"pear"" or ""prince of pears""). ""Citrus bergamia"" is a small tree that blossoms during the winter. The juice tastes less sour than lemon, but more bitter than grapefruit. The active ingredients in bergamot juice are neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin, ponceritin, melitidin, and mitrocin and 0.69% miriflin with 0% moisture brutieridin. Melitidin and brutieridin, only recently discovered, exist only in citrus bergamot and exhibit statin-like properties. Synephrine is not present in citrus bergamot. The bergamot orange is unrelated to the herbs known as bergamot or wild bergamot, ""Monarda didyma"" and ""Monarda fistulosa"", which are in the mint family, and are named for"
"for his resemblance to the PEAR bergamot. The origin of the citrus is uncertain: many argue that derives from mutation to another citrus species; others believe it was imported from the Canary Islands by Christopher Columbus; However, the most suitable and unique habitat for its cultivation, the only place where fruit well, is the province of Reggio Calabria. The first bergamotteto was implanted near the town in 1750. At that time the essence was extracted manually by pressing the peel of the fruit and making it absorb from natural sponges, placed in special containers. Bergamot essential oil is an indispensable"
"it has its roots. Citrus bergamot is commercially grown in southern Calabria (province of Reggio), southern Italy. It is also grown in southern France and in Côte d'Ivoire for the essential oil and in Antalya in southern Turkey for its marmalade. The fruit is not generally grown for juice consumption. However, in Mauritius where it is grown on a small-scale basis, it is largely consumed as juice by the locals. One hundred bergamot oranges yield about three ounces (85g) of bergamot oil. Adulteration with cheaper products such as oil of rosewood and bergamot mint has been a problem for consumers."
"Bergamottin Bergamottin is a natural furanocoumarin found principally in grapefruit juice. It is also found in the oil of bergamot orange, from which it was first isolated and from which its name is derived. To a lesser extent, bergamottin is also present in the essential oils of other citrus fruits. Along with the chemically related compound 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, it is believed to be responsible for the grapefruit juice effect, in which the consumption of the juice affects the metabolism of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs. In chemical terms, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin are linear furanocoumarins functionalized with side chains derived from geraniol."
"Pomegranate The pomegranate (""Punica granatum"") is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Lythraceae that grows between tall. The fruit is typically in season in the Northern Hemisphere from September to February, and in the Southern Hemisphere from March to May. As intact arils or juice, pomegranates are used in baking, cooking, juice blends, meal garnishes, smoothies, and alcoholic beverages, such as cocktails and wine. The pomegranate originated in the region extending from modern-day Iran to northern India, and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region. It was introduced into Spanish America in the"
"Marjoram Marjoram (; Origanum majorana) is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavors. In some Middle Eastern countries, marjoram is synonymous with oregano, and there the names sweet marjoram and knotted marjoram are used to distinguish it from other plants of the genus ""Origanum"". It is also called pot marjoram, although this name is also used for other cultivated species of ""Origanum"". Marjoram is indigenous to Cyprus and southern Turkey, and was known to the Greeks and Romans as a symbol of happiness. The name marjoram (Old French ""majorane"", Medieval Latin ""majorana"") does not"
"of the respiratory tract, fever, infections, cold, and flu. Berberis vulgaris Berberis vulgaris, also known as common barberry, European barberry or simply barberry, is a shrub in the genus ""Berberis"". It produces edible but sharply acidic berries, which people in many countries eat as a tart and refreshing fruit. The shrub is native to central and southern Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia; it is also naturalised in northern Europe, including the British Isles and Scandinavia, and North America. In the United States and Canada, it has become established in the wild over an area from Nova Scotia to Nebraska,"
"Bitter orange Bitter orange, Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange refers to a citrus tree (Citrus"" × ""aurantium) and its fruit. It is native to southeast Asia, and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. Wild trees are found near small streams in generally secluded and wooded parts of Florida and The Bahamas after it was introduced to the area from Spain, where it had been introduced and cultivated heavily beginning in the 10th century by the Moors. The bitter orange is believed to be a cross between ""Citrus maxima"" × ""Citrus reticulata"""
"Eggplant Eggplant (US), aubergine (UK), or brinjal (South Asia and South Africa ) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae, ""Solanum melongena"", grown for its often purple edible fruit. The spongy, absorbent fruit of the plant is widely used in cooking in many different cuisines, and is often considered a vegetable, even though it is a berry by botanical definition. As a member of the genus ""Solanum"", it is related to the tomato and the potato. Like the tomato, its skin and seeds can be eaten, but, like the potato, it is not advisable to eat it raw."
