"Pioneer 10 Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing , that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, ""Pioneer 10"" became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California, and the space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc. ""Pioneer 10"" was assembled around a hexagonal bus with a diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna, and the spacecraft was spin stabilized around the axis of"
"programs. Space Technology Laboratories (STL), then a division of Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., designed and produced the identical payloads for Pioneer 0, 1 and 2. These were intended to orbit and photograph the Moon, but launch vehicle problems prevented this. NASA launched Pioneer 1 as its first spacecraft on October 11, 1958. It set a distance record from Earth, and provided data on the extent of Earth's radiation belts. Pioneer 10 and 11 were nearly identical spacecraft, designed and fabricated by TRW Systems Group. They were optimized for ruggedness since they were the first man-made objects to pass through the asteroid belt"
"and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The plaque is attached to the antenna support struts to provide some shielding from interstellar dust. In the film """", a Klingon ship destroys ""Pioneer 10"" as target practice. In the internet multimedia fiction project ""17776"", a sentient ""Pioneer 10"" is one of the main characters. Pioneer 10 Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing , that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, ""Pioneer 10"" became the first of five"
"Pioneer plaque The Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminium plaques which were placed on board the 1972 ""Pioneer 10"" and 1973 ""Pioneer 11"" spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either ""Pioneer 10"" or ""11"" is intercepted by extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The ""Pioneer 10"" and ""11"" spacecraft were the first human-built objects to achieve escape velocity from the Solar System. The plaques were attached to the spacecraft's antenna support struts in"
"the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. ""Pioneer 10"" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31,"
"Pioneer program The Pioneer program was a series of United States unmanned space missions that were designed for planetary exploration. There were a number of such missions in the program, but the most notable were Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, which explored the outer planets and left the solar system. Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 carry a golden plaque, depicting a man and a woman and information about the origin and the creators of the probes, should any extraterrestrials find them someday. Credit for naming the first probe has been attributed to Stephen A. Saliga, who had been assigned to"
"and Jupiter's radiation belt. Simplicity, redundancy, and use of proven components were essential. As NASA's first all-atomic powered spacecraft, these used plutonium-238 units developed by Teledyne Isotopes. Pioneer 10 carried 11 instruments, and Pioneer 11 carried 12, for investigating Jupiter and Saturn, respectively. Data was transmitted back to Earth at 8 Watts, 128 byte/s at Jupiter, and 1 byte/s from further out. Pioneer 10 was the first man-made object past the planetary orbits, and its last telemetry was received in 2002, 30 years after launch. TRW Systems Group designed and built the instrument package which performed the Martian biological experiments,"
"recipient has similar visual capabilities and can understand basic mathematics and geometry. A common critique of these systems is that they presume a shared understanding of special shapes, which may not be the case with a species with substantially different vision, and therefore a different way of interpreting visual information. For instance, an arrow representing the movement of some object could be interpreted as a weapon firing. The two Pioneer plaques were launched on Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 in 1972 and 1973, depicting the location of the Earth in the galaxy and the solar system, and the form of"
"the ""SCORE"" (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) communications payload. Atlas 10B/SCORE, at was the heaviest man-made object then in orbit, the first voice relay satellite, and the first man-made object in space easily visible to the naked eye due to the large, mirror-polished stainless steel tank. This was the first flight in what would be a long career for the Atlas as a satellite launcher. Many retired Atlas ICBMs would be used as launch vehicles, most with an added spin-stabilized solid rocket motor upper stage for polar orbit military payloads. Even before its military use ended in 1965, Atlas"
