"sons, and it seemed unlikely that he would have any due to the age of his wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais. His eventual response was to have his marriage to Josephine annulled and to undertake a second marriage with Roman Catholic rites to Archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Their only child was Napoleon, King of Rome, known in exile as ""Napoleon II"" and as the Duke of Reichstadt. He died unmarried, thereby extinguishing the legitimate descent of Napoleon I. Meanwhile, Napoleon I's older brother, Joseph Bonaparte, recognized upon establishment of the First Empire as first in"
"Empress Joséphine Joséphine (; born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoleon, and thus the first Empress of the French. Her marriage to Napoleon was her second; her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution. Her two children by Beauharnais became significant to royal lineage. Through her daughter, Hortense, she was the maternal grandmother of Napoleon III. Through her son, Eugène, she was the great-grandmother of later Swedish"
"be for Josephine's alleged role in convincing Napoleon to reinstitute slavery in the French colonies. (Although in fact Martinique, under first Royalist, then English, rule never accepted the emancipation degree issued by the Revolutionary government.) The head has never been found. Galliano said that his inspiration was dressing the pregnant rock star Madonna — and then thinking ""Empress Josephine."" Empress Joséphine Joséphine (; born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoleon, and thus the first Empress of the French. Her marriage to Napoleon was her second; her"
"Mathilde Bonaparte Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmine Bonaparte, Princesse Française, Princess of San Donato (27 May 1820 – 2 January 1904), was a French princess and salonnière. She was a daughter of Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte and his second wife, Catharina of Württemberg, daughter of King Frederick I of Württemberg. Born in Trieste, Mathilde Bonaparte was raised in Florence and Rome. She was originally engaged to her first cousin, the future Napoleon III of France, but the engagement was broken following his imprisonment at Ham. She married a rich Russian nobleman, Anatole Demidov, on November 1, 1840 in Rome. Anatole was raised"
"of Napoleon I from 1810 to 1814. She subsequently reigned in her own right as Duchess of Parma from 1817 onward. After the death of her husband Napoleon I, who died on St. Helena in 1821, she married morganatically to Adam Albert von Neipperg. As a result, William Albert was the half-brother of Napoleon II. In 1838, he joined the ranks of the Austrian army and took part in the counterinsurgency battles of 1848 in Italy and Hungary, earning in 1854 the title of Second Lieutenant field marshal. In 1859, he took part in the disastrous Battle of Magenta, where"
"Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou ""née"" de Le Tellier de Louvois-Courtanvaux de Montmirail de Creuzy (1765-1835) was a French courtier. She was the royal governess of Napoleon II from 1811 until 1814. She was the daughter of Charles François César Le Tellier de Louvois-Courtanvaux de Montmirail de Creuzy, Marquis de Montmirail (1734-1765) and married to Anne Elisabeth Pierre de Montesquiou-Fezensac, in 1780. Her spouse was first equerry to the count of Provence before the French revolution, and was appointed First Chamberlain to emperor Napoleon I of France in 1809. She was appointed governess to the"
"Élisabeth de Vaudey Élisabeth-Antoinette Le Michaud d'Arçon de Vaudey (Besançon, 27 October 1773- 1833?) was a French lady-in-waiting. She was famous for her affair with French Emperor Napoleon I, which was a cause of a violent scene between the Emperor and his wife Joséphine shortly before their coronation. She was born daughter of general Jean Le Michaud d'Arçon and in 1790 married at the age of 16 to captain François-Xavier-Octave Barberot de Vaudey de Vellexon, who emigrated the year after. Elisabeth de Vaudey was a member of the lower nobility, described by her contemporaries as ""a very pretty woman, witty,"
"Restoration, and was briefly restored during the Hundred Days in 1815. The Second French Empire was the regime established in France by Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second French Republic and the Third French Republic. Napoleon III was the third son of Louis Bonaparte, a younger brother of Napoleon I, and Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Napoleon I's wife, Josephine de Beauharnais, by her first marriage. Bonapartism had its followers from 1815 onward among those who never accepted the defeat at Waterloo or the Congress of Vienna. Napoleon I's death in exile on Saint Helena in"
