"assigned fossils from the Anza-Borrego Desert in California, tentatively interpreted to represent ""E. bautistensis"", to ""E. scotti"". One of the reported locations farthest south in the Americas is Pali Aike National Park in Chile. Equus scotti Equus scotti (translated from Latin as Scott's horse, named after vertebrate paleontologist William Berryman Scott) is an extinct species of ""Equus"", the genus that includes the horse. ""E. scotti"" was native to North America and likely evolved from earlier, more zebra-like North American equids early in the Pleistocene Epoch. The species may have crossed from North America to Eurasia over the Bering land bridge"
"and phalanges (toe bones)."". However, archaeologists like Meadow (1997) disagree, on the grounds that the remains of the ""Equus ferus caballus"" horse are difficult to distinguish from other equid species such as ""Equus asinus"" (donkeys) or ""Equus hemionus"" (onagers). An alleged clay model of a horse has been found in Mohenjo-Daro and an alleged horse figurine in Periano Ghundai in the Indus Valley. Trautmann (1982) thus remarked the supply and import of horses has ""always"" been a preoccupation of the Indians and ""it is a structure of its history, then, that India has always been dependent upon western and central"
"tarpan (""E. f. ferus"") and the endangered Przewalski's horse (""E. f. przewalskii""). Genetically, the pre-domestication horse, ""E. f. ferus"", and the domesticated horse, ""E. f. caballus"", form a single homogeneous group (clade) and are genetically indistinguishable from each other. The genetic variation within this clade shows only a limited regional variation, with the notable exception of Przewalski's horse. Przewalski's horse has several unique genetic differences that distinguish it from the other subspecies, including 66 instead of 64 chromosomes, unique Y-chromosome gene haplotypes, and unique mtDNA haplotypes. Besides genetic differences, osteological evidence from across the Eurasian wild horse range, based on"
"stock from which domesticated horses are descended. The horse family Equidae and the genus ""Equus"" evolved in North America, before the species moved into the Eastern Hemisphere. Studies using ancient DNA, as well as DNA of recent individuals, show the presence of two closely related horse species in North America, the wild horse and ""Haringtonhippus francisci"", the ""New World stilt-legged horse""; the latter has been taxonomically assigned to various names. Currently, three subspecies that lived during recorded human history are recognized. One subspecies is the widespread domestic horse (""Equus ferus caballus""), as well as two wild subspecies: the recently extinct"
"America. These results suggest all North American fossils of caballine-type horses (which also include the domesticated horse and Przewalski's horse of Europe and Asia), as well as South American fossils traditionally placed in the subgenus ""E. (Amerhippus)"" belong to the same species: ""E. ferus"". Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped as New World stilt-legged horses (including ""H. francisci"", ""E. tau"", ""E. quinni"" and potentially North American Pleistocene fossils previously attributed to ""E. cf. hemiones"", and ""E. (Asinus)"" cf. ""kiang"") probably all belong to a second species endemic to North America, which despite a superficial resemblance to species"
"study of fossils found evidence for three genetically divergent equid lineages in Pleistocene North and South America. Recent studies suggest all North American fossils of caballine-type horses, including both the domesticated horse and Przewalski's horse, belong to the same species: ""E. ferus"". Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped as New World stilt-legged horses probably all belong to a second closely related species that was endemic to North America. Digs in western Canada have unearthed clear evidence horses existed in North America as recently as 12,000 years ago. Other studies produced evidence that horses in the Americas existed"
"ferus caballus"" with specific landrace characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, rather than being a separate subspecies. Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include the Marwari horse of India, the Barb of North Africa, the Akhal-Teke of western Asia and the now-extinct Turkoman Horse. Recent genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA in Arabian horses of Polish and American breeding suggest that the modern breed has heterogeneous origins with ten haplogroups. The modern concept of breed purity in the modern population cannot be traced beyond 200 years. There are different theories about where the ancestors of the"
