"were required to swear, gave the monarch's title as Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head of the church. This wording avoided the charge that the monarchy was claiming divinity or usurping Christ, whom the Bible explicitly identifies as Head of the Church. ""Defender of the Faith"" (""Fidei Defensor"") has been part of the English (and since the Union of Scotland and England, British) monarch's title since Henry VIII was granted it by Pope Leo X in 1521 in recognition of Henry's role in opposing the Protestant Reformation. The pope withdrew the title, but it was later reconferred by Parliament in"
"of Vienna, considered as a turning point in history of Europe, preventing her from being conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Defender of the Faith Defender of the Faith (Latin: ""Fidei defensor"" (feminine: ""Fidei defensatrix""); French: ""Défenseur de la Foi"") is a phrase that has been used as part of the full style of many English and later British monarchs since the early 16th century. It has also been used by some other monarchs and heads of state. """"Defender of the Faith"""" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British monarchs since it was granted on"
"""The Defence of the Seven Sacraments"", for which Pope Leo X awarded him the title ""Fidei Defensor"" (Defender of the Faith). However, the king came into conflict with the papacy when he wished to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, for which he needed papal sanction. Catherine, among many other noble relations, was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, the papacy's most significant secular supporter. The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English Church. England would later experience periods of frenetic and eclectic reforms"
"that would ultimately seal his fate. No copy survives. James I came to the English throne in 1603, ""thinking himself a competent judge of religious questions and disposed to take seriously his title of ‘Defender of the Faith’"". Since 1607 he had been engaged in a battle of books with Roman Catholic apologists over the Oath of Allegiance, both personally and by encouraging others to write in his defence. ""One of the central planks of the king's case was the preservation of his catholic orthodoxy through his adherence to the three great creeds of the church, the Apostles', the Nicene"
"became ""Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland"". Following Henry's excommunication, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title ""Defender of the Faith"", but an Act of Parliament (35 Hen 8 c 3) declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day. Henry's motto was ""Coeur Loyal"" (""true heart""), and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word ""loyal"". His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis."
"Cardinal protector of England The Cardinal protector of England was an appointed crown-cardinal of England from 1492 until 1539. A cardinal protector is the representative of a Roman Catholic nation or organisation within the College of Cardinals, appointed by the pope. The role was terminated as a result of the English Reformation. The role of national protectorships within the College developed during the fifteenth century, due to developments in the emergence of national monarchies and Renaissance diplomacy. Cardinal protectors of Roman Catholic religious orders date back farther to the thirteenth century. According to King Henry VIII, the cardinal protector ""indueth"
"protector of England, elevated on the initiative of King Henry VII, and also the first officially approved cardinal protector of ""any nation whatever"". Henry VII viewed good relations with Rome as a protection against domestic and foreign enemies and sent Christopher Urswick, his ""almoner and trusted councillor"" to Rome after receiving a bull of dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York. When Henry VII first sought a cardinal protector in 1492, he feared that many of the English bishops would support his Yorkist opponents (to whom they owed their appointments). A variety of other disagreements existed, such as the papal income"
"He was proclaimed ""James the first, King of England, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith"" in London on 24 March 1603. On 20 October 1604, James issued a proclamation at Westminster changing his style to ""King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c."" The style was not used on English statutes, but was used on proclamations, coinage, letters, treaties, and in Scotland. James styled himself ""King of France"", in line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1800, although he did not actually rule France. As King of Scots, James bore the ancient royal"
"church Protestants and Eastern Orthodox Christians. 4.8% were Muslim, 3.4% were members of other religions, 5.3% were Agnostics, 6.8% were Atheists and 15.0% were not sure about their religious affiliation or refused to answer to the question. Saint George is recognised as the patron saint of England and the flag of England consists of his cross. Prior to Edward III, the patron saint was St Edmund and St Alban is also honoured as England's first martyr. The established religion of the realm is the Church of England, whose Supreme Governor is Queen Elizabeth II although the worldwide Anglican Communion is"
"Martial Institutions, First Crowned Monarch of the New World, ""Defender of the Faith"", founder of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Henry. The French variant is used as part of the official French-language version of the monarch's style in Canada: """"Elizabeth Deux, par la grâce de Dieu Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi."""" In 1684, pope Innocent XI granted the honorary title ""Defensor Fidei (""Polish: ""Obrońca Wiary"") to John III Sobieski, king of Poland, who took the supreme command of the Christian Coalition army during the Battle"
"(New) Salisbury Cathedral (1220). After a fire damaged Canterbury Cathedral in 1174, Norman masons introduced the Gothic style, which developed into the English Gothic at Wells and Lincoln Cathedrals around 1191. Oxford and Cambridge began as religious schools in the 11th and 13th centuries, respectively. Henry VIII was named Defender of the Faith (""Fidei Defensor"") for his opposition to Luther's Reformation. His wife's inability to bear a living son and the pope's inability to permit him a divorce while her nephew's armies held Rome, however, prompted Henry to summon the Reformation Parliament and to invoke the statute of praemunire against"
