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Local governance in Kerala
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Map of Kerala State
Kerala is a state in the southernmost part of India. Kerala, with appreciative development indicators comparable to developed countries, has been experimenting with decentralization and participatory local democracy, ultimately aimed at realization of the constitutional goal of establishing genuine "institutions of local self government" since the enactment of Kerala Panchayat Raj Act & The Kerala Municipality Act in the year 1994.
The acts laid the provision of a three tier system of Panchayat for the first time in the village, block and district level in the rural areas and one tier system of urban local government such as Municipality in the less urbanized areas or Municipal Corporation in the more urbanized areas. Local governments were vested with the powers and responsibilities of economic development and social justice in their respective areas.Panchayats and the Municipalities altogether constitute the Local Government System of Kerala state in the Indian federal system [1].
At present, there are 1200 local governments in Kerala.[1]. Kerala's experience with local self-government has been distinct in three important ways. First, financial devolution is more important in Kerala than elsewhere. Secondly, the part played by local bodies in formulating and implementing Plans is greater in Kerala than elsewhere. Thirdly, the extent of people's participation in development planning is greater than elsewhere.
Contents
1 The framework
2 Grama Sabha
3 Functions of local governments
4 Committee System
5 The Role of State Government
6 Independent Oversight Institutions
7 Extent of Decentralization
8 Present scenario
9 Proposed reforms
10 Kerala Grama Panchayat Association
11 E-Governance
11.1 E-District
11.2 E-Gram
12 References
13 External links
14 See also
The framework[edit]
Kerala has 941 Village Panchayats (Grama panchayats), 152 Block Panchayats and 14 District Panchayats; in the urban areas it has 87 Municipalities and 6 Corporations, a total of 1200 Local Self Government Institutions.
Table : Local Governments in Kerala[2]
Sl No
Type of local government
Total numbers
1 Grama Panchayat 941
2 Block Panchayat 152
3 District Panchayat 14
4 Municipality 87
5 Municipal Corporation 6
Total in the State 1200
The President of the Panchayat Raj Institutions(PRIs) has been declared as the executive authority. The senior most officials of various departments brought under the control of the Panchayat Raj Institutions have been declared as ex-officio Secretaries for that subject. The Panchayats have full administrative control including powers of disciplinary action over its own staff as well as staff transferred to it. To encourage a healthy relationship between officials and elected Members, the Act prescribes a code of conduct that lays down principles of polite behavior, respect for elected authorities, and protection of the freedom of the civil servant to render advice freely and fearlessly. All these features are there in the Kerala Municipality Act as well.
The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act and Kerala Municipalities Act 1994 were thoroughly restructured in 1999 and several innovative features laying strong legal foundation for evolving genuine institutions of Local Self Government were built in.
Grama Sabha[edit]
Kerala has created a fourth tier in the form of Grama Sabhas equated with the electoral constituency of a Village Panchayat All the electors of the Ward are members of the Grama Sabha. It is an attempt to create a new set up for direct democracy - involving the people of the ward. The Grama Sabhas have been given clear rights and responsibilities with absolute powers for identification of beneficiaries, strong advisory powers for prioritizing developmental needs and wide powers of social audit.[3]
Functions of local governments[edit]
The 11th Schedule of the Constitution of India lists out developmental areas where local governments should have a role in planning for economic development and social justice and in the implementation of such plans. Unlike many other States, Kerala State defined the functional areas of the different tiers of local governments so precisely.In infrastructure and management of public institutions, the functional differentiation is sharp and clear, but in productive sectors the functions could not be earmarked clearly for each tier. There is a clear recognition that there is a role-range for local governments as Agent, Adviser, Manager, Partner and Actor - with the objective being to reduce the agency role and expand the autonomous - actor role. The Kerala Act classifies functions as mandatory functions, general functions and sector-wise functions. in its schedules.
According to a study Dr Martin Patrick (Chief Economist) CPPR, "Gram panchayats are performing better when compared to their performance three decades earlier but they are still not meeting expected standards in generating own funds with which they can plan their own special projects, s Steps need to be taken to generate own assets by collecting more non-tax revenue, particularly collecting potential building and professional tax"[4]
Committee System[edit]
All Village and Block Panchayats have three Standing Committees and the District Panchayat five Standing Committees. The Standing Committees are constituted in such a way that every Member of the Panchayat gets a chance to function in one Standing Committee or the other. Each Standing Committee is assigned certain subjects and these Committees are expected to go into the subject areas both at the planning and implementation stage in great detail. For the purpose of co-ordination, a Steering Committee is constituted consisting of the President and Vice President of the Panchayat and the Chairpersons of Standing Committees. In addition, there are Functional Committees for different subjects which can include experts and practitioners and the Panchayats are free to constitute Sub Committees to assist the Standing Committee or Functional Committee. There is also provision for constitution of Joint Committees with neighbouring Local Governments.
The Role of State Government[edit]
The amended Kerala Panchayat Raj & Municipality Acts drastically reduces the powers of direct governmental control over Panchayat Raj Institutions. While Government can issue general guidelines regarding national and State policies it cannot meddle in day-to-day affairs or individual decisions. The Government can cancel resolutions of the Panchayat only through a process and in consultation with the Ombudsman or Appellate Tribunal according to the subject matter of the resolution. Similarly a Panchayat can be dissolved directly by government, only if it fails to pass the budget or if majority of its members have resigned. In all other cases a due process has to be followed and the Ombudsman has to be consulted before dissolution takes place. This is a unique feature which does not exist even in Center-State relations.
Independent Oversight Institutions[edit]
To reduce governmental control and foster growth of self-government as envisaged in the Constitution, the Act provides for creation of independent institutions to deal with various aspects of local government functioning. They are listed below:-[5]
The State Election Commission. The Election Commission has been given powers which go beyond those required for the conduct of elections. It is empowered to involve in delimitation of Wards as a member of the Delimiation Committee. Delimitation of wards was formerly done through the executive. The Commission has been given powers to disqualify defectors.
