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The Simpsons shorts
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The Simpson family as they originally appeared in shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show as their television debut in 1987.
The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television programme The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons, before the characters spun off into The Simpsons, their own half-hour prime-time show. It features Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The series was created by Matt Groening, who designed the Simpson family and wrote many of the shorts. The shorts first aired on April 19, 1987 starting with "Good Night". The final short to air was "TV Simpsons", originally airing on May 14, 1989. The Simpsons later debuted on December 17, 1989, as an independent series with the Christmas special "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".[1]
One marketing study found that only 14 percent of Americans were familiar with the shorts, compared to 85 percent in November 1990 who were familiar with the Simpsons family, 11 months after the full-length show began airing.[2]
Only a few of these shorts have been released on DVD. "Good Night" was included on The Simpsons Season 1 DVD. Five of these shorts were later used in the clip-show episode "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular" on the half-hour show, which was released on the Season 7 DVD. These five shorts were "Good Night", which was featured in its entirety, and portions of "The Perfect Crime", "Space Patrol", "World War III", and "Bathtime".[3] In "You Kent Always Say What You Want", the short "Family Portrait" replaces the entire opening sequence in celebration of the 400th episode. In June 2013, it was reported that FXX is trying to acquire the shorts for an October Simpsons app, "Simpsons World".[4]
The version of the Simpson family from the shorts was depicted as ghosts haunting the Simpsons house in the season twenty six episode "Treehouse of Horror XXV".[5]
Contents
1 Development
2 Shorts
2.1 From season 1 (1987)
2.2 From season 2 (1987–1988)
2.3 From season 3 (1988–1989)
3 See also
4 References
Development[edit]
When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show, he decided that he wanted to include short animated wraparounds before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonist Matt Groening's Life in Hell comic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series.[6] Groening later realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.[6][7] He named the characters after his own family members, substituting "Bart" for his own name.[6] Bart was modeled after Groening's older brother, Mark, but given a different name which was chosen as an anagram of "brat".[8] The stories were written and storyboarded by Matt Groening.[9] The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead they just traced over his drawings.[6] The animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo,[10] with Wesley Archer, David Silverman, and Bill Kopp being animators for the first season. After season one, it would be animated by Archer and Silverman thereafter.[9] Gyorgyi Peluce was the colorist and the person who decided to make the characters yellow.[9]
The actors who voiced the characters in the short later reprised their roles in The Simpsons series. Dan Castellaneta performed the voices of Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, and Krusty the Clown.[11] Homer's voice sounds different in the shorts compared to most episodes of the half-hour show, as Castellaneta originally tried to impersonate Walter Matthau. Although he would retain this characteristic through the early episodes of the regular series, it was gradually dropped as Homer's personality evolved away from that of a stereotypical sitcom father.[12] The producers of the show were in need of someone to do voiceovers, so rather than hire actors, they asked Castellaneta (who had already done some voice work) and Julie Kavner, both members of the Ullman Show cast, to do it.[13][14] The kids still needed voices, and Nancy Cartwright, a journeyman voice actress, came in to audition. She recalled that "I was already doing voicework for eight different shows at the time and thought this would just be another job. They originally wanted me for Lisa's voice, but I thought 'Nah, I don't want to be the boring middle child, I want to be a bratty 10-year old boy.' So as soon as I gave a demonstration, [Brooks and Groening] hired me on the spot." Some time later, Yeardley Smith, a 22-year-old B-movie actress whose most notable accomplishment to date was featuring in the notorious 1986 Stephen King film Maximum Overdrive, was brought in to do Lisa's voice.[11] The recording of the shorts was often primitive; according to Cartwright, the dialogue for the Ullman shorts was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio, which consisted of the video engineer suite, above the bleachers on the Ullman show set.[15] While most of the characters' personalities are similar to what they are in the series, Lisa is simply a clone of Bart and did not have a distinct personality until a few episodes into the regular series.
The shorts were featured on the first three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show. By the fourth and last season of The Tracey Ullman Show the first season of the half-hour show was on the air. In the two first seasons the shorts were divided into three or four parts,[16] but in the third season they were played as a single story.[16] Tracey Ullman later filed a lawsuit, claiming that her show was the source of The Simpsons' success and therefore should receive a share of the show's profit. Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network.[17]
Shorts[edit]
See also: List of The Tracey Ullman Show episodes and List of The Simpsons episodes
From season 1 (1987)[edit]
No.
Title
The Tracey Ullman Show episode
Original air date
1
"Good Night"
"Good Night Simpsons" Season 1, Episode 3 April 19, 1987 (1987-04-19)
Marge and Homer say goodnight to their children. As they do, Bart ponders the nature of the mind, Lisa develops a fear of bedbugs, and Maggie has a nightmare about "Rock-a-bye Baby". All three of the kids end up crowding Homer and Marge's bed.
2
"Watching TV" Season 1, Episode 5 May 3, 1987 (1987-05-03)
Bart and Lisa fight while watching TV. They eventually find something they agree on: stopping Maggie from changing the channel.
3
"Jumping Bart" Season 1, Episode 6 May 10, 1987 (1987-05-10)
Homer has Bart attempt to jump off a table and into his arms. Each time Bart jumps, Homer is distracted and fails to catch him.
4
"Babysitting Maggie" Season 1, Episode 8 May 31, 1987 (1987-05-31)
Marge puts Bart and Lisa in charge of babysitting Maggie; however, they end up ignoring her.
5
"The Pacifier" Season 1, Episode 10 June 21, 1987 (1987-06-21)
Bart and Lisa take Maggie's pacifier away to stop her from sucking on it, but Maggie refuses to kick the habit. Bart and Lisa eventually learn if they cannot get Maggie to quit sucking on pacifiers, it is better to join in.
