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Half-mast
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The Austrian flag flying at half-mast before the Austrian Parliament Building, due to the death of President Thomas Klestil, on 7 July 2004
The Brazilian flag, besides the Mercosul flag, flying at half-mast in front of the National Congress of Brazil in memory of the victims of the Chapecoense crash in 29 November 2016.
The American flag flying at half-mast in Buchenwald, Thuringia, Germany, on 19 April 1945.
Half-mast or half-staff refers to a flag flying below the summit on a pole. In many countries this is seen as a symbol of respect, mourning, distress, or, in some cases, a salute.[1] Strictly speaking, flags are said to be half-mast if flown from ships and half-staff if on land, although not all regional variations of English use "half-staff."[2]
The tradition of flying the flag at half-mast began in the 17th century.[3] According to some sources, the flag is lowered to make room for an "invisible flag of death" flying above.[4] However, there is disagreement about where on a flagpole a flag should be when it is at half-staff. It is often recommended that a flag at half-staff be lowered only as much as the hoist, or width, of the flag.[5][6] British flag protocol is that a flag should be flown no less than two-thirds of the way up the flagpole, with at least the height of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole.[7] It is common for the phrase to be taken literally and for a flag to be flown only halfway up a flagpole,[8] although some authorities deprecate that practice.[6]
When hoisting a flag that is to be displayed at half-mast, it should be raised to the finial of the pole for an instant, then lowered to half-mast. Likewise, when the flag is lowered at the end of the day, it should be hoisted to the finial for an instant, and then lowered.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Australia
2 Cambodia
3 Canada
4 China
5 Finland
6 France
7 Germany
8 Greece
9 Hong Kong
10 India
11 Iran
12 Ireland
13 Israel
14 Italy
15 Indonesia
16 Japan
17 Malaysia
18 Malta
19 Netherlands
20 New Zealand
21 Pakistan
22 Philippines
23 Russia
24 Saudi Arabia
25 Singapore
26 South Africa
27 South Korea
28 Sri Lanka
29 Taiwan
30 Thailand
31 Turkey
32 United Arab Emirates
33 United Kingdom
34 United Nations
35 United States
36 Vietnam
37 Zimbabwe
38 See also
39 References
40 External links
Australia[edit]
The Australian White Ensign flying at half-mast. In accordance with British tradition, the flag is flying only one flag's width below the top of the pole.
The flag of Australia is flown half-mast in Australia:
On the death of the Sovereign – from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral. On the day the accession of the new Sovereign is proclaimed, it is customary to raise the flag to the peak from 11 a.m.;
On the death of a member of a royal family;
On the death of the Governor-General or a former Governor-General;
On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations – the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral;
On ANZAC day the flag is flown half-mast until noon;
On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak till 10:30 am, at half-mast from 10:30am to 11:03am, then at peak the remainder of the day;
On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen. Flags in any locality may be flown at half-mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day, or part of the day, of their funeral. Recent examples include the death of naturalist Steve Irwin, actor Heath Ledger, esteemed international opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland, and former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. In the case of cricketer Phillip Hughes, who died after being struck by a bouncer during a Sheffield Shield cricket match, the Australian flag was flown at half-mast at Cricket NSW headquarters on 27 November 2014 – the day of his death,[9] as well as on the Sydney Harbour Bridge[10] and at Lord's Cricket Ground in London.[11]
At times of natural disaster such as bushfires or tragedy. For example, in the days immediately following the Black Saturday bushfires, many flags of all types were flown at half-mast in spontaneous acknowledgement of the enormous loss of life; the then Prime Minister announced that the Australian Flag would be flown at half-mast on 7 February, in remembrance of the victims. On 19 July 2014, the Australian flag flew half-mast across the country in tribute to the lives lost in the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 incident.[12] On 16 December 2014, flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flew at half-mast after the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis.[13][14]
On the death of international political friends to the country. Recent example includes Womtelo Reverend Baldwin Lonsdale, President of the Republic of Vanuatu.[15]
In Australia and other Commonwealth countries, merchant ships "dip" their ensigns to half-mast when passing an RAN vessel or a ship from the navy of any allied country.
Cambodia[edit]
The flag of Cambodia flew at half mast upon the death of King-Father Norodom Sihanouk for 7 days, from 15–22 October 2012.
Canada[edit]
The term half-mast is the official term used in Canada, according to the Rules For Half-Masting the National Flag of Canada. The decision to fly the flag at half-mast on federal buildings rests with the Department of Canadian Heritage. Federally, the national flag of Canada is flown at half-mast to mark the following occasions:
Occasion or date
Protocol or significance
The death of the sovereign From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service, but the flag is flown at full-mast on the day on which the accession of the new monarch is proclaimed
The death of a Governor General or Prime Minister who dies while in office From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service
The death of any member of the Royal Family, a former Governor General, the sitting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, sitting Ministers of the Crown, or a former Prime Minister From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or, if there is to be a memorial service, from the time of notification of death until sunset the following day and from sunrise to sunset on the day of the service
The death of a police officer in the line of duty. The flag could be flown at half-mast from a couple of days to weeks, depending on the ranking of the officer.
28 April of each year Marking the Day of Mourning for People Killed or Injured in the Workplace (coinciding with World Day for Safety and Health at Work)
23 June of each year Marking the National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism
Last Sunday in September of each year Marking Police Officer's National Memorial Day
11 November of each year Marking Remembrance Day
6 December of each year Marking the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women
Certain events are also marked by flying the national flag at half-mast on the Peace Tower at Parliament Hill. These include:
Date
Significance
9 April of each year Marking Vimy Ridge Day
Varies The annual memorial service on Parliament Hill to remember deceased parliamentarians
The flag of Canada, the flag of Québec, and the flag of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets are half masted on board Bagotville Cadet Summer Training Centre, following the train detrailment and explosion of Lac Mégantic, Québec.