The State Finance Commission. This has been given the mandate as required by the Constitution. The first SFC was constituted in 1994 and the second SFC in 1999.
Ombudsman for Local Governments. This is a high power institution which has been given vast powers to check malfeasance in local governments in the discharge of developmental functions.
Tribunal for Local Governments. These are to be constituted at the Regional/District level to take care of appeals by citizens against decisions of the local government taken in the exercise of their regulatory role like issue of licence, grant of permit etc.
State Development Council. This is headed by the Chief Minister and consists of the entire Cabinet, Leader of opposition, Vice-Chairman of the State Planning Board, the Chief Secretary, all the District Panchayat Presidents who are also Chairperson of District Planning Committee and representatives of other tiers of local governments. This institution is expected to take the lead in policy formulation and in sorting out operation issues.
Extent of Decentralization[edit]
The extent of decentralization and its nature can be gauged from the following facts:
In the Health sector all institutions other than medical colleges and big regional speciality hospitals have been placed under the control of the local governments.
In the Education sector, in rural areas the high schools and upper primary schools have been transferred to the District Panchayats and the primary schools have been transferred to village Panchayats; in urban areas, all schools have been transferred to the urban local governments.
The entire responsibility of poverty alleviation has gone to the local governments; all the centrally sponsored anti-poverty programmes are planned and implemented through them.
As regards Social welfare, barring statutory functions relating to juvenile justice, the entire functions have gone to local governments. The ICDS is fully implemented by Village Panchayats and Urban Local Governments. Care of the disabled, to a substantial degree has become a local government responsibility.
In the Agriculture and allied sectors, the de facto and de jure local government functions are Agricultural extension including farmer oriented support for increasing production and productivity,Watershed management and minor irrigation,Dairy development, Animal Husbandry including veterinary care & Inland fisheries.
Barring highways and major district roads, connectivity has become local government responsibility.
The whole of sanitation and most of rural water supply have moved over to local governments.
Promotion of tiny, cottage and small industries is mostly with the local governments.
All the welfare pensions are administered by the local governments.[6]
Present scenario[edit]
In short, most of the responsibilities relating to human and social development have been passed down to local governments. Welfare and poverty reduction are now largely dependent on local governments who also have considerable area of responsibility in the primary sector.
Local infrastructure creation is also largely in the domain of Panchayats and Nagarapalikas. Critical institutions of public service like hospitals, schools, anganwadis, veterinary institutions, Krishi Bhawans, hostels for Scheduled Castes and Care institutions for different disadvantaged groups have been transferred to local governments on as is where is condition. The responsibility of local governments which are typical of a non-plan nature in respect of these institutions include -
routine and heavy maintenance of infrastructure
upkeep and maintenance of equipment
replenishment of consumables
administrative charges relating to telephone, water, electricity, fuel etc.
noon-meal cost in schools.
Proposed reforms[edit]
The Second Administrative Reforms Commission, set up on 31 August 2005 to prepare a detailed blue print for revamping the public administration system, suggested measures to achieve a proactive, responsive, accountable, sustainable and efficient administration at all levels of the country in the country, including the local government system, submitted its sixth report exclusively on local governance under the title Local Governance: An Inspiring Journey into the future [2]. A brief summary of the report is there in the article[7]
Kerala Grama Panchayat Association[edit]
Kerala has a Grama Panchayath Association, formed under the Kerala Government Order No 85191/pt.sppl.1/66 & R D D on 29 December 1966 as an association of Grama Panchayaths. All Grama Panchayaths are affiliated to the Grama Panchayath Association. The Kerala Grama Panchayath Association has responsibility in strengthening decentralization process and local governance in Kerala. For the purpose, the association organizes necessary research activities, Studies, action Researches,some study modelsand conduct discussions, seminars, training etc., on issues confronting panchayaths in the state. It as well, collect, archive and propagate worthy best practices of the panchayaths, as well.The email of the association is keralagpa@gmail.com [3][permanent dead link]
E-Governance[edit]
E-District[edit]
Kerala E-District project intends to provide Government services to citizens through Common Service Centers(CSC) which are easily accessible. Services from different departments are brought under one umbrella at any CSC. Some of the services are also made available through online portal. It utilizes backend computerization to e-enable the delivery of services and ensures transparency and uniform application of rules. The project involves integrated and seamless delivery of services to public by automation, integration and incorporating Business Process Re-Engineering(BPR) where ever required. In a nutshell E-District is a tailor made program for minimizing effort and time to provide prompt and effective services to the public.
E-Gram[edit]
Honourable Chief Minister of Kerala Shri.Oommen Chandy has declared Pampakuda panchayat, Ernakulam as the first digital panchayat in Kerala on 28 June 2014. Pampakuda panchayat has achieved this feat by digitalizing over 18,000 citizens' survey data with the help of E-Gram, a software built by a private IT company operating in Technolodge Piravom.
E-Gram is a cloud based platform built exclusively for Gram Panchayats and is a data analytic tool which stores and analyses all information regarding people in a panchayat. E-Gram generates real-time analytics on population, literacy rate, male-female ratio, poverty threshold, internet penetration, access to electricity, access to clean water, healthcare etc. E-Gram's objective is to make panchayats more efficient, transparent and symbols of modernity by leveraging ICT at the cutting edge level to ensure transparency and accountability in their functioning through disclosure of information, social audit, efficient delivery of services and improving internal processes and management of panchayats. E-Gram has built-in SMS functionality which helps interact with people faster. This helps panchayats to roll out benefits, announcements, or even acknowledgement receipts for certificates in Malayalam. This automated SMS service can also send reminder SMS’s to citizens who are due to pay their taxes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Local Self-Governance". State Portal of Kerala. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/htm/localbodies.php
Jump up ^ Status of Grama Sabha / Ward Sabha in Kerala
Jump up ^ "Kerala panchayats performing better but not generating adequate funds: Study - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
Jump up ^ Local Governments in Kerala : Reforms, Decentralized Development & Local Government Finances, Mulagunnathukavu,Kerala Institute of Local Administration, 2003 Contents
Jump up ^ See Economic Review 2001 of the Kerala State Planning Board
Jump up ^ See K Rajasekharan: Reforming Local Governance in India : A New Paradigm for Development In T M Joseph, Ed : New Governance Paradigm : Issues in Development P327 - 346, Delhi, Kalpaz Publications, 2008
External links[edit]
Official website of Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala
An Introduction to LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS IN KERALA
See also[edit]
Administrative reforms in Kerala
Gram panchayat
District Planning in Kerala
Municipalities of Kerala
NREGS (Kerala)
Peoples Planning in Kerala
Ombudsman for Local Governments in Kerala
State Finance Commission (Kerala)
Tribunal for Local Governments in Kerala
Local government in Maharashtra
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The Wealth of Nations
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This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Wealth of Nations
Author
Adam Smith
Country
Scotland
Language
English
Genre
Economics, Philosophy
Publisher
W. Strahan and T. Cadell, London
Publication date
1776
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.
