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Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
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Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
Genre
Documentary series
Presented by
Leah Remini
Mike Rinder
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
19
Production
Executive producer(s)
Eli Holzman
Leah Remini
Aaron Saidman
Alex Weresow
Running time
43 minutes
Production company(s)
The Intellectual Property Corporation
Release
Original network
A&E
Original release
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29) – present
External links
Website
www.aetv.com/shows/leah-remini-scientology-and-the-aftermath
Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath is an Emmy Award-winning documentary series that investigates the Church of Scientology through the experiences of the American actress Leah Remini and other former members. She was a follower of Scientology between 1979, when she joined at the age of nine alongside her parents, and 2013, when she left under acrimonious circumstances. She subsequently became an outspoken critic of Scientology and published a bestselling memoir, Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology, in 2015.
The show's first season was aired by A&E in seven regular and three special episodes commencing November 29, 2016. It received positive reviews from critics, recorded A&E's best premiere ratings since 2014 and maintained a consistently high viewership for subsequent episodes. The first season garnered two Emmy nominations, scoring one win. The series was renewed for a second season of ten regular and four special episodes commencing August 15, 2017. The Church of Scientology was extremely critical of Remini and the show and established a website attacking the show, its presenters and many of the interviewees.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Production
3 Episodes and broadcast history
3.1 Season 1 (2016–17)
3.2 Season 2 (2017)
4 Reception
4.1 Reviews
4.2 Awards
4.3 Scientology reaction
4.4 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Overview[edit]
In each 43-minute episode, Remini investigates what A&E calls "shocking stories of abuse, heartbreak and harassment experienced by those who have left the church and spoken publicly about their experiences". She interviews former members of the church who describe their experiences with Scientology and how they have continued to be affected by it even after leaving. She also speaks with a number of former high-ranking church officials who explain the background to the church's policies and organization, and how this relates to the experiences of ex-members.[1]
In a statement issued by A&E, Remini explained the purpose of her series. She said that she hoped to "shed light on information that makes the world aware of what is really going on and encourages others to speak up so the abuses can be ended forever. I hope that people who have left now feel they have a safe place to go. I hope others who have also experienced abuses will come forward and help us to do something about it."[1]
As part of the pre-broadcast publicity, Remini hosted an "Ask Me Anything" on Reddit in which she explained her views on Scientology and discussed the show.[2][3] It received nearly 20,000 comments and prompted two similarly-themed special episodes to be added to the show's schedule in December 2016 and January 2017.[4][5]
Production[edit]
The series was developed by Remini following the 2015 publication of her memoir Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology. After several former Scientologists contacted her in the wake of the book's release, she decided to shoot a teaser based on the story of one family and approached a number of producers to obtain backing for production.[6] When she spoke with Eli Holzman and Aaron Saidman of The Intellectual Property Corporation, she says that she told them: "Don't be pussies. If you're going to be pussies, you're not the right producers for this." According to Holzman, "Aaron and I huddled and said, 'Are we pussies?'".[7] They decided that they were not, took on the project and facilitated talks with A&E. Explaining why he decided to produce the series, Holzman said: "We’re not pro-Scientology or anti-Scientology. We’re just documentarians who take the facts as they come to us and investigate every lead as best we can."[6]
Scientology and the Aftermath was mostly filmed over the summer of 2016. Remini served as executive producer for her company, No Seriously Productions, with Holzman and Saidman co-producing. Alex Weresow was the series' showrunner and another executive producer.[8][9]
An extra episode, titled "Ask Me Anything", was added to the series schedule after its broadcast run started and premiered on December 19. It was filmed over the course of the preceding week in reaction to the ratings success of the opening episode.[4] A second "Ask Me Anything" special was broadcast on January 17, 2017.[5] Another special episode was aired after the end of the first season, titled "Merchants of Fear".[10]
Following the ratings success of the first season, a second, ten-episode season was announced by A&E in March 2017, which premiered August 15, 2017. Executive production is again handled by Remini and her company No Seriously Productions, with Eli Holzman and Aaron Saidman of The Intellectual Property Corp also executive producing.[11] Remini said in a statement: "The show is really about standing up for what is right and not letting bullies have their way. I feel it is important for people to know that you can take action to bring about change, both for yourself and for others."[12]
Remini said that after the first season aired, numerous people contacted her and Mike Rinder to tell their own stories of abuse in Scientology.[11] She had not originally intended to make a second season, but went ahead following what Holzman called a "deluge of people emboldened to come forward". He said that the team was "sitting on some really damning and actionable material and can't wait to premiere."[7]
Episodes and broadcast history[edit]
Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]
The first season comprises seven episodes broadcast on Tuesday nights, plus two episodes added to the schedules for the night of Monday, December 19, 2016[4] and Tuesday, January 17, 2017[5], as well as a two hour special aired on May 29, 2017.
The show's seven original episodes (minus the three specials) have also been broadcast in Europe on the satellite TV Crime & Investigation Network (Europe), commencing March 11, 2017,[13] and in South East Asia on the Crime & Investigation Network (South East Asia) commencing April 2017.[14]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Disconnection" November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29) 2.11[15]
Remini visits former Scientology executive Amy Scobee in Seattle and hears about how she was "disconnected" from her mother.