"results, it appears the genus ""Equus"" evolved from a ""Dinohippus""-like ancestor ~4–7 mya. It rapidly spread into the Old World and there diversified into the various species of asses and zebras. A North American lineage of the subgenus ""E. (Equus)"" evolved into the New World stilt-legged horse (NWSLH). Subsequently, populations of this species entered South America as part of the Great American Interchange shortly after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, and evolved into the form currently referred to as ""Hippidion"" ~2.5 million years ago. ""Hippidion"" is thus only distantly related to the morphologically similar ""Pliohippus"", which presumably became"
"outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness. Besides the horse, there are six other species of genus ""Equus"" in the Equidae family. These are the ass or donkey, ""Equus asinus""; the mountain zebra, ""Equus zebra""; plains zebra, ""Equus quagga""; Grévy's zebra, ""Equus grevyi""; the kiang, ""Equus kiang""; and the onager, ""Equus hemionus"". Horses can crossbreed with other members of their genus. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a ""jack"" (male donkey) and a mare. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a stallion and a jenny (female donkey). Other hybrids include the zorse,"
"large with black margins. The tail terminates with a black brush. The hooves are slender and approximately of the diameter as the legs. The genus ""Equus"", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from ""Dinohippus"", via the intermediate form ""Plesippus"". One of the oldest species is ""Equus simplicidens"", described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged ""Equus livenzovensis"" documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent"
"Linnaeus in his ""Systema naturae"" as ""Ardea ibis"", but was moved to its current genus by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855. Its genus name ""Bubulcus"" is Latin for herdsman, referring, like the English name, to this species' association with cattle. ""Ibis"" is a Latin and Greek word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the sacred ibis, but was applied to this species in error. The cattle egret has two geographical races which are sometimes classified as full species, the western cattle egret, ""B. ibis"", and eastern cattle egret, ""B. coromandus"". The two forms were split by McAllan and"
"ferus caballus""), not to be confused with the truly ""wild"" horse subspecies extant into modern times. In general, wild horses are grazers that prefer to inhabit open areas, such as steppes and grasslands. They may have seasonal food preferences, as seen in the Przewalski's subspecies. Horses may fall prey to native predators where they live, such as wolves, cougars, and spotted hyenas. ""E. ferus"" had several subspecies. Three survived into modern times: The latter two are the only never-domesticated ""wild"" groups that survived into historic times. However, other subspecies of ""Equus ferus"" may have existed and could have been the"
"classified under the genus ""Tragelaphus"" in family Bovidae. It was first described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1869. The generic name, ""Tragelaphus"", derives from Greek word ""tragos"", meaning a male goat, and ""elaphos"", which means a deer, while the specific name ""imberbis"" comes from the Latin term meaning unbearded, referring to this kudu's lack of mane. The vernacular name kudu (or koodoo) could have originated either from the Afrikaans ""koedoe"" or the Khoikhoi ""kudu"". The term ""lesser"" denotes the smaller size of this antelope as compared to the greater kudu. In 1912, the genus ""Ammelaphus"" was established for"
"the end of the tail, which ends in a tuft of blackish brown hairs. The genus ""Equus"", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from ""Dinohippus"", via the intermediate form ""Plesippus"". One of the oldest species is ""Equus simplicidens"", described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged ""Equus livenzovensis"" documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the"
"the genus ""Equus"". Their estimated average weight was 425 kg, roughly the size of an Arabian horse. At the end of the Pliocene, the climate in North America began to cool significantly and most of the animals were forced to move south. One population of ""Plesippus"" moved across the Bering land bridge into Eurasia around 2.5 mya. The genus ""Equus"", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from ""Dinohippus"", via the intermediate form ""Plesippus"". One of the oldest species is ""Equus simplicidens"", described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million"
