"secondary mirror. This design reduces the size and cost of the telescope with a shorter overall telescope tube length (with the corrector extending the focal length in a ""telephoto"" type layout) combined with a less costly spherical mirror. Commercially produced versions of this design have been noted to be optically compromised due to the difficulty of producing a correctly shaped sub-aperture corrector in a telescope targeted at the inexpensive end of the telescope market. Newtonian telescope The Newtonian telescope, also called the Newtonian reflector or just the Newtonian, is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the English scientist Sir"
"with an expanded range of more than four octaves (29 strings) and added chromaticism, provided by means of metal levers at the side of the instrument, similar to the ones used in a Celtic or lever harp, were constructed in 1964 by P. Kupčikas following the design of P. Stepulis and D. Mataitienė. They followed the lead of Latvian concert kokles constructed in 1951. Kanklės The kanklės () is a Lithuanian plucked string instrument (chordophone) belonging to the Baltic box zither family known as the Baltic psaltery, along with the Latvian kokles, Estonian kannel, Finnish kantele, and Russian gusli. According"
"a complicated one. The valveless bugle for instance, has the classification number 423.121.22, even though it is generally regarded as a relatively simple instrument (it is basically a bent conical tube which you blow down like a trumpet, but it does not have valves or finger-holes). The numbers in the bugle's classification indicate the following: 423.121.22 does not uniquely identify the bugle, but rather identifies the bugle as a certain kind of instrument which has much in common with other instruments in the same class. Another instrument classified as 423.121.22 is the bronze lur, an instrument dating back to the"
"Ophicleide The ophicleide ( ) is a keyed brass instrument similar to the tuba. It is a conical-bore keyed instrument belonging to the bugle family and has a similar shape to the sudrophone. The instrument's name comes from the Greek word ophis (ὄφις) ""serpent"" + kleis (κλείς) ""keys"", since it was conceived of as a serpent with keys. Like the serpent, some found it difficult to play, and early twentieth-century musicians felt it had a somewhat unpredictable sound. The ophicleide was invented in 1817 and patented in 1821 by French instrument maker Jean Hilaire Asté (also known as Halary or"
"main titles. Virtual instrument developer Tangent Edge Instruments has made an instrument called ""Sea Trumpets"" that makes it possible to play 35 conches with Software Samplers Sforzando or Kontakt on a computer. Conch (instrument) Conch, or conque, also known as a ""seashell horn"" or ""shell trumpet"", is a musical instrument (often a signal instrument), a wind instrument that is made from a seashell (conch), the shell of several different kinds of very large sea snails. As described by instrument maker Bart Hopkins, such shells are a ""gift from the sea that provides a natural conical bore is conch. Conch shell"
"Cloud harp The cloud harp, also known as the Keplerian harp, is an open form sound installation which converts the forms of clouds into audio and musical sequences in real time. It was created by and the NXI GESTATIO laboratory at UQAM in 1997. The cloud harp works in a way very similar to how a CD player reads the information on a CD disc; it contains an infrared laser, which is aimed at the sky, and a telescope which senses the reflected light. A computer program then chooses synthesized tones sampled from a variety of instruments, depending on the"
"altitude and density of the clouds above the installation. Its creator describes it as a ""meteo-electronic instrument."" A version of the cloud harp was exhibited at the Lyon Cité Sonore event in 2000. Cloud harp The cloud harp, also known as the Keplerian harp, is an open form sound installation which converts the forms of clouds into audio and musical sequences in real time. It was created by and the NXI GESTATIO laboratory at UQAM in 1997. The cloud harp works in a way very similar to how a CD player reads the information on a CD disc; it contains"
"in 1928, Conn attempted to introduce a mezzo-soprano saxophone in the key of F and the 'Conn-o-sax', a saxophone-English horn hybrid, to capture more of the market, but these instruments were soon discontinued after disappointing sales. In 1928 Conn opened its Experimental Laboratory, which was unique in the industry, under the direction of C.D.'s son Leland Burleigh Greenleaf (Wauseon, Ohio, 12 August 1904 – Leland, Michigan, 29 March 1978). Under his directorship, the department developed the first short-action piston valves (1934), and the 'Stroboconn' (1936), the first electronic visual tuning device. It also developed the ""Vocabell"" (1932), a bell with"