On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half-mast, not only on the Peace Tower, but on all federal facilities. Some examples include 11 September 2001, 11 September 2002, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 Mayerthorpe tragedy, the death of Pope John Paul II, the 2005 London bombings, the death of Smokey Smith, the state funerals of former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford, and the death of Jack Layton[16]
There are, however, exceptions to the rules of half-masting in Canada: if Victoria Day or Canada Day fall during a period of half-masting, the flags are to be returned to full-mast for the duration of the day. The national flag on the Peace Tower is also hoisted to full mast if a foreign head of state or head of government is visiting the parliament. These exemptions, though, do not apply to the period of mourning for the death of a Canadian monarch. The Royal Standard of Canada also never flies at half-mast, as it is considered representative of the sovereign, who ascends to the throne automatically upon the death of his or her predecessor. Each province can make its own determination of when to fly the flag at half-mast when provincial leaders or honoured citizens pass away.
To raise a flag in this position, the flag must be flown to the top of the pole first, then brought down halfway before the flag is secured for flying. When such mourning occurs, all flags should be flown at that position or not be flown at all, with the exception of flags permanently attached to poles.[17]
A controversy surfaced in April, 2006, when the newly elected Conservative government discontinued the practice, initiated by the previous Liberal government following the Tarnak Farm incident,[18] of flying the flag at half-mast on all government buildings whenever a Canadian soldier was killed in action in Afghanistan.[19] The issue divided veterans' groups and military families, some of whom supported the return to the original tradition of using Remembrance Day to honour all soldiers killed in action, while others felt it was an appropriate way to honour the fallen and to remind the population of the costs of war.[18] In spite of the federal government's policy, local authorities have often decided to fly the flag at half-mast to honour fallen soldiers who were from their jurisdiction, including Toronto and Saskatchewan.[20]
On 2 April 2008, the House of Commons voted in favour of a motion calling on the government to reinstate the former policy regarding the half-masting of the flag on federal buildings. The motion, however, was not binding and the Cabinet refused to recommend any revision in policy to the Governor General. At the same time, a federal advisory committee tabled its report on the protocol of flying the national flag at half-mast, recommending that the Peace Tower flag remain at full height on days such as the Police Officers National Memorial Day and the National Day or Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women, stating that the flag should only be half-masted on Remembrance Day. At last report, the committee's findings had been forwarded to the House of Commons all-party heritage committee for further study.[21][22][23][24]
China[edit]
Chinese flag at half-mast to mark to mourn for the victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.
The National Flag Law provides for a number of situations on which the flag should be flown at half-mast, and authorizes the State Council to make such executive orders:
On the death of the President, Premier, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and those who have made major contributions to the People's Republic of China, or to world peace or advancement of the mankind. For example, the flag was flown at half-mast after the deaths of Zhou Enlai (1976), Zhu De (1976), Mao Zedong (1976), Soong Ching-ling (1981), Hu Yaobang (1989), Li Xiannian (1992), Deng Xiaoping (1997) and Yang Shangkun (1998).
When major disasters happen, such as when the flag was flown at half-mast from 19 May to 21 May 2008, the three national mourning days for the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.
Finland[edit]
The Finnish flag flying at half-mast after the 2011 Norway attacks.
In Finland, the official term for flying a flag at half-mast is known as suruliputus (mourning by flag(ging)). It is performed by raising the flag briefly to the top of the mast and lowering it approximately one-third of the length of the flagpole, placing the lower hoist corner at half-mast. On wall-mounted and roof-top flagpoles the middle of the flag should fly at the middle of the flagpole. When removing the flag from half-mast, it is briefly hoisted to the finial before lowering.
Traditionally, private residences and apartment houses fly the national flag at half-mast on the day of the death of a resident, when the flag is displayed at half-mast until sunset or 21:00, whichever comes first. Flags are also flown at half-mast on the day of the burial, with the exception that the flag is to be hoisted to the finial after the inhumation takes place.
Flags are also to be flown at half-mast on the days of national mourning. Such days are the deaths of former or current Finnish presidents, as well as significant catastophical events such as the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, 2011 Norway attacks and significant national events such as the 2004 Konginkangas bus disaster and school shootings of Jokela and Kauhajoki.
Historically, flags were flown at half-mast on the Commemoration Day of Fallen Soldiers which takes place on the third Sunday of May. Originally, flag was raised to the finial in the morning, displayed at half-mast from 10:00 to 14:00, and again raised to the finial for the rest of the day. In 1995, the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War, the tradition of flying the flag at half-mast was discontinued and flag is displayed at the finial in a usual manner.
France[edit]
The French flag is flown half mast on any Day of Mourning by order of the government (for example after the Charlie Hebdo attack on 7 January 2015, the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015 and the Nice attack on 14 July 2016). Other countries have also flown the French flag at half mast because of this too. (Australia's Sydney Harbour Bridge flew the French flag at half mast because of the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015).
Some occurrences of the French flag being flown half mast have been controversial, especially after the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005[25] but also in a lesser measure at the time following the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953.[26]
Germany[edit]
Black ribbons indicate mourning on banners that cannot be lowered to halfmast
The flag of Germany and the flags of its federal states are flown at half-mast:
On 27 January, Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism;
On National Day of Mourning (33rd Sunday of Ordinary Time).