6
"Burping Contest" Season 1, Episode 11 June 28, 1987 (1987-06-28)
Bart and Lisa compete in a contest, while Maggie watches, to see who can make the most disgusting burp. Marge objects several times, but to no avail. Homer does not help matters when he joins in on the kids' burp contest to Marge's disgust.
7
"Dinnertime" Season 1, Episode 12 July 12, 1987 (1987-07-12)
Marge makes dinner and the family sits down for the meal. She insists that everyone should have table manners, but the family's crude eating habits are hard to stop.
From season 2 (1987–1988)[edit]
No.
Title
The Tracey Ullman Show episode
Original air date
8
"Making Faces" Season 2, Episode 1 September 27, 1987 (1987-09-27)
Marge warns the kids that if they make scary faces, their faces will freeze in place forever. Bart, Lisa, and Maggie ignore her--until Marge gives them a scare with a mirror.
9
"The Funeral" Season 2, Episode 2 October 4, 1987 (1987-10-04)
The family attends the funeral of Uncle Hubert. Bart proves to be disruptive and Homer swears to never take the kids to another funeral, much to their dismay.
10
"Maggie's Brain" Season 2, Episode 3 October 11, 1987 (1987-10-11)
Bart and Lisa wonder what is inside Maggie's mind when looking at her in her crib. The audience sees her imagination: she is a giant, and she is tickling baby-sized versions of Bart and Lisa.
11
"Football" Season 2, Episode 4 October 18, 1987 (1987-10-18)
Homer promises the kids chocolate milkshakes if Bart can catch one of his long football passes. Unfortunately, there are many obstacles to overcome, like falling down a cliff, but Bart finally manages to catch the football — with his mouth.
12
"House of Cards" Season 2, Episode 5 October 25, 1987 (1987-10-25)
Bart tries to make a house of cards, but Lisa and Maggie make noises that cause the house to fall every time.
13
"Bart and Dad Eat Dinner" Season 2, Episode 6 November 1, 1987 (1987-11-01)
Marge takes the girls out to watch a ballet, leaving Homer in charge of dinner. Bart cannot stomach it when he is forced to eat a mix of fish nuggets and pork-a-roni.
14
"Space Patrol" Season 2, Episode 7 November 8, 1987 (1987-11-08)
Bart, Lisa and Maggie play a game of "Space Patrol" while Homer and Marge are out. Lisa plays a superhero with Maggie as her sidekick, while Bart puts a jug on his head with the pretense of it being the helmet of an alien warlord. However, his head gets stuck in the jug and Lisa "frees" Bart using a croquet mallet.
15
"Bart's Haircut" Season 2, Episode 8 November 15, 1987 (1987-11-15)
When Bart's hair grows too long, Homer and Marge order him to get it cut. The barber ends up shaving Bart's entire head, and he attempts to disguise his scalp using glue, his old hair, and eventually a paper bag. The family promises not to laugh if he shows them the haircut, but fail to keep their vow when they see how ridiculous Bart looks.
16
"World War III" Season 2, Episode 9 November 22, 1987 (1987-11-22)
Homer wakes up the family in the middle of the night to test their readiness for a nuclear war. They manage to escape to a bunker in the basement in 18 seconds, but Homer says that this is too slow. After two more drills, the exhausted family members trick Homer into racing into the bunker alone and lock him inside. Bart asks Marge if this is a good thing to do; she ignores the question and says they'll let him out in the morning.
17
"The Perfect Crime" Season 2, Episode 10 December 13, 1987 (1987-12-13)
When Marge makes a batch of chocolate chip cookies, Bart becomes obsessed with pulling off "the perfect crime" and stealing them all. His various attempts are foiled by the heat of the cookies and Maggie, but eventually, all of the treats vanish from the tray. Maggie takes Homer and Marge along a trail of cookie crumbs that leads to Bart's bedroom, where he is lying with a bloated stomach and complaining that the "perfect crime" is impossible.
18
"Scary Stories" Season 2, Episode 11 December 20, 1987 (1987-12-20)
Bart tells Lisa and Maggie a series of scary stories in the dark, only to believe they're coming true.
19
"Grampa and the Kids" Season 2, Episode 12 January 10, 1988 (1988-01-10)
Grampa tells the kids stories from the good old days. When the kids stop listening to him, he feigns his own death to recapture their attention.
This marks the first speaking appearance of Grampa Simpson.
20
"Gone Fishin'" Season 2, Episode 13 January 24, 1988 (1988-01-24)
Bart and Homer go on a fishing trip. Homer asks Bart for a baloney sandwich, but Bart forgot the baloney. He puts the bait on the sandwich instead. When they get the boat in the water, they hit rapids and later fall off of a waterfall.
21
"Skateboarding" Season 2, Episode 14 February 7, 1988 (1988-02-07)
Bart teaches his sisters how to skateboard, but is outdone every time he tries to show off.
22
"The Pagans" Season 2, Episode 15 February 14, 1988 (1988-02-14)
When the family is on their way to church, the kids declares themselves pagans. After the car breaks down, the kids start acting like pagans, much to Homer's dismay.
23
"Closeted" Season 2, Episode 16 February 21, 1988 (1988-02-21)
When Bart hears Homer calling him, he fears that his father will make him do chores. He hides in a closet, only to accidentally lock himself in. After a failed attempt to get Maggie to help him, Bart breaks down the door and decides to do his chores--only to discover a note explaining that the whole family has left to get chocolate milkshakes.
24
"The Aquarium" Season 2, Episode 17 February 28, 1988 (1988-02-28)
Homer takes Bart, Lisa and Maggie to the aquarium. Bart finds a way to get into the shark tank and swims with a shark. When Homer finds out, he threatens him, prompting Bart to stay in the tank--it's safer than dealing with his father's anger.