2
2 "Fair Game" December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06) 1.57[16]
Remini visits the spiritual headquarters of Scientology – Clearwater, Florida – to hear Mike Rinder's personal story.
3
3 "The Bridge" December 13, 2016 (2016-12-13) 1.46[17]
Remini describes the heavy financial and emotional price she and other current/former Scientologists have paid to move along "The Bridge to Total Freedom."
S
S "Ask Me Anything" December 19, 2016 (2016-12-19) 1.37[18]
Remini interviews Paulette Cooper, the target of Operation Freakout, and others while answering viewers' questions.
4
4 "A Leader Emerges" December 20, 2016 (2016-12-20) 1.49[19]
Remini tells the story of how David Miscavige took over the Church of Scientology following the death of its founder, L. Ron Hubbard, and interviews his father Ron.
5
5 "Golden Era" December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27) 1.65[20]
Remini interviews Marc Headley about his time at Golden Era Productions, the Church's promotional organization, and his escape from its Gold Base compound.
6
6 "Auditing" January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03) 1.51[21]
Remini interviews Aaron Smith-Levin, who was a prodigy at the Church's practice of auditing along with his twin brother Collin, and learns of the tragedy that befell Collin after he was dismissed from the program.
7
7 "Enemies of the Church" January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10) 1.75[22]
Remini meets with a young man whom the church claims she provoked into committing a hate crime, interviews journalists who have been relentlessly hounded by the Church for reporting on it, and considers the possibility of legal action.
8
S "Ask Me Anything, Part 2" January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17) 1.41[23]
Remini answers more questions from viewers and interviews cult expert Steven Hassan; Lawrence Wright, the author of Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief; and attorney Ray Jeffrey.
9
S "Merchants of Fear" May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29) N/A
In this double episode Remini and Rinder explore the conflict between the Church of Scientology and its critics with guests Mark Ebner, Ford Greene, Stephen A. Kent, Janet Reitman, Bryan Seymour and Len Zinberg, who describe their own experiences of being targeted by the church or working for it to target others.
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
The second season will contain ten regular and four special episodes, broadcasting on Tuesday nights commencing August 15, 2017.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
10
1 "Thetans in Young Bodies" August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15) 1.40[24]
Remini and Rinder meet two women who, as children, were raised in Scientology's Cadet Org and suffered abandonment and sexual abuse.
11
2 "The Ultimate Failure of Scientology" August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22) 1.40[25]
The show tells the stories of two Scientologists who suffered from depression and suicidal ideation before they killed themselves, having gone untreated because Scientology does not believe in mental illness.
12
3 "The 'Perfect' Scientology Family" August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29) 1.30[26]
After being raised as a third-generation Scientologist, Philip Gale, a brilliant computer science student, jumped to his death at the age of 19. Remini and Rinder meet his sister Liz, who relates his experiences with the Church.
13
S[27] "The Bridge to Total Freedom" September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) 1.27[28]
In the first of four special episodes, Remini, Rinder and guests discuss Scientology's 'Bridge to Total Freedom' and Scientology doctrine, including the Operating Thetan (OT) levels.
14
4 "The Rise of David Miscavige" September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12) 1.38[29]
Remini and Rinder discuss the rise and power of the church leader David Miscavige.
15
5 "Scientology and Celebrity: The Betrayal of Paul Haggis" September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19) 1.42[30]
Remini and Rinder interview Academy Award-winning filmmaker and former Scientologist Paul Haggis and a former Scientology recruiter about the church's strategy of recruiting celebrities.
16
6 "The Ranches" October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) 1.22[31]
Remini and Rinder meet Tara Reile and Nathan Rich, who attended Scientology's Mace-Kingsley Ranch School and discuss the abuses they experienced.
17
7 "The Greatest Good" October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) 1.04[33]
Exploring the theme of parental abandonment, Remini and Rinder speak to two former Church members: Mimi Faust, whose Scientologist mother abandoned her at age 13 when Faust refused to sign a contract with organization, and Christi Gordon, was sent to with her sister when they were 10 and 11 to live with the Cadet Org, where they suffered sexual molestation.[32]
18
S "The Business of Religion" October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) 1.04[34]
In the second of four special episodes, Leah and Mike lead a roundtable discussion with former Sea Org Member Matt Pesch, blogger Jeffrey Augustine, and ex-Scientologist Luis Garcia and his attorney Ted Babbitt to examine the contracts that all Scientologists must follow and the financial requests they’re required to fulfill.
19
8 "Lifetime of Healing" October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) 0.93[35]
Leah sits down with two of her childhood friends, Chantal Dodson and Sherry Ollins, for an emotional conversation about their shared experiences growing up in Scientology. They look back on how their friendship helped them to survive during their most difficult times and how they’re now trying to heal with each other’s support.
20
9 "Aftermath of the Aftermath" November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) 0.87[36]
Leah and Mike reunite with participants from the first season and discuss their lives following their respective broadcasts.