"Monarda didyma Monarda didyma (crimson beebalm, scarlet beebalm, scarlet monarda, Oswego tea, or bergamot) is an aromatic herb in the family Lamiaceae, native to eastern North America from Maine west to Ontario and Minnesota, and south to northern Georgia. Its odor is considered similar to that of the bergamot orange (the source of bergamot oil used to flavor Earl Grey tea). The scientific name comes from Nicolas Monardes, who described the first American flora in 1569. This hardy perennial plant grows to 0.7-1.5 m in height, with the stems square in cross-section. The leaves are opposite on the square stems,"
"Marmalade Marmalade generally refers to a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be produced from kumquats, lemons, limes, grapefruits, mandarins, sweet oranges, bergamots, and other citrus fruits, or any combination of them. For many decades now, the preferred citrus fruit for marmalade production in the British Isles has been the Spanish Seville orange, ""Citrus aurantium"" var. ""aurantium"", prized for its high pectin content, which sets readily to the thick consistency expected of marmalade. The peel imparts a bitter taste. The term ""marmalade"" is not precise, universal nor definitive,"
"Grapefruit The grapefruit (""Citrus"" × ""paradisi"") is a subtropical citrus tree known for its sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. Grapefruit is a hybrid originating in Barbados as an accidental cross between two introduced species, sweet orange (""C. sinensis"") and pomelo, or shaddock (""C. maxima""), both of which were introduced from Asia in the seventeenth century. When found, it was named the ""forbidden fruit""; and frequently, it has been misidentified with the pomelo. The grapefruit's name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to that of grapes. The evergreen grapefruit trees usually grow to"
"Berry (botany) In botany, a berry is a fleshy fruit without a stone produced from a single flower containing one ovary. Berries so defined include grapes, currants, and tomatoes, as well as cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines) and bananas, but exclude certain fruits commonly called berries, such as strawberries and raspberries. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible ""pericarp"". Berries may be formed from one or more carpels from the same flower (i.e. from a simple or a compound ovary). The seeds are usually"
"Amaranthus blitum Amaranthus blitum, commonly called purple amaranth or Guernsey pigweed, is an annual plant species in economically important plant family Amaranthaceae. Native to the Mediterranean region, it is naturalized in other parts of the world, including much of eastern North America. Although weedy, it is eaten in many parts of the world. The Greeks call the ""Amaranthus blitum"" var. ""silvestre"", (Modern Greek: ), and eat the leaves and the tender shoots cooked in steam or boiled and then served with olive oil, lemon and salt. Similarly, it is also picked as young shoots in Lebanon and cooked in olive"
"Bergapten Bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) is a psoralen (also known as furocoumarins) found in bergamot essential oil, in other citrus essential oils, and in grapefruit juice along with various other plants like figs and parsley. Bergapten is commonly found within the plant family Rutaceae. In 1970, Nielsen extracted 5-methoxypsoralen from 24 species of the ""Heracleum"" genus in the Apiaceae family. In 1834, 5-methoxypsoralen was the first furocoumarin to be isolated. It was isolated from bergamot oil by Kalbrunner. Furocoumarins are known for their photosensitizing effects, but bergapten can be a photo carcinogenic as well. The phototoxic components of bergapten are related to"
"very strongly scented. The fruit is a ""hesperidium"", a specialised berry, globose to elongated, long and diameter, with a leathery rind or ""peel"" called a pericarp. The outermost layer of the pericarp is an ""exocarp"" called the flavedo, commonly referred to as the zest. The middle layer of the pericarp is the mesocarp, which in citrus fruits consists of the white, spongy ""albedo"", or ""pith"". The innermost layer of the pericarp is the endocarp. The space inside each segment is a locule filled with juice vesicles, or ""pulp"". From the endocarp, string-like ""hairs"" extend into the locules, which provide nourishment"
