"the Australian mining towns of Coober Pedy and Lightning Ridge, many families have carved homes into the underground opal mines, to escape the burning desert heat. In the Loire Valley, abandoned caves are being privately renovated as affordable housing. Cave dweller A cave dweller, or troglodyte (not to be confused with troglobite), is a human being who inhabits a cave or the area beneath the overhanging rocks of a cliff. Some prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not. (""See"" Homo and Human evolution.) Such early cave dwellers, and other prehistoric peoples, are also called ""cave men"" (the term"
"Cave swallow The cave swallow (""Petrochelidon fulva"") is a medium-sized, squarish tailed swallow belonging to the same genus as the more familiar and widespread cliff swallow of North America. The cave swallow, also native to the Americas, nests and roosts primarily in caves and sinkholes. Cave swallows are found in Mexico and the Greater Antilles, with fall and winter vagrants reaching the east and Gulf Coasts of the U.S. Breeding colonies occur in south-eastern New Mexico, Texas, Florida, the Greater Antilles, portions of southern Mexico, and along the west coast of South America. Five subspecies are currently recognized according to"
"Stoke Lane Slocker Stoke Lane Slocker () is a cave near Stoke St Michael, in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendip Hills, in the English county of Somerset. It is 2.18 km in length and reaches a depth of 30m. It was previously known as Stoke Lane Swallet, but now the local name is preferred. The origin of the word """"Slocker"""" is obscure, possibly from """"slock"""" meaning to entice or lure away although the Gaelic word for swallow hole is """"sluighaire"""". It is believed that the first person to explore the cave in modern times was a Mr Marshall from"
"a hole, and ""dyein"" to creep), meaning ""cave-dweller"", and refers to its habit of disappearing into cavities or crevices while hunting arthropods or to roost. 9–10 cm. Small tail is often cocked above its back, and short neck gives the appearance of a small brown ball. Rufous brown above, grayer below, barred with darker brown and gray, even on wings and tail. The bill is dark brown, the legs pale brown. Young birds are less distinctly barred. Most are identifiable by the pale ""eyebrows"" over their eyes. By studying the songs and genetics of individuals in an overlap zone between"
"cave meshweaver (""Cicurina baronia""), the Cokendolpher cave harvestman (""Texella cokendolpheri""), and the Madla cave meshweaver (""Cicurina madla""). Neoleptoneta microps Neoleptoneta microps is a rare species of spider in the family Leptonetidae known by the common name Government Canyon bat cave spider. It is endemic to Texas in the United States, where it is known from two caves in Bexar County. It is a troglobite, an animal which spends its entire life in caves. It is one of nine Bexar County troglobites which were listed as endangered species in 2000. The main threat to this and other local troglobites is the"
"Cave A cave is a hollow place in the ground, specifically a natural space large enough for a human to enter. Caves form naturally by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The word ""cave"" can also refer to much smaller openings such as sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos, though strictly speaking a cave is exogene, meaning it is deeper than its opening is wide, and a rock shelter is endogene. A cavern is a specific type of cave, naturally formed in soluble rock with the ability to grow speleothems. Speleology is the science of exploration and"
"Middle English ""skawager"" meaning ""customs collector"", from ""skawage"" meaning ""customs"", from Old North French ""escauwage"" meaning ""inspection"", from ""schauwer"" meaning ""to inspect"", of Germanic origin; akin to Old English ""scēawian"" and German ""schauen"" meaning ""to look at"", and modern English ""show"" (with semantic drift). Obligate scavenging is rare among vertebrates, due to the difficulty of finding enough carrion without expending too much energy. In vertebrates, only vultures and possibly some pterosaurs are obligate scavengers, as terrestrial soaring flyers are the only animals able to find enough carrion. Well-known invertebrate scavengers of animal material include burying beetles and blowflies, which are"
"Karzełek The Karzełek (diminutive of ""karzeł"" – a small one, used for describing non-fantasy dwarfs) or Skarbnik, Kladenets (Russian: Скарбник, Кладенец) (the Treasurer) or Dzedka (Belarusian: Дзедка) in Slavic mythology live in mines and underground workings and are the guardians of gems, crystals, and precious metals. It is said that they will protect miners from danger and lead them back when they are lost. They will also lead them to veins of ore. To people who are evil or insult them they are deadly; pushing them into dark chasms or send tunnels crashing down upon them. Hurling rocks, whistling or"
"other spellings—""Deeping Coomb"", the ""Coombe""—or perhaps he missed these in the proofs of ""The Lord of the Rings"", but he confirmed ""Deeping-coomb"" as the correct spelling. The word ""coomb"" is a rare Brythonic survival word, meaning a small deep dry valley, easily defended. It gives its name to many places in the British Isles. He also used it, with the spelling ""Combe"", as the name of one of the four villages of the Bree-land. The Dimholt is a forest of pine wood and fir situated at the base of the Dwimorberg mountain, past Dunharrow. The name means literally 'dark wood'."
