"the world who sharing acts of spontaneous kindness. Random act of kindness A random act of kindness is a nonpremeditated, inconsistent action designed to offer kindness towards the outside world. The phrase ""practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty"" was written by Anne Herbert on a placemat in Sausalito, California in 1982. It was based on the phrase ""random acts of violence and senseless acts of cruelty"". Herbert's book ""Random Kindness and Senseless Acts of Beauty"" was published in February 1993 speaking about true stories of acts of kindness. The phrase is commonly expressed as the suggestion to ""Practice"
"Arrow's impossibility theorem In social choice theory, Arrow's impossibility theorem, the general possibility theorem or Arrow's paradox is an impossibility theorem stating that when voters have three or more distinct alternatives (options), no ranked voting electoral system can convert the ranked preferences of individuals into a community-wide (complete and transitive) ranking while also meeting a specified set of criteria: ""unrestricted domain"", ""non-dictatorship"", ""Pareto efficiency"", and ""independence of irrelevant alternatives"". The theorem is often cited in discussions of voting theory as it is further interpreted by the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem. The theorem is named after economist and Nobel laureate Kenneth Arrow, who"
"Autocracy An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection). Absolute monarchies (such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Brunei and Swaziland) and dictatorships (such as Turkmenistan and North Korea) are the main modern-day forms of autocracy. In earlier times, the term ""autocrat"" was coined as a favorable feature of the ruler, having some connection to the concept of ""lack"
"Adhocracy Adhocracy is a flexible, adaptable and informal form of organization that is defined by a lack of formal structure. It operates in an opposite fashion to a bureaucracy. The term was coined by Warren Bennis in his 1968 book ""The Temporary Society"", later popularized in 1970 by Alvin Toffler in ""Future Shock"", and has since become often used in the theory of management of organizations (particularly online organizations). The concept has been further developed by academics such as Henry Mintzberg. Adhocracy is characterized by an adaptive, creative and flexible integrative behavior based on non-permanence and spontaneity. It is believed"
"Rule by decree Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick, unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group, and is used primarily by dictators, absolute monarchs and military leaders. The expression is also sometimes used when describing actions of democratic governments that are perceived to unduly bypass parliamentarian or popular scrutiny. Rule by decree allows the ruler to arbitrarily create law, without approval by a legislative assembly. When states of emergency such as martial law are in place, rule by decree is common. While rule by decree is easily susceptible to the whims and corruption"
"feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt in favour of a non-majoritarian form of consensus democracy, similar to Proudhon's position on direct democracy. Henry David Thoreau, who did not self-identify as an anarchist but argued for ""a better government"" and is cited as an inspiration by some anarchists, argued that people should not be in the position of ruling others or being ruled when there is no consent. Sometimes called ""democracy without elections"", sortition chooses decision makers via a random process. The intention is that those chosen will be representative of the opinions and interests of the people"
"is the sign of a ""generalization of the state of exception"". Rule by decree Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick, unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group, and is used primarily by dictators, absolute monarchs and military leaders. The expression is also sometimes used when describing actions of democratic governments that are perceived to unduly bypass parliamentarian or popular scrutiny. Rule by decree allows the ruler to arbitrarily create law, without approval by a legislative assembly. When states of emergency such as martial law are in place, rule by decree is common. While"
"participation by them. Under the autocratic leadership style, all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader, as with dictators. Leaders do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates. The autocratic management has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the manager. It permits quick decision-making, as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to him/herself until he/she feels it needs to be shared with the rest of the group. Entrepreneurial leadership Roebuck, referencing Roebuck (2004), defines entrepreneurial leadership as ""organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal using proactive entrepreneurial behavior"
"replacing government with voluntary institutions. The word ""anarchy"" comes from the ancient Greek ἀναρχία (""anarchia""), which combines ἀ (""a""), ""not, without"" and ἀρχή (""arkhi""), ""ruler, leader, authority."" Thus, the term refers to an anti-hierarchical person or society ""without rulers"" or ""without leaders"". Anarchism as a political philosophy advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful. While anti-statism is central, anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct"
"precisely as he pleases with all which is exclusively his own,"" a principle existing ""at the foundation of the sense of justice."" This sense of personal ownership and stewardship was integral to the practice of self-government as Abraham Lincoln saw it by a Republican nation and its people. This was because, as Abraham Lincoln also declared, ""No man is good enough to govern another man, without that other's consent."" Authority Authority is the right to exercise power, which can be formalized by a state and exercised by way of judges, appointed executives of government, or the ecclesiastical or priestly appointed"
"as with dictators. Autocratic leaders do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates. The autocratic management has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the manager. It permits quick decision-making, as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to him/herself until he/she feels it needs to be shared with the rest of the group. The democratic leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing social equality. This has also been called shared leadership. In Laissez-faire or free-rein"
