"in your pocket. Although he advocated exercising the ballot, Malcolm X expressed skepticism that voting would bring about full equality for African Americans. The government, he said, ""is responsible for the oppression and exploitation and degradation of Black people in this country... This government has failed the Negro"". According to Malcolm, one of the ways in which the government had ""failed the Negro"" was its unwillingness to enforce the law. He pointed out that the Supreme Court had outlawed segregation, ""Whenever you are going after something that is yours, you are within your legal rights to lay claim to it."
"recognize time""; John Waters, whose original screenplay for ""Hairspray"" mentions her as an influence on beatniks; and Carly Simon, who cited Odetta as a major influence and told of ""going weak in the knees"" when she had the opportunity to meet her in Greenwich Village. Odetta Odetta Holmes (December 31, 1930 – December 2, 2008), known as Odetta, was an American singer, actress, guitarist, lyricist, and a civil and human rights activist, often referred to as ""The Voice of the Civil Rights Movement"". Her musical repertoire consisted largely of American folk music, blues, jazz, and spirituals. An important figure in"
"Kabaka Oba Michael Bailey, better known as Kabaka Oba (; February 9, 1958April 15, 2006), was an American civil rights activist and public transportation worker who was fatally shot outside City Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio. Kabaka Oba co-founded the ""Black Fist"" for the purposes of opposing police brutality. The group had been previously known as ""The Black Special Forces."" Kabaka Oba had a radio show on Cincinnati local public radio station WAIF (88.3 FM) from noon - 1 p.m. on Tuesdays. Oba, a bus driver for Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority, frequently addressed Cincinnati City Council with language and conduct"
"Odetta Odetta Holmes (December 31, 1930 – December 2, 2008), known as Odetta, was an American singer, actress, guitarist, lyricist, and a civil and human rights activist, often referred to as ""The Voice of the Civil Rights Movement"". Her musical repertoire consisted largely of American folk music, blues, jazz, and spirituals. An important figure in the American folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, she influenced many of the key figures of the folk-revival of that time, including Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Mavis Staples, and Janis Joplin. ""Time"" magazine included her recording of ""Take This Hammer"" on its list"
"Adelaide Livingstone Dame Adelaide Lord Stickney Livingstone, DBE (19 January 1881 – 14 September 1970) was an American-British human rights activist responsible for organising the Peace Ballot in 1934–35 to gauge the British public's sentiment in the winds of upcoming war with a rearming and aggressive Germany led by Adolf Hitler. Livingstone was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, the daughter of Charles Devall Stickney of Fall River and Florence Sutherland Orr of Taunton. She was educated privately in the United States, Italy, France and Germany. At the outbreak of the First World War, Livingstone arrived in England, where she took"
"resolution of conflict. After the outbreak of war, the campaign had difficulty sustaining its activities and was wound up in early 1941. Adelaide Livingstone Dame Adelaide Lord Stickney Livingstone, DBE (19 January 1881 – 14 September 1970) was an American-British human rights activist responsible for organising the Peace Ballot in 1934–35 to gauge the British public's sentiment in the winds of upcoming war with a rearming and aggressive Germany led by Adolf Hitler. Livingstone was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, the daughter of Charles Devall Stickney of Fall River and Florence Sutherland Orr of Taunton. She was educated privately in"
"of slavery through political activism. In the face of great odds and powerful opposition, activists insisted that emancipation and racial equality could only be achieved through the political process. Representative activists include: Alvan Stewart, a Liberty party organizer from New York; John Greenleaf Whittier, a Massachusetts poet, journalist, and Liberty activist; Charles Henry Langston, an Ohio African American educator; Owen Lovejoy, a congressman from Illinois, whose brother was killed by a pro-slavery mob; Sherman Booth, a journalist and Liberty organizer in Wisconsin; Jane Grey Swisshelm, a journalist in Pennsylvania and Minnesota; George W. Julian, a congressman from Indiana; David Wilmot,"
"from Oba. However, it was revealed in trial court proceedings Howard Beatty was never served those protective order papers to stay away from Bailey. What was revealed at trial was that Michael Bailey/Kabaka Oba was the aggressor that terrorized and repeatedly went on public access television and radio threatening Howard Beatty, his family and his business. Kabaka Oba Michael Bailey, better known as Kabaka Oba (; February 9, 1958April 15, 2006), was an American civil rights activist and public transportation worker who was fatally shot outside City Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio. Kabaka Oba co-founded the ""Black Fist"" for the purposes"
