"philosophy of the Stoics. His teachings were collected by his pupil Arrian in the ""Discourses"" and the ""Encheiridion"" (Manual of Study). Diogenes Laertius, who lived in the third century AD, wrote ""Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers"", a voluminous collection of biographies of nearly every Greek philosopher who ever lived. Unfortunately, Diogenes Laertius often fails to cite his sources and many modern historians consider his testimony unreliable. Nonetheless, in spite of this, he remains the only available source on the lives of many early Greek philosophers. His book is not entirely without merit; it does preserve a tremendous wealth of"
"lived in a tub on the streets of Athens. Diogenes took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century, and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the Empire. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although many of its ascetic and rhetorical ideas were adopted by early Christianity. The name Cynic"
"personal cleanliness. The earliest findings of baths date from the mid-2nd millennium BC in the palace complex at Knossos, Crete, and the luxurious alabaster bathtubs excavated in Akrotiri, Santorini. The Greeks established public baths and showers within gymnasiums for relaxation and personal hygiene. The word ""gymnasium""(γυμνάσιο) comes from the Greek word ""gymnos""(γυμνός), meaning naked. Ancient Rome developed a network of aqueducts to supply water to all large towns and population centres and had indoor plumbing, with pipes that terminated in homes and at public wells and fountains. The Roman public baths were called thermae. The thermae were not simply baths,"
"pottery. Masturbation is frequently referenced in the surviving comedies of Aristophanes, which are the most important sources of information on ancient Greek views on the subject. In ancient Greek pottery, satyrs are often depicted masturbating. According to the ""Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers"" by the third-century AD biographer Diogenes Laërtius, Diogenes of Sinope, the fourth-century BC Cynic philosopher, often masturbated in public, which was considered scandalous. When people confronted him over this, he would say, ""If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly."" Diogenes, speaking in jest, credited the god Hermes with its invention:"
"for the Actor"", lists the ""Enchiridion"" in the bibliography. Note 70. http://williamostephens.com Epictetus Epictetus (; , ""Epíktētos""; 55 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Pamukkale, Turkey) and lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece for the rest of his life. His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his ""Discourses"" and ""Enchiridion"". Epictetus taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are beyond our control; we should"
"dates back to 1700 B.C, and hails from the Palace of Knossos in Crete. What is remarkable about this tub is not only the similarity with the baths of today, but also the way in which the plumbing works surrounding it differ so little from modern models. A more advanced prehistoric (15th century BC and before) system of baths and plumbing is to be found in the excavated town of Akrotiri, on the Aegean island of Santorini (Thera). There, alabaster tubs and other bath fittings were found, along with a sophisticated twin plumbing system to transport hot and cold water"
"Baths of Agrippa The Baths of Agrippa (Latin: Thermae Agrippae) was a structure of ancient Rome, in what is now Italy, built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was the first of the great thermae constructed in the city, and also the first public bath. In the bath's first form, completed in 25 BC, it was a hot-air room also known as a ""laconian sudatorium or gymnasium"". With the completion of the Aqua Virgo in 19 BC, the baths were supplied with water and with the addition of a large lake and canal (""Stagnum Agrippae""). Between the construction and Agrippa's death"
"seems to have been important. The first named Greek philosopher, according to Aristotle, is Thales of Miletus, early 6th century BCE. He made use of purely physical explanations to explain the phenomena of the world rather than the mythological and divine explanations of tradition. He is thought to have posited water as the single underlying principle (or ""Arche in later Aristotelian terminology) of the material world"". His fellow, but younger Miletians, Anaximander and Anaximenes, also posited monistic underlying principles, namely apeiron (the indefinite or boundless) and air respectively. Another school was the Eleatics, in southern Italy. The group was founded"