"handled by her ""Dame d'atour"" Jeanne Charlotte du Luçay. Napoleon initially remarked that he had ""married a womb"" to an aide, but their relationship soon grew. He ""spared no pains"" to please her and claimed at one point to prefer Marie Louise to his first wife Joséphine; while he had loved Joséphine, and though he claimed Joséphine remained his greatest friend even after their amicable divorce, he had not respected her, whereas with Marie Louise, there was ""Never a lie, never a debt"" — presumably a reference to Joséphine's rumoured extramarital affairs and reputation as a spendthrift. Marie Louise wrote"
"Théodolinde de Beauharnais Théodolinde de Beauharnais, Princess of Leuchtenberg (13 April 1814 – 1 April 1857), Countess of Württemberg by marriage, was a Franco-German princess. She was a granddaughter of Joséphine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. The fifth of the seven children of Eugène de Beauharnais (1781–1824), Duke of Leuchtenberg, and his wife, Princess Augusta of Bavaria (1788–1851), Théodolinde was born in Mantua, Italy, and presumably named for Theudelinda, a 6th-century queen of the Lombards. She had two brothers (Auguste and Maximilian) and three surviving sisters (Joséphine, Eugénie, and Amélie). Joséphine de Beauharnais, the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte and"
"Théodolinde de Beauharnais Théodolinde de Beauharnais, Princess of Leuchtenberg (13 April 1814 – 1 April 1857), Countess of Württemberg by marriage, was a Franco-German princess. She was a granddaughter of Joséphine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. The fifth of the seven children of Eugène de Beauharnais (1781–1824), Duke of Leuchtenberg, and his wife, Princess Augusta of Bavaria (1788–1851), Théodolinde was born in Mantua, Italy, and presumably named for Theudelinda, a 6th-century queen of the Lombards. She had two brothers (Auguste and Maximilian) and three surviving sisters (Joséphine, Eugénie, and Amélie). Joséphine de Beauharnais, the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte and"
"Napoleon, she bore a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstadt, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II. Napoleon's fortunes changed dramatically in 1812 after his failed invasion of Russia. The European powers, including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Napoleon and his exile to Elba. The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau handed over the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Empress Marie Louise. She ruled the duchies until her death. Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's death in 1821. Her second"
"Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia; Italian: ""Maria Luigia Leopoldina Francesca Teresa Giuseppa Lucia""; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 1814 until her death. She was Napoleon's second wife and, as such, Empress of the French from 1810 to 1814. As the eldest child of the Habsburg Emperor Francis II of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period of continuous conflict between Austria and revolutionary France. A series of"
"Charles-René de Bombelles Charles-René de Bombelles (November 6, 1784 – May 30, 1856) was a French officer in the Austrian army, who, in 1834, entered in a morganatic marriage with Marie-Louise of Austria, the Duchess of Parma, former Empress of France, and the second wife of Napoleon, after serving as her chamberlain. He was her third husband, and she was his second wife, and their marriage was her second morganatic marriage. Later in his life (after the death of his older brother, Louis Philippe de Bombelles), he became the Count of Bombelles. Charles-René de Bombelles was born in Versailles on"
"infant son of Napoleon and Marie Louise, the King of Rome, who would call her “Maman Quiou.” Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou ""née"" de Le Tellier de Louvois-Courtanvaux de Montmirail de Creuzy (1765-1835) was a French courtier. She was the royal governess of Napoleon II from 1811 until 1814. She was the daughter of Charles François César Le Tellier de Louvois-Courtanvaux de Montmirail de Creuzy, Marquis de Montmirail (1734-1765) and married to Anne Elisabeth Pierre de Montesquiou-Fezensac, in 1780. Her spouse was first equerry to the count of Provence before the French revolution, and was"
"representations in the ""galerie des Cotelle"", a gallery with paintings by Jean l'Aîné Cotelle representing the bosquets of Versailles and Trianon. During the French Revolution of 1789, the ""Grand Trianon"" was left to neglect. At the time of the First French Empire, Napoleon made it one of his residences, and furnished it in the Empire Style. Napoleon lived at Trianon with his second wife Marie Louise of Austria. The next royals to live at Trianon were the King and Queen of the French, Louis Philippe I and his Italian wife Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies; he was a descendant"