"James Hart Stern James Hart Stern (born June 13, 1964) is a civil rights activist, speaker, and author from Los Angeles, California. He is most well known for his work defusing gang violence through a series of summits in the 1980s and 1990s and for his incarceration with Edgar Ray Killen, the former KKK leader who was convicted of the 1964 Mississippi Burning murders. Stern grew up in Watts, a suburb of Los Angeles. The son of working-class parents, Stern was part of the thriving black community in South Central. His father was a member of the Ethiopian Jewish community,"
"Oretha Castle Haley Oretha Castle Haley (July 22, 1939 – October 10, 1987) was an American civil rights activist in New Orleans. She came from a working-class background, yet was able to enroll in the Southern University of New Orleans, SUNO, then a center of student activism. She joined the protest marches and went on to become a prominent activist in the Civil Rights Movement and other causes. The 1954 US Supreme Court decision, ""Brown v. Board of Education"", undermined the legal foundation of separate-but-equal racial segregation. The landmark court decision emboldened the cause for civil rights. The 1955 murder"
"Albion W. Tourgée Albion Winegar Tourgée (May 2, 1838 – May 21, 1905) was an American soldier, Radical Republican, lawyer, writer, politician, and diplomat. A pioneer civil rights activist, he founded the National Citizens' Rights Association, established the historically black women's college Bennett College, and litigated for the plaintiff Homer Plessy in the famous segregation case ""Plessy v. Ferguson"" (1896). Historian Mark Elliott credits Tourgée with introducing the metaphor of ""color-blind justice"" into legal discourse. Born in rural Williamsfield, Ohio, on May 2, 1838, Tourgée was the son of farmer Valentine Tourgée and Louisa Emma Winegar. His mother died when"
"platform. Black activists, most prominently Martin Luther King, escalated the bearer agitation throughout the South, especially in Birmingham, Alabama, where brutal police tactics outraged national television audiences. The civil rights movement climaxed in the ""March on Washington"" in August 1963, where King gave his dramatic ""I Have a Dream"" speech. The activism put civil rights at the very top of the liberal political agenda and facilitated passage of the decisive Civil Rights Act of 1964, which permanently ended segregation in the United States, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which guaranteed blacks the right to vote, with strong enforcement"
"Euvester Simpson Euvester Simpson (yu-ves-tor; born December 12, 1946) is an American voting rights activist and contributor to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. A Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) member at the age of 17, she helped blacks learn to read, write, and register to vote in Mississippi during the movement. She was an active member in the movement through its entirety. She was involved in the Winona, Mississippi bus incident. Simpson was originally from Itta Bena, Mississippi. Her father sent her to Wisconsin to continue schooling following the murder of Emmett Till. Simpson went to"
"original version of the play had a limited run at the Barter in 2014. Carrie Chapman Catt and Mary Garrett Hay are characters in the play. The show also features anti-suffragist Josephine Anderson Pearson and Tennessee state representative Harry T. Burn, who cast the deciding vote for ratification in Tennessee. Catt was portrayed by Anjelica Huston in the film ""Iron Jawed Angels."" Carrie Chapman Catt Carrie Chapman Catt (January 9, 1859 – March 9, 1947) was an American women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave U.S. women the right to vote"
"T. R. M. Howard Theodore Roosevelt Mason ""T. R. M."" Howard (March 4, 1908 – May 1, 1976) was an American civil rights leader, fraternal organization leader, entrepreneur and surgeon. He was among the mentors to activists such as Medgar Evers, Charles Evers, Fannie Lou Hamer, Amzie Moore, Aaron Henry, and Jesse Jackson; founded Mississippi's leading civil rights organization in the 1950s, the Regional Council of Negro Leadership; and played a prominent role in the investigation of the kidnapping and murder of Emmett Till in the late 1950s. He was also president of the National Medical Association, chairman of the"
"across the South. Some of the early demonstrations achieved positive results, strengthening political activism, especially in the post-World War II years. Black veterans were impatient with social oppression after having fought for the United States and freedom across the world. In 1947 K. Leroy Irvis of Pittsburgh's Urban League, for instance, led a demonstration against employment discrimination by the city's department stores. It was the beginning of his own influential political career. In January 1964, President Lyndon Johnson met with civil rights leaders. On January 8, during his first State of the Union address, Johnson asked Congress to ""let this"