"(or Grain Coast) where currently exists the Republic of Liberia, is a historical coastal region named after this commodity. ""Aframomum melegueta"" is an herbaceous perennial plant native to swampy habitats along the West African coast. Its trumpet-shaped, purple flowers develop into pods 5–7 cm long, containing numerous small, reddish-brown seeds. The pungent, peppery taste of the seeds is caused by aromatic ketones, such as (6)-paradol (systematic name: 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one). Essential oils, which are the dominating flavor components in the closely related cardamom, occur only in traces. The stem at times can be short, and usually shows signs of scars and dropped"
"contrast, rhubarb is often referred to as a fruit, because it is used to make sweet desserts such as pies, though only the petiole (leaf stalk) of the rhubarb plant is edible, and edible gymnosperm seeds are often given fruit names, e.g., ginkgo nuts and pine nuts. Botanically, a cereal grain, such as corn, rice, or wheat, is also a kind of fruit, termed a caryopsis. However, the fruit wall is very thin and is fused to the seed coat, so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed. The outer, often edible layer, is the ""pericarp"", formed"
"and pomelo. The fruit is of medium size and its shape is round to slightly oblong. When ripe, it turns a light yellow. Its flesh is juicy and sweet with a slightly sour taste. It is usually eaten cut up, sprinkled with sugar and with most of its rather thick pith intact. The fruit's oil is higher than other citrus fruits in trans-β-farnesene, l-carvone, and has a higher number of ketones. Hyuganatsu Hyuganatsu (""Citrus tamurana"", Japanese: 日向夏) is a citrus fruit and plant grown in Japan. The name comes from Hyūga, the ancient name of Miyazaki Prefecture in Kyushu, where"
"folk taxonomy, are: All of these hybrids have in turn been bred back with their parent stocks or with other pure or hybrid citrus to form a broad array of fruits. Naming of these is inconsistent, with some bearing a variant of the name of one of the parents or simply another citrus with superficially-similar fruit, a distinct name, or a portmanteau of ancestral species. The Ponderosa lemon (""Citrus limon"" × ""medica"") and Florentine citron (""Citrus x limonimedica"") are both true lemon/citron hybrids, the Bergamot orange is a sweet orange/lemon hybrid and the Oroblanco is a grapefruit/pomelo mix, while tangelos"
"fruits are large and fleshy. Botanists classify the ""Cucurbita"" fruit as a pepo, which is a special type of berry derived from an inferior ovary, with a thick outer wall or rind with hypanthium tissue forming an exocarp around the ovary, and a fleshy interior composed of mesocarp and endocarp. The term ""pepo"" is used primarily for Cucurbitaceae fruits, where this fruit type is common, but the fruits of ""Passiflora"" and ""Carica"" are sometimes also pepos. The seeds, which are attached to the ovary wall (parietal placentation) and not to the center, are large and fairly flat with a large"
"of foods. This includes jelly with toast, or a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Marmalade is a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be produced from lemons, limes, grapefruits, mandarins, sweet oranges, bergamots and other citrus fruits, or any combination thereof. Marmalade is generally distinguished from jam by its fruit peel. The benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in Britain is the Spanish Seville orange, ""Citrus aurantium"" var. ""aurantium"", prized for its high pectin content, which gives a good set. The peel has a distinctive bitter taste which"
"Oregano Oregano (, ; Origanum vulgare) is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is native to temperate Western and Southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region. Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from tall, with opposite leaves long. The flowers are purple, long, produced in erect spikes. It is sometimes called wild marjoram, and its close relative, ""O. majorana"", is known as sweet marjoram. The word ""oregano"" is derived from Spanish ""orégano"", from Latin ""orīganum"", from Greek ὀρίγανον (""orī́ganon""). This is a compound of όρος (""óros""), ""mountain"", and γάνος (""gános""), ""brightness"", whence ""brightness of the mountain"". Oregano is"
"Kumquat Kumquats (or cumquats in Australian English, ; ""Citrus japonica"") are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae. They were previously classified as forming the now historical genus ""Fortunella"", or placed within ""Citrus sensu lato"". The edible fruit closely resembles the orange (""Citrus sinensis"") in color and shape but is much smaller, being approximately the size of a large olive. Kumquat is a fairly cold-hardy citrus. The English name ""kumquat"" derives from the Cantonese ""gām-gwāt"" , literally meaning ""golden orange"" or ""golden tangerine"". The kumquat plant is native to south Asia and the Asia-Pacific region."