"Kingdom, Elizabeth II is styled ""Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith"". The title ""Defender of the Faith"" reflects the Sovereign's position as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, who is thus formally superior to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The original Latin phrase ""Fidei Defensor"" is represented on all current British coins by the abbreviations, or . This notation was first added to British coins in 1714, during the reign of"
"was also a Defender of the Faith in her own right. The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book ""Assertio Septem Sacramentorum"" (""Defense of the Seven Sacraments""), which defended the sacramental nature of marriage and the supremacy of the Pope. This was also known as the ""Henrician Affirmation"" and was seen as an important opposition to the early stages of the Protestant Reformation, especially the ideas of Martin Luther. Following Henry's decision to break with Rome in 1530 and establish himself as head of the Church of England, the title was revoked by Pope Paul III (since Henry's act"
"Defender of Faith, not ""the"" Faith"", and clarified in 2015 that ""while at the same time being Defender of the Faith you can also be protector of faiths"". In 1811, when he proclaimed himself king, Henri I of Haiti awarded himself the title, """"Défenseur de la Foi"""", and incorporated it into his full style, which translates from the French original as: By the grace of God and the constitutional law of the state, King of Haiti, Sovereign of Tortuga, Gonâve and other adjacent Islands, Destroyer of Tyranny, Regenerator and Benefactor of the Haitian Nation, Creator of her Moral, Political and"
"title ""Fidei Defensor"" (Defender of the Faith). However, the king came into conflict with the papacy when he wished to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, for which he needed papal sanction. Catherine, among many other noble relations, was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, the papacy's most significant secular supporter. The ensuing dispute eventually led to a break from Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy made Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. There were"
"a 'cardinal protector' of England dates from 1492, but according to Wilkie, this results from a confusion between this office and that of cardinal procurator. Unlike other national cardinal protectors, the cardinal protectors of England, Scotland, and Ireland were generally chosen exclusively by the pope. The cardinal was ""imposed from above, rather than chosen"" and often had no direct relationship with the governments of these countries. The English cardinal protector played a large role in English ecclesiastical appointments, and a substantial role in similar appointments in Scotland and Ireland. Francesco Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius III, was the first cardinal"
"estate holders). Tories accused the Whigs of taking Holland, which had become very wealthy with mercantilism and tolerance, as their model. The emergent foreign trade interests were favoured by George I, who himself came from modern day Germany and tried to distance himself as much as possible from religious matters. His background was in a state with little monarchical control of religion, and this meant that his court was disengaged. The Vicar therefore embraces the occasional conformity that he previously thought a danger. The Latin title ""Fidei defensor"" was first granted by the Pope to King Henry VIII, who subsequently"
"the Act of Supremacy, Henry abandoned Rome completely. He thereby asserted the independence of the ""Ecclesia Anglicana"". He appointed himself and his successors as the supreme rulers of the English church. Henry had been declared ""Defender of the Faith"" (""Fidei defensor"") in 1521 by Pope Leo X for his pamphlet accusing Martin Luther of heresy. Parliament later conferred this title upon Henry in 1544. The 1534 Act marks the beginning of the English Reformation. There were a number of reasons for this Act, primarily the need for a male heir to the throne. Henry tried for years to obtain an"
"also stood against the advance of extreme predestinarian theology in the Church of England, principally through his Declaration on the Articles of Religion (1628). When the Book of Common Prayer was revised in 1662, this declaration was permanently affixed as the preface to the Articles of Religion. Like both his predecessors and successors, Charles I was said to have the Royal touch, which he practiced during his lifetime, and miracle stories were attributed to the king's relics after his death. Charles I was canonised by the Church of England as King Charles the Martyr, the first Anglican saint, and placed"
"British Museum specifically asks the saint to protect the wearer in battle. Songs were composed to Saint George for the English peasantry, e.g.: As for Saint George O' Saint George he was a knight, O! Of all the knights in Christendom, Saint George is the right, O! Early patron saints in England were Edmund the Martyr and Edward the Confessor. But when Richard the Lionheart was crusading in the Middle east in the twelfth century he had a vision of Saint George who promised him victory in the battle. Eventually Saint George was proclaimed the patron saint of England in"
"of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.""; his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, had already laid claim to these titles (in a different order, jointly with Francis II of France, then with the King's father, Lord Darnley), but she was beheaded by her Protestant opponent, Elizabeth I. In 1604 James VI made a proclamation permitting the use of ""King of Great Britain"" instead of ""King of England and Scotland"". This new style, though commonly used to refer to the King, was never statutory; therefore, it did not appear on legal instruments. It did, however, appear on"
"considerable help from the conservative Bishop of Rochester John Fisher—entitled ""The Defence of the Seven Sacraments"", for which he was awarded the title ""Defender of the Faith"" (""Fidei Defensor"") by Pope Leo X. (Successive English and British monarchs have retained this title to the present, even after the Anglican Church broke away from Roman Catholicism, in part because the title was re-conferred by Parliament in 1544, after the split.) Wolsey's enemies at court included those who had been influenced by Lutheran ideas, among whom was the attractive, charismatic Anne Boleyn. Anne arrived at court in 1522 as maid of honour"
