is of the thoracic type in association with decreased chest expansion and chest deformity as a result of a deformed sternum like pectus excavatum (funnel chest); a shortened diaphragm, intercostals and accessory muscles from prolonged spasm causing stenosis of the major airways leading to an abnormal respiratory pattern. Diaphragmatic breathing is also widely considered essential for best possible singing performance. Diaphragmatic breathing also allows wind instrumentalists to maximise intake of air, minimising the number of breaths required for progressing players. Diaphragmatic breathing Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep breathing, is breathing that is done by contracting"
"Diaphragm pacing Diaphragm pacing, (and even earlier as electrophrenic respiration), is the rhythmic application of electrical impulses to the diaphragm to provide ventilatory support for respiratory failure or sleep apnea. Historically, this has been accomplished through the electrical stimulation of a phrenic nerve by an implanted receiver/electrode, though today an alternative option of attaching percutaneous wires to the diaphragm exists. The idea of stimulating the diaphragm through the phrenic nerve was first firmly postulated by German physician Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, who in 1783 proposed that such a technique could be applied as a treatment for asphyxia. French neurologist Duchenne de"
"and if their blood pressure is normal (known as stable atrial flutter). If the affected person is having chest pain, has lost consciousness, or has low blood pressure (unstable atrial flutter), then an urgent electrical shock to the heart to restore a normal heart rhythm is necessary. Long-term use of blood thinners (e.g., warfarin or apixaban) is an important component of treatment to reduce the risk of blood clot formation in the heart and resultant strokes. Medications used to restore a normal heart rhythm (antiarrhythmics) such as ibutilide effectively control atrial flutter about 80% of the time when they are"
"literally means ""disordered breathing"". Its combining forms (""dys-"" + ""-pnea"") are familiar from other medical words, such as ""dysfunction"" (""dys-"" + ""function"") and ""apnea"" (""a-"" + ""-pnea""). The most common pronunciation in medical English is , with the ""p"" expressed and the stress on the /niː/ syllable. But pronunciations with a silent ""p"" in ""pn"" (as also in ""pneumo-"") are common ( or ), as are those with the stress on the first syllable ( or ). In English, the various ""-pnea""-suffixed words commonly used in medicine do not follow one clear pattern as to whether the first syllable or"
"Hiccup A hiccup (also spelled hiccough) is an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc. Once triggered, the reflex causes a strong contraction of the diaphragm followed about 0.25 second later by closure of the vocal cords, which results in the classic ""hic"" sound. Hiccups may occur individually, or they may occur in bouts. The rhythm of the hiccup, or the time between hiccups, tends to be relatively constant. A bout of hiccups, in general, resolves itself without intervention, although many home remedies"
"with a personal defibrillator, which is why defibrillators in Australia are sometimes colloquially called ""Packer Whackers"". Defibrillation Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, specifically ventricular fibrillation (VF) and non-perfusing ventricular tachycardia (VT). A defibrillator delivers a dose of electric current (often called a countershock) to the heart. Although not fully understood, this would depolarize a large amount of the heart muscle, ending the dysrhythmia. Subsequently, the body's natural pacemaker in the sinoatrial node of the heart is able to re-establish normal sinus rhythm. In contrast to defibrillation, synchronized electrical cardioversion is an electrical shock delivered in synchrony to"
"isometric handgrip. A right to left shunt (Eisenmenger syndrome) may develop with uncorrected VSDs due to worsening pulmonary hypertension, which will increase the murmur intensity and be associated with cyanosis. Flow murmur may be heard at the right upper sternal border in certain conditions, such as anemia, hyperthyroidism, fever, and pregnancy. Diastolic Aortic valve regurgitation will present as a diastolic decrescendo murmur heard at the left lower sternal border or right lower sternal border (when associated with a dilated aorta). This may be associated with bounding carotid and peripheral pulses (Corrigan's pulse, Watson's water hammer pulse), and a widened pulse"
"one type at a time. Type I atrial flutter, also known as common atrial flutter or typical atrial flutter, has an atrial rate of 240 to 340 beats/minute. However, this rate may be slowed by antiarrhythmic agents. The reentrant loop circles the right atrium, passing through the cavo-tricuspid isthmus – a body of fibrous tissue in the lower atrium between the inferior vena cava, and the tricuspid valve. Type I flutter is further divided into two subtypes, known as counterclockwise atrial flutter and clockwise atrial flutter depending on the direction of current passing through the loop. Type II (atypical) atrial"