On any day of mourning by order of the federal president for all of Germany, or by order of a minister president for a particular state. E.g. upon the death of a current or former ranking politician or person of high esteem, or multiple deaths in accidents or natural disasters.
Greece[edit]
According to Law 851/1978, the only day specified on which the Greek flag is flown at half-mast is Good Friday. Also, on other national and public mourning days.
Hong Kong[edit]
Hong Kong SAR flag flown at half mast
Similar rules as in China apply for Hong Kong. See Flag of Hong Kong for details. Prior to the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, the rules for flying the flag at half-mast were the same as the British ones.
The HKSAR flag was flown at half-mast on 24–26 August 2010, for the fatalities of the Hong Thai Travel tourists in the 2010 Manila hostage crisis.
The national flag of the PRC was also flown at half-mast on 26 August in Hong Kong.
The HKSAR flag was flown at half-mast on 4–6 October 2012, for the Lamma Ferry Accident victims in which 39 people died.
India[edit]
The flag of India is flown at half-mast for the death of a President, Vice-President, or Prime Minister, all over India. For the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of India, it is flown in Delhi and for a Union Cabinet Minister it is flown in Delhi and the state capitals, from where he or she came. For a Minister of State, it is flown only in Delhi. For a Governor, Lt. Governor, or Chief Minister of a state or union territory, it is flown in the concerned state.
If the intimation of the death of any dignitary is received in the afternoon, the flag shall be flown at halfmast on the following day also at the place or places indicated above, provided the funeral has not taken place before sunrise on that day. On the day of the funeral of a dignitary mentioned above, the flag shall be flown at half-mast at the place of the funeral.
In the event of a halfmast day coinciding with the Republic Day, Independence Day, Mahatma Gandhi's birthday, National Week (6 to 13 April), any other particular day of national rejoicing as may be specified by the Government of India, or, in the case of a state, on the anniversary of formation of that state, flags are not permitted to be flown at half-mast except over the building where the body of the deceased is lying until it has been removed and that flag shall be raised to the full-mast position after the body has been removed.
Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs (Home Ministry) in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag on the above-mentioned days. India observed a five-day period of National Mourning on the death of Nelson Mandela in 2013.[27] India also declared 29 March 2015 as a day of National Mourning as a mark of respect to the former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew.
Iran[edit]
The flag of Iran is flown at half-mast on the death of a national figure or mourning days.
On 21 January 2017 Iran's flag was flown at half-mast worldwide to respect the victims of the Plasco Building collapse;[28]
On 10 January 2017 Iran's flag was flown at half-mast worldwide to respect the death of the national figure and late Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani who died on 8 January 2017[29]
Ireland[edit]
The flag of Ireland is flown at half-mast on the death of a national or international figure, that is, former and current Presidents or Taoiseach, on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole. The death of a prominent local figure can also be marked locally by the flag being flown at half-mast. When the national flag is flown at half-mast, no other flag should be half-masted. When a balcony in Berkeley, California, collapsed, killing six Irish people, flags were flown at half mast above all state buildings.
Israel[edit]
Flags in Israel at half mast on the eve of Yom HaShoah
The flag of Israel is flown at half-mast in Israel:
On Yom HaShoah, or the Holocaust Remembrance Day;[30]
On Yom Hazikaron, or Fallen Soldiers and Victims of Terrorism Remembrance Day;[31]
On other national days of mourning.
Italy[edit]
The flag of Italy was flown at half-mast after the 2013 Sardinia floods on 22 November 2013.
Indonesia[edit]
The flag of Indonesia is or has been flown half-mast during several occasions:
On 24 December remembering the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Aceh.
On 30 September remembering the 30 September Movement.
After the death of the president / vice president / former president or other great figures who have great influence for the region / country. For example: the Indonesian flag was raised half-mast for a week after Soekarno, Soeharto and Abdurrahman Wahid's death.
On other national days of mourning
Japan[edit]
The flag of Japan is flown at half-staff upon the death of the Emperor of Japan,[32] other members of the Imperial Family, or a current or former Prime Minister, and also following national disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. In addition to the tradition of half-staff, the national flag topped by black cloth may be flown to designate mourning.[33] See the flag of Japan for more.
Malaysia[edit]
The flag of Malaysia (Jalur Gemilang) is flown at half-mast all over the country:
On the death of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), for seven days from the day of announcement. All state and territorial flags are also flown at half-mast for seven days, while the national royal standard is flown at half-mast from the day of the announcement until the day of the election and inauguration of the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
On the death of the Raja Permaisuri Agong (Queen), for seven days from the day of announcement. All state and territorial flags are also flown at half-mast for seven days;
On the death of a state's Ruler or Governor, as well as the spouse of a Ruler or Governor, from the day of announcement until the day of the funeral. The state flag and state royal standard may be flown at half-mast for a longer period as determined by the state government;
On the death of the Prime Minister or acting Prime Minister, for three days from the day of announcement; or
When the Prime Minister's Department orders to flown the Malaysian flag at half-mast for some days.
As a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 and their family members, some states had their states flag flown at half-mast.[34] Similarly, as a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and their family members, the national flag was flown at half-mast for three days and also on the national day of mourning, 22 August 2014.[35] The 2015 Sabah earthquake had a mourning day and the flag half-mast on 8 June 2015.