"Clay Perry Clair Willard Perry (1887–1961), called Clay Perry, was an American writer and outdoorsman. He coined the term ""spelunker"". Born in 1887 in Waupaca, Wisconsin, Perry moved to western Massachusetts as a young man. A novelist, short story writer, and journalist, in the 1930s he worked for the Federal Writers' Project. He is best known as an amateur caver and as a writer on the caves of New England and the northeastern United States. He is credited with coining the term ""spelunker"" in the 1940s. He was also the author of a light verse on Israel Bissell, whose ride"
"Dungeon A dungeon is a room or cell in which prisoners are held, especially underground. Dungeons are generally associated with medieval castles, though their association with torture probably belongs more to the Renaissance period. An oubliette or bottle dungeon is a form of dungeon which is accessible only from a hatch or hole (an ""angstloch"") in a high ceiling. The word ""dungeon"" comes from French ""donjon"" (also spelled ""dongeon""), which means ""keep"", the main tower of a castle. The first recorded instance of the word in English was near the beginning of the 14th century when it held the same"
"Farmer. Knuckers play a large role in the second book, ""The Land of the Silver Apples"". In the PBS animated series ""Dragon Tales"", the characters Zak and Wheezie live underground in a ""knucker hole"". Knucker Knucker is a dialect word for a kind of water dragon, living in ""knuckerholes"" in Sussex, England. The word comes from the Old English ""nicor"" which means ""water monster"" and is used in the poem ""Beowulf"". The most famous Knucker lived, according to legend, at Lyminster. The Knucker apparently caused a lot of trouble, consuming local livestock and even villagers, and so it was decided"
"family. There are several other karst invertebrates that are also endangered in Travis County and neighboring Williamson County. They include ""Texella reddelli"" (Bee Creek cave harvestman), ""Texella reyesi"" (Bone Cave harvestman), ""Tartarocreagris texana"" (Tooth Cave pseudoscorpion), ""Neoleptoneta myopica"" (Tooth Cave spider), ""Rhadine persephone"" (Tooth Cave ground beetle), ""Batrisodes texanus"" (Coffin Cave mold beetle). All of these karst invertebrates are considered troglobites, which are characterized by living their entire lives underground, have small or absent eyes, elongated appendages, and other adaptations to their subterranean environment. A widely accepted theory for the evolution of troglobites is that during a series of climatic"
"which means void and may have been introduced by German miners. A more likely explanation is from the Anglo-Saxon word ""lear"" meaning empty or void. Lamb Leer Cavern was first found by miners looking for lead around 1676, and in 1681 the geologist John Beaumont, the pioneer of pit caving, gave an account of his descent into the cave to the Royal Society. It was rediscovered in 1880, when a new shaft was driven in, and became something of a tourist attraction. By the 1920s the new shaft had become blocked and in 1936 the original entrance was re-opened. In"
"of the Latin words ""draco"" meaning ""dragon"", and ""venator"" meaning ""hunter""; thus, ""dragon hunter"". ""Draco"" refers to its discovery in the foothills of Drakensberg, which is ""Dragon’s Mountain"" in the Dutch language. The specific name, ""regenti"", was named in the honor of the late Regent ‘Lucas’ Huma, who was Professor Kitching’s field assistant. ""Dracovenator"" was described and named by Adam M. Yates in 2006 and the type species is ""Dracovenator regenti"". Yates (2005) assigned ""Dracovenator"" to the clade Neotheropoda. The first cladistic analysis found that this genus formed a clade with the basal theropods ""Dilophosaurus"" and ""Zupaysaurus"". The skull of"
"Cave swiftlet The cave swiftlet (""Collocalia linchi"") is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found on the Indonesia islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali. It is a woodland species and nests in caves. The Bornean swiftlet was considered a subspecies, but is now usually considered distinct. The cave swiftlet was described by the naturalists Thomas Horsfield and Frederic Moore in 1854 under the present binomial name ""Collocalia linchi"". The specific epithet ""linchi"" is the Javanese word for a swiftlet. There are four recognised subspecies: HBW Alive This bird is shiny blackish-brown above with a greenish gloss,"
"invertebrates are troglobites, species that spend their entire lives in subterranean environments. The threats to all nine species are the same: habitat loss when the caves are filled in or quarried, and habitat degradation via pollution, alterations in water flow, and direct human interference. Cicurina vespera Cicurina vespera is a rare species of spider in the family Dictynidae known by the common name Government Canyon Bat Cave meshweaver. It is endemic to Texas in the United States, where it is known from only one cave in Bexar County. This is one of nine invertebrates endemic to the karst caves of"
"Biospeleology Biospeleology, also known as cave biology, is a branch of biology dedicated to the study of organisms that live in caves and are collectively referred to as troglofauna. The first documented mention of a cave organisms dates back to 1689, with the documentation of the olm, a cave salamander. Discovered in a cave in Slovenia, in the region of Carniola, it was mistaken for a baby dragon and was recorded by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in his work ""The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola"". The first formal study on cave organisms was conducted on the blind cave beetle."
