"that can be generalized to some larger population. Qualitative research, on the other hand, inquires deeply into specific experiences, with the intention of describing and exploring meaning through text, narrative, or visual-based data, by developing themes exclusive to that set of participants. In social sciences, quantitative research is widely used in psychology, economics, demography, sociology, marketing, community health, health & human development, gender and political science, and less frequently in anthropology and history. Research in mathematical sciences, such as physics, is also ""quantitative"" by definition, though this use of the term differs in context. In the social sciences, the term"
"of marketing, demographics, opinion research, prediction, and social research in general. Psychographic attributes can be contrasted with demographic variables (such as age and gender), behavioral variables (such as purchase data or usage rate), and organizational descriptors (sometimes called firmographic variables), such as industry, number of employees, and functional area. Psychographic methods gained prominence in the 2016 US presidential election due to its use in microtargeting advertisements to narrow constituencies by Cambridge Analytica. Psychographics is often confused with demographics, where historical generations may be defined both by demographics, such as the years in which a particular generation is born or even"
"Statistical population In statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment. A statistical population can be a group of existing objects (e.g. the set of all stars within the Milky Way galaxy) or a hypothetical and potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience (e.g. the set of all possible hands in a game of poker). A common aim of statistical analysis is to produce information about some chosen population. In statistical inference, a subset of the population (a statistical sample) is chosen to represent"
"Demographic statistics Demographic statistics are measures of the characteristics of, or changes to, a population. Records of births, deaths, marriages, immigration and emigration and a regular census of population provide information that is key to making sound decisions about national policy. A useful summary of such data is the population pyramid. It provides data about the sex and age distribution of the population in an accessible graphical format. Another summary is called the life table. For a ""cohort"" of persons born in the same year, it traces and projects their life experiences from birth to death. For a given cohort,"
"the population in a statistical analysis. The ratio of the size of this statistical sample to the size of the population is called a sampling fraction. If a sample is chosen properly, characteristics of the entire population that the sample is drawn from can be estimated from corresponding characteristics of the sample. A subconcept of a population that shares one or more additional properties is called a subpopulation. For example, if the population is all Egyptian people, a subpopulation is all Egyptian males; if the population is all pharmacies in the world, a subpopulation is all pharmacies in Egypt. By"
"Demographic analysis Demographic analysis includes the things that allow us to measure the dimensions and dynamics of populations. These methods have primarily been developed to study human populations, but are extended to a variety of areas where researchers want to know how populations of social actors can change across time through processes of birth, death, and migration. In the context of human biological populations, demographic analysis uses administrative records to develop an independent estimate of the population. Demographic analysis estimates are often considered a reliable standard for judging the accuracy of the census information gathered at any time. In the"
"a country"" or ""every atom composing a crystal"". Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population (an operation called census). This may be organized by governmental statistical institutes. ""Descriptive statistics"" can be used to summarize the population data. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like income), while frequency and percentage are more useful in terms of describing categorical data (like race). When a census is not feasible, a chosen subset of the population called a sample is studied. Once a sample that is representative of the population is determined, data is collected for the sample"
"Demographic economics Demographic economics or population economics is the application of economic analysis to demography, the study of human populations, including size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics. Aspects of the subject include Other subfields include measuring value of life and the economics of the elderly and the handicapped and of gender, race, minorities, and non-labor discrimination. In coverage and subfields, it complements labor economics and implicates a variety of other economics subjects. The ""Journal of Economic Literature"" classification codes are a way of categorizing subjects in economics. There, Demographic Economics is paired with Labor Economics as one of 19"
"well as in advertising. Some categories of psychographic factors used in market segmentation include: Psychographic can also be seen as an equivalent of the concept of ""culture"" when it is used for segmentation at a national level. Psychographics Psychographics is a qualitative methodology used to describe consumers on psychological attributes. Psychographics have been applied to the study of personality, values, opinions, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles. While psychographics are often equated with lifestyle research, it has been argued that psychographics should apply to the study of cognitive attributes such as attitudes, interests, opinions, and beliefs while lifestyle should apply to the"
"a population or groups at a point in time with respect to well-defined characteristics (population, production). Data are collected for a specific reference period. A census should be taken at regular intervals in order to have comparable information available, therefore, most statistical censuses are conducted every 5 or 10 years. Data are usually collected through questionnaires mailed to respondents, via the Internet, or completed by an enumerator visiting respondents, or contacting them by telephone. In 2005, the United Nations Economic and Social Council adopted a resolution urging: ""Member States to carry out a population and housing census and to disseminate"
