"exists and will have different structural characteristics than the original species."" They would therefore be comparable to artificial animals such as the Oncomouse, which was patented. Moreover, the ""fragile nature of extinct animal DNA allows for multiple avenues of differentiation"" from the original, now-extinct animal, preempting none. In Re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh) In re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), 750 F.3d 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2014), is a 2014 decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit rejecting a patent for a cloned sheep known as ""Dolly the Sheep""— the first mammal ever cloned from an adult somatic cell."
"campus of the University, but despite this, retained its now world famous name. The Institute won international fame in 1996, when Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and their colleagues created Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, at the institute. A year later Polly and Molly were cloned, both sheep contained a human gene. Roslin has made many other contributions to animal sciences, especially in the area of livestock improvement and welfare through applications of Quantitative Genetics. In 2007 a Roslin team developed genetically modified chickens capable of laying eggs containing proteins needed to make"
"would be rejected by scholars such as Jordan & O’Riordan who argue for a “universal shift” in the institutional arrangements for tackling climate change, as they serve to promote western interests at the expense of the developing world at present. Dolly the sheep was born on 7 February 1997 as the first animal cloned from adult cells. The institutional arrangements behind this scientific feat demonstrate the increasing “embeddedness” of political, scientific, and economic processes at work in the production of knowledge. Dolly was a product of three intimately linked institutions: The Roslin Research Institute (government funded), PPL Therapeutics (private firm),"
"one of five children, his father being a math professor at Illinois State University. After completing his bachelor's degree in microbiology at the University of Illinois, he applied to medical school to become a doctor, but his doubts caused him to defer in favor of a two-year internship with drug company Amgen at the National Institutes of Health. In 1998 he applied to study for a Ph.D. in biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, arriving there shortly after Dolly the Sheep gained worldwide attention as the world's first cloned domestic animal. Eggan began to explore both this process and"
"who was responsible for the first cloning of a mammal with Dolly the Sheep in 1996, was a graduate student at Darwin College. Famous naturalist and broadcaster David Attenborough graduated from the university, while the ethologist Jane Goodall, the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees did a PhD in Ethology at Darwin College. Anthropologist Dame Alison Richard, former vice-chancellor of the university, is also a Newnham College graduate. The university can be considered the birthplace of the computer, with mathematician Charles Babbage having designed the world's first computing system as early as the mid-1800s. Alan Turing went on to devise what"
"Steen Willadsen Steen Malte Willadsen (born 1943 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is a scientist credited with being the first to clone a mammal using nuclear transfer. Willadsen graduated from the Royal Veterinary College of Copenhagen (1969), and received a PhD in reproductive physiology from there (1973). In 1984, at the British Agricultural Research Council's Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge, he successfully used cells from early embryos to clone sheep by nuclear transfer. The procedure he developed was essentially the one used a decade later by Wilmut et al. to produce Dolly, the sheep, although in the latter case, nuclei from a"
"of Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. Concerns have been raised over the mistreatment of primates undergoing testing. In 1985 the case of Britches, a macaque monkey at the University of California, Riverside, gained public attention. He had his eyelids sewn shut and a sonar sensor on his head as part of an experiment to test sensory substitution devices for blind people. The laboratory was raided by Animal Liberation Front in 1985, removing Britches and 466 other animals. The National Institutes of Health conducted an eight-month investigation and concluded, however, that no"
"females, which resulted in the birth of 10 puppies in 2008. After Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, scientists had managed to clone numerous other animals, including cats, cows, gaur, horses, mice, mules, pigs, rabbits and rats but had been unable to successfully clone a dog due to the problematic task of maturing a canine ovum in an artificial environment. After several failed attempts by other scientists, Woo Suk Hwang, a lead researcher at Seoul National University, was able to successfully create a clone using tissue from the ear of a 3-year-old Afghan hound. 123 surrogate mothers were used"
"Keith Campbell (biologist) Keith Henry Stockman Campbell (23 May 1954 – 5 October 2012), Professor of Animal Development at the University of Nottingham, was a British biologist who was a member of the team that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells. Campbell was born in Birmingham, England, to an English mother and Scottish father. He started his education in Perth, Scotland, but, when he was eight years old, his family returned to Birmingham, where he attended King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys. He obtained his Bachelor"
"the cloning of Dolly the Sheep. The crucial difference was that in creating Polly and Molly, scientists used cells into which a new gene had been inserted. The gene chosen was a therapeutic protein to demonstrate the potential of such recombinant DNA technology combined with animal cloning. This could hopefully be used to produce pharmacological and therapeutic proteins to treat human diseases. The protein in question was the human blood clotting factor IX. Another difference from Dolly the Sheep was the source cell type of the nucleus that was transferred. In the case of Dolly the Sheep, the nucleus that"