"himself useful somehow or other. Diogenes having nothing to do – of course no one thought of giving him a job – was moved by the sight to gather up his philosopher's cloak and begin rolling his tub energetically up and down the Craneum; an acquaintance asked for the reason, and got the explanation: ""I do not want to be thought the only idler in such a busy multitude; I am rolling my tub to be like the rest."" It was in Corinth that a meeting between Alexander the Great and Diogenes is supposed to have taken place. These stories"
"give an honest bark at the truth. Other dogs bite their enemies, I bite my friends to save them."" The Greek philosopher is seated in his abode, the earthenware tub, - also depicted sometimes in sitting in a barrel, - in the Metroon, Athens, lighting the lamp in daylight with which he was to go in searching for an honest man. Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh portrayed probably a scholar noted by its significance to its particular profession, depicting a book, or a Protestant preacher and theologian with the Bible opened on the table. A dog depicted as a companion to the"
"prone to flooding throughout antiquity. Baths of Agrippa The Baths of Agrippa (Latin: Thermae Agrippae) was a structure of ancient Rome, in what is now Italy, built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was the first of the great thermae constructed in the city, and also the first public bath. In the bath's first form, completed in 25 BC, it was a hot-air room also known as a ""laconian sudatorium or gymnasium"". With the completion of the Aqua Virgo in 19 BC, the baths were supplied with water and with the addition of a large lake and canal (""Stagnum Agrippae""). Between"
"the baths was the cistern that provided it with water, with a hearth beneath to warm it. In Byzantine times the building was alternately used by men and women, but in the Ottoman period the bath was divided into exclusively male and female sections, by blocking off each pair of rooms from each other. The bath was one of several in the city—the 14th-century writer Nikephoros Choumnos claims that Thessaloniki had more baths than inhabitants—but is the only surviving in Thessaloniki and the largest and most complete of the handful of Byzantine baths surviving elsewhere in Greece: five ruined public"
"laconicum/sudatorium, and the frigidarium. The Baths of Trajan were located 800 meters from the sea. These baths contained a double apse and were ""paved with a remarkable mosaic representing the Triumph of Bacchus and the Dionysiac cycle."" The mosaic is now at the Bardo National Museum in Tunis. Frigidarium A frigidarium is a large cold pool at the Roman baths. When entering the bath house, one would go through the apodyterium, where they would store their clothes. After the caldarium and the tepidarium, which were used to open the pores of the skin, the frigidarium would be reached. The cold"
"Bion of Borysthenes Bion of Borysthenes (, ""gen"".: Βίωνος; BC) was a Greek philosopher. After being sold into slavery, and then released, he moved to Athens, where he studied in almost every school of philosophy. It is, however, for his Cynic-style diatribes that he is chiefly remembered. He satirized the foolishness of people, attacked religion, and eulogized philosophy. Bion was from the town of Olbia on the north coast of the Black Sea by the mouth of the river Borysthenes (modern-day Dnieper). He lived c. 325-c. 250 BC, but the exact dates of his birth and death are uncertain. Strabo"
"Masturbation is frequently referenced in the surviving comedies of Aristophanes, which are the most important sources of information on ancient Greek views on the subject. In ancient Greek pottery, satyrs are often depicted masturbating. According to the ""Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers"" by the third-century AD biographer Diogenes Laërtius, Diogenes of Sinope, the fourth-century BC Cynic philosopher, often masturbated in public, which was considered scandalous. When people confronted him over this, he would say, ""If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly."" Among non-western perspectives on the matter, some teachers and practitioners of Traditional"
"Cave of Euripides The Cave of Euripides is a narrow cave, approximately 47 meters deep with ten small chambers, on a hillside overlooking the Saronic Gulf in the area of Peristeria on the south coast of Salamis Island, Greece. Its name derives from its reputation since ancient times as the place where the playwright Euripides came to write his tragedies. The ancient authors Philochorus and Satyrus described Euripides as a misanthrope who avoided society by lurking in a cave. The second century Roman author Aulus Gellius claimed to have visited the ""grim and gloomy cavern"" during his visit to Athens"