"the words, mainly due to Arabic influences: Diphthong A diphthong ( or ; from Greek: , ""diphthongos"", literally ""double sound"" or ""double tone""), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In many dialects of English, the phrase ""no highway cowboys"" has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable. Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech organs do not"
"when no medical gases are available. This device has unidirectional valves which suck in ambient air, which can be enriched with oxygen from a cylinder, with the help of a set of bellows. A large number of draw-over type of anaesthesia devices are still in use in India for administering an air-ether mixture to the patient, which can be enriched with oxygen. The original concept of continuous-flow machines was popularised by Boyle's anaesthetic machine, invented by the British anaesthetist Henry Boyle at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, United Kingdom in 1917, although similar machines had been in use in France"
"Diaphragmatic excursion Diaphragmatic excursion is the movement of the thoracic diaphragm during breathing. Normal diaphragmatic excursion should be 3–5 cm, but can be increased in well-conditioned persons to 7–8 cm. This measures the contraction of the diaphragm. It is performed by asking the patient to exhale and hold it. The provider then percusses down their back in the intercostal margins (bone will be dull), starting below the scapula, until sounds change from resonant to dull (lungs are resonant, solid organs should be dull). That is where the provider marks the spot. Then the patient takes a deep breath in and"
"and falling abruptly or vice versa. If atrial flutter is suspected clinically but is not clearly evident on ECG, acquiring a Lewis lead ECG may be helpful in revealing flutter waves. In general, atrial flutter should be managed the same as atrial fibrillation. Because both rhythms can lead to the formation of a blood clot in the atrium, individuals with atrial flutter usually require some form of anticoagulation or antiplatelet agent. Both rhythms can be associated with dangerously fast heart rates and thus require medication to control the heart rate (such as beta blockers or calcium channel blockers) and/or rhythm"
"the sharp broken edges of the ribs are likely to eventually puncture the pleural sac and lung, possibly causing a pneumothorax. The concern about ""mediastinal flutter"" (the shift of the mediastinum with paradoxical diaphragm movement) does not appear to be merited. Pulmonary contusions are commonly associated with flail chest and that can lead to respiratory failure. This is due to the paradoxical motions of the chest wall from the fragments interrupting normal breathing and chest movement. Typical paradoxical motion is associated with stiff lungs, which requires extra work for normal breathing, and increased lung resistance, which makes air flow difficult."
"analog of this sign. Tactile fremitus, known by many other names including pectoral fremitus, tactile vocal fremitus, or just vocal fremitus, is a vibration felt on the patient's chest during low frequency vocalization. Commonly, the patient is asked to repeat a phrase while the examiner feels for vibrations by placing a hand over the patient's chest or back. Phrases commonly used in English include, 'boy oh boy' and 'toy boat' (diphthong phrases), as well as 'blue balloons' and 'Scooby-Doo'. 'Ninety-nine' is classically included, however, this is a misinterpretation of the original German report, in which ""Neun-und-neunzig"" was the low-frequency diphthong"
"Diphthong A diphthong ( or ; from Greek: , ""diphthongos"", literally ""double sound"" or ""double tone""), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In many dialects of English, the phrase ""no highway cowboys"" has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable. Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a"
"the end of diastole and immediately before S1, producing a rhythm sometimes referred to as the ""Tennessee"" gallop where S4 represents the ""Ten-"" syllable. It is best heard at the cardiac apex with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and holding his breath. The combined presence of S3 and S4 is a quadruple gallop, also known as the ""Hello-Goodbye"" gallop. At rapid heart rates, S3 and S4 may merge to produce a summation gallop, sometimes referred to as S7. Atrial contraction must be present for production of an S4. It is absent in atrial fibrillation and in other"