"Ian Wilmut Sir Ian Wilmut, OBE FRS FMedSci FRSE (born 7 July 1944) is an English embryologist and Chair of the Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly. He was appointed OBE in 1999 for services to embryo development and knighted in the 2008 New Year Honours. Wilmut was born in Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, England. Wilmut's father, Leonard Wilmut, was a mathematics teacher who suffered from diabetes for"
"he studied tumors in frogs. In 1942, he joined the Lankenau Hospital Research Institute (now the Fox Chase Cancer Center) in Philadelphia. He worked on amphibian embryos for the rest of his life. Robert Briggs (scientist) Robert Briggs (December 10, 1911 — March 4, 1983) was a scientist who, in 1952, together with Thomas Joseph King, cloned a frog by nuclear transfer of embryonic cells. The same technique, using somatic cells, was later used to create Dolly the Sheep. Their experiment was the first successful nuclear transplantation performed in metazoans. He was a scientist at the Institute for Cancer Research"
"Dick Veterinary College, later to become Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, the Veterinary School of the University of Edinburgh, (since known for the first animal cloning: Dolly the sheep in 1996). It was founded by William Dick (1793–1866) in 1923 and was the first veterinary school in Scotland. Subsequently, from 1873, Dr. Macadam lectured at the ""New Veterinary College"" upon its foundation by William Williams (1832–1900) in 1873. He was one of the original six staff Dr. Macadam remained on the staff of the New Veterinary College until it moved to its newly built campus at Elm Row in"
"cells, which had differentiated in culture. Then, in 1996, a team led by Ian Wilmut with Keith Campbell as the main (66% of the credit) contributor used the same technique and shocked the world by successfully cloning a sheep from adult mammary cells. Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, named after the singer Dolly Parton, was born in 1996 and lived to be six years old (dying from a viral infection and not old age, as has been suggested). Campbell had a key role in the creation of Dolly, as he had the crucial idea of co-ordinating the stages of the"
"considered related to her being a clone). She has been called ""the world's most famous sheep"" by sources including BBC News and ""Scientific American"". The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated ""Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's"". Dolly was born on 5 July 1996"
"of visual areas in cats and monkeys, and provided physiological evidence for the critical period for the development of disparity sensitivity in vision (i.e.: the main cue for depth perception), and were awarded a Nobel Prize for their work. In 1996 Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. The process by which Dolly the sheep was cloned utilized a process known as nuclear transfer applied by lead scientist Ian Wilmut. Although other scientists were not immediately able to replicate the experiment, Wilmut argued that the experiment was indeed repeatable, given a timeframe"
"team at Roslin to clone a sheep, Dolly (1996), the result of transplanted DNA of an adult sheep to an unfertilized egg cell. He was appointed an OBE in 1997 for his contribution to Science. Born in Blackpool, his family moved to Lincolnshire and he was educated at Barton Grammar School. He met Helen Banfield at Cambridge in 1973, where he graduated in natural sciences from Christ's College, Cambridge, a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. They married in 1975 in Canada and moved to Edinburgh in 1977 where he took his doctorate. They had two sons, Charlie (1989),"
"not cloned, embryos. The allegation involves the lines Hwang claims to have created at Seoul-based MizMedi Hospital. In November 22, 2016 Hwang received a certificate of patent on NT-1 technology by the Korean Intellectual Property Office. In the late 1990s, the method that scientists used in cloning was somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is the same procedure that was used to create Dolly the sheep. This laboratory technique begins when an egg is taken from a donor and the nucleus is removed from the egg, creating an enucleated egg. A cell, which contains DNA, is then taken from the animal"
"experiment involving 70 cloned calves, one-third of the calves died young. The first successfully cloned horse, Prometea, took 814 attempts. Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell. There were early claims that Dolly the sheep had pathologies resembling accelerated aging. Scientists speculated that Dolly's death in 2003 was related to the shortening of telomeres, DNA-protein complexes that protect the end of linear chromosomes. However, other researchers, including Ian Wilmut who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory"
"Robert Briggs (scientist) Robert Briggs (December 10, 1911 — March 4, 1983) was a scientist who, in 1952, together with Thomas Joseph King, cloned a frog by nuclear transfer of embryonic cells. The same technique, using somatic cells, was later used to create Dolly the Sheep. Their experiment was the first successful nuclear transplantation performed in metazoans. He was a scientist at the Institute for Cancer Research of the Lankenau Hospital Research Institute (now known as the Lankenau Institute for Medical Research) when the work was conducted. Upon the death of his mother when he was two years old, Briggs"
"the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep in 1996 using the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats. Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted more than 80 days. The main difficulty was likely the proper programming of the transferred nuclei to support the growth of the embryo. Tetra (born October 1999), a female rhesus macaque, was created by a team led by Gerald Schatten of the Oregon National Primate Research Center using a different technique, called ""embryo splitting"". She"
"had not yet received an official request from Hwang to withdraw the paper, and it had refused to remove Schatten's name from the paper, stating, ""No single author, having declared at the time of submission his full and complete confidence in the contents of the paper, can retract his name unilaterally, after publication."" Several prominent scientists, including Ian Wilmut, who cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, and Bob Lanza, a cloning expert based in Worcester, Massachusetts, did call on Hwang to submit his paper to an outside group for independent analysis. Lanza noted, ""You can't fake the results if they're"
