"Only in 1949 did the well-known Soviet astronomer Sergej Vladirimovich Orlov give it the name Phaeton... This name has become established."" Theories regarding the formation of the asteroid belt from the destruction of a hypothetical fifth planet are today collectively referred to as the ""disruption theory"". This theory states that there was once a major planetary member of our solar system circulating in the present gap between Mars and Jupiter, which was variously destroyed when: Today, the Phaeton hypothesis has been superseded by the accretion model. Most astronomers today believe that the asteroids in the main belt are remnants of"
"the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8–5.5 AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,314 days; semi-major axis of 5.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at La Silla in February 1994. This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Helicaon, son of Antenor and King Priam's daughter, Laodice. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 July 2010 (). ""Helicaon"" is"
"about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the four large Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath their surfaces. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. As it approached Jupiter, it also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9. In December 1995, it sent an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere, so far the only craft to do so. In July 2016, the ""Juno"" spacecraft, launched in 2011, completed its orbital insertion maneuver successfully, and is now in orbit around Jupiter with"
"the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.5–5.8 AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,308 days; semi-major axis of 5.18 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in November 1917, two months after its official discovery observation. This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Priam (Priamus; Priamos), the king of Troy during the Trojan War. The Jupiter trojans 624 Hektor and 3317 Paris are named after his sons Paris and Hector. The official"
"approach. ""Voyager 1"" finished photographing the Jovian system in April 1979. Discovery of active volcanic activity on the moon Io was probably the greatest surprise. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the Solar System. It appears that activity on Io affects the entire Jovian system. Io appears to be the primary source of matter that pervades the Jovian magnetosphere – the region of space that surrounds the planet influenced by the planet's strong magnetic field. Sulfur, oxygen, and sodium, apparently erupted by Io's volcanoes and sputtered off the surface by impact of"
"value in the protosolar nebula that gave birth to the Solar System. The ratio of nitrogen isotopes in the Jovian atmosphere, N to N, is 2.3, a third lower than that in the Earth's atmosphere (3.5). The latter discovery is especially significant since the previous theories of Solar System formation considered the terrestrial value for the ratio of nitrogen isotopes to be primordial. The visible surface of Jupiter is divided into several bands parallel to the equator. There are two types of bands: lightly colored ""zones"" and relatively dark ""belts."" The wider Equatorial Zone (EZ) extends between latitudes of approximately"
"the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.4 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,288 days; semi-major axis of 5.17 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Palomar in August 1988, just one month prior to its official discovery observation. ""Misenus"" is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has a V–I color index of 0.92, typical for most D-type asteroids. In April 1995, a rotational lightcurve of ""Misenus"" was obtained from photometric"
"the now decommissioned Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of in magnitude (). According to the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Jovian asteroid measures 51.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.060, while the ""Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link"" assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 50.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.2. This minor planet was named after the Troyan priest Laocoön from Greek mythology. He and"
"the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7–5.9 AU once every 12 years and 1 month (4,426 days; semi-major axis of 5.28 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Palomar in September 1988, just one month prior to its official discovery observation. ""Bitias"" is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has a low V–I color index of 0.78. In March 1993, a rotational lightcurve of ""Bitias"" was obtained from photometric observations over four consecutive"
"of the planet and the introduction of space flight, belief in a spherical Earth was based on observations of the secondary effects of the Earth's shape and parallels drawn with the shape of other planets. Most planets known to humans are either gaseous Jovian planets or solid terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These inner planets have a rocky surface with metal interiors. The Jovian planets consist of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. While these planets are larger, their only land surface is a small rocky core surrounded by a large, thick atmosphere. The gas giants,"
"the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8–5.8 AU once every 12 years and 2 months (4,454 days; semi-major axis of 5.3 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at Palomar Observatory in November 1989, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla. This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Demoleon, son of Antenor ""(2207 Antenor)"", who was"
"and dress rehearsal for the Pluto encounter. Because Jupiter is much closer to Earth than Pluto, the communications link can transmit multiple loadings of the memory buffer; thus the mission returned more data from the Jovian system than it was expected to transmit from Pluto. One of the main goals during the Jupiter encounter was observing its atmospheric conditions and analyzing the structure and composition of its clouds. Heat-induced lightning strikes in the polar regions and ""waves"" that indicate violent storm activity were observed and measured. The Little Red Spot, spanning up to 70% of Earth's diameter, was imaged from"