"the probability of the sales returns of a launched product in a given area. For any type of business, knowing who the customers are most likely to be through demographic analysis will make it easier to market effectively. Demographic marketer Demographic marketers use demographics in marketing research, and the assessment of the changing trends of consumer behavior. Demographics can be called a science and demographic marketers can be called scientists. A demographic is used to describe individuals who are from a particular area. It can also be used to describe individuals who would rely on purchasing a particular product or"
"of the sample, is called a statistic; its value is frequently used as an estimate of the mean value of all items comprising the population from which the sample is drawn. The population mean is also a single measure; however, it is not called a statistic, because it is not obtained from a sample; instead it is called a population parameter, because it is obtained from the whole population. Other examples of statistics include A statistic is an ""observable"" random variable, which differentiates it both from a ""parameter"" that is a generally unobservable quantity describing a property of a statistical"
"psychology research community made the following recommendation: The term ""effect size"" can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of a parameter of a hypothetical statistical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size value. Conventions for distinguishing sample from population effect sizes follow standard statistical practices—one common approach is to use Greek letters like ρ to denote population parameters and Latin letters like ""r"" to denote the corresponding statistic; alternatively, a ""hat"" can be placed over the population parameter to denote the statistic,"
"a wide peak. Further, it will exhibit overdispersion relative to a single normal distribution with the given variation. Alternatively, given two subpopulations with the same mean and different standard deviations, the overall population will exhibit high kurtosis, with a sharper peak and heavier tails (and correspondingly shallower shoulders) than a single distribution Statistical population In statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment. A statistical population can be a group of existing objects (e.g. the set of all stars within the Milky Way galaxy) or a hypothetical and"
"It can be used as an interpretive and analytic tool for the comparison of different markets. These organizations have interests about the number and characteristics of their clients so they can maximize the sale of their products, their outlook on their influence, or the ends of their power, services, and beneficial works. Demographic analysis Demographic analysis includes the things that allow us to measure the dimensions and dynamics of populations. These methods have primarily been developed to study human populations, but are extended to a variety of areas where researchers want to know how populations of social actors can change"
"of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation and other statistics"". Using such statistics, communicators are able to segment their target audience, as consumer needs often correlate strongly with demographic variables. Communicators are able to present targeted advertisements based on demography using both their own stored data as well as through the use of databases. Online retailers often require customers to register an account to shop with them. Typically, these retailers will ask customers for demographic information regarding their location, age and gender and this information will then be used to tailor their shopping experience."
"science, and statistics in which quantitative methods and computational tools are used to answer fundamental questions about our society. The term was first used in August 2012 when the Population Informatics Research Group was founded at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The term was first defined in a peer reviewed article in 2013 and further elaborated on in another article in 2014. The first Workshop on Population Informatics for Big Data was held at the ACM SIGKDD conference in Sydney, Australia, in August 2015. To study social, behavioral, economic, and health sciences using the massive data collections,"
"Demographic marketer Demographic marketers use demographics in marketing research, and the assessment of the changing trends of consumer behavior. Demographics can be called a science and demographic marketers can be called scientists. A demographic is used to describe individuals who are from a particular area. It can also be used to describe individuals who would rely on purchasing a particular product or service. Using demographics, a marketing manager can try to grasp what certain people think and what they are willing to buy. By understanding how various characteristics of the population reflect their tastes, demographic marketers get an idea of"
"about the census is probably of as much value as the statistics themselves as it allows researchers to determine not only what was being counted but how and why it was done. Modern population statistics are normally accompanied by metadata that explains how the statistics have been compiled and adjusted to compensate for any collection issues. Most countries have a census bureau or government agency responsible for conducting censuses. Many of these agencies publish their country's census results and other population statistics on their agency's website. Demographic statistics Demographic statistics are measures of the characteristics of, or changes to, a"
"Denominator data In epidemiology, data or facts about a population is called denominator data. Denominator data are independent of any specific disease or condition. This name is given because in mathematical models of disease, disease-specific data such as the incidence of disease in a population, the susceptibility of the population to a specific condition, the disease resistance, etc. disease-specific variables are expressed as their proportion of some attribute of the general population, and hence appear as the numerator of the fraction or percentage being calculated, general data about the population typically appearing in the denominator; hence the term denominator data."
