"written by hand. The alphabet then had 28 letters, and so could be used to write the numbers 1 to 10, then 20 to 100, then 200 to 900, then 1000 (see Abjad numerals). In this numerical order, the new letters were put at the end of the alphabet. This produced this order: alif (1), b (2), j (3), d (4), h (5), w (6), z (7), H (8), T (9), y (10), k (20), l (30), m (40), n (50), s (60), ayn (70), f (80), S (90), q (100), r (200), sh (300), t (400), th (500), dh"
"English mostly as calques, while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe. Since the ninth century, English has been written in a Latin alphabet (also called Roman alphabet). Earlier Old English texts in Anglo-Saxon runes are only short inscriptions. The great majority of literary works in Old English that survive to today are written in the Roman alphabet. The modern English alphabet contains 26 letters of the Latin script: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h,"
"English alphabet The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an uppercase and a lowercase form, and the same letters constitute the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface (and font), and the shape of handwritten letters can differ significantly from the standard printed form (and between individuals), especially when written in cursive style. English is the only major modern European language requiring no diacritics for native words (although a diaeresis is used by some publishers in words such as ""coöperation"" or ""naïve""). Written English does,"
"in expression, and for the facility of its grammar whose overview occupies only two pages. Neo uses the 26 letters of the standard Roman alphabet: five vowels and 21 consonants. When spelling a word, the letters have an -e ending: a, be, ce, de, e, fe, ge, he, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, pe, qe, re, se, te, u, ve, we, xe, ye, ze. Note that the ""c"" has the same pronunciation as the digraph ""ch""; both are pronounced as in English words like chalk"" or chimney"", and in borrowed Italian words like ciao"" or ""bocconcini"", never with"
"sometimes represent a consonant (e.g., ""quiz"" and ""onion"" respectively). W and Y are sometimes referred as semivowels by linguists. Alternative scripts have been proposed for written English – mostly extending or replacing the basic English alphabet – such as the Deseret alphabet, the Shavian alphabet, Gregg shorthand, etc. English alphabet The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an uppercase and a lowercase form, and the same letters constitute the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface (and font), and the shape of handwritten letters can"
"in English include ""ch"", ""sh"", and ""th"". A phoneme can also be represented by three letters, called a trigraph. An example is the combination ""sch"" in German. Letters may also have a numerical or quantitative value. This applies to Roman numerals and the letters of other writing systems. In English, Arabic numerals are typically used instead of letters. Greek and Roman letters are used as mathematical symbols in equations and expressions. People and objects are sometimes named after letters, for one of these reasons: The Consistori del Gay Saber was the first literary academy in the world and held the"
"of sounds to make words. A letter is classed as either a consonant or a vowel, depending on how its sound is produced (vowels are ""a"", ""e"", ""i"", ""o"", ""u"", and sometimes ""y"" and ""w""). The basic Roman alphabet is used by about one hundred languages, with slight variations. Some versions contain as few as twenty-one characters, some as many as thirty. Letters have specific names associated with them, which may differ with language, dialect, and history. ""Z"", for example, is usually called ""zed"" in all English-speaking countries except the US, where it is named ""zee"". As elements of alphabets,"
"to spell it correctly, and its meaning will be indicated by the similarity to words of the same meaning and family. English uses a 26 letter Latin alphabet, but the number of graphemes is expanded by several digraphs, trigraphs, and tetragraphs, while the letter ""q"" is not used as a grapheme by itself, only in the digraph ""qu"". Each grapheme may represent a limited number of phonemes depending on etymology and location in the word. Likewise each phoneme may be represented by a limited number of graphemes. Some letters are not part of any grapheme, but function as etymological markers."
