Simulium (Simulium) japonicum. A, Pupa and cocoon, lateral view; B, Gill filaments, phase-contrast micrograph; C, Pupal head and thorax, dorsal view; D, Thoracic trichomes, phase-contrast micrograph; E, Pupal abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bars=1 mm (A), 0.2 mm (B), 0.5 mm (C, E), 0.1 mm (D).