text:
Second Continental Congress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Second Continental Congress
Thirteen Colonies
United States
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Established
May 10, 1775
Disbanded
March 1, 1781
Preceded by
First Continental Congress
Succeeded by
1st Confederation Congress
Leadership
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph (first)
Samuel Huntington (last)
Secretary
Charles Thomson
Structure
Seats
Variable; ~60
Authority
President of the Continental Congress
Meeting place
mainly at Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
from December 1776 to July 1778 various locations,
see below
Footnotes
There were about 50 members of the Congress at any given time, but it was the colonies themselves that had voting privileges so there were effectively only 13 seats.
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774. The Second Congress managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition.[1]
The Second Continental Congress came together on May 10, 1775, effectively reconvening the First Continental Congress. Many of the 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second, and the delegates appointed the same president (Peyton Randolph) and secretary (Charles Thomson).[2] Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts. Within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson, who arrived several weeks later. Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph, but he declined. Hancock was elected president on May 24.[3]
Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened. Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second. On May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John's in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself.[4] On July 4, 1775, revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution, and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress. They arrived on July 20.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Dates and places of sessions
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Bibliography
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is part of a series on the
United States
Continental Congress
Predecessors
Albany Congress 1754
Stamp Act Congress 1765
1st Continental Congress
Declaration and Resolves
Continental Association
Petition to the King
2nd Continental Congress
Olive Branch Petition
Committee of Secret Correspondence
Necessity of Taking Up Arms
Lee Resolution
Declaration of Independence
Model Treaty
Articles of Confederation
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
Congress of the Confederation
Bank of North America
Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Members
List of delegates
Presidents of the Continental Congress
Secretary of the Continental Congress
United States portal
v
t
e
The First Continental Congress had sent entreaties to King George III to stop the Coercive Acts; they had also created the Continental Association to establish a coordinated protest of those acts, putting a boycott on British goods. The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775 to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the acts; however, the American Revolutionary War had already started by that time with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the Congress was called upon to take charge of the war effort.
For the first few months of the war, the Patriots carried on their struggle in an ad-hoc and uncoordinated manner. They had seized arsenals, driven out royal officials, and besieged the British army in the city of Boston. On June 14, 1775, the Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and appointed George Washington of Virginia as commanding general.[6] On July 6, 1775, Congress approved a Declaration of Causes outlining the rationale and necessity for taking up arms in the Thirteen Colonies."[7] On July 8, they extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation; however, it was received too late to do any good. Silas Deane was sent to France as a minister (ambassador) of the Congress, and American ports were reopened in defiance of the British Navigation Acts.
The Continental Congress had no explicit legal authority to govern,[8] but it assumed all the functions of a national government, such as appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money (called "Continentals"), and disbursing funds. The Congress had no authority to levy taxes and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests.
Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such a drastic action. Advocates of independence moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, or even replace those governments which would not authorize independence. On May 10, 1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was. On May 15, they adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution, drafted by John Adams, which advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown. That same day, the Virginia Convention instructed its delegation in Philadelphia to propose a resolution that called for a declaration of independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and a confederation of the states. The resolution of independence was delayed for several weeks, as advocates of independence consolidated support in their home governments.
The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution before the Congress declaring the colonies independent. He also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states.[9] Lee argued that independence was the only way to ensure a foreign alliance, since no European monarchs would deal with America if they remained Britain's colonies. American leaders had rejected the divine right of kings in the New World, but recognized the necessity of proving their credibility in the Old World.[10] Congress formally adopted the resolution of independence, but only after creating three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states. These three things together constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for conducting vital domestic and foreign affairs.[9]
City Tavern in Philadelphia, the delegates' favorite place to eat and meet informally[11][12]
Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2, 1776. They next turned their attention to a formal explanation of this decision, the United States Declaration of Independence which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter.
The Congress moved from Philadelphia to Baltimore in the winter of 1776 to avoid capture by British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia. Henry Fite's tavern was the largest building in Baltimore Town at the time and provided a comfortable location of sufficient size for Congress to meet. Its site at the western edge of town was beyond easy reach of the British Royal Navy's ships should they try to sail up the harbor and the Patapsco River to shell the town. Congress was again forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777, as British troops occupied the city; they moved to York, Pennsylvania and continued their work.
Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, after more than a year of debate, and sent them to the states for ratification. Jefferson's proposal for a Senate to represent the states and a House to represent the people was rejected, but a similar proposal was adopted later in the United States Constitution. One issue of debate was large states wanting a larger say, nullified by small states who feared tyranny. The small states won and each state had one vote.[13] Congress urged the individual states to pass the Articles as quickly as possible, but it took three and a half years for all the states to ratify them. The State Legislature of Virginia was the first of the Thirteen States to ratify the Articles on December 16, 1777, and the State Legislature of Maryland was the last on February 2, 1781.
Dates and places of sessions[edit]
May 10, 1775 – December 12, 1776, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
December 20, 1776 – February 27, 1777, Henry Fite House, Baltimore, Maryland
March 5, 1777 – September 18, 1777, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia
September 27, 1777 (one day only), Court House, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
September 30, 1777 – June 27, 1778, Court House, York, Pennsylvania
July 2, 1778 – July 20, 1778, College Hall, Philadelphia
July 23, 1778 – March 1, 1781, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia
See also[edit]
History of the United States (1776–89)
Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)
List of delegates to the Continental Congress
Presidents of the Continental Congress
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763–1815, p. 113
Jump up ^ Burnett, Continental Congress, pp. 64–67
Jump up ^ Fowler, Baron of Beacon Hill, p. 189
Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford; et al., eds. (1904–1939). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Washington, DC. pp. 2:44–48. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ ibid. pp. 2:192–93.
Jump up ^ Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763–1815, p. 59
Jump up ^ Find Documents: Results[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Bancroft, Ch. 34, p. 353 (online)
^ Jump up to: a b The Declaration of Independence in World Context, Organization of American Historians, Magazine of History, Volume18, Issue 3, pp. 61–66 (2004)
Jump up ^ Howard Jones, Crucible of power: a history of American foreign relations to 1913
Jump up ^ Staib, Walter. City Tavern Cookbook: 200 Years of Classic Recipes from America's First Gourmet Restaurant, pp. 5, 11–15, Running Press, Philadelphia, London, 1999. ISBN 0-7624-0529-5.
Jump up ^ Staib, Walter. City Tavern Baking & Dessert Cookbook: 200 Years of Authentic American Recipes from Martha Washington's Chocolate Mousse Cake to Thomas Jefferson's Sweet Potato Biscuits, pp. 8–10, 14–15, Running Press, Philadelphia, London, 2003. ISBN 0-7624-1554-1.
Jump up ^ Miller (1948) ch. 22
Bibliography[edit]
Burnett, Edward Cody (1941). The Continental Congress. New York: Norton.