21
10 "Propaganda Arms" November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) TBD
Reception[edit]
Reviews[edit]
The show attracted moderately positive reviews for its first episode, though some reviewers questioned its likely impact. The Hollywood Reporter described it as "interesting, but unlikely to generate a following", commenting that while it would "stir up some viewer emotions" its format was not very dynamic, with "a lot of sitting around talking, interspersed with footage from fairly innocuous Scientology promotional videos and event interviews."[37] Newsday felt that in the light of previous Scientology exposés such as the book and film Going Clear and Remini's own earlier book, "almost nothing here feels fresh or unexpected."[38] The Los Angeles Times called it "a compelling, if unsophisticated, investigation" of Scientology and described its focus on harmed families "an effective strategy that will likely resonate with many viewers."[39] Writing in The Atlantic, Sophie Gilbert highlighted Remini's ability to reach broader audiences and called the show "a valuable continuation of efforts to shed light on some of [Scientology's] most egregious practices".[40]
CNN saw the show as "a step up in class for A&E" that delivers "a sobering warning to those who might be susceptible to the [Scientology] sales pitch".[41] While acknowledging the repetitive nature of Remini "hearing the same story over and over again", The Huffington Post commented that "under normal circumstances, the same story over eight episodes would make for a tedious and boring show, but "Aftermath" is telling a horror story, and the repetition is powerful."[42] Salon suggested that the show's best asset was "Remini's honest anger and frustration, both of which blaze across the screen in reaction to particularly damning revelations", but wondered who the show's audience was meant to be and questioned the extent of its appeal: "It is hard to fathom anyone other than the most hard-core obsessives sticking around to watch all eight installments of this limited series."[43]
By the end of the first season's run, it had attracted critical praise as well as strong viewer numbers.[44] Describing it as a "Peak TV Treasure", Kimberly Roots of TVLine commented that "If you heard about the docu-series and quickly dismissed it as a pathetic cash-grab on Remini’s part (like I did at first), it’s worth a second look."[45] The Straits Times called it "riveting television" for telling the "remarkable" stories of its interviewees.[46]
The first season received a 78% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[47]
Awards[edit]
Scientology and the Aftermath won Outstanding Informational Series or Special at the 69th Emmy Awards, and was also nominated for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Nonfiction Program (Single or Multi-Camera).[48][49][50] The show also was also awarded Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming at the 33rd TCA Awards. [51]
Scientology reaction[edit]
The Church of Scientology was critical of the series. Prior to broadcast, it issued a 530-word statement attacking Remini. The church's statement alleged that she was spreading lies about the Church of Scientology along with claims that former Scientologists who participate in the show were kicked out.[52] It established a website dedicated to attempting to discredit the series,[53] and its lawyers also sought to force A&E to abandon the planned broadcast of the show. In response, Remini demanded that the church pay her $1.5 million in damages for past and present reputational, emotional, and economic injuries.[54] When Remini appeared on Conan on January 25, 2017 to promote Scientology and the Aftermath, the Church sent O'Brien a personal letter seeking to discredit her – something that O'Brien says had never before happened in his 24 years of hosting late-night talk shows.[55]
At the start of each segment, statements appear on-screen describing the church's dispute of the material presented and its refusal to participate in the series. Excerpts from letters written by the church, attacking the credibility of Remini and her interview subjects, are also displayed and read in a move that Salon described as an attempt to "appease the notoriously litigious church".[43]
The premiere of the second season prompted an Indian Scientologist to start a petition on Change.org calling on A&E to cancel the show, claiming that it was "a type of hate-show made to create violence, with false claims, showing a totally negative side of Scientology. This is total criminal! Ban it!". Scientologists Taking Action Against Discrimination (STAND), a front group for the church, circulated form letters to its parishioners for them to send to A&E's advertisers asking them to disown the show for its "religious hate and bigotry which leads to violence". A Scientology spokesperson claimed that the show had led to "violent acts and death threats against the church." An ex-Scientologist also circulated a petition calling on the US government to review the tax status of Scientology in the United States and revoke its tax exemption.[56]
Ratings[edit]
The first episode of the show was a major ratings success for A&E, attracting 2.1 million viewers. This represented the network's most successful premiere since Big Smo in 2014, and substantially exceeded the 1.65 million who watched the premiere of HBO's Scientology documentary film Going Clear in March 2015.[57][58] The ratings for the subsequent episodes were lower but held steady at between 1.4 and 1.6 million viewers.[16][17][18][19]
The second season's first two episodes produced ratings of 1.4 million viewers, down on the first season, but reflecting August's typically lower number of viewers.[59][60]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Ortega, Tony (December 16, 2016). "Special episode added: Leah Remini series adds Monday hour featuring Paulette Cooper". Retrieved December 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ortega, Tony (January 15, 2017). "On the 'Leah Remini' Reddit special this week: A powerful Texas duo". Retrieved January 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ritchie, Kevin (November 18, 2016). "Holzman, Saidman tread carefully into Scientology with Leah Remini". realscreen. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 8, 2017). "Updated: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Original & Network Finals: 11.7.2017". Show Buzz Daily. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b McFarland, Melanie (November 30, 2016). "A&E's "Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath": Your antidote to seasonal belief disorder". Salon.com. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
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External links[edit]
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Ureteric stent
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Ureteral pigtail stent
Three-dimensional reconstructed CT scan image of a ureteral stent in the left kidney (indicated by yellow arrow). There is a kidney stone in the pyelum of the lower pole of the kidney (higher red arrow) and one in the ureter beside the stent (lower red arrow).
