"of Brezhnev, there could be no peaceful resolution to the situation that developed. The Soviets now expressed a preference for the conflict to be resolved by the Polish authorities, but Poland, according to Karol Modzelewski, was lucky to avoid a carnage of foreign intervention. Others, including the historian Antoni Dudek, feel that there was no sufficient justification for the imposition of martial law that followed. On 13 December 1981, claiming that the country was on the verge of economic and civil breakdown and alleging a danger of Soviet intervention, General Wojciech Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity. Martial law was"
"once again, on 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski finally proclaimed martial law. To justify the emergency measures, Jaruzelski was still playing on the public fear of Soviet invasion. However, there was no significant resistance to the martial law and any foreign military backing proved unnecessary. Ever since, Jaruzelski himself has denied that he invited Soviet troops, insisting that, on the contrary, the martial law was aimed at prevention of a Soviet military intervention. In November 1997, a conference was held in Jachranka on the Soviet role in the Polish crisis of 1980–1981, where Solidarity, Polish communist, Soviet and American participants of"
"He graduated from University of Gdańsk with a major in late antiquity military history. At the time martial law was declared in December 1981, Domaradzki was 35 years old and deeply involved as an activist and organizer in the Independent Self-governing Trade Union ""Solidarity"", with responsibility for frontline members as well as publications and press releases. Although martial law was lifted in July 1983, there was little immediate improvement in the country's political situation and, in January 1984, he left the Polish People's Republic for France. Ten months later he immigrated with his wife Janina and son Krystian (born 1979)"
"succeeded by Wojciech Jaruzelski, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81). The government then disallowed Solidarity on October 8, 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985"
"and was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who adopted a strong-arm policy. On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation (""Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego"", or ""WRON""). Solidarity's leaders, gathered at Gdańsk, were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service (""Służba Bezpieczeństwa"" or ""SB""), and some 5,000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night. Censorship was expanded, and military forces appeared on the streets. A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred, chiefly at the largest"
"of the Polish United Workers' Party on October 18th, 1981. Before initiating the plan of suppressing the Solidarity, he presented it to Soviet Premier Nikolai Tikhonov. On 13th of December 1981, Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland. In 1982 Jaruzelski revitalized the Front of National Unity, the organization the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became chairman of the Polish Council of State, a post equivalent to that of president or a dictator, with his power centered on and firmly entrenched"
"PZPR. The Plenum's vote was 180 to 4, and he kept his government posts. Jaruzelski asked parliament to ban strikes and allow him to exercise extraordinary powers, but when neither request was granted, he decided to proceed with his plans anyway. On 12–13 December 1981, the regime declared martial law in Poland, under which the army and ZOMO riot police were used to crush Solidarity. The Soviet leaders insisted that Jaruzelski pacify the opposition with the forces at his disposal, without direct Soviet involvement. Virtually all Solidarity leaders and many affiliated intellectuals were arrested or detained. Nine workers were killed"
"in International Affairs. In 1981, during the Marshal Law introduced by the Jaruzelski, he received the degree of the assistant professor at the Higher School of Social Science run by the Central Committee of the communist Polish United Workers Party (Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych KC PZPR). 1977-1978 he was a Fulbright Scholar (at the Harvard University) and got another scholarship from International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX) in 1988 (scholar at the University of California, Berkeley). In the 80s he was a scholar at the UN University in Tokyo, after coming back to Poland he taught at the University of"
"Poland was swept by a wave of anti-communist strikes, and around ten million joined the anti-communist Solidarity trade union, Kopański co-founded a branch of this broad grassroots social movement at the University of Silesia. On the introduction of martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the leadership and activists of Solidarity were summarily rounded up by the military junta presided by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. Kopański was one of the interned, he became a political prisoner for the second time in his life. Between 1981 and 1982 he was detained in Strzelce Opolskie, Uherce Mineralne, and Rzeszów. Upon his release"
"next first secretary of the PZPR, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, introduced martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981. Gierek was interned for a year from December 1981. Unlike the (also-interned) opposition activists, the internment status brought Gierek no social respect. He ended his political career as the era's main pariah. Edward Gierek died in July 2001 of the miner's lung illness in a hospital in Cieszyn, near the southern mountain resort of Ustroń where he spent his last years. From the perspective of time his rule was now seen in a more positive light and over ten thousand people attended"
"In February 1981, Defense Minister General Wojciech Jaruzelski assumed the position of prime minister. The Solidarity social revolt had thus far been free of any major use of force, but in March 1981 in Bydgoszcz three activists were beaten up by the secret police. In a nationwide ""warning strike"" the 9.5-million-strong Solidarity union was supported by the population at large, but a general strike was called off by Wałęsa after the 30 March settlement with the government. Both Solidarity and the communist party were badly split and the Soviets were losing patience. Kania was re-elected at the Party Congress in"
