"late (as the colder weather is setting in and the grazing and browsing on the Forest is dying back) in the following year. Colts are assessed in their third year by the New Forest Pony Breeding and Cattle Society for suitability to be kept as stallions; any animal failing the assessment must be gelded. Once approved, every spring (usually in March), the stallions must pass the Verderers' assessment before they are permitted onto the Forest to breed. The stallion scheme resulted in a reduction of genetic diversity in the ponies running out on the New Forest, and to counteract this"
"Verderer (New Forest) In the New Forest a verderer is an unpaid officer whose duty is to regulate and protect the interests of the New Forest commoners, and to preserve the natural beauty and good traditional character of the Forest. There are currently ten verderers who together constitute the Court of Verderers (or Court of Swainmote). The Court has ancient origins but in its present form is a corporate body set up under the New Forest Act 1887 and reconstituted in 1949. It currently consists of ten verderers, five of whom are elected by the commoners, and four of whom"
"of issues the Court is required approve or to be consulted on. Verderer (New Forest) In the New Forest a verderer is an unpaid officer whose duty is to regulate and protect the interests of the New Forest commoners, and to preserve the natural beauty and good traditional character of the Forest. There are currently ten verderers who together constitute the Court of Verderers (or Court of Swainmote). The Court has ancient origins but in its present form is a corporate body set up under the New Forest Act 1887 and reconstituted in 1949. It currently consists of ten verderers,"
"help the parties determine how to handle specific activities that the Commission proposes to undertake or permit within the Forest. The New Forest became a National Park on 1 March 2005. It is managed by an government-funded organisation, The National Park Authority, which appoints one of the Court members. The verderers have a statutory duty (under section 62 of the Environment Act 1995) to take account of the purposes of National Park designation when making any decision which affects the Park. In the 13th century the verderers were originally a court that was authorised by The Crown to deal with"
"Dean have been in existence since at least 1218 and are charged with protecting the ""vert"" and ""venison"" (that is, generally, the vegetation and habitat) of the Forest. They are the last remnant of the traditional forest administration – unlike the New Forest, their structure has been unaltered over the centuries – there are still four verderers just as there has been for the past 800 years. The Verderers are elected by the freeholders of Gloucestershire at the Gloucester Court (an ancient procedure in its own right) and serve for life. Over the years, the deer in the Forest of"
"Forestry Commission and National park authority. Approximately 80 per cent of the animals depastured on the New Forest are owned by just 10 per cent of the commoning families. Ponies living full-time on the New Forest are almost all mares, although there are also a few geldings. For much of the year the ponies live in small groups, usually consisting of an older mare, her daughters, and their foals, all keeping to a discrete area of the Forest called a ""haunt."" Under New Forest regulations, mares and geldings may be of any breed. Although the ponies are predominantly New Foresters,"
"wildlife. Verderers were originally part of the ancient judicial and administrative hierarchy of the vast areas of English forests and Royal Forests set aside by William the Conqueror for hunting. The title Verderer comes from the Norman word ‘vert’ meaning green and referring to woodland. These forests were divided into provinces each having a Chief Justice who travelled around on circuit dealing with the more serious offences. Verderers investigated and recorded minor offences and dealt with the day to day forest administration. In the New Forest the Verderers are a group of unpaid individuals whose primary objective is to regulate"
"of today. William the Conqueror, who claimed the New Forest as a royal hunting ground, shipped more than two thousand horses across the English Channel when he invaded England in 1066. The earliest written record of horses in the New Forest dates back to that time, when rights of common of pasture were granted to the area's inhabitants. A popular tradition linking the ancestry of the New Forest pony to Spanish horses said to have swum ashore from wrecked ships at the time of the Spanish Armada has, according to the New Forest National Park Authority, ""long been accepted as"
"1225. In 1238 Henry III (while retaining hunting rights) gave the land and trees to Isobel of Huntingdon, daughter of the Earl of Chester. She married into the Bruce family and the Forest remained in their hands until Robert the Bruce had his English lands confiscated by Edward I in 1306. On his death it was given by Edward II to the de Bohun family. The right to venison (deer meat) stayed with the King, but the rights to the wood and soil belonged to the de Bohuns, until 1446 when the family was given the right to the deer"