"This led to a die-out among forest-dwelling equine species, eventually leaving the long-legged, one-toed ""Equus"" of today, which includes the horse, as the sole surviving genus of the Equidae family. Each forelimb of the horse runs from the scapula or shoulder blade to the navicular bone. In between are the humerus (arm), radius (forearm), elbow joint, ulna (elbow), carpus (knee) bones and joint, large metacarpal (cannon), small metacarpal (splint), sesamoid, fetlock joint, first phalanx (long pastern), pastern joint, second phalanx (short pastern), coffin joint, outwardly evidenced by the coronary band, and the third phalanx (coffin or pedal) bones. Each hind"
"or more North American populations of ""E. ferus"" entered South America ~1.0–1.5 million years ago, leading to the forms currently known as ""E. (Amerhippus)"", which represent an extinct geographic variant or race of ""E. ferus"". In June 2013, a group of researchers announced that they had sequenced the DNA of a 560–780 thousand year old horse, using material extracted from a leg bone found buried in permafrost in Canada's Yukon territory. Before this publication, the oldest nuclear genome that had been successfully sequenced was dated at 110–130 thousand years ago. For comparison, the researchers also sequenced the genomes of a"
"white. Onagers are larger than donkeys at about in size and in head-body length. Male onagers are usually larger than females. The genus ""Equus"", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from ""Dinohippus"" via the intermediate form ""Plesippus"". One of the oldest species is ""Equus simplicidens"", described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is about 3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged ""Equus livenzovensis"" documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common"
"in some species twice as long as the first pair. The most common genus is ""Philodromus"" which, like ""Ebo"" is widespread. Other common genera include the elongate grass-dwelling ""Tibellus"" and the widespread ""Thanatus"", which includes the widely distributed Holarctic house crab spider ""Thanatus vulgaris"". This species commonly captures flies on and in buildings. The family contains over 500 species in nearly 30 genera. Most are dull colored- brown, gray, yellowish or mottled, and seldom reach above 10 mm in body length. Most have a leaf-like cardiac mark on the anterior dorsal abdomen. None of the species build webs, but they"
"North African ostrich (""Struthio camelus camelus"", LC); ferruginous duck (""Aythya nyroca"", NT); lesser flamingo (""Phoenicopterus minor"", NT); white-backed vulture (""Gyps africanus"", NT); Rueppell's griffon (""Gyps rueppellii"", NT); pallid harrier (""Circus macrourus"", NT); red kite (""Milvus milvus"", NT); Stanley bustard (""Neotis denhami"", NT); Nubian bustard (""Neotis nuba"", NT); corn crake (""Crex crex"", NT); black crowned crane (""Balearica pavonina"", NT); Eurasian curlew (""Numenius arquata"", NT); black-tailed godwit (""Limosa limosa"", NT); great snipe (""Gallinago media"", NT); African skimmer (""Rynchops flavirostris"", NT); European roller (""Coracias garrulus"", NT); red-footed falcon (""Falco vespertinus"", NT); sooty falcon (""Falco concolor"", NT); white-headed vulture (""Trigonoceps occipitalis"", VU); Beaudouin's snake-eagle"
"area is home to over 3,000 endemic species of plant, half of those found in West Africa, with nearly 2,000 found in Cameroon's Korup National Park alone. Wildlife in the area includes forest elephants and many primates such as Cross River gorillas and chimpanzees (particularly in Cross River National Park in Nigeria), while Preuss's red colobus (""Procolobus pennanti preussi"") is found only in this ecoregion and a number of others are nearly endemic including red-eared guenon (""Cercopithecus erythrotis""), crowned guenon (""Cercopithecus pogonias""), drills (""Mandrillus leucophaeus""), northern needle-clawed bushbaby (""Euoticus pallidus""), and Pennant's colobus, one population of which is found on"
"genus ""Equus"") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus ""E. (Asinus)"", including the kulan, onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera ""E. (Dolichohippus)"", and ""E. (Hippotigris)""). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus ""E. (Equus)"" which diverged ~4.8 (3.2–6.5) million years ago. The"