"advanced civilization might once have existed on Mars. In the years since its discovery, the ""face"" has been near-universally accepted as an optical illusion, an example of the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia. Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of Earth; examples include the Old Man of the Mountain, the Pedra da Gávea, and Stac Levenish. Although the Pioneer 10 plaque was designed entirely by Carl Sagan, Linda Salzman Sagan, and Frank Drake, Hoagland has inaccurately asserted that he co-created the plaque with Eric Burgess. In 1990, Hoagland tried to take credit for the plaque, asserting that ""Carl"
"to last for 21 months in the solar system and deliver accurate information over that period of time. The fastest man made object to enter space from Earth, the spacecraft was to begin collecting data at the Asteroid Belt and Jupiter and continue to relay information about other areas and phenomena of the solar system. After ""Pioneer 10"" passed through the asteroid belt, ""Pioneer 11"", was launched on a similar trajectory. ""Pioneer 10"" became the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the solar system's largest planet. The 10-cent"
"allowed it to continue to Uranus and Neptune, but could have continued from Saturn to Pluto without exploring Titan. During the 1990s, ""Voyager 1"" overtook the slower deep-space probes Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 to become the most distant human-made object from Earth, a record that it will keep for the foreseeable future. The ""New Horizons"" probe, which had a higher launch velocity than ""Voyager 1"", is traveling more slowly due to the extra speed ""Voyager 1"" gained from its flybys of Jupiter and Saturn. ""Voyager 1"" and Pioneer 10 are the most widely separated human made objects anywhere, since"
"Pioneer 11 Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, 1973 to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind and cosmic rays. It was the first probe to encounter Saturn and the second to fly through the asteroid belt and by Jupiter. Thereafter, ""Pioneer 11"" became the second of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System. Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe, the last routine contact with the spacecraft was"
"April 6, 1973, respectively, on the first unmanned mission to the outer Solar System. ""Pioneer 10"" became the first spacecraft to reach the Jupiter system on December 3, 1973. It passed within of Io. During ""Pioneer 10's"" fly-by of Io, the spacecraft performed a radio occultation experiment by transmitting an S-band signal as Io passed between it and Earth. A slight attenuation of the signal before and after the occultation showed that Io had an ionosphere, suggesting the presence of a thin atmosphere with a pressure of 1.0 bar, though the composition was not determined. This was the second atmosphere"
"science instruments again functioning. November 8, 1968 Launched at 09:46:00 UTC from Cape Canaveral into solar orbit with a mean distance of 0.8 AU. 1983 Final contact. 1987 Contact was attempted, but failed. August 27, 1969 Launched at 21:59:00 UTC from Cape Canaveral. The launch vehicle was destroyed by range safety after hydraulics in the first stage failed. Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 were space probes in the Pioneer program. They were a series of solar-orbiting, spin-stabilized, solar-cell and battery-powered satellites designed to obtain measurements on a continuing basis of interplanetary phenomena from"
"to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. ""Mariner 2"" was the first planetary flyby, passing Venus in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by ""Mariner 4"" in 1965. ""Mariner 10"" first passed Mercury in 1974. The first probe to explore the outer planets was ""Pioneer 10"", which flew by Jupiter in 1973. ""Pioneer 11"" was the first to visit Saturn, in 1979. The ""Voyager"" probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in 1977, with both probes passing Jupiter in"
"the spacecraft to ""collect scientific data and send it back to Earth,"" but on September 16, 2014, contact with the probe was lost. ISEE-3 carries no cameras; instead, its instruments measure energetic particles, waves, plasmas, and fields. ISEE-3 originally operated in a halo orbit about the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point, 235 Earth radii above the surface (about 1.5 million km, or 924,000 miles). It was the first artificial object placed at a so-called ""libration point"", entering orbit there on November 20, 1978, proving that such a suspension between gravitational fields was possible. It rotates at 19.76 rpm about an axis perpendicular"
