"What Bird is That? What Bird is That? A Guide to the Birds of Australia is a book first published in 1931 by Angus & Robertson in Sydney. Authored and illustrated by Neville William Cayley, it was Australia’s first fully illustrated national field guide to birds, a function it served alone for nearly 40 years. In 1960 it was rated the all-time best seller in Australian natural history. ""What Bird Is That?"" was originally published in octavo format (239 x 158 mm), containing 340 pages bound in green buckram, with a dust jacket illustrated with a painting of a laughing"
"Panacea (medicine) The panacea , named after the Greek goddess of universal remedy Panacea, is any supposed remedy that is claimed to cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. It was in the past sought by alchemists as a connection to the elixir of life and the philosopher's stone, a mythical substance which would enable the transmutation of common metals into gold. The Cahuilla people of the Colorado Desert region of California, according to legend, used the red sap of the elephant tree (or Bursera microphylla) as a panacea medicine. A panacea (or panaceum) is also a literary term to"
"Physician, heal thyself Physician, heal thyself ( — ""Iatre, therapeuson seauton""), sometimes quoted in the Latin form ""Medice, cura te ipsum"", is a proverb used in literary Classical texts from at least the 6th century BCE. The Greek dramatist Aeschylus refers to it in his ""Prometheus Bound"", where the chorus comments to the suffering Prometheus, ""like an unskilled doctor, fallen ill, you lose heart and cannot discover by which remedies to cure your own disease."" The moral of the proverb in general, containing within itself also a criticism of hypocrisy, is to attend to one's own defects before those in"
"his suffering, none is so universal and so efficacious as opium"" ""The arrival of a good clown exercises a more beneficial influence upon the health of a town than of twenty asses laden with drugs."" ""I confidently affirm that the greater part of those who are supposed to have died of gout, have died of the medicine rather than the disease - a statement in which I am supported by observation."" ""For humble individuals like myself, there is one poor comfort, which is this, viz. that gout, unlike any other disease, kills more rich men than poor, more wise men"
"hypnosis in which Spiegel was quoted as saying:""The prevalent and wrong attitude in the practice of medicine is use a pill or scalpel or a gadget for problem-solving. Modern medicine puts such extreme emphasis on high technology and drugs that it often overlooks the oldest, and at times the most effective, therapeutic instrument that humans possess — the mind. Medicine resorts to it last instead of first. Hypnosis — which accomplishes alterations in human awareness — is a great way to very directly and quickly get people to alter pain."" Spiegel became the most noted advocate of therapeutic hypnosis in"
"physicians a favorite target, resembling Molière's caricature whose prescription for anything was ""clyster, bleed, purge,"" or ""purge, bleed, clyster."" Sir Thomas More's eldest daughter had fallen sick of the sweating sickness and could not be awakened by doctors. More prayed for her recovery, and then where incontinent came into his mind, that a glister should be the only way to help her, which when he had told the physicians, they by-and-by confessed, that if there were any hope of health, that it was the very best help indeed, much marvelling of themselves, that they had not afore remembered it. In"
"are still in use. For example, the uses of the rectal speculum, a common medical device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus. This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to endoscopy. Hippocrates often used lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise to treat diseases such as diabetes, what is today called lifestyle medicine. He is often quoted with ""Let food be your medicine, and medicine be your food"" and ""Walking is man's best medicine"", however the quote ""Let food be your medicine"" appears to be a misquotation and its exact origin remains unknown. The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: ""Corpus Hippocraticum"") is a"
"there is no such thing as alternative medicine. There is either medicine that is effective or not, medicine that is safe or not. So-called alternative therapies need to be assessed and then classified as good medicines or bogus medicines. Hopefully, in the future, the good medicines will be embraced within conventional medicine and the bogus medicines will be abandoned. In an article entitled ""Should We Maintain an Open Mind about Homeopathy?"" published in the ""American Journal of Medicine"", Michael Baum and Edzard Ernst—writing to other physicians—wrote some strong criticisms of homeopathy:Homeopathy is among the worst examples of faith-based medicine... These"
