"Blériot-SPAD S.33 The Bleriot-SPAD S.33 was a small French airliner developed soon after World War I. The aircraft was a biplane of conventional configuration whose design owed much to the Blériot company's contemporary fighter designs such as the S.20. Four passengers could be accommodated in an enclosed cabin within the monocoque fuselage, and a fifth passenger could ride in the open cockpit beside the pilot. A great success, the S.33 dominated its field throughout the 1920s, initially on CMA's Paris-London route, and later on continental routes serviced by Franco-Roumaine. One interesting development was a sole example converted by CIDNA to"
"Special adviser (UK) A special adviser works in a supporting role to the British government. With media, political or policy expertise, their duty is to assist and advise government ministers. They are often referred to as ""SpAd""s. Being a special advisor has become a frequent career stage for young politicians, before being elected Members of Parliament, which has attracted criticism in recent years. Special advisers are paid by central government and are styled as so-called ""temporary civil servants"" appointed under Article 3 of the Civil Service Order in Council 1995. They contrast with ""permanent"" civil servants in the respect that"
"the Palace of Westminster, providing leadership in guiding the significant logistics of running such events. Black Rod is in theory responsible for carrying the Mace into and out of the chamber for the Speaker of the House of Lords (formerly the Lord Chancellor, now the Lord Speaker), though this role is delegated to the Yeoman Usher and Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms, or on judicial occasions, to the Lord Speaker's deputy, the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms. The mace was introduced in 1876. Black Rod is best known for his part in the ceremonies surrounding the State Opening of Parliament and the Speech from the throne."
"Shadow Cabinet The Shadow Cabinet is a feature of the Westminster system of government. It consists of a senior group of opposition spokespeople who, under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition, form an alternative cabinet to that of the government, and whose members ""shadow"" or mirror the positions of each individual member of the Cabinet. It is the Shadow Cabinet's responsibility to scrutinise the policies and actions of the government, as well as to offer an alternative program. The Shadow Cabinet makes up the majority of the Official Opposition frontbench. In most countries, a member of the shadow"
"hospitals for patients at threat as well as hospital staff. PaDP also provide the physical security of the Palace of Westminster working closely with the House Authorities, particularly the Serjeant-at-Arms (House of Commons) and Black Rod (House of Lords) to provide around the clock security every day of the year. Officers patrol the building and its grounds and control access of people and vehicles onto the Estate. There is a dedicated search wing, trained to conduct counter-terrorism searches. PaDP was created in April 2015, via the merger of the Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG, SO6) and the Palace of Westminster Division"
"such as Black Rod, the Gentleman Usher of the White Rod and the Tipstaff. A thin white ""wand"" or staff is the traditional emblem of the Lord Chamberlain of England and then the UK. As the most senior official of the Royal Household, responsible for discipline, it could be used to touch rowdy courtiers as a physically gentle but intimidating way to calm situations. It is ceremonially broken at a monarch's funeral, when the Lord Chamberlain automatically loses office (unless then re-appointed). Some corporate bodies such as local councils and livery companies use maces. Staff of office A staff of"
"parties and independent TDs in the Dáil Éireann in order to increase the members' right to speak against larger parties which can afford the right to speak as Front Benches in Government or Opposition. While the practice of parliamentary shadow cabinets or frontbenches is not widespread in Germany, party leaders have often formed boards of experts and advisors (""teams of experts"", or ""Kompetenzteam"", in CDU/CSU and SPD parlance; alternate ""top team"", or ""Spitzenteam"", in Alliance '90/The Greens parlance). Shadow Cabinet The Shadow Cabinet is a feature of the Westminster system of government. It consists of a senior group of opposition"
"to a month) the lower house is dissolved and new elections are called. Westminster system The Westminster system is a parliamentary system of government developed in the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British Parliament. The system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. It is used, or was once used, in the national legislatures and subnational legislatures of most former British Empire colonies upon gaining responsible government, beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian colonies between 1855 and 1890. However, some former"
"Westminster Bubble The Westminster Bubble (also called the Westminster village) is a characterization of members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as being isolated from life outside Parliament. This includes Members of Parliament, Peers, lobbyists, researchers, secretaries, civil servants, lobby correspondents and leader writers for newspapers and is so named because Parliament is located in Westminster, London. A similar situation occurs in the United States, where the governmental culture in and around Washington DC is sometimes known as the Washington Bubble or more often Inside the Beltway. More recently, in Scotland, there has been a development of a ""Holyrood"
"Strand (UK Parliament constituency) Strand was a parliamentary constituency in the Strand district of the City of Westminster. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election, and abolished for the 1918 general election. It corresponded to the following areas of civil administration: Smith was appointed Secretary of State for War, requiring a by-election. Smith was appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, requiring a by-election. Smith's death caused a by-election. General Election 1914/15:"
"Shadow Cabinet (Scottish Parliament) Unlike the Westminster arrangement where there is an 'Official Opposition' to the government of the day, there is no such thing as an 'official' opposition to the Scottish Government. Instead, all parties that are not in government are merely 'opposition parties'. With the current Scottish Government being Scottish National Party (SNP), the four other main parties are all opposition parties and each will have a Shadow Cabinet composed of Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) with a responsibility to shadow a government minister or area of government. Parties are allowed to choose how their spokespersons are"