Malta[edit]
Flag at half-mast in Żebbuġ, Malta for Good Friday 2014
The flag of Malta is flown at half-mast on government buildings by instruction of the government through the Office of the Prime Minister,[36] for example after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.[37]
Netherlands[edit]
Two flags half-mast at the Martinitoren in Groningen, Netherlands
The flag of the Netherlands is nationally flown at half-mast:
On remembrance day of the dead (May 4th).[38] After the formal 2-minutes of silence at 8 p.m., the flag used to be hoisted upon the playing of the National Anthem. Since 2001, it is allowed to leave the flag at half-mast, even after the two minutes of silence;
At the death of a member of the royal family;
By instruction of the Dutch government through the office of the Prime Minister in special situations, such as happened after the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in which 193 Dutch citizens died and the 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family on 30 April, Koninginnedag, which resulted in the deaths of seven by-standers.
The royal standard and other flags of the Dutch royal family are never flown at half-mast. Instead, a black pennon may be affixed to the flag in times of mourning.[39][40]
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand flag at half-mast to mark the death of Sir Edmund Hillary
For both government and public buildings, the flag of New Zealand is flown at half-mast for the following people:[41]
Monarch of New Zealand from the day of the announcement of their death up to and including the day of the funeral (However, it is flown at full-mast on Proclamation Day, the day when the new sovereign is announced);
Current and former Governors-General and Prime Ministers of New Zealand on the day of the announcement of their death and the day of their funerals;
Other members of the New Zealand Royal Family on the day of their funeral subject to a special command from the Queen or Governor-General;
Commonwealth of Nations Governors-General, Commonwealth Prime Ministers in office, Foreign and Commonwealth Heads of State on the day of the funeral;
In addition, it can also be flown at half-mast at the request of the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage. Examples of this are for the deaths of prominent New Zealanders (e.g. Sir Edmund Hillary[42] and Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, the Maori Queen[43]), and for national tragedies (e.g. the Pike River Mine disaster)
According to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage, the position is always referred to as half-mast. The flag should be at least its own height from the top of the flagpole, though the actual position will depend on the size of the flag and the length of the flagpole.[41]
Pakistan[edit]
The flag of Pakistan is routinely flown at half-mast on following days:
On 21 April, anniversary of the death of the National Poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1938);
On 11 September, anniversary of the death of the Father of the Nation Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1948);
On 16 October, anniversary of the death of the first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan (1952).
Any other day notified by the Government. For example, on the death of Saudi king King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, the flag was flown at half-mast for seven days (the flag of Saudi Arabia wasn't at half-mast because the flag contains the Shahada). Upon the Assassination of Benazir Bhutto, the flag was ordered to be flown at half-mast for three days.[citation needed] On the death of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, spiritual leader of Dawoodi Bohra community, the flag has been ordered by Sindh Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah, to be flown at half-mast for two days (17 and 18 January) to express solidarity with the bereaved community. In 2014, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced a three-day mourning period from 16 December, including flying the flag at half-mast nationwide and at all Embassies and High Commissions of Pakistan, for the attack on Army Public School in Peshawar.[44]
Philippines[edit]
The flag of the Philippines may be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning.[45] Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President, the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days. The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon the death of other persons to be determined by the National Historical Institute, for a period less than seven days. The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of Representatives, and such other persons as may be determined by the National Historical Institute. Such other people determined by the National Historical Institute have included Pope John Paul II, and former U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
As per Republic Act No. 229, flags nationwide are flown at half-mast every Rizal Day on December 30 to commemorate the death of national hero José Rizal.
When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half-mast position. It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day.
The flag may also be used to cover the caskets of the dead of the military, veterans of previous wars, national artists, and outstanding civilians as determined by the local government. In such cases, the flag must be placed such that the white triangle is at the head and the blue portion covers the right side of the casket. The flag should not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground, but should be solemnly folded and handed to the heirs of the deceased.
Flags must also be raised to half-mast immediately in any area recovering from natural disasters such as a typhoon or an earthquake.
Russia[edit]
The flag of Russia is flown at half-mast and (or) topped by black ribbon:
On 22 June as a reminder of the Nazi invasion of the USSR in 1941.
On the death of a current or former President of Russia.
On disasters causing more than 100 killed – across all the country upon Presidential proclamation.
On disasters causing more than 10 killed – in a suffering region upon proclamation of a Governor.
On other tragic occasions. For example, national mourning was proclaimed and all the state flags were flown at half-mast after the Polish President's plane crash near Smolensk, Russia despite the number of casualties being slightly fewer than 100. After the Assassination of Andrei Karlov, the Russian ambassador in Turkey, in December 2016, the Russian flag was flown in half-mast on all Russian embassies in the world.
All the regional flags and the departmental ensigns are flown at half-mast on national or regional mourning days as well as the national flag. Firms and non-governmental organizations, embassies and representatives of international organizations often join the mourning. National or regional mourning usually lasts for one day.
Saudi Arabia[edit]
The flag of Saudi Arabia is never flown at half-mast.