"Patent medicine A patent medicine, also known as a nostrum (from the Latin ""nostrum remedium"", or ""our remedy"") is a commercial product advertised (usually heavily) as a purported over-the-counter medicine, without regard to its effectiveness. Patent medicines were one of the first major product categories that the advertising industry promoted; patent medicine promoters pioneered many advertising and sales techniques that were later used for other products. Patent medicine advertising often marketed products as being medical panaceas (or at least a treatment for a large number of diseases) and emphasized exotic ingredients and endorsements from purported experts or celebrities, which may"
"and suffering. The Medicine Buddha mantra is held to be extremely powerful for healing of physical illnesses and purification of negative karma. One form of practice based on the Medicine Buddha is done when one is stricken by disease. The patient is to recite the long Medicine Buddha mantra 108 times over a glass of water. The water is now believed to be blessed by the power of the mantra and the blessing of the Medicine Buddha himself, and the patient is to drink the water. This practice is then repeated each day until the illness is cured. Bhaisajyaguru Bhaiṣajyaguru"
"Heroic medicine Heroic medicine, also referred to as heroic depletion theory, was a therapeutic method advocating for rigorous treatment of bloodletting, purging, and sweating to shock the body back to health after an illness caused by a humoral imbalance. Rising to the front of orthodox medical practice in the ""Age of Heroic Medicine"" (1780–1850), it fell out of favor in the mid-19th century as more gentle, palliative treatments became the norm. Pockets of medical methodology that can be classified as ""heroic"" appear in the early 17th century with Parisian physician Guy Patin and French anatomist Jean Riolan the Younger. Patin,"
"the initial object that allowed the stabilization of these humours. By contrast, drugs, venesection, cautery and surgery were drastic and were to be used only when diet could no longer help. The survival and amendment of Hippocratic medicine is attributed to Galen. He writes that a physician ""must be skilled at reasoning about the problems presented to him, must understand the nature and function of the body within the physician world and must ""practice temperance and despise all money"". The ideal physician treats both the poor and elite fairly and is a student of all that affects health. Galen references"
"Tetrapharmakos The Tetrapharmakos () ""four-part remedy"" is a summary of the first four of the Κύριαι Δόξαι (""Kuriai Doxai"", the forty Epicurean ""Principal Doctrines"" given by Diogenes Laertius in his ""Life of Epicurus"") in Epicureanism, a recipe for leading the happiest possible life. They are recommendations to avoid anxiety or existential dread. The ""tetrapharmakos"" was originally a compound of four drugs (wax, tallow, pitch and resin); the word has been used metaphorically by Roman-era Epicureans. to refer to the four remedies for healing the soul. As expressed by Philodemos, and preserved in a Herculaneum Papyrus (1005, 4.9–14), the ""tetrapharmakos"" reads:"
"to develop local herbal remedies. Legends abound about the feats of such special healers as ""Buraki Ranin"", the sixteenth-century queen of Sultan Muhamed, who was said to cure sword wounds overnight with her own dressings. The treatise written by El-Sheikh El-Hakeem Ahmed Didi of Meedhoo (Seenu Atoll) who died in 1937 forms the foundation of today's traditional medicine. Known as hakeems, practitioners of this medicine are well respected by the village communities. A basic tenet of their philosophy is that good health is a result of a proper balance between the hot, cold and dry ""humours"" in the body, so"
"old people for then the body is cold”. Another aphorism says, “It is better to be full of drink than full of food”. And finally, an aphorism that generally sums up treatment of disease in Hippocratic times states, “Disease which results from over-eating is cured by fasting; disease following fasting, by a surfeit. So with other things; cures may be effected by opposites,”. This concept of treating diseases opposite to the way it manifests in the individual is concept that is carried over into Roman medicine. Gout was called podagra in ancient Greek medicine and is a common arthritis caused"
"must know what the pain is, the reasons for it [""dia ti""], and which constituent of man is harmfully affected."" The duties of the physician are an object of the Hippocratic writers' attention. A famous maxim (""Epidemics"" I.11) advises: ""As to diseases, make a habit of two things—to help, or at least to do no harm."" The most famous work in the Hippocratic Corpus is the Hippocratic Oath, a landmark declaration of medical ethics. The Hippocratic Oath is both philosophical and practical; it not only deals with abstract principles but practical matters such as removing stones and aiding one's teacher"