"future, the Board of Trustees of The Andrew Goodman Foundation elected to turn the organization into a public charity in 2012. In 2014, on the fiftieth anniversary of the murders, the Foundation officially launched Vote Everywhere, a program designed to support college students who are continuing the work of Freedom Summer. Andrew Goodman Andrew Goodman (November 23, 1943 – June 21, 1964) was one of three American activists of the Civil Rights Movement and also a social worker, murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi, during Freedom Summer in 1964 by members of the Ku Klux Klan. Andrew Goodman was born and raised"
"eventually, the lake's original name was officially restored. His papers are held in the library at California State University, Chico. The city of Shasta Lake named a park and community center after him. Clair Engle Clair Engle (September 21, 1911July 30, 1964) was an American politician of the Democratic Party and a United States Senator from California. He is best remembered for participating in the vote breaking the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the US Senate while partially paralyzed and unable to speak, shortly before his death from a brain tumor. Engle was born in Bakersfield,"
"Dorothy Cotton Dorothy Cotton (January 5, 1930 – June 10, 2018) was an American civil rights activist, who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States and a member of the inner-circle of one of its main organizations, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As the SCLC's Educational Director, she was arguably the highest ranked female member of the organization. Dorothy Foreman Cotton was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina, June 9, 1930 as Dorothy Lee Forman at the beginning of the Great Depression. Her mother died when she was 3 years old, leaving her and her"
"of congestive heart failure at a hospital near his home in Clarksdale, following a stroke. Aaron Henry Aaron Henry (July 2, 1922 – May 19, 1997) was an American civil rights leader, politician, and head of the Mississippi branch of the NAACP. He was one of the founders of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party which tried to seat their delegation at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Aaron Henry was born in Dublin, Mississippi to parents Ed and Mattie Henry, who worked as sharecroppers. While growing up, he worked on the Flowers brothers' plantation, which was twenty miles east of Clarksdale"
"Charles Neblett Charles ""Chuck"" Neblett (born 1941) is a civil rights activist best known for helping to found and being a member of The Freedom Singers. Neblett hails from Cairo, Illinois. He took an interest in the Civil Rights Movement from a young age. His first awareness of the Movement was noticing that the schools he and his fellow African Americans attended received inferior funding to white schools. When Emmett Till was murdered in 1955, the news profoundly affected Neblett. It was in light of this tragedy that he realized as a black American he ""had no rights that white"
"Education"" in 1954, desegregating American schools and the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and 1956 leading to a similar ruling regarding public bus segregation by the Supreme Court, marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, meant to abolish American segregation. The movement lead to protests across the United States, including the March on Washington in 1963, where civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous ""I Have a Dream"" speech. Though the civil rights protests were often met with violent retaliation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ensured much of the goals the protesters and activists had"
"respected."" Charles Neblett Charles ""Chuck"" Neblett (born 1941) is a civil rights activist best known for helping to found and being a member of The Freedom Singers. Neblett hails from Cairo, Illinois. He took an interest in the Civil Rights Movement from a young age. His first awareness of the Movement was noticing that the schools he and his fellow African Americans attended received inferior funding to white schools. When Emmett Till was murdered in 1955, the news profoundly affected Neblett. It was in light of this tragedy that he realized as a black American he ""had no rights that"
"work as an activist with the League of Women Voters, delegate to the New Jersey Constitutional Convention, and prison reformer. Jane Barus Jane Ellen (Garey) Barus (1892 – August 9, 1977) was a civil rights leader and suffrage advocate. Barus served as a delegate to New Jersey's 1947 Constitutional Convention, which drafted the constitution in current use (as of 2015). She also led activities to promote social justice and reform of municipal services. Born Jane Garey in Kansas City, Missouri, she grew up in South Orange, New Jersey. Barus graduated in 1909 from the Beard School (now Morristown-Beard School) in"
