"of Heidegger's early career, but he produced other important works from this period: Although Heidegger did not complete the project outlined in ""Being and Time"", later works explicitly addressed the themes and concepts of ""Being and Time"". Most important among the works which do so are the following: ""Being and Time"" has been seen as a product of the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat in World War I, and has been compared in this respect to works such as Ernst Bloch's ""The Spirit of Utopia"" (1918), Oswald Spengler's ""The Decline of the West"" (1918), Franz Rosenzweig's ""The Star"
"""Being and Time"" (1927). ""Being and Time"" influenced successive generations of philosophers in Europe and the United States, particularly in the areas of phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics and deconstruction. Heidegger's work built on, and responded to, the earlier explorations of phenomenology by another Weimar era philosopher, Edmund Husserl. The intersection of politics and philosophy inspired other philosophers in Weimar Germany, when radical politics included many thinkers and activists across the political spectrum. During his 20s, Herbert Marcuse was a student in Freiburg, where he went to study under Martin Heidegger, one of Germany's most prominent philosophers. Marcuse himself later became a"
"to which his Nazism influenced his philosophy. His first and best known book, ""Being and Time"" (1927), though unfinished, is one of the central philosophical works of the 20th century. In its first part, Heidegger attempted to turn away from ""ontic"" questions about beings to ontological questions about Being, and recover the most fundamental philosophical question: the question of Being, of what it means for something to be. Heidegger approached the question through an inquiry into the being that has an understanding of Being, and asks the question about it, namely, Human being, which he called ""Dasein"" (""being-there""). Heidegger argued"
"to write a second half of the book, consisting of a """"Destruktion"""" of the history of philosophy—that is, the transformation of philosophy by re-tracing its history—but he never completed this project. ""Being and Time"" influenced many thinkers, including such existentialist thinkers as Jean-Paul Sartre (although Heidegger distanced himself from existentialism—see below). Heidegger's later works, beginning by 1930 and largely established by the early 1940s, seem to many commentators (e.g. William J. Richardson) to at least reflect a shift of focus, if not indeed a major change in his philosophical outlook, which is known as ""the turn"" (""die Kehre""). One way"
"and Time"" (German title: ""Sein und Zeit""), published in 1927, was Heidegger's first academic book. He had been under pressure to publish in order to qualify for Husserl's (to whom he dedicated the work) chair at the University of Freiburg and the success of this work ensured his appointment to the post. In ""Being and Time"", Heidegger investigates the question of Being by asking about the being for whom Being is a question. Heidegger names this being ""Dasein"" (see above), and he pursues his investigation through themes such as mortality, care, anxiety, temporality, and historicity. It was Heidegger's original intention"
"of twentieth-century analytical philosophy were German-speakers, most German-language philosophy of the twentieth century tends to be defined not as analytical but 'continental' philosophy – as befits Germany's position as part of the European 'continent' as opposed to the British Isles or other culturally European nations outside of Europe. Phenomenology began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano (1838–1917), and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). It was then transformed by Martin Heidegger (1889–1976), whose famous book ""Being and Time"" applied phenomenology to ontology, and who, along with Ludwig Wittgenstein, is considered"
"In spite of his talents as a writer and a teacher, Pfänder did not come into prominence as did Heidegger with ""Being and Time"" (1927) and has consequently been overshadowed by subsequent developments out of Heideggerian and Husserlian orientations. Nevertheless, his detailed analyses of various phenomena, such as willing and attitudes (""Gesinnungen""), have been undeservedly ignored. Moreover, his development of the concept of an ""understanding psychology"" also merits attention, which has not received its due to its treatment in a work with an unfashionable title (""The Soul of Man"" (1933)). Alexander Pfänder Alexander Pfänder (7 February 1870, in Iserlohn18 March"
"Martin Heidegger in his landmark book Being and Time. As well as the authors of this work, the idea of disclosing has also been discussed by philosophers such as John Dewey, Jürgen Habermas, Nikolas Kompridis and Charles Taylor. It refers to how things become intelligible and meaningfully relevant to ordinary people. The authors reiterate the importance of history making and identify thee types of actors: Each has to overcome resistance to change, but do so in different ways. Solving puzzles request of each a clear strategic objective, but use different tactics to overcome obstructions. By understanding and disclosing our objectives,"
"to create a philosophy that would be a rigorous science while also offering an account of space, time and the world as people experience them. Merleau-Ponty denies that such contradictions can be resolved by distinguishing between Edmund Husserl's views and those of Martin Heidegger, commenting that Heidegger's ""Being and Time"" (1927) ""springs from an indication given by Husserl and amounts to no more than an explicit account of the 'natürlicher Weltbegriff' or the 'Lebenswelt' which Husserl, toward the end of his life, identified as the central theme of phenomenology, with the result that the contradiction appears in Husserl's own philosophy""."
"Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (; ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, he argued that space, time and causation are mere sensibilities; ""things-in-themselves"" exist, but their nature is unknowable. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience, with all human experience sharing certain structural features. He drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposition that worldly objects can be intuited ""a priori"" (""beforehand""), and that intuition is therefore independent from objective reality. Kant believed that reason is the"
"source of this insight was Heidegger's reading of Franz Brentano's treatise on Aristotle's manifold uses of the word ""being"", a work which provoked Heidegger to ask what kind of unity underlies this multiplicity of uses. Heidegger opens his magnum opus, ""Being and Time"", with a citation from Plato's ""Sophist"" indicating that Western philosophy has neglected Being because it was considered too obvious to question. Heidegger's intuition about the question of Being is thus a historical argument, which in his later work becomes his concern with the ""history of Being"", that is, the history of the forgetting of Being, which according"
"saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany. Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union, German literature, cinema, theater, jazz, art, and architecture were in the midst of a phase of great creativity. This was also a revolutionary time in classical studies and philosophy. Jaeger had published his famous work ""Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development"" in 1923. Martin Heidegger published ""Being and Time"" in 1927. While Cherniss was studying in Germany, a crucial election campaign splintered the moderate and centrist forces. In 1927, the governing coalition that included the right-wing and anti-semitic German National People's"
"Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition and philosophical hermeneutics, and is ""widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century."" Heidegger is best known for his contributions to phenomenology and existentialism, though as the ""Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"" cautions, ""his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical movements only with extreme care and qualification"". Heidegger's membership in and public support for the Nazi Party has been the subject of widespread controversy regarding the extent"
"the idea of divine creation."" Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried (after 1802, von) Herder (; ; 25 August 174418 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, ""Sturm und Drang"", and Weimar Classicism. Born in Mohrungen (now Morąg, Poland) in Kingdom of Prussia (in former Ducal Prussia), Herder grew up in a poor household, educating himself from his father's Bible and songbook. In 1762, as a youth of 17, he enrolled at the University of Königsberg, about 60 miles (100 km) north of Mohrungen, where he became a student"
"the objectivity of space and time, which involved him in a somewhat violent controversy. His own mode of thought he preferred later to describe as an ideal realism, which refused to reduce reality to thought, but asserted a parallelism between the forms of existence and the forms of knowledge. Beneke and Friedrich Schleiermacher exercised most influence upon the development of his thought. His compendious ""Sketch of the History of Philosophy"" is remarkable for its fullness of information, conciseness, accuracy and impartiality. Friedrich Ueberweg Friedrich Ueberweg (; 22 January 1826 – 9 June 1871), was a German philosopher and historian of"
"Philosophical Problems of Space and Time Philosophical Problems of Space and Time (1963; second edition 1973) is a book about the nature of space and time by the philosopher Adolf Grünbaum. It is recognized as a major work in the philosophy of the natural sciences. Grünbaum discusses the scientific and mathematical fields of geometry, chronometry, and geochronometry. He also provides an account of the ""Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica"" (1687) of the physicist Isaac Newton, as well as the work of other physicists such as Albert Einstein, and that of the mathematician Bernhard Riemann. He criticizes the philosophers Ernest Nagel and"
"Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work ""The World as Will and Representation"" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant"
"revealed. Brouwer was also influenced by Schopenhauer's metaphysics, and wrote an essay on mysticism. Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work ""The World as Will and Representation"" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism."