Abdominal X-ray showing a double J stent to relieve colics from kidney stones (red arrows). The stone obstructing the ureter is also visible (yellow arrows).
A ureteral stent, sometimes as well called ureteric stent, is a thin tube inserted into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of the urine flow from the kidney. The length of the stents used in adult patients varies between 24 and 30 cm. Additionally, stents come in differing diameters or gauges, to fit different size ureters. The stent is usually inserted with the aid of a cystoscope. One or both ends of the stent may be coiled to prevent it from moving out of place; this is called a JJ stent, double J stent or pig-tail stent.
Contents
[hide]
1 Stent placement
2 Side effects and complications
3 Removal
4 References
5 Additional reading
Stent placement[edit]
Ureteral stents are used to ensure the patency of a ureter, which may be compromised, for example, by a kidney stone or a procedure. This method is sometimes used as a temporary measure, to prevent damage to a blocked kidney, until a procedure to remove the stone can be performed. Indwelling times of 12 months or longer are indicated to hold ureters open, which are compressed by tumors in the neighbourhood of the ureter or by tumors of the ureter itself. In many cases these tumors are inoperable and the stents are used to ensure drainage of urine through the ureter. If drainage is compromised for longer periods, the kidney can be damaged.
Stents may also be placed in a ureter that has been irritated or scratched during a ureteroscopy procedure that involves the removal of a stone, sometimes referred to as a 'basket grab procedure'. Stents placed for this reason are normally left in place for about a week. These stents ensure that the ureter does not spasm and collapse after the trauma of the procedure.
Side effects and complications[edit]
The main complications with ureteral stents are dislocation, infection and blockage by encrustation. Recently stents with coatings, such as heparin, were approved to reduce infection and encrustation to reduce the number of stent exchanges.[1]
Other complications can include increased urgency and frequency of urination, blood in the urine, leakage of urine, pain in the kidney, bladder, or groin, and pain in the kidneys during, and for a short time after urination.[2] These effects are generally temporary and disappear with the removal of the stent. Drugs used for the treatment of OAB (over active bladder) are sometimes given to reduce or eliminate the increased urgency and frequency of urination caused by the presence of the stent.
Stents often have a thread, used for removal, that passes through the urethra and remains outside the body. This thread may cause irritation of the urethra. This may be increased for patients who were born with Hypospadias or other conditions that required a similar corrective surgery. Care must be taken to ensure that the thread is not caught or pulled, which may dislodge the stent.
While the stent is in place, patients may carry on with most normal activities; however, the stent may cause some discomfort during strenuous physical activity. Work and other daily activities may continue as normal. Sexual activity is also possible with a stent, but stents with a thread may significantly hinder sex.[2] The stent also can rest on the prostate gland in men, and with ejaculation/orgasm, the prostate may have movement that is discomforting to the patient, similar to severe cramping or irritation. One should approach sex differently with a stent, exercising caution.[citation needed]
Removal[edit]
Stents with a thread may be removed in a matter of a few seconds by pulling on the thread. This is often done by a nurse, but can be done by the patient. When removing the stent, constant, steady force should be applied, to avoid starting and stopping. Something should also be placed below the patient to catch any urine that leaks during removal. Stents without a thread are removed by a doctor using a cystoscope. The stent is removed by cystoscopy, an outpatient procedure. Cystoscopy involves placement of a small flexible tube through the urethra (the hole where urine exits the body). The procedure, which usually takes only a few minutes and causes little discomfort, is performed in an outpatient clinic or ambulatory surgery center. Most patients tolerate having the stent removed using only a topical anesthetic placed in the urethra. Immediately before the procedure, sterile lubrication containing local anesthetic (lidocaine) is instilled into the urethra. Since no intravenous line is inserted and there is no anesthesia, you do not have to be accompanied by anyone else and you can eat normally before and after the procedure.
A ureteric stent may also be retrieved without the use of a cystoscope by means of a magnetic removal system. The stent inserted has a small rare earth magnet attached to its bladder end which dangles freely within the bladder. When the stent needs to be removed a small catheter with a similar magnet is inserted into the bladder and the two magnets connect and the catheter and stent can be simply removed. This eliminates the need for a costly and invasive cystoscopy in both adults and children.
References[edit]
J Urol Vol 168, 2023-2023, Nov 2002
AUA University Series, abstract PD37-11
Jump up ^ Furio Cauda, Valentina Cauda, Cristian Fiori, Barbara Onida, Edoardo Garrone, F; Cauda, V; Fiori, C; Onida, B; Garrone, E (2008), "Heparin Coating on Ureteral Double J Stents Prevents Encrustations: An in Vivo Case Study.", J Endourol., 22 (3): 465–472, doi:10.1089/end.2007.0218, PMID 18307380 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b H. B. Joshi; N. Newns; F. X. Keeley Jr.; A. G. Timoney, Uretic Stent
Additional reading[edit]
Ureteral stents- Materials; Endourology update: Mardis HK, Kroeger RM: Urological Clinics of North America, 1988, Vol. 15, No.3, 471-479.