"regional structure, comprising 38 regions (""region"") and two districts (""okręg""). At its highest, the Union had over 10 million members, which became the largest union membership in the world. During the communist era the 38 regional delegates were arrested and jailed when martial law came into effect on 13 December 1981 under General Wojciech Jaruzelski. After a one-year prison term the high-ranking members of the union were offered one way trips to any country accepting them (including Canada, the United States, and nations in the Middle East). Solidarity was organized as an industrial union, or more specifically according to the"
"the NKVD, the Polish soldiers mostly confined themselves to just following the partisans in their vehicles, without engaging them in direct fighting. One of the soldiers among the army units happened to be Wojciech Jaruzelski, the future communist leader of Poland, who declared martial law in 1981. Jaruzelski's official website, in the ""Diariusz"" (Diary) section, states that from the fall of 1945 until 1946, Jaruzelski took part in ""fighting bandits of the armed underground and Ukrainian nationalist"" in order to ""defend the Polishness of Hrubieszow Land"". During the fighting, one of WiN's freed prisoners was accidentally killed by friendly fire"
"formal letter to Brezhnev, Honecker proposed a joint military measure to control the escalating problems in Poland. A CIA report suggested the Soviet military were mobilising for an invasion. In 1980-81 representatives from the Eastern Bloc nations met at the Kremlin to discuss the Polish situation. Brezhnev eventually concluded on 10 December 1981 that it would be better to leave the domestic matters of Poland alone, reassuring the Polish delegates that the USSR would intervene only if asked to. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. With domestic matters escalating out of control in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed"
"the labor movement's goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-law, supporters of Solidarity, fled to the United States early in 1981 and received asylum. In October 1981, the Polish government ordered Spasowski home. He protested, and the recall order was rescinded. On December 13, 1981, Polish government leader General Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law. On the afternoon of December 19, 1981, Spasowski telephoned the U.S. State Department to announce that he was defecting and requesting asylum. The next day he told a worldwide radio audience that he had defected to show support for Solidarity and Lech Wałęsa."
"repression and reform and the economic-political struggle acquired new characteristics with the 1978 election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II. Wojtyła's unexpected elevation strengthened the opposition to the authoritarian and ineffective system of ""nomenklatura""-run state socialism, especially with the pope's first visit to Poland in 1979. In early August 1980, a new wave of strikes resulted in the founding of the independent trade union ""Solidarity"" (Polish ""Solidarność"") led by electrician Lech Wałęsa. The growing strength and activity of the opposition caused the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski to declare martial law in December 1981. However, with the reforms of"
"of Warsaw pact from March 16 to 25, hoping Walesa could help maintain the social order and avoid anti-Soviet remarks. Jaruzelski also reminded Walesa that the Solidarity had used foreign funds. Walesa joked ""We don't have to take only dollars. We can take corns, fertilizers, whatever is okay. I talked with Mr. Kania before that I would take everything from the enemy. The more the better, until the enemy was weakened no more"". Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland. Wałęsa and many other Solidarity leaders and activists were arrested;"
"to his attempted assassination two years later. In December 1981, Poland's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy. Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet"
"and Glemp), as well as the Pope, called on Solidarity to be more cooperative and reasonable, and even criticized the trade union for actions taken. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Many in the Church defended the people who were arrested. The government nevertheless found that it required the church as a mediator in the crisis; General Jaruzelski in his first address to the Seym in 1982 stated: In 1982 the Joint Committee of Episcopate and Church was reactivated, and began negotiations"
"principal organiser of the August 1980 strike in the Gdańsk Shipyard which led to the formation of the Solidarity trade union, and a co-author of the strikers postulates. He took part in the formation of the Solidarity free trade union. After the institution of martial law by the regime on 13 December 1981, he spent more than four years hiding from the authorities and organising the underground structures of the then-outlawed Solidarity trade union. In 1983, he secretly married fellow activist Alina Pienkowska, an underground event cited in Andrzej Wajda's Man of Iron starring Lech Walesa and Anna Walentynowicz. The"
"Barbara Jaruzelska Halina Barbara Jaruzelska (née Ryfa; 1931 – 29 May 2017) was a Polish academic, philologist, and professor of German studies and language. Jaruzelska was the First Lady of Poland from 1985 to 1990 during the government of her husband, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, the President of the Polish People's Republic (1985–1989) and the President of the Republic of Poland (1989–1990). Professionally, Jaruzelska worked as a lecturer and German philology professor at the Institute of Appiled Linguistics at the University of Warsaw. Jaruzelska died in on 29 May 2017, at the age of 86. She was survived by her daughter,"
"human rights. In 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, Edelman was interned by the government. In 1983, he refused to take part in the official celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising sponsored by Poland's communist government, believing that this ""would be an act of cynicism and contempt"" in a country ""where social life is dominated throughout by humiliation and coercion."" Instead, he walked with friends to the street where Mordechai Anielewicz's bunker had been located. Edelman took part in the Round Table Talks as Solidarity's consultant on health policy. In post-communist Poland, Edelman was"
