"the vowel sounds of ""flower"", , form a triphthong or disyllable, depending on dialect. In phonology, diphthongs and triphthongs are distinguished from sequences of monophthongs by whether the vowel sound may be analyzed into different phonemes or not. For example, the vowel sounds in a two-syllable pronunciation of the word ""flower"" () phonetically form a disyllabic triphthong, but are phonologically a sequence of a diphthong (represented by the letters ) and a monophthong (represented by the letters ). Some linguists use the terms ""diphthong"" and ""triphthong"" only in this phonemic sense. The name ""vowel"" is often used for the symbols"
"Mixotrophic dinoflagellate Dinoflagellates are eukaryotic plankton, existing in marine and freshwater environments. Previously, dinoflagellates had been grouped into two categories, phagotrophs and phototrophs. Mixotrophs, however include a combination of phagotrophy and phototrophy. Mixotrophic dinoflagellates are a sub-type of planktonic dinoflagellates and are part of the phylum Dinoflagellata. They are flagellated eukaryotes that combine photoautotrophy when light is available, and heterotrophy via phagocytosis. Dinoflagellates are one of the most diverse and numerous species of phytoplankton, second to diatoms. Dinoflagellates have long whip-like structures called flagella that allow them to move freely throughout the water column. They are mainly marine but can"
"the fact the highly apomorphic Coleorrhyncha and Heteroptera (typical bugs) evolved from auchenorrhynchans. Hence, a recent trend treats the most advanced hemipterans as three or four lineages, namely Archaeorrhyncha (Fulgoromorpha if included in Auchenorrhyncha), Coleorrhyncha and Heteroptera (sometimes united as Prosorrhyncha) and Clypeorrhyncha. Within the latter, the three traditional superfamilies – Cercopoidea (froghoppers and spittlebugs), Cicadoidea (cicadas) and Membracoidea – appear to be monophyletic. The leafhoppers are the most basal living lineage of Membracoidea, which otherwise include the families Aetalionidae (aetalionid treehoppers), Membracidae (typical treehoppers and thorn bugs), Melizoderidae and the strange Myerslopiidae. The leafhoppers are divided into a high"
"freshwater, diluted formalin, and diluted hydrogen peroxide (HO). Diluted hydrogen peroxide (HO) seems the preferred treatment for ""P. epinepheli"" on ""Epinephelus akaara"" and ""P. lantauensis"" on ""Epinephelus coioides"". Lists of species have been provided by Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986) and Justine (2007). The list below (about 80 species) is based on the World Register of Marine Organisms with additions. Pseudorhabdosynochus Pseudorhabdosynochus is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, included in the family Diplectanidae.The type-species of the genus is ""Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli"" (Yamaguti, 1938). The genus includes more than 80 species, which are all parasitic on the gills of marine fish, especially groupers."
"Rhombophryne Rhombophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to Madagascar. It is currently estimated to include more than 23 species, but only 18 of these are currently described. The common name 'diamond frog' has been proposed and used for members of this genus. The genus ""Rhombophryne"" was monotypic until 2005, containing just ""R. testudo"" Boettger, 1880. However, in 2005 Andreone et al. showed that the genus ""Plethodontohyla"" was paraphyletic with respect to this genus. Several species were therefore transferred to this genus by Frost et al. in 2006, Glaw and Vences in 2007, and Wollenberg et al. in 2008."
"Monoterpene Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula CH. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings. Modified terpenes, such as those containing oxygen functionality or missing a methyl group, are called monoterpenoids. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids are diverse. They have relevance to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries. Monoterpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which is formed from acetyl-CoA via the intermediacy of mevalonic acid in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. An alternative, unrelated biosynthesis pathway of IPP is known in some bacterial groups and the plastids"
"the pairs of nephridia. The sexes are separate, and fertilisation is external. Monoplacophora are a geographically widespread component of the benthos. Most are known from deep water (1800 – 6500 meters), although several species are found in shallower waters ranging up to 200 meters. It is presumed that they graze on microscopic organisms in mud or bottom detritus. Order Tryblidiida Tryblidiida Tryblidiida is a taxon of monoplacophoran molluscans containing the only extant representatives: 29 species are still alive today, inhabiting the ocean at depths of between . The first captured living monoplacophoran was ""Veleropilina zografi"" in 1896, but at that"
"Dicotyledoneae, and Monocotyledones or Monocotyledoneae, which have a long history of use. In English a member of either group may be called a dicotyledon (plural dicotyledons) and monocotyledon (plural monocotyledons), or abbreviated, as dicot (plural dicots) and monocot (plural monocots). These names derive from the observation that the dicots most often have two cotyledons, or embryonic leaves, within each seed. The monocots usually have only one, but the rule is not absolute either way. From a broad diagnostic point of view, the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly handy, nor a reliable character. Recent studies, as by the APG,"