25
"Family Portrait" Season 2, Episode 18 March 6, 1988 (1988-03-06)
Homer has trouble taking a normal family portrait. Every time they are close to a good picture, the family sabotages the shot.
Features the first time Homer says Why You Little!.
26
"Bart's Hiccups" Season 2, Episode 19 March 13, 1988 (1988-03-13)
Lisa and Maggie try to cure Bart's hiccups using some rather unorthodox methods.
27
"The Money Jar" Season 2, Episode 20 March 20, 1988 (1988-03-20)
Marge warns the kids that they shouldn't steal from the money jar. Lisa and Maggie's consciences appear to prevent them from taking the jar's contents, but Bart's conscience encourages him to help himself to the cash. However, the money jar only contains a dollar, prompting Bart to remark "You can't even trust your own mother."
28
"The Art Museum" Season 2, Episode 21 May 1, 1988 (1988-05-01)
The Simpsons go to an art museum. Bart stares at a nude painting and Lisa plays with an ancient vase. Marge realizes that the kids are too young to appreciate fine arts. However, Bart decides to become a collector by stealing an art piece. This action embarrasses Homer.
29
"Zoo Story" Season 2, Episode 22 May 8, 1988 (1988-05-08)
Homer takes Marge and the kids on an outing to the zoo. While there, he points out how stupid a family of chimpanzees look--and fails to realize that the chimps look identical to his own brood. Homer then teases the monkeys by taunting them with peanuts, only to have them throw excrement in his face. On the ride home, the family discovers that Bart has switched places with his chimpanzee lookalike, while he is fed bananas by his new family.
From season 3 (1988–1989)[edit]
No.
Title
The Tracey Ullman Show episode
Original air date
30
"Shut Up, Simpsons" Season 3, Episode 1 November 6, 1988 (1988-11-06)
Maggie squeaks her toy, which causes a chain reaction of anger in the family--Lisa attacks Maggie for making noise, Bart attacks Lisa for yelling at a baby, Homer attacks Bart for hitting a girl, and Grampa attacks Homer for attacking his children. Bart then encourages the family to make up, only to sabotage his own good deed by insulting Homer. Lisa and Maggie discover they're more Bouvier than Simpson, especially when they see Homer, Bart and Grampa locked in a strangle match with each other.
31
"Shell Game" Season 3, Episode 2 November 13, 1988 (1988-11-13)
Bart tries to hide one of the cookies he stole from the jar by distracting his parents with the shell game. Although his plan seems to succeed, he is busted by Maggie, who then eats the cookie.
32
"The Bart Simpson Show" Season 3, Episode 3 November 20, 1988 (1988-11-20)
The kids are watching TV and Homer tells them to stop watching The Itchy & Scratchy Show because it's "too violent". Unable to watch cartoons, Bart puts on his own show, which eventually angers Homer even more because Bart removed the TV's components to appear "on screen."
First appearance of The Itchy & Scratchy Show.
33
"Punching Bag" Season 3, Episode 4 November 27, 1988 (1988-11-27)
Marge and Homer throw the kids into their toy room and tell them to "play nice." A frustrated Bart takes out his anger on a punching bag; Lisa then takes a turn and adds motivation by drawing Homer's face on the bag. Homer, trying to nap, rudely commands Marge to make the kids stop; when the noise suddenly gets louder, he discovers Marge punching the bag. Homer then attempts to break the bag, only to be hit in the face and knocked unconscious.
Features the first time Homer says D'oh.
34
"Simpson Christmas" Season 3, Episode 5 December 18, 1988 (1988-12-18)
Bart tells a story of Christmas with the Simpson family in the style of The Night Before Christmas.
35
"The Krusty the Clown Show" Season 3, Episode 7 January 15, 1989 (1989-01-15)
The kids get to see Krusty the Clown's show live for the first time. Bart believes Krusty is an impostor and exposes it on television, much to his parents' dismay.
First appearance of Krusty the Clown.
36
"Bart the Hero" Season 3, Episode 8 January 29, 1989 (1989-01-29)
When Bart is sent outside to exercise his legs by Homer's orders, he gets handsomely rewarded for stopping a burglar from robbing a candy store. But he asks for the reward to be in candy bars, much to Homer's dismay.
37
"Bart's Little Fantasy" Season 3, Episode 9 February 5, 1989 (1989-02-05)
After the kids are ordered to clean their room by Homer and Marge, Bart forces his sisters to do all the work while he tells a story about a parallel world where large kids are the bosses of their small parents, who are made to do chores. However, Bart is caught red-handed by Marge and Homer makes him mow the lawn for his lack of involvement. Lisa ends Bart's story with her and Maggie living happily ever after, while Bart watches them from outside in dismay.
38
"Scary Movie" Season 3, Episode 10 February 12, 1989 (1989-02-12)
Bart, Lisa and Maggie go to the movie to see "The Return of the Happy Little Elves", but Bart convinces the girls to see "Revenge of the Space Mutants" instead. However, Bart ends up being scared by it because one of the space mutants looks like himself. As he screams, Lisa and Maggie try to comfort him.
39
"Home Hypnotism" Season 3, Episode 11 February 19, 1989 (1989-02-19)
When Homer sees Bart, Lisa and Maggie going crazy and bouncing off the walls, he and Marge try using hypnotism to tame the kids. They pretend to become mindless zombies, and a repentant Homer and Marge vow to never hypnotize them again--that is, until Bart hits his father in the stomach with a toy ball.
40
"Shoplifting" Season 3, Episode 12 February 26, 1989 (1989-02-26)
Bart, hungry for chocolate bars, steals some from the supermarket, despite Lisa's warnings. He is quickly caught by security, but when the guard leaves the room to talk to his boss, he sneakily eats the candy and claims the cops have "no evidence." However, he is caught red handed thanks to the guard looking at the mirror and his face covered in chocolate. A furious Homer and Marge scold him on the ride back to the house. However, he is nonchalant, pointing out that his parents are still driving him around. They force Bart from the car and drive away, leaving him to walk home.