"In 2005, however, Scottish Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies were mostly replaced with new constituencies. For the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, Edinburgh West was redrawn and renamed ""Edinburgh Western"". The electoral wards used in this seat are: ""As Edinburgh Western"" Edinburgh Western (Scottish Parliament constituency) Edinburgh Western is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood). It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election. Also, however, it is one of nine constituencies in the Lothian electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to nine constituency MSPs, to produce"
"a Cabinet sometimes includes a senator, especially as a representative of a province or region where the governing party won few or no ridings. Efforts are further made to indulge interest groups that support the incumbent government and the party's internal politics must be appeased, with Cabinet positions sometimes being a reward for loyal party members. It is not legally necessary for Cabinet members to have a position in parliament although they are almost always selected from the House of Commons. From time to time, a senator may be included. As with other Westminster derived governments, but unlike the United"
"of a particular party in Parliament, including senators, or a provincial legislature. These members elect among themselves a caucus chair who presides over their meetings. This person is an important figure when the party is in opposition and an important link between cabinet and the backbench when the party is in government. In a Westminster System, a party caucus can be quite powerful, as it can elect or dismiss the party's parliamentary leader. The caucus system is a departure from the Westminster tradition in giving members of the upper house a say in the election of the party leader, who"
"Westminster system The Westminster system is a parliamentary system of government developed in the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British Parliament. The system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. It is used, or was once used, in the national legislatures and subnational legislatures of most former British Empire colonies upon gaining responsible government, beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian colonies between 1855 and 1890. However, some former colonies have since adopted either the presidential system (Nigeria for example) or a"
"Cabinet (European Commission) In the European Commission, a cabinet (the French pronunciation, ""cab-ee-nay"", is used) is the personal office of a European Commissioner. The role of a cabinet is to give political guidance to its Commissioner. Members of a cabinet are equivalent, within UK Government nomenclature, to a special adviser or ""SPAD"". Technical policy preparation is handled by the European Civil Service. The term is not to be confused with the European Commission's top decision making-body known in EU-lexicon, as the ""College of Commissioners"" (referred to in most political systems as a cabinet). The Commissioner's cabinets are seen as the"
"Cabinet (European Commission) In the European Commission, a cabinet (the French pronunciation, ""cab-ee-nay"", is used) is the personal office of a European Commissioner. The role of a cabinet is to give political guidance to its Commissioner. Members of a cabinet are equivalent, within UK Government nomenclature, to a special adviser or ""SPAD"". Technical policy preparation is handled by the European Civil Service. The term is not to be confused with the European Commission's top decision making-body known in EU-lexicon, as the ""College of Commissioners"" (referred to in most political systems as a cabinet). The Commissioner's cabinets are seen as the"
"governing groups in order to create an impression of democratic debate. Opposition (parliamentary) Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government, particularly in a Westminster-based parliamentary system. This article uses the term ""government"" as it is used in Parliamentary systems, i.e. meaning ""the administration"" or ""the cabinet"" rather than ""the state"". The title of ""Official Opposition"" usually goes to the largest of the parties sitting in opposition with its leader being given the title ""Leader of the Opposition"". In First Past the Post assemblies, where the tendency to gravitate into two major parties or party groupings"
"day of his appointment that he wished to be a ""leader outside the Westminster Bubble."" Westminster Bubble The Westminster Bubble (also called the Westminster village) is a characterization of members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as being isolated from life outside Parliament. This includes Members of Parliament, Peers, lobbyists, researchers, secretaries, civil servants, lobby correspondents and leader writers for newspapers and is so named because Parliament is located in Westminster, London. A similar situation occurs in the United States, where the governmental culture in and around Washington DC is sometimes known as the Washington Bubble or more often"
"of the present Palace of Westminster, the yard was an open public space used for a variety of purposes including speeches, tournaments, pilloryings, and executions. It has twice been the scene of terrorist attacks. New Palace Yard is situated in the north-west corner of the grounds of the Palace of Westminster. It is bordered to the north by Bridge Street, to the east by the Palace's North Front and Big Ben, to the south by Westminster Hall and to the west by Parliament Square. It is accessed from Parliament Square via the Carriage Gates. Underneath the yard is a five-level"
"Opposition (parliamentary) Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government, particularly in a Westminster-based parliamentary system. This article uses the term ""government"" as it is used in Parliamentary systems, i.e. meaning ""the administration"" or ""the cabinet"" rather than ""the state"". The title of ""Official Opposition"" usually goes to the largest of the parties sitting in opposition with its leader being given the title ""Leader of the Opposition"". In First Past the Post assemblies, where the tendency to gravitate into two major parties or party groupings operates strongly, ""government"" and ""opposition"" roles can go to the two"
"of seats or benches facing towards a central aisle which bisects the room. At one end is commonly found a chair, throne, or podium for a Speaker, a monarch or president, or chairperson, respectively. This format is used in the Westminster style of parliamentary debating chambers, such as in the Parliaments of the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other former British colonies. In this configuration, on one side of the aisle is the government and the other the opposition. This supports oppositional or divided groupings, from which emerged in the 19th century the two-party political system in the UK,"