Ureteral stents – indications, variations and complications: Saltzman B: Endourology update : Urological Clinics of North America, 1988, Vol.15, No.3, 481-491.
Self retained internal ureteral stents: Use and complications: Mardis HK: AUA update series, 1997, Lesson 29, Volume XVI.
External urinary diversion: pathologic circumstances and available technology. Macaluso JN Jr. J Endourol. 1993 Apr;7(2):131-6. PMID 8518825
Having a Ureteric Stent - What to Expect and How to Manage. Authors: Mr. H. B. Joshi (Specialist Registrar in Urology, Cambridge. Formerly Research Registrar at Bristol Urological Institute), N. Newns (Staff Nurse), Mr. F. X. Keeley Jr. (Consultant Urologist), Mr. A. G. Timoney (Consultant Urologist), Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol BS10 5NB
Minimally invasive ureteric stent retrieval. W.N. Taylor. In "Stenting the Urinary System" 2E: Yachia, 2004, ISBN 1-84184-387-3 Martin Dunitz
Minimally Invasive Ureteric Stent RetrievalTaylor WN, McDougall IT J UrolVol 168,2020-2013, November 2002
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Zack Addy
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Zachary Addy
Bones character
First appearance
September 13, 2005
(1x01, "Pilot")
Last appearance
March 11, 2017
(12x11, "The Day in the Life")
Created by
Hart Hanson
Portrayed by
Eric Millegan
Information
Nickname(s)
Zackaroni, Zacko, King of the Lab/King of the Loony-bin, Z-Man.
Gender
Male
Occupation
Former Graduate student
Former Dr. Brennan's assistant
Former Forensic anthropologist
Former criminal's apprentice
Title
Doctor (Ph.D)
Family
3 brothers, 4 sisters
Religion
Rational Empiricist (Raised Lutheran)
Zachary Uriah "Zack" Addy, Ph.D,[1] is a fictional character in the television series Bones. He is portrayed by Eric Millegan. The character was introduced as Dr. Temperance Brennan's brilliant young assistant at the beginning of the series before he received his doctorate in Forensic Anthropology in Season 2. Millegan was a series regular for Seasons 1 to 3, appearing in all episodes. Since then, he has made guest appearances in Season 4's "The Perfect Pieces in the Purple Pond" and "The End in the Beginning" (dream sequence), Season 5's "The Parts in the Sum of the Whole" (flashback) and returned in the Season 11 finale "The Nightmare in the Nightmare", and will have a recurring role in series' final season. In the series penultimate episode "The Day in the Life", Zack is exonerated for the murder that left him locked up since the third season finale, opening the way for him to return to society in just over a year's time.
Character history[edit]
The youngest in a large Michigan family with three brothers and four sisters, Zack was a child prodigy, a genius with an I.Q. well above 163 with a supposed eidetic memory. According to his character bio on the DVD for Season 1, Zack graduated college at the age of 16. It is revealed in the episode "The Boy in the Time Capsule" that Zack was physically bullied harshly all through high school by other boys. In "A Boy in a Tree," he is heard saying he "didn't have any friends" in high school and endured relentless physical and emotional abuse through his school life. Additionally, it is revealed that Zack is an excellent singer. At the beginning of the show, he had started two doctorates—one in Forensic Anthropology, the completion of which is shown on-screen in the episode "Judas on a Pole", the other in Applied Engineering, the completion of which is referred to in "The Killer in the Concrete".
His specialty, just like Dr. Brennan, is in the analysis of remains, especially identifying cause of death and weapons from marks on skeletal remains. It is usually his task to remove the flesh from the bones, a process known as maceration. Because of his tremendous intellect, he has a strong broad-based knowledge of many of the specialties in the Jeffersonian lab.
Zack's best friend is Jack Hodgins. Although it at first appears Hodgins and Zack are roommates, it is later revealed he rents the apartment over Hodgins' garage. Zack also carpools with Hodgins because he can neither drive a car nor ride a bike. He once made a comment to Booth that, if Booth shared Zack's knowledge of Structural Engineering, he would be afraid to drive as well (Season 1 "The Man on Death Row"). In The Man in the Bear, Zack and Hodgins compete for the affections of a beautiful delivery lady until they realize in the end that she might be bisexual or homosexual, when she shows an attraction to forensic artist Angela Montenegro.
Episodes towards the end of Season 1 reveal Zack's colleagues, especially Dr. Goodman, feel he has become too comfortable as Dr. Brennan's assistant and is therefore not completing any of his work towards his doctorate degrees to avoid having to move into a new position. Goodman and Hodgins conspire to make Zack less comfortable in his position to motivate him to complete his studies, thus encouraging him to fulfill his potential of more than just an assistant.
