"Nitric acid Nitric acid (HNO), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for ""strong water"") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO, it is referred to as ""fuming nitric acid"". Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%, or red"
"Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name ""nitrogène"" was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790, when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from the Greek άζωτικός ""no life"", as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name"
"Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin (NG), also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester. Chemically, the substance is an organic nitrate compound rather than a nitro compound, yet the traditional name is often retained. Invented in 1847, nitroglycerin has been used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, mostly dynamite, and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. Since the 1880s, it has"
"can cause violent oxidation of organic material. Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name ""nitrogène"" was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790, when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from the Greek άζωτικός ""no life"", as"
"Nitrolic acid Nitrolic acids are organic compounds with the functional group RC(NO)=NOH. They are prepared by the reaction of nitroalkanes with base and nitrite sources: The conversion was first demonstrated by Victor Meyer using nitroethane. The reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of the nitronate anion. Most nitrolic acids are laboratory curiosities. One exception is the compound HOC(CH)C(NO)=NOH, which is produced by the oxidation of cyclohexanone with nitric acid. This species decomposes to adipic acid and nitrous oxide: This conversion is thought to be the largest anthropogenic route to NO, which, on a molecule-to-molecule basis, has 298 times the atmospheric heat-trapping"
"used to enhance the taste of food. Substances with similar properties came to be known as salts, in particular ""Epsom salt"" (magnesium sulfate, found in a bitter saline spring in the English town of Epsom). Ammonium (with the little-used formal name nitrogen trihydride) was first extracted from sal ammoniac, meaning ""salt of Amun"". Ancient Romans noticed crystals of it in Egyptian temples devoted to the god Amun; the crystals had condensed from the smoke of burning camel dung. Lead acetate was called ""sugar of lead"". However, other names like ""sugar of lead"" (lead(II) acetate), ""butter of antimony"" (antimony trichloride), ""oil"
"antiarrhythmic agents in Brugada syndrome. Siddiqui was the first scientist to bring the anthelmintic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral constituents of the Neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists. In 1942, he extracted three bitter compounds from neem oil, which he named as nimbin, nimbinin, and nimbidin respectively. The process involved extracting the water-insoluble components with ether, petrol ether, ethyl acetate and dilute alcohol. The provisional naming was ""nimbin"" (sulphur-free crystalline product with melting point at 205 °C, empirical composition CHO), ""nimbinin"" (with similar principle, melting at 192 °C), and ""nimbidin"" (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur, melting at 90–100 °C)."
"Picric acid Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (ON)CHOH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name ""picric"" comes from the Greek πικρός (""pikros""), meaning ""bitter"", reflecting its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols. Like other highly nitrated organic compounds, picric acid is an explosive, hence its primary use. It has also been used in medicine (antiseptic, burn treatments) and dyes. Picric acid was probably first mentioned in the alchemical writings of Johann Rudolf Glauber. Initially, it was made by nitrating substances such as animal horn, silk, indigo, and natural resin, the synthesis"
"name from the deposits of nearby natron, a salt used by the Ancient Egyptians in the embalming of mummies. Nitria (monastic site) Nitria is one of the earliest Christian monastic sites in Egypt. It was the earliest of the three major centers of Christian monastic activity in the Nitrian Desert, the other two were Kellia and Scetis. Nitria was founded in AD 330 by Ammon and quickly attracted thousands of monks through the remainder of the 4th century. By 390, it evolved from a loose collection of solitary monks to an organized community with bankers, merchants and church services. Tourists"
"Middle Ages as a food preservative. Potassium nitrate, because of its early and global use and production, has many names. Hebrew and Egyptian words for it had the consonants n-t-r, indicating likely cognation in the Greek ""nitron"", which was Latinised to ""nitrum"" or ""nitrium"". Thence Old French had ""niter"" and Middle English ""nitre"". By the 15th century, Europeans referred to it as ""saltpeter"" and later as ""nitrate of potash,"" as the chemistry of the compound was more fully understood. The Arabs called it ""Chinese snow"" ( '). It was called ""Chinese salt"" by the Iranians/Persians or ""salt from Chinese salt"