"defiance ""provoked by the perceived menace of a predatory Christian mission"". In about 630, Christianity was permanently re-established in East Anglia when Sigeberht and Ecgric succeeded to rule jointly. Ecgric, who may have been a sub-king until the abdication of Sigeberht in around 634, seems to have remained a pagan. There is no evidence that Ecgric adopted or promoted Christianity: Bede wrote nothing to imply that he was a Christian, in contrast to his praise of the devout Sigeberht, the first English king to receive a Christian baptism and education before his succession. Ricberht of East Anglia Ricberht (), may"
"the Church of England under Henry VIII remained essentially Catholic rather than Protestant in nature. Pope Leo X had earlier awarded to Henry himself the title of ""fidei defensor"" (defender of the faith), partly on account of Henry's attack on Lutheranism. Some Protestant-influenced changes under Henry included a limited iconoclasm, the abolition of pilgrimages, and pilgrimage shrines, chantries, and the extinction of many saints' days. However, only minor changes in liturgy occurred during Henry's reign, and he carried through the Six Articles of 1539 which reaffirmed the Catholic nature of the church. All this took place, however, at a time"
"front. 1st Window Left St Alban, the first British Christian martyr, Centre St George, engaged in slaying the dragon, Right St Edmund King, King of the East Angles holding an arrow symbolic of his being shot for refusing to deny his Christian faith. 2nd Window Left St Cuthbert, holding a head in his hands, Centre St Benedict, holding a book probably containing his Monastic Rule followed by Benedictine monks. Right St Germanus. 3rd Window Left St Ethelbert, King who received Augustine and was converted by him, Centre St Augustine, consecrated as Archbishop of the English and established his see at"
"King George VI, at his coronation. The Bill of Rights of 1689 required, among other things, that any monarch succeeding to the throne take the declaration as laid out by the Test Act of 1678; Reiterated by section 2 of the Act of Settlement 1701. The form of the declaration was: I, A. B., by the grace of God King (or Queen) of England, Scotland and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of God, profess, testify, and declare, that I do believe that in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper there is not any"
"the hierarchy of the church of Ireland appointed by the crown. According to Wilkie, ""the cardinal protectors had assisted in the loss of England to the papacy, and Ireland remained loyal to the papacy in spite of them"". Cardinal protector of England The Cardinal protector of England was an appointed crown-cardinal of England from 1492 until 1539. A cardinal protector is the representative of a Roman Catholic nation or organisation within the College of Cardinals, appointed by the pope. The role was terminated as a result of the English Reformation. The role of national protectorships within the College developed during"
"This principle was adopted by the early Christian church, and various rules developed for what the person had to do to qualify for protection and just how much protection it was. In England, King Æthelberht made the first laws regulating sanctuary in about AD 600, though Geoffrey of Monmouth in his ""Historia Regum Britanniae"" (c. 1136) says that the legendary pre-Saxon king Dunvallo Molmutius (4th/5th century BC) enacted sanctuary laws in the Molmutine Laws as recorded by Gildas (c. 500–570). By Norman times, there had come to be two kinds of sanctuary: All churches had the lower-level kind, but only"
"since the Emperor took an oath (Book III) when he becomes Sultan to spread the faith of Islam by conquest, the threat of persecution or martyrdom for Christians was real. Henry VIII was directly responsible for Thomas More’s tribulation when he wrote the Dialogue in the tower. But the King’s legacy can be extended to all Roman Catholics in England. The separation of England from the Roman Catholic Church during the English Reformation made Catholicism illegal and began centuries of persecution. Catholics were not granted legal toleration in England until 1829 under the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 and there"
"violated then they shall pay a fine to William. Laws of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror, the first Norman King of England who reigned from 1066 until his death in 1087, created 10 laws for the English people to abide by after the Battle of Hastings. The first law stated that ""First that above all things he wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans."" The second law stated that every freeman shall make an oath that"
"was Richard who first used the motto """"Dieu et mon droit"""" (""God and my right"") which is still the motto of the Monarch of the United Kingdom. With the rise of nation-states and the Protestant Reformation in the late 16th century, the theory of divine right justified the king's absolute authority in both political and spiritual matters. Henry VIII of England declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England, and exerted the power of the throne more than any of his predecessors. As a political theory, it was further developed by James VI of Scotland (1567–1625), and came"
"notably the Church of England, whose ministers were bound by oath to support the king, and the Quakers, who were traditionally pacifists. Religious practice suffered in certain places because of the absence of ministers and the destruction of churches, but in other areas, religion flourished. The American Revolution inflicted deeper wounds on the Church of England in America than on any other denomination because the King of England was the head of the church. The Book of Common Prayer offered prayers for the monarch, beseeching God ""to be his defender and keeper, giving him victory over all his enemies,"" who"
"Laws of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror, the first Norman King of England who reigned from 1066 until his death in 1087, created 10 laws for the English people to abide by after the Battle of Hastings. The first law stated that ""First that above all things he wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans."" The second law stated that every freeman shall make an oath that he will be loyal to king William and protect"