Fowler, William M., Jr. (1980). The Baron of Beacon Hill: A Biography of John Hancock. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-27619-5.
Further reading[edit]
Adams, Willi Paul. The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. U. of North Carolina Press, 1980. ISBN 0-7425-2069-2
Francis D. Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815: A Political History. London: 2000. ISBN 0-415-18057-0
Worthington C. Ford, et al. ed. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. (34 vol., 1904–1937) online edition
Henderson, H. James (2002) [1974]. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5.
Peter Force, ed. American Archives 9 vol 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. online edition
Kruman, Marc W. Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America. U. of North Carolina Pr., 1997. ISBN 0-8078-4797-6
Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (1998)
Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783 (1948) ISBN 0-313-20779-8
Montross, Lynn (1970) [1950]. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X.
Rakove, Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress. Knopf, 1979. ISBN 0-8018-2864-3
External links[edit]
Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789
Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789
Interactive Flash Version of John Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence"
Preceded by
First Continental Congress Legislature of the United States
May 10, 1775 – March 1, 1781 Succeeded by
Congress of the Confederation
[show]
v
t
e
Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War
1774
First Continental Congress
Articles of Association
1775
Independence Hall
Second Continental Congress
1776
United States Declaration of Independence
Pennsylvania Constitution
Washington Crosses the Delaware
1777
Articles of Confederation
Philadelphia campaign
Battle of Brandywine
Battle of the Clouds
Liberty Bell moved to Allentown
Battle of Paoli
Battle of Germantown
Siege of Fort Mifflin
Battle of White Marsh
Battle of Matson's Ford
Valley Forge
1778
Battle of Crooked Billet
Battle of Barren Hill
British occupation of Philadelphia ends
Wyoming Valley battle and massacre
1781
Congress of the Confederation
Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line
1783
1783 Mutiny
[show]
v
t
e
Historical documents of the United States
[show]
Constitution
Preamble
& Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin (State Domestic Institutions)
Child Labor
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
See also
List of Constitutional Amendments
Bill of Rights (Amendments 1–10)
Reconstruction Amendments (Amendments 13–15)
Amendment proposals in Congress
Conventions to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Bill of credit
Case or Controversy
Citizenship
Commerce
Compact
Compulsory Process
Confrontation
Contract
Copyright and Patent
Double Jeopardy
Due Process
Equal Protection
Establishment
Exceptions
Excessive Bail
Ex post facto
Extradition
Free Exercise
Free Speech
Fugitive Slave
Full Faith and Credit
General Welfare
Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility (Emolument)
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
Privileges or Immunities
Recommendation
Self-Incrimination
Speech or Debate
Speedy Trial
State of the Union
Supremacy
Suspension
Take Care
Takings
Taxing and Spending
Territorial
Title of Nobility
Treaty
Trial by Jury
Vesting
Vicinage
War Powers
List of clauses
Interpretation
Concurrent powers
Congressional enforcement
Constitutional law
Criminal procedure
Criminal sentencing
Dormant Commerce Clause
Enumerated powers
Equal footing
Executive privilege
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Judicial review
Nondelegation doctrine
Preemption
Saxbe fix
Separation of church and state
Separation of powers
Taxation power
Unitary executive theory
Signatories
Convention President
George Washington
New Hampshire
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King
Connecticut
William Samuel Johnson
Roger Sherman
New York
Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey
William Livingston
David Brearley
William Paterson
Jonathan Dayton
Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robert Morris
George Clymer
Thomas Fitzsimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouverneur Morris
Delaware
George Read
Gunning Bedford Jr.
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jacob Broom
Maryland
James McHenry
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
John Blair
James Madison
North Carolina
William Blount
Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson
South Carolina
John Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler
Georgia
William Few
Abraham Baldwin
Convention Secretary
William Jackson
Display
and legacy
National Archives
Charters of Freedom Rotunda
Independence Mall
Constitution Day
Constitution Gardens
National Constitution Center
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting)
A More Perfect Union (film)
Worldwide influence
[show]
Declaration of Independence
Primary author
Thomas Jefferson
Signatories
President of Congress
John Hancock (Massachusetts)
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
William Whipple
Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
William Ellery
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
New York
William Floyd
Philip Livingston
Francis Lewis
Lewis Morris
New Jersey
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Francis Hopkinson
John Hart
Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Franklin
John Morton
George Clymer
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
George Ross
Delaware
George Read
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
Maryland
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Nelson Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
South Carolina
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Thomas Lynch Jr.
Arthur Middleton
Georgia
Button Gwinett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
See also
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Lee Resolution
Committee of Five
Document's history
signing
portrait
Second Continental Congress
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
American Revolution
[show]
Articles of Confederation
Signatories
Primary drafter
John Dickinson
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
John Wentworth Jr.
Massachusetts
John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
Francis Dana
James Lovell
Samuel Holten
Rhode Island
William Ellery
Henry Marchant
John Collins
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
Oliver Wolcott
Titus Hosmer
Andrew Adams
New York
James Duane
Francis Lewis
William Duer
Gouverneur Morris
New Jersey
John Witherspoon
Nathaniel Scudder
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Daniel Roberdeau
Jonathan Bayard Smith
William Clingan
Joseph Reed
Delaware
Thomas McKean
John Dickinson
Nicholas Van Dyke
Maryland
John Hanson
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
John Banister
Thomas Adams
John Harvie
Francis Lightfoot Lee
North Carolina
John Penn
Cornelius Harnett
John Williams
South Carolina
Henry Laurens
William Henry Drayton
John Mathews
Richard Hutson
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Georgia
John Walton
Edward Telfair
Edward Langworthy
See also
Continental Congress
Congress of the Confederation
American Revolution
Perpetual Union
[show]
Continental Association
Signatories
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph
New Hampshire
John Sullivan
Nathaniel Folsom
Massachusetts Bay
Thomas Cushing
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
Samuel Ward
Connecticut
Eliphalet Dyer
Roger Sherman
Silas Deane
New York
Isaac Low
John Alsop
John Jay
James Duane
Philip Livingston
William Floyd
Henry Wisner
Simon Boerum
New Jersey
James Kinsey
William Livingston
Stephen Crane
Richard Smith
John De Hart
Pennsylvania
Joseph Galloway
John Dickinson
Charles Humphreys
Thomas Mifflin
Edward Biddle
John Morton
George Ross
The Lower Counties
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
George Read
Maryland
Matthew Tilghman
Thomas Johnson, Junr
William Paca
Samuel Chase
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
George Washington
Patrick Henry, Junr
Richard Bland
Benjamin Harrison
Edmund Pendleton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
Richard Caswell
South Carolina
Henry Middleton
Thomas Lynch
Christopher Gadsden
John Rutledge
Edward Rutledge
See also
Virginia Association
First Continental Congress
Carpenters' Hall
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
[show]
v
t
e
Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors
1774 First Continental Congress
Philadelphia
1775–81 Second Continental Congress
Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia
1781–89 Congress of the Confederation
Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City
1789–present Federal government of the United States
New York City → Philadelphia → Washington, D.C.
[show]
v
t
e
Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation
Congresses
1st Continental Congress
2nd Continental Congress
The US in Congress Assembled
Delegates
Committee of the States
Congressional Officers
President
Secretary
Civil Offices/Officers
Postmaster General
Superintendent of Finance/Agent of the Marine
Secretary at War
Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Court of Appeals
Military
Board of War
Continental Army
Commander in Chief
Continental Navy
Continental Marines
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Continental_Congress&oldid=825555846"
Categories:
1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1781 disestablishments in the United States
Continental Congress
History of Philadelphia
History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Provisional governments
United States Declaration of Independence
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use mdy dates from April 2011
Articles needing additional references from May 2013
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Hrvatski
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 02:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: /wiki/Unicameral mw-redirect Unicameral