"in Naples, showed an interest in the archaeological discoveries of Pompeii and founded a school for girls. She was described as intensely jealous of her sister-in-law Joséphine and her children, reportedly because she felt Napoleon favored them over his Bonaparte relatives. It was reportedly Caroline who arranged for Napoleon to take a mistress, Éléonore Denuelle, who duly gave birth to his first illegitimate child. This had the desired effect of establishing that Joséphine was infertile, as Napoleon showed he was clearly capable of siring children, which eventually resulted in his divorce from Josephine and remarriage. In 1810, when Napoleon married"
"fought numerous campaigns against Austria all throughout his military career. However, she seemed to warm up to him over time. After her wedding, she wrote to her father: ""He loves me very much. I respond to his love sincerely. There is something very fetching and very eager about him that is impossible to resist"". Napoleon and Marie Louise remained married until his death, though she did not join him in exile on Elba and thereafter never saw her husband again. The couple had one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (1811–1832), known from birth as the King of Rome. He became"
"Napoleon I's Marshal, Joachim Murat, King of Naples, and Caroline Bonaparte, Napoleon's sister. Anne was married to ""Antoine"" de Noailles, 6th Duc de Mouchy, 6th Prince-Duc de Poix, Philippe's great-grandfather. The Noailles family first rose to prominence with Antoine, 1st comte de Noailles, who was the French ambassador in England 1553–1556. The family reached its peak under Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles, a marshal of France, and his brother Louis Antoine, Cardinal Archbishop of Paris. The third duke's father and two of his sons were also marshals of France. Two ducal branches are extant – the ducs de Noailles and"
"II"". As an opponent of Napoleon Bonaparte, she had tried to prevent the wedding of her son to Stéphanie de Beauharnais, and after their wedding in 1806, she retired to her widow estate at Schloss Bruchsal in the Kraichgau. In 1807, Amalie sent her daughter, Queen Frederica of Sweden, a letter from her second daughter, the Empress of Russia, in an attempt to convince Frederica to use her influence to persuade her spouse to make peace between Sweden and Napoleon, which did not succeed. In 1809, she received her daughter Frederica and her family upon the deposition of her son-in-law"
"Life"" (in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal). Monuments to Jeanne have been raised in Beaufort (1842), Rosiers-d'Égletons (1875), and Tarascon. A statue of Jeanne can be seen in the ""Public Garden"" in the Noisay village in Indre-et-Loire. Jeanne de Laval Jeanne de Laval (10 November 1433 – 19 December 1498), was the second wife and Queen consort of René I of Anjou, King of Naples, Sicily, titular King of Jerusalem, Aragon, and Majorca; Duke of Anjou, Bar, and Lorraine; and Count of Provence and Piedmont. Jeanne was born on 10 November 1433 at Auray, Brittany, the daughter of Guy XIV de"
"and his Latin motto was ""Nutrisco et extinguo"" (""I nourish [the good] and extinguish [the bad]""). His long nose earned him the nickname ""François du Grand Nez"" (""Francis of the Big Nose""), he was also colloquially known as the ""Grand Colas"" or ""Bonhomme Colas"". For his personal involvement in battles, he was known as ""le Roi-Chevalier"" (""the Knight-King"") or the ""le Roi-Guerrier"" (""the Warrior-King""). On 18 May 1514, Francis married his second cousin Claude, the daughter of King Louis XII of France and Duchess Anne of Brittany. The couple had seven children: On 7 July 1530, Francis I married his"
"Albine was played by Elsa Zylberstein in ""Monsieur N."" Albine de Montholon Albine de Montholon (December 19, 1779 - March 25, 1848) was a French noblewoman, and the wife of Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon. She was reputed to be the mistress of Napoleon during his exile on Saint Helena. She was born Albine Hélène de Vassal in Paris. Her cousin was Régis de Cambacérès. On February 19, 1797, at age 17, she married Jean-Pierre Bignon; they divorced in 1799. On August 18, 1800, at age 20, she married Daniel Roger. In December 1809, she gave birth to a son,"
"Charlotte Bonaparte Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte (31 October 1802 – 2 March 1839) was the daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, the older brother of Emperor Napoleon I, and Julie Clary. Her mother was the sister of Désirée Clary, Napoleon's first love. Charlotte married her first cousin Napoleon Louis, the second son of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense de Beauharnais. She studied engraving and lithography in Paris with the artist Louis Léopold Robert, who is reputed to have fallen in love with her. After her father was deposed in 1813 he moved to America and purchased ""Point Breeze"", an estate on the Delaware River"
"novel 1876 as being a friend of the fictional narrator, Charles Schermerhorn Schuyler. Mathilde Bonaparte Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmine Bonaparte, Princesse Française, Princess of San Donato (27 May 1820 – 2 January 1904), was a French princess and salonnière. She was a daughter of Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte and his second wife, Catharina of Württemberg, daughter of King Frederick I of Württemberg. Born in Trieste, Mathilde Bonaparte was raised in Florence and Rome. She was originally engaged to her first cousin, the future Napoleon III of France, but the engagement was broken following his imprisonment at Ham. She married a rich"
"Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne Eléonore Denuelle (13 September 1787 – 30 January 1868) was a mistress of Emperor Napoleon I of France and the mother of his son Charles, Count Léon. Her son was proof that Napoleon was capable of producing an heir and that his wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais, was infertile; as a result, he divorced Joséphine and married Marie Louise of Austria. She was born Louise Catherine Eléonore Denuelle de la Plaigne into a middle-class family, by reports of the day was pretty and witty, and was married at the age of 18 to a former army"
"within France is attested from 1780 and by the start of the 1820s France had a large amount of domestic production of cut steel. With the end of the Napoleonic wars British produces again started exporting to France. The fashion for cut steel jewellery in France was probably given a boost when Napoleon married his second wife Marie Louise and presented her with a Parure consisting of cut steel jewellery as he was unable to afford one made with gemstones. The quality and use of cut steel jewellery declined throughout the second half of the 19th century with stamped strips"
"day that passes"","" and """"to love you more than I do is impossible""."" Although Paul and Maria Feodorovna were initially disappointed at the birth of a fourth daughter, Ekaterina later became her mother's favorite daughter. While the Napoleonic Wars were still in progress, the childless Napoléon I arranged his divorce from his beloved but aged wife Empress Joséphine, in order to marry a princess of high birth, get connected to royalty and beget the much desired heir. While the divorce itself did not happen until 1810, Napoleon was on the lookout for a new wife for some years previous to"
"of in November 1806. For Émilie to have been the daughter of Napoleon it would have been necessary that he stayed in Lyon in February 1806. However, no stay in this city at that time seems to have taken place and, according to several authors (in particular André Gavoty in the Bulletin de l'Institut Napoleon April 1950), Napoleon only met LeRoy in 1810. Emilie Pellapra married Count Louis Marie de Brigode who died shortly after, though they had twins: She remarried on 30 August 1830 to Prince Joseph de Riquet de Caraman (1808-1886), 17th prince de Chimay, son of Prince"
"to in 1828. Today, the Courvoisier Château has a boutique and museum, offering private tastings and exclusive tours. The museum features several items linked to Napoleon I, including a lock of his hair, his hat and his coat. Continuing to honour the spirit of Napoleon, Courvoisier launched the Josephine bottle in 1951, named after Napoleon's first wife. The shape of the bottle, with a thin neck and wide base, has become synonymous with Courvoisier, and speculation still exists whether the shape is meant to mimic Josephine's love of corsets or an inverted replica of early brandy glasses. Courvoisier was the"
"1810 Napoleon returned to Paris, where he was soon joined by Maria. She settled in a palatial residence in the Rue de Montmorency and was given a large rent of 120 000 francs and a permission to enter all of the imperial museums, but her previous relationship with Napoleon ended. The Emperor planned to divorce Josephine and instead marry Marie Louise, daughter of the Austrian Emperor, and maintaining an affair with another woman seemed inappropriate. Her and her son's future were nevertheless assured by the grant of large land estates in the Kingdom of Naples. In 1812 Maria divorced count"
"met Moreau in their home and mumbled his name as well as the word conspiracy in his sleep. After this, Napoleon appointed her husband governor of Louisiana. The couple was ready to sail, when the appointment was retracted. On 19 May 1804, her spouse was made Marshal of France, which gave her the equivalent position. However, she was described as indifferent to social position, like her sister Julie. Napoleon gave her an allowance, and a house in Rue d'Anjou Saint-Honoré, where she resided for the rest of her life when in Paris. At the Coronation of Napoleon on 2 December"
"on the top floor of the Palazzo Rosso in Genoa, where she hosted Enlightenment intellectuals of the day in her salon. Anna Pieri's husband Anton-Giulio died in 1802. Anna Pieri often visited Paris during the First French Empire, and was admitted to the court as a lady in waiting to Marie Louise of Austria, the second wife of Napoleon. She was created countess in 1810 by the emperor. After Bonaparte was exiled to Elba in 1814, Anna followed Marie Lousie to Austria to try to persuade her to remain faithful to Napoleon and to sustain him during this difficult time."