"recommend IHN to treat dyslipidemia. In 1942, when flour enrichment with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said ""Tobacco in Your Bread."" So the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the American Medical Association approved of the Food and Nutrition Board's new names ""niacin"" and ""niacin amide"" for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate it from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name ""niacin"" was derived from ""cotinic id"" + ""vitam"". Niacin was first described by"
"pectoris and to reduce the blood pressure. He began treating his patients with small diluted doses of nitroglycerin in 1878, and this treatment was soon adopted into widespread use after Murrell published his results in the journal ""The Lancet"" in 1879. A few months before his death in 1896, Alfred Nobel was prescribed nitroglycerin for this heart condition, writing to a friend: ""Isn't it the irony of fate that I have been prescribed nitro-glycerin, to be taken internally! They call it Trinitrin, so as not to scare the chemist and the public."" The medical establishment also used the name ""glyceryl"
"names in the ancient world contained nitrate. The name is from the Ancient Greek ""νιτρων"" ""nitron"" from Ancient Egyptian ""netjeri"", related to the Hebrew ""néter"", for salt-derived ashes (their interrelationship is not clear). The Hebrew ""néter"" may have been used as, or in conjunction with soap, as implied by Jeremiah 2:22, ""For though thou wash thee with nitre, and take thee much soap ..."" However, it is not certain which substance (or substances) the Biblical ""neter"" refers to, with some suggesting sodium carbonate. Indeed, the Neo Latin word for sodium, natrium, is derived from this same class of desert minerals"
"called ""natron"" (French) from Spanish ""natrón"" through Greek ""νίτρον"" (""nitron""), derived from Ancient Egyptian ""netjeri"", referring to the sodium carbonate salts occurring in the deserts of Egypt, not the nitrated sodium salts typically occurring in the deserts of Chile (classically known as ""Chilean saltpeter"" and variants of this term). A term (ἀφρόνιτρον, aphronitron or Aphronitre) which translates as ""foam of niter"" was a regular purchase in a fourth-century AD series of financial accounts, and since it was expressed as being ""for the baths"" was probably used as soap. Niter was used to refer specifically to nitrated salts known as various"
"taste. The boundary between alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing natural compounds is not clear-cut. Compounds like amino acid peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acid, amines, and antibiotics are usually not called alkaloids. Natural compounds containing nitrogen in the exocyclic position (mescaline, serotonin, dopamine, etc.) are usually classified as amines rather than as alkaloids. Some authors, however, consider alkaloids a special case of amines. The name ""alkaloids"" () was introduced in 1819 by the German chemist , and is derived from late Latin root ' (which, in turn, comes from the Arabic ""al-qalwī"" – ""ashes of plants"") and the suffix – ""like"". However,"
"Ritter reaction The Ritter reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms a nitrile into an ""N""-alkyl amide using various electrophilic alkylating reagents. The original reaction formed the alkylating agent using an alkene in the presence of a strong acid: The reaction has been the subject of several literature reviews. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and benzylic alcohols, as well as ""tert""-butyl acetate, also successfully react with nitriles in the presence of strong acids to form amides via the Ritter reaction. The Ritter reaction is named after John J. Ritter, an American chemist who received his Ph.D. from Columbia University. In 1948, P."
"by the name of Jabir ibn Hayyan. About this historical figure, however, there was considerable uncertainty a century ago, and the uncertainty continues today. This is sometimes called the ""Geber-Jābir problem"". It is possible that facts mentioned in the Latin works, ascribed to Geber and dating from the twelfth century and later, may be placed to Jabir's credit. In 2005, the historian Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan pointed out that earlier Arabic texts prior to the 13th century, including the works of Jabir and Al-Razi, already contained detailed descriptions of substances such as nitric acid, aqua regia, vitriol, and various nitrates. In"
"nitric acid. The metals that formed these oxides were thus named ""lanthanum"" and ""didymium"". While lanthanum turned out to be a pure element, didymium was not and turned out to be only a mixture of all the stable early lanthanides from praseodymium to europium, as had been suspected by Marc Delafontaine after spectroscopic analysis, though he lacked the time to pursue its separation into its constituents. The heavy pair of samarium and europium were only removed in 1879 by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran and it was not until 1885 that Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium."
