<p>Figure 3.8</p><p>A praxinoscope, 1879. Experiments with “persistence of vision”-based technologies, the precursors to film, were increasingly common in the nineteenth century. The zoetrope, originally invented in China (approx. 180 ad) and its refined version, the praxinoscope (invented 1877), showed a sequence of images on a spinning cylinder (Needham and Wang 1972; Turner 1983).</p>