"appointment of ministers to the Cabinet, and threat of dismissal from the Cabinet, is the single most powerful constitutional power which a Prime Minister has in the political control of the Government in the Westminster system. The Official Opposition and other major political parties not in the Government, will mirror the governmental organisation with their own Shadow Cabinet made up of Shadow Ministers. In a Westminster system, some members of parliament are elected by popular vote, while others are appointed. Nearly all Westminster-based parliaments have a lower house with powers based on those of the House of Commons (under various"
"Palace of Westminster The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England. Its name, which is derived from the neighbouring Westminster Abbey, may refer to either of two structures: the ""Old Palace"", a medieval building complex destroyed by fire in 1834, or its replacement, the ""New Palace"" that stands today. The"
"Shadow SNP Westminster Group Leader (Business, Innovation and Skills) in October 2015 and latterly was Spokesperson for Small Business, Enterprise and Innovation. She was re-elected at the 2017 UK general election, with a significantly reduced majority of 3,878 votes (7.4%). In November 2018, the Commons Speaker reprimanded Bardell for playing football in the ancient debating chamber of the House of Commons at Westminster. Bardell's left hand is prone to shake violently due to rage issues during political debates. Bardell is one of 32 LGBT MPs in the House of Commons. Following the 2015 general election, she said: ""I only came"
"Scottish Parliament The Scottish Parliament (; Scots: ""The Scots Pairlament"") is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland. Located in the Holyrood area of the capital city, Edinburgh, it is frequently referred to by the metonym Holyrood. The Parliament is a democratically elected body comprising 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), elected for four-year terms under the additional member system: 73 MSPs represent individual geographical constituencies elected by the plurality (""first past the post"") system, while a further 56 are returned from eight additional member regions, each electing seven MSPs. The most recent general election to"
"has evolved in the United Kingdom and for those other nations, particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations and other parts of the former British Empire that adopted it. The term ""Westminster Village"", sometimes used in the context of British politics, does not refer to a geographical area at all; employed especially in the phrase ""Westminster Village gossip"", it denotes a supposedly close social circle of members of parliament, political journalists, so-called spin doctors and others connected to events in the Palace of Westminster and Government ministries. Westminster Westminster is an area of central London within the City of Westminster, part"
"the formal amalgamation of the main SDP splinter group with the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Democrats who stood as the Social and Liberal Democrats and seven years after the formation of the official SDP-Liberal Alliance. The constituency was recreated by adopting the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies of the Boundary Commission at the 2010 general election, combining elements of the two constituencies. The 2015 result was a narrower result than 2010 and gave the seat the 126th most marginal majority of the Conservative Party's 331 seats by percentage of majority. The runner-up party remained the Labour Party"
"cases (messages from the sovereign under the sign-manual) the lords with white staves are the proper persons to bear communications between the Sovereign and the Houses of Parliament. Lord Steward The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household, in England, is an important official of the Royal Household. He is always a peer. Until 1924, he was always a member of the Government. Until 1782, the office was one of considerable political importance and carried Cabinet rank. The Lord Steward receives his appointment from the Sovereign in person and bears a white staff as the emblem and warrant of"
"by a senator seating himself on one side of the chamber or the other to indicate a vote. Common folklore speaks of the aisle between the government and the opposition sides as being ""two sword lengths"", or ""two sword lengths plus an inch"", apart, although there is no record of this being a criterion. Examples and images: House of Commons of Canada, Senate of Canada A hybrid of the bifurcated and semi-circular seating configurations combines a central aisle with a curved end at one end facing the focal point (e.g. Speaker's chair) at the other. Another hybrid form is one"
"if such parties number at least seven TDs. In order to attain the right to speak in session, parties and independents can ally themselves into coalitions known as technical groups of at least 7 TDs. An analogous term in other Westminster-based systems is the cross bench (as opposed to the front bench or back bench). Despite the frequent necessity for coalitions in front benches, each party retains its own front bench spokespersons analogous (but not exclusively analogous) to government departments. When a smaller party is participant in a coalition, its own party front bench is semi-subservient to the coalition's agreed-upon"
"limited to seven holders. In 1978, the office was superseded in Ireland by the office of Minister of State. Parliamentary secretary A parliamentary secretary is a member of a Parliament in the Westminster system who assists a more senior minister with his or her duties. In several countries the position has been re-designated as assistant minister. In the parliamentary systems of several Commonwealth countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and India it is customary for the prime minister to appoint parliamentary secretaries from his or her political party in parliament to assist cabinet ministers with their work. The"
"majority of the vote. For the 1950 general election, the seat became the central part of the new constituency of Cities of London and Westminster. Westminster Abbey (UK Parliament constituency) Westminster Abbey was a constituency in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons by the first past the post system of election. It was created for the 1918 general election, and included all of the former Westminster constituency, as reduced in area in 1885, apart from its Knightsbridge exclave, plus all of the former Strand constituency. It continued to"