"Lanternfish Lanternfishes (or myctophids, from the Greek μυκτήρ ""myktḗr"", ""nose"" and ""ophis"", ""serpent"") are small mesopelagic fish of the large family Myctophidae. One of two families in the order Myctophiformes, the Myctophidae are represented by 246 species in 33 genera, and are found in oceans worldwide. They are aptly named after their conspicuous use of bioluminescence. Their sister family, the Neoscopelidae, are much fewer in number but superficially very similar; at least one neoscopelid shares the common name 'lanternfish': the large-scaled lantern fish, ""Neoscopelus macrolepidotus"". Sampling via deep trawling indicates lanternfish account for as much as 65% of all deep-sea"
"moths) and Diptera (true flies), along with Trichoptera (caddisflies), probably evolved from ancestors belonging to, or strictly related to, the Mecoptera. Evidence includes anatomical and biochemical similarities as well as transitional fossils, such as ""Permotanyderus"" and ""Choristotanyderus"", which lie between the Mecoptera and Diptera. The group was once much more widespread and diverse than it is now, with four suborders during the Mesozoic. The Mecoptera and Siphonaptera (fleas) share features such as the production of the rubbery cuticle material resilin and panoistic ovarioles which have germ cells forming a continuous tube in place of the usual nurse cells. The Mecoptera"
"Didymoplexis Didymoplexis, commonly known as crystal orchids or as 双唇兰属 (shuang chun lan shu), is a genus of terrestrial leafless orchids in the family Orchidaceae, about twenty of which have been described. Orchids in this genus have swollen, fleshy rhizomes and thin, pale, upright fleshy flowering stems with resupinate, bell-shaped white or pale yellowish brown flowers. They are native to Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Australia and various islands of the Pacific. Orchids in the genus ""Didymoplexis"" are small, leafless, terrestrial, mycotrophic herbs with a swollen, fleshy rhizome. The flowering stem is thin, upright and fleshy with a few scale-like bracts"
"monophyletic group, which includes most of the (former) dicots. ""Tricolpate"" is a synonym for the ""Eudicot"" monophyletic group, the ""true dicotyledons"" (which are distinguished from all other flowering plants by their tricolpate pollen structure). The number of pollen grain ""furrows"" or ""pores"" helps classify the flowering plants, with eudicots having three colpi (tricolpate), and other groups having one sulcus. Pollen apertures are any modification of the wall of the pollen grain. These modifications include thinning, ridges and pores, they serve as an exit for the pollen contents and allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture"
"Myctophiformes The Myctophiformes are an order of ray-finned fishes consisting of two families of deep-sea marine fish, most notably the highly abundant lanternfishes (Myctophidae). The blackchins (Neoscopelidae) contain six species in three genera, while the bulk of the family belongs to the Myctophidae, with over 30 genera and some 252 species. The scientific name ultimately derives from Ancient Greek ""myktér"" (μυκτήρ, ""nose"") + ""óphis"" (ὄφῖς, ""serpent"") + Latin ""forma"" (""external form""), the Greek part in reference to the long, slender, and heavy-headed shape of these fishes. These smallish fishes inhabit the pelagic and benthopelagic zones of the deep sea. They"
"terrestrial habitats. The majority of the species are benthic, and a further 40 morphospecies are planktonic. This count may, however, represent only a fraction of actual diversity, since many genetically distinct species may be morphologically indistinguishable. A number of forams have unicellular algae as endosymbionts, from diverse lineages such as the green algae, red algae, golden algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. Some forams are kleptoplastic, retaining chloroplasts from ingested algae to conduct photosynthesis. The foraminiferal cell is divided into granular endoplasm and transparent ectoplasm from which a pseudopodial net may emerge through a single opening or through many perforations in the"
"Dasiphora Dasiphora is a genus of three species of shrubs in the rose family Rosaceae, native to Asia, with one species ""D. fruticosa"" (shrubby cinquefoil), ranging across the entire cool temperate Northern Hemisphere. In the past, the genus was normally included in ""Potentilla"" as ""Potentilla"" sect. ""Rhopalostylae"", but genetic evidence has shown it to be distinct. The leaves are divided into five (occasionally three or seven) leaflets arranged pinnately, whence the name cinquefoil (French, ""cinque feuilles"", ""five leaves""). The ""Flora of China"" also includes ""Potentilla bifurca"" (syn. ""Sibbaldianthe bifurca"") and ""P. imbricata"" in this group, but these species (which are"
"Dicotyledon The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or more rarely dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species within this group. The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, typically having one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants. Largely from the 1990s onwards, molecular phylogenetic research confirmed what had already been suspected, namely"
"into two monophyletic subfamilies: Monachinae, which consists of ""Mirounga"", Monachini and Lobodontini; and Phocinae, which includes ""Pusa"", ""Phoca"", ""Halichoerus"", ""Histriophoca"", ""Pagophilus"", ""Erignathus"" and ""Cystophora"". In a 2012 review of pinniped taxonomy, Berta and Morgan Churchill suggested that, based on morphological and genetic criteria, there are 33 extant species and 29 subspecies of pinnipeds, although five of the latter lack sufficient support to be conclusively considered subspecies. They recommend that the genus ""Arctocephalus"" be limited to ""Arctocephalus pusillus"", and they resurrected the name ""Arctophoca"" for several species and subspecies formerly placed in ""Arctocephalus"". More than 50 fossil species have been described."