"Epictetus Epictetus (; , ""Epíktētos""; 55 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Pamukkale, Turkey) and lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece for the rest of his life. His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his ""Discourses"" and ""Enchiridion"". Epictetus taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are beyond our control; we should accept calmly and dispassionately whatever happens. However, individuals are responsible for their"
"an addition of a large apsidal room to the south along with a hypocaust system. Greek Baths ""The history of public baths begins in Greece in the sixth century B.C.,"" said by Françoise de Bonneville in his book ""The Book of the Bath."" Greeks original form of bathing consisted of nothing more than a quick plunge into icy water until the people of Laconica came upon the idea of a hot-air bath. The hot-air bath later came to be known as a laconica bath. The people of Laconica were from the Sparta area. With this bath came the idea of"
"Apodyterium In ancient Rome, the apodyterium (from ""undressing room"") was the primary entry in the public baths, composed of a large changing room with cubicles or shelves where citizens could store clothing and other belongings while bathing. Privately owned slaves, or one hired at the baths, called a capsarius, would look after belongings while citizens enjoyed the pleasures of the baths. A contemporary Roman schoolbook quotes a wealthy young Roman schoolboy who entered the baths, leaving his slave behind in the apodyterium: ""Do not fall asleep, on account of the thieves."" (""ne addormias propter fures, ""CGL 3.651.10) If you were"
"they were discovered. Baths of Titus The Baths of Titus or ""Thermae Titi"" were public baths (""Thermae"") built in 81 AD at Rome, in what is now Italy, by Roman emperor Titus. The baths sat at the base of the Esquiline Hill, an area of parkland and luxury estates which had been taken over by Nero (AD 54–68) for his Golden House or ""Domus Aurea"". ""Thermae Titi"" or Titus' baths were built in haste, possibly by converting an existing or partly built bathing complex belonging to the reviled ""Domus Aurea"". They were not particularly extensive, and the much larger Baths"
"Baths of Titus The Baths of Titus or ""Thermae Titi"" were public baths (""Thermae"") built in 81 AD at Rome, in what is now Italy, by Roman emperor Titus. The baths sat at the base of the Esquiline Hill, an area of parkland and luxury estates which had been taken over by Nero (AD 54–68) for his Golden House or ""Domus Aurea"". ""Thermae Titi"" or Titus' baths were built in haste, possibly by converting an existing or partly built bathing complex belonging to the reviled ""Domus Aurea"". They were not particularly extensive, and the much larger Baths of Trajan were"
"have been discovered at the site of the city Pergamum and can also be found represented in pottery of the era. The depictions are very similar to modern locker room showers, and even included bars to hang up clothing. The ancient Romans also followed this convention; their famous bathhouses (Thermae) can be found all around the Mediterranean and as far out as modern-day England. The Romans not only had these showers but also believed in bathing multiple times a week, if not every day. The water and sewage systems developed by the Greeks and Romans broke down and fell out"
"(see Baths of Zeuxippus). The monumental baths designed by Renaissance Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), such as the Çemberlitaş Hamamı, the bath in the complex of the Süleymaniye Mosque, and the bath of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne were particularly influential. Like its Roman predecessor, a typical hamam consists of three basic, interconnected rooms: the ""sıcaklık"" (or ""hararet"" - in Latin, caldarium), which is the hot room; the warm room (tepidarium), which is the intermediate room; and the ""soğukluk"", which is the cool room (frigidarium). The main evolutionary change between Roman baths and Turkish baths concerned the cool room. The"
"philosophers"". (""Gr ""gymnos"": naked; ""sophist"": knowledge""). The philosopher Onesicritus investigated their beliefs and lifestyle. Pyrrho the Sceptic was impressed and incorporated nudity into his philosophy. The Gymnosophists were Hindus, but Jain and Ajivika monks practiced nudity as a statement that they had given up all worldly goods. Nudity was not a new concept to the Greeks as the Olympic Games (founded in 776 BC) were exclusively male and nude events. Historically, the Adamites, a Gnostic sect, practiced religious nudism. A religious sect in Canada that immigrated from Russia, the Sons of Freedom, went so far in the 1900s (1903-1950s) as"
