"Animal cognition Animal cognition describes the mental capacities of non-human animals and the study of those capacities. The field developed from comparative psychology, including the study of animal conditioning and learning. It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology, and hence the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used. Many behaviors associated with the term ""animal intelligence"" are also subsumed within animal cognition. Researchers have examined animal cognition in mammals (especially primates, cetaceans, elephants, dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cattle, raccoons and rodents), birds (including parrots, fowl, corvids and pigeons), reptiles (lizards and snakes),"
"Cynology Cynology (rarely kynology, ) is the study of matters related to canines or domestic dogs. In English it may be a term sometimes used to denote serious zoological approach to the study of dogs as well as by writers on canine subjects, dog breeders and trainers and enthusiasts who informally study the dog. Cynology is a classical compound word (from Greek , ""kyōn"", genitive , ""kynos"", ""dog""; and , ""-logia"") referring to the study of dogs. The word is not found in major English dictionaries and it is not a recognized scientific discipline in English-speaking countries. Similar words are"
"generally found to refer to ""canine specialists"" such as; certified care professionals, certified show judges, breeders, breed enthusiasts, certified dog-trainers and professional dog-handlers. Cynology Cynology (rarely kynology, ) is the study of matters related to canines or domestic dogs. In English it may be a term sometimes used to denote serious zoological approach to the study of dogs as well as by writers on canine subjects, dog breeders and trainers and enthusiasts who informally study the dog. Cynology is a classical compound word (from Greek , ""kyōn"", genitive , ""kynos"", ""dog""; and , ""-logia"") referring to the study of dogs."
"recognized by Fédération Cynologique Internationale. (More about FCG Clubs...) (More about FCG Commissions...) Cynological Federation of Georgia Cynology refers to the study of dogs, usually by enthusiasts and breeders. It is not a recognized scientific discipline in English-speaking countries. It is the source of the English word cynic, which is directly related to canines. At present, the Kynological Federation of Georgia is the only kennel organization in Georgia officially recognized by Fédération Cynologique Internationale. It laiases with other canine clubs, holds shows, and helps to promote authentic breeds. Georgian Cynology obtained an official status in 1991 when the Kynological Federation"
"than in the Feloidea. Caniformia consists of nine extant families, with three extinct families also recognized. The extant families are monophyletic according to phylogenetic molecular analysis. At one time, the Hyaenidae (hyenas) were included, but genetic testing has shown them to belong in Feliformia, instead. Terrestrial caniforms in the wild are found on all continents with the exception of Antarctica, while pinnipeds are distributed throughout the world's oceans. Family Canidae (dogs and other canids) includes wolves, dogs, coyotes, and foxes, as well as a number of less familiar animals. The family is currently divided into two major groups, the true"
"Cynological Federation of Georgia Cynology refers to the study of dogs, usually by enthusiasts and breeders. It is not a recognized scientific discipline in English-speaking countries. It is the source of the English word cynic, which is directly related to canines. At present, the Kynological Federation of Georgia is the only kennel organization in Georgia officially recognized by Fédération Cynologique Internationale. It laiases with other canine clubs, holds shows, and helps to promote authentic breeds. Georgian Cynology obtained an official status in 1991 when the Kynological Federation of Georgia was founded. In 1997 the KFG (FCG in French) joined the"
"Ethnocynology Ethnocynology, is a neologism coined by anthropologist Bryan Cummins in his book ""First Nations, First Dogs: Canadian Aboriginal Ethnocynology"" (2002). It refers to the study of dogs within their cultural contexts. The term is not in general use. Cummins states that the domestic dog, despite being found in virtually all human societies, has been ignored by anthropologists. This, he says, is because the dog is neither fully of ""culture"" (being essentially a domesticated wolf), nor of ""nature"", by virtue of that same domestication and having been molded into over 400 breeds. Nonetheless, Cummins leans towards the view that, being"
"depicting bonobo copulation than to non-sexual stimuli. Zoophilia has been partly discussed by several sciences: Psychology (the study of the human mind), sexology (a relatively new discipline primarily studying human sexuality), ethology (the study of animal behavior), and anthrozoology (the study of human-animal interactions and bonds). The nature of animal minds, animal mental processes and structures, and animal self-awareness, perception, emotion in animals, and ""map of the world"", are studied within animal cognition and also explored within various specialized branches of neuroscience such as neuroethology. In the fifth edition of the ""Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"" (DSM-5), zoophilia"