"similar to natural remedies used today, including catnip, chamomile, fennel, mint, garlic and witch hazel. Many other ingredients used in the past such as urine, fecal matter, earwax, human fat, and saliva, are no longer used and are generally considered ineffective or unsanitary. Trial and error were the main source or finding successful remedies, as little was known about the chemistry of why certain treatments worked. For instance, it was known that drinking coffee could help cure headaches, but the existence and properties of caffeine itself was still a mystery. Apothecary Apothecary () is one term for a medical professional"
"what could be done to remedy it. Medicine ranged from folklore, witchcraft to the current evidence-based medicine. Among the most notable descriptions are texts from Egypt (Imhotep, ""Edwin Smith Papyrus"", ""Ebers Papyrus"", ""Kahun Gynecological Papyrus""), Mesopotamia (""Diagnostic Handbook"", Alkindus, ""De Gradibus""), India (Ayurveda, ""Sushruta Samhita"", ""Charaka Samhita""), China (Yellow Emperor, ""Huangdi Neijing""), Greece (""Iliad"" and ""Odyssey"" are the earliest sources of Greek medical practise; Hippocratic medicine), Persia (Rhazes, Avicenna, ""The Canon of Medicine"", ""The Book of Healing""), Spain (Abulcasis, ""Kitab al-Tasrif"") and Syria (Ibn al-Nafis, ""Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon"", ""Comprehensive Book on Medicine""). Following Vesalius, William Harvey, Ignaz"
"hanging on the cross: ""He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will believe him"". Similar proverbs with a medical theme appear in other Jewish literature. ""Physician, Physician, Heal thine own limp!"", for example, can be found in Genesis Rabbah 23:4. The shortened Latin form of the proverb, ""Cura te ipsum"", was made famous through the Latin translation of the Bible, the Vulgate, and so gained currency across Europe. Physician, heal thyself Physician, heal thyself ( — ""Iatre, therapeuson seauton""), sometimes quoted in the"
"survives in the title of the ""British Medical Journal""s ""Materia Non Medica"" column. The earliest known writing about medicine was a 110-page Egyptian papyrus. It was supposedly written by the god Thoth in about 16 BC. The Ebers papyrus is an ancient recipe book dated to approximately 1552 BC. It contains a mixture of magic and medicine with invocations to banish disease and a catalogue of useful plants, minerals, magic amulets and spells. The most famous Egyptian physician was Imhotep, who lived in Memphis around 2500 B.C. Imhotep’s materia medica consisted of procedures for treating head and torso injuries, tending"
"Homeopathy Homeopathy or homœopathy is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of ""like cures like"" (""similia similibus curentur""), a claim that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people would cure similar symptoms in sick people. Homeopathy is a pseudoscience – a belief that is incorrectly presented as scientific. Homeopathic preparations are not effective for treating any condition; large-scale studies have found homeopathy to be no more effective than a placebo, indicating that any positive effects that follow treatment are due to factors such as normal recovery"
"Potion A potion (from Latin ""potio"" ""drink"") is a magical medicine, drug in liquid form. In mythology and literature, a potion is usually made by a magician, dragon, fairy or witch and has magical properties. It is used for various motives including the healing, bewitching or poisoning of people. For example, love potions for those who wish to fall in love (or become deeply infatuated) with another; sleeping potions to cause long-term or eternal sleep (in folklore, this can range from the normal REM sleep to a deathlike coma); and elixirs to heal/cure any wound/malady. Creations of potions of different"
"to health, or to gratify their patients' need for an active treatment. In 1811, Hooper's ""Quincy's Lexicon–Medicum"" defined placebo as ""an epithet given to any medicine adapted more to please than benefit the patient"". In 1903 Richard Cabot said that he was brought up to use placebos, but he ultimately concluded by saying that ""I have not yet found any case in which a lie does not do more harm than good."" Early implementations of placebo controls date back to 16th-century Europe with Catholic efforts to discredit exorcisms. Individuals who claimed to be possessed by demonic forces were given false"
"(and the avoidance of anxiety about the length of pain), is the remedy against prolonged suffering. Tetrapharmakos The Tetrapharmakos () ""four-part remedy"" is a summary of the first four of the Κύριαι Δόξαι (""Kuriai Doxai"", the forty Epicurean ""Principal Doctrines"" given by Diogenes Laertius in his ""Life of Epicurus"") in Epicureanism, a recipe for leading the happiest possible life. They are recommendations to avoid anxiety or existential dread. The ""tetrapharmakos"" was originally a compound of four drugs (wax, tallow, pitch and resin); the word has been used metaphorically by Roman-era Epicureans. to refer to the four remedies for healing the"
"medical substances could be found in herbs, minerals and various alchemical combinations thereof. These beliefs were the foundation of mainstream Western medicine well into the 17th century. Central to the treatment of unbalanced humors was the use of herbs. Specific herbs were used to treat all ailments simple, common and complex etc., from an uncomplicated upper respiratory infection to the plague. For example, chamomile was used to decrease heat, and lower excessive bile humor. Also, arsenic was used in a poultice bag to 'draw out' the excess humor(s) that led to symptoms of the plague. Philip Moore, who wrote ""on"
