"alternating a piece and a gap takes the maximum length of 32 bytes. To this must be added two bytes for the 50-move rule and such things. Inspired by Huffman coding, chess positions can be represented with bit patterns in such a way that the more common board elements (empty squares and pawns) are stored using fewer bits than the less common board elements: For the fifty-move rule, a number representing one of 101 possibilities is needed: a pawn was just moved or a piece just captured, a pawn was moved or a piece was captured 1..99 moves ago, or"
"rules were most recently revised in 2017. Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called ' and denoted with numbers ""1"" to ""8"") and eight columns (called ' and denoted with letters ""a"" to ""h""). The colors of the 64 squares alternate and are referred to as ""light"" and ""dark"" squares. The chessboard is placed with a light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player. By convention, the game pieces are divided into white and black sets, and the players are referred to as ""White"" and ""Black"" respectively. Each player begins the"
"thus capturing that piece; and optionally of promoting the moving piece, if the move enters the ""promotion zone"", or if it is a capture and any part of it is in the promotion zone. Two players, Black and White (or 先手 ""sente"" and 後手 ""gote),"" play on a board ruled into a grid of 12 ""ranks"" (rows) and 12 ""files"" (columns), with a total of 144 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color, unlike a Western chess board. Each player has a set of 46 pieces of 21 different types, and each piece has its name written on"
"play on a board ruled into a grid of 15 ""ranks"" (rows) and 15 ""files"" (columns) with a total of 225 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color, unlike a Western chess board. Each player has a set of 65 pieces of 29 different types. In all, a player must remember 36 different moves. Each piece has its name written on it in Japanese kanji. The writing is typically in black. On the reverse side of most pieces there are characters to indicate the piece's promoted rank, typically written in red. The pieces are wedge-shaped and their orientation"
"Checkerboard A checkerboard (American English) or chequerboard (British English; see spelling differences) is a board of chequered pattern on which draughts (checkers) is played. Most commonly, it consists of 64 squares (8×8) of alternating dark and light color, often black and white. An 8×8 checkerboard is used to play many other games, including chess, whereby it is known as a chessboard. Other rectangular square-tiled boards are also often called checkerboards. Given a matrix with formula_1 rows and formula_2 columns, a function formula_3, formula_4 returns true if the cell is white and false if the cell is black. The element formula_5"
"Black and White (or 先手 ""sente"" and 後手 ""gote""), play on a board ruled into a grid of 9 ""ranks"" (rows) by 7 ""files"" (columns). The squares are undifferentiated by markings or color. Each player has a set of 14 wedge-shaped pieces, of slightly different sizes. From largest to smallest (most to least powerful) they are: Most of the English names were chosen to correspond to rough equivalents in Western chess, rather than as translations of the Japanese names. Each piece has its name in the form of two kanji written on its face. On the reverse side of some"
"ethics of players, accommodations for physically challenged players, and recording of moves using chess notation. Procedures for resolving irregularities that can occur during a game are provided as well. Chess is played on a chessboard, a square board divided into 64 squares (eight-by-eight) of alternating color, which is similar to that used in draughts (checkers) . No matter what the actual colors of the board, the lighter-colored squares are called ""light"" or ""white"", and the darker-colored squares are called ""dark"" or ""black"". Sixteen ""white"" and sixteen ""black"" pieces are placed on the board at the beginning of the game. The"
"capturing player. Two players, Black and White (or 先手 ""sente"" and 後手 ""gote),"" play on a board composed of squares in a grid of 16 ""ranks"" (rows) by 16 ""files"" (columns) with a total of 256 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color. A pair of dots may be placed just beyond the fifth rank on each side to mark the promotion zones and aid in the initial setup of the two camps. Each player has a set of 78 wedge-shaped pieces of 36 types. In all, the players must remember 43 moves for these pieces. The pieces"
"the other. In most cases, the squares are not actually white and black, but a light color and a contrasting dark color. For example, the squares on plastic boards are often off-white (""buff"") and green, while those on wood boards are often light brown and dark brown. In old chess writings, the sides are often called Red and Black, because those were the two colors of ink then commonly available when hand-drawing or printing chess position diagrams. As Howard Staunton observed, ""In the earlier ages of chess, the board was simply divided into sixty-four squares, without any difference of colour""."