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(statesman)
mw-redirect
Samuel Huntington (statesman)

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/Olive_branch_petition
mw-redirect
Olive branch petition

values: List of delegates to the Continental Congress

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: "Congress Voting Independence" by Savage and/or Pine

values: Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

values: vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard plainlist

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Coercive_Acts
mw-redirect
Coercive Acts

values:
/wiki/British_Crown
mw-redirect
British Crown

values:
/wiki/Resolution_of_independence
mw-redirect
Resolution of independence

values:
/wiki/Independence_Hall_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Independence Hall (United States)

values: Edit section: Dates and places of sessions

values:
/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland
mw-redirect
Baltimore, Maryland

values:
/wiki/Washington,_DC
mw-redirect
Washington, DC

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War

values: Template talk:Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Washington's crossing of the Delaware River

values:
/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny
mw-redirect
Pennsylvania Line Mutiny

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Historical American Documents

values: Preamble to the United States Constitution

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Article Two of the United States Constitution

values: Article Three of the United States Constitution

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: Article Five of the United States Constitution

values: Article Six of the United States Constitution

values: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Article_the_First
mw-redirect
Article the First

values: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

values: List of amendments to the United States Constitution

values: List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: Signing of the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Bill_of_credit
mw-redirect
Bill of credit

values: Oath of office of the President of the United States

values: List of clauses of the United States Constitution

values: United States constitutional criminal procedure

values: United States constitutional sentencing law

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: George Read (American politician, born 1733)

values: Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

values: United States Constitution and worldwide influence

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence

values: Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)

values: William Williams (Connecticut politician)

values: Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)

values: Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

values: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

values: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Superintendent of Finance of the United States

values: United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs

values: Commanding General of the United States Army

values: Category:1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies

values: Category:1781 disestablishments in the United States

values: Category:History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania

values: Category:United States Declaration of Independence

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Икенсе Континенталь конгресс – Bashkir

values: Другі Кантынентальны Кангрэс – Belarusian

values: Другі Кантынэнтальны кангрэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: دومین کنگره قاره‌ای – Persian

values: Annað meginlandsþing Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic

values: Secondo congresso continentale – Italian

values: הקונגרס הקונטיננטלי השני – Hebrew

values: Segundo Congresso Continental – Portuguese

values: Al Doilea Congres Continental – Romanian

values: Второй Континентальный конгресс – Russian

values: Second Continental Congress – Simple English

values: Други Континентални конгрес – Serbian

values: Drugi Kontinentalni kongres – Serbo-Croatian

values: Другий Континентальний конгрес – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Second_Continental_Congress rootpage-Second_Continental_Congress skin-vector action-view