"Conch (instrument) Conch, or conque, also known as a ""seashell horn"" or ""shell trumpet"", is a musical instrument (often a signal instrument), a wind instrument that is made from a seashell (conch), the shell of several different kinds of very large sea snails. As described by instrument maker Bart Hopkins, such shells are a ""gift from the sea that provides a natural conical bore is conch. Conch shell trumpets have been played in many Pacific Island countries, as well as South America and Southern Asia. They produce warm, full, and far-carrying tone."" The shells of large marine gastropods are blown"
"their bores. For example, while oboes and clarinets may outwardly appear similar, oboes have a conical bore while clarinets have a cylindrical bore. The bore of a modern recorder has a ""reversed"" taper, being wider at the head and narrower at the foot of the instrument. Brass instruments also are sometimes categorized as conical or cylindrical, though most in fact have cylindrical sections between a conical section (the mouthpiece taper or leadpipe) and a non-conical, non-cylindrical flaring section (the bell). Benade gives the following typical proportions: These proportions vary as valves or slides are operated; the above numbers are for"
"and use the resonator purely for its distinctive tone. Prominent professional players of resonator ukuleles include: Resonator ukulele A resonator ukulele or ""resophonic ukulele"" is a ukulele whose sound is produced by one or more spun aluminum cones (""resonators"") instead of the wooden soundboard (ukulele top/face). These instruments are sometimes referred to as ""Dobro ukuleles,"" however the term ""Dobro"" is currently trademarked by the Gibson Guitar Corporation. The resonator ukulele is a descendant of the resonator guitar. The resonator guitar was originally designed to be louder than conventional acoustic guitars, which were overwhelmed by horns and percussion instruments in dance"
"ideas for his Heckelphone, a wide-bore type of baritone oboe in C sounding one (not two, like the basse de cromorne) octaves lower than the oboe, that has been called for by a variety of 20th-century composers including Strauss, Copland, and Hindemith. This instrument is still manufactured by Heckel in Germany. Jean-François Dandrieu – Basse de Cromorne from Organ Suite in D Cromorne Cromorne is a French woodwind reed instrument of uncertain identity, used in the early Baroque period in French court music. The name is sometimes confused with the similar-sounding name crumhorn, a musical woodwind instrument probably of different"
"Guitaret The Guitaret is an electric lamellophone made by Hohner and invented by Ernst Zacharias, in 1963. Zacharias also invented similar instruments like the Pianet, Cembalet and the Clavinet. The instrument itself was not popular, and was dropped from the product line in 1965, presumably because it failed to excite the market. It was one of a number of experiments that Zacharias made converting non-standard musical instruments to modern ones. Guitarets that have survived have problems with the reed dampening system, which means that the instrument has come to be played with two hands. Despite its obsolescence, its distinct tone"
"Keyboard instrument A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard, a row of levers which are pressed by the fingers. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various electronic keyboards, including synthesizers and digital pianos. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, which are usually housed in bell towers or belfries of churches or municipal buildings. Today, the term ""keyboard"" often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Under the fingers of a sensitive performer, the keyboard may also be used to control dynamics, phrasing, shading, articulation, and other"
"by the name ""canon"" from the Greek word κανών (""kanṓn""), which means ""rule"", ""principle"", and also ""mode"". The modern Greek folk instrument is called by its diminutive, ""kanonaki"". The instrument is usually small enough to be portable; its shape and range vary. From the 12th through the 15th centuries, psalteries are widely seen in manuscripts, paintings and sculpture throughout Europe . They vary widely in shape and the number of strings (which are often, like lutes, in courses of two or more strings). In the 19th century, several related zithers came into use, notably the guitar zither and the autoharp."