The flag of Saudi Arabia is one of the four flags in the world that are never flown at half-mast because it shows the Shahada. The flag of Somaliland, a self-declared state internationally recognized as part of Somalia, also displays the Shahada. The flag of Iraq bears the Takbir once. The flag of Afghanistan displays the Takbir beneath the Shahada on the top. Since all four bear the concept of oneness of God, the flags are never lowered to half-mast even as a sign of mourning.[citation needed]
Singapore[edit]
The flag of Singapore is flown at half-mast in Singapore following the deaths of an "important personage"[46] (such as state leaders) and during periods of national mourning. Examples include:
On the death of the fifth President (the first to be directly elected), Ong Teng Cheong, in February 2002, even though he did not receive a state funeral;
On the death of the fourth President, Wee Kim Wee, in 2005;
On the death of a former Cabinet Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, Goh Keng Swee, who had a state funeral on 23 May 2010;
On the death of a former Deputy Prime Minister, Toh Chin Chye, who was cremated on 7 February 2012;
On the death of the first Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, who died on 23 March 2015;
On the death of 7 pupils, 1 teacher and a guide from Tanjong Katong Primary School due to 2015 Sabah earthquake;
On the death of the sixth President of Singapore, S. R. Nathan, who died on 22 August 2016;
On the death of a former Cabinet Minister, Othman Wok, who died on 17 April 2017;
On the death of a former Cabinet Minister, Jek Yeun Thong, who died on 3 June 2018. [47]
South Africa[edit]
The flag of South Africa is flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning when ordered by the President of South Africa. Upon the official announcement of the death of the current or former President, the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days. The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death of the Deputy President, the Chairperson of NCOP, the Speaker of the National Assembly or the Chief Justice.[48] For example, the flag was flown at half-mast from 6–15 December 2013 during the national mourning period for Nelson Mandela.[49]
The flag was flown at half-mast during the week of national mourning following the Marikana massacre in August 2012.[50]
South Korea[edit]
The flag of South Korea (Taegeukgi) is flown at half-mast on Hyeonchungil (Korean Memorial Day).
Sri Lanka[edit]
The flag of Sri Lanka is nationally flown at half-mast on a National day of mourning.
Taiwan[edit]
ROC national flag flown half mast at the Presidential Office Building
The flag of the Republic of China is flown at half-mast on 28 February to mark the anniversary of the 28 February Incident. On 5 August 2014, Taiwan flew their flag in half-mast for three days to commemorate the victims of the Kaohsiung gas explosions and TransAsia Airways Flight 222 crash.[51]
Thailand[edit]
The flag of Thailand was flown at half-mast for 15 days to mourn for the victims of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
The flag of Thailand was flown at half-mast from 2 January to 15 January 2008 on the death of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas.
Also from 14 October to 13 November 2016 the flag of Thailand was flown half-mast for 30 days; following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX).
Turkey[edit]
Turkish flags at half mast after the 2016 Atatürk Airport attack
The flag of Turkey is flown at half-mast throughout Turkey every 10 November, between 09:05 and the sunset, in memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who died on 10 November 1938 at five past nine in the morning. At other times, the government may issue an order for the national flag to be flown at half-mast upon the death of principal figures of the Turkish political life as a mark of respect to their memory (such as Turgut Özal). When such an order is issued, all government buildings, offices, public schools and military bases are to fly their flags at half-mast. To show the sympathy of Turkish people to a foreign leader, flags are also flown at half-mast by governmental order (such as after the deaths of Yasser Arafat or Pope John Paul II). The flag at the Grand National Assembly in Ankara is never lowered to half-mast, regardless of the occasion. The flag at Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of Turkey, is only lowered to half-mast on November 10. At those times when the flag is to be flown at half-mast, it must first be raised to full height, then lowered to half-mast.
United Arab Emirates[edit]
The flag of the United Arab Emirates is flown at half mast on 30 November (Martyrs' Day) of every year from 08:00 to 11:30. The flag is also flown at half mast by decree of the President of the United Arab Emirates usually for three days. Each of the seven Emirs has the right to order flags to be flown at half mast in his Emirate.
United Kingdom[edit]
Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga, Oxford, with the flag of the Holy See flying at half-mast the day after the death of Pope John Paul II.
The Royal Standard, the flag of the British monarch, is never flown at half-mast, because there is always a living monarch: the throne passes immediately to the successor.
There was some controversy in the United Kingdom in 1997 following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales that no flag was flying at half-mast at Buckingham Palace. Until 1997, the only flag to fly from Buckingham Palace was the Royal Standard, the official flag of the reigning British sovereign, which would only fly when the sovereign was in residence at the Palace (or, exceptionally, after the death of the sovereign, the flag of the next senior member of the Royal Family would be raised, if the new sovereign were not present); otherwise, no flag would fly.
In response to public outcry[52] that the palace was not flying a flag at half mast, Queen Elizabeth II ordered a break with protocol, replacing the Royal Standard with the Union Flag at half-mast as soon as the Queen left the Palace to attend the Princess's funeral at Westminster Abbey. The Royal Standard was again flown (at full hoist) on her return to the Palace. Since then, the Union Flag flies from the Palace when the Queen is not in residence, and has flown at half mast upon the deaths of members of the Royal Family, such as Princess Margaret and the Queen Mother in 2002 and other times of national mourning such as following the terrorist bombings in London on 7 July 2005.
In the UK, the correct way to fly the flag at half-mast is two-thirds between the bottom and top of the flagstaff, with at least the width of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole according to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, which decides the flying, on command of the Sovereign. The flag may be flown on a government building at half-mast on the following days:
From the announcement of the death up to the funeral of the Sovereign, except on Proclamation Day when flags are hoisted to full-mast, from 11am until sunset;
The funerals of members of the royal family, upon command of the Sovereign;
The funerals of foreign rulers, upon command of the Sovereign;
The funerals of prime ministers and ex-prime ministers of the UK, upon command of the Sovereign;
Other occasions, by special command of the Sovereign.
According to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, the correct term is Half Mast.[53]
If a flag flying day coincides with a half-mast flag flying day (including the death of a member of the royal family), the flag is flown at full-mast unless a specific command is received from the Sovereign.