It is the second most cited book in the social sciences published before 1950, behind Karl Marx's Capital.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary of Wealth of Nations
2 History
2.1 Publishing history
3 Reception and impact
3.1 United States
4 Modern evaluations
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Summary of Wealth of Nations[edit]
An important theme that persists throughout the work is the idea that the economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself. This is often referred to as the "invisible hand." The ability to self-regulate and to ensure maximum efficiency, however, is limited by externalities, monopolies, tax preferences, lobbying groups, and other "privileges" extended to certain members of the economy at the expense of others.[2]
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Wealth of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution.[3] It influenced a number of authors and economists, as well as governments and organisations. For example, Alexander Hamilton was influenced in part by The Wealth of Nations to write his Report on Manufactures, in which he argued against many of Smith's policies. Interestingly, Hamilton based much of this report on the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and it was, in part, Colbert's ideas that Smith responded to with The Wealth of Nations.
The Wealth of Nations was the product of seventeen years of notes, an observation of conversation among economists of the time concerning economic and societal conditions during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and took Smith ten years to produce. The result, An Inquiry to the Wealth of Nations, was a treatise which sought to offer a practical application for reformed economic theory to replace the mercantilist and physiocratic economic theories that were becoming less relevant in the time of industrial progress and innovation. It provided the foundation for new economists, politicians, mathematicians, biologists, and thinkers of all fields to build upon. Irrespective of historical influence, The Wealth of Nations represented a clear shift in the field of economics, comparable to Sir Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica for physics, Antoine Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie for chemistry, or Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species for biology.
Publishing history[edit]
Bust of Smith in the Adam Smith Theatre, Kirkcaldy
Five editions of The Wealth of Nations were published during Smith's lifetime: in 1776, 1778,[4] 1784, 1786 and 1789.[5] Numerous editions appeared after Smith's death in 1790. To better understand the evolution of the work under Smith's hand, a team led by Edwin Cannan collated the first five editions. The differences were published along with an edited sixth edition in 1904.[6] They found minor but numerous differences (including the addition of many footnotes) between the first and the second editions, both of which were published in two volumes. The differences between the second and third editions, however, are major: In 1784, Smith annexed these first two editions with the publication of Additions and Corrections to the First and Second Editions of Dr. Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, and he also had published the three-volume third edition of the Wealth of Nations, which incorporated Additions and Corrections and, for the first time, an index. Among other things, the Additions and Corrections included entirely new sections. The fourth edition, published in 1786, had only slight differences from the third edition, and Smith himself says in the Advertisement at the beginning of the book, "I have made no alterations of any kind." Finally, Cannan notes only trivial differences between the fourth and fifth editions—a set of misprints being removed from the fourth and a different set of misprints being introduced.
Reception and impact[edit]
The first edition of the book sold out in six months.[7] The printer William Strahan wrote on 12 April 1776 that David Hume had said that The Wealth of Nations required too much thought to be as popular as Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Strahan also wrote: "What you say of Mr. Gibbon's and Dr. Smith's book is exactly just. The former is the most popular work; but the sale of the latter, though not near so rapid, has been more than I could have expected from a work that requires much thought and reflection (qualities that do not abound among modern readers) to peruse to any purpose".[8] Gibbon wrote to Adam Ferguson on 1 April: "What an excellent work is that with which our common friend Mr. Adam Smith has enriched the public! An extensive science in a single book, and the most profound ideas expressed in the most perspicuous language".[9] The review of the book in the Annual Register was probably written by Whig MP Edmund Burke.[10]
Smith's biographer John Rae contends that The Wealth of Nations shaped government policy soon after it was published. In 1777 the Prime Minister, Lord North, in the first budget after the book was published, got the idea for two new taxes from the book: one on man-servants and the other on property sold at auction. The budget of 1778 introduced the inhabited house duty and the malt tax, both recommended by Smith. In 1779 Smith was consulted by politicians Henry Dundas and Lord Carlisle on the subject of giving Ireland free trade.[11]
The Wealth of Nations was first mentioned in Parliament by the Whig leader Charles James Fox on 11 November 1783: "There was a maxim laid down in an excellent book upon the Wealth of Nations which had been ridiculed for its simplicity, but which was indisputable as to its truth. In that book it was stated that the only way to become rich was to manage matters so as to make one's income exceed one's expenses. This maxim applied equally to an individual and to a nation. The proper line of conduct therefore was by a well-directed economy to retrench every current expense, and to make as large a saving during the peace as possible".[12] However Fox once told Charles Butler sometime after 1785 that he had never read the book and that "There is something in all these subjects which passes my comprehension; something so wide that I could never embrace them myself nor find any one who did".[13] In 1796 when Fox was dining with Lord Lauderdale, Lauderdale remarked that they knew nothing of political economy before Adam Smith wrote. "Pooh," replied Fox, "your Adam Smiths are nothing, but" (he added, turning to the company) "that is his love; we must spare him there". Lauderdale replied: "I think he is everything", to which Fox rejoined: "That is a great proof of your affection".[13] Fox also found Adam Smith "tedious" and believed that one half of The Wealth of Nations could be "omitted with much benefit to the subject".[14]
In an editorial of The Times on 3 August 1787, it was stated: "It is astonishing to consider, how few merchants are acquainted with Smith's Wealth of Nations, or Anderson's History of Commerce, which are certainly books that should be perused by every man who makes trade his pursuit".[15]