"1945, Conn ceased all production of musical instruments for civilian use to manufacture compasses, altimeters, and other military instrumentation. Production was interrupted again by a strike in 1946-47. The loss in sales from those disruptions and increased competition from other manufacturers such as Selmer (Paris) and King (H. N. White) caused a serious decline in Conn's status as a major band instrument manufacturer. Conn first responded by expanding their lines of electronic musical products, developing the ""Connsonata"" electronic organ in 1946. They later developed the ""Connstellation"" model wind instruments to revitalize those product lines (28M alto saxophone with help from"
"which is an experimental musical instrument which plays music by way of sea waves and tubes located underneath a set of large marble steps. Concealed under these steps is a system of polyethylene tubes and a resonating cavity that turns the site into a huge musical instrument, played by the wind and the sea. The waves create somewhat random but harmonic sounds. Instigated by composer-researcher Georg Hajdu in 2006, Stephen Fox (clarinet maker) of Toronto, Canada, began building a new class of clarinets, called BP clarinets, able to play the Bohlen–Pierce scale of 146.3 cents per step. To date two"
"Componium The componium is a mechanical musical instrument constructed in 1821 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel (Lippstatt, Germany, 1773 - Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1826) that composes novel music. It is an automatic organ consisting of two barrels that revolve simultaneously. The barrels take turns performing two measures of randomly chosen music while the other, silent, slides horizontally to select the next variation. A roulette-like flywheel chooses whether or not the next variation is selected. The instrument plays an 80 measure piece, with eight variations for every two measures. The componium's compositional power is thus limited to new combinations of the music provided"
"conical bore (as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets). As a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. The highest note is a semitone lower than the nominally highest note of the B clarinet. Since the clarinet has a wider range, the lowest note of the B clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe. Music for the standard oboe is written in concert pitch (i.e., it is not a transposing instrument), and the instrument has a soprano range, usually from B to G. Orchestras tune"
"Clavioline The clavioline is an electronic keyboard instrument, a forerunner to the analog synthesizer. It was invented by French engineer Constant Martin in 1947 in Versailles. The instrument consists of a keyboard and a separate amplifier and speaker unit. The keyboard usually covered three octaves, and had a number of switches to alter the tone of the sound produced, add vibrato (a defining feature of the instrument), and provide other effects. The Clavioline used a vacuum tube oscillator to produce a buzzy waveform, almost a square wave, which could then be altered using high-pass and low-pass filtering, as well as"
"The cittern or cithren (Fr. cistre, It. cetra, Ger. zitter, zither, Sp. cistro, cedra, cítola)[1] is a stringed instrument dating from the Renaissance. Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is generally accepted that it is descended from the Medieval citole (or cytole). It looks much like the modern-day flat-back mandolin and the modern Irish bouzouki. Its flat-back design was simpler and cheaper to construct than the lute. It was also easier to play, smaller, less delicate and more portable. Played by all classes, the cittern was a premier instrument of casual music-making much as is the guitar today."
"Guitolão The Guitolão is a chordophone exclusively designed by one of the masters of Portuguese guitars making, the luthier Gilberto Grácio. He started to develop the prototype instrument, originally built for Carlos Paredes in 2001, and only 3 types were made. The term ""Guitolão"", is a match from the lexical between Portuguese Guitar and Violão (Guit + olão). Although, there are some connoisseurs who have tried to undo this neologism, but the use of the term makes sense because the initial idea was to create an instrument similar to a Portuguese guitar, but without the need of an accompaniment instrument"
"Glockenspiel A glockenspiel ( or , ""Glocken"": bells and ""Spiel"": set) is a percussion instrument composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. In this way, it is similar to the xylophone; however, the xylophone's bars are made of wood, while the glockenspiel's are metal plates or tubes, thus making it a metallophone. The glockenspiel, moreover, is usually smaller and higher in pitch. In German, a carillon is also called a ""Glockenspiel"", while in French, the glockenspiel is often called a ""carillon"". In music scores the glockenspiel is sometimes designated by"
"at the understanding of electron orbitals. Since at least 1738, a musical instrument called a ""Glasspiel"" or ""verrillon"", created by filling beer glasses with varying amounts of water, was popular in Europe. The beer glasses were struck by wooden mallets shaped like spoons to produce ""church and other solemn music"". Benjamin Franklin was sufficiently impressed by a verrillon performance on a visit to London in 1757 that he created his own instrument, the glass armonica, in 1762. Franklin's armonica inspired several other instruments, including two created by Chladni. In 1791, Chladni invented the musical instrument called the ""euphon"" (not to"