If more than one flag is flown on a half-mast day, they must all be flown at half-mast, or not at all. The flag of a foreign nation must never be flown at half-mast on UK soil unless that country has declared mourning.[54]
United Nations[edit]
At the United Nations offices in New York and Geneva, the flag of the United Nations flies at half-mast on the day after the death of a Head of State or a Head of Government of a member state, but generally not during the funeral.[55] Other occasions are at the Secretary-General's discretion. Other offices may follow local practice. To honor the memory of Dag Hammarskjöld the UN issued postage stamps showing its flag at half-mast.
United States[edit]
The flag at the Capitol Building flies at half-staff in honor of President Ronald Reagan, 2004
The United States flag flying at half-staff at sunset.
In the United States, the usual government term for non-nautical use is "half-staff." While the term "half-mast" is commonly used in place of half-staff, U.S. law and post-WW-I military tradition indicate that "half-mast" is reserved to usage aboard a ship, where flags are typically flown from masts, and at naval ships ashore.[56][57] Elsewhere ashore, flags are flown at "half-staff." In addition, flags are lowered to half-staff, not raised.[58][better source needed]
In the United States, the President can issue an executive order for the flag of the United States to be flown at half-staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States government and others, as a mark of respect to their memory. When such an order is issued, all government buildings, offices, public schools, and military bases are to fly their flags at half-staff. Under federal law (4 U.S.C. § 7(f)), the flags of states, cities, localities, and pennants of societies, shall never be placed above the flag of the United States; thus, all other flags also fly at half-staff when the U.S. flag has been ordered to fly at half-staff. There is no penalty for failure to comply with the above law as to enforce such a penalty would violate the First Amendment.[citation needed]
Governors of U.S. states and territories are authorized by federal law to order all U.S. and state flags in their jurisdiction flown at half-staff as a mark of respect for a former or current state official who has died, or for a member of the armed forces who has died in active duty. The governor's authority to issue the order is more restricted than the president's, and does not include discretion to issue the order for state residents who do not meet the criteria stated. Since a governor's executive order affects only his or her state, not the entire country, these orders are distinguished from presidential proclamations.
Under 4 U.S.C. § 7(m) and established traditions by Presidential proclamations, the flag of the United States is to be flown at half-staff on rare occasions, in the following circumstances:[59]
For thirty days after the death of a current or former president or president-elect, as occurred after the death of President Reagan and the death of President Ford.
For ten days after the death of a current vice president, current or retired chief justice, or current Speaker of the House of Representatives.
From the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a secretary of an executive or military department, a former vice president, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate,[60] or the governor of a state, territory, or possession.
On the day of death and the following day for a Member of Congress.
On Memorial Day until noon.
Every September 11 in remembrance of the September 11 attacks.[61]
Upon presidential proclamation, usually after the death of other notable figures or tragic events.[62]
Federal law includes a Congressional request that the flag be flown at half-staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day (May 15), unless that day is also Armed Forces Day. Presidential proclamations also call for the flag to be flown at half-staff on Pearl Harbour Remembrance Day (December 7),[63] and Patriot Day (September 11).[64]
On October 16, 2001, President George W. Bush approved legislation requiring the United States flag to be lowered to half-staff on all Federal buildings to memorialize fallen firefighters. Pub.L. 107–51 requires this action to occur annually in conjunction with observance of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service.[65] The date of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service is traditionally the first Sunday in October. It is held at the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial in Emmitsburg, Maryland.[66]
4 U.S.C. § 7(m) was modified with new legislation signed into effect on June 29, 2007, by President Bush, requiring any federal facility within a region, which proclaims half-staff to honor a member of the U.S. Armed Forces who died on active duty, to follow the half-staff proclamation.[67]
Vietnam[edit]
Apart from the lowered position of the flag of Vietnam, state mourning also warrants a black ribbon 1/10 the width of the flag's width and equal to the length of the flag to be tied at the summit. Variants have the black ribbon wrapped around the flag itself, preventing it from being unfurled.[68]
Zimbabwe[edit]
The flag of Zimbabwe is flown at half-mast at the conferment of National Hero Status to the deceased. As a first-generation[discuss] republic, adjudication over such a status is currently done by the politburo of the ZANU–PF.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Black ribbon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Flags at half mast".
Jump up ^ "Half-Staff versus Half-Mast: Which is correct?". CollinsFlags.com. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
Jump up ^ Trex, Ethan (20 December 2012). "Why are flags flown at half-staff in times of mourning?". The Week. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Bartram, G., A Guide to Flag Protocol in the United Kingdom Archived 2013-08-11 at the Wayback Machine., an extract from the book British Flags and Emblems", The Flag Institute.
Jump up ^ "What is the proper etiquette for lowering the flag to half mast?". The Flag Shop. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Basic Flag Protocol and Etiquette". Newton Newton Flag & Banner Makers Limited. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Flags at half-mast". The Flag Institute.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is the proper procedure to fly your flag at half-staff?". American Flag & Pole Co. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
Jump up ^ FitzSimons, Peter. "There is a way Phillip Hughes' proud legacy can live on". Retrieved 28 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, Malcolm (28 November 2014). "Phillip Hughes a cut above the rest". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Phillip Hughes: Tributes flow from international community as flags fly at half-mast at Lord's" (ABC News). 28 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "MH17: Australian flags to be flown at half-mast as nation mourns victims". 19 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Hasham, Nicole (16 December 2014). "Sydney siege ends: flags to fly at half mast and floral tributes at Martin Place". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Remeikis, Amy (16 December 2014). "Flags fly at half mast in Queensland to honour Sydney siege victims". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Why are the flags on the Harbour Bridge half-mast?".