"is called the workman's (other wise known as tradesman's) entrances a passage in the left of this entrance which leads to a mud cavern.Cavers are presented various challenges inside, including The Wormhole (a curving crawl tube on the right wall of the Main Entrance), The Letterbox (a rectangular space in the passage) and The Creek, home to Death Ledge which is further inside the cave. There are also two features named the Washing Machine – both feature large expanses of water. Porth yr Ogof is now uncommercialised, and is used as a learning resource for caving. Along with the other"
"also be important for mountaineers. Transhumant nomads, people who move with their livestock - often from lower permanent winter residences in the valleys to higher summer pastures - frequently build semi-permanent camps, often of rocks. In western Connecticut and eastern New York, many rock shelters are known by the colloquialism ""leatherman caves"", as they were inhabited by the Leatherman over three decades in the late 19th century. The Cumberland stitchwort (""Minuartia cumberlandensis"") is an endangered species of plant which is found only in rock shelters in Kentucky and Tennessee. Rock shelter A rock shelter — also rockhouse, crepuscular cave, bluff"
"a cave which runs underneath a heavily urbanized area. The cave is owned by the Texas Cave Management Association. This cave is also the only home for the Robber Baron cave meshweaver (""Cicurina baronia""), a spider. The worst threat to this and other rare local troglobites is the outright loss of their cave habitat, which is destroyed as the land is consumed for urban development, or during quarrying operations. Caves are also altered and polluted so that they cannot support this and other species. Texella cokendolpheri Texella cokendolpheri is a rare species of arachnid known by the common name Cokendolpher"
"Caveman A caveman is a stock character representative of primitive man in the Paleolithic. The popularisation of the type dates to the early 20th century, when Neanderthal Man was influentially described as ""simian"" or ape-like by Marcellin Boule and Arthur Keith. While knowledge of human evolution in the Pleistocene has become much more detailed, the stock character has persisted, even though it anachronistically conflates characteristics of archaic humans and early modern humans. The term ""caveman"" has its taxonomical equivalent in the now-obsolete ""Homo troglodytes"" (""cave-dwelling man"", Linnaeus 1758). Cavemen are typically portrayed as wearing shaggy animal hides, and capable of"
"cave insects. ""Oligaphorura"" (formerly ""Archaphorura"") ""schoetti"" (a type of springtail) is a troglophile, up to in length and common in many caves. Most specimens are female but a male specimen was collected from St. Cuthbert's Swallet in 1969. St Cuthbert's Swallet St Cuthbert's Swallet is the second longest, and most complex, cave on the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. It forms a major part of the Priddy Caves system and water entering this swallet re-emerges at Wookey Hole. St Cuthbert's Swallet is part of, and lies underneath, the Priddy Pools Site of Special Scientific Interest. In the citation this is"
"Cave ground beetle), ""Tartarocreagris texana"" (the Tooth Cave pseudoscorpion), ""Neoleptoneta myopica"" (the Tooth Cave spider), ""Texella reddelli"" (the Bee Creek cave harvestman), ""Texella reyesi"" (the Bone Cave harvestman), and ""Texamaurops reddelli"" (the Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle). One of the more foreboding passages, found within sight of daylight, is the ""Birth Canal"": a tight, restricting tunnel that once discouraged many novice cavers from continuing on. Much deeper in the cave is a space known as the ""Aggie Art Gallery,"" containing a reddish maroon clay and dozens of handmade sculptures, all formed and left behind by cavers. The cave was discovered in"
"Cascade Caverns salamander The Cascade Caverns salamander, or Cascade Caverns neotenic salamander (""Eurycea latitans"") is a species of aquatic salamander endemic to Cascade Caverns in Kendall County, Texas. Like other species of cave salamanders, they are almost entirely subterranean, living in spring waters deep in limestone rock strata, so gauging the exact extent of their geographic range or even their population numbers is virtually impossible. This also leads to reduced sampling for study, which has led to some uncertainty in the taxonomic classification; some sources consider all species of Texas cave salamanders to be subspecies of the Texas salamander. ""Eurycea"