text:
List of largest shopping malls in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
List of the shopping malls in the United States of America and its territories greater than or equal to 2,000,000 total square feet of retail space (gross leasable area). The list is based in part on information provided by the International Council of Shopping Centers and by the Department of American Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University as part of its Shopping Mall Studies.[1]
#
Mall name
Location
Metro area
Retail space
Sq. feet/(m²)
Stores
Anchor Stores/Entertainment Venues
Year opened
Ownership
1 King of Prussia King of Prussia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia 2,900,000 square feet (270,000 m2) 450 Macy's, Nordstrom, Primark, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus 1963 King of Prussia Associates, Simon Property Group
2 Aventura Mall Aventura, Florida Miami 2,700,000 square feet (250,000 m2)[2]
300+[3]
Nordstrom, Bloomingdale’s, Macy's (2 Stores), JCPenney, AMC Theaters 1983 Turnberry Associates, Simon Property Group
3 Mall of America Bloomington, Minnesota Minneapolis 2,500,000 square feet (230,000 m2) 500 Macy's, Sears, Nordstrom (Rack), Best Buy, Forever21, Marshall's, Nickelodeon Universe, LEGO World, American Girl, Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, FlyOver America, JW Marriott, Radisson Blu 1992 Triple Five Group
4 South Coast Plaza Costa Mesa, California Los Angeles 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)[4]
280 Macy's (3 stores – Main, Men's, Home), Sears, Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bloomingdale's 1967 Segerstrom family
5 Del Amo Fashion Center Torrance, California Los Angeles 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2) 200+ Nordstrom, Macy's (2 stores – Main and Men, Home, and Furniture), JCPenney, Sears, T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, JO-ANN Fabric and Craft, AMC Theaters 1961 Simon Property Group
6 Destiny USA Syracuse, New York Syracuse 2,450,000 square feet (228,000 m2)[5]
250+ Macy's, JCPenney, Best Buy, Lord & Taylor, H&M, Dave & Buster's, Off Broadway Shoes, Nordstrom Rack, Saks Off Fifth, DSW Shoe Warehouse, DICK'S Sporting Goods, Forever 21, Old Navy, Burlington Coat Factory, At Home, T.J. Maxx, Sears Outlet, Pole Position Raceway, Regal IMAX theater, Regal Cinemas, Destiny USA Hotel 1990 (expanded in 2012 which added 40+ stores) The Pyramid Companies
7 The Galleria Houston, Texas Houston 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[6]
375 Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue 1970 Simon Property Group, Walton Street Real Estate Funds, Sony Corporation & CalPERS
8 Ala Moana Center Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[7] 330+ Macy’s, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Shirokiya, Bloomingdale's, Forever 21, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th 1959 General Growth Properties
9 Tysons Corner Center McLean, Virginia Washington, D.C. 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[8]
300 Bloomingdale’s, Macy’s, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres, L. L. Bean, Barnes and Noble, American Girl 1968 Macerich
10 Roosevelt Field Garden City, New York New York City 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[9] 294 Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Nordstrom, JCPenney, Dick's Sporting Goods, Neiman Marcus, AMC, X Sport Fitness, Capital Grill, Season's 52, Grande Lux Café, Havana Central, Le Pain Quotidien, Game Stop, Hot Topic 1956 Simon Property Group
11 Sawgrass Mills Sunrise, Florida Fort Lauderdale 2,383,906 square feet (221,472.1 m2)[10]
350 P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Villago, Grand Lux Cafe, Matchbox, Last Call by Neiman Marcus, Marshalls, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's - The Outlet Store, Rainforest Cafe, Century 21 Department Store, Off 5th Saks Fifth Avenue, Gap Outlet, Forever 21, Super Target, Brandsmart USA, Trendmax Outlet Store, Burlington Coat Factory, Regal Cinemas, IMAX. 1990 Simon Property Group
12 Woodfield Mall Schaumburg, Illinois Chicago 2,224,000 square feet (206,600 m2)[11]
300 Sears, JCPenney, Macy's, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor 1971 Simon Property Group
13 Palisades Center West Nyack, New York New York City 2,217,322 square feet (205,996.0 m2)[12]
400 Lord & Taylor, Barnes & Noble, Macy's, Target, AMC Theaters 1998 The Pyramid Companies
14 Millcreek Mall Erie, Pennsylvania Erie County 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2)[13]
175 Macy's, JCPenney, Boscov's, Bon-Ton, H&M 1975 Cafaro Company
15 Plaza Las Américas San Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan 2,173,000 square feet (201,900 m2)[14]
300+ Macy's, Sears, JCPenney, Old Navy, Caribbean Cinemas, Kmart, Toys "R" Us, Forever 21 1968 Plaza Las Américas, Inc, Empresas Fonalledas, Inc.
16 South Shore Plaza Braintree, Massachusetts Boston 2,165,000 square feet (201,100 m2) 225 Macy's, Lord & Taylor, Sears, Nordstrom, Target 1961 Simon Property Group
17 Westfield Garden State Plaza Paramus, New Jersey New York City 2,132,112 square feet (198,079.7 m2)[15]
346 Macy’s, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres 1957 Westfield Corporation
18 Lakewood Center Lakewood, California Los Angeles 2,092,710 square feet (194,419 m2)[16]
255 Macy's, Target, Forever 21, JCPenney, Pacific Theatres, Costco 1951 Macerich
19 Scottsdale Fashion Square Scottsdale, Arizona Phoenix 2,049,169 square feet (190,374.0 m2)[17]
250+ Macy’s, Dick's Sporting Goods, Dillard's, Forever 21, H&M, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus 1961 Macerich
20 Oakbrook Center Oak Brook, Illinois Chicago 2,018,000 square feet (187,500 m2)[18]
175 Macy’s, Sears, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor 1962 General Growth Properties, CalPERS
See also[edit]
List of largest shopping malls in the world
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Largest Shopping Malls in the United States". American Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University. April 25, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Aventura Mall Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ "Expanded Aventura Mall would be nation's second largest". Miami Today. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ South Coast Plaza Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ : Destiny USA, accessed July 4, 2012
Jump up ^ http://www.simon.com/mall/the-galleria/about
Jump up ^ [1], accessed November 12, 2015
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Tysons Corner Center Archived 2001-01-16 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ "Simon Property Group Fights to Reinvent the Shopping Mall". Fortune.com. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Sawgrass Mills Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ http://www.simon.com/Mall/LeasingSheet/Woodfield.pdf Woodfield Mall – Leasing (Simon)
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Palisades Center Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Del Amo Fashion Center Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine., accessed November 24, 2012
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Plaza Las Américas Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed July 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Westfield Group: Property Portfolio – Garden State Plaza Archived 2008-08-01 at the Wayback Machine., accessed June 16, 2008
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Lakewood Center Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-04-08. , accessed February 1, 2008
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Oakbrook Shopping Center Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 28, 2007
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States&oldid=831153394"
Categories:
Lists of shopping malls in the United States
Lists of buildings and structures in the United States
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with broken or outdated citations from August 2016
All articles with broken or outdated citations
Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016
All pages needing cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 March 2018, at 01:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

value: b

attrs: class href

attrs: href title

values: Talk:List of largest shopping malls in the United States

value: i

value: small

values: Text document with red question mark.svg

attrs: href class

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values:
/wiki/Gross_leasable_area
mw-redirect
Gross leasable area

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Anchor_Store
mw-redirect
Anchor Store

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles_County
mw-redirect
Los Angeles County

values:
/wiki/Houston,_Texas
mw-redirect
Houston, Texas

values:
/wiki/Sony_Corporation
mw-redirect
Sony Corporation

values:
/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii
mw-redirect
Honolulu, Hawaii

values:
/wiki/General_Growth_Properties
mw-redirect
General Growth Properties

values:
/wiki/Roosevelt_Field_(Shopping_Mall)
mw-redirect
Roosevelt Field (Shopping Mall)

values:
/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale
mw-redirect
Fort Lauderdale

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Lists of shopping malls in the United States

values: Category:Lists of buildings and structures in the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations from August 2016

values: Category:All articles with broken or outdated citations

values: Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Liste des plus grands centres commerciaux aux États-Unis – French

