"within the Spanish Empire of the Captaincy General of Chile. The struggle for independence was a war within the upper class, although the majority of troops on both sides consisted of conscripted mestizos and Native Americans. The beginning of the Independence movement is traditionally dated as September 18, 1810 when a national junta was established to govern Chile in the name of the deposed king Ferdinand VII. Depending on what terms one uses to define the end, the movement extended until 1821 (when the Spanish were expelled from mainland Chile) or 1826 (when the last Spanish troops surrendered and Chiloé"
"Chilean Sign Language Chilean Sign Language, or ""Lengua de Señas Chilena"" (LSCh), is the sign language of Chile's seven deaf institutions. It is used by people all over Chile and is the primary language used by the deaf community, being used for television interpretations. There is variation within the language depending on factors such as geographical location, age, and educational background. Mainly spoken all across Chile In 2004, it had been estimated that about 292,700 people (1.8%) of the Chilean population had some type of auditory deficiency. About half of the people with auditory deficiency are over the age of"
"Diario Oficial de la República de Chile The Official Journal of the Republic of Chile () is Chile's government gazette – a means of publication of laws, decrees, and other legal regulations issued by state bodies. It was created by decree of President Aníbal Pinto on 15 November 1876. Its first issue was published on 1 March 1877. The ""Official Journal"" appears Monday through Saturday, except holidays. The ""Official Journal"" replaced ""El Araucano"", which had been the official government gazette from 1830 to 1876. It was created on the initiative of Interior Minister José Victorino Lastarria, who wanted a formal"
"extent in southern Chile, either in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities of larger cities. Through initiatives such as the English Opens Doors Program, the government made English mandatory for students in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile start teaching English from kindergarten. Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech. In Chile, education begins with preschool until the age of 5. Primary school is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Students then attend secondary school until graduation at age 17. Secondary education"
"the Spanish language worldwide. In May 1828, a constitutional convention began regular meetings in the church of San Francisco. By August 9, the Constitution of the Republic of Chile was fully drafted and disseminated. On June 6, 1837, Minister Diego Portales was shot at the port outside of Baron Hill on suspicion of promoting conspirators who opposed the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, considered a turning point of Chilean public opinion and the purpose of the war. By 1851, the first fire brigade in the country was formed. The next year potable running water became available, as well as the first telegraph service"
"and, since 1999, an illustrious member Víctor García de la Concha). Academia Chilena de la Lengua The Academia Chilena de la Lengua (Spanish for ""Chilean Language Academy"") is an association of academics and experts on the use of the Spanish language in Chile. It is a member of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. It was founded in Santiago de Chile on June 5, 1885. It started out with 18 members designated by the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). Today, it has 36 academics, plus members in several Chilean regions and abroad. The honoris causa members are"
"Chilean literature Chilean literature refers to all written or literary work produced in Chile or by Chilean writers. The literature of Chile is usually written in Spanish. Chile has a rich literary tradition and has been home to two Nobel prize winners, the poets Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda. It has also seen three winners of the Miguel de Cervantes Prize, considered one of the most important Spanish language literature prizes: the novelist, journalist and diplomat Jorge Edwards (1998), and the poets Gonzalo Rojas (2003) and Nicanor Parra (2011). As the native cultures of the territories known today as Chile"
"Academia Chilena de la Lengua The Academia Chilena de la Lengua (Spanish for ""Chilean Language Academy"") is an association of academics and experts on the use of the Spanish language in Chile. It is a member of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. It was founded in Santiago de Chile on June 5, 1885. It started out with 18 members designated by the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). Today, it has 36 academics, plus members in several Chilean regions and abroad. The honoris causa members are the permanent member (Gabriela Mistral), the honorary member (John Paul II),"
"official languages. The Philippine constitution designates Filipino as the national language and – along with English – as official languages. Spanish was the national and official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It remained, along with English, as a de facto official language until removed in 1973 by a constitutional change. After a few months it was re-designated an official language by presidential decree and remained official until 1987, when the present Constitution removed its official status. Spanish"
"population was largely formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions. There are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile: Mapudungun, Quechua, Aymara and Rapa Nui. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took over as the lingua franca and the indigenous languages have become minority languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction. German is still spoken to some"
"Chilean Spanish Chilean Spanish (, """" or "")"" is any of several varieties of Spanish spoken in most of Chile. Chilean Spanish dialects have distinctive pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and slang usage that differ from those of standard Spanish. In Chile, there are not many differences between the Spanish spoken in the northern, central and southern areas of the country, although there are notable differences in zones of the far south—such as Aysén, Magallanes (mainly along the border with Argentina), and Chiloé—and in Arica in the extreme north. There is, however, much variation in the Spanish spoken by different social classes."
