"cycles. Individual trematode parasites life cycles may vary from this list. Human infections are most common in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East. However, trematodes can be found anywhere where untreated human waste is used as fertilizer. Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is an example of a parasitic disease caused by one of the species of trematodes (platyhelminth infection, or ""flukes""), a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma. ""Clonorchis"", ""Opisthorchis"", ""Fasciola"" and ""Paragonimus"" species, the foodborne trematodes, are another. Other diseases are caused by members of the genus ""Choledocystus"". Trematodes are commonly referred to"
"Sandfly fever Naples virus Sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV) is an antigenic species of ""Phlebovirus"" genus within the Phenuiviridae family of the Bunyavirales order. It is an enveloped RNA virus with a tripartite genome e Uukuniemi (UUK) serogroup. The Sandfly group's natural reservoir is sandflys, while the natural reservoir for Uukuniemi is ticks. The SFNV serogroup consists of two main serocomplexes associated with disease in humans, the Naples and Sicilian serocomplexes. Sandfly fever induces myalgia, fever, and elevated liver enzymes in humans. It is difficult to diagnose outside endemic areas. Phlebotomine sandflies (Psychodidae) are the natural reservoir and transmit to"
"humans via bite. Psychodidae has a wide geographical distribution. Sandfly fever Naples virus Sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV) is an antigenic species of ""Phlebovirus"" genus within the Phenuiviridae family of the Bunyavirales order. It is an enveloped RNA virus with a tripartite genome e Uukuniemi (UUK) serogroup. The Sandfly group's natural reservoir is sandflys, while the natural reservoir for Uukuniemi is ticks. The SFNV serogroup consists of two main serocomplexes associated with disease in humans, the Naples and Sicilian serocomplexes. Sandfly fever induces myalgia, fever, and elevated liver enzymes in humans. It is difficult to diagnose outside endemic areas. Phlebotomine"
"West Nile virus West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever. It is a member of the family Flaviviridae, specifically from the genus ""Flavivirus"", which also contains the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. West Nile virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly species of the genus ""Culex"", but ticks have also been found to carry the virus. The primary hosts of WNV are birds, so that the virus remains within a ""bird-mosquito-bird"" transmission cycle. Like most other flaviviruses, WNV is an enveloped virus, but has icosahedral symmetry. Flavivirus envelopes consist of"
"due to the burden of HIV, malaria, and malnutrition, especially in children. The genetic makeup of iNTS is evolving into a more typhoid-like bacterium, able to efficiently spread around the human body. Symptoms are reported to be diverse, including fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and respiratory symptoms, often with an absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Typhoid fever is caused by ""Salmonella"" serotypes which are strictly adapted to humans or higher primates—these include ""Salmonella ""Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C. In the systemic form of the disease, salmonellae pass through the lymphatic system of the intestine into the blood of the patients (typhoid"
"Shigella Shigella () is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative aerobic, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria genetically closely related to ""E. coli"". The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human shigellosis, ""Shigella"" causes disease in primates, but not in other mammals. It is only naturally found in humans and gorillas. During infection, it typically causes dysentery. ""Shigella"" is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide, causing an estimated 80–165 million cases. The number of deaths it causes each year is estimated at between 74,000 and 600,000. It is one of"
"years of age living in endemic areas. Dengue virus Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family ""Flaviviridae""; genus ""Flavivirus"". Five serotypes of the virus have been found, all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease. Nevertheless, scientists are finding their understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic, as rather than distinct antigenic groups there appears to be a ""continuum"". This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus. Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real"
"Streptobacillus Streptobacillus is a genus of aerobic, gram-negative facultative anaerobe bacteria, which grow in culture as rods in chains. Species associated with infection - ""S. moniliformis"" Reported susceptibilities and therapies - penicillin, erythromycin Associated infections: the Haverhill fever form of rat bite fever. (Notes ""Spirillum minus"" is also an agent of rat bite fever, in the form known as sodoku.) Haverhill fever, which is characterized by fever, rash, chills, headache, vomiting, muscle pain, arthritis, and bacteremia, and by weight loss and diarrhea in children. Rat bite fever is caused by either ""Streptobacillus moniliformis"" or ""Spirillum minor"". The incidence of rat-bite"
"Flavivirus Flavivirus is a genus of viruses in the family ""Flaviviridae"". This genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis, as well as insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) such as cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), Palm Creek virus (PCV), and Parramatta River virus (PaRV). Flaviviruses are named from the yellow fever virus, the type virus for the family; the word ""flavus"" means ""yellow"" in Latin and the yellow fever in turn is named from its propensity to cause yellow jaundice in victims. Flaviviruses share several common"
"Dengue virus Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family ""Flaviviridae""; genus ""Flavivirus"". Five serotypes of the virus have been found, all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease. Nevertheless, scientists are finding their understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic, as rather than distinct antigenic groups there appears to be a ""continuum"". This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus. Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real world infections. Dengue virus causes dengue fever."
"Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever and bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. Those who have been infected for a long time may experience liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer. In children, it may cause poor growth and learning difficulty. The disease is spread by contact with fresh water contaminated with the parasites. These parasites are released from infected freshwater snails. The disease is especially common among children in developing countries, as"
"only known host is ""Bithynia siamensis"" (that include all its three subspecies). Snails are infected by the free-swimming larvae called miracidia in water bodies where faecal matters of infected mammals are deposited. Inside the snail tissue, the miracidia grow into sposocysts, that contain spore-like daughter cells. The daughter cells called rediae multiply and develop into numerous larvae called cercariae. Each cercaria has a large head and a long tail. The cercariae escape from the snail and enter the water body again as free-swimming larvae. Their tails act as a propeller for swimming and they actively search for a fish host."
"for several days, but can last for weeks. ""Shigella"" is implicated as one of the pathogenic causes of reactive arthritis worldwide. Shigella Shigella () is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative aerobic, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria genetically closely related to ""E. coli"". The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human shigellosis, ""Shigella"" causes disease in primates, but not in other mammals. It is only naturally found in humans and gorillas. During infection, it typically causes dysentery. ""Shigella"" is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide, causing an estimated 80–165"
"WNS was discovered on some tri-colored bats (""Perimyotis subflavus"") in Russell Cave in Jackson County, Alabama. The fungus ""Pseudogymnoascus destructans"" is the primary cause of WNS. It preferably grows in the 4–15 °C range (39–59 °F) and will not grow at temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F). It is cold loving or psychrophilic. It is phylogenetically related to ""Geomyces spp""., but with a conidial morphology distinct from characterized members of this genus. Early laboratory research placed the fungus in the genus ""Geomyces"", but later phylogenic evaluation revealed this organism should be reclassified. The genera ""Geomyces"" and ""Pseudogymnoascus"" are closely related"
"be transferred from human-to-human, and can cause food-borne infection, typhoid fever, and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever is caused by ""Salmonella"" invading the bloodstream (the typhoidal form), or in addition spreads throughout the body, invades organs, and secretes endotoxins (the septic form). This can lead to life-threatening hypovolemic shock and septic shock, and requires intensive care including antibiotics. The collapse of the Aztec society in Mesoamerica is linked to a catastrophic ""Salmonella"" outbreak, one of humanity's deadliest, that occurred after the Spanish conquest. The genus ""Salmonella"" is part of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Its taxonomy has been revised and has the"
"Schistosoma nasale Schistosoma nasale is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. ""S. nasale"" inhabits blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and causes ""snoring disease"" in cattle, but remains symptomless in buffaloes though extruding its eggs in nasal discharge. The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail ""Indoplanorbis exustus"" that may be the sole natural intermediate host for ""Schistosoma nasale"" (and other two ""Schistosoma"" species) on the Indian sub-continent. The clinical symptoms in cattle include a cauliflower-like growth or granuloma in the nasal cavity, associated with a ""snoring"" sound and profuse mucopurulent discharge. In the endemic areas, there"
"and ""Lymnaea acuminata"", but experimental work of Dutt and Srivastava (1962) conclusively proved ""Indoplanorbis exustus"" as the sole intermediate host of ""S. nasale"". This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from Liu 2010. Schistosoma nasale Schistosoma nasale is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. ""S. nasale"" inhabits blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and causes ""snoring disease"" in cattle, but remains symptomless in buffaloes though extruding its eggs in nasal discharge. The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail ""Indoplanorbis exustus"" that may be the sole natural intermediate host for ""Schistosoma nasale"" (and other two ""Schistosoma"" species) on the"