The Wealth of Nations was next mentioned in Parliament by Robert Thornton MP in 1787 to support the Commercial Treaty with France. In the same year George Dempster MP referenced it in the debate on the proposal to farm the post-horse duties and in 1788 by a Mr. Hussy on the Wool Exportation Bill.[12] In 1791 the English radical Thomas Paine wrote in his Rights of Man that "Had Mr. Burke possessed talents similar to the author ‘On the Wealth of Nations,’ he would have comprehended all the parts which enter into, and, by assemblage, form a constitution".[16] The Prime Minister, William Pitt, praised Smith in the House of Commons on 17 February 1792: "…an author of our own times now unfortunately no more (I mean the author of a celebrated treatise on the Wealth of Nations), whose extensive knowledge of detail, and depth of philosophical research will, I believe, furnish the best solution to every question connected with the history of commerce, or with the systems of political economy".[17] In the same year it was quoted by Samuel Whitbread MP and Fox (on the division of labour) in the debate on the armament against Russia and also by William Wilberforce in introducing his Bill against the slave trade. It was not mentioned in the House of Lords until 1793, by Lord Lansdowne and Lord Loughborough. Lansdowne said: "With respect to French principles, as they had been denominated, those principles had been exported from us to France, and could not be said to have originated among the population of the latter country. The new principles of government founded on the abolition of the old feudal system were originally propagated among us by the Dean of Gloucester, Mr. Tucker, and had since been more generally inculcated by Dr. Smith in his work on the Wealth of Nations, which had been recommended as a book necessary for the information of youth by Mr. Dugald Stewart in his Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind". Loughborough replied that "in the works of Dean Tucker, Adam Smith, and Mr. Stewart, to which allusion had been made, no doctrines inimical to the principles of civil government, the morals or religion of mankind, were contained, and therefore to trace the errors of the French to these causes was manifestly fallacious".[18] On 16 May 1797 Pitt said in the debate on the suspension of cash payments by the Bank of England that Smith was "that great author" but his arguments "though always ingenious" were "sometimes injudicious".[19]
Sir John Mitford, the Solicitor-General, said on 22 December 1798 in speaking on cross-bills (a bill of exchange given in consideration of another bill) that Smith "in his Wealth of Nations, explains the nature and pernicious consequences of this practice with his usual perspicuity and philosophical accuracy".[20] On 5 December 1800 Lord Warwick said in a debate on the price of corn that:
There was hardly any kind of property on which the law did not impose some restraints and regulations with regard to the sale of them, except that of provisions. This was probably done on the principles laid down by a celebrated and able writer, Doctor Adam Smith, who had maintained that every thing ought to be left to its own level. He knew something of that Gentleman, whose heart he knew was as sound as his head; and he was sure that had he lived to this day and beheld the novel state of wretchedness to which the country was now reduced – a state, which as the like had never occurred before, could never have entered into his mind; that Great Man would have reason to blush for some of the doctrines he had laid down. He would now have abundant opportunities of observing that all those artificial means of enhancing the price of provisions, which he had considered as no way mischievous, were practised at this time to a most alarming extent. He would see the Farmer keeping up his produce while the poor were labouring under all the miseries of want, and he would see Forestallers, Regraters, and all kinds of Middle-men making large profits upon it.[21]
Lord Grenville replied that "he must remind him, that so far from there having been any difference in the state of the Country when that great man lived, and the present times, his book was first published at a period, previous to which there had been two or three seasons of great dearth and distress; and during those seasons there were speculators without number, who raised an unfounded and unjust clamour against Forestallers and Regraters, and who proposed that a certain price should be fixed on every article: but all their plans were wisely rejected, and the Treatise on the Wealth of Nations, which came forward soon after, pointed out in the clearest light how absurd and futile they must have been".[21]
In 1800 the Anti-Jacobin Review criticised The Wealth of Nations and Robert Southey in 1812 in the Quarterly Review condemned The Wealth of Nations as a "tedious and hard-hearted book".[22]
In 1803 The Times argued against war with Spain: "She is our best customer; and by the gentle and peaceable stream of commerce, the treasures of the new world flow with greater certainty into English reservoirs, than it could do by the most successful warfare. They come in this way to support our manufactures, to encourage industry, to feed our poor, to pay taxes, to reward ingenuity, to diffuse riches among all classes of people. But for the full understanding of this beneficial circulation of wealth, we must refer to Dr. Adam Smith's incomparable Treatise on the Wealth of Nations".[23] In 1810 a correspondent writing under the pseudonym of Publicola included at the head of his letter Smith's line that "Exclusive Companies are nuisances in every respect" and called him "that learned writer".[24] In 1821 The Times quoted Smith's opinion that the interests of corn dealers and the people were the same.[25]
In 1826 the English radical William Cobbett criticised in his Rural Rides the political economists' hostility to the Poor Law: "Well, amidst all this suffering, there is one good thing; the Scotch political economy is blown to the devil, and the Edinburgh Review and Adam Smith along with it".[26]
The Radical MP Richard Cobden as a young man studied The Wealth of Nations; his copy is still in the library of his home at Dunford House and there are lively marginal notes on the places where Smith condemns British colonial policy. There are none on the passage about the invisible hand.[27] Cobden campaigned for free trade in his agitation against the Corn Laws. On 13 October 1843 Cobden quoted (accurately) Smith's protest against the "plain violation of the most sacred property" of every man derived from his labour.[28] On 8 May 1844 he cited Smith's opposition to slave labour[29] and on 3 July 1844 claimed that Smith had been misrepresentated by protectionists as a monopolist.[30] On 8 October 1849 Cobden claimed that he had "gone through the length and breadth of this country, with Adam Smith in my hand, to advocate the principles of Free Trade." He also said he had tried "to popularise to the people of this country, and of the Continent, those arguments with which Adam Smith, David Hume, Ricardo, and every man who has written on this subject, have demonstrated the funding system to be injurious to mankind, and unjust in principle".