"Petasti Petasti (or Petaste; Greek: πεταστη) is a neume of Byzantine chant notation, which is usually called a flutter in English. In the most general form it means ""Go one note up, and stress this note"", where the ""stress"" is usually interpreted either as a mordent of Western music (in a high tempo), as a triplet (in a medium tempo), or as a sequence of two eighth notes and a quarter note (in a slow tempo). Petasti can also be combined with other neumes, such as oligon, to form jumps of more than one note up, still stressed with a"
"as 'crackles'. The term 'rales' is still common in English-language medical literature, but cognizance of the ATS/CHEST guidelines calls for 'crackles'. In 2016, the European Respiratory Society reported on a study wherein various physicians listened to audiovisual recordings of auscultation findings and interobserver variation was analyzed. The study found that broad descriptions agreed better than detailed descriptions. Crackles are caused by explosive opening of small airways and are discontinuous, nonmusical, and brief. Crackles are much more common during the inspiratory than the expiratory phase of breathing, but they may be heard during the expiratory phase. Crackles are often associated with"
"If the flutter rate is 300/minute only half of these impulses will be conducted, giving a ventricular rate of 150/minute, or a 2:1 heart block. The addition of rate-controlling drugs or conduction system disease can increase this block substantially (see image below). Typical atrial flutter is recognized on an electrocardiogram by presence of characteristic ""flutter waves"" at a regular rate of 200 to 300 beats per minute. Flutter waves may not be evident on an ECG in atypical forms of atrial flutter. Individual flutter waves may be symmetrical, resembling p-waves, or may be asymmetrical with a ""sawtooth"" shape, rising gradually"
"turbulent mixing of anterograde mitral flow and retrograde aortic flow: Displacement: The blood jets from the aortic regurgitation strike the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, which often results in premature closure of the mitral leaflets. This can be mistaken for mitral stenosis. Turbulence of the two columns of blood: Blood from left atrium to left ventricle and blood from aorta to left ventricle. The Austin Flint murmur is named after the 19th century American physician, Austin Flint (1812–1886). He disapproved of associating any physical sign with the name of the original describer, and wrote, “So long as signs are"
"at night, or swelling of the legs and/or abdomen. Although often regarded as a relatively benign heart rhythm problem, atrial flutter shares the same complications as the related condition atrial fibrillation. There is paucity of published data directly comparing the two, but overall mortality in these conditions appears to be very similar. Rapid heart rates may produce significant symptoms in patients with pre-existing heart disease and can lead to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle and even a heart attack. In rare situations, atrial flutter associated with a fast heart rate persists for an extended period of time without"
"flutter follows a significantly different re-entry pathway to type I flutter, and is typically faster, usually 340–440 beats/minute. Atypical atrial flutter rarely occurs in people who have not undergone previous heart surgery or previous catheter ablation procedures. Left atrial flutter is considered atypical and is common after incomplete left atrial ablation procedures. Atypical atrial flutter originating from the right atrium and heart's septum have also been described. While atrial flutter can sometimes go unnoticed, its onset is often marked by characteristic sensations of the heart feeling like it is beating too fast or hard. Such sensations usually last until the"
"such as the bumblebee, use asynchronous muscle; this is a type of muscle that contracts more than once per nerve impulse. This is achieved by the muscle being stimulated to contract again by a release in tension in the muscle, which can happen more rapidly than through simple nerve stimulation alone. This allows the frequency of wing beats to exceed the rate at which the nervous system can send impulses. The asynchronous muscle is one of the final refinements that has appeared in some of the higher Neoptera (Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera). The overall effect is that many higher Neoptera"
"Asterixis Asterixis (also called the flapping tremor, or liver flap) is a tremor of the hand when the wrist is extended, sometimes said to resemble a bird flapping its wings. This motor disorder is characterized by an inability to maintain a position, which is demonstrated by jerking movements of the outstretched hands when bent upward at the wrist. The tremor is caused by abnormal function of the diencephalic motor centers in the brain, which regulate the muscles involved in maintaining position. Asterixis is associated with various encephalopathies due especially to faulty metabolism. The term derives from the Greek ""a"", ""not"""