41
"Echo Canyon" Season 3, Episode 13 March 12, 1989 (1989-03-12)
The family drives to Echo Canyon and take turns making echoes. However, Bart is very disruptive and leads Homer to chase after him.
42
"Bathtime" Season 3, Episode 14 March 19, 1989 (1989-03-19)
Homer makes Bart take his "Sunday Night Bath", but he ends up flooding the bathroom.
43
"Bart's Nightmare" Season 3, Episode 15 March 26, 1989 (1989-03-26)
The family discovers that someone has eaten every last cookie in the cookie jar. The culprit turns out to be Bart, who regrets gorging on the snack, especially when he has a terrible nightmare in which he is only an inch tall and nearly crushed by giant cookies in the kitchen. Lisa then awakens Bart, who is relieved that his experience was only a dream--but he seems to have developed a severe cookie phobia as a result.
44
"Bart of the Jungle" Season 3, Episode 17 April 16, 1989 (1989-04-16)
The kids swing from the trees using Homer's neckties, and Homer, who is angered by this, ends up being caught in their trap.
45
"Family Therapy" Season 3, Episode 18 April 23, 1989 (1989-04-23)
Homer takes the family to a psychologist because he claims they cannot laugh anymore. The psychologist tries to remain calm, but the disruptions caused by the Simpsons eventually drive him over the edge, and he kicks them out of his office. This turns out to be the cure the family needed, and they laugh all the way home.
46
"Maggie In Peril (Chapter One)" Season 3, Episode 19 April 30, 1989 (1989-04-30)
After Maggie accidentally kicks her ball on Bart's face, he kicks it out of sight and she takes off to retrieve it. She ends up being caught on a branch... and the story is to be continued.
47
"Maggie In Peril (The Thrilling Conclusion)" Season 3, Episode 20 May 7, 1989 (1989-05-07)
Sequel to "Maggie In Peril", Maggie floats in the air hanging on to balloons and lands safely back in her playpen.
48
"TV Simpsons" Season 3, Episode 21 May 14, 1989 (1989-05-14)
While Homer is watching his TV show, Bart flies a kite outside with Maggie and Lisa. The wind suddenly blows and the kite gets stuck on the TV antenna, which messes up the reception. Homer gets a ladder, climbs on the roof and he struggles to get the kite out of the antenna. He eventually becomes furious and shreds the kite into pieces, causing him to lose his balance and fall off the roof, while Bart and Lisa laugh at their show, unaware of what just happened.
See also[edit]
List of The Tracey Ullman Show episodes
List of The Simpsons episodes
"Treehouse of Horror XXV"
References[edit]
General
Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia, eds. The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M.
Specific
Jump up ^ Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire". BBC. Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
Jump up ^ McDOUGAL, DENNIS; CERONE, DANIEL (19 April 1991). "Ullman Has a Cow Over 'Simpsons' : Lawsuit Alleges She Was Cut Out of Millions in Merchandising Profits". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 – via LA Times.
Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 191.
Jump up ^ Jason Lynch (2014). "Here's how the new Simpsons app will change your life". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
Jump up ^ "A 'Simpsons' crossover with... 'The Simpsons'?". ew.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Simpsons: America's First Family (television documentary). BBC. 2000.
Jump up ^ Groening, Matt (2003-02-14). "Fresh Air". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by David Bianculli. Philadelphia: WHYY. Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
Jump up ^ Paul, Alan (1987-09-30). "Matt Groening" (Interview)|format= requires |url= (help). Flux Magazine Issue #6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cagle, Daryl. "The David Silverman Interview". MSNBC. Archived from the original on December 7, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
Jump up ^ Deneroff, Harvey (January 2000). "Matt Groening's Baby Turns 10". Animation Magazine, Vol. 14, #1. pp. 10, 12.
^ Jump up to: a b Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Brownfield, Paul (1999-07-06). "He's Homer, but This Odyssey Is His Own". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Lee, Luaine (2003-02-27). "D'oh, you're the voices". The Age. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
Jump up ^ Elber, Lynn (2007-08-18). "D'oh!: The Voice of Homer Is Deceivingly Deadpan". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
Jump up ^ Cartwight, Nancy (2000). My Life as a Ten Year Old Boy. Bloomsbury. pp. 43–46. ISBN 0-7475-4748-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Richmond & Coffman 1997, pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Spotnitz, Frank (1992-10-23). "Eat my shorts!". Entertainment Weekly. p. 8(1). Archived from the original on 2017-02-05.
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Eileithyia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ancient Greek goddess of childbirth
"Ilithyia" redirects here. For the former snout moth genus, see Aphomia.
Eileithyia
Goddess of Childbirth
The birth of Athena from the head of Zeus, with Eileithyia on the right.
Abode
Mount Olympus
Personal information
Parents
Zeus and Hera
Siblings
Aeacus, Angelos, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Dionysus, Enyo, Ersa, Hebe, Helen of Troy, Heracles, Hermes, Minos, Pandia, Persephone, Perseus, Rhadamanthus, the Graces, the Horae, the Litae, the Muses, the Moirai
Roman equivalent
Lucina
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Eileithyia or Ilithyia (/ɪlɪˈθaɪ.ə/;[1] Greek: Εἰλείθυια;,Ἐλεύθυια (Eleuthyia) in Crete, also Ἐλευθία (Eleuthia) or Ἐλυσία (Elysia) in Laconia and Messene, and Ἐλευθώ (Eleuthō) in literature)[2] was the Greek goddess of childbirth and midwifery.[3] In the cave of Amnisos (Crete) she was related with the annual birth of the divine child, and her cult is connected with Enesidaon (the earth shaker), who was the chthonic aspect of the god Poseidon. It is possible that her cult is related with the cult of Eleusis.[4]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Origins
3 Cult
3.1 Cult at Amnisos
3.2 Olympia
3.3 Athens
3.4 Sanctuary at Eretria
4 Genealogy
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
The earliest form of the name is the Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀩𐀄𐀴𐀊, e-re-u-ti-ja, written in the Linear B syllabic script.[5] Ilithyia is the latinisation of Εἰλείθυια.