"Under such proposals, all Spanish-speaking pupils and students are to learn at least one indigenous language. Compared to other countries in the region the indigenous population in Chile is relatively small. This leads to different obstacles when establishing an IBE model in the country. IBE became a significant model in the educational policies since Law 19.253 was passed in 1993 and established IBE in Chile. Due to the small populations and the low number of qualified teachers to implement the IBE model, Chile has had some difficulties in establishing a successful long term program equipped with not only enough teachers"
"Chilean Civil Code The Civil Code of the Republic of Chile (""Código Civil de la República de Chile"", also referred to as the ""Code of Bello"") is the work of jurist and legislator Andrés Bello. After several years of individual work (though officially presented as the work of multiple Congress commissions), Bello delivered a complete project of the Code on November 22, 1855, which was sent to Congress by President Manuel Montt, preceded by a foreword by Bello himself. Congress passed the Civil Code into law on December 14, 1855. It then came into force on January 1, 1857. Although"
"a lesser degree, in Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile amongst other countries. In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent (e.g. Uruguay). Mexico is possibly the only country that contains a wider variety of indigenous languages than any Latin American country, but the most spoken language is Nahuatl. In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely related Quichua is a recognized language"
"the Chilean football, the city of Rancagua and Tomé, so that a date of mourning decreed in the different leagues of the ANFP, and a days in Rancagua and Tomé. The original anthem of the club is in Spanish. The official lyrics were announced by the club at the official website This table includes only results pertaining to the Campeonato Nacional and the Primera B, separated by year of the realization of the tournament, as well as the different rounds that had tournaments. ""Last updated: Apertura 2014–15."" In his history, the club has qualified for six international tournaments, including four"
"Chilean Declaration of Independence The Chilean Declaration of Independence is a document declaring the independence of Chile from the Spanish Empire. It was drafted in January 1818 and approved by Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins on 12 February 1818 at Talca, despite being dated in Concepción on 1 January 1818. The ceremony of independence was performed on 12 February 1818, the first anniversary of the Battle of Chacabuco. The original document, displaying manuscript comments by O'Higgins, was damaged at the Palace of the Real Audiencia of Santiago. In 1832, under President José Joaquín Prieto, a new copy was sent to Peru"
"in the process of undergoing alterations similar to what happened in Italian, and if not for modern mass media and telecommunication advances might have eventually evolved into yet another separate Romance language. Spoken verbal forms in Chilean Spanish range a full spectrum, for instance, ""you (singular) are mine"" can be heard spoken in any of a myriad of ways (all of which descended from Spanish forms of ""Vos Soís"", ""Tú eres"", and ""Usted Es""): Most of these are only in spoken form, others are sometimes written, but only ""Tú eres"" or ""Usted es"" are considered standard Spanish. Usage depends on"
"National Anthem of Chile The National Anthem of Chile () is also known as Canción Nacional (National Song). The song has a history of two lyrics and two melodies that made up three different versions. The current version was composed by Ramón Carnicer, with words by Eusebio Lillo, and has six parts plus the chorus. The first Chilean National Anthem dates back to 1819, when the government called for, on the 19th of July, the creation of music and lyrics for this purpose. The composer Manuel Robles and the poet Bernardo de Vera y Pintado fulfilled this mandate and their"
"other languages spoken in the country, including Portuguese, Chinese, Hindustani and several native languages. English is also spoken in the Falkland Islands. French is the official language of French Guiana and the second language in Amapá, Brazil. Indigenous languages of South America include Quechua in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Wayuunaiki in northern Colombia (La Guajira) and northwestern Venezuela (Zulia); Guaraní in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina. At least three South"
"English Opens Doors program, the government made English mandatory for students in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile start teaching English from kindergarten. Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech. Since 2010, all students from 3rd grade in secondary school have been tested on listening and reading comprehension in English. The evaluation is compulsory and the instrument is TOIEC Bridge, developed by Educational Testing Service. In the most recent census (2002), 70 percent of the population over age 14 identified as Roman Catholic and 15.1 percent as evangelical. In the"
"the segmental information of words. It has been integrated into the deaf community for a variety reasons which include ""when a concept lacks a specific sign, for proper nouns, for loan signs, or when signs are ambiguous."" Chilean Sign Language Chilean Sign Language, or ""Lengua de Señas Chilena"" (LSCh), is the sign language of Chile's seven deaf institutions. It is used by people all over Chile and is the primary language used by the deaf community, being used for television interpretations. There is variation within the language depending on factors such as geographical location, age, and educational background. Mainly spoken"
"Littín (""El chacal de Nahueltoro""), Silvio Caiozzi (""Julio comienza en julio""), and Andrés Wood (""Machuca""). Other entertainment includes radio and television with TVN (Television Nacional de Chile) owned but not paid by the government but funding comes from commercial sponsors by private companies and media productions. Football is the most popular sport in Chile, and practiced by Chileans from all economic backgrounds, it is the one sport that appeals to both young and old that is the most accessible. The Federación de Fútbol de Chile is the governing body of ""fútbol"" in Chile. Practices such as ""baby fútbol"", which is"