"Jehan Alain, Jean Langlais, Gerd Zacher, and Petr Eben, wrote post-tonal organ music. Messiaen's music in particular redefined many of the traditional notions of organ registration and technique. Pipe organ The pipe organ is a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurized air (called ""wind"") through the organ pipes selected via a keyboard. Because each pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called ""ranks"", each of which has a common timbre and volume throughout the keyboard compass. Most organs have multiple ranks of pipes of differing timbre, pitch, and volume that the player can employ"
"Bach, Conn, F.A. Reynolds, Yamaha, Edwards Instruments, S.E. Shires, and Jupiter Band Instruments. Trombone The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. As on all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also use a valve attachment to lower the pitch of the instrument. Variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves similar to those on the trumpet. The"
"and 1736. Silbermann was so pleased with the sound of this new invention that he included it in most of his later organs. Chalumeau The chalumeau (; ; plural chalumeaux) is a single-reed woodwind instrument of the late baroque and early classical eras. The chalumeau is a folk instrument that is the predecessor to the modern-day clarinet. It has a cylindrical bore with eight tone holes (seven in front and one in back for the thumb) and a broad mouthpiece with a single heteroglot reed (""i.e."" not a continuous part of the instrument's body) made of cane. Similar to the"
"Glass harp A glass harp (also called musical glasses, singing glasses, angelic organ, verrilion or ghost fiddle) is a musical instrument made of upright wine glasses. It is played by running moistened or chalked fingers around the rim of the glasses. Each glass is tuned to a different pitch, either by grinding each goblet to the specified pitch, in which case the tuning is invariable, or by filling the glass with water until the desired pitch is achieved. Musical glasses were documented in Persia in the 14th century. The glass harp was created in 1741 by Irishman Richard Pockrich, who"
"(including those made by the Dobro company in the 1930s) use a bowl resonator and spider cone. Tricone resonators, such as seen in many National resonator guitars and mandolins, are not generally used. Note that the term ""Triolian"" which National applied to some models of resonator ukuleles does not indicate that said instruments used a tricone resonator. Since the majority of the instrument's tone is produced by the resonator rather than the body, resonator ukuleles may have bodies made of metal, fiberglass, or wood (solid or ply). Metal bodies may be brass, aluminum or steel. Both metal and wooden bodies"
"ophicleide (ophis = serpent, kleis = key/covering, therefore ""keyed serpent"",) was patented in France by Hilary in 1821. Serpent (instrument) The serpent is a bass wind instrument, descended from the cornett, and a distant ancestor of the tuba, with a mouthpiece like a brass instrument but side holes like a woodwind. It is usually a long cone bent into a snakelike shape, hence the name. The serpent is closely related to the cornett, although it is not part of the cornett family, due to the absence of a thumb hole. It is generally made out of wood, with walnut being"
"the rim of a wine goblet to produce tones is documented back to Renaissance times; Galileo considered the phenomenon (in his ""Two New Sciences""), as did Athanasius Kircher. The Irish musician Richard Pockrich is typically credited as the first to play an instrument composed of glass vessels (glass harp) by rubbing his fingers around the rims. Beginning in the 1740s, he performed in London on a set of upright goblets filled with varying amounts of water. His career was cut short by a fire in his room, which killed him and destroyed his apparatus. Edward Delaval, a friend of Benjamin"
"to play the Indonesian instrument, Gamelan, which would prove instrumental to his future work. Kuffner is known for using sculpture, electronic music, installation, and engineering in his art. In 2008 Kuffner completed the Gamelatron, which ""uses technology, sound, sculpture, and engineering to create a visceral experience based on acoustic resonance and robotic technology."" The Gamelatron is made with the ancient Indonesian bronze gongs, Gamelan, that Kuffner has retrofitted with mechanical mallets and is controlled by micro-processors in each instrument. Kuffner work ties the old with the new, combining ancient instruments with new technology to create a previously unheard auditory experience.""I"
"organ but is used with a variety of instruments as well as vocals. The Hammond/Leslie combination has become an element in many genres of music. The Leslie Speaker and the Hammond Organ brands are currently owned by Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation. The stompbox that simulates this effect is the Uni-Vibe pedal. The Korg Kaoss Pad is a small touchpad MIDI controller, sampler, and effects processor for audio and musical instruments, made by Korg. The Kaoss Pad's touchpad can be used to control its internal effects engine, which can be applied to a line-in signal or to samples recorded from the"