"Sovereign Chess Sovereign Chess is a commercial chess variant designed by Mark Bates and produced by Infinite Pi Games. The game is played on a 16 x 16 board and begins with 112 pieces—a normal complement of white and black pieces (16 each), and 80 other colored pieces (8 each of 10 different colors). The colored pieces are considered “neutral” at the beginning of the game, and can not initially be moved nor captured. The center of the board contains an arrangement of 24 colored squares (2 each in every color, including white and black), which determine control of the"
"and marble boards are available but rarely accepted for games rated by national or international chess federations. In western chess the board has a squared shape, with its side being divided into eight parts, resulting in a total of sixty-four subdivisions. In other variants, the total number of subdivisions may range from nine to one hundred and twelve. Each subdivision of the board is called a square and receives a unique identification to be used in chess notation, which may be descriptive, algebraic, or numeric. In two-dimensional boards, each horizontal rectilinear array of squares is called a ""rank"", each vertical"
"and White (先手 ""sente"" and 後手 ""gote""), play on a board ruled into a grid of 8 or 9 ""ranks"" (rows) by 8 or 9 ""files"" (columns). The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color. Each player has a set of 16 or 18 wedge-shaped pieces, of slightly different sizes. From largest to smallest (most to least powerful) they are: Most of the English names were chosen to correspond to rough equivalents in Western chess, rather than as translations of the Japanese names. Each piece has its name in the form of two kanji written on its face. On the"
"and 25 ""files"" (columns), for a total of 625 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color. Each player has a set of 177 wedge-shaped pieces of 93 types. In all, the players must remember 99 moves for these pieces. The pieces are of slightly different sizes. From largest to smallest (or roughly most to least powerful) they are: Several of the English names were chosen to correspond to rough equivalents in Western chess, rather than as translations of the Japanese names. Each piece has its name in the form of two kanji written on its face. On the"
"white squares until they have achieved a score of 75 or more.The aim is to get as high a score as possible. Of the three pieces of each variety, one has an inscribed '2' above one square, and one has an inscribed '3' (the other is unmarked). When these pieces are played, the square on the board covered by the number written on the tile is multiplied by that number when it is added to the relevant player's score. Pieces may only be placed in positions where they are adjacent to (not just diagonally touching) a piece of either colour"
"Colors: White, Ash, Slate, and Black Chromatic Colors: Pink, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Cyan, Navy, and Violet All colored squares are located near the center of the board (between ranks 5 through 12 and files e through l), but only the achromatic colors are located within the middle 4 x 4 region (between ranks 7 through 10 and files g through j). The pattern of squares has 180-degree symmetry so that each color is equally accessible to each player throughout the game. At the start of the game, the board contains 112 pieces, filling the first and second rings of"
"capture the opponent's king. Unlike standard shogi, pieces may not be dropped back into play after being captured. Two players, Black and White (or ""sente"" and ""gōte),"" play on a board composed of squares in a grid of 17 ""ranks"" (rows) by 17 ""files"" (columns) with a total of 289 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color. Each player has a set of 96 wedge-shaped pieces of 64 different types. In all, the players must remember 68 different moves. The pieces are of slightly different sizes, from largest to smallest (or roughly most to least powerful) they are:"
"leaving a bare king. Unlike standard shogi, pieces may not be dropped back into play after capture. Two players, Black and White (or 先手 ""sente"" and 後手 ""gote""), play on a board ruled into a grid of 13 ""ranks"" (rows) by 13 ""files"" (columns) for a total of 169 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color. Each player has a set of 34 wedge-shaped pieces of 13 different types. In all, the players must remember 13 different moves. The pieces are of slightly different sizes. From largest to smallest (most to least powerful) they are: Many of the"