"defects in thirteen cloned sheep, including four from the same cell line as Dolly. The first study to review the long-term health outcomes of cloning, the authors found no evidence of late-onset, non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded ""We could find no evidence, therefore, of a detrimental long-term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort."" After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, including pigs, deer, horses and bulls. The attempt to clone argali (mountain sheep) did not produce viable"
"Alan William Greenwood Dr Alan William Greenwood CBE FRSE (29 June 1897 – 4 May 1981) was a Scottish zoologist and geneticist, who helped pave the way to creating Dolly the Sheep. He served as Director of the Poultry Research Centre from 1947 until 1962. He was born in Melbourne in Australia on 29 June 1897 and attended Wesley College in Melbourne. He then won a place at Melbourne University graduating BSc in Chemistry and Biology in 1920. He continued as a postgraduate, gaining an MSc in 1923 then travelling to Scotland to study for a PhD at the University"
"Society posthumously in 2015 Keith Campbell took his own life, aged 58. He was buried at Bretby Crematorium, Burton Upon Trent, in Derbyshire, England. He is survived by his wife, Kathy, and two daughters, Claire and Lauren. Keith Campbell (biologist) Keith Henry Stockman Campbell (23 May 1954 – 5 October 2012), Professor of Animal Development at the University of Nottingham, was a British biologist who was a member of the team that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells. Campbell was born in Birmingham, England, to an English mother"
"its dog cloning service. In July 2008, the Seoul National University, co-parents of Snuppy, reputedly the world's first cloned dog in 2005, created five clones of a dog named Booger for its Californian owner. The woman paid $50,000 for this service. Sooam Biotech continued developing proprietary techniques for cloning dogs based on a licence from ViaGen's subsidiary Start Licensing (which owns the original patent for cloning Dolly the sheep). Sooam created cloned puppies for owners whose dogs had died, charging $100,000 a time Sooam Biotech was reported to have cloned 700 dogs by 2015 and to be producing 500 cloned"
"Dolly the Sheep project. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1970. His proposers were Geoffrey Beale, Conrad Hal Waddington, Alan Robertson and Alan William Greenwood. He retired in 1991 and died on 13 January 2000. He is buried in the modern extension to Dean Cemetery in the west of Edinburgh. His daughter, Maria K Jurand, followed in her father’s footsteps, studying genetics at the University of Edinburgh and also gaining a doctorate. Artur Jurand Artur Jurand FRSE (20 March 1914–13 January 2000) was a Polish-born animal geneticist who did important work at the University"
"time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue. In July 2016, four identical clones of Dolly (Daisy, Debbie, Dianna, and Denise) were alive and healthy at nine years old. ""Scientific American"" concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly the sheep has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research. After Dolly, researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which can be grown into any tissue. The first successful cloning of a primate"
"produced naturally. Dolly the sheep was created from a six year old cell sample from a mammary gland. Because of this, she aged quicker than other naturally born animals because she was started from already aging cells. She died prematurely at six years old, not only from her age but from respiratory issues and severe arthritis. A detailed study released in 2016 and less detailed studies by others suggest that once cloned animals get past the first month or two of life they are generally healthy. However, early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural"
"Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua Zhong Zhong (, born 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (, born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning technique that produced Dolly the sheep in 1996. They are the first cloned primates produced by this technique. Unlike previous attempts to clone monkeys, the donated nuclei came from fetal cells, not embryonic cells. The primates were both born at the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai. Since scientists produced"
"that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal. Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997. It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in ""Time"" magazine featured Dolly the sheep. ""Science"" featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year. Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media"
"Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules (artificially assembled genetic material) using viruses. Cloning, the production of genetically identical organisms from some chosen starting point, was shown to be practicable with the creation of Dolly the sheep from an ordinary body cell in 1996 at the Roslin Institute. Mutation and hybridisation are widely used in fiction, starting in the 19th century with science fiction works such as Mary Shelley's 1818 novel ""Frankenstein"" and H. G. Wells's 1896 ""The Island of Dr Moreau"". In her 1977 ""Biological Themes in Modern Science Fiction"", Helen Parker identified two major types of story:"
"George Washington University Medical Center, where he was responsible for overall local national and international markets. GWU was in the midst of the cloning debate of the mid-nineties, culminating with the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1995. In addition to his day-to-day work, he produced and directed a promotional video starring Larry King that was shown before Congress to help secure millions in funds for a new emergency room at the Medical Center. Washington Chapter National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Michigan National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Addy Award Michigan Chapter https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4140180/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Rodney W. Brown Rodney"