"precisely, of the Red Army), a new rank of ""generał armii"" (General of an Army) was introduced, as a direct copy of the Soviet rank of ""Генерал армии"". However, after the death of Joseph Stalin and the end of Stalinism in Poland, the general officers rank structure returned to the pre-war pattern. In 1981 Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski (being at this time the 1st Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, the Prime Minister and the Minister of the National Defense) introduced again the rank of general of the army. As the only person to hold the newly introduced rank, he"
"Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the 1956 events in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc. The introduction of martial law was enthusiastically supported by some figures on the radical right like Jędrzej Giertych, who believed Solidarity to be a disguised communist movement dominated by Jewish Trotskyites. Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of the citizenry. It also led to severe economic consequences. The ruling military dictatorship instituted major price rises (dubbed ""economic"
"were members of the Home Army (""Armia Krajowa"") during the German and Soviet occupations of Poland in World War II. They were arrested by the Soviets and sent to Siberia. Both survived the gulags thanks to the lifesaving determination of her father. Tuge-Erecińska worked closely with Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa during the 1980s. When martial law was declared in Poland on 13 December 1981, she joined the protest in the shipyard. She was the one to smuggle out the official statement by the striking workers that the resistance would continue in spite of military coup d'état. She assisted families of"
"a master's degree. Komorowska was a Latin teacher at a high school. She met Bronisław Komorowski in 1970, when she was a member of the . They married in 1977. They have five children: Zofia (born 1979), Tadeusz (born 1981), Maria (born 1983), Piotr (born 1986) and Elżbieta (born 1989). After the introduction of martial law in Poland, her husband was interned. On 31 December 1981, she reached his internment camp as one of the first three women ever to do so. After the fall of communism in Poland, she worked for an insurance company for five years. Anna Komorowska"
"Marshall Law in Poland in 1981, then archbishop – now cardinal – Józef Glemp, called for nonviolence in Poland. The media portrayed the message as a call for submission to the authorities. Václav Havel wrote in 1987 of one instance where the state-controlled Polish media ran articles labeling priests as “practitioners of black magic who, with the assistance of the Devil, serves the black mass of anticommunism in the church of St. Stanislaw Kostka,” and murdering the particularly anti-Soviet ones. Indeed, in 1984 priest Popiełuszko (later beatified) was murdered within an unauthorized Internal Security operation. In 1949, Pius XII issued"
"in either Kłodzko or Bielawa, Poland. In 1994, when Pietrzak was age ten, his family emigrated to the U.S., and settled in the Bensonhurst neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. Pietrzak joined the Marines in 2003, became a helicopter mechanic and was sent to Iraq. After his return, he married Jenkins, whom he had met in 2005 at a party for Marines being deployed to Iraq. Jenkins, who worked for the local Black Infant Care Center, was initially reluctant to date a Marine. But Pietrzak won her over, and they were married on August 8, 2008. They bought a house in"
"to the self-dissolution of the ‘Central Council of Trade Unions’ (CRZZ) which was subordinated to the PZPR. During Martial Law, which was introduced on 13 December 1981 and lasted until June 1983, Solidarnosc was banned and the controlled refoundation of trade unions dependent on state orders began. In establishments and state combines affiliated unions were founded. Only in 1984 the ‘All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions’ (OPZZ) was set up as an umbrella organisation to coordinate them. The OPZZ received not only all properties of the CRZZ, but also of the banned Solidarnosc. After the regime changes of the year 1989"
"degree in 1976. Author of a few books on astronomy and cosmology. After 1989 he stopped engaging in public life. He has two daughters, Małgorzata and Anna. Antoni Stawikowski Antoni Stawikowski (born. 1933, Poland), first leader of the Polish illegal Solidarity union in Toruń. Stawikowski was the president of the then-illegal Solidarity union in Toruń from 1981 till 1989 when the union has been proclaimed legal. Together with Ryszard Musielak, Andrzej Tyc, Stanisław Dembiński, Jarosław Zaremba and others, Stawikowski was one of the crucial activists fighting with the communists regime in the region of Toruń. During the martial law (1981-1983)"
"and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the Communists. Late 1980s was the time of deep economic crisis of Poland. The military regime of General Wojciech Jaruzelski did not carry out any radical reform of the economy in 1982-1983 following their imposition of Martial Law in Poland. Industrial production remained below the 1979 level. Average inflation rate climbed to 60% by 1988, and Poland’s hard-currency debt to the Western countries grew"
"national record. In the late 1960s he also worked for the regional sport federation, organizing training camps and competitions. A movie ( – World record) was filmed by based on his swimming career. He received a master's degree with a thesis on the ""Movement and the ideology of fascism in Italy and Germany"" (). In 1975, he married again, to the singer whom he knew from school years; however, this marriage lasted only a few months. In the early 1980s, Petrusewicz married again, to a school teacher; he also threw himself into politics. During a demonstration in December 1981 he"
"Italy with his wife and decided to defect together. After five years in Italy, he moved to France and in 1978 received French citizenship. After his defection Mrożek turned critical of the Polish communist regime. Later on, he also protested publicly against the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) from the safety of his residence in France. Long after the collapse of the Soviet empire he commented on his fascination with Communism in a following way. His first wife, Maria Obremba, died in 1969. In 1987 he married Susana Osorio-Mrozek, a Mexican woman. In 1996, he relocated back to Poland"