"ring of the phenol molecule, excluding the carbon atom to which the hydroxy group is attached. Monochlorophenols have three isomers because there is only one chlorine atom that can occupy one of three ring positions on the phenol molecule; 2-chlorophenol, for example, is the isomer that has a chlorine atom in the ""ortho"" position. Pentachlorophenol, by contrast, has only one isomer because all five available ring positions on the phenol are fully chlorinated. Chlorophenol A chlorophenol is any organochloride of phenol that contains one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms. There are five basic types of chlorophenols (mono- to pentachlorophenol)"
"about the evolution of molar teeth in mammals. Living monotremes are toothless as adults, but the juvenile platypus, fossil monotremes and Ausktribosphenida all share a pattern of three molar cusps arranged in a triangle or V shape, which is known as the tribosphenic type of molar. Tribosphenic molars have long been held to characterize the subclass Theria (marsupials, placentals and their extinct relatives), while monotremes were thought to be related to fossil groups with a linear alignment of cusps: morganucodontids, docodonts, triconodonts and multituberculates, all of which were united with the monotremes into the 'subclass Prototheria'. Defined in this way,"
"not shrubs) do not have published combinations in ""Dasiphora"". Dasiphora Dasiphora is a genus of three species of shrubs in the rose family Rosaceae, native to Asia, with one species ""D. fruticosa"" (shrubby cinquefoil), ranging across the entire cool temperate Northern Hemisphere. In the past, the genus was normally included in ""Potentilla"" as ""Potentilla"" sect. ""Rhopalostylae"", but genetic evidence has shown it to be distinct. The leaves are divided into five (occasionally three or seven) leaflets arranged pinnately, whence the name cinquefoil (French, ""cinque feuilles"", ""five leaves""). The ""Flora of China"" also includes ""Potentilla bifurca"" (syn. ""Sibbaldianthe bifurca"") and ""P."
"Triphos Triphos is the name for certain organophosphorus ligands. They are air-sensitive white solids that function as tridentate ligands in coordination and organometallic chemistry. Bis(diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine is called triphos, is a linear tridentate triphosphine. It is prepared by the free-radical-catalysed addition of phenylphosphine to vinyldiphenylphosphine: This isomer of triphos is flexible and can bind to an octahedral metal center give either a facial or meridional isomers. Some derivatives are square planar complexes of the type [MX(triphos)] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; X = halide). 1,1,1-Tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane is also called triphos. It is a tripodal ligand (""three-legged"") of idealized C symmetry. It was"
"the larger. Both morphs had large fangs protruding from the palate that were inwardly curving. The genus ""Petrophryne"" ('rock toad'), named by Richard Owen in 1876, is synonymous with ""Micropholis"". ""Micropholis stowi"" is named for George William Stow, the South African geologist and ethnologist. Micropholis (amphibian) Micropholis (Greek 'mikros' = small and 'pholis' = scale) is an extinct genus of dissorophoid temnospondyl. Fossils have been found from the ""Lystrosaurus"" Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin in South Africa, and date back to the Early Triassic. ""Micropholis"" belongs to the family Micropholidae, and was previously included in Amphibamidae along with other"
"Monocotyledon Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ""sensu"" Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of the major groups into which the flowering plants have traditionally been divided, the rest of the flowering plants having two cotyledons and therefore classified as dicotyledons, or dicots. However, molecular phylogenetic research has shown that while the monocots form a monophyletic group or clade (comprising all the descendants of a common ancestor), the dicots do not. Monocots have almost always been recognized as a group, but with various taxonomic"
"Morphology of Diptera The Diptera is a very large and diverse order of mostly small to medium-sized insects. They have prominent compound eyes on a mobile head, and (at most) one pair of functional, membraneous wings, which are attached to a complex mesothorax. The second pair of wings, on the metathorax, are reduced to halteres. The order's fundamental peculiarity is its remarkable specialization in terms of wing shape and the morpho-anatomical adaptation of the thorax – features which lend particular agility to its flying forms. The filiform, stylate or aristate antennae correlate with the Nematocera, Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha taxa respectively."