"González Martínez discovered that the Schistosomiasis eggs were different from the uncinariasis (Hookworm) eggs. He discovered that these parasitic worms, named bilharzias, were infecting his patients' intestines and damaging their livers. Bilharzias, or snail fever, is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes (platyhelminth infection, or ""flukes""), a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma. He reported his findings to the American Medical Journals and in 1907, his findings were confirmed by the international medical community. The Bubonic plague, a zoonotic disease, had spread throughout Europe in the early 1900s. González Martínez went to Spain to study the fields"
"Treponema Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is ""Treponema pallidum"", whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. ""Treponema carateum"" is the cause of pinta. ""Treponema paraluiscuniculi"" is associated with syphilis in rabbits. The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Notes: ♦ Type strain lost or not available ♠ Strains found at the National Center"
"However, one disease that is known to affect the snail is caused by the pseudomonad bacterium or Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection occurs by ingesting the bacteria, if it rests on the snail’s food, or by contact with another individual who is infected. This causes reduced digestive function resulting in emaciation even when there is an abundance of food resources. This finally results in the slow death of starvation. The rosy wolf snail is a hermaphrodite and is oviparous. This means the snail has both male and female reproductive parts and lays eggs instead of having live birth. The courtship rituals for"
"Animal trypanosomiasis Animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana and nagana pest, or sleeping sickness, is a disease of vertebrates. The disease is caused by trypanosomes of several species in the genus ""Trypanosoma"" such as ""Trypanosoma brucei"". ""Trypanosoma vivax"" causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America. The trypanosomes infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy, which lead to weight loss and anemia; in some animals the disease is fatal unless treated. The trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies. An interesting feature is the remarkable tolerance to nagana pathology shown by"
"Flavobacterium Flavobacterium is a genus of gram-negative, nonmotile and motile, rod-shaped bacteria that consists of 130 recognized species. Flavobacteria are found in soil and fresh water in a variety of environments. Several species are known to cause disease in freshwater fish. ""F. psychrophilum"" causes the bacterial cold water disease on salmonids and the rainbow trout fry disease on rainbow trout. ""F. columnare"" causes the cotton-wool disease on freshwater fishes. ""F. branchiophilum"" causes the bacterial gill disease on trout. Another member of this genus, ""F. okeanokoites"" is the original source for the type IIs restriction endonuclease ""Fok""I, used in Zinc finger"
"signs. Slaframine Slaframine is an indolizidine alkaloidal mycotoxin that generally causes salivation (slobbers) in most animals. It is usually produced by the fungus ""Rhizoctonia leguminicola"". It is a common fungal pathogen of red clover (""Trifolium pratense"") that causes black patch disease in the plant. Slaframine has the molecular formula CHNO. The different environmental condition promotes the growth of the Rhizoctonia leguminicola fungus. For example, wet and humid weather are the favorable environmental condition for the growth of the fungus and production of slaframine. Legume hays contaminated with slaframine causes slobber syndrome and the various animals are sensitive to its effects."
"members of the Lepiotaceae and Pterulaceae families. Other fungi in the genus ""Escovopsis"" parasitise the gardens and antibiotic-producing bacteria also inhabit the gardens. The marine snail ""Littoraria irrorata"", which lives in the salt marshes of the southeast of the United States feeds on fungi that it encourages to grow. It creates and maintains wounds on the grass, ""Spartina alterniflora"" which are then infected by fungi, probably of the ""Phaeosphaeria"" and ""Mycosphaerella"" genera, which are the preferred diet of the snail. They also deposit faeces on the wounds that they create, which encourage the growth of the fungi because they are"
"at water temperatures greater than 29°C had increased resistance to WSSV. White spot syndrome White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the lone virus (and type species) of the genus Whispovirus (white spot), which is the only genus in the family Nimaviridae. It is responsible for causing white spot syndrome in a wide range of crustacean hosts. White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. The disease is highly lethal and contagious, killing shrimp quickly. Outbreaks of this disease have wiped out the entire populations of many shrimp farms within a few days, in places throughout the world."