"Anarchy Anarchy is a society, entity, group of people, or a single person that rejects hierarchy. The word originally meant leaderlessness, but in 1840 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon adopted the term in his treatise ""What Is Property?"" to refer to a new political philosophy: anarchism, which advocates stateless societies based on voluntary associations. In practical terms, anarchy can refer to the curtailment or abolition of traditional forms of government and institutions. It can also designate a nation (or anywhere on earth that is inhabited) that has no system of government or central rule. Anarchy is primarily advocated by anarchists, individuals who propose"
"work together without needing leadership, and their movements are all in sync and flowing. It is not a process of instruction, but rather a hands-on experience in which students work together as a synchronous group with the teacher, switching roles and sharing tasks. In these communities, collaboration is emphasized, and learners are trusted to take initiative. While one works, the other watches intently and all are allowed to attempt tasks with the more experienced stepping in to complete more complex parts, while others pay close attention. Ayn Rand said that one way people pursue their rational self-interest is by building"
"can hire anyone and fire anyone, and takes absolute and total responsibility for his own well-being and also all that occurs ""under"" him. The command hierarchy is a preferred management style followed in many companies for its simplicity, speed and low process overheads. London Business School chief, Nigel Nicholson, in his 1998 Harvard Business Review paper: ""How Hardwired is Human Behavior?"" suggested that human nature was just as likely to cause problems in the workplace as in larger social and political settings, and that similar methods were required to deal with stressful situations and difficult problems. He held up the"
"revolutions, there are also examples of intentional communities founded by anarchists. Anarchy Anarchy is a society, entity, group of people, or a single person that rejects hierarchy. The word originally meant leaderlessness, but in 1840 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon adopted the term in his treatise ""What Is Property?"" to refer to a new political philosophy: anarchism, which advocates stateless societies based on voluntary associations. In practical terms, anarchy can refer to the curtailment or abolition of traditional forms of government and institutions. It can also designate a nation (or anywhere on earth that is inhabited) that has no system of government or"
"all the laws. The work culminated in what Arrow called the ""General Possibility Theorem,"" better known thereafter as Arrow's (impossibility) theorem. The theorem states that, absent restrictions on either individual preferences or neutrality of the constitution to feasible alternatives, there exists no social choice rule that satisfies a set of plausible requirements. The result generalizes the voting paradox, which shows that majority voting may fail to yield a stable outcome. The Introduction contrasts voting and markets with dictatorship and social convention (such as those in a religious code). Both exemplify social decisions. Voting and markets facilitate ""social"" choice in a"
"complete freedom of action to achieve goals that he or she has articulated through a careful process of rational analysis involving full and objective study of all pertinent information and alternatives. At the same time, it presumes that this central actor is so fully in control of the apparatus of government that a decision once made is as good as implemented. There are no staffs on which to rely, no constituencies to placate, no generals or governors to cajole. By attributing all decision making to one central figure who is always fully in control and who acts only after carefully"
"but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected. Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία ""aristokratía"", from ἄριστος """" ""excellent"", and κράτος """" ""power"") is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. Many monarchies were aristocracies, although in modern constitutional monarchies the monarch himself or herself has little real power. The term ""Aristocracy"" could also refer to the non-peasant, non-servant, and non-city classes in the Feudal system. An oligarchy is ruled by a small group of segregated, powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations. These people may"
"within the Guild Wars universe present this form of government, although the term is only used in out-of-game lore writings. Adhocracy Adhocracy is a flexible, adaptable and informal form of organization that is defined by a lack of formal structure. It operates in an opposite fashion to a bureaucracy. The term was coined by Warren Bennis in his 1968 book ""The Temporary Society"", later popularized in 1970 by Alvin Toffler in ""Future Shock"", and has since become often used in the theory of management of organizations (particularly online organizations). The concept has been further developed by academics such as Henry"
"Aristocracy Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία ""aristokratía"", from ἄριστος """" ""excellent"", and κράτος, kratos 'rule') is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. The term derives from the Greek ""aristokratia"", meaning ""rule of the best-born"". The term is synonymous with hereditary government, and hereditary succession is its primary philosophy, after which the hereditary monarch appoints officers as they see fit. At the time of the word's origins in ancient Greece, the Greeks conceived it as rule by the best qualified citizens—and often contrasted it favourably with monarchy, rule by an individual. In later"
"Susan Brown puts it, ""as anarchism is a political philosophy that opposes all relationships of power, it is inherently feminist"". Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of anarchism which completely rejects the use of violence in any form for any purpose. The main precedent was Henry David Thoreau who through his work Civil Disobedience influenced both Leo Tolstoy and Mohandas Gandhi's advocacy of nonviolent resistance. As a global movement, anarchist pacifism emerged shortly before World War II in the Netherlands, Great Britain and the United States and was a strong presence in the subsequent campaigns for"
"meaning ""one without rulers""; from the privative prefix ἀν- (""an-"", i.e. ""without"") and , ""archos"", i.e. ""leader"", ""ruler""; (cf. ""archon"" or , ""arkhē"", i.e. ""authority"", ""sovereignty"", ""realm"", ""magistracy"")) and the suffix or (""-ismos"", ""-isma"", from the verbal infinitive suffix , ""-izein""). The first known use of this word was in 1539. Various factions within the French Revolution labelled opponents as anarchists (as Maximilien Robespierre did the Hébertists) although few shared many views of later anarchists. There would be many revolutionaries of the early nineteenth century who contributed to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation, such as William Godwin and"