"because domestication is a continuum and there is no single point where we can say that a species was clearly domesticated using these two techniques. The study proposes that changes in morphology across time and how humans were interacting with the species in the past needs to be considered in addition to these two techniques. The table below lists by location and timing in years before present the very early co-location of hominid and wolf specimens, followed by proposed Paleolithic dogs and then the first undisputed dog remains. The domestic dog is the most widely abundant large carnivore. When and"
"based on phenotypical features: the Felinae, the Pantherinae, the Acinonychinae (cheetahs), the extinct Machairodontinae, and the extinct Proailurinae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that living (extant) felids fall into eight lineages (clades). The placement of the cheetah within the Puma lineage invalidates the traditional subfamily Acinonychinae, and recent sources use only two subfamilies for extant genera. The eight lineages divide between these as follows: The last four lineages are more related to each other than to any of the first four, so form a clade within the subfamily Felinae of family Felidae. The following is the complete list of genera within"
"the red fox, for sport. Canids such as the dhole are now endangered in the wild because of persecution, habitat loss, a depletion of ungulate prey species and transmission of diseases from domestic dogs. All extant species of family Canidae are in subfamily Caninae. Except where otherwise stated, the following classification is based on a 1994 paper by Xiaoming Wang, curator of terrestrial mammals at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County on the systematics of the subfamily Hesperocyoninae, a 1999 paper by Wang, together with the zoologists Richard H. Tedford and Beryl E. Taylor on the subfamily Borophaginae,"
"facial expressions easier to interpret. The late domestication theory argues that Paleolithic dogs are an unusual phenotype of wolf and that dogs appeared only when they could be phenotypically distinguishable from the wolf, which is usually based on a reduction in size. This argument maintains that domesticated dogs are more clearly identified when they are associated with human occupation, and those interred side-by-side with human remains provide the most conclusive evidence, commencing with the 14,200 years old Bonn-Oberkassel dog. The debate centres around ""Homo sapiens"" and if they had entered into cooperation with wolves soon after they moved into Eurasia,"
"found in other languages, such German and Dutch ""kynologie"", and the Russian ""кинология"", from the Proto-Indo-European , which is the source of ""hound"". κυν is also the source of the English word ""cynic"", and is directly related to ""canine"" and ""hound"". The suffix '-logy' in English words refers to a study, or an academic discipline, or field of scientific study. English Classical compound words of this type may confer an impression of scientific rigor on a non-scientific occupation or profession. Usage in English of the word cynology is rare, and occasionally found in the names of dog training academies, with"
"Feliformia Feliformia (also Feloidea) is a suborder within the order Carnivora consisting of ""cat-like"" carnivorans, including cats (large and small), hyenas, mongooses, civets, and related taxa. Feliformia stands in contrast to the other suborder of Carnivora, Caniformia (""dog-like"" carnivorans). The separation of the Carnivora into the broad groups of feliforms and caniforms is widely accepted, as is the definition of Feliformia and Caniformia as suborders (sometimes superfamilies). The classification of feliforms as part of the Feliformia suborder or under separate groupings continues to evolve. Systematic classifications dealing with only extant taxa include all feliforms into the Feliformia suborder, though variations"
"proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined. The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The classification, taxonomy, and nomenclature of zoological organisms is administered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature, but has yet to be formally adopted. Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior under natural conditions, as opposed to behaviourism, which focuses on"
"Guinea singing dog. Zoological nomenclature is a system of naming animals. In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his ""Systema Naturae"" the binomial nomenclature - or the two-word naming - of species. ""Canis"" is the Latin word meaning ""dog"", and under this genus he listed the dog-like carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as ""Canis familiaris"", and on the next page he classified the wolf as ""Canis lupus"". The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) advises on the ""correct use of the scientific names of animals"". A name entered onto"