[31] Cobden believed it to be morally wrong to lend money to be spent on war. When The Times claimed the political economists were against Cobden on this, Cobden wrote on 16 October 1849: "I can quote Adam Smith whose authority is without appeal now in intellectual circles, it gives one the basis of science upon which to raise appeals to the moral feelings".[32] When in 1850 the Russian government attempted to raise a loan, ostensibly for the construction of a railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow, but actually to cover the deficit brought about by its war against Hungary, Cobden said on 18 January: "I take my stand on one of the strongest grounds in stating that Adam Smith and other great authorities on political economy are opposed to the very principle of such loans".[33] In 1863, during Cobden's dispute with The Times over its claims that his fellow Radical John Bright wanted to divide the land of the rich amongst the poor, Cobden read to a friend the passage in the Wealth of Nations which criticised primogeniture and entail. Cobden said that if Bright had been as plain-speaking as Smith, "how he would have been branded as an incendiary and Socialist".[34] On 23 November 1864 Cobden proclaimed: "If I were five-and-twenty or thirty, instead of, unhappily, twice that number of years, I would take Adam Smith in hand—I would not go beyond him, I would have no politics in it – I would take Adam Smith in hand, and I would have a League for free trade in Land just as we had a League for free trade in Corn. You will find just the same authority in Adam Smith for the one as for the other; and if it were only taken up as it must be taken up to succeed, not as a political, revolutionary, Radical, Chartist notion, but taken up on politico-economic grounds, the agitation would be certain to succeed".[35]
The Liberal statesman William Ewart Gladstone chaired the meeting of the Political Economy Club to celebrate the centenary of the publication of The Wealth of Nations.[36]
The Liberal historian Lord Acton believed that The Wealth of Nations gave a "scientific backbone to liberal sentiment"[37] and that it was the "classic English philosophy of history".[38]
United States[edit]
James Madison, in a speech given in Congress on 2 February 1791, cited The Wealth of Nations in opposing a national bank: "The principal disadvantages consisted in, 1st. banishing the precious metals, by substituting another medium to perform their office: This effect was inevitable. It was admitted by the most enlightened patrons of banks, particularly by Smith on the Wealth of Nations".[39] Thomas Jefferson, writing to John Norvell on 14 June 1807, claimed that on "the subjects of money & commerce, Smith's Wealth of Nations is the best book to be read, unless Say's Political Economy can be had, which treats the same subject on the same principles, but in a shorter compass & more lucid manner".[40]
Modern evaluations[edit]
Bustling with work and activity, "The Wealth of the Nation" by Seymour Fogel is an interpretation of the theme of Social Security.
George Stigler attributes to Smith "the most important substantive proposition in all of economics" and foundation of resource-allocation theory. It is that, under competition, owners of resources (labour, land, and capital) will use them most profitably, resulting in an equal rate of return in equilibrium for all uses (adjusted for apparent differences arising from such factors as training, trust, hardship, and unemployment).[41] He also describes Smith's theorem that "the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market" as the "core of a theory of the functions of firm and industry" and a "fundamental principle of economic organisation."[42]
Paul Samuelson finds in Smith's pluralist use of supply and demand—as applied to wages, rents, and profit—a valid and valuable anticipation of the general equilibrium modelling of Walras a century later. Moreover, Smith's allowance for wage increases in the short and intermediate term from capital accumulation and invention added a realism missed later by Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx in their propounding a rigid subsistence-wage theory of labour supply.[43]
In noting the last words of the Wealth of Nations,
If any of the provinces of the British empire cannot be made to contribute towards the support of the whole empire, it is surely time that Great Britain should free herself from the expence of defending those provinces in time of war, and of supporting any part of their civil or military establishments in time of peace, and endeavour to accommodate her future views and designs to the real mediocrity of her circumstances.[44]
Ronald Coase suggests that if Smith's earlier proposal of granting colonies representation in the British parliament proportional to their contributions to public revenues had been followed, "there would have been no 1776, … America would now be ruling England, and we [in America] would be today celebrating Adam Smith not simply as the author of the Wealth of Nations, but hailing him as a founding father."[45]
Mark Blaug argues that it was Smith's achievement to shift the burden of proof against those maintaining that the pursuit of self-interest does not achieve social good. But he notes Smith's relevant attention to definite institutional arrangements and process as disciplining self-interest to widen the scope of the market, accumulate capital, and grow income.[46]
Economic anthropologist David Graeber argues that throughout antiquity, one can identify many different systems of credit and later monetary exchange, drawing evidence for his argument from historical and also ethnographical records, that the traditional explanation for the origins of monetary economies from primitive bartering systems, as laid out by Adam Smith, doesn't find empirical support.[47] The author argues that credit systems developed as means of account long before the advent of coinage around 600 BCE, and can still be seen operating in non-monetary economies. The idea of barter, on the other hand, seems only to apply to limited exchanges between societies that had infrequent contact and often in a context of ritualised warfare, rendering its conceptualisation among economists as a myth.[48] As an alternative explanation for the creation of economic life, the author suggests that it originally related to social currencies, closely related to non-market quotidian interactions among a community and based on the "everyday communism" that is based on mutual expectations and responsibilities among individuals. This type of economy is, then, contrasted with the moral foundations of exchange based on formal equality and reciprocity (but not necessarily leading to market relations) and hierarchy, based on clear inequalities that tend to crystallise in customs and castes.[48]
See also[edit]
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Adam Smith's other major work
The National Gain, a pamphlet by Finnish–Swedish economist and politician Anders Chydenius which preceded The Wealth of Nations and which had similar ideas.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Green, Elliott (12 May 2016). "What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?". LSE Impact Blog. London School of Economics.