"least 10–15 minutes to cool the tissue surrounding the acid burn and to prevent secondary damage. Contaminated clothing is removed immediately and the underlying skin washed thoroughly. Being a strong oxidizing agent, nitric acid can react with compounds such as cyanides, carbides, or metallic powders explosively and with many organic compounds, such as turpentine, violently and hypergolically (i.e. self-igniting). Hence, it should be stored away from bases and organics. The first mention of nitric acid is in Pseudo-Geber's ""De Inventione Veritatis"", wherein it is obtained by calcining a mixture of niter, alum and blue vitriol. It was again described by"
"Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς ""oxys"", ""acid"", literally ""sharp"", referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής ""-genes"", ""producer"", literally ""begetter"", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. One of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work ""Pneumatica"", Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck. Philo"
"manufacture of nitric acid in 1648, by heating potassium nitrate with concentrated sulphuric acid. His production of sodium sulfate, which he called ""sal mirabilis"" or ""wonderful salt"", brought him fame and the honour of being named ""Glauber's salt"". It was an effective but relatively safe laxative at a time when purging (emptying the digestive tract) was a popular treatment for many diseases. The chemical garden (or silica garden) was first observed by Glauber and described by him in 1646. In its original form, the chemical garden involved the introduction of ferrous chloride (FeCl) crystals into a solution of potassium silicate"
"from the French ""nitre"" (potassium nitrate, also called saltpeter) and the French suffix ""-gène"", ""producing"", from the Greek -γενής (-genes, ""begotten""). Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen is the essential part of nitric acid, which in turn was produced from niter. In earlier times, niter had been confused with Egyptian ""natron"" (sodium carbonate) – called νίτρον (nitron) in Greek – which, despite the name, contained no nitrate. The earliest military, industrial, and agricultural applications of nitrogen compounds used saltpeter (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate), most notably in gunpowder, and later as fertiliser. In 1910, Lord Rayleigh discovered that an electrical discharge"
"Nitroxylic acid Nitroxylic acid or hydronitrous acid is an unstable reduced oxonitrogen acid. It has formula HNO containing nitrogen in the +2 oxidation state. The corresponding anion called nitroxylate is or . The first clue that nitroxylic acid exists was when Edward Bedford Maxted electrolysed sodium nitrite dissolved in liquid ammonia. A bright yellow substance deposited on the cathode. He called this disodium nitrite. The disodium nitrite could also be made by mixing ammonia solutions of sodium and sodium nitrite in the complete absence of water. Disodium nitrite reacts with water to form sodium nitrite, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. Other"
"in the 13th century in India. The Chinese did not learn of the technique until the 17th century. Alchemists burned zinc metal in air and collected the resulting zinc oxide on a condenser. Some alchemists called this zinc oxide ""lana philosophica"", Latin for ""philosopher's wool"", because it collected in wooly tufts, whereas others thought it looked like white snow and named it ""nix album"". The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as ""zincum"" or ""zinken"" in his book ""Liber Mineralium II"", in the 16th century. The word"
"Trinitromethane Trinitromethane, also referred to as nitroform, is a nitroalkane and oxidizer with chemical formula HC(NO). It was first obtained as the ammonium salt by Shiskov in 1857. In 1900, it was discovered that nitroform can be produced by the reaction of acetylene with anhydrous nitric acid. This method went on to become the industrial process of choice during the 20th century. In the laboratory, nitroform can also be produced by hydrolysis of tetranitromethane under mild basic conditions. Trinitromethane as a neutral molecule is colorless. It is highly acidic, easily forming an intensely yellow anion, (NO)C. The p""K"" of trinitromethane"
"analytical reagent under the name sodium nitroferricyanide for the detection of methyl ketones, and for the detection of amines that are often found in illicit drugs. Sodium nitroprusside was found to give a reaction with acetone or creatine under basic conditions in 1882. Rothera refined this method by the use of ammonia in place of sodium or potassium hydroxide. The reaction was now specific for methyl ketones. Addition of ammonium salts (e.g. ammonium sulfate) improved the sensitivity of the test, too. In this test, known as Rothera's test, methyl ketones (CHC(=O)-) under alkaline conditions give bright red coloration (see also"