The etymology of the name is uncertain. R. S. P. Beekes, suggests a not Indo-European etymology,[6] and Nilsson believes that the name is Pre-Greek.[7] 19th-century scholars suggested that the name is Greek, derived from the verb eleutho (ἐλεύθω), "to bring", the goddess thus being The Bringer.[8] Walter Burkert believes that Eileithyia is the Greek goddess of birth and that her name is pure Greek.[9] However, the relation with the Greek prefix ἐλεύθ is uncertain, because the prefix appears in some pre-Greek toponyms like Ἐλευθέρνα (Eleutherna); therefore it is possible that the name is pre-Greek.[10] Her name Ἐλυσία (Elysia) in Laconia and Messene, probably relates her with the month Eleusinios and Eleusis[11][12] Nilsson believes that the name "Eleusis" is pre-Greek[13]
Origins[edit]
According to F. Willets, "The links between Eileithyia, an earlier Minoan goddess, and a still earlier Neolithic prototype are, relatively, firm. The continuity of her cult depends upon the unchanging concept of her function. Eileithyia was the goddess of childbirth; and the divine helper of women in labour has an obvious origin in the human midwife." To Homer, she is "the goddess of childbirth".[14] The Iliad pictures Eileithyia alone, or sometimes multiplied, as the Eileithyiai:
And even as when the sharp dart striketh a woman in travail, [270] the piercing dart that the Eilithyiae, the goddesses of childbirth, send—even the daughters of Hera that have in their keeping bitter pangs;[15]
—  Iliad 11.269–272
Hesiod (c. 700 BC) described Eileithyia as a daughter of Hera by Zeus (Theogony 921)[16]—and the Bibliotheca (Roman-era) and Diodorus Siculus (c. 90–27 BC) (5.72.5) agreed. But Pausanias, writing in the 2nd century AD, reported another early source (now lost): "The Lycian Olen, an earlier poet, who composed for the Delians, among other hymns, one to Eileithyia, styles her 'the clever spinner', clearly identifying her with Fate, and makes her older than Cronus."[17] Being the youngest born to Gaia, Cronus was a Titan of the first generation and he was identified as the father of Zeus. Likewise, the meticulously accurate mythographer Pindar (522–443 BC) also makes no mention of Zeus:
Goddess of childbirth, Eileithyia, maid to the throne of the deep-thinking Moirai, child of all-powerful Hera, hear my song.
—  Seventh Nemean Ode
Later, for the Classical Greeks, "She is closely associated with Artemis and Hera," Burkert asserts (1985, p 1761), "but develops no character of her own". In the Orphic Hymn to Prothyraeia, the association of a goddess of childbirth as an epithet of virginal Artemis, making the death-dealing huntress also "she who comes to the aid of women in childbirth," (Graves 1955 15.a.1), would be inexplicable in purely Olympian terms:
When racked with labour pangs, and sore distressed
the sex invoke thee, as the soul's sure rest;
for thou Eileithyia alone canst give relief to pain,
which art attempts to ease, but tries in vain.
Artemis Eileithyia, venerable power,
who bringest relief in labour's dreadful hour.
—  Orphic Hymn 2, to Prothyraeia, as translated by Thomas Taylor, 1792.
Thus Aelian in the 3rd century AD could refer to "Artemis of the child-bed" (On Animals 7.15).
The Beauty of Durrës, a large 4th-century BC mosaic showing the head figure of a woman, probably portrays the goddess Eileithyia.[18]
Vase-painters, when illustrating the birth of Athena from Zeus' head, may show two assisting Eileithyiai, with their hands raised in the epiphany gesture.
Cult[edit]
Eileithyia had numerous shrines in many locations in Greece.
In Greek shrines, small terracotta votive figures (kourotrophos) depicted an immortal nurse who took care of divine infants, who may be connected with Eileithyia. According to the Homeric Hymn III to Delian Apollo, Hera detained Eileithyia, who was coming from the Hyperboreans in the far north, to prevent Leto from going into labor with Artemis and Apollo, because the father was Zeus. Hera was very jealous of Zeus's relations with others and went out of her way to make the women suffer. The other goddesses present at the birthing on Delos sent Iris to bring her. As she stepped upon the island, the birth began.
Eileithyia was especially worshipped in Crete, in the cities Lato and doubtless, from its etymological link, Eleutherna[citation needed], though no archaeological find has identified her there. Caves were sacred to her: the inescapable association to the birth canal cannot be proved beyond a skeptic's doubt. Her Egyptian counterpart is Tawaret.
She was invoked by women in labour, to ease the pain of labour and to further the birth.