Jump up ^ GradeSaver. "The Wealth of Nations Summary". www.gradesaver.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ See Smith, Adam (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1 (1 ed.). London: W. Strahan. Retrieved 2012-12-07. , volume 2 via Google Books
Jump up ^ See Smith, Adam (1778). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1 (2 ed.). London: W. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 10 March 2015. ; Smith, Adam (1778). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 2 (2 ed.). London: W. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 10 March 2015. via Google Books
Jump up ^ See Smith, Adam (1789). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1 (5 ed.). London: A. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ; Smith, Adam (1789). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 2 (5 ed.). London: A. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ; Smith, Adam (1789). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 3 (5 ed.). London: A. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 9 March 2015. via Google Books
Jump up ^ An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., ed. Edwin Cannan, 1904. Fifth edition.
Jump up ^ John Rae, Life of Adam Smith (London: Macmillan & Co., 1895), p. 285.
Jump up ^ Rae, pp. 285–86.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 287.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 294.
^ Jump up to: a b Rae, p. 290.
^ Jump up to: a b Rae, p. 289.
Jump up ^ L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Penguin, 1997), p. 185.
Jump up ^ The Times (3 August 1787), p. 2.
Jump up ^ Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 126.
Jump up ^ John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt. The Years of Acclaim (London: Constable, 1969), p. 267, n. 1.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 291.
Jump up ^ John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt. The Consuming Struggle (London: Constable, 1996), p. 12.
Jump up ^ The Times (24 December 1798), p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b The Times (6 December 1800), p. 2.
Jump up ^ J. J. Sack, From Jacobite to Conservative. Reaction and orthodoxy in Britain, c. 1760–1832 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 182.
Jump up ^ The Times (25 October 1803), p. 2.
Jump up ^ The Times (8 February 1810), p. 2.
Jump up ^ The Times (17 September 1821), p. 2.
Jump up ^ William Cobbett, Rural Rides (Penguin, 2001), p. 335.
Jump up ^ William D. Grampp, The Manchester School of Economics (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 103.
Jump up ^ John Bright and J. E. Thorold Rogers (eds.), Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P. Volume I (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1908), p. 45.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume I, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume I, pp. 104–05.
Jump up ^ John Bright and J. E. Thorold Rogers (eds.), Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P. Volume II (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1908), pp. 399–400.
Jump up ^ Wendy Hinde, Richard Cobden. A Victorian Outsider (Yale University Press, 1987), p. 204.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume II, p. 406.
Jump up ^ Donald Read, Cobden and Bright. A Victorian Political Partnership (Edward Arnold, 1967), p. 189.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume II, p. 493.
Jump up ^ H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898 (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 20.
Jump up ^ G. E. Fasnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy. An Analysis (London: Hollis and Carter, 1952), p. 145.
Jump up ^ Fasnacht, p. 241.
Jump up ^ James Madison, Writings (The Library of America, 1999), p. 481.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson, Writings (The Library of America, 1984), p. 1176.
Jump up ^ George J. Stigler (1976). "The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith," Journal of Political Economy, 84(6), p. 1202 (pp. 1199–1213). Also published as Selected Papers, No. 50 (PDF), Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago.
Jump up ^ George J. Stigler, 1951. "The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market." Journal of Political Economy, 59(3), pp. 185, 193. Reprinted in J.M. Buchanan and Y.J. Yoon, ed., 1994, The Return to Increasing Returns, pp. 47, 58.
Jump up ^ Paul A. Samuelson (1977). "A Modern Theorist's Vindication of Adam Smith," American Economic Review, 67(1), p. 42. Reprinted in J.C. Wood, ed., Adam Smith: Critical Assessments, pp. 498–509. Preview.
Jump up ^ Smith (1776). Bk. V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth, ch. 3 Of Public Debts, para. 92.
Jump up ^ R. H. Coase (1977). "The Wealth of Nations," Economic Inquiry 15(3), pp. 323–25 (309–25). Press + button or Ctrl+.
Jump up ^ Mark Blaug (1997). Economic Theory in Retrospect, 5th ed., in ch. 2, sect. 19, "Adam Smith as an Economist, pp. 59–62.
Jump up ^ Graeber, David (2010). Debt: the first 5,000 years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. ISBN 9781933633862.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, David V. (February 15, 2012). "What We Owe to Each Other An Interview with David Graeber, Part 1". Boston Review. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
References[edit]
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations: A Translation into Modern English, Industrial Systems Research, 2015. ISBN 978-0-906321-70-6 [1]
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: A Selected Edition Adam Smith (Author), Kathryn Sutherland (Editor), 2008, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, UK; ISBN 978-0-19-953592-7
Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations: A modern-day interpretation of an economic classic. Karen McCreadie, 2009, Infinite Ideas, Oxford, UK; ISBN 978-1-906821-03-6
O'Rourke, P. J. (2006), On The Wealth of Nations, Books That Changed the World, Atlantic Monthly Press, ISBN 978-0871139498
External links[edit]
Media related to The Wealth of Nations at Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Wealth of Nations
The Wealth of Nations at MetaLibri Digital Library
The Theory of Moral Sentiments at MetaLibri Digital Library
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World Series ring
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World Series rings given out by the New York Yankees, Anaheim Angels, and Florida Marlins
A World Series ring is an award given to Major League Baseball players who win the World Series. Since only one Commissioner's Trophy is awarded to the team, a World Series ring is an individual award that players and staff of each World Series champion team get to keep for themselves to symbolize the victory. World Series rings are uniquely commissioned by the winning team each year and presented to deserving players and staff early in the next season.[1] The rings have been made by companies that include Jostens, Tiffany & Co., Dieges & Clust, L.G. Balfour Company.and langone's sports aperral

The first World Series ring was given to members of the New York Giants after winning the 1922 World Series.[2] By the 1930s, each winning team gave their players a ring. Though the ring started off simple, usually containing only one diamond, rings over time have become more elaborate and ornate, with the 2003 World Series ring containing over 200 diamonds.