"thousand miles into space. These Van Allen radiation belts surrounding the Earth are named for Dr. James Van Allen, in honor of his discovery. Pioneer 3 Pioneer 3 was a spin stabilized spacecraft launched at 05:45:12 UTC on 6 December 1958 by the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency in conjunction with the NASA, using a Juno II rocket. This spacecraft was intended as a lunar probe, but failed to go past the Moon and into a heliocentric orbit as planned, but did reach an altitude of 102,360 km before falling back to Earth. The revised spacecraft objectives were to measure"
"orbital human spaceflight missions. It carries payloads to low Earth orbit, provides crew rotation for the International Space Station (ISS), and performs servicing missions. The orbiter can also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth. In 1981, NASA successfully launched its reusable spacecraft called the Space Shuttle. George Mueller, an American from St. Louis, Missouri is widely credited for jump starting, designing, and overseeing the Space Shuttle program after the demise of the Apollo program in 1972. 1981 Paintball Paintball is a game in which players eliminate opponents by hitting them with pellets containing paint"
"and aimed upwards or downwards at any angle between 0 and 285 degrees. Discovery One The United States Spacecraft ""Discovery One"" is a fictional spaceship featured in the first two novels of the ""Space Odyssey"" series, and in the movies """" and ""2010: The Year We Make Contact"". The ship is a nuclear-powered interplanetary spaceship, crewed by two men and controlled by the AI onboard computer HAL 9000. This spaceship is founded on solidly conceived, yet unrealized science. Its novelized and filmed appearances differ. One major concession in its filmed appearance, for the purpose of reducing confusion, was to eliminate"
"showed that their orbits were quite different after they had made a close approach to Jupiter. This indicated that a transfer of energy had occurred during the encounter. The first mission to use a gravity assist was Pioneer 10, which increased its velocity from 52,000 km/h to 132,000 km/h as it passed by Jupiter in December, 1973. Minovitch patented a vehicle for space travel under the patent title ""Magnetic propulsion system and operating method"", US Patent 6193194 B1. Michael Minovitch Michael Andrew Minovitch (born c. 1936) is an American mathematician who produced spacecraft trajectories enabling a craft to gain velocity"
"man-made object to pass beyond the orbit of the planets. By 1995, ""Pioneer 11"" could no longer power any of its detectors, so the decision was made to shut it down. On September 29, 1995, NASA's Ames Research Center, responsible for managing the project, issued a press release that began, ""After nearly 22 years of exploration out to the farthest reaches of the Solar System, one of the most durable and productive space missions in history will come to a close."" It indicated NASA would use its Deep Space Network antennas to listen ""once or twice a month"" for the"
"of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. In 1991, ""Pioneer 11"" was honored on one of 10 United States Postage Service stamps commemorating unmanned spacecraft exploring each of the then nine planets and the Moon. ""Pioneer 11"" was the spacecraft featured with Jupiter. Pluto was listed as ""Not yet explored"". Pioneer 11 Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, 1973 to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind and"
"mission. Whereas the probes entered the atmosphere in 1978, the orbiter would stay in orbit throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s. (see Pioneer Venus Orbiter) The next major mission was the Magellan spacecraft, which was an orbiter capable mapping Venus by seeing through its opaque clouds with radar. Another NASA entry probe mission was the Galileo probe, which was for planet Jupiter. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe bus was constructed by the Hughes Aircraft Company, built around the HS-507 bus. It was cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of and a mass of . Unlike the probes, which did not"
"belt. The Explorer program was transferred to NASA, which continued to use the name for an ongoing series of relatively small space missions, typically an artificial satellite with a science focus. Over the years, NASA has launched a series of Explorer spacecraft carrying a wide variety of scientific investigations. The Pioneer program is a series of NASA unmanned space missions that was designed for planetary exploration. There were a number of such missions in the program, but the most notable were Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, which explored the outer planets and left the solar system. Both carry a golden"