"the sense the New Forest was new - a re-designation of something that was there before, under another name.' A different origin theory was put forward by Steve Wilson (1996), who speculated that the coven might have been founded by members of a scouting organisation, the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry. Heselton accepted similarities between the Order and the coven, but did not believe that there was any direct connection. Gerald Gardner claimed that after moving to the borough of Christchurch, Dorset in 1939, he got involved with the Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship, an occult organisation based upon Rosicrucianism. However, he"
"New Forest Heritage Area in 1985, with additional planning controls added in 1992. The New Forest was proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in June 1999, and it became a National Park in 2005. Forest laws were enacted to preserve the New Forest as a location for royal deer hunting, and interference with the king's deer and its forage was punished. But the inhabitants of the area (""Commoners"") had pre-existing ""rights of common"": to turn horses and cattle (but only rarely sheep) out into the Forest to graze (""common pasture""), to gather fuel wood (""estovers""), to cut peat for"
"New Forest coven The New Forest coven were an alleged group of witches who met around the area of the New Forest in southern England during the early 20th century. According to his own claims, in September 1939, a British occultist named Gerald Gardner was initiated into the coven and subsequently used its beliefs and practices as a basis from which he formed the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. Gardner described some of his experiences with the coven in his published books ""Witchcraft Today"" (1954) and ""The Meaning of Witchcraft"" (1959) although on the whole revealed little about it, saying he"
"of Land Management, which along with the United States Forest Service oversees public lands grazing in 16 western states today. However, grazing was never established as a legal right in the U.S., and the Taylor Grazing Act authorized only the permitted use of lands designated as available for livestock grazing while specifying that grazing permits ""convey no right, title, or interest"" to such lands. Although the regulations stipulated by the Taylor Grazing Act apply only to grazing on Bureau of Land Management lands, the Chief of the Forest Service is authorized to permit or suspend grazing on Forest Service administered"
"- see http://www.newbuckenhamarchive.co.uk/1597%20map.htm ), which records the settlement. The land belongs to and is managed by the Norfolk Wildlife Trust. Much of the North Side is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) with rare plants including Green Winged Orchids. There are also clay pits where marl has been historically dug for building. The Common is also an ancient grazing pasture grazed annually by cattle due to the continued tradition of about 79 'Common Rights' that are actively managed by their owners and pooled for letting to the grazier to continue the tradition. The 'Common Rights' entitle their owners to"
"last. From 1715, both surveyor's posts were held by the same person. The remaining royal forests continued to be managed (in theory, at least) on behalf of the crown. However, the commoners' rights of grazing often seem to have been more important than the rights of the crown. In the late 1780s a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the condition of Crown woods and those surviving. North of the Trent it found Sherwood Forest survived, south of it: the New Forest, three others in Hampshire, Windsor Forest in Berkshire, the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, Waltham or Epping"
"and protect the interests of the New Forest commoners, and to preserve the natural beauty and good traditional character of the Forest. Together they constitute the Court of Verderers (or Court of Swainmote). The Court has the same status as a Magistrates Court, and acting under its authority the Verderers are responsible for regulating commoning within the Forest, for dealing with unlawful inclosures, and for a wide range of other matters relating to development control and conservation such as proposals for new roads, car parks, camping sites, recreational facilities, playing fields and so on. The Verderers in the Forest of"
"the Forest for the winter, turning them out again the following spring. Animals surplus to their owner's requirements often are sold at the Beaulieu Road Pony Sales, run by the New Forest Livestock Society. Tail hair of the ponies is trimmed, and cut into a recognisable pattern to show that the pony's grazing fees have been paid for the year. Each Agister has his own ""tail-mark"", indicating the area of the Forest where the owner lives. The Agisters keep a constant watch over the condition of the Forest-running stock, and an animal may be ""ordered off"" the Forest at any"