"Nietzsche. He was also influenced by the works of Virgil (known for his teaching on language), and Cicero (known for his teaching on argument). Philosopher Bertrand Russell was impressed by Augustine's meditation on the nature of time in the ""Confessions"", comparing it favourably to Kant's version of the view that time is subjective. Catholic theologians generally subscribe to Augustine's belief that God exists outside of time in the ""eternal present""; that time only exists within the created universe because only in space is time discernible through motion and change. His meditations on the nature of time are closely linked to"
"theologian/philosopher Martin Buber. Buber wrote extensively on a variety of topics, including Biblical translation, Zionism, Hassidic culture, folklore and his concept of ""a philosophy of dialogue"". He made a major contribution to Jewish existentialism with his popular 1923 book ""I and Thou"" (from the German, ""Ich und Du""). The book is concerned with the dual concepts of the ""I and You (Thou)"" and ""I and It"" relationship, which is Buber's attempt to answer several age-old existential questions about the meaning of human existence. Buber says that human beings find meaning in their relationships with other entities in the world, whether"
"struggles, pursues new goals, embraces recurrent novelty, and transcends existing structures and contexts. No social or cultural construct can contain this idealized individual. Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history. He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869 at the age of"
"Philosophy of Existence Philosophy of Existence (German: ""Existenzphilosophie"", 1938) is a book by German psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers. It is both a discussion on the history of philosophy and an exposition of Jaspers' own philosophical system, which is often viewed as a form of existentialism. He put forth concepts such as existence in a minimal and superficial state, ""dasein"" (the word is also used by Martin Heidegger, but with different meanings), and ""Existenz"", a state of authentic true being, and their relationship with the ""encompassing"", an elusive being often understood as the totality of consciousness, the world itself, and"
"Max Stirner Johann Kaspar Schmidt (25 October 1806 – 26 June 1856), better known as Max Stirner, was a German philosopher who is often seen as one of the forerunners of nihilism, existentialism, psychoanalytic theory, postmodernism and individualist anarchism. Stirner's main work is ""The Ego and Its Own"", also known as ""The Ego and His Own"" (""Der Einzige und sein Eigentum"" in German, which translates literally as ""The Individual and His Property""). This work was first published in 1845 in Leipzig and has since appeared in numerous editions and translations. Stirner was born in Bayreuth, Bavaria. What little is known"
"phenomena are experienced within consciousness and time anticipated and inspired the insights of modern phenomenology and hermeneutics. Edmund Husserl writes: ""The analysis of time-consciousness is an age-old crux of descriptive psychology and theory of knowledge. The first thinker to be deeply sensitive to the immense difficulties to be found here was Augustine, who laboured almost to despair over this problem."" Martin Heidegger refers to Augustine's descriptive philosophy at several junctures in his influential work ""Being and Time"". Hannah Arendt began her philosophical writing with a dissertation on Augustine's concept of love, ""Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin"" (1929): ""The young Arendt attempted"
"works of Wilhelm Dilthey, Husserl, Max Scheler, and Friedrich Nietzsche. In 1927, Heidegger published his main work ""Sein und Zeit"" (""Being and Time""). When Husserl retired as Professor of Philosophy in 1928, Heidegger accepted Freiburg's election to be his successor, in spite of a counter-offer by Marburg. Heidegger remained at Freiburg im Breisgau for the rest of his life, declining a number of later offers, including one from Humboldt University of Berlin. His students at Freiburg included Arendt, Günther Anders, Hans Jonas, Karl Löwith, Charles Malik, Herbert Marcuse and Ernst Nolte. Emmanuel Levinas attended his lecture courses during his stay"