"English numerals English number words include numerals and various words derived from them, as well as a large number of words borrowed from other languages. Cardinal numbers refer to the size of a group. In English, these words are numerals. If a number is in the range 21 to 99, and the second digit is not zero, one typically writes the number as two words separated by a hyphen. In English, the hundreds are perfectly regular, except that the word ""hundred"" remains in its singular form regardless of the number preceding it. So too are the thousands, with the number"
"use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day. The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I, V, and X (1, 5, and 10) as simple tally marks. Each marker for 1 () added a unit value up to 5 (), and was then added to () to make the numbers from 6 to 9: The numerals for 4 () and 9 () proved problematic (among other things, they are easily confused with and , especially at a quick glance), and are generally replaced with (one less than 5) and (one less than 10). This"
"""i"", were introduced in the 16th century, and ""w"" assumed the status of an independent letter. The variant lowercase form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century. Today, the English alphabet is now considered to consist of the following 26 letters: Written English has a number of digraphs, but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet: Outside of professional papers on specific subjects that traditionally use ligatures in loanwords, ligatures are seldom used in modern English. The ligatures ""æ"" and ""œ"" were until the 19th"
"of Latin as well as in that of many modern languages, and also in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In English, the Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) says that is sometimes a vowel in words like ""spasm"" and in the suffix ""-ism"". In modern terminology, this is described as a syllabic consonant (IPA ). The Roman numeral Ⅿ represents the number 1000, though it was not used in Roman times. There is, however, scant evidence that the letter was later introduced in the early centuries by the Romans. M M (named ""em"" ) is the thirteenth letter of the modern English"
"the letters of the alphabet in their conventional order from one to nine, 10 to 90 and 100 to 900; in this arrangement obsolete letters were retained in their original places so as to give the requisite number of 27 symbols. The Roman system of numerals — M, D, C, L, X, V, I (for 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1) is generally supposed to have arisen from the adaptation of those symbols in the Greek alphabet which the Romans did not want; an alternative theory is that it is simplified from a series of ideographs representing the"
"multiple-letter numbers (such as VIII) on a single horizontal line in Asian vertical text. The Unicode standard, however, includes special Roman numeral code points for compatibility only, stating that ""[f]or most purposes, it is preferable to compose the Roman numerals from sequences of the appropriate Latin letters"". Additionally, characters exist for archaic forms of 1000, 5000, 10,000, large reversed C (Ɔ), late 6 (ↅ, similar to Greek Stigma: Ϛ), early 50 (ↆ, similar to down arrow ↓⫝⊥), 50,000, and 100,000. Note that the small reversed c, ↄ is not intended to be used in Roman numerals, but as lower case"
"Romanian alphabet The Romanian alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used by the Romanian language. It is a modification of the classical Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters, five of which (Ă, Â, Î, Ș, and Ț) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language: The letters Q (""chiu""), W (""dublu v""), and Y (""igrec"" or ""i grec"") were formally introduced in the Romanian alphabet in 1982, although they had been used earlier. They occur only in foreign words and their Romanian derivatives, such as ""quasar"", ""watt"", and ""yacht"". The letter"
"24 letters of the Latin alphabet first (including ampersand), then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note ""ond"" (⁊), an insular symbol for ""and"": In the orthography of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) are obsolete. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are largely obsolete (see ""Ligatures in recent usage"" below), and where they are used they are not considered to be separate letters (e.g. for collation purposes), but rather ligatures. Thorn and eth were both replaced by"
"Latin numerals (linguistics) The Latin numerals are the words used to denote numbers within the Latin language. They are essentially based on their Proto-Indo-European ancestors, and the Latin cardinal numbers are largely sustained in the Romance Languages. In Antiquity and during the Middle Ages they were usually represented by Roman Numerals in writing. The Latin language had several different sets of numerals used for various purposes. Some of those sets are shown in the tables below. The cardinal numerals are the ordinary numbers used for counting ordinary nouns ('one', 'two', 'three' and so on). The numbers ""ūnus"", ""duo"", ""trēs"" and"
"""B"" (as in the hexadecimal and vigesimal), ""T"" and ""E"" (initials of Ten and Eleven), ""X"" and ""Z"". Some employ Greek letters such as δ (standing for Greek δέκα 'ten') and ε (for Greek ένδεκα 'eleven'), or τ and ε. Frank Emerson Andrews, an early American advocate for duodecimal, suggested and used in his book ""New Numbers"" an X (from the Roman numeral for ten) and a script E (ℰ, ). The Dozenal Society of Great Britain proposes a rotated digit two 2 for ten and a reversed or rotated digit three 3 for eleven. This notation was introduced by"
"chord triads in music analysis (Roman numeral analysis), the numbering of movie and video game sequels, book publication dates, successive political leaders or children with identical names, and the numbering of some sport events, such as the Olympic Games or the Super Bowl. Unicode has a number of characters specifically designated as Roman numerals, as part of the ""Number Forms"" range from U+2160 to U+2188. This range includes both upper- and lowercase numerals, as well as pre-combined characters for numbers up to 12 (Ⅻ or ). One reason for the existence of pre-combined numbers is to facilitate the setting of"
"in ""aljamiado"". The Romance languages are written with the classical Latin alphabet of 23 letters – ""A"", ""B"", ""C"", ""D"", ""E"", ""F"", ""G"", ""H"", ""I"", ""K"", ""L"", ""M"", ""N"", ""O"", ""P"", ""Q"", ""R"", ""S"", ""T"", ""V"", ""X"", ""Y"", ""Z"" – subsequently modified and augmented in various ways. In particular, the single Latin letter ""V"" split into ""V"" (consonant) and ""U"" (vowel), and the letter ""I"" split into ""I"" and ""J"". The Latin letter ""K"" and the new letter ""W"", which came to be widely used in Germanic languages, are seldom used in most Romance languages – mostly for unassimilated foreign"
"Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies. In music, Roman numerals are used in several contexts: In pharmacy, Roman numerals are used in some contexts, including to denote ""one half"" and to mean ""nothing"". (See the sections below on ""zero"" and ""fractions"".) In photography, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System. In seismology, Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes. In sport the team containing the ""top"" players and representing a club or a school at the highest level in (say) rugby"