Callimachus recorded the hymn:
"Even so again, Eileithyia, come thou when Kykainis calls, to bless her pains with easy birth; so may thy fragrant shrine have, as now this offering for a girl, some other offering hereafter for a boy."[19]
Cult at Amnisos[edit]
The cave of Eileithyia near Amnisos, the harbor of Knossos, mentioned in the Odyssey (xix.198) in connection with her cult, was accounted the birthplace of Eileithyia. The Cretan cave has stalactites suggestive of the goddess' double form (Kerenyi 1976 fig. 6), of bringing labor on and of delaying it, and votive offerings to her have been found establishing the continuity of her cult from Neolithic times, with a revival as late as the Roman period.[20] Here she was probably being worshipped before Zeus arrived in the Aegean, but certainly in Minoan–Mycenaean times (Burkert 1985 p 171; Nilsson 1950:53). The goddess is mentioned as Eleuthia in a Linear B fragment from Knossos. In classical times, there were shrines to Eileithyia in the Cretan cities of Lato and Eleutherna and a sacred cave at Inatos. In the cave of Amnisos (Crete) the god Enesidaon ( the "earth shaker", who is the chthonic Poseidon) is related with the cult of Eileithyia.[21] She was related with the annual birth of the divine child.[22] The goddess of nature and her companion survived in the Eleusinian cult, where the following words were uttered: "Mighty Potnia bore a strong son."[23]
Olympia[edit]
On the Greek mainland, at Olympia, an archaic shrine with an inner cella sacred to the serpent-savior of the city (Sosipolis) and to Eileithyia was seen by the traveller Pausanias in the 2nd century AD (Greece vi.20.1–3); in it, a virgin-priestess cared for a serpent that was "fed" on honeyed barley-cakes and water—an offering suited to Demeter. The shrine memorialized the appearance of a crone with a babe in arms, at a crucial moment when Elians were threatened by forces from Arcadia. The child, placed on the ground between the contending forces, changed into a serpent, driving the Arcadians away in flight, before it disappeared into the hill.
Athens[edit]
There were ancient icons of Eileithyia at Athens, one said to have been brought from Crete, according to Pausanias, who mentioned shrines to Eileithyia in Tegea[24] and Argos, with an extremely important shrine in Aigion. Eileithyia, along with Artemis and Persephone, is often shown carrying torches to bring children out of darkness and into light: in Roman mythology her counterpart in easing labor is Lucina ("of the light").
Sanctuary at Eretria[edit]
Archaeologists uncovered a sanctuary dedicated to Eileithyia at Eretria. The sanctuary had been placed in the northwestern section of a gymnasium.[25]
Genealogy[edit]
hideEileithyia's family tree
Zeus Hera
a [26]
b [27]
Hebe Ares EILEITHYIA Hephaestus
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Joseph Emerson Worcester, A comprehensive dictionary of the English language, Boston, 1871, p. 480, rule 3, where he notes the word has four syllables as in Greek and Latin, "not I-lith-y-i'-a as in Walker" (e.g. Walker and Trollope, A key to the classical pronunciation etc., London, 1830, p. 123).
Jump up ^ Nilsson Vol I, p. 313
Jump up ^ Gantz, pp. 82–83.
Jump up ^ F.Schachermeyer(1967).Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta.W.Kohlhammer Stuttgart. pp. 141–142
Jump up ^ "The Linear B word e-re-u-ti-ja". Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of Ancient languages. Raymoure, K.A. "e-re-u-ti-ja". Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean.
Jump up ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 383.
Jump up ^ Nilsson Vol I, p. 313
Jump up ^ Max Müller, Contributions to the Science of Mythology, Vol. 2, Kessinger Publishing, 2003 [1897], p. 697
Jump up ^ Walter Burkert (1985) Greek Religion. Harvard University Press p.26
Jump up ^ Nilsson, Vol I, p. 312
Jump up ^ "Cretan dialect 'Eleuthia' would connect Eileithyia (or perhaps the goddess "Eleutheria") to Eleusis". Willets, p. 222.
Jump up ^ F.Schachermeyer (1967) Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta W.Kohlhammer Stuttgart, p. 141
Jump up ^ Nilsson Vol I, p. 312
Jump up ^ Homer, Iliad 16.187, 19.103.
Jump up ^ Homer, Iliad 11.270, The plural is also used at Iliad 19.119.
Jump up ^ Theogony 912–923.
Jump up ^ Pausanias, 8.21.3.
Jump up ^ Bank of Albania – Coin with “The Beauty of Durrës”
Jump up ^ Callimachus, Epigrams 54 (from A.P. 6. 146) (trans. Mair)
Jump up ^ For the proceedings and findings of the archaeology, see Amnisos.
Jump up ^ Dietrich, pp. 220–221.
Jump up ^ Dietrich, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Dietrich, p. 167
Jump up ^ Pausanias, 8.48.7 .
Jump up ^ Ancient Gymnasium Uncovered on Greek Island of Evia
Jump up ^ According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
Jump up ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
References[edit]
Beekes, R. S. P., Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009.
Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, 1985.
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths, 1955.
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D., in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D., in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Kerenyi, Karl, Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, English translation 1976.
Nilsson, Martin P. (1927) 1950. The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion 2nd ed. (Lund"Gleerup).
Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H. A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Willetts, R. F. "Cretan Eileithyia" The Classical Quarterly New Series, 8.3/4 (November 1958), pp. 221–223.
External links[edit]
Theoi Project - Eileithyia
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text:
Minivan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
It has been suggested that this article be merged with Leisure activity vehicle. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2018.
"Mini van" redirects here. For the van version of the Mini car, see Mini § Mini Van.