Right before he was about to complete his doctorate, Zack asks the Jeffersonian's new forensics head, Dr. Camille Saroyan, if he can have a job working at the Jeffersonian. She replies she could not put him in front of a court to testify because people would not take him seriously. Zack then goes to ask Angela for fashion advice, and she gives him a complete makeover that includes a new haircut and a suit. After completing his doctorate and getting the makeover from Angela, Zack again asks Cam for a job; and she gives it to him, saying "Who am I to break up the team?"
At the end of Season 2, Zack receives a request from the office of the President to ship out to Iraq. What his duties there would be is not revealed, and he only tells Hodgins and Booth about it. He is indecisive and asks Booth for advice as Booth "knows more about duty and honor than anyone else I know".[2] Zack also turns down the offer to be the Best Man at Hodgins and Angela's wedding in case he decides to go to Iraq and is killed, because he does not want Hodgins' memories of the wedding to be tainted with sadness, but Zack is later seen at the wedding. It is revealed in Episode 1 of Season 3 that Zack had just returned from a three-month stint in Iraq, having returned early because he "failed to assimilate."
In "The Pain in the Heart", the final episode of Season 3, Zack receives third-degree burns and massive tissue damage on both hands after an explosion in the lab. It is later revealed he was working as the apprentice of the Gormogon, a cannibalistic serial killer, and the explosion was designed as a distraction so Gormogon could break into the lab and steal back the silver skeleton. Zack's weaker personality was easily manipulated by Gormogon so he believed his belief system irrefutable, even going as far as to divide the bones of a lobbyist killed by Gormogon's other apprentice among the 10,000 skeletons in the Jeffersonian's bone storage room called Limbo. However, Zack still maintained a loyalty to his friends. As pointed out by Brennan, he was willing to injure himself to keep Hodgins safe. He gives up the location of Gormogon's house after Brennan makes him realize his logic is faulty.
At the end of the episode, prosecutor Caroline Julian cuts Zack a deal. He pleaded guilty to killing the lobbyist and declared "Non compos mentis", thus committing him into a mental asylum rather than to prison.[3]
Zack is no longer a regular character on the show, but series creator Hart Hanson said he may become a recurring character to provide consults to the team with "certain talents we can use in a 'Hannibal Lecter' kind of way."[4]
The episode "The Perfect Pieces in the Purple Pond" reveals Zack is receiving psychological treatment from FBI psychologist Dr. Lance Sweets. It is also shown at least Hodgins and Angela have both been in contact with Zack during his confinement. Hodgins is shown bringing him a mathematical riddle to solve. In his session with Sweets, Zack admits to feeling guilty for killing the lobbyist but claims he was not actually crazy, arguing he committed the crime for what had appeared to be perfectly logical reasons at the time. "I was wrong, not delusional," he says. Sweets believes Zack should feel more guilty about killing the lobbyist and less about having been taken in by Gormogon's rhetoric.
Towards the end of the episode, Zack escapes from the institution. It is revealed he could have escaped at any time but did not feel it was necessary to do so until that particular moment. After helping his co-workers solve the case, he willingly returns to the institution with Sweets. While returned to the asylum, Zack tells Sweets that, while he had helped Gormogon find the lobbyist, he himself had not actually stabbed him. In other words, Zack believes he killed the lobbyist; but, from a legal standpoint, he is considered only an accessory or co-conspirator. Sweets insists Zack change his story, but Zack refuses. He fears, if his secret were to come out, he will find himself in prison, where he is sure to do very poorly. He reminds Sweets, as Zack's therapist, he must not reveal his secret because, if Sweets were to do so, he would be violating doctor-patient confidentiality. The episode closes with Zack behind bars at the institution, and Sweets keeping his secret.
In the Season 4 finale, Zack is considered a suspect when a man is murdered in a popular nightclub owned by Booth and Brennan. Zack is described by Vincent Nigel-Murray as "the type of moron who goes to jail for a murder he didn't commit", suggesting that, on some level, Booth knows Zack is innocent. At the end of the episode, it is shown that the entire thing was in fact a dream about an alternate time line that Booth had while unconscious and part of a new book Brennan was writing.
Zack also returned in the 100th episode as a flashback to Booth and Brennan's first case together.
Later on, Hodgins says that Zack will be in the asylum "forever", hinting that Zack would be in the asylum on a permanent basis and would never even be released into the general public. Also, in the episode "The He in the She," Hodgins tells Vincent that Zack would be locked up for the rest of his life.