"Franklin Florence Franklin Delano Roosevelt Florence, Sr. (born August 9, 1934) is a minister who has been heavily involved in civil rights work in Rochester, New York for five decades. He is most well known as the founder and first president of the civil rights group, F.I.G.H.T in 1965 after the 1964 Rochester race riot. He currently serves as the senior pastor at the Central Church of Christ and F.I.G.H.T. Village apartments in Rochester, New York. Florence was born in 1934 to Hozel and Berth Florence. He came under the influence of evangelist Marshall Keeble in his mid-teens. He was"
"Clair Engle Clair Engle (September 21, 1911July 30, 1964) was an American politician of the Democratic Party and a United States Senator from California. He is best remembered for participating in the vote breaking the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the US Senate while partially paralyzed and unable to speak, shortly before his death from a brain tumor. Engle was born in Bakersfield, to Fred Engle, a rancher who had been a teacher and a lawyer, and his wife, Carita. His parents named him after his aunt, who had assisted in his birth, and his name"
"the age of 88. Dorothy Cotton Dorothy Cotton (January 5, 1930 – June 10, 2018) was an American civil rights activist, who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States and a member of the inner-circle of one of its main organizations, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As the SCLC's Educational Director, she was arguably the highest ranked female member of the organization. Dorothy Foreman Cotton was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina, June 9, 1930 as Dorothy Lee Forman at the beginning of the Great Depression. Her mother died when she was 3 years old,"
"Kate Richards O'Hare Carrie Katherine ""Kate"" Richards O'Hare (March 26, 1876 – January 10, 1948) was an American Socialist Party activist, editor, and orator best known for her controversial imprisonment during World War I. Carrie Katherine Richards was born March 26, 1876, in Ottawa County, Kansas. Her father, Andrew Richards (c. 1846–1916), was the son of slaveowners who had come to hate the institution, enlisting as a bugler and drummer boy in the Union Army at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Following the conclusion of the war he had married his childhood sweetheart and moved to"
"Olga T. Weber Olga T. Weber (April 27, 1903 – August 1, 1978) was an American activist known for her work campaigning for the recognition of Constitution Day and Constitution Week in Ohio and later, for the United States as a whole. Her efforts led to the annual celebration of Constitution Week in Louisville, Ohio and the town being named ""Constitution Town."" Weber was born April 27, 1903 in Pittsburgh. Weber didn't want others to forget or take for granted their rights and freedoms. So in 1951, Olga started to hand out copies of the ""US Constitution"", ""Bill of Rights"","
"Charlotte Anita Whitney Charlotte Anita Whitney (July 7, 1867 – February 4, 1955), best known as ""Anita Whitney,"" was an American women's rights activist, political activist, suffragist, and early Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party USA organizer in California. She is best remembered as the defendant in a landmark 1920 California criminal syndicalism trial, ""Whitney v. California,"" which featured a landmark U.S. Supreme Court concurring opinion by Justice Louis Brandeis that only a ""clear and present danger"" would be sufficient for the legislative restriction of the right of free speech. This standard would ultimately be employed against the"
"up in segregated Mississippi, ""Ten Freedom Summers"" includes """"Fannie Lou Hamer and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 1964"""" as one of its 19 suites. A picture book about Hamer's life, ""Voice of Freedom: Fannie Lou Hamer, Spirit of the Civil Rights Movement"", was written by Carole Boston Weatherford; it won a Coretta Scott King Award. Hamer is also one of 28 civil rights icons depicted on the Buffalo, New York Freedom Wall. And a quote from Hamer's speech at the 1964 Democratic National Convention is carved on one of the eleven granite columns at the Civil Rights Garden in Atlantic"
"Emanuel Celler, pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through the House of Representatives. During the Great Society Congress, he opposed most Great Society legislation. After the Great Society Congress (1965–1966), he began to adopt a few liberal positions, such as supporting strong gun control legislation in 1968 as well as busing. He was not a candidate for reelection in the 1972 election to the Ninety-third Congress. He then resumed the practice of law in Piqua, Ohio. In early 2010, McCulloch was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall"
"by people like Rosanell Eaton. Rosanell Eaton Rosanell Eaton (April 14, 1921 – December 8, 2018) was an American civil rights worker. She was born on a farm near Louisburg, North Carolina. When she was 21 years old, Eaton became one of the first African Americans to vote in her county after completing a literacy test. She registered more than 4,000 citizens to vote in North Carolina. In August 2015, President Obama, in his response to the New York Times cover story on ""Efforts over the last 50 years to dismantle the protections in the Voting Rights Act of 1965"","