2011 Toyota Sienna
2017 Chrysler Pacifica (RU) Hybrid
A minivan (American English), people carrier (British English),[1], MPV (multi-purpose vehicle) or MUV (multi-utility vehicle) is a vehicle size classification describing a high-roof vehicle with a flexible interior layout. Smaller sizes are mini MPV and compact MPV classifications.[2]
The minivan combines a high-roof, five-door one- or two-box hatchback body configuration with a mid-size platform, engine and mechanicals; car-like handling and fuel economy; unibody construction; front-wheel or all-wheel drive and greater height than sedan or station wagon counterparts. The design offers higher h-point seating, two or three rows of seating, easy passenger and cargo access with sliding wide-opening rear doors and large rear hatch, and a re-configurable interior volume with seats that recline, slide, tumble, fold flat or allow easy removal—enabling users to reprioritize passenger and cargo volumes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Antecedents
3 Asia
4 North America
4.1 Current models
4.2 Discontinued models
5 Europe
5.1 Compact and mini MPVs
6 References
Etymology[edit]
In North America, the term minivan derives from comparison to traditional full-size vans, including the Ford E-Series, Dodge Ram Van, and the Chevrolet Van. Full-size vans derived their underpinnings upon full-size pickup trucks, while the first generation of minivans sold in North America derived from either compact pickup trucks or passenger cars (or both).[3]
Antecedents[edit]
DKW Schnellaster (1949-1962), with front-wheel drive, transverse engine, flat floor, and multi-configurable seating
1964 Chevrolet Greenbrier
1960s Volkswagen Type 2
1984 Renault Espace
1986 Dodge Caravan, Smithsonian's National Museum of American History
Predecessors include the 1936 Stout Scarab, which featured a removable table and second row seats that turn 180 degrees to face the rear.[4][5] The DKW Schnellaster, manufactured from 1949 to 1962 was one of the first vehicles to feature the characteristics of modern minivans.[6] In 1950, the Volkswagen Type 2 adapted a bus-shaped body to the compact Volkswagen Beetle. When Volkswagen introduced a sliding side door on their van in 1968, it then had the prominent features that would later come to define a minivan: compact length, three rows of forward-facing seats, station wagon-style top-hinged tailgate/liftgate, sliding side door, passenger car base. Fiat built a similar vehicle, the 1956 Multipla based on the Fiat 600 with the same rear engine, cab forward layout.
In 1972, designers at Ford Motor Company developed the Ford Carousel prototype as a variant of the upcoming redesign of the 1975 Ford E-Series. To better fit a van into a typical 7-foot (213 cm) tall American garage door opening, the Carousel was designed with a lower (6-feet tall) roofline and trim similar to a station wagon and a personal luxury car; rather than a cargo carrier, Carousel was intended a family vehicle. The vehicle was never produced, due to the mid-1970s fuel crisis and company financial difficulties. Nearly a decade later, the concept was revisited by designers and produced in somewhat different form as the Ford Aerostar.
In the late 1970s Chrysler began a six-year development program to design "a small affordable van that looked and handled more like a car".[7] The automaker introduced the first American-market minivans in 1983, the front-wheel-drive 1984 Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager.[7]
The Renault Espace began development in the 1970s as a project of Chrysler UK.[8] The project reached French manufacturer Matra, who brought the idea to Renault, introducing the Espace in 1984.
Asia[edit]
In Taiwan, the Taiwanese market features the Luxgen M7.
BYD M6 is the consumer's choice of minivan in China.
The Japanese market has had the Mazda Bongo since 1966 and more recently includes the Toyota Alphard, the Toyota Previa, the Nissan Serena, and the Honda Elysion.
In South Korea, minivans include the Kia Carnival and SsangYong Rodius. These are both marketed internationally.
The Buick GL8 is produced and sold since 2000 in China under the Buick brand name by SAIC-GM, the joint-venture of SAIC Motor with General Motors Corporation.
In Malaysia, MPV's sold by the local companies Proton Holdings and Perodua have been available since 2009 being the Proton Exora and Perodua Alza
North America[edit]
For the 1984 model year, the Chrysler minivans arrived on the market to great success.[9] The minivan replaced the station wagon as the large passenger car of choice in the US.[10]
In 1984, The New York Times described minivans "the hot cars coming out of Detroit,"[11] noting that "analysts say the mini-van has created an entirely new market, one that may well overshadow the... station wagon."[11]
In 1987 Chrysler introduced the extended-length ("Grand") minivans. The Chrysler Town & Country debuted in 1990. The term minivan came into widespread use in North America in contrast to full-size vans. The minivan's market share peaked in 2000 with sales of 1.4 million units in US.[12]
Automotive journalist Dan Neil wrote that minivans signal "that the driver is older and spoken for—off the reproductive market, so to speak. In a culture where women spend billions to create the illusion of youth, it's no wonder minivans have been fighting a market headwind" and at the same time summarized his experience driving a 2008 Chrysler Town & Country Limited "as strange and perverse as it may seem—and it does—middle-aged men tooling around in minivans (like me) are damn sexy."[13]
Sales of minivans shrank to about half a million in 2013.[12]
By 2016, a journalist with The New York Times wrote that minivans had become "uncool at any speed."[11]
Current models[edit]
In 2014, sales of minivans in America increased 6% over 2013. In terms of market share, approximately 94% of the segment's market share comes from sales of the Chrysler minivans, Honda Odyssey, and Toyota Sienna; the best-selling vehicle varies from year to year. The remaining 6% of the segment is shared largely by the Ford Transit Connect, Kia Sedona, Mazda 5 (discontinued after the 2015 model year). and the Mercedes Metris.
Discontinued models[edit]
Toyota: former models included the Van/Wagon (imported versions of the TownAce from Japan) from 1984 to 1989, and the Previa from 1990 to 1997; replaced by the American-built Sienna.
General Motors: former models included the Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari from 1985 to 2005, a rear-wheel drive minivan based on light trucks. Also sold front-wheel drive APV minivans from 1990 to 1996 (sold as Chevrolet, Pontiac, and Oldsmobile); replaced by Chevrolet Venture, Pontiac Montana, and Oldsmobile Silhouette; later replaced by Chevrolet Uplander, Pontiac Montana SV6,Buick Terraza, and Saturn Relay marketed as crossover SUVs; GM exited minivan segment completely in 2008 .
Ford: former models included the Ford Aerostar from 1986 to 1997 and the 1995-2007 Ford Windstar/Ford Freestar/Mercury Monterey after which Ford exits the minivan segment, returning in 2014 with the imported Ford Transit Connect Wagon.