"squares, 17 pale red ""double-word"" squares, of which one, the center square (H8), is marked with a star or other symbol; 12 dark blue ""triple-letter"" squares, and 24 pale blue ""double-letter"" squares. In 2008, Hasbro changed the colors of the premium squares to orange for TW, red for DW, blue for DL, and green for TL, but the original premium square color scheme is still preferred for ""Scrabble"" boards used in tournaments. In an English-language set, the game contains 100 tiles, 98 of which are marked with a letter and a point value ranging from 1 to 10. The number"
"hard problem for automated proof systems. In fact, its solution using the resolution system of inference is exponentially hard. The puzzle is impossible to complete. A domino placed on the chessboard will always cover one white square and one black square. Therefore, a collection of dominoes placed on the board will cover an equal numbers of squares of each color. If the two white corners are removed from the board then 30 white squares and 32 black squares remain to be covered by dominoes, so this is impossible. If the two black corners are removed instead, then 32 white squares"
"Two players, Black and White, play on a go board ruled into a grid of 19 ""ranks"" (rows) by 19 ""files"" (columns) with a total of 361 intersections. Each player has a set of 90 pieces of 34 different types. The pieces are round and flattened like go stones. In all, the players must remember 65 different moves. The pieces are generally of the same size, though black pieces may be slightly larger than white pieces. Each piece has its name in the form of one or two Japanese characters marked on its face, in white on black stones and"
"increasing as the standard of play improves. White and Black in chess In chess, the player who moves first is referred to as ""White"" and the player who moves second is referred to as ""Black"". Similarly, the pieces that each conducts are called, respectively, ""the white pieces"" and ""the black pieces"". The pieces are often not literally white and black, but some other colors (usually a light color and a dark color, respectively). The 64 squares of the chessboard, which is colored in a checkered pattern, are likewise referred to as ""white squares"" or ""light squares"" on the one hand,"
"White and Black in chess In chess, the player who moves first is referred to as ""White"" and the player who moves second is referred to as ""Black"". Similarly, the pieces that each conducts are called, respectively, ""the white pieces"" and ""the black pieces"". The pieces are often not literally white and black, but some other colors (usually a light color and a dark color, respectively). The 64 squares of the chessboard, which is colored in a checkered pattern, are likewise referred to as ""white squares"" or ""light squares"" on the one hand, and ""black squares"" or ""dark squares"" on"
"occur in practical play. These endgame studies apply to both Gliński's and McCooey's variants: Starchess is a hexagonal variant invented by Hungarian chess teacher László Polgár. The board is a horizontally oriented regular hexagram, consisting of 37 numbered cells. Due to the small board, games typically finish quicker than in standard chess. Each player has five pawns, a king, knight, bishop, rook, and queen. The white pawns start at cells 5, 12, 18, 23, and 29; the black pawns at 9, 15, 20, 26, and 33. At the beginning of the game, the players place their other pieces alternately on"
"board is placed so that a white square is in each player's near-right corner. Horizontal rows are called ranks and vertical rows are called files. Each player controls sixteen pieces: At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram: for each side one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are placed, one on a square, as follows: Popular mnemonics used to remember the setup are ""queen on her own color"" and ""white on right"". The latter refers to setting up the board so that the square"
"that the first square of the far right column should be light-coloured, endorsed by Pedro Damiano in the end of the 15th century. More recently, some varieties have employed three-dimensional boards, in which the third dimension is usually another two-dimensional board. The Raumschach variant utilises five boards of twenty-five squares each, totalising 125 squares. Another noteworthy variant, ""Star Trek"" Chess, utilises a board of sixty-four squares divided into seven levels. In 2003, the ex-world champion Garry Kasparov faced the chess engine X3D Fritz in a series of four matches in a virtual environment, where the computer-generated board hovered in the"