"marketing effort of the enterprise to achieve the goal of the enterprise marketing. Factors affecting organization in Macro environment are known as PESTEL, that is: Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal. Demography refers to studying human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, and occupation. This is a very important factor to study for marketers and helps to divide the population into market segments and target markets. An example of demography is classifying groups of people according to the year they were born. These classifications can be referred to as baby boomers, who are born between"
"of legislators, public opinion distribution, and the occurrence rate of wars and legislation. ""'Collective biography"" uses standardized information on a large group to deduce patterns of thought and behavior. The ""new social historians"" (new in the 1960s) use census data and other data sets to study entire populations. Topics include demographic issues such as population growth rates, rates of birth, death, marriage and disease, occupational and education distributions, and migrations and population changes. An especially challenging technique is linking names (""nominal record linkage"") of the same person whose information appears in multiple source such as censuses, city directories, employment files"
"Historical demography Historical demography is the quantitative study of human population in the past. It is concerned with population size, with the three basic components of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration, and with population characteristics related to those components, such as marriage, socioeconomic status, and the configuration of families. The sources of historical demography vary according to the period and topics of the study. For the recent period - beginning in the early nineteenth century in most European countries, and later in the rest of the world - historical demographers make use of data collected by governments, including censuses and"
"of that population is called the population mean. If the data set is a statistical sample (a subset of the population), we call the statistic resulting from this calculation a sample mean. The arithmetic mean has several properties that make it useful, especially as a measure of central tendency. These include: The arithmetic mean may be contrasted with the median. The median is defined such that no more than half the values are larger than, and no more than half are smaller than, the median. If elements in the data increase arithmetically, when placed in some order, then the median"
"Population Impact Measures Population Impact Measures (PIMs) are biostatistical measures of risk and benefit used in epidemiological and public health research. They are used to describe the impact of health risks and benefits in a population, to inform health policy. Frequently used measures of risk and benefit identified by Jerkel, Katz and Elmore, describe measures of risk difference (attributable risk), rate difference (often expressed as the odds ratio or relative risk), Population Attributable Risk (PAR), and the relative risk reduction, which can be recalculated into a measure of ""absolute benefit"", called the Number needed to treat. Population Impact Measures are"
"Population proportion A population proportion, generally denoted by formula_1 and in some textbooks by formula_2, is a parameter that describes a percentage value associated with a population. For example, the 2010 United States Census showed that 83.7% of the American Population was identified as not being Hispanic or Latino. The value of .837 is a population proportion. In general, the population proportion and other population parameters are unknown. A census can be conducted in order to determine the actual value of a population parameter, but often a census is not practical due to its costs and time consumption. A population"
"preferences of all voters. Similarly, in some forms of testing of manufactured products, rather than destructively testing all products, only a sample of products are tested, to gather statistics supporting an inference that all the products meet product design parameters. Statistical parameter A statistical parameter or population parameter is a quantity that indexes a family of probability distributions. It can be regarded as a numerical characteristic of a population or a statistical model. Among parameterized families of distributions are the normal distributions, the Poisson distributions, the binomial distributions, and the exponential family of distributions. The family of normal distributions has"
"Demography Demography (from prefix ""demo-"" from Ancient Greek δῆμος ""dēmos"" meaning ""the people"", and ""-graphy"" from γράφω ""graphō"", implies ""writing, description or measurement"") is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics). Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death. Based on the demographic research of the earth, earth's population up to the year 2050"
"Statistical parameter A statistical parameter or population parameter is a quantity that indexes a family of probability distributions. It can be regarded as a numerical characteristic of a population or a statistical model. Among parameterized families of distributions are the normal distributions, the Poisson distributions, the binomial distributions, and the exponential family of distributions. The family of normal distributions has two parameters, the mean and the variance: if those are specified, the distribution is known exactly. The family of chi-squared distributions has one parameter: the number of degrees of freedom. In statistical inference, parameters are sometimes taken to be unobservable,"
"Statistic A statistic (singular) or sample statistic is a single measure of some attribute of a sample (e.g. its arithmetic mean value). It is calculated by applying a function (statistical algorithm) to the values of the items of the sample, which are known together as a set of data. More formally, statistical theory defines a statistic as a function of a sample where the function itself is independent of the sample's distribution; that is, the function can be stated before realization of the data. The term statistic is used both for the function and for the value of the function"
"Social statistics Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment. This can be accomplished through polling a group of people, evaluating a subset of data obtained about a group of people, or by observation and statistical analysis of a set of data that relates to people and their behaviors. Social scientists use social statistics for many purposes, including: Statistics and statistical analyses have become a key feature of social science. Statistics is employed in economics, psychology, political science, sociology and anthropology. There is a debate regarding the uses and value of"
"on a given sample. A statistic is distinct from a statistical parameter, which is not computable in cases where the population is infinite, and therefore impossible to examine and measure all its items. However, a statistic, when used to estimate a population parameter, is called an estimator. For instance, the ""sample mean"" is a statistic that estimates the ""population mean"", which is a parameter. When a statistic (a function) is being used for a specific purpose, it may be referred to by a name indicating its purpose: in descriptive statistics, a descriptive statistic is used to describe the data; in"
"also sometimes called a ""parameter of integration""). In statistics and econometrics, the probability framework above still holds, but attention shifts to estimating the parameters of a distribution based on observed data, or testing hypotheses about them. In frequentist estimation parameters are considered ""fixed but unknown"", whereas in Bayesian estimation they are treated as random variables, and their uncertainty is described as a distribution. In estimation theory of statistics, ""statistic"" or estimator refers to samples, whereas ""parameter"" or estimand refers to populations, where the samples are taken from. A statistic is a numerical characteristic of a sample that can be used"