"gave the name ""Cerberus"" to a genus of Asian snakes, which are commonly called ""dog-faced water snakes"" in English. Cerberus In Greek mythology, Cerberus (; ""Kerberos"" ), often called the ""hound of Hades"", is a multi-headed dog that guards the gates of the Underworld to prevent the dead from leaving. Cerberus was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon, and usually is described as having three heads, a serpent for a tail, and snakes protruding from parts of his body. Cerberus is primarily known for his capture by Heracles, one of Heracles' twelve labours. Descriptions of Cerberus vary, including"
"the ocelot, margay, and Andean mountain cat, and the other leading to the remaining species. The following species are recognised following the taxonomic revision of the Felidae, 2017: Leopardus Leopardus is a genus of spotted small cats mostly native to Middle and South America, with a very small range extending into the southern United States. The genus is considered the oldest branch of the part of the cat family to cross into the Americas, followed by the genera ""Lynx"" and ""Puma"". (The jaguar is the other extant cat native to the Americas.) The largest species in ""Leopardus"" is the ocelot;"
"In 1912, it was transferred to the newly erected genus ""Elaeophora"" Railliet and Henry 1912. In 1938, a detailed redescription of ""E. poeli"" was published. In that study, ""E. poeli"" was determined to be the same animal that previous authors had referred to as ""Filaria blini"" and ""Filaria haemophila"", both isolated from Water buffalo aortas. ""E. poeli"" has been found in several species of cattle: African buffalo (""Syncerus caffer""), Carabao or Water buffalo (""Bubalus bubalus""), and Zebu (""Bos primigenius indicus""). The geographic distribution of this species includes several Asian and African nations: Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mozambique,"
"(""Equus ferus ferus"") a relative of the domestic horse that became extinct in the nineteenth century, which appears to have had dun or Grulla coloration. The tarpan has been considered a true wild horse, an undomesticated relative or ancestor of the domestic horse. However, some authorities in the early twentieth century held the opinion that most equines called tarpans, in fact, were domestic or feral horses, not a separate species. Several breeds with the grulla color have been developed in efforts to recreate (""breed back"") the tarpan. These breeds include the Heck horse and Konik. One of the first experiments"
"taxus"", and other mustelids, as well as canids and ground squirrels. The equiid remains were originally identified as belonging to the extinct non-caballine horse ""Equus conversidens""; later morphological and mtDNA analysis revealed that the remains actually belonged to ""Equus ferus"". Footprints and trackways preserved in silt include those of the extinct elephant ""Mammuthus primigenius"" and the extinct camel ""Camelops hesternus"", in addition to those of horse, bison and caribou. Some of the trackways show evidence of browsing, herding, and social interaction. In a study published in 2005 measurement of footprints from recorded mammoth trackways showed that only 30% of the"
"(""Felis nigripes""), striped polecat (""Ictonyx striatus""), African leopard (""Panthera pardus pardus""), lion (""Panthera leo melanochaita""), South African cheetah (""Acinonyx jubatus jubatus""), serval (""Leptailurus serval""), Cape wild dog (""Lycaon pictus pictus""), black-backed jackal (""Canis mesomelas""), large slit-faced bat (""Nycteris grandis""), lesser woolly bat (""Kerivoula lanosa""), Cape horseshoe bat (""Rhinolophus capensis""), Blasius's horseshoe bat (""Rhinolophus blasii""), little free-tailed bat (""Chaerephon pumilus""), eastern rock elephant shrew (""Elephantulus myurus""), short-snouted elephant shrew (""Elephantulus brachyrhynchus""), yellow mongoose (""Cynictis penicillata""), gray climbing mouse (""Dendromus melanotis""), pouched mouse (""Saccostomus campestris"") and Twig snake (""Thelotornis kirtlandii""). Aqua fauna species reported are the pike characid (""Hepsetus odoe"") and African"
"most likely became extinct around the end of the Pleistocene. ""Haringtonhippus"" is named after Charles Richard Harington. It was originally described as a new ""Equus"" species, ""E. francisci"", in 1915. Dalquest (1979) considered ""Equus tau"" , described from teeth in Mexico, a senior synonym of ""E. francisci"", while ""Equus quinni"" and ""E. arrelanoi"" were synonymized with ""E. francisci"" by Winans (1989). The species ""Equus achates"" Hay and Cook, 1930 (synonymized with ""E. tau"" by Dalquest 1979) was synonymized with ""E. francisci"" by Hulbert (1995), who also declared ""E. tau"" and ""E. littoralis"" nomina dubia. A 2017 paper by Peter D."