"Mariner 10 Mariner 10 was an American robotic space probe launched by NASA on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. ""Mariner 10"" was launched approximately two years after ""Mariner 9"" and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program. (Mariner 11 and 12 were allocated to the Voyager program and redesignated ""Voyager 1"" and ""Voyager 2"".) The mission objectives were to measure Mercury's environment, atmosphere, surface, and body characteristics and to make similar investigations of Venus. Secondary objectives were to perform experiments in the interplanetary medium and to obtain experience with a dual-planet gravity assist"
"useful scientific information was returned, showing the radiation surrounding Earth was in the form of bands and measuring the extent of the bands, mapping the total ionizing flux, making the first observations of hydromagnetic oscillations of the magnetic field, and taking the first measurements of the density of micrometeorites and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field. Pioneer 1 On October 11, 1958, Pioneer 1 became the first spacecraft launched by NASA, the newly formed space agency of the United States. The flight was the second and most successful of the three Thor-Able space probes. ""Pioneer 1"" was fabricated by Ramo-Wooldridge Corp.(TRW), and"
"it is most likely that the inventors decided to send a sheep, a duck, and a rooster aloft first. On 19 September 1783, the ""Aérostat Réveillon"" was flown with the first living beings in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep called Montauciel (""Climb-to-the-sky""), a duck and a rooster. The sheep was believed to have a reasonable approximation of human physiology. The duck was expected to be unharmed by being lifted and was included as a control for effects created by the aircraft rather than the altitude. The rooster was included as a further control as it was a"
"a position that would shield them from erosion by interstellar dust. The original idea, that the Pioneer spacecraft should carry a message from mankind, was first mentioned by Eric Burgess when he visited the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, during the Mariner 9 mission. He approached Carl Sagan, who had lectured about communication with intelligent extraterrestrials at a conference in Crimea. Sagan was enthusiastic about the idea of sending a message with the Pioneer spacecraft. NASA agreed to the plan and gave him three weeks to prepare a message. Together with Frank Drake he designed the plaque, and the"
"was the first Out-Of-The-Ecliptic mission (OOE) proposed, for Jupiter and solar (Sun) observations. NASA/Ames Research Center would have managed the project. The NASA contractor TRW Systems Group (formerly Space Technology Laboratories) would have constructed Pioneer H from the flight-qualified spare components intended for the Pioneer F and G probes (designated Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 after launch). NASA management did not approve the mission proposal, and it was never launched in 1974. In 1976 NASA transferred the craft (without RTG) to the Smithsonian Institution. In January 1977, Pioneer H was moved to the National Air and Space Museum, where it"
"December 1973, which passed within 2.9 ""R"" from the center of the planet. Its twin Pioneer 11 visited Jupiter a year later, traveling along a highly inclined trajectory and approaching the planet as close as 1.6 ""R"". Pioneer 10 provided the best coverage available of the inner magnetic field as it passed through the inner radiation belts within 20 ""R"", receiving an integrated dose of 200,000 rads from electrons and 56,000 rads from protons (for a human, a whole body dose of 500 rads would be fatal). The level of radiation at Jupiter was ten times more powerful than ""Pioneer""'s"
"the events of ""Star Trek: First Contact"", Cochrane is the first human to create a warp drive system, and in 2063, his successful light-speed flight draws the attention of the Vulcans, leading to humanity's first official contact with an alien race. Cochrane was born in 2030, according to ""Star Trek: First Contact"" (though the novelization of that film gives his year of birth as 2013). He constructed humanity's first warp-capable vessel, the ""Phoenix"", in Bozeman, Montana, out of an old Titan II nuclear missile. He started the project for financial gain, and found the accounts of his future accolades as"
"place at Houston, Texas, on May 14, 1974. This issue commemorates the first anniversary of the launching of Skylab, and depicts the station as it was repaired, complete with ""umbrella"" and missing the lost solar panel. The stamp was designed by Robert T. McCall and was issued in sheets of fifty, with an initial printing of 140 million. In March 1972, scientists at NASA launched ""Pioneer 10"" to gather scientific data about the solar system's largest planet, Jupiter, while the vessel was also receiving radio control and guidance signals and other information from Earth. The Pioneer space craft was expected"