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States rootpage-List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Red Rock (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Red Rock
Genre
Soap opera
Crime drama
Created by
Peter McKenna
Starring
Jane McGrath
David Crowley
Patrick Ryan
Boyko Krastanov
Richard Flood
Andrea Irvine
Sean Mahon
Valerie O'Connor
Chris Newman
Conor Mullen
Denise McCormack
Paul Roe
India Mullen
Cathy Belton
Stephen Cromwell
Adam Weafer
Pandora McCormick
Róisín O'Donovan
Ann Skelly
Darragh O'Toole
Opening theme
"Red Rock"
Country of origin
Ireland
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
3
No. of episodes
94 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Gareth Philips
Location(s)
Dublin
Running time
30 minutes (2015—2016; Ireland)
45 minutes (2016—2017; UK)
60 minutes (2016—present; Ireland)
Production company(s)
Element Pictures
Company Pictures
Release
Original network
TV3 (Ireland)
BBC One (United Kingdom)
Picture format
16:9
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
7 January 2015 (2015-01-07) – present (on hiatus)
External links
Website
www.tv3.ie/shows/redrock
Red Rock is an Irish television soap opera set in the fictional seaside town of Red Rock near Dublin. The series was first broadcast on TV3 on January 7, 2015, and is produced by Element Pictures and Company Pictures. The show is based around the town's local Garda Station, as well as the ongoing battles between two feuding families, the Kielys and the Hennessys, whose differences often involve them getting into trouble with the Gardaí.[1] The series is filmed on location or in studios based at the old John Player Factory in Dublin. This includes an all inclusive Gardaí station, the Neptune Café and several home sets in the main warehouse. As Red Rock is set in a seaside town, Howth and Dún Laoghaire are often used for on-location shooting.[2]
The series is part of the main prime time schedule for TV3, and was first broadcast on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 8:30pm. Initially, the channel revealed that it had commissioned 40 weeks worth of episodes, to air right through until December of that year, with a mid-series break. From September 2016, the series received a major overhaul, with the theme tune being replaced and episodes extended to double length, with only one episode broadcast per week. The series was also moved to 9:00pm on Mondays to allow for story lines and scenes to be grittier, as the series would be post-watershed. A special double episode, commemorating two years on air, was broadcast on January 9, 2017. According to initial showrunner Peter McKenna, 160 episodes have been commissioned, with 60 scripted before the series was brought to air. With each series containing 40 episodes, the series is expected to run for four years before coming up for recommission.[3]
In Ireland, the first episode pulled in an average viewership of 323,000.[4] Despite a brief slump in ratings, it has grown to become TV3's most popular show, with repeats of the first series airing during the summer hiatus due to viewer demand. In January 2017, it was suggested the series could be axed due to falling viewing figures, but a TV3 representative stated that figures have been "increasing at a steady pace", and confirmed that a "fifth series was currently in the works", bringing the total number of episodes to 200.[5] Internationally, the series is broadcast on BBC One in the UK, and in North America and in New Zealand, the series is available for download via Amazon Prime. The first episode to be broadcast on the BBC drew viewing figures upwards of 1.1 million, and received positive reviews from viewers and critics alike.[6]
In August 2017, the series was placed on hiatus by TV3 due to the lease on the current set expiring, and the production having to be moved to a newly-built set. This subsequently resulted in the second half of the third series, which was due to air from September 2017, being delayed until 2018. TV3 director of programming Bill Malone also stated that the viewing figures for these episodes would ultimately decide on the series' long-term future.[7] Twenty-three unaired episodes have currently been filmed, with two further episodes, including a double-length finale designed to wrap up all of the series' ongoing storylines, are due to be filmed in the Autumn of 2017.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Current cast
1.2 Former cast
2 Plot
2.1 Series 1 (2015)
2.1.1 The Kielys and the Hennessys
2.1.2 Sharon Cleere and Brian McGonigle
2.1.3 Paudge Brennan
2.1.4 Sean Holden and Adrijan Kosos
2.1.5 Angela Tyrell
2.1.6 James McKay
2.2 Series 2 (2016)
2.2.1 McKay's Killer
2.2.2 Adrijan's Departure
2.2.3 Brian McGonigle Returns
2.2.4 Michael Hennessy's Return
3 References
4 External links
Cast[edit]
Current cast[edit]
Patrick Ryan as Garda Paudge Brennan (2015—)
David Crowley as Garda Sean Holden (2015—)
Andrea Irvine as Garda Detective Sergeant Angela Tyrell (2015—)
Paul Roe as Vincent Kiely (2015—)
Denise McCormack as Bridget Kiely (2015—)
Stephen Cromwell as Keith Kiely (2015—)
Cathy Belton as Patricia Hennessy (2015—)
Adam Weafer as David Hennessy (2015—)
Róisín O'Donovan as Niamh Reid (2015—)
Darragh O'Toole as Connor Tyrell (2015—)
Chris Newman as Garda Detective Rory Walsh (2015—)
Conor Mullen as Garda Superintendent Kevin Dunne (2016—)
Paul Hickey as Garda Sergeant Johno O'Riordan (2016—)
Leah Minto as Garda Ash Cahill (2017—)
Carol O'Reilly as Linda McNulty (2017—)
Former cast[edit]
Richard Flood as Garda Superintendent James McKay (2015)
Brid McCarthy as Maggie Brennan (2015—2016)
Darren Cahill as Davey Webb (2015—2016)
Andy Kellegher as Brendan "Beady" Burke (2015—2016)
Boyko Krastanov as Garda Adrijan Kosos (2015—2016)
Sean Mahon as Garda Sergeant Brian McGonigle (2015—2016)
Shauna Higgins as Melanie McGonigle (2015—2016)
Melanie McHugh as Jules McGonigle (2016)
Sarah Jane Seymour as Siobhán Reilly (2015—2016)
Jonathan Byrne as Joe Fallon (2016)
India Mullen as Katie Kiely (2015—2017)
Anthony Brophy as Liam Reid (2015—2017)
Valerie O'Connor as Garda Detective Inspector Nikki Grogan (2015—2017)
Jack Nolan as Michael Hennessy (2015—2017)
Ann Skelly as Rachel Reid (2015—2017)
Pandora McCormick as Claire Hennessy (2015—2017)
Maghnús Foy as Robbie Scanlon (2016—2017)
Stephen Jones as Francis "Laser" Byrne (2015—2017)
Liam Carney as Tommy Tyrell (2015—2017)
Fiona Hewitt-Twamley as Allis Scanlon (2017)
Patrick Bergin as Jim Tierney (2017)
Jane McGrath as Garda Sharon Cleere (2015—2017)
Plot[edit]
Series 1 (2015)[edit]
The Kielys and the Hennessys[edit]
Darren Kiely is found badly beaten on Red Rock Pier; he later dies from his injuries. This brings absent mother Bridget Kiely back into the lives of her children Katie and Keith, and husband Vincent. Michael Hennessy is the lead suspect for the assault; this re-ignites a feud between the Kielys and the Hennessys. To make the situation more complicated Michael's brother David is in a relationship with Katie, something he keeps secret from his solicitor sister Claire and overbearing mother Patricia.