After eight years from being absent from the show, Zack is mentioned to in season 11 "The Movie in the Making." The episode was a "mockumentary" on The Jeffersonian and its partnership with the FBI. When the film crew begins asking Hodgins about Zack, Hodgins becomes visibly shaken by the questions. In "The Monster in the Closet," a serial killer has been discovered and named The Puppeteer, due to the nature of the crimes and how the killer would hang the victims from wires, and use them as puppets.[5]
In the season 11 finale, "The Nightmare within the Nightmare," a desiccated body is discovered in an abandon warehouse, the clothes that the victim is dressed in are the same clothes that Dr. Brennan had donated a few months earlier. A mixtape is left with the body, the songs on the tape are from a songbook printed in Michigan, where Zack grew up. Over the past few weeks, Dr. Brennan has been having vivid nightmares about a burned attacker, in one dream, Wendell brings Brennan her coffee, something Zack used to do for his mentor. In the dream Wendell's hands are severely burned. Dr. Brennan begins to fall apart and breaks down and sees a therapist to help interpret her dreams. The therapist makes Brennan realize that the attacker is someone she knows but doesn't want to accept who it is. After coming back to the lab, Brennan calls the team because everyone is absent from the lab. The team tells her they left because of an email that was supposedly sent out by Dr. Brennan, the email was sent by The Puppeteer. While on the phone with the team The Puppeteer comes into the room and disconnects the call. Booth takes the therapist's notes and begins to decipher. Back at the lab, the team goes over all the clues about The Puppeteer. They realize that the dreams about Wendell is a symbol for someone who used to work at the lab. The team becomes silent, Booth realizes who The Puppeteer is, Cam states, "oh no, it can't be." Booth then races to the hospital where Zack is staying and discovers that Zack has escaped. Later on, Brennan is awoken by someone telling her to wake up. Brennan states "Zack?", and Zack says "Dr. Brennan it is good to see you again, you and I, we have so much to talk about."[6]
The Season 12 premier of Bones concluded the mystery about Zack that was formed in the Season 11 finale. Zack has taken Brennan to the basement of the Jeffersonian (inside the Gormogon vault that was constructed there in Season 3), however he does this with the intention of protecting her from The Puppeteer and to reveal the truth about himself. Booth captures Zack and he is taken into custody. It is revealed that after the death of Lance Sweets, Zack harmed himself resulting in a large scar on his forehead and minor brain damage that sometimes causes black-outs. After being allowed to consult the evidence files of the Puppeteer case with Brennan, he concludes that he is guilty of the crimes (having committed them while blacked out) and wishes to return to the mental institution that is his home. In a surprise turn of events, the team at the Jeffersonian find out that it is Zack's doctor from the institution, Dr Mihir Roshan, that has been committing the murders and arranging the skeleton marionettes.[7] Booth arrives at the institution in time to save Zack. Dr Roshan intended to poison Zack, however Zack overpowered him but was unable to find the strength to kill him. Booth shoots Roshan, and Zack survives. After Zack incurs these events, he concludes he could not have committed murder under the order of Gormogon, and confesses his innocence to Brennan and Booth. This convinces them to re-examine the evidence, and the episode ends with the idea that Zack may become free of the institution in the future.[8] In "The Flaw in the Saw", Hodgins works to find evidence to exonerate Zack and while he finds something, Cam fears that Hodgins is planting it to free Zack and refuses to consider it. After Hodgins tells her to just throw it away then, Cam can't bring herself to do so and goes through the evidence Hodgins presented to her. In "The Steal in the Wheels", the Jeffersonian team is able to locate the body of the Gormogon's former apprentice, the true killer and match blood on it to the lobbyist Zack supposedly killed. In "The Day in the Life", Zack goes before a judge for his appeal. Based on this new evidence, Zack is exonerated of the murder charge but not of aiding a known killer. As a result, he will have to finish the remaining thirteen months on his sentence for that charge before he is released. While Brennan is sorry they couldn't get him released, Zack accepts this as thirteen months is nothing compared to the life sentence he was facing before.
Characterization[edit]
Despite his intelligence, Zack is unsure of himself and though he has come up with crucial insights vital to some of the team's cases, he is unable to forcefully express his opinion to Dr. Brennan. This may be due to romantic feelings toward her. When he discovered Temperance's own Forensic Anthropology professor had become her lover, Zack repeatedly wondered aloud whether he might enter into a similar relationship with Dr. Brennan. He was quickly disabused of the notion by his colleagues.[9] His inability to pick up on pop culture references or jokes was often a source of comedy in the show. Other characters, especially Booth and Hodgins, were often annoyed or turned off by his lack of social skills. Hodgins once called him a "dull Vulcan" in exasperation.[10]
Zack appears to have an on and off-again relationship with "Naomi, in Paleontology", despite hints in the first season she was dissatisfied with his sexual prowess.[11] In the third season, they accompany each other to the annual Jeffersonian Institute Halloween party, agreeing to dress as a cow (Naomi in front, Zack in back) ("The Mummy in the Maze") and in "The Parts in the Sum of the Whole" he talks about her again. Zack has no problem making inappropriate comments about others' personal lives, and has asked Agent Booth for advice on sex and women, requests which Booth characteristically ignored; and at one point threatened to "take out [his] gun and shoot [Zack] between the eyes" if he continued to ask him those questions. Angela answered his question once, (on one occasion even recommending him to "reap the benefits of [her] sexual wisdom"), and Hodgins gave him a pocket-sized Kama Sutra to help him out, revealed in the season three finale ("The Pain in the Heart").
