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Epistle of James
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Not to be confused with Gospel of James.
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The Epistle of James (Ancient Greek: Ἰάκωβος, translit. Iakōbos), the Book of James, or simply James, is one of the twenty-one epistles (didactic letters) in the New Testament.
The author identifies himself as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ," who is writing to "the twelve tribes scattered abroad" (James 