Soon after Bridget comes home, she discovers a box of cash hidden in Darren's room. She keeps quiet about the cash and spends most of it. It's soon revealed that this cash was blackmail money Darren was receiving from David to keep his relationship with Katie secret. Darren was demanding more and more money, causing an angry confrontation between Darren and the Hennessy brothers which resulted in his death. A bitter and angry Michael revealed this to Katie who quickly ended the relationship and reported David's involvement with Darren's death to the gardaí.
David is eventually cleared of all charges due to lack of evidence; he was just about to move on with his life when Katie tells him that she is pregnant and he's the father. They plan to travel to England for an abortion, funded and encouraged by Patricia but Vincent and Bridget think she should keep the baby. As series one ends we see Katie trying to decide whether she should get on the plane or not.
Sharon Cleere and Brian McGonigle[edit]
Garda Sharon Cleere is new to Red Rock garda station. Not long into investigating what happened the night Darren Kiely died she is scanning CCTV footage for the suspect when she sees Sergeant Brian McGonigle in a car kissing a teenage girl in a school uniform. Shocked and disgusted, she takes a copy of the footage and shows it to her partner, Garda Paudge Brennan. Paudge advises her to forget about it and leave it alone. Sharon decides to show the footage to Brian, telling him that an anonymous woman dropped it in. Brian explains that it was just a misunderstanding, thanks Sharon and keeps the footage.
Sharon discovers that the girl is 15 (underage), her name is Rachel, she is friends with Brian's daughter Mel and her father, Liam, who owns the Neptune Café, is a friend of Brian. When Sharon sees Brian with Rachel again she confronts him, Brian gets physically threatening and tells her to back off. Sharon then approaches Rachel and appeals for her to tell somebody about Brian. Rachel denies everything and tells Brian about Sharon. Brian arranges to have Sharon beaten badly while on a call to a break-in at a warehouse, while making it look like he saved her.
Sharon comes back to work despite Brian's efforts. He encourages her to apply for a transfer and when she refuses he begins to bully her at every opportunity while making her look incompetent at her work. This all gets to be too much for Sharon, who lashes out and attacks Brian. When questioned by Superintendent James McKay Sharon breaks down and tells him everything. That's when McKay reveals that Brian has already spoken to him, telling him that Sharon has been harassing him ever since she came on to him and he turned her down and that she'll accuse him of having an affair with an underage girl. Brian's lies cast doubt on everything Sharon says and she becomes an outcast in the station.
Despite the lack of evidence Rachel's father Liam and her sister Niamh are made aware of Sharon's accusations and Rachel is questioned; she denies everything but Liam believes she is lying. As the pressure to tell the truth builds up Rachel becomes distraught and runs away. For several days nobody knows where Rachel is until she makes contact with Brian, who finds her hiding out in a caravan park. She wants to run away with him but instead Brian ends his relationship with Rachel and tells her to go back home. She agrees and Brian leaves.
The next day Rachel still hasn't returned, she becomes suicidal and starts taking sleeping pills mixed with vodka. Doped and nearly dead she calls Brian, who panics and asks for the afternoon off. Sharon and Paudge get wind of this and suspect he knows where Rachel is and decide to follow him. Sharon turns on the GPS on Paudge's phone and glues it to Brian's car. Brian gets to the caravan park where he finds Rachel unconscious; he decides to call for an ambulance but then changes his mind. Sharon and Paudge have tracked Brian to the caravan park and go searching the caravans. As Brian tries to sneak off Sharon catches him and eventually cuffs and arrests him. She finds Rachel and calls an ambulance. McKay and several other Red Rock gardaí arrive on the scene shocked to discover the truth about Brian.
Rachel survives her suicide attempt but is still denying she was in a relationship with Brian. As she is being questioned Brian arrives at the station; he pleads his case to McKay who eventually punches him and sends him to the cells. After talking to Sharon about how Brian was about to let her die, Rachel is convinced to tell the truth about her sexual relationship with Brian.
Paudge Brennan[edit]
As well as being a garda, Paudge Brennan is a "property tycoon". He owns several houses in Red Rock and is constantly chasing tenants for rent, going so far as selling debt to nefarious loan sharks. When he's not chasing people who owe him money he himself is being pursued for money he owes to contractors who have worked on his house. One such contractor, unhappy with the payment Paudge settles on, tears the wiring he did out of the walls. Paudge is frustrated and broke, if he doesn't start making money soon he'll lose his mother's house.
Sharon arranges a friend to repair the damage at a cut rate and Paudge is placated. Unfortunately over the past few weeks he has made an enemy of local petty criminal Ollie Coyne. Ollie breaks into the house and proceeds to vandalise it. Paudge gets the call from the alarm company and heads to the house. He arrives just as Ollie has finished destroying the place, and as he enters Ollie hides. Paudge breaks down when he sees the extensive damage done to his property. He then notices a still-lit cigarette butt belonging to Ollie. He fans the cigarette butt, purposely setting fire to the house. What Paudge doesn't know is that Ollie is secretly recording him on his phone.
Sean Holden and Adrijan Kosos[edit]
Garda Sean Holden and Garda Adrijan Kosos are partners and best friends. In the past few months their friendship has gone through a lot - namely a love triangle with Detective Nikki Grogan. Both Sean and Adrijan showed an interest in Nikki and Nikki and Sean began a secret relationship. Adrijan continued his flirtation with Nikki and her rejection was only worsened by discovering her and Sean together as well as Sean's mockery of the situation. The tension between the two grew until Sean pulled a car over for a petty reason. While asking for the driver's licence and registration Adrijan was suddenly run down by a mystery car in the mid season finale. Two months later it's revealed that Adrijan survived but he may have long term damage resulting in headaches and mood swings.
Angela Tyrell[edit]