"rights could be exercised. For example, the occupier of a particular cottage might be allowed to graze fifteen cattle, four horses, ponies or donkeys, and fifty geese, whilst the numbers allowed for their neighbours would probably be different. On some commons (such as the New Forest and adjoining commons), the rights are not limited by numbers, and instead a ""marking fee"" is paid each year for each animal ""turned out"". However, if excessive use was made of the common, for example, in overgrazing, a common would be ""stinted"", that is, a limit would be put on the number of animals"
"of the ancient, pre-Christian Witch-Cult religion. Subsequent research by the likes of Hutton and Heselton has shown that in fact the New Forest coven was probably only formed in the mid-1930s, based upon such sources as folk magic and the theories of Margaret Murray. Gardner only ever described one of their rituals in depth, and this was an event that he termed ""Operation Cone of Power"". According to his own account, it took place in 1940 in a part of the New Forest and was designed to ward off the Nazis from invading Britain by magical means. Gardner claimed that"
"the common land would be enclosed and townspeople would be denied grazing rights: the price had been raised by secret public subscription. In 1594, ownership of the pastures was transferred to 67 local inhabitants (Feoffes), """"whereby their heirs and assigns might and should for ever thereafter have, hold and enjoy the said meadows and all the commodities that might or should arise thereof"""". The Trust, a legal entity formed in 1594, has survived over 400 years up to the present day. Twelve of the 67 Feoffes were appointed as Trustees with the powers to make Orders and Bye-laws that they"
"goes back even earlier than that. With Highcliff, Beckley and Hinton, it formed the New Forest ‘Hundred’, the division of the County in Saxon times supposed to contain a hundred families. In the reign of Edward the Confessor (1003-1066), the land was held by ""Brixi"" and was assessed at five hides. In old English law a hide was a variable unit of land that was enough for a household. However the Estate of Yaldhurst (“Cildeest” 11th century) was held in 1086 by Alvric the Little or ‘Younger’. Because of the creation of the New Forest by William the Conqueror for"
"meaning ""Jute"", i.e. ""of the Jutes"". The Jutes were one of the early Anglo-Saxon tribal groups who colonised this area of southern Hampshire. The word ytene (or ettin) is also found locally as a synonym for giant, and features heavily in local folklore. Following the Norman Conquest, the New Forest was proclaimed a royal forest, in about 1079, by William the Conqueror. It was used for royal hunts, mainly of deer. It was created at the expense of more than 20 small hamlets and isolated farmsteads; hence it was then 'new' as a single compact area. The New Forest was"
"Charter of the Forest The Charter of the Forest of 1217 () is a charter that re-established for free men rights of access to the royal forest that had been eroded by William the Conqueror and his heirs. Many of its provisions were in force for centuries afterwards. It was originally sealed in England by the young King Henry III, acting under the regency of William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke. It was in many ways a companion document to the Magna Carta, and redressed some applications of the Anglo-Norman Forest Law that had been extended and abused by William"
"The Old Forest was little concerned with the history of Middle-earth, but sometimes that history approached close to the forest, and occasionally it entered in. In one of his letters, Tolkien explained that ""the Old Forest was hostile to two-legged creatures because of the memory of many injuries."" Among these two-legged creatures were Hobbits. When Gorhendad Oldbuck and his clan of Hobbits settled Buckland, they began to encroach upon the Old Forest, thus re-awakening its hostility to two-legged creatures that had first been aroused back in the Second Age. The settlers soon found themselves under threat from the forest. They"
"New Forest, North Yorkshire New Forest is a civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. It lies west of Richmond. There is no village in the parish. It consists mainly of grouse moor, and the isolated farms of Holgate, Kexwith, and Kersey Green. The population of the parish is estimated at 10. In Norman times the New Forest was a hunting forest, held by the Earls of Richmond together with the forest of Arkengarthdale to the west. In the Middle Ages there were lead mines and coal mines in the forest. It was a township in the"
"first recorded as ""Nova Foresta"" in Domesday Book in 1086, where a section devoted to it is interpolated between lands of the king's thegns and the town of Southampton; it is the only forest that the book describes in detail. Twelfth-century chroniclers alleged that William had created the forest by evicting the inhabitants of 36 parishes, reducing a flourishing district to a wasteland; however, this account is thought dubious by most historians, as the poor soil in much of the area is believed to have been incapable of supporting large-scale agriculture, and significant areas appear to have always been uninhabited."