"Berberis vulgaris Berberis vulgaris, also known as common barberry, European barberry or simply barberry, is a shrub in the genus ""Berberis"". It produces edible but sharply acidic berries, which people in many countries eat as a tart and refreshing fruit. The shrub is native to central and southern Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia; it is also naturalised in northern Europe, including the British Isles and Scandinavia, and North America. In the United States and Canada, it has become established in the wild over an area from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, with additional populations in Colorado, Idaho, Washington State, Montana,"
"drying. Much higher concentrations of volatile compounds are achieved towards the end of the growing season. Oregano Oregano (, ; Origanum vulgare) is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is native to temperate Western and Southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region. Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from tall, with opposite leaves long. The flowers are purple, long, produced in erect spikes. It is sometimes called wild marjoram, and its close relative, ""O. majorana"", is known as sweet marjoram. The word ""oregano"" is derived from Spanish ""orégano"", from Latin ""orīganum"", from Greek ὀρίγανον (""orī́ganon""). This is a"
"then to add a hydroxyl group to form bergaptol (6). Bergaptol (6) is next methylated with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to form bergapten (7). The final step in this biosynthesis is the attachment of a GPP, or geranyl pyrophosphate, to the newly methylated bergapten (7) to form the target molecule bergamottin (8). Bergamottin Bergamottin is a natural furanocoumarin found principally in grapefruit juice. It is also found in the oil of bergamot orange, from which it was first isolated and from which its name is derived. To a lesser extent, bergamottin is also present in the essential oils of other citrus"
"Monarda fistulosa Monarda fistulosa, the wild bergamot or bee balm, is a wildflower in the mint family (Lamiaceae) widespread and abundant as a native plant in much of North America. This plant, with showy summer-blooming pink to lavender flowers, is often used as a honey plant, medicinal plant, and garden ornamental. The species is quite variable, and several subspecies or varieties have been recognized within it. ""Monarda fistulosa"" is an herbaceous perennial that grows from slender creeping rhizomes, thus commonly occurring in large clumps. The plants are typically up to 3 ft (0.9 m) tall, with a few erect branches."
"such as citronellal (0.6%) and 2-methylundecanal. Other oxygenated compounds include nerol (0.22%) and trans-linalool oxide (0.15%). Hybrid forms of the kumquat include the following: Kumquat Kumquats (or cumquats in Australian English, ; ""Citrus japonica"") are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae. They were previously classified as forming the now historical genus ""Fortunella"", or placed within ""Citrus sensu lato"". The edible fruit closely resembles the orange (""Citrus sinensis"") in color and shape but is much smaller, being approximately the size of a large olive. Kumquat is a fairly cold-hardy citrus. The English name ""kumquat"" derives"
"Amaranth Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth, is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants. Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Most of the ""Amaranthus"" species are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweed. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or autumn. Approximately 60 species are recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple, through red and green to gold. Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus ""Celosia"". ""Amaranth"" derives from Greek (), ""unfading"", with the Greek word"
"of the province of Reggio Calabria, with wide, sandy beaches, and a clear sea . The Siderno area is a center of production of bergamot orange, a citrus fruit that is used as an essence and fundamental ingredient in cosmetics, for its wound healing properties in the pharmaceutical industry, and for flavouring in the food industry. The town is home to the 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organization based in Calabria. Several powerful criminal clans originate from the town. Siderno was the fiefdom of Antonio Macrì, the undisputed local boss until his demise in January 1975. Several of the criminal clans"
"been variously recognized within ""Monarda fistulosa"", of which some have also been treated as subspecies or as distinct species. Some of the varieties are geographically widespread, and others are quite restricted in their ranges. Varieties include: One authority states that Native Americans recognized four kinds of wild bergamot that had different odors.(Wood,1997) It is listed as historical in Rhode Island. It is listed as weed in Nebraska. Wild bergamot was considered a medicinal plant by many Native Americans including the Menominee, the Ojibwe, and the Winnebago (Ho-Chunk). It was used most commonly to treat colds, and was frequently made into"
"in London as a political hostess, and it proved so popular that she was asked if it could be sold to others, which is how Twinings came to market it as a brand. A 2010 survey found that a significant minority of people in the United Kingdom associate drinking Earl Grey tea with being ""posh"" or upper class. ""Earl Grey"" as applied to tea is not a registered trademark, and numerous tea companies produce their own versions of Earl Grey tea, using a wide variety of tea leaves and additives. Bergamot orange (""Citrus bergamia"") is a small citrus tree which"