Sergeant Angela is a mother to Red Rock station as well as at home. However it's her family life that's proving harder to maintain. Her husband Tommy is seeing another woman as he feels it's a loveless marriage that they are just maintaining for the sake of their sons, Conor (a struggling university student) and Stephen, a footballing prodigy. Angela is struggling to keep it together but that's tough with such a demanding job. It's no surprise that she doesn't notice Conor's growing heroin addiction. When Conor's name is mentioned as a student known to be involved with drugs during an investigation at his university, everything falls into place - Angela and Tommy rush home to find Conor strung out with track marks on his arm.
James McKay[edit]
The footage of Paudge committing arson finds its way into the hands of crime boss Beady Burke. Beady uses it to blackmail Paudge into leaking him confidential garda information and do his bidding. One of the jobs Beady gives Paudge is to inform McKay of the drug dealing operation of his competition, Laser Byrne. When Laser's operation is shut down he blames a young man who works for him, Davey Webb. Davey is stabbed on the Ridge Estate and saved by McKay, McKay decides Davey is the key to bringing down Laser for good and takes him on as an unofficial informant.
McKay becomes convinced that there's a rat and eventually starts to suspect Paudge. The bureau is brought in to investigate, and Paudge is given the all clear, but McKay isn't convinced. Meanwhile Webb is having a tough time being McKay's informant: Laser knows what he's up to and has his house petrol bombed - Davey's younger sister Chloe is scarred for life. Davey's furious at McKay for what he's been dragged into. McKay sends him away for his own safety but Davey disappears. McKay eventually goes to confront Paudge. Paudge admits to McKay that he's the one leaking information, and McKay brings him down to the station to make a statement. As he exits the car McKay is stabbed by a masked attacker, Davey Webb. Paudge tries to fight him but is stabbed in the process. James McKay dies in the car park of Red Rock garda station.
Series 2 (2016)[edit]
McKay's Killer[edit]
There's a manhunt for McKay's killer. Davey Webb pays a visit to Claire, now a grieving widow, she deciphers from his behaviour that he was the one who killed McKay and he goes on the run only to be eventually caught by Sean and Adrijan. Davey eventually admits his guilt and is sent down for murder. Meanwhile a guilt ridden Paudge eventually lets it slip to Sharon that he was giving Beady garda information and McKay found out. Sharon is furious at first and tells him to confess to the new boss Nikki. Only when Beady is found dead Sharon stops Paudge and tells him to keep quiet about his crime.
Adrijan's Departure[edit]
Adrijan is increasingly unpredictable since his brain injury forcing Nikki to take him off active duty. Adrijan can't stand this and decides it's time to leave Red Rock and return home to Croatia.
Brian McGonigle Returns[edit]
Brian hasn't been seen since his charge of sexual relations with a minor but arrives back in Red Rock with a plan. To reunite with his family, restart his relationship with Rachel and convince her to retract her statement, blackmail Angela into not testifying at his trial and besmirch Sharon's name. All is going to plan for Brian until his wife Jules works out she's being lied to and kicks him out the day before the trial begins. The next day Brian doesn't show up at his trial, a few days later his body washes up on a beach. Brian has been murdered.
There are several suspects in the investigation of Brian's murder, each one with a motive.
Sharon: Brian has harassed Sharon, had her beaten and told lies about her.
Liam: Liam understandably hates Brian for what he's done to his daughter and has already shown he has a temper and has already assaulted Brian in an attempt to get him to stay away from Rachel
Jules: Brian's wife, she finally found out that her husband has been lying to her and having an affair with an underage girl.
Rachel: Brian has been leading Rachel along for a long time now, having told her they were going to run away together. Did she find out that was never going to happen?
Conor: Conor has been weaned off heroin in smaller and smaller doses, meaning his parents have to purchase illegal drugs for him. Brian found out and was blackmailing Angela. Also Conor was briefly in a relationship with Rachel and may have become jealous of Brian.
Mick: A local criminal who had a vendetta against Brian, Paudge sneaked him his address, did he do anything about it?
It is revealed through flashback that Rachel killed Brian with a lead pipe when he tried to go on the run leaving her behind. Her father Liam showed up soon after and helped her to dispose of the body. Unfortunately due to the gardaí having the wrong murder weapon (a wheel brace with Brian's blood and Conor's prints on it from an earlier minor scuffle between the pair) DNA evidence points to Conor as the killer. Rachel and Liam decide to keep quiet as the evidence piles up against Conor and Angela's career and reputation gets more and more damaged as she fights to clear her son's name. While Conor is in prison awaiting his court date a fellow prisoner finds out that he is the son of a garda and stabs him. The guilt proves to be too much for Liam and he hands himself in, claiming he and he alone killed Brian. Conor is cleared of all charges and survives the stabbing. Nikki is used as a scapegoat and sent for retraining in Donegal.
Michael Hennessy's Return[edit]
Michael comes home from prison.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 08 January 2015 03:13 PM (2015-01-08). "Pat Stacey: TV3's new soap gets off to a rocking good start". Herald.ie. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
Jump up ^ "TV3's Red Rock: 'We don't want to feel like a show created in 1985'". Independent.ie. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
Jump up ^ "TV3 soap ‘Red Rock’ watched by 323,000 viewers". Irishtimes.com. 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
Jump up ^ McCahill, Elaine (2015-01-09). "TV3 fired up for ratings war as Red rock rivals Emmerdale". Herald.ie. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk, Duncan Lindsay for (28 January 2017). "Is popular Irish soap Red Rock about to be axed?".
Jump up ^ "UK viewers give Red Rock a warm welcome". 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "‘Red Rock’ goes into hiatus as TV3 hits pause on Garda drama". www.irishtimes.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-news/game-over-for-tv3s-red-rock-as-insiders-claim-props-being-sold-36084186.html
External links[edit]
Official website
Red Rock on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Rock_(TV_series)&oldid=802197426"
Categories:
2015 Irish television series debuts
2010s Irish television series
Crime drama television series
English-language television programs
Fictional streets and roads
Irish television soap operas
Social realism
TV3 (Ireland) television programmes
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from December 2014
Use Irish English from December 2014
All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Gaeilge
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 16:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value: tr