Jump up ^ "Rules for Half-masting the National Flag of Canada". Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Flags at Half Mast Everywhere and Amusement Places Closed". The New York Times. 1901-01-23. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "Conservatives decide not to lower the Canadian flag to fly the flag at half-mast every time a Canadian soldier is killed". CBC. 2006-04-01. Archived from the original on 2011-01-20. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Peace Tower flag will not be lowered for military deaths". CBC. 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
Jump up ^ "Sask. flags at half-mast for fallen soldier". CBC. 2006-08-09. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
Jump up ^ Greenaway, Norma (2008-04-02). "Conservatives lose flag vote". CanWest Global Communications. Archived from the original on 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
Jump up ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada: Ceremonial Procedures Archived 2007-06-20 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: Rules for Flying the Flag
Jump up ^ Channel, Government of Canada, Service Canada, Citizen Service Branch, Digital Service Directorate, Web; Web, Gouvernement du Canada, Service Canada, Direction générale de service aux citoyens, La Direction du service numérique, Services. "Canada.ca". www.canadianheritage.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Drapeaux en berne et le deuil du pape". Le Monde.fr.
Jump up ^ "Drapeaux en berne : un honneur rare pour une personnalité étrangère". 6 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "5-day state mourning in India as a mark of respect to Nelson Mandela – The Times of India". The Times Of India.
Jump up ^ "Flag of Iran is flown half-mast". Retrieved 2017-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Flag of Iran is flown half-mast". Retrieved 2017-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Holidays — Holocaust Remembrance Day". Retrieved 2010-10-23.
Jump up ^ "Memorial Day Law for the Fallen of Israel's Wars (unofficial translation)". Retrieved 2010-10-23.
Jump up ^ "天皇陛下崩御に際しての弔意奉表について：文部科学省".
Jump up ^ "外務省: 国際儀礼（プロトコール）　～伝統的な国家間のマナー".
Jump up ^ "It falls under their prerogative, says government official – Nation – The Star Online".
Jump up ^ migration (18 July 2014). "Malaysia Airlines MH17 crash: Flags to fly at half-mast over next three days, says Najib".
Jump up ^ "Flags, Symbols and their uses". Government of Malta. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Flags at half mast". Times of Malta. 1 January 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. "Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties".
Jump up ^ "Personal flags". www.royal-house.nl. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "The royal standard of King Willem-Alexander flies with a mourning..." Getty Images. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Flying the New Zealand flag".
Jump up ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary dies". 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Half-masting of New Zealand flag". Archived from the original on 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ "At least 141 dead in Taliban school attack in PeshawarARY NEWS".
Jump up ^ "Republic Act No. 8491". Archived from the original on 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2009-06-08. (archived from the original on 2007-12-05).
Jump up ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Cap. 296, R 1, 2004 Rev. Ed.)
Jump up ^ "Singapore's Government extends condolences after death of PAP pioneer Jek Yeun Thong". channelnewsasia.com. June 6, 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Government Notice: Instructions regarding the flying of the national flag of South Africa". Government of South Africa. 8 June 2001. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nelson Mandela dead: Full address to the nation by President Jacob Zuma". The Independent. London. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Flags to fly at half mast for a week". The Mercury. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Flags flying at half-mast to mourn explosions, air crash". The China Post. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Andrew (August 18, 2007). "Royal Family learnt lesson over Princess Diana". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
Jump up ^ See Flying Flags in the United Kingdom: a Guide to Britain's Flag Protocol
Jump up ^ "Flying Flags in the United Kingdom - A Guide to Britain's Flag Protocol" (PDF). Flag Institute. The Flag Institute/The Flags & Heraldry Committee. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Jump up ^ UN flag code and regulations
Jump up ^ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". Archived from the original on 2008-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Does a Flag Fly at Half-Staff or Half-Mast? USA Flag Site".
Jump up ^ "Sept. 8 Confused Words flashcards - Quizlet".
Jump up ^ 4 U.S.C. § 7(m)
Jump up ^ "Nixon's Proclamation 3948 establishing the expectation that the flag will be raised to half-mast upon the death of certain designated officials". presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Honoring the Victims of the Incidents on Tuesday, September 11, 2001" (Press release). White House. September 12, 2001. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Flying the American Flag at Half Staff" (PDF). U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2007" (Press release). White House. December 4, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Patriot Day, 2007" (Press release). White House. September 4, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ "National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service". The Library of Congress. October 16, 2001. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
Jump up ^ "National Fallen Firefighters Monument". National Fallen Firefighters Foundation. October 1, 1981. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Code Modifications for Half-Staff at a Federal Facility". "When to fly the flag at half mast", gettysburgflag.com. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
Jump up ^ giaoduc.net.vn (6 October 2013). "Cách treo cờ rủ Lễ tang Đại Tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags at half staff.