"to exist. Its members considered themselves the continuation of the historical Witch-Cult, an ancient religion that the anthropologist Margaret Murray had described in several books published in the 1920s and 1930s. Nonetheless, subsequent investigation and research by historians has disputed that the Witch-Cult had ever existed, and as such it appears that the New Forest coven were in fact a group who had been founded in the early 1930s. Following this marriage, Rosanne and her new husband moved into Woodford-Grimes’ bungalow, Theano, whilst she herself relocated once more to Avenue Cottage in Walkford, the village adjacent to Highcliffe, where Gardner"
"New Parks, which were in Rock parish. Most rights to land in the forest belonged to these medieval manors. The rights of the Mortimer family passed to the crown as a result of the accession of Edward IV, who was (amongst other things) previously Earl of March to the crown. Its description as 'forest' probably dates from that period. The extent of woodland two to three centuries ago was probably similar to that today. The manor of Cleobury Mortimer was alienated in the 16th century, leaving the crown only with the manor of Bewdley and Far Forest. Historical references to"
"of the forest: From God and Saint King Rufus did Churches take, From Citizens town-court, and mercate place, From Farmer lands: New Forrest for to make, In Beaulew tract, where whiles the King in chase Pursues the hart, just vengeance comes apace, And King pursues. Tirrell him seing not, Unwares him flew with dint of arrow shot. The common rights were confirmed by statute in 1698. The New Forest became a source of timber for the Royal Navy, and plantations were created in the 18th century for this purpose. In the Great Storm of 1703, about 4000 oak trees were"
"minor offences taking place within the Sovereign's Forest. Their powers were enlarged in the 17th and 18th centuries to enable the Court to deal with trespassers, and acts such as breaking inclosure fences which were detrimental to the planting and preservation of oak for shipbuilding. Under the New Forest Act of 1887 the Court was placed on a statutory basis, with the verderers becoming responsible for commoners, common rights, and the Forest landscape. The New Forest Act of 1949 gave the verderers additional powers to make and amend byelaws. Subsequent legislation of 1964, 1967 and 1970 has increased the range"
"a view to defeat that measure. In England, agisters were formerly the officers of the forest empowered to collect the agistment. They have been re-established in the New Forest to carry out the daily duties of administering the forest. In Australia, agistment is commonly used in drought, where livestock on a drought-affected property are agisted to a drought-free property elsewhere in the country. The livestock may travel to the alternate pasture by truck, or by travelling stock route. In New Zealand, many farms and studs offer Horse 'full agistment' where one can have their horse graze and be cared for,"
"New Forest Act 1697 The New Forest Act 1697 (9 Will 3 c 33) was an Act of the Parliament of England which provided that ""Waste Lands"" in the New Forest be enclosed and planted with trees to supply timber for the ships of the Royal Navy. Of the total area of the Forest, estimated at 85454 acres, 1000 acres was to be enclosed ""forthwith"", a further 1000 acres in 1699, and thereafter 200 acres annually for 20 years. No trees could be felled in the lands without the Navy's approval; timber not claimed by the Navy would be auctioned"
"the New Forest that is also said to be as old. The highest density of ""Q. robur"" with a circumference of and more is in Latvia. Within its native range ""Q. robur"" is valued for its importance to insects and other wildlife. Numerous insects live on the leaves, buds, and in the acorns. ""Q. robur"" supports the highest biodiversity of insect herbivores of any British plant (>400 spp). The acorns form a valuable food resource for several small mammals and some birds, notably Eurasian jays ""Garrulus glandarius"". Jays were overwhelmingly the primary propagators of oaks before humans began planting them"