"a few of the notable ones. Cheloniology Cheloniology (), less commonly known as testudinology (), is the scientific study of turtles. It is a specific branch of herpetology. The word cheloniology comes from the Greek ""chelone"", ""turtle"" and ""logos"", ""knowledge"". Testudinology, on the other hand, comes from the Latin ""testudo"", ""tortoise"" and the Greek ""logos"", meaning ""knowledge"". An individual who studies turtles is known as a cheloniologist or a testudinologist. Cheloniologists study turtles, which are members of the order ""Testudines"" (also called ""Chelonii""). This includes freshwater turtles, sea turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. Professionally, members of this order are commonly called"
"Felinae The Felinae are a subfamily of the family Felidae that includes the genera and species presented below. Most are small to medium-sized cats, although the group does include some larger animals, such as the cougar and cheetah. The earliest records of the Felinae are ascribed to ""Felis attica"" of western Eurasia from the late Miocene, 9 million years ago (Mya). It is estimated that the pantherine big cats split away from this group about 6.37 million years ago. Felidae cats are split up into two main lineages: the conical-toothed cats, which includes all the extant cats in subfamilies Felinae"
"into other taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as primatology (study of primates), and cetology (study of cetaceans). Like other studies, mammalogy is also a part of zoology which is also a part of biology. This is a list of scientific journals broadly serving mammalogists. In addition, many other more general zoology, ecology and evolution, or conservation journals also deal with mammals, and several journals are specific to only certain taxonomic groups of mammals. Mammalogy In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. Mammalogy has"
"Ethology Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioural responses in a laboratory context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity. Many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour throughout history. Ethology has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century,"
"dog, and the fox-like canids by the fennec fox and Blanford's fox. The gray fox and island fox are basal to the other clades; however, this topological difference is not strongly supported. The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005), modified to incorporate recent findings on ""Canis"", ""Vulpes"", ""Lycalopex"", and ""Dusicyon"" species. The Canidae today includes a diverse group of some 34 species ranging in size from the maned wolf with its long limbs to the short-legged bush dog. Modern canids inhabit forests, tundra, savannahs and deserts throughout tropical and temperate parts of the world."
"domestic animals, they are more ""of culture"" than ""of nature"", and culture is the domain of the anthropologist. Furthermore, different human societies have shaped the dog into precisely whatever roles people might have for the dog. Therefore, the domestic dog is worthy of anthropological attention; hence ethnocynology. Ethnocynology Ethnocynology, is a neologism coined by anthropologist Bryan Cummins in his book ""First Nations, First Dogs: Canadian Aboriginal Ethnocynology"" (2002). It refers to the study of dogs within their cultural contexts. The term is not in general use. Cummins states that the domestic dog, despite being found in virtually all human societies,"
"means ""dog"", as well as (less transparently) English ""hound"". The tribe Canini (Fischer de Waldheim, 1817) is the sister group to the true foxes (""Vulpes""), and is represented today by two sub-tribes: Canina, which includes the genus ""Canis"" (wolves, jackals, the coyote, and the domestic dog), as well as the dhole and the African wild dog; and Cerdocyonina, which includes the so-called foxes of South America. The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include: the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the"
"the molecular data, suggesting evidence of molecular homoplasy. Below is the current understanding of the phylogeny of acinonychin genera. Below is a listing of species and subspecies and their assignment to genera. Acinonychini The feline tribe Acinonychini contains three genera, each with one extant species: the cougar in ""Puma"", the jaguarundi in ""Herpailurus"", and the cheetah in ""Acinonyx"". In addition, a handful of extinct fossil species have been found in Eurasia and the Americas. The evolutionary relationships of these cats still needs to be worked out, with the main focus being the placement of the extinct species in relation to"