Nissan: former models include the Van/Wagon (imported versions of the Vanette from Japan) from 1987 to 1990; the first two generations of the Nissan Quest were developed with Ford and marketed as the Mercury Villager from 1992 to 2002. The 2004 Nissan Quest was developed exclusively by Nissan, built in both the United States and Japan.
Mitsubishi imported the Delica Star Wagon as the Mitsubishi Van/Wagon from 1987 to 1990.
Isuzu sold a badge-engineered Honda Odyssey as the Isuzu Oasis from 1996 to 1999.
Mazda: the 1989-1998 Mazda MPV was the first Japanese-brand minivan designed specifically for North America. It is replaced in 2005 by the Mazda5, which was discontinued in 2015.
Volkswagen: former models include the 1979-1991 Vanagon, replaced by the Eurovan sold from 1993 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2003. From 2008 to 2012, Volkswagen sold a rebadged Dodge Grand Caravan as the Volkswagen Routan.
Chrysler: the 1986-2016 Chrysler Town and Country was replaced by the all new 2017 Chrysler Pacifica (RU) minivan.
Europe[edit]
In 1979, Volkswagen replaced the long-running Type 2 with the Volkswagen Transporter T3/Caravelle (VW Vanagon in North America). While retaining the rear-engine form factor of the Type 2, the Caravelle was an all-new design. In 1984, the Renault Espace was introduced. Designed and manufactured by Matra, the Espace was a front-wheel drive van with four front-hinged doors. Although slow-selling at first, the Espace would go on to become one of the most successful vans of the segment. Beginning in the late 1980s, American-market minivans (the Chrysler Voyager and Ford Aerostar) were exported to Europe.
During the 1990s, the production of minivans continued, with the extensive use of badge engineering and joint ventures between manufacturers. In 1994, under the Sevel joint venture, Citroën, Peugeot, Fiat and Lancia introduced competitors to the Espace based on a single platform. For 1995, Ford and Volkswagen introduced their own joint venture (leading to the Ford Galaxy, Volkswagen Sharan and Seat Alhambra). Imports of American-market minivans continued, with the Chrysler Voyager, limited imports of the Ford Windstar, and the Opel/Vauxhall Sintra produced entirely in the United States alongside its Chevrolet Venture counterpart.
Current models include the Mercedes-Benz Vito,[14] Volkswagen Sharan, the Chrysler Voyager (now rebranded as Lancia), the Kia Carnival, and the SsangYong Rodius.
Compact and mini MPVs[edit]
Towards the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, the major European manufactures launched the new compact MPV and mini MPV classes, that represent minivans with significantly smaller dimensions than the larger minivans and in most cases developed on the platforms of compact and supermini cars, respectively.
The first such model was the Renault Mégane Scénic, launched in 1996, that featured design and mechanics largely similar to the Renault Mégane compact car. It was followed by other models, like the Fiat Multipla, in 1998, the Citroën Xsara Picasso, in 1999, based on the Citroën Xsara compact car, the Opel Zafira, also in 1999, and later by the Ford Focus C-Max, in 2003, based on the Ford Focus compact car, the Volkswagen Touran, also in 2003, or the Mercedes-Benz Vaneo, in 2002.
They were replicated by the Japanese and South Korean manufacturers, which also launched their versions of compact MPVs, with Toyota introducing the Corolla Verso, in 1997, based on the Toyota Corolla compact car, followed by Nissan with the Almera Tino, in 2000, based on the Nissan Almera compact car, Mazda, with the Ford Focus C-Max-related Mazda Premacy, in 1999, or Honda, with the FR-V, in 2004, while Mitsubishi had been producing its own version of a compact MPV, the Space Runner, since 1991. In South Korea, Daewoo launched the Daewoo Tacuma, in 2000, while Kia launched the Carens, in 1999.
As compact MPVs grew in size with each generation during the 2000s, a new, smaller, mini MPV class debuted, including the Opel Meriva, Nissan Note, Fiat Idea, Renault Modus and Fiat 500L.
Japanese and South Korean manufactures marketed the Daihatsu Gran Move, Mitsubishi Space Star, Hyundai Matrix, and Kia Soul.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "minivan". Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Our pick: Top 10 used mini-MPVs". Auto Trader. 3 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Sorokanich, Robert (2 November 2013). "30 Years Ago Today, Chrysler Invented the Minivan, And Changed History". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Patton, Phil (6 January 2008). "A Visionary's Minivan Arrived Decades Too Soon". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Darukhanawala, Adil Jal (May 2001). "Blast from the past: 1936 Stout Scarab". Indiacar.com (source: Overdrive). Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Niedermeyer, Paul (29 March 2010). "The Mother Of All Modern Minivans: 1949 DKW Schnellaster". The Truth About Cars.
^ Jump up to: a b "America on the Move - Dodge Caravan". Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewin, Tony (2003). How to Design Cars Like a Pro: A Complete Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals. Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-7603-1641-4.
Jump up ^ Stepler, Richard (February 1985). "New generation minivans". Popular Science. 226 (2): 74–75. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Best of the Minivans". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. 44 (7): 41. July 1990. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kurczewski, Nick (15 December 2016). "Driving Down Memory Lane in the Original Minivan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenstein, Paul A. (10 May 2014). "'Mom mobiles' a shrinking category for automakers". CNBC. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Neil, Dan (17 October 2007). "Head of the Family". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Meiners, Jens (January 2014). "2015 Mercedes-Benz V-class". Car & Driver. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minivan&oldid=846054302"
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Minivans
Compact MPVs
Mini MPVs
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Minivan – Bosnian
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MPV – Czech
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MPV – Danish
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Mobil MPV – Indonesian
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MPV – Norwegian
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Minivan – Polish
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Minivan – Portuguese
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Monovolum – Romanian
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Minivan – Serbo-Croatian
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Minibuss – Swedish
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Minivan – Turkish
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