In addition to their inherent value, World Series rings also carry additional value as sports memorabilia. A World Series ring belonging to Casey Stengel sold for $180,000. Lenny Dykstra's 1986 World Series ring sold for over $56,000 during his bankruptcy proceedings. Other rings sold in auctions have sold for over $10,000 apiece. Replica rings given to fans have sold for as much as $300.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Distribution
1.2 Rings as trophies
1.3 Memorabilia
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Johnny Pesky displaying a commemorative ring given to him by the Boston Red Sox after the 2004 World Series
Prior to the 1922 World Series, players on the World Series-winning team were given keepsakes, such as a pin or pocketwatch fob.[3] The first World Series ring was given to the members of the New York Giants following their victory in the 1922 World Series over the New York Yankees.[2] When the Yankees won the 1923 World Series, players were given a commemorative pocketwatch. The Yankees first gave rings to their players following the 1927 World Series.[4] Rings became an annual tradition in the 1930s,[5] as every World Series-winning team has given rings to its players since 1932.[6] In past years, players often requested other items in place of rings, including cufflinks and tie clips. Frankie Crosetti and Tommy Henrich requested shotguns from the Yankees following World Series championships.[7] Grover Cleveland Alexander reportedly pawned his 1926 World Series ring.[6]
Members of the 1973 World Series champion Oakland Athletics were upset when team owner Charlie O. Finley, following salary disputes with his players, presented his team with rings that were identical to the ones received after winning the 1972 World Series, except without the one-carat diamond. Reggie Jackson referred to them as "trash rings".[7][8][9] The first ring to contain more than one diamond was the 1977 World Series ring commissioned by the Yankees, which had over a dozen diamonds.[8] Over time, ring designs have become larger and more elaborate, with Yogi Berra saying in 2009, "They're so much bigger now, they're like weapons. You can't even wear them."[7] Whereas older rings were 10 carat and between 20 and 25 pennyweight, modern rings are typically 14 carat and 50 pennyweight.[7][disputed – discuss] The rings commissioned by the Florida Marlins after the 2003 World Series are believed to be among the most expensive World Series rings ever made; made of 14-carat white gold, the 3.5-ounce (99 g) ring featured 229 diamonds, including one teal diamond, and 13 rubies. The rings cost $20,000 apiece due to the quantity of the purchase, though they retailed at $40,000 each.[8][10][11] After breaking their long championship drought in 2016, the Chicago Cubs commissioned rings said to be worth up to $70,000, consisting of 214 diamonds at 5.5 karats, 3 karats of rubies, and 2.5 karats of sapphires.[12][13]
Teams have also increasingly added distinctive touches to make their rings unique from previous versions. For their 2007 World Series rings, the Boston Red Sox commissioned a special version for players who were on both the 2004 and 2007 championship teams, and for 2013, they included the Boston Strong logo on the side.[14][15] The St. Louis Cardinals had the Rally Squirrel engraved into their 2011 World Series championship rings.[16] For their 2014 World Series rings, the San Francisco Giants included three diamonds on the top bezel and five on the bottom, representing their three titles in five years, and eight championships overall.[17] The 2016 World Series rings for the Chicago Cubs each contain 108 diamonds around the bezel, one for each year that the team went without a championship, and also include an image of a goat on the inner band.[18][13] Companies that have been commissioned to create World Series rings include Jostens, Tiffany & Co., Dieges & Clust, and the L.G. Balfour Company.[19][20][21]
Distribution[edit]
Players typically receive their rings in pregame ceremonies early in the next season.[16][19][22][23] Since the rings are commissioned by the team, many non-players affiliated with the team, including front office executives, coaches, scouts, broadcasters,[24] locker room staff, and groundskeepers also receive rings at the team's discretion.[25][3][7][26] After the 2004 World Series, the Red Sox ordered over 500 rings;[27] the Cardinals commissioned 400 rings in 2006;[1] and the Kansas City Royals distributed about 700 rings after their 2015 title.[28] Players who were only briefly on the team's roster during a championship season and those no longer affiliated with the winning team also often receive rings.[29][30][31] Arthur Rhodes, Bengie Molina, and Lonnie Smith played in the World Series against a team they played for earlier in the season, guaranteeing them World Series rings regardless of the series outcome.[32] As both the physical size and number of rings given out has increased, teams have started producing both "A" and "B" versions, and sometimes "C" versions, that are similar in appearance but smaller in size and use cheaper materials.[33] The most expensive "A" rings are typically reserved for full-time players, coaches, and executives, while bit players and other team employees receive the cheaper "B" and "C" rings.[34][28]
I've seen it called "tacky" and it is, but here's the thing about these rings: They're not supposed to be understated. They're always over the top. When they're worn, they're done so obnoxiously. There's nothing humble or particularly beautiful about them. In fact, they're always kind of ugly, no matter the team. They're full of jewels and they're shiny, but it's always too much.