"Sacred Disease""; etc. The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. Such derivatives are regularly taken today by medical graduates about to enter medical practice. Hippocrates is"
"honey and ""tseng ch'ing"". (11, tr. Davis and Ch'en 1941:311) Medicines of superior quality for immortality are: cinnabar; next comes gold, then follows silver, then the many ""chih"", then the five kinds of jade, then mica, then ""ming-chu"", then realgar, then brown hematite, then conglomerate masses of brown hematite, then stone cassia (?), then quartz, then paraffin, then sulphur, then wild honey, then malachite (stratified variety) (tr. Feifel 1946:2) At the top of the genie's pharmacopoeia stands cinnabar. Second comes gold; third, silver, fourth, excresences; fifth, the jades; sixth, mica; seventh, pearls; eighth, realgar; ninth, brown hematite; tenth, conglomerated brown"
"Allopathic medicine Allopathic medicine or allopathy is a pejorative used by proponents of alternative medicine to refer to modern scientific systems of medicine, such as the use of pharmacologically active agents or physical interventions to treat or suppress symptoms or pathophysiologic processes of diseases or conditions. The expression was coined in 1810 by the creator of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843). In such circles, the expression ""allopathic medicine"" is still used to refer to ""the broad category of medical practice that is sometimes called Western medicine, biomedicine, evidence-based medicine, or modern medicine"". Allopathic medicine and allopathy (from the Greek prefix ""ἄλλος"","
"medical foundation comes from a collection of writings known today as the Hippocratic Corpus. Remnants of the Hippocratic Corpus survive in modern medicine in forms like the “Hippocratic Oath” as in to “Do No Harm.” The Hippocratic Corpus, popularly attributed to an ancient Greek medical practitioner known as Hippocrates, lays out the basic approach to health care. Greek philosophers viewed the human body as a system that reflects the workings of nature and Hippocrates applied this belief to medicine. The body, as a reflection of natural forces, contained four elemental properties expressed to the Greeks as the four humors. The"
"1 out of 50,000 patients. Dyscrasia Dyscrasia (or dyskrasia) is a concept from ancient Greek medicine, meaning bad mixture. The concept of dyscrasia was developed by the Greek physician Galen (129–216 AD), who elaborated a model of health and disease as a structure of elements, qualities, humors, organs, and temperaments. Health was understood in this perspective to be a condition of harmony or balance among these basic components, called eucrasia. Disease was interpreted as the disproportion of bodily fluids or four humours: phlegm, blood, and yellow and black bile. The imbalance was called ""dyscrasia"". To the Greeks, it meant an"
"potentially poisonous metal-based compounds were popular treatments. Theodoric Borgognoni, (1205–1296), one of the most significant surgeons of the medieval period, responsible for introducing and promoting important surgical advances including basic antiseptic practice and the use of anaesthetics. Garcia de Orta described some herbal treatments that were used. For most of the 19th century, drugs were not highly effective, leading Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. to famously comment in 1842 that ""if all medicines in the world were thrown into the sea, it would be all the better for mankind and all the worse for the fishes"". During the First World War,"
"Acesias Acesias (Greek ) was an ancient Greek physician whose age and country are both unknown. It is ascertained however that he lived at least as early as 4th century BC, as the proverb , ""Acesias cured him"", is quoted on the authority of Aristophanes. This saying (by which only Acesias is known to us) was used when any person's disease became worse instead of better under medical treatment, and is mentioned in the Suda, Zenobius, Diogenianus, Michael Apostolius, and Plutarch. It is possible that an author bearing this name, and mentioned by Athenaeus as having written a treatise on"
"The ""airyaman ishya"" is the greatest, best, fairest, most fearful, most firm most victorious, and the most healing"" of all formulas (""Yasht"" 3.5) Since its incantation was considered the most effective form of healing (""Yasht"" 3.6), the ""airyaman ishya"" was accorded special status in the religion. ""Vendidad"" 20.12 notes its efficacy against ""all sickness and death, all sorcerers and witches, all whores belonging to the Lie."" The ""Yasna"" verse immediately following the prayer considers the ""airyaman ishya"" ""the greatest uttering of ""asha""."" (""Yasna"" 54.2) Like the ""ahuna vairya"" invocation (the first of the four great formulas), the ""airyaman ishya"" is"