"argue that the animals are merely small due to their harsh living conditions and that natural selection has eliminated many traits that lead to weakness or inferiority. The taxonomic horse family ""Equidae"" evolved in North America 55 million years ago. By the late Pleistocene era, there were two species of the family remaining there, the caballine (stout legged) and stilt-legged, which recent DNA studies have indicated represent different genera; """"Equus"""" and """"Haringtonhippus,"""" respectively. ""Haringtonhippus"" went extinct, and ""Equus"" was extirpated from the Americas at the end of the last ice age, possibly due to a changing climate or the impact"
"otter (""Enhydra lutris""), bearded seal (""Erignathus barbatus""), donkey (""Equus asinus""), cougars (""Felis concolor coryi"", ""Felis concolor stanleyana""), bobcat (""Felis rufus floridanus""), Atlantic white-sided dolphins (""Lagenorhynchus acutus""), guanaco (""Lama guanicoe""), alpaca (""Vicugna pacos""), otter (""Lutra lutra""), wild dog (""Lycaon pictus""), Bartels's spiny rat (""Maxomys bartelsii""), Musschenbroek's spiny rat (""Maxomys musschenbroekii""), prairie vole (""Microtus ochrogaster""), common European weasel (""Mustela nivalis""), mink (""Mustela vison""), muskrat (""Ondatra zibethica""), mountain goats (""Oreamnos americanus""), Grant's gazelle (""Nanger granti""), slow loris (""Nycticebus coucang""), African lions (""Panthera leo""), leopard (""Panthera pardus""), tiger (""Panthera tigris""), baboon (""Papio cynocephalus""), Pacific harbor seal (""Phoca vitulina richardsi"") chamois (""Rupicapra rupicapra""), Polynesian rat"
"Success Stories of the year. However, in 2013, it seems, these successes have been negated with reports of possibly only 100 mountain bongos left in the wild due to logging and poaching. The scientific name of the bongo is ""Tragelaphus eurycerus"", and it belongs to the genus ""Tragelaphus"" and family Bovidae. It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1837. The generic name ""Tragelaphus"" is composed of two Greek words: ""tragos"", meaning a male goat; and ""elaphos"", meaning deer. The specific name ""eurycerus"" originated from the fusion of ""eurus"" (broad, widespread) and ""keras"" (an animal's horn). The common"
"meerkats, Kafue lechwe, and wallaby. Amur tiger, African lion, Jaguar, Carpathian lynx, grey wolves, Iberian wolves, European bear, Syrian bear, Asian short-clawed otters, Raccoon, Vervet monkeys, Common marmosets, Ring-tailed coati, Slender-tailed meerkats, tapir, capybara, Kafue lechwe, Grant's zebra, sugar gliders, lesser hedgehog tenrec, Parma wallabies, Bennett's wallabies, Reeves's muntjac, Fallow deer, domestic rabbits, raccoon dogs, reindeer, Azara's agouti, African pygmy goats and red fox. Ostrich, greater rhea, white-cheeked turaco, avocets, Indian runner ducks, Helmeted guinea fowl, white-naped crane, great horned owl, great grey owl, burrowing owl, European eagle owl, striated caracara, Himalayan Monal, and golden pheasant. Red-tailed boa constrictor, royal"