
John Horse and the Second Seminole War (1835&ndash;1842)
The Seminoles were a union of Southeastern Indian peoples&mdash;especially  Creeks&mdash;who had lost their lands to English colonists and moved into  Spanish-controlled Florida, along with independent communities of  escaped black slaves, who became known as Black Seminoles.
John Horse was a powerful figure in the war that the Seminoles waged  with the United States to fend off forced removal from Florida to  Oklahoma. Unwilling to accept a restricted life of defeat in Indian  Territory, he led a band of Black Seminoles into Mexico, where he died  in 1882.
Courtesy UTSA&rsquo;s Institute of Texan Cultures, #068-1107; Courtesy of the artist Kate M. W. Oliver [Source]