Very little is known about his childhood. In "The Wannabe in the Weeds" episode from the third season, it was discovered Zack was in singing classes during his childhood as a way for his parents to help integrate him socially. Though it did not appear to work, he demonstrates his talent when Hodgins doubted him. He has fond memories of receiving his first microscope ("The Girl with the Curl"), and when he was six, he had a pirate eyepatch, ("The Man with the Bone"). He said he used to play horses as a child and has a Michael Jackson glove. It is also known he attended a private high school ("A Boy in the Tree"). His interests include model airplanes ("The Killer in the Concrete"), watching basketball ("The Soldier on the Grave"), and science fiction: Firefly ("The Man in the Fallout Shelter"), Lord of the Rings ("The Woman at the Airport"), Star Wars, Star Trek, Stargate, Battlestar Galactica ("The Superhero in the Alley"). He does not dance, because he's been told he "looks like a marionette in a windstorm" (The Man in the Wall). Although well-meaning, helpful, and friendly, when a situation calls for social interaction or intuition, he is often lost. Further evidence of his social ineptitude can be seen in the frequent, on-screen coaching in social matters he gets from Jack and Angela. He is very literal-minded, and is often confused by colloquial expressions or metaphor, despite his high intelligence. His attempts to use such expressions meet with mixed success, such as referring to a skull he'd cleaned as being "clean enough to eat off of" ("Two Bodies in the Lab").
In the episode "The Killer in the Concrete", Booth is on the phone with Zack and Dr. Brennan while looking for "Icepick" at a model airplane enthusiasts gathering. Unaware of Zack's interest in planes, Booth comments every "airplane freak" in the area was at the event, and Zack corrects him by saying the enthusiasts prefer to be called "pilots." Zack mentions forensic anthropology is only one of his areas of study, another is applied engineering, and he is extremely adept in practical aeronautics.
As seen in the episode "The Man in the Fallout Shelter" Zack has a large family and greatly values them, remarking the true meaning of Christmas is "Brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews; 40 people who love you and are happy to see you." Also in the first season, he reveals to Dr. Brennan he uses his vacation time to visit his family. While he does not necessarily enjoy these visits, he goes because they love him ("The Man in the Wall").
Even in the asylum, Zack apparently still has some degree of contact with his old colleagues, Hodgins occasionally visiting him with puzzles for him to solve and Sweets having formed a diagnosis of Zack (although he is unable to reveal that Zack is not actually 'crazy' due to doctor/patient confidentiality); Booth's dream sequence in "The End in the Beginning" implies that Booth is aware on some level that Zack is innocent, but this has never been explored in the real world. However, the season 11 finale implied that Booth may have had some contact with Zack in the seasons following his departure, as he knows an orderly at the institution where he is located, and knows exactly where his room is located.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Judas on a Pole". Bones. Season 2. Episode 11. December 13, 2006. Fox.
Jump up ^ "Stargazer in a Puddle". Bones. Season 2. Episode 21. May 16, 2007. Fox.
Jump up ^ "Pain in the Heart". Bones. Season 3. Episode 15. May 19, 2008. Fox.
Jump up ^ Mitovitch, Matt Webb. "Exclusive: Bones Boss Responds to Finale 'Zack-lash'", TV Guide, May 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ Killgrove, Kristina (4 June 2016). "'Bones' Season 11, Episode 18 Review: The Movie In The Making". Forbes. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (22 July 2016). "Bones Star on Surprise Comeback, Dark Twist: I Hope I'm Not the Killer". TVLine. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (4 January 2017). "Bones Boss Talks Zack Twist, Teases New Big Bad's 'Coordinated Attack Aimed at Booth and Brennan'". TVLine. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Killgrove, Kristina (4 January 2017). "'Bones' Season 12, Episode 1 Review: The Hope In The Horror". Forbes. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Hart Hanson, Dana Coen, Sanford Bookstaver (2005-11-29). "The Girl in the Fridge". Bones (TV series). Fox.
Jump up ^ "The Woman in the Sand". Bones. Season 2. Episode 8. November 8, 2006. Fox.
Jump up ^ Hart Hanson, Patrick Norris (2005-09-27). "A Boy in the Tree". Bones (TV series). Fox.
Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/recap/bones-season-11-finale
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Leonard Thompson (diabetic)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people named Leonard Thompson, see Leonard Thompson (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Leonard Thompson (1908–1935) is the first person to have received injection of insulin as a treatment for Type 1 diabetes.
Biography[edit]
Thompson received his first injection in Toronto, Ontario, on January 11, 1922, at 14 years of age. The first injection had an apparent impurity which was the likely cause for the allergic reaction he displayed. After a refined process was developed by James Collip to improve the canine pancreas extract, the second dosage was successfully delivered to the young patient twelve days after the first.[1]
Thompson showed signs of improved health and went on to live 13 more years taking doses of insulin, eventually dying of pneumonia at age 27.[2][3]
Until insulin was made clinically available, a diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes was an invariable death sentence, more or less quickly (usually within months, and frequently within weeks or days).
See also[edit]
Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, first person treated in US
Frederick Banting
Islets of Langerhans
Pancreas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pioneers of Diabetes: Leonard Thompson
Jump up ^ History of Diabetes, from Collip to Shapiro
Jump up ^ Leonard Thompson Biography

This biography related to medicine in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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