"had enough water not only for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, but also for their leisurely pursuits. Aqueducts provided water that was later heated for use in the baths. Today, the extent of the Roman bath is revealed at ruins and in archaeological excavations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. These Roman baths varied from simple to exceedingly elaborate structures, and they varied in size, arrangement, and decoration. Most contained an ""apodyterium""—a room just inside the entrance where the bather stored his clothes. Next, the bather progressed into the ""tepidarium"" (warm room), then into the ""caldarium"" (hot room) for"
"Anaximander Anaximander (; ""Anaximandros""; was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia (in modern-day Turkey). He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and, arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils. Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait"
"Heraclitus Heraclitus of Ephesus (; ; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, and a native of the city of Ephesus, then part of the Persian Empire. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the apparently riddled and allegedly paradoxical nature of his philosophy and his stress upon the heedless unconsciousness of humankind, he was called ""The Obscure"" and the ""Weeping Philosopher"". Heraclitus was famous for his insistence on ever-present change as being"
"but had a shelter for the visitors. They did not wear any clothes and thus compared themselves to the Olympian athletes. They shared their vegetarian meal with him. Gymnosophists Gymnosophists (Greek , ""gymnosophistai"", i.e. ""naked philosophers"" or ""naked wise men"") is the name given by the Greeks to certain ancient Indian philosophers who pursued asceticism to the point of regarding food and clothing as detrimental to purity of thought. They were noted to have been vegetarian by several Greek authors. There were also gymnosophists in upper Egypt who were called Ethiopean Gymnosophists by Apollonius of Tyana. In Greek literature they"
"Allegory of the Cave The Allegory of the Cave, or Plato's Cave, was presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work ""Republic"" (514a–520a) to compare ""the effect of education () and the lack of it on our nature"". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates, narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the analogy of the sun (508b–509c) and the analogy of the divided line (509d–511e). All three are characterized in relation to dialectic at the end of Books VII and VIII (531d–534e). Plato has Socrates describe a group of"
"The baths were constructed in the third century by the Roman Emperor Caracalla (212-217), who also constructed the Baths of Caracalla in Rome, in honour of Asclepios, the God of Medicine, and built around three principal rooms: the ""caldarium"" (hot bath), the ""tepidarium"" (warm bath) and the ""frigidarium"" (cold bath) in a typically laid-out 80m x 120m classical complex. The baths were in use up until the eighth century when they were destroyed by fire leaving only the ruins of the basement and first floor. The adjacent höyük (tumulus) was excavated by Prof. Dr. Remzi Oğuz Arık in 1937 revealing"
"the architecture of the baths themselves. The presence of niches in the walls are assumed to have been bookcases and have been shown to be sufficiently deep to have contained ancient scrolls. There is little documentation from the writers of the time that there did exist definitive public libraries maintained in the baths, but records have been found that indicated a slave from the imperial household was labelled “maintenance man of the Greek library of the baths” (vilicus thermarum bybliothecae Graecae). However, this may only indicate that the same slave held two positions in succession: “maintenance man of the baths"
"Diogenes Diogenes (; , ""Diogenēs"" ), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (, ""Diogenēs ho Kynikos""), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. He was born in Sinope, an Ionian colony on the Black Sea, in 412 or 404 BC and died at Corinth in 323 BC. Diogenes was a controversial figure. His father minted coins for a living, and Diogenes was banished from Sinope when he took to debasement of currency. After being exiled, he moved to Athens and criticized many cultural conventions of the city. He modeled himself on the example of Heracles,"
"the room (9.35 x 6.35 m, 4.75 m high) was a tub made of Opus signinum, into which water from the ancient Greek aqueduct flowed. From here the water flowed into the hydraulic system of the theatre. The whole thing might be identified with the ""Mouseion"" or sanctuary of Muses, seat of the company of actors. According to the anonymous ""Life of Euripides"", Dionysios dedicated objects belonging to the tragic poet Euripides acquired at great expense in Greece in this sanctuary. Important modifications were made to the theatre, perhaps at the time when the colonia was founded in the early"