"singer Philip Selway. Lena Rose Pepperdine died in 1930 of parrot fever. She was the first wife of George Pepperdine, the founder of Pepperdine University. Psittacosis Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium called ""Chlamydophila psittaci"" and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds. The incidence of infection in canaries and finches is believed to be lower than in psittacine birds. In certain contexts, the word is used when the disease is carried by any species of"
"disease caused by two types of bacteria, ""Streptobacillus moniliformis"", which is predominant in North America and ""Spirillum minus"", predominantly in Asia. Rat-bite fever is contacted by bites or scratches from an infected rodent, contaminated food or beverages with either bacteria, or by handling rodents with the disease, without necessarily being bitten or scratched by the rodent. Colorado Tick Fever virus causes high fevers, chills, headache, fatigue and sometimes vomiting, skin rash, and abdominal pain. The virus is caused by a Rock Mountain wood tick (""Dermacentro Andersoni""). It is an arbovirus, but rodents serve as the reservoir. The tick is carried"
"""Schistosoma nasale"" and ""S. spindale"", as well as other trematodes such as ""Echinostoma"" spp. and some spirorchids. A third species of ""Schistosoma"", ""S. indicum"" (Montgomery, 1906), is also transmitted by ""I. exustus"". Other snails have been implicated in transmission of these three ""Schistosoma"" species (such as ""Lymnaea luteola"", a host for ""S. indicum"" and ""S. nasale"", and ""L. acuminata"", a host for ""S. nasale"" and ""S. spindale""), ""I. exustus"" is the most important host for ""S. nasale"" and ""S. spindale"", as well as for ""S. indicum"" in certain regions. ""I. exustus"" may be the sole natural intermediate host for these"
"snail, hundreds to thousands of cercariae of the same sex begin to be released through special areas of the sporocyst wall. The cercariae cycle from the top of the water to the bottom in search of a host. They can enter the host epithelium within minutes. ""S. bovis"" infects snails in Africa north of the equator, Europe (Sardinia, Corsica, Spain) and the Middle East as far as Iraq. ""S. bovis - S. haematobium"" hybrids have been reported in Senegal, and as of 2013 in Corsica. Animals may have diarrhea mixed with blood or mucous, become dehydrated, pale, lose weight, developing"
"commonly the infection can cause pneumonitis, endocarditis or meningitis. As these symptoms are common to many febrile diseases, this is often classified as a fever of unknown origin (FUO). If untreated, death will occur in approximately 10% of cases. Streptobacillus Streptobacillus is a genus of aerobic, gram-negative facultative anaerobe bacteria, which grow in culture as rods in chains. Species associated with infection - ""S. moniliformis"" Reported susceptibilities and therapies - penicillin, erythromycin Associated infections: the Haverhill fever form of rat bite fever. (Notes ""Spirillum minus"" is also an agent of rat bite fever, in the form known as sodoku.) Haverhill"
"Slaframine Slaframine is an indolizidine alkaloidal mycotoxin that generally causes salivation (slobbers) in most animals. It is usually produced by the fungus ""Rhizoctonia leguminicola"". It is a common fungal pathogen of red clover (""Trifolium pratense"") that causes black patch disease in the plant. Slaframine has the molecular formula CHNO. The different environmental condition promotes the growth of the Rhizoctonia leguminicola fungus. For example, wet and humid weather are the favorable environmental condition for the growth of the fungus and production of slaframine. Legume hays contaminated with slaframine causes slobber syndrome and the various animals are sensitive to its effects. In"
"the same genus include yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. Most are transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes or ticks), and are therefore also referred to as arboviruses (""ar""thropod-""bo""rne viruses). The dengue virus genome (genetic material) contains about 11,000 nucleotide bases, which code for the three different types of protein molecules (C, prM and E) that form the virus particle and seven other non-structural protein molecules (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5) that are found in infected host cells only"
"the year 1916, ""S. moniliformis"" was determined to be the causative source of rat-bite fever. Some isolates of ""S. moniliformis"" have been collected from the upper respiratory tract of domestic and wild rats. Two known variants of ""S. moniliformis"" have been identified. The bacillary type is pathogenic. In contrast, the spontaneously occurring L form, which lacks a cell wall and whose colonies grow in a ""fried egg"" formation, is non-pathogenic. ""S. moniliformis"" has frequently been observed in the form of filamentous, non-branching chains and is highly pleomorphic. For example, the normally straight rod can develop lateral bulbar swellings. The bacteria"