"Chile Chile (; ), officially the Republic of Chile (), is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral"
"to 8) classes are taught in English except for Religion, Physical Education (PE), Spanish, Technology and Art. Almost all MYP and Diploma Program classes for 9th through 12th graders are taught in Spanish. However, all Santiago College graduates are expected to achieve a high level of proficiency in English. In 2006, the school had a 100% pass rate in the IB Diploma English examinations. The library subscribes to 30 periodical publications in Spanish and in English. Two of Chile's most important newspapers, El Mercurio and La Tercera, are delivered daily. The Audiovisual Collection contains important documentary material and films on"
"in either country’s educational system despite the Chilean government's commitment to provide full access to education in Mapuche areas in southern Chile. There is an ongoing political debate over which alphabet to use as the standard alphabet of written Mapudungun. There are approximately 144,000 native speakers in Chile and another 8,400 in west central Argentina. Only 2.4% of urban speakers and 16% of rural speakers use Mapudungun when speaking with children, and only 3.8% of speakers aged 10–19 years in the south of Chile (the language’s stronghold) are ""highly competent"" in the language. Depending on the alphabet, the sound is"
"Chilean Spanish has a great deal of distinctive slang and vocabulary. Some examples of distinctive Chilean slang include ""al tiro"" (right away), ""gallo/a"" (guy/gal), ""fome"" (boring), ""pololear"" (to go out as girlfriend/boyfriend), ""pelambre"" (gossip), ""pito"" (marijuana cigarette i.e. joint) ""poto"" (buttocks), ""quiltro"" (mutt) and ""chomba"" (knitted sweater) ""wea"" (thing; can be used for an object or situation). In addition, several words in Chilean Spanish are borrowed from neighboring Amerindian languages. In Chilean Spanish there is lexical influence from Argentine dialects, which suggests a covert prestige. Lexical influences cut across the different social strata of Chile. Argentine summer tourism in Chile"
"of independence was officially issued by Chile on February 12, 1818 and formally recognized by Spain in 1840, when full diplomatic relations were established. From 1817 to 1823, Bernardo O'Higgins ruled Chile as supreme director. He won plaudits for defeating royalists and founding schools, but civil strife continued. O'Higgins alienated liberals and provincials with his authoritarianism, conservatives and the church with his anticlericalism, and landowners with his proposed reforms of the land tenure system. His attempt to devise a constitution in 1818 that would legitimize his government failed, as did his effort to generate stable funding for the new administration."
"in accordance with the provisions of the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the Rapa Nui National Park (1995), the Churches of Chiloé (2000), the historical district of the port city of Valparaíso (2003), Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works (2005) and the mining city Sewell (2006). In 1999 the ""Cultural Heritage Day"" was established as a way to honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage. It is an official national event celebrated in May every year. Chile Chile (; ), officially the Republic of Chile"
"preferred drink is chicha, a lightly alcoholic beverage typically made from grapes, although apple chicha is popular in southern Chile. Red wine enjoys popularity during the holiday, while pisco, the so-called ""national liquor"", becomes secondary. Alfajores are a typical dessert. They consist of two lightly breaded cookies joined with manjar, a sweet filling made from caramelized condensed milk. In Chile, it is mandatory to hang the Chilean flag from every building in the country on 18 and 19 September (and 21 May as well). The flag should be in perfect condition, hung from a white pole or from the front"
"Brazil. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana. Indigenous languages of South America include Quechua in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Wayuunaiki in northern Colombia (La Guajira) and northwestern Venezuela (Zulia); Guaraní in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages. Other languages found in South America include,"
"spoke their native language were considered, irrespective of their ""racial purity."" According to the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced a native culture or spoke a native language were surveyed, and 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description. Of that 4.6%, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. Most of the indigenous population show varying degrees of mixed ancestry. Chile is one of the twenty-two countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989. It was adopted in 1989 as the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169. Chile"
"English Opens Doors The English Opens Doors Programme (Spanish language: Programa Inglés Abre Puertas ) is an initiative of the Chilean Ministry of Education (MINEDUC) to apply technical expertise and improve English as a foreign language (EFL) teaching, making it more accessible to Chilean people. The English Opens Doors programme was launched in 2003 and has been constantly supported since the first government of President Michelle Bachelet. In 2014, the English Opens Doors Programme was transferred from the Curriculum and Evaluation Unit to the Division of General Education. This structural change reflects the Educational Reform of the second Bachelet government,"
"is Spanish (Castilian), followed by Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian, which together cover a vast territory in Europe and beyond, and work as official and national languages in dozens of countries. French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian are also official languages of the European Union. Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan are the official languages of the Latin Union; and French and Spanish are two of the six official languages of the United Nations. Outside Europe, French, Portuguese and Spanish are spoken and enjoy official status in various countries that emerged from the respective colonial empires. Spanish is an"