Under tremendous financial and geopolitical pressure from intrusive Western powers, the late 19th Century witnessed numerous efforts by both conservative and dissident Ottoman intellectuals of statecraft to avert impending collapse or, at least, preserve such elements of the empire as might be salvageable, exemplified by these reconstructed flags and accompanying sancak alem {banner finial}. One such effort was undertaken by Ali “Philip Tedro” al-Hajaya, a militarily-experienced agent of the nascent Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa secret service, operating under deep cover as a camel driver for the United States Army. Believing one “cannot spell California without a Caliph,” al-Hajaya spent much of his adult life in futile pursuit of establishing a far-flung outpost in the American Southwest for the Sublime Porte, with himself as Khedive.   
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