"Freud's description of subjective states involved an unconscious mind full of primal impulses, and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions derived from social values. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was another major precursor of modernism, with a philosophy in which psychological drives, specifically the ""will to power"" (""Wille zur Macht""), was of central importance: ""Nietzsche often identified life itself with 'will to power', that is, with an instinct for growth and durability."" Henri Bergson (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific, clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time. His work on time and consciousness ""had a great influence on"
"Space and Time"" as the most comprehensive discussion of non-Euclidean space in ""Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey"" (1994), though he added that the work was ""far from inviting"". The philosopher Philip L. Quinn called Grünbaum's thesis about physical geometry and chronometry ""striking"" in ""The Oxford Companion to Philosophy"" (2005). Philosophical Problems of Space and Time Philosophical Problems of Space and Time (1963; second edition 1973) is a book about the nature of space and time by the philosopher Adolf Grünbaum. It is recognized as a major work in the philosophy of the natural sciences. Grünbaum discusses the scientific and"
"Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) was published in 1927, and made Heidegger famous. Mr. Ito was surprised and indignant that Heidegger used Zhuangzi’s concept without giving him credit. Years later in 1945, Professor Ito reminisced with me and, speaking in his Shonai dialect, said, ‘Heidegger did a lot for me, but I should’ve laid into him for stealing’. There are other indications that Heidegger was inspired by Eastern writings, but let’s leave this topic here. I have heard many stories of this kind from Professor Ito and checked their veracity. I recounted this story at a recep- tion held"
"objects, but elucidates and makes actual the being of the thinker"". Jaspers, a professor at the University of Heidelberg, was acquainted with Martin Heidegger, who held a professorship at Marburg before acceding to Husserl's chair at Freiburg in 1928. They held many philosophical discussions, but later became estranged over Heidegger's support of National Socialism (Nazism). They shared an admiration for Kierkegaard, and in the 1930s, Heidegger lectured extensively on Nietzsche. Nevertheless, the extent to which Heidegger should be considered an existentialist is debatable. In ""Being and Time"" he presented a method of rooting philosophical explanations in human existence (""Dasein"") to"
"the analogies between the thought of the early Heidegger and late medieval and early Protestant Christianity, McGrath discovered that the similarities were far from accidental. Through careful archival work in Germany, McGrath argued (with Max Scheler and Jacques Derrida), that Heidegger, an ex-seminarian and formerly devout Catholic, had secularized Christian concepts in ""Being and Time"". Heidegger’s book went on to become a foundational text in 20th century atheist thought, and yet none of its major themes would be possible, according to McGrath, without Christianity. Theodore Kisiel described ""Phenomenology for the Godforsaken"" as “a systematic and detailed dismantling of Heidegger’s deconstruction"
"Time"", have argued that time is an illusion (see also The flow of time, below). The writers discussed here are for the most part realists in this regard; for instance, Gottfried Leibniz held that his monads existed, at least independently of the mind of the observer. The great debate between defining notions of space and time as real objects themselves (absolute), or mere orderings upon actual objects (relational), began between physicists Isaac Newton (via his spokesman, Samuel Clarke) and Gottfried Leibniz in the papers of the Leibniz–Clarke correspondence. Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments"
"Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history. He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869 at the age of 24. Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing"
"Existential phenomenology Existential phenomenology is Martin Heidegger's brand of phenomenology. In contrast with his former mentor Edmund Husserl, Heidegger (in his ""Being and Time"") put ontology before epistemology and thought that phenomenology would have to be based on an observation and analysis of ""Dasein"" (""being-there""), human being, investigating the fundamental ontology of the ""Lebenswelt"" (lifeworld, Husserl's term) underlying all so-called regional ontologies of the special sciences. In Heidegger's philosophy, people are thrown into the world in a given situation, but they are also a project towards the future, possibility, freedom, wait, hope, anguish. In contrast with the philosopher Kierkegaard, Heidegger"