"Chess on a Really Big Board Chess on a Really Big Board is a large chess variant invented by Ralph Betza around 1996. It is played on a 16×16 chessboard with 16 pieces (on the back rank) and 16 pawns (on the second rank) per player. Since such a board can be constructed by pushing together four standard 8×8 boards, Betza also gave this variant the alternative names of Four Board Chess or Chess on Four Boards. Chess on a Really Big Board was created as an outgrowth of Betza's ideas on three-dimensional chess, after he noted that an 8×8×8"
"respectively. It should be noted that these squares are part of the board, and all pieces (except rooks and pawns) can enter them. (See the puzzle by Benjamin Good.) 1. f4 d5 2. Nd2 Ng7 3. Wa2 Cc7 4. Ng2 f7 5. Wj2 Wa7 6. e4 de4 7. Ne4 Bb4+ 8. Be1 Nd7 9. c3 Be7 10. Wi5 0-0 11. d4 Cc6 12. Bd3 b5 13. b4 Wd6 14. Cc2 Wj7 15. Ch2 Wi4 16. Nh4 Wh5 17. Wd1 We3+ 18. Kg0 c7 19. i4 Wg4 20. Be2 Wd5 21. Rc0 Bb7 22. Nc5 (Black is aiming a lot of"
"is black. Martin Gardner featured puzzles based on checkerboards in his November 1962 Mathematical Games column in Scientific American. A square checkerboard with an alternating pattern is used for games including: The following games require an 8×8 board and are sometimes played on a chessboard. Checkerboard A checkerboard (American English) or chequerboard (British English; see spelling differences) is a board of chequered pattern on which draughts (checkers) is played. Most commonly, it consists of 64 squares (8×8) of alternating dark and light color, often black and white. An 8×8 checkerboard is used to play many other games, including chess, whereby"
"second person selected is treated as the ""new contestant"" for the purposes of game play: this is elaborated on later in this section. The main game board has sixteen squares in a 4x4 layout (from A1 to D4). Behind each square is a different colour, and neither player (nor the host or audience) knows the location of which colours are where. The colours are: The number of times that each colour occurs in the Grid varies between episodes. Typically, it will contain 4-7 Cash squares, 1-4 Bonus squares, 2-4 Steal squares, 4-6 Penalty squares and there is always 1 Bankrupt"
"increased to up to 16 pieces on each side in some versions). The pieces of one player are distinguishable from another by their colours: black, green, red, and yellow. Six cowrie shells are used to determine the amount to move the players' pieces. The shells are thrown from the player's hand and the number of cowries which fall with their openings upwards indicate how many spaces the player may move: In some versions, seven cowrie shells are used: The board is usually embroidered on cloth. The playing area is cruciform. There is a large square in the centre, called the"
"19 line grid is simultaneously an 18 × 18 grid of squares, and the starting position needs only 43 each of the black and white stones. The rules describe a highly variable set of pieces, which will often change every turn. In total there are 510 possible sets of a ""footprint""; however, the starting position uses these rules to emulate chess pieces on a 6×6 board: king, queen, bishop, rook and pawn in this order R–B–Q–K–B–R in the last row (black's view) and 6 pawns in the next row. The game objective, to remove the opponent's ""ring"" (described as a"
"Quatrochess Quatrochess is a chess variant for four players invented by George R. Dekle, Sr. in 1986. The board comprises 14×14 squares minus the four central squares. Each player controls a standard set of sixteen chess pieces, and additionally nine fairy pieces. The game can be played in partnership (two opposing teams of two) or all-versus-all. Quatrochess was included in ""World Game Review"" No. 10 edited by Michael Keller. The illustration shows the starting setup. White moves first and play proceeds clockwise around the board. Teammates sit in opposite corners in partnership games. The squareless center may not be moved"
"the board. There is a regular complement of white and black pieces between files e and l, with white on ranks 1 and 2 and black on ranks 15 and 16. Each of the chromatic colors have an army of eight pieces, consisting of 1 queen, 1 rook, 1 bishop, 1 knight, and 4 pawns. Each army is divided into two four-piece pods, one with a queen, bishop, and two pawns, and the other with a rook, knight, and two pawns. The ash and slate armies each have eight pieces, consisting of 2 queens, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, and 2"