"Jupiter. The voyage to Jupiter took five years, and included an orbital manoeuvre in 2012 and a flyby of the Earth on October 10, 2013. When it reached the Jovian system, ""Juno"" had traveled approximately 19 AU, almost two billion miles. After traveling for about a year in an elliptical heliocentric orbit, ""Juno"" fired its engine in 2012 near aphelion (beyond the orbit of Mars) to change its orbit and return to pass by the Earth in October 2013. It used Earth's gravity to help slingshot itself toward the Jovian system in a maneuver called a gravity assist. The spacecraft"
"the jovian trojans are about as numerous as the asteroids of the asteroid belt. Later on, objects were found orbiting near the Lagrangian points of Neptune, Mars, Earth, Uranus, and Venus. Minor planets at the Lagrangian points of planets other than Jupiter may be called Lagrangian minor planets. Whether or not a system of star, planet, and trojan is stable depends on how large the perturbations are to which it is subject. If, for example, the planet is the mass of Earth, and there is also a Jupiter-mass object orbiting that star, the trojan's orbit would be much less stable"
"the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.5 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,342 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in December 1951, more than 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla. ""Eurypylos"" is an assumed C-type, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids. In March 2013, a rotational lightcurve of ""Eurypylos"" was obtained from photometric observations by"
"its ring system and the orbits of all four Galilean satellites. Orbiting near the magnetic equator, these bodies serve as sources and sinks of magnetospheric plasma, while energetic particles from the magnetosphere alter their surfaces. The particles sputter off material from the surfaces and create chemical changes via radiolysis. The plasma's co-rotation with the planet means that the plasma preferably interacts with the moons' trailing hemispheres, causing noticeable hemispheric asymmetries. In addition, the large internal magnetic fields of the moons contribute to the Jovian magnetic field. Close to Jupiter, the planet's rings and small moons absorb high-energy particles (energy above"
"of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7–5.7 AU once every 12 years (4,383 days; semi-major axis of 5.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar in October 1953, nearly 35 years prior to its official discovery observation. ""Poulydamas"" is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. In December 1990, a first rotational lightcurve of ""Poulydamas"" was obtained by Stefano Mottola and Mario Di Martino using the 1.52-meter Loiano Telescope at the Bologna Observatory"
"oscillator. When the Cassini spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2000, it conducted coordinated measurements with Galileo. New Horizons passed close to Jupiter in 2007, carrying out a unique investigation of the Jovian magnetotail, traveling as far as 2500 ""R"" along its length. In July 2016 Juno was inserted into Jupiter orbit, its scientific objectives include exploration of Jupiter's polar magnetosphere. The coverage of Jupiter's magnetosphere remains much poorer than for Earth's magnetic field. Further study is important to further understand the Jovian magnetosphere's dynamics. In 2003, NASA conducted a conceptual study called ""Human Outer Planets Exploration"" (HOPE) regarding the future"
"sun would be required to create Earth-like temperatures on planets in close orbit to a brown dwarf, thus requiring a black hole with a mass of 6.1 × 1021 kg (about 8% the mass of Earth's moon). It is well established that Jovian-class planets consist mostly of hydrogen and helium. It is theorised that concentrations of hydrogen and helium isotopes at certain depths of a gas-giant planet may be sufficient to support a fusion chain reaction, if sufficient energy can be delivered to ignite the reaction. Scientists have proposed that a nuclear warhead, heavily shielded and able to withstand pressures"
"comprehensively understood of those of all the gas giants because it was observed directly by the ""Galileo"" atmospheric probe when it entered the Jovian atmosphere on December 7, 1995. Other sources of information about Jupiter's atmospheric composition include the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), the ""Galileo"" and ""Cassini"" orbiters, and Earth-based observations. The two main constituents of the Jovian atmosphere are molecular hydrogen () and helium. The helium abundance is relative to molecular hydrogen by number of molecules, and its mass fraction is , which is slightly lower than the Solar System's primordial value. The reason for this low abundance is"
"(not including the Sun), and is the fifth closest stellar system to ours (again not including the Sun). This proximity is the main reason for its brightness, as with other near stars such as Alpha Centauri and in contrast to distant, highly luminous supergiants such as Canopus, Rigel or Betelgeuse. It is still around 25 times more luminous than the Sun. The closest large neighbouring star to Sirius is Procyon, 1.61 parsecs (5.24 ly) away. The ""Voyager 2"" spacecraft, launched in 1977 to study the four Jovian planets in the Solar System, is expected to pass within of Sirius in"
"2000 encounter, ""Galileo""<nowiki>'</nowiki>s mission at Jupiter was extended for a second and final time with the Galileo Millennium Mission. The focus of this extended mission was joint observation of the Jovian system by both ""Galileo"" and ""Cassini"", which performed a distant flyby of Jupiter en route to Saturn on December 30, 2000. Discoveries during the joint observations of Io revealed a new plume at Tvashtar and provided insights into Io's aurorae. Distant imaging by ""Galileo"" during the ""Cassini"" flyby revealed a new red ring plume deposit, similar to the one surrounding Pele, around Tvashtar, one of the first of this"
"of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.4–6.0 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,338 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as """" at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1949, or 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar. ""Sthenelos"" is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids. It has a high V–I color index of 1.07. In August"