"Revolutionary spontaneity Revolutionary spontaneity (also known as spontaneism) is a tendency to believe that social revolution can and should occur ""spontaneously"" from below, without the aid or guidance of a vanguard party, and that it cannot and should not be brought about by the actions of individuals or parties who might attempt to foment such a revolution. In his work ""What is to be Done?"" (1902), Vladimir Lenin argued fiercely against revolutionary spontaneity as a dangerous ""revisionist"" concept that strips away the disciplined nature of Marxist political thought and leaves it arbitrary and ineffective. Rosa Luxemburg and the Spartacist League,"
"Ministerial act A ministerial act is a government action ""performed according to legal authority, established procedures or instructions from a superior, without exercising any individual judgment."" It can be any act a functionary or bureaucrat performs in a prescribed manner, without exercising any individual judgment or discretion. Under law, this would be classified under the rubric of public policy. Examples of ministerial acts include: Actions that are not ministerial would include: If a ministerial act is not performed, then a court may issue a writ of mandamus to compel the public official to perform said act. Absolute or sovereign immunity"
"to identify which communication process is the most effective within the team. Autocratic leaders make their own decisions without consulting employees or other team members. They hold absolute authority over the team and team members are expected to obey and comply with the decision that is made by the leader. Autocratic leaders use one way communication, which is that they will instruct team members without expecting feedback in return. The benefit of this leadership style is that decisions can be made quickly, especially if the team is in crisis, considering the views of all team members will be time consuming"
"Absolute democracy Absolute democracy is an extreme form of a collective perception of order. It should not to be confused with ""power democracy"" as found in the Swiss political system (in which elective activities for the adjustment of social/political matters are more frequent than in other democracies). An absolute democracy is based on tyranny of the majority, in which a minority group can be ignored. Absolute democracies function as completely changeable systems where things such as rights and privileges begin to lose meaning, because rights can be voted away at any election. There are no supermajorities in absolute democracies, because"
"often automated technical systems to develop and thrive. All members of an organization have the authority within their areas of specialization, and in coordination with other members, to make decisions and to take actions affecting the future of the organization. There is an absence of hierarchy. According to Robert H. Waterman, Jr., ""Teams should be big enough to represent all parts of the bureaucracy that will be affected by their work, yet small enough to get the job done efficiently."" Alvin Toffler claimed in his book ""Future Shock"" that adhocracies will get more common and are likely to replace bureaucracy."
"anarchist free to choose from the means that his sense, his education, his temperament, his fighting spirit suggest to him as best. We don't form fixed programs and we don't form small or great parties. But we come together spontaneously, and not with permanent criteria, according to momentary affinities for a specific purpose, and we constantly change these groups as soon as the purpose for which we had associated ceases to be, and other aims and needs arise and develop in us and push us to seek new collaborators, people who think as we do in the specific circumstance."" By"
"traits or characteristics of a traditional ""leader"" the adaptive leadership model views leadership as an action, not a person. Any individual, with or without formal authority can exercise leadership by observing, interpreting and intervening within a group or organization. Exercising leadership is a recurring activity that forces the organization or group to face its most critical challenges and mobilize its resources in order to generate progress. Sapientis' goal over the next three years is to use this model as an essential tool to fulfill its purpose as an organization. The name Sapientis comes from Latin and means common sense, knowledge,"
"grounded not in a defense of alternative possibilities (AP) but in the notion of what Kane refers to as ultimate responsibility (UR). Thus, AP is a necessary but insufficient criterion for free will. It is necessary that there be (metaphysically) real alternatives for our actions, but that is not enough; our actions could be random without being in our control. The control is found in ""ultimate responsibility"". Ultimate responsibility entails that agents must be the ultimate creators (or originators) and sustainers of their own ends and purposes. There must be more than one way for a person's life to turn"
"Authoritarian leadership style An authoritarian leadership style is exemplified when a leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by the subordinates. Such a leader has full control of the team, leaving low autonomy within the group. The leader has a vision in mind and must be able to effectively motivate their group to finish the task. The group is expected to complete the tasks under very close supervision, while unlimited authority is self-bestowed by the leader. Subordinates' responses to the orders given are either punished"
"in mind, also making an example of an autocracy ruled by a political party rather than solely one man. Soviet Union: During Joseph Stalin's rule. Spain: During Francisco Franco's rule. Autocracy An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection). Absolute monarchies (such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Brunei and Swaziland) and dictatorships (such as Turkmenistan and North Korea)"
"Responsible autonomy Responsible autonomy is the study of organizations and how they work, it is often suggested that there are only three ways of ""getting things done"": hierarchy, heterarchy and responsible autonomy . This theory is called triarchy theory. In a management or organizational system based on responsible autonomy, an individual or a group has autonomy to decide what to do, but is accountable for the outcome of the decision. It might be called ‘no rule’, or rather, no external rule. The existence of accountability makes responsible autonomy similar to anarchy (self-organized society). Responsible autonomy requires clearly defined boundaries at"