"Cetology Cetology (from Greek , ""kētos"", ""whale""; and , ""-logia"") or Whalelore is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. Cetologists, or those who practice cetology, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics. Observations about Cetacea have been recorded since at least classical times. Ancient Greek fishermen created an artificial notch on the dorsal fin of dolphins entangled in nets so that they could tell them apart years later. Approximately 2,300 years ago, Aristotle carefully took notes"
"identified as ""Canis lupus familiaris"". In 2015, a zooarchaeologist stated that ""In terms of phenotypes, dogs and wolves are fundamentally different animals."" In 1986, a study of skull morphology found that the domestic dog is morphologically distinct from all other canids except the wolf-like canids. ""The difference in size and proportion between some breeds are as great as those between any wild genera, but all dogs are clearly members of the same species."" In 2010, a study of dog skull shape compared to extant carnivorans proposed that ""The greatest shape distances between dog breeds clearly surpass the maximum divergence between"
"(or even Carnivora) may be spurious. The extinct (†) families as reflected in the taxa chart are the least problematic in terms of their relationship with extant feliforms (with the most problematic being Nimravidae). All extant feliforms share a common attribute: their auditory bullae (bony capsules enclosing the middle and inner ear). This is a key diagnostic in classifying species as feliform versus caniform. In feliforms, the auditory bullae are double-chambered, composed of two bones joined by a septum. Caniforms have single-chambered or partially divided auditory bullae, composed of a single bone. This feature, however, is problematic for the classification"
"Dog The domestic dog (""Canis lupus familiaris"" when considered a subspecies of the wolf or ""Canis familiaris"" when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus ""Canis"" (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct. The dog was the first species to be domesticated and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory"
"indicating an African origin for the clade. The tree illustrates the genotype-phenotype distinction, where a genotype is an organism's full hereditary information and a phenotype is an organism's actual observed properties, such as morphology, development, or behavior. By phenotype, the dhole (genus ""Cuon"") and the African hunting dog (genus ""Lycaon"") are not classified as members of the genus ""Canis"", but by genotype they are closer to dogs, wolves and coyotes than are the two genus ""Canis"" jackals – the Side-striped jackal (""C. adustus"") and the Black-backed jackal (""C. mesomelas""). In 2014, a whole-genome DNA study indicated that the golden jackal"
"as a subspecies of the dog ""Canis familiaris dingo"" Blumenbach 1799 with the domestic dog being the subspecies ""Canis familiaris familiaris"". The paleontologists Xiaoming Wang and Richard H. Tedford propose that the dog could be taxonomically classified as ""Canis lupus familiaris"" under the Biological Species Concept because the dog can interbreed with the gray wolf ""Canis lupus"", and classified as ""Canis familiaris"" under the Evolutionary Species Concept because the dog has commenced down a separate evolutionary pathway to the gray wolf. Whole genome sequencing indicates the dog to be a genetically divergent subspecies of the gray wolf, the dog is"
"Herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ""herpetón"", meaning ""reptile"" or ""creeping animal"") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology. Thus, the definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of ectothermic (cold-blooded) tetrapods. Under this definition ""herps"" (or sometimes ""herptiles"" or ""herpetofauna"") exclude fish, but it is not uncommon for herpetological and"
"timing of the development of a relationship between humans and wolves is debated. There exists two schools of thought. The early domestication theory proposed by argues that the relationship commenced once humans moved into the colder parts of Eurasia around 35,000 YBP, which is when the proposed Paleolithic dogs first began to appear. Wolves that were adjusting to live with humans may have developed shorter, wider skulls and more steeply-rising foreheads that would make wolf facial expressions easier to interpret. The late domestication theory proposed by Susan J. Crockford argues that Paleolithic dogs are an unusual phenotype of wolf and"
"Pegasoferae Pegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by Nishihara, Hasegawa and Okada (2006). To the surprise of the authors, their data led them to propose a clade that includes bats (order Chiroptera), carnivores such as cats and dogs (order Carnivora), horses and other odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla) and pangolins (order Pholidota) as springing from a single evolutionary origin within the mammals. The name Pegasoferae was coined from the name of the mythological flying horse Pegasus to refer to bats and horses, and the term Ferae, encompassing carnivorans and pangolins. According to this,"