"heating the mineral stilbite with a blowpipe flame. Axel Fredrik Cronstedt Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (""/kroonstet/"" 23 December 1722 – 19 August 1765) was a Swedish mineralogist and chemist who discovered nickel in 1751 as a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines. Cronstedt described it as ""kupfernickel"". This name arises because the ore has a similar appearance to copper (kupfer) and a mischievous sprite (nickel) was supposed by miners to be the cause of their failure to extract copper from it. Cronstedt named it nickel in 1754. He was a pupil of Georg Brandt, the discoverer of cobalt. Cronstedt"
"Conrad Elvehjem Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (May 27, 1901July 27, 1962) was internationally known as an American biochemist in nutrition. In 1937 he identified two vitamins, nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, and nicotinamide, which were deficient directly in human pellagra, once a major health problem in the United States. Collectively, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are termed vitamin B3 and are now understood to be precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Conrad Elvehjem, the son of Norwegian emigrants to Wisconsin, was born in McFarland, Wisconsin. He progressed through the secondary schools and the University of Wisconsin, where he received his PhD in"
"Devil's venom Devil's venom was a nickname coined by Soviet rocket scientists for a liquid rocket fuel composed of a dangerous combination of nitric acid and hydrazine—specifically, hypergolic UDMH-nitric acid. Both propellants are extremely dangerous, nitric acid is highly corrosive, and the type used gives off nitrogen dioxide, while UDMH is toxic and carcinogenic, but is used in rocketry because this combination of fuel and oxidizer is hypergolic (it does not require an external ignition source), which makes rockets using these materials simpler. Further, both the fuel and oxidizer have high boiling points compared to other rocket fuels such as"
"mineral was named nierite after a pioneer of mass spectrometry, Alfred O. C. Nier. This mineral might have been detected earlier, again exclusively in meteorites, by Soviet geologists. Silicon nitride Silicon nitride is a chemical compound of the elements silicon and nitrogen. is the most thermodynamically stable of the silicon nitrides. Hence, is the most commercially important of the silicon nitrides and is generally understood as what is being referred to where the term ""silicon nitride"" is used. It is a white, high-melting-point solid that is relatively chemically inert, being attacked by dilute HF and hot . It is very"
"Nef reaction The Nef reaction is an organic reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitroalkane (1) to an aldehyde or a ketone (3) and nitrous oxide (4). The reaction has been the subject of several literature reviews. The reaction was reported in 1894 by the chemist John Ulric Nef, who treated the sodium salt of nitroethane with sulfuric acid resulting in an 85–89% yield of nitrous oxide and at least 70% yield of acetaldehyde. However, the reaction was pioneered a year earlier in 1893 by Konovalov, who converted the potassium salt of 1-phenylnitroethane"
"Niter Niter, or nitre (chiefly British), is the mineral form of potassium nitrate, KNO, also known as saltpeter or saltpetre. Historically, the term ""niter"" was not well differentiated from natron, both of which have been very vaguely defined but generally refer to compounds of sodium or potassium joined with carbonate or nitrate ions. Related minerals are soda niter (sodium nitrate), ammonia niter or gwihabaite (ammonium nitrate), nitrostrontianite (strontium nitrate), nitrocalcite (calcium nitrate), nitromagnesite (magnesium nitrate), nitrobarite (barium nitrate) and two copper nitrates, gerhardtite and buttgenbachite; in fact all of the natural elements in the first three columns of the periodic"
"chemist Hugo Weidel in 1873 in his studies of nicotine. The original preparation remains useful: the oxidation of nicotine using nitric acid. For the first time, niacin was extracted by Casimir Funk, but he thought that it was thiamine and due to the discovered amine group he coined the term ""vitamine"". Niacin was extracted from livers by biochemist Conrad Elvehjem in 1937, who later identified the active ingredient, then referred to as the ""pellagra-preventing factor"" and the ""anti-blacktongue factor."" Soon after, in studies conducted in Alabama and Cincinnati, Dr. Tom Spies found that nicotinic acid cured the sufferers of pellagra."