David Brown, Yahoo! Sports[16]
Rings as trophies[edit]
In modern years, the importance of World Series rings to players has increased.[35] Alex Rodriguez said his 2009 World Series ring "means the world" to him, and that he would wear it daily.[36] Sergio Romo of the 2010 World Series champion San Francisco Giants said of his ring: "In all reality, this is why we play right here."[3] Jon Jay said his 2011 World Series ring "...represents last year and all the hard work. Ever since I was a kid I dreamed of something like this."[37] Former player and current Giants broadcaster Duane Kuiper said, "It's not a hug. It's not a handshake. It's not a pat on the back. It's a ring. It's the one thing every professional athlete wants: something they can hold onto, something they can show off."[26] Players' names and uniform numbers are often individually inscribed in their ring.[7] Many players prefer to display their rings as trophies as opposed to wearing them.[7]
Memorabilia[edit]
World Series rings are considered valuable sports memorabilia. In 2007, Casey Stengel's 1951 World Series ring sold for $180,000.[38] When Lenny Dykstra went through bankruptcy in 2009, his 1986 World Series ring sold for $56,762.50 through Heritage Auctions, three times as much as was expected.[39] Others have sold their rings on eBay. Doug Baker of the 1984 World Series champion Detroit Tigers had a new ring made after his original was stolen, and when he recovered the original ring, he sold it for $12,322.[40] Cucho Rodriguez, a scout for the Red Sox, sold his 2004 World Series ring for over $53,000[41][42] and in 2011, Scott Williamson auctioned off his 2004 ring for $89,000.[29] However, the ring that once belonged to disgraced pitcher Brandon Puffer, when offered for sale on the August 15, 2013, episode of Pawn Stars could not be sold. The shop declined to make an offer, claiming Puffer's off-field problems destroyed the resale value of the ring.[29]
The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum contains an exhibit on World Series rings.[43] The New York Yankees Museum, located in Yankee Stadium, has an exhibit with replicas of all Yankees' World Series rings, including the pocket watch given after the 1923 World Series.[44] Yogi Berra won the most World Series rings with 10, as a player. Frankie Crosetti won 17 as a player and as a coach.[6] Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center.[7]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Championship ring
MLS Cup ring
NBA Championship ring
Super Bowl ring
World Series of Poker bracelet
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "World Series ring". The Washington Post. November 17, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "San Francisco Giants players, staff receive 2010 World Series rings". ESPN.com. April 10, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Giants receive World Series rings | abc7news.com". Abclocal.go.com. April 10, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Series rings, the real scoop". ESPN.com. October 30, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bass, Debra (April 14, 2012). "Cardinals World Series ring a contender for best bling". Stltoday.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clark, N. Brooks (April 29, 1985). "Gaudy Or Not, Championship Rings Are The Cherished Spoils Of Victory". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bondy, Filip (April 12, 2010). "New York Yankees set for 2010 Opening Day with World Series rings in hand". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schulman, Henry (December 19, 2010). "Giants planning a ring worthy of a champion". SFGate. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A's Angered by 'Trash' Series Rings". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. March 5, 1974. p. 25. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marlins receive giant World Series rings- NBC Sports". Nbcsports.msnbc.com. Associated Press. April 11, 2004. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brown, Daniel (March 27, 2015). "Major league bling: A look at the World Series ring tradition". San Jose Mercury News.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Jesse (April 12, 2017). "When will Cubs wear their World Series rings? Anytime they want". ESPN.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Muskat, Carrie (April 12, 2017). "Bling at Wrigley: Cubs celebrate with rings". MLB.com.
Jump up ^ "2008 Red Sox home Opening Day pre-game ceremony information" (Press release). Boston Red Sox. April 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lee, Tony (April 5, 2014). "Red Sox get rings at ceremony". ESPN.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, David (May 30, 2012). "Cardinals put 'Rally Squirrel' on World Series ring | Big League Stew – Yahoo! Sports". Sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The San Francisco Giants 2014 World Championship Ring unveiled" (Press release). San Francisco Giants. April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Report: Cubs' World Series rings to contain 108 diamonds". Sports Illustrated. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pavlovic, Alex (April 8, 2013). "San Francisco Giants receive World Series rings during elegant pre-game ceremony". San Jose Mercury News. Mercurynews.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Joselow, Froma (April 22, 1986). "Providence firm gets contracts for '87 service academy rings Herff Jones Co. sweeps the competition". Providence Journal. p. B-01. Retrieved September 13, 2012. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Winning jewelry". Star Tribune. October 12, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2013. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Keeling, Brock (April 8, 2013). "A Closer Look At The 2012 World Series Rings". SFist. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gonzales, Mark (April 4, 2006). "Ring of truth: Sox players say they'll wear their Series rings proudly". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ 4/18/15: Giants executive Larry Baer presents Duane Kuiper and Mike Krukow with championship rings and looks back at San Francisco's run (Video). MLB.com. April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Monroe, Mark (June 26, 2011). "Maumee native paves way for San Francisco". Toledo Blade.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Daniel (April 18, 2015). "Giants' World Series ring ceremony like a trip back to October". Bay Area News Group.
Jump up ^ Snow, Chris (February 20, 2005). "A shining example: Sox to issue 500 rings, wiping out previous mark". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Flanagan, Jeffrey (April 7, 2016). "Cha-ching for the bling: KC not thrifty with ring". MLB.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abraham, Peter (15 April 2013). "A Red Sox 2004 Series ring up for grabs". Boston.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Heyman, Jon (March 19, 2015). "What does Uggla get for 11 at-bats by the Bay? Why, a ring, of course". CBSSports.com.
Jump up ^ Schulman, Henry (June 10, 2011). "Fred Lewis gets a Giants World Series ring". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ DiComo, Anthony (October 18, 2011). "Finally in World Series at age 41, Cardinals' Athur Rhodes guaranteed to win ring". MLB.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ King, Bill (February 7, 2011). "Power of the ring". SportsBusiness Journal.
Jump up ^ McCauley, Janie (October 25, 2015). "Who gets a World Series ring? Sometimes, you'd be surprised". USA Today. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Steve (March 7, 2013). "D-backs catcher Rod Barajas discovers missing ring before wife's grandmother's funeral | dbacks.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brennan, Sean; Gagne, Matt; McCarron, Anthony (April 14, 2010). "Alex Rodriguez plans to wear his Yankees World Series ring every day". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Langosch, Jenifer (April 14, 2012). "Cards receive World Series rings in ceremony". MLB.com.
Jump up ^ "Stengel's 1951 World Series ring sold at auction". USA Today. Associated Press. June 6, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Queens collector shells out $56K for Lenny Dykstra's '86 Mets World Series ring at Texas auction". New York Daily News. Associated Press. October 3, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ex-Tiger Doug Baker sells '84 World Series ring on eBay". MLive.com. Associated Press. March 13, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Andrew; Abel, David (April 24, 2007). "Red Sox Series ring up for sale". Boston.com. The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2004 Red Sox Series Ring Sold by Scout". SportsCollectorsDaily.com. April 25, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Paul C. (June 16, 2003). "Phils, Rays in Hall of Fame Game | MLB.com: News". MLB.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yankee Stadium Museum opens championship ring exhibition | yankees.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. March 30, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series rings.
"World Series Rings". Baseball Hall of Fame.
WorldSeriesRings.net
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