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Crime_drama
mw-redirect
Crime drama

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tv3.ie/shows/redrock

values: Edit section: The Kielys and the Hennessys

values: Edit section: Sharon Cleere and Brian McGonigle

values: Edit section: Sean Holden and Adrijan Kosos

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.tv3.ie/shows/redrock/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4320944/
external text

values: Category:2015 Irish television series debuts

values: Category:TV3 (Ireland) television programmes

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014

values: Category:Use Irish English from December 2014

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Red_Rock_(TV_series)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock
Red Rock – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock
Red Rock – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Red_Rock_TV_series rootpage-Red_Rock_TV_series vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Pulmonary circulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
the part of the circulatory system which carries blood from heart to lungs and back to heart
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pulmonary circulation
Human pulmonary circulation. Oxygen-rich blood is shown in red; oxygen-depleted blood in blue
Pulmonary circulation in the heart
Details
System
Circulatory system
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.[1] The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.
A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Arteries
1.2 Lungs
1.3 Veins
1.4 Arteries
2 Development
3 Clinical significance
4 History
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
Structure[edit]
3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation.
Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea, and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta, while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta.
Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then re-enters the heart; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery.
Arteries[edit]
Main article: Pulmonary artery
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries (one for each lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs.
Lungs[edit]
The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration. Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin-walled. The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.
Veins[edit]
Main article: Pulmonary vein
The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation.
Arteries[edit]
Main article: Pulmonary artery
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries (one for each lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs.
Development[edit]
The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale: an open conduit between the paired atria, or through the ductus arteriosus: a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis.
Clinical significance[edit]
A number of medical conditions can affect the pulmonary circulation.
Pulmonary hypertension describes an increase in resistance in the pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary embolus is a blood clot, usually from a deep vein thrombosis that has lodged in the pulmonary vasculature. It can cause difficulty breathing or chest pain, is usually diagnosed through a CT pulmonary angiography or V/Q scan, and is often treated with anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin.
Cardiac shunt is an unnatural connection between parts of the heart that leads to blood flow that bypasses the lungs.
Vascular resistance
Pulmonary shunt
History[edit]
Pulmonary circulation was first described by the Arab physician Ibn al-Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (1242). Ibn al-Nafis described pulmonary circulation as:[2][3]
"the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit..."
It was later described by Michael Servetus in the "Manuscript of Paris"[4] (near 1546, never published) and later published in his Christianismi Restitutio (1553). Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time, the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616.
In 1559, Realdo Colombo explained the Pulmonary function. Prior to Colombo’s work, anatomists such as Galen and Vesalius examined blood vessels separately from the organs of the body. Colombo instead considered these vessels together with the organs they support, and from this was able to conceptualize the flow of blood to and from each organ, supporting his discovery of pulmonary transition of the blood. Colombo also viewed the lungs separately from the heart, and assigned it as having a special role in respiration.[5]
See also[edit]
Underwater diving portal
External links[edit]
Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute
Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation, and more works by Servetus.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary circulation.
Jump up ^ Hine, Robert (2008). A dictionary of biology (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5.
Jump up ^ The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003 By Hunt Janin, Pg99
Jump up ^ Saints and saviours of Islam, By Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi, Pg295
Jump up ^ 2011 “The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus”, (El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet.), printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra, 607 pp, 64 of them illustrations, p 215-228 & 62nd illustration (XLVII)
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Andrew (1997). The Anatomical Renaissance: The Resurrection of the Anatomical Projects of the Ancients. Scholar Press. p. 143. ISBN 1-85928-338-1.
[hide]
v
t
e
Respiratory physiology
Respiration
breath
inhalation
exhalation
respiratory rate
respirometer
pulmonary surfactant
compliance
elastic recoil
hysteresivity
airway resistance
bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
constriction
dilatation
mechanical ventilation
Control
pons
pneumotaxic center
apneustic center
medulla
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
chemoreceptors
central
peripheral
pulmonary stretch receptors
Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes
VC
FRC
Vt
dead space
CC
PEF
calculations
respiratory minute volume
FEV1/FVC ratio
Lung function tests
spirometry
body plethysmography
peak flow meter
nitrogen washout
Circulation
pulmonary circulation
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
pulmonary shunt
Interactions
ventilation (V)
Perfusion (Q)
Ventilation/perfusion ratio
V/Q scan
zones of the lung
gas exchange
pulmonary gas pressures
alveolar gas equation
alveolar–arterial gradient
hemoglobin
oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation
2,3-BPG
Bohr effect
Haldane effect)
carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift)
oxyhemoglobin
respiratory quotient
arterial blood gas
diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency
high altitude
oxygen toxicity
hypoxia
[show]
v
t
e
Diving medicine, physiology, physics and environment
Diving
medicine
Injuries
and
disorders
Pressure
Oxygen
Freediving blackout
Hyperoxia
Hypoxia (medical)
Oxygen toxicity
Inert gases
Atrial septal defect
Avascular necrosis
Decompression sickness
Dysbaric osteonecrosis
High-pressure nervous syndrome
Hydrogen narcosis
Isobaric counterdiffusion
Nitrogen narcosis
Taravana
Uncontrolled decompression
Carbon dioxide
Hypercapnia
Hypocapnia
Aerosinusitis
Air embolism
Alternobaric vertigo
Barodontalgia
Barostriction
Barotrauma
Compression arthralgia
Decompression illness
Dental barotrauma
Dysbarism
Ear clearing
Frenzel maneuver
Valsalva maneuver
Immersion
Asphyxia
Drowning
Hypothermia
Immersion diuresis
Instinctive drowning response
Laryngospasm
Salt water aspiration syndrome
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema
List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
Cramps
Diving disorders
Motion sickness
Surfer's ear
Treatments
Diving chamber
Diving medicine
Hyperbaric medicine
Hyperbaric treatment schedules
In-water recompression
Oxygen therapy
Fitness to dive
Diving
physiology
Artificial gills (human)
Blood–air barrier
Blood shift
Breathing
Circulatory system
CO₂ retention
Cold shock response
Dead space (physiology)
Decompression (diving)
Decompression theory
Diving reflex
Gas exchange
History of decompression research and development
Lipid
Maximum operating depth
Metabolism
Normocapnia
Oxygen window in diving decompression
Perfusion
Physiological response to water immersion
Physiology of decompression
Pulmonary circulation
Respiratory exchange ratio
Respiratory quotient
Respiratory system
Systemic circulation
Tissue (biology)
Diving
physics
Ambient pressure
Amontons' law
Anti-fog
Archimedes' principle
Atmospheric pressure
Boyle's law
Breathing performance of regulators
Buoyancy
Charles's law
Combined gas law
Dalton's law
Diffusion
Force
Gay-Lussac's law
Henry's law
Hydrophobe
Hydrostatic pressure
Ideal gas law
Molecular diffusion
Neutral buoyancy
Oxygen fraction
Partial pressure
Permeation
Pressure
Psychrometric constant
Snell's law
Solubility
Solution
Supersaturation
Surface tension
Surfactant
Torricellian chamber
Underwater vision
Weight
Diving
environment
Algal bloom
Breaking wave
Ocean current
Current (stream)
Ekman transport
Halocline
List of diving hazards and precautions
Longshore drift
Rip current
Stratification
Surf
Surge (wave action)
Thermocline
Tides
Turbidity
Undertow (water waves)
Upwelling
Researchers in
diving medicine
and physiology
Arthur J. Bachrach
Albert R. Behnke
Paul Bert
George F. Bond
Robert Boyle
Albert A. Bühlmann
John R Clarke
William Paul Fife
John Scott Haldane
Robert William Hamilton Jr.
Leonard Erskine Hill
Brian Andrew Hills
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Christian J. Lambertsen
Simon Mitchell
Charles Momsen
John Rawlins R.N.
Charles Wesley Shilling
Edward D. Thalmann
Jules Triger
Diving medical
research
organisations
Aerospace Medical Association
Divers Alert Network (DAN)
Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC)
Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC}
European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC)
European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS)
National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
Rubicon Foundation
South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS)
Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA}
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS)
United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU)
Categories: Diving medicine
Underwater diving physiology
Underwater diving physics
Physical oceanography
Glossary
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_circulation&oldid=825427043"
Categories:
Angiology
Respiratory physiology
Underwater diving physiology
Hidden categories:
Articles with short description
Articles needing additional references from May 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Bân-lâm-gú
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Français
Galego
한국어
Italiano
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 February 2018, at 09:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint

value: p

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Systemic_circulation
mw-redirect
Systemic circulation

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Aortic_root
mw-redirect
Aortic root

values:
/wiki/Right_ventricle
mw-redirect
Right ventricle

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_veins
mw-redirect
Pulmonary veins

values:
/wiki/Left_atrium
mw-redirect
Left atrium

values:
/wiki/Left_ventricle
mw-redirect
Left ventricle

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_embolus
mw-redirect
Pulmonary embolus

values:
/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiography
mw-redirect
CT pulmonary angiography

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
https://pvri.info/en/pc-journal/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Respiratory_physiology
mw-redirect
Respiratory physiology

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance
mw-redirect
Pulmonary compliance

values:
/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center
mw-redirect
Pneumotaxic center

values:
/wiki/Apneustic_center
mw-redirect
Apneustic center

values:
/wiki/Lung_function_test
mw-redirect
Lung function test

values:
/wiki/Body_plethysmography
mw-redirect
Body plethysmography

values:
/wiki/Peak_flow_meter
mw-redirect
Peak flow meter

values:
/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)
mw-redirect
Ventilation (physiology)

values:
/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas
mw-redirect
Arterial blood gas

values:
/wiki/Diffusion_capacity
mw-redirect
Diffusion capacity

values: nowraplinks collapsible expand navbox-inner

values: Template:Diving medicine, physiology and physics

values: Template talk:Diving medicine, physiology and physics

values:
/wiki/Dental_barotrauma
mw-redirect
Dental barotrauma

values:
/wiki/Immersion_diuresis
mw-redirect
Immersion diuresis

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/CO%E2%82%82_retention
mw-redirect
CO₂ retention

values: Physiological response to water immersion

values:
/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure
mw-redirect
Hydrostatic pressure

values:
/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill
mw-redirect
Leonard Erskine Hill

values:
/wiki/Jules_Triger
mw-redirect
Jules Triger

values: South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society

values: United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Glossary of underwater diving terminology

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: الدورة الدموية الصغرى – Arabic

values: Плућна циркулација крви – Serbian

values: Мале коло кровообігу – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pulmonary_circulation rootpage-Pulmonary_circulation skin-vector action-view