"by dinoflagellates at least three times. The diatom endosymbiont is bounded by a single membrane, inside it are chloroplasts with four membranes. Like the diatom endosymbiont's diatom ancestor, the chloroplasts have triplet thylakoids and pyrenoids. In some of these genera, the diatom endosymbiont's chloroplasts aren't the only chloroplasts in the dinophyte. The original three-membraned peridinin chloroplast is still around, converted to an eyespot. In some groups of mixotrophic protists, like some dinoflagellates (e.g. ""Dinophysis""), chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga and used temporarily. These klepto chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced."
"Kinorhyncha Kinorhyncha (, ' ""snout"") is a phylum of small (1 mm or less) marine invertebrates that are widespread in mud or sand at all depths as part of the meiobenthos. They are also called mud dragons. Kinorhynchs are segmented, limbless animals, with a body consisting of a head, neck, and a trunk of eleven segments. Unlike some similar invertebrates, they do not have external cilia, but instead have a number of spines along the body, plus up to seven circles of spines around the head. These spines are used for locomotion, withdrawing the head and pushing forward, then gripping"
"led to a few conclusions about the interrelatedness of the various genera. The four genera ""Hydrurga"", ""Leptonychotes"", ""Lobodon"", and ""Ommatophoca"" form a monophyletic group, the tribe Lobodontini. Likewise, the Phocinae subfamily (""Erignathus"", ""Cystophora"", and Phocini) is also monophyletic. More recently, five species have been split off from ""Phoca"", forming three additional genera. However, the subfamily Monachinae (the lobodonts ""Mirounga"") is probably paraphyletic. Superfamily Pinnipedia The earliest known fossil earless seal is ""Noriphoca gaudini"" from the late Oligocene or earliest Miocene (Aquitanian) of Italy. Other early fossil phocids date from the mid-Miocene, 15 million years ago in the north Atlantic. Until"
"Heterokont The heterokonts or stramenopiles (formally, Heterokonta or Stramenopiles) are a major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 25,000 known species. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton. Other notable members of the Stramenopiles include the (generally) parasitic oomycetes, including ""Phytophthora"" of Irish potato famine infamy and ""Pythium"" which causes seed rot and damping off. The name ""heterokont"" refers to the type of motile lifecycle stage, in which the flagellated cells possess two differently shaped flagella (see zoospore). In 1899, Luther created ""Heterokontae"" for some algae"
"Clypeorrhyncha (= Cicadomorpha) and the Archaeorrhyncha (= Fulgoromorpha). In the last 10 years, there has been evidence to support the monophyletic interpretation, and the most recent research indicates the Auchenorrhyncha are in fact a monophyletic lineage. A classification of the Auchenorrhyncha is: Auchenorrhyncha The Auchenorrhyncha (former synonym: Cicadinea) suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the Homoptera – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the other well-known ""Homoptera"", and they are in the suborder Sternorrhyncha. Lesser-known insects largely regarded as Homoptera are the Coleorrhyncha."
"six-fold (in the 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 11 positions) alkyloxy- or alkylthiol-substituted triphenylenes can be used as a discotic mesogen in liquid crystalline materials. Triphenylene In chemistry, the organic compound triphenylene is a flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of four fused benzene rings. Triphenylene can be isolated from coal tar. It is also made synthetically by synthesis and trimerization of benzyne. One molecule of triphenylene has delocalized 18-""π""-electron systems based on a planar structure. It has the molecular formula . Triphenylene is a fully benzenoid PAH, meaning its structure is composed only of full benzene rings interconnected"
"reserve ""tetrapod"" for the crown group (based on the nearest common ancestor of living forms). Such scientists use the term ""stem-tetrapod"" to refer to those tetrapod-like vertebrates that are not members of the crown group, including the tetrapodomorph fishes. The two subclades of crown tetrapods are Batrachomorpha and Reptiliomorpha. Batrachomorphs are all animals sharing a more recent common ancestry with living amphibians than with living amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). Reptiliomorphs are all animals sharing a more recent common ancestry with living amniotes than with living amphibians. Tetrapoda includes four classes: amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Overall, the biodiversity of"
"the Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scales that cover the bodies, wings, and a proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened ""hairs"", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. Mating and the laying of eggs are carried out by adults, normally near or on host plants for the larvae. Like most other insects, butterflies and moths are holometabolous, meaning they"
"Dipluridae occur almost worldwide in the tropics. Most are found in Central and South America, and many occur in the Australian region. ""Indothele"" is found in India and Sri Lanka. ""Ischnothele"" is a neotropical genus, but one species occurs only in India. Several genera are found in Africa, with ""Thelechoris"" also occurring in Madagascar. ""Leptothele"" and ""Phyxioschema suthepium"" are endemic to Thailand, with the other ""Phyxioschema"" species found in Central Asia. ""Masteria"" is widely distributed, with species found in places such as Central America, Fiji, the Philippines, Queensland and New Guinea. The common genus in the United States is ""Euagrus"","