"Jupiter in 1995 after a six-year journey from Earth to follow up on the discoveries of the two ""Voyager"" probes and ground-based observations taken in the intervening years. Io's location within one of Jupiter's most intense radiation belts precluded a prolonged close flyby, but ""Galileo"" did pass close by shortly before entering orbit for its two-year, primary mission studying the Jovian system. Although no images were taken during the close flyby on 7 December 1995, the encounter did yield significant results, such as the discovery of a large iron core, similar to that found in the rocky planets of the"
"a very limited latitudinal range of about ° from the Jovian magnetic poles. These narrow circular regions correspond to Jupiter's main auroral ovals. (See below.) The return current flowing from the outer magnetosphere beyond 50 ""R"" enters the Jovian ionosphere near the poles, closing the electrical circuit. The total radial current in the Jovian magnetosphere is estimated at 60 million–140 million amperes. The acceleration of the plasma into the co-rotation leads to the transfer of energy from the Jovian rotation to the kinetic energy of the plasma. In that sense, the Jovian magnetosphere is powered by the planet's rotation, whereas"
"of the outer moons Himalia and Elara. The craft also studied Jupiter's Little Red Spot and the planet's magnetosphere and tenuous ring system. On March 19, 2007 the Command and Data Handling computer experienced an uncorrectable memory error and rebooted itself, causing the spacecraft to go into safe mode. The craft fully recovered within two days, with some data loss on Jupiter's magnetotail. No other data loss events were associated with the encounter. Due to the immense size of the Jupiter system and the relative closeness of the Jovian system to Earth in comparison to the closeness of Pluto to"
"exospheres around Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. ""Galileo"" also discovered that Jupiter's faint ring system consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons. The extent and structure of Jupiter's magnetosphere was also mapped. On September 21, 2003, after 14 years in space and 8 years in the Jovian system, ""Galileo"" mission was terminated by sending it into Jupiter's atmosphere at a speed of over , eliminating the possibility of contaminating local moons with terrestrial bacteria. Jupiter was rated as the number one priority in the Planetary Science Decadal Survey published in the summer of 1968. In the early"
"has an ionosphere associated with its atmosphere is unresolved. Ganymede's discovery is credited to Galileo Galilei, who was the first to observe it on January 7, 1610. The satellite's name was soon suggested by astronomer Simon Marius, after the mythological Ganymede, cupbearer of the Greek gods, kidnapped by Zeus for the purpose. Beginning with ""Pioneer 10"", several spacecraft have explored Ganymede. The Voyager probes, ""Voyager 1"" and ""Voyager 2"", refined measurements of its size, while ""Galileo"" discovered its underground ocean and magnetic field. The next planned mission to the Jovian system is the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer"
"lines, which Io crosses, couple Io's atmosphere and neutral cloud to Jupiter's polar upper atmosphere by generating an electric current known as the Io flux tube. This current produces an auroral glow in Jupiter's polar regions known as the Io footprint, as well as aurorae in Io's atmosphere. Particles from this auroral interaction darken the Jovian polar regions at visible wavelengths. The location of Io and its auroral footprint with respect to Earth and Jupiter has a strong influence on Jovian radio emissions from our vantage point: when Io is visible, radio signals from Jupiter increase considerably. The ""Juno"" mission,"
"as Jupiter, astronomers began to predict that star systems with Jupiter-like planets at the right orbital distance could have terrestrial planets in the inner portion, like the Solar System does. While several Jovian-sized planets have been discovered, most have been found orbiting close to their stars. It is now hypothesized that Jupiter's movement in the Solar System may have cleared the way for the rocky inner planets, including Earth, to form. The similarity extends to the star that centers the system; like the Sun, HIP 11915 is a G-class star. According to Jorge Meléndez, who led the University of São"
"of aurora emissions of Jupiter is one of the goals of the instrument. UVS is one of many instruments on ""Juno"", but it is in particular designed to operate in conjunction with JADE, which observes high-energy particles. With both instruments operating together, both the UV emissions and high-energy particles at the same place and time can be synthesized. This supports the Goal of determining the source of the Jovian magnetic field. There has been a problem understanding the Jovian aurora, ever since Chandra determined X-rays were coming not from, as it was thought Io's orbit but from the polar regions."
"plasma centered on Io's orbit (also discovered by ""Voyager""). ""Voyager 2"" passed Io on 9 July 1979 at a distance of . Though it did not approach nearly as close as ""Voyager 1"", comparisons between images taken by the two spacecraft showed several surface changes that had occurred in the four months between the encounters. In addition, observations of Io as a crescent as ""Voyager 2"" departed the Jovian system revealed that seven of the nine plumes observed in March were still active in July 1979, with only the volcano Pele shutting down between flybys. The ""Galileo"" spacecraft arrived at"
"authors concluded that this indicated the injection events were triggered by solar wind activity against the Jovian magnetosphere. This is very similar to the magnetic storm relationship injection events have on Earth. However, it was found that Jovian injections can occur at all local time positions and therefore can’t be directly related to the situation in Earth’s magnetosphere. Although the Jovian injections aren’t a direct analog of Earth’s injections, the similarities indicate that this process plays a vital role in the storage and release of energy. The difference may lie in the presence of Io in the Jovian system. Io"