"Saddlier was mentioned in an article in Melbourne’s ""The Herald Sun"" his sister wrote to the Cave Clan explaining that her brother was in fact a ""builder of drains"", and not an explorer. Cave Clan members explore natural or artificial tunnels and caves, along with rooftops and abandoned buildings. Their most frequent activities involve exploring underground stormwater drains, bunkers, tunnels and forts. Each chapter of the Cave Clan has its favourite locations with each city, each having a different history, with therefore different types of locations to explore. For example, in Sydney, sites the Cave Clan explore include an underground"
"start his magnum opus, a cave he expects to take the last 10 years of his life, on unauthorized land, and in secret. The public can book a docent-led tour by appointment, to ""The Windows of the Earth"" cave sanctuary -featured in the Cave Digger documentary. The resort and retreat venue, Origin at Rancho de San Juan, allows for the only opportunity for public viewing of one this man's amazing ""land art"" creations. Cavedigger Cavedigger is a 2013 documentary film by Jeffrey Karoff. This film is the story of Ra Paulette, a man who obsessively digs massive, ornately carved, sandstone"
"either grey or blue. They wear loincloths of leather that they find in the Mines or are given by the Goblins. They sometimes roar when in a battle rage, but are incapable of forming words or language. They often wield either a great club or a hammer. Cave-trolls are usually found with small groups of Orcs. They are too unintelligent to hunt food for themselves, often consuming whatever hapless creature they come across, so food is an advantage they get from working with the Orcs. Their fingernails extend to most of their fingers, and were allegedly used to dig holes"
"Sidcot Swallet Sidcot Swallet is a cave near Burrington Combe, in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. It was named after the Sidcot School Speleological Society who explored it in 1925. A swallet, also known as a sinkhole, sink, shakehole, swallow hole or doline, is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water flowing beneath. After Goatchurch Cavern, Sidcot Swallet is probably the most popular cave on Mendip for novice parties. What it lacks in length or depth is adequately compensated for by"
"have been bred in captivity, typically by scientists. Cavefish Cavefish or cave fish is a generic term for fresh and brackish water fish adapted to life in caves and other underground habitats. Related terms are subterranean fish, troglomorphic fish, troglobitic fish, stygobitic fish, phreatic fish and hypogean fish. The more than 200 scientifically described species of obligate cavefish are found on all continents, except Antarctica. Although widespread as a group, many cavefish species have very small ranges and are seriously threatened. Cavefish are members of a wide range of families and do not form a monophyletic group. Typical adaptations found"
"""Dreadlock Holiday"". Graham Gouldman Graham Keith Gouldman (born ) is an English singer, songwriter and musician. He has been the only constant member of the art rock band 10cc. Gouldman was born in Broughton, Salford, Lancashire, England into a Jewish family. He played in a number of Manchester bands from 1963, including the High Spots, the Crevattes, the Planets and the Whirlwinds, which became a house band at his local Jewish Lads' Brigade. The Whirlwinds – comprising Gouldman (vocals, guitar), Maurice Sperling (vocals/drums), Bernard Basso (bass), Stephen Jacobson (guitar, bongos), Malcolm Wagner and Phil Cohen – secured a recording contract"
"""""Ogof"""" which gave the early names for this cave of """"Ochie"""" """"Ochy"""". ""Hole"" is Anglo-Saxon for cave, which is itself of Latin/Norman derivation. Therefore, the name ""Wookey Hole Cave"" basically means ""cave cave cave"". Eilert Ekwall gives an alternative derivation of ""Wookey"" from the Old English """"wocig"""" meaning a noose or snare for animals. By the 18th century the caves were commonly known as ""Okey Hole"". Fossils of a range of animals have been found including the Pleistocene lion (""Felis leo spelæ""), Cave hyena (""Crocuta crocuta spelaea"") and Badger (""Meles meles""). Wookey Hole was occupied by humans in the Iron"
"its sporty squeezes and narrow crawls. Despite its popularity, many calcite formations still remain intact in the farthest reaches of the cave. Sidcot Swallet Sidcot Swallet is a cave near Burrington Combe, in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. It was named after the Sidcot School Speleological Society who explored it in 1925. A swallet, also known as a sinkhole, sink, shakehole, swallow hole or doline, is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water flowing beneath. After Goatchurch Cavern, Sidcot Swallet is"