Look up half-mast or half-staff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Australian protocols for flying at half-mast
British Flag Protocol
Canadian Heritage announcements of half-masting
Canadian rules for half-masting
US Flag Code Concerning Flag Display
Calendar of Presidential and Gubernatorial half-staff orders for United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-mast&oldid=847193794"
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Napoleon (Animal Farm)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This boar is the breed, a Berkshire, that Napoleon is described as
Napoleon
First appearance
Animal Farm
Last appearance
Animal Farm (Only Appearance)
Created by
George Orwell
Voiced by
Maurice Denham (1954 film)
Patrick Stewart (1999 film)
Information
Species
Berkshire boar
Occupation
President (Dictator) of Animal Farm[1]
Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend is a fictional character and the main antagonist in George Orwell's Animal Farm.[2] He is described as "a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar" who is "not much of a talker" and has "a reputation for getting his own way". While he is at first a common farm pig, he exiles Snowball, another pig, who is his rival for power, and then takes advantage of the animals' uprising against their masters to eventually become the tyrannical "President" of Animal Farm, which he turns into a dictatorship. Napoleon's greatest crime, however, is his complete transformation into Mr. Jones (original owner of Animal Farm), although Napoleon is a much more harsh and stern master than Mr. Jones is made out to be.[3][4]
In some early French-language versions of Animal Farm, the pig is named César. More recent translations keep the original name.
Napoleon in the allegory[edit]
Napoleon was based on Joseph Stalin,[5] who ruled the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1953. He is presumed to be named after the French emperor. Napoleon and Snowball mirrors the relationship between Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Trotsky supported Permanent Revolution (just as Snowball advocated overthrowing other farm owners), while Stalin supported Socialism in One Country (similar to Napoleon's idea of teaching the animals to use firearms, instead). When it seems Snowball will win the election for his plans, Napoleon calls in the dogs he has raised to chase Snowball from the farm. This is the first time the dogs have been seen since Napoleon took them in and raised them to act as his secret police.
Later on, after ostracizing Snowball, Napoleon ordered the construction of the windmill, which had been designed by Snowball and which he had opposed vigorously (just as Stalin opposed Trotsky's push for large scale industrialization, then adopted it as a policy when Trotsky was in exile), so as to show the animals that he could be just as inventive as Snowball. The other animals are told it was Napoleon's idea and that Snowball had stolen it. When the primitive windmill collapses after a storm, due to Napoleon's poor planning (a reference to Stalin's backward approach to the Five-Year Plans), Napoleon blames Snowball and starts a wave of terror (a reference to the Great Purge). During this period, he orders the execution of several of the animals after coercing their "confessions" of wrongdoing. He then commands the building of a second, stronger windmill, while severely cutting rations of the animals, except those of the pigs and dogs.
He later makes a deal with Frederick (similar to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact shortly before World War II). Frederick tricks Napoleon by paying him for the timber with counterfeit money and then invading the farm (much as Germany broke its pact and invaded the Soviet Union). During the Battle of the Windmill, the windmill is destroyed; although the animals win, they pay a high price. Napoleon attempts to cover the losses by stating it was a grand victory for the animals.
Although Napoleon exhorts the other animals to fight and die for the good of the farm, he himself is a coward and a lazy one at that, in contrast to Snowball, who was more concerned with the welfare of his animal friends than his power. Napoleon uses corrupt historical revisionism to portray himself as a hero, claiming responsibility for the animals' victory in the Battle of the Cowshed, when in reality it was Snowball who had performed heroic acts in this battle. Snowball's acts are denigrated through baldfaced lies about him collaborating with Jones all along and openly supporting Jones during the battle. Snowball was wounded in the back by buckshot, but it is claimed Napoleon inflicted the wounds with his teeth. Napoleon spends most of his time inside, giving his orders through other pigs, like the cunning orator Squealer, who helps spread support for him and changes the commandments. Napoleon declares the farm a republic, and a president is elected; as the only candidate, Napoleon is elected unanimously.
During his time in power he also, through Squealer, secretly changes the Seven Commandments' prohibition against killing, drinking, and sleeping in beds, allowing his followers and him to break the original commandments, because the other animals (except for Benjamin, the cynical donkey) are not clever enough to notice, or they blame their own memories if they think they have noticed.
Ultimately, Napoleon becomes an oppressive dictator and seems to become one of the cruel humans through his adoption of human ways. The pigs start walking on their hind legs and wearing clothes near the end of the book. The commandments are changed to say, famously, that all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.
The novel ends with Napoleon meeting with Pilkington of Foxwood farm and other farmers, who claim the animals here work longer for less food than on other farms they have seen. Napoleon tells the other farmers that he has decided to abolish the use of "comrade" and declares that the farm shall revert to its original name of Manor Farm. Pilkington and he, just after declaring their similarities, fight after they both draw an ace of spades at a card game. The pigs have become so much like humans, both in behavior and appearance, that the animals watching through a window from the outside cannot tell man and pig apart.[6]
Films[edit]
In the 1954 film, Napoleon is voiced by Maurice Denham, and in the 1999 film, he is voiced by Patrick Stewart.
In the ending of the 1954 film, Napoleon wears dictator-like clothing and pictures of him are put up signifying a cult of personality. In this version, the story ends with a mob of animals led by Benjamin seemingly killing Napoleon and the other pigs when they destroy the farmhouse's dining room, where the other pigs and he are having a meeting. This rather unsubtle change to a "happy" ending was done to make the story more politically correct, while at the same time abandoning Orwell's overall theme, which is the inevitability of mass uprisings that remove one dictator only to put another in his place. The 1999 film did not feature a specific revolution against Napoleon, but it did feature several animals fleeing his regime to hide in an area outside the farm, returning only after Napoleon's madness resulted in the destruction of the old farm and his own death.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Animal Farm Characters". GradeSaver.com. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "How Does Napoleon take and maintain control of Animal Farm?". Marked By Teachers. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon (a pig) in Animal Farm". Shmoop. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Animal Farm: Napoleon (Character analysis)". Cliff's Notes. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ "SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Napoleon". SparkNotes. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Orwell, George. Animal Farm, page 141, Signet Classics, 1996. ISBN 978-0-451-52634-2
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