"and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient ""Arabic"" equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts. A few examples of their current use are: In astronomy, the natural satellites or ""moons"" of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet's name. For example, Titan's designation is Saturn . In chemistry, Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table. They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, for the"
"acrophonic numerals because all of the symbols used derive from the first letters of the words that the symbols represent: 'one', 'five', 'ten', 'hundred', 'thousand' and 'ten thousand'. See Greek numerals and acrophony. Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. The system used in classical antiquity was slightly modified in the Middle Ages to produce the system we use today. It is based on certain letters which are given values as numerals. Roman numerals are commonly used today in numbered lists (in outline format), clockfaces, pages preceding the main body of a book,"
"however, have a number of digraphs. The alphabet's current form originated from Latin script about the 7th century. Since then, various letters have been added, or removed, to give the current Modern English alphabet of 26 letters, each having an upper- and lower-case form: The alphabet was derived from an original series of sixteen characters, that emerged as a way to record spoken words. The English language itself was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with the proto-form of the language itself,"
"to for the smaller intervals. The sign "" | 17"" thus marks kilometre 17.9. A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece, where Greek numerals (based on the Greek alphabet) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere. The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral, but the word ""nulla"" (the Latin word meaning ""none"") was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0. Dionysius Exiguus was known to use ""nulla"" alongside Roman numerals in 525. About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N,"
"underlined, resembling the masculine ordinal indicator. In Unicode, the character is . The ""Oxford English Dictionary"" derives the numero sign from Latin ', the ablative form of ' (""number"", with the ablative denotations of ""by the number, with the number""). In Romance languages, the numero sign is understood as an abbreviation of the word for ""number"", e.g. Italian ', French ', and Portuguese and Spanish"" "". The numero sign, despite its widespread usage internationally, is not a standard alphabetic symbol in virtually any European language. In English, the abbreviation ""No."" of ""numero"" is often used in place of the word"
"Letter (alphabet) A letter is a grapheme (written character) in an alphabetic system of writing. It is a visual representation of the smallest unit of spoken sound. Letters broadly correspond to phonemes in the spoken form of the language, although there is rarely a consistent, exact correspondence between letters and phonemes. Written signs in other writing systems are called syllabograms (which denote a syllable) or logograms (which indicate a word or phrase). The contemporary English-language alphabet, known as Roman style, consists of twenty-six letters. Each letter corresponds to one or more sounds, and the letters are combined in the order"
"as: Aegean numerals, Roman numerals, counting rod numerals, Cuneiform numerals and ancient Greek numerals. There is also a large number of typographical variations of the Arabic numerals provided for specialized mathematical use and for compatibility with earlier character sets, and also composite characters containing Arabic numerals such as ½. Numerals invariably involve composition of glyphs as a limited number of characters are composed to make other numerals. For example, the sequence 9–9–0 in Arabic numerals composes the numeral for nine hundred ninety (990). In Roman numerals, the same number is expressed by the composed numeral Ⅹↀ or ⅩⅯ. Each of"
"Claudian letter Ↄ, If using blackletter or script typefaces, Roman numerals are set in Roman type. Such typefaces may contain Roman numerals matching the style of the typeface in the Unicode range U+2160–217F; if they don't exist, a matching Antiqua typeface is used for Roman numerals. Unicode has characters for Roman fractions in the ""Ancient Symbols"" block: sextans, uncia, semuncia, sextula, dimidia sextula, siliqua, and as. The vertical rods are usually for even powers of ten (1, 100, 10000...) and the horizontal for odd powers (10, 1000...). For example, 126 is represented by Counting rod numerals are included in their"
"The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system; and the collection of the elements, Roman numerals. The numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are Latin/Roman script numbers for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The letter was the western form of the Greek gamma, but it was used for the sounds and alike, possibly under the influence of Etruscan, which might have lacked any voiced plosives. Later, probably during the 3rd century BC, the letter – unneeded to write Latin properly – was replaced with the new letter , a modified with a small vertical stroke, which took its place in the"
"do you speak ... úbi latrína est? – where is the toilet? ámo te / te ámo – I love you In ancient times, numbers in Latin were written only with letters. Today, the numbers can be written with the Arabic numbers as well as with Roman numerals. The numbers 1, 2 and 3 and every whole hundred from 200 to 900 are declined as nouns and adjectives, with some differences. The numbers from 4 to 100 often do not change their endings. ""Commentarii de Bello Gallico"", also called ""De Bello Gallico"" (""The Gallic War""), written by Gaius Julius Caesar,"
"Previously, they were known by roman numerals. In America, the roman numerals were followed by either an ""A"" if the group was in the s- or p-block, or a ""B"" if the group was in the d-block. The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today's naming convention (e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB, and the group 14 elements were group IVA). In Europe, the lettering was similar, except that ""A"" was used if the group was before group 10, and ""B"" was used for groups including and after group 10. In addition, groups 8, 9"
"as superscripts and subscripts to differentiate semantics. In these cases subscripts and superscripts are not merely rich text, but constitute a distinct character — similar to a hybrid between a diacritic and a letter — in the writing system (130 total). Finally, Unicode designates Roman numerals as compatibility equivalence to the Latin letters that share the same glyphs. Roman numeral One Thousand actually has a third character representing a third form or glyph for the same semantic unit: One Thousand C D (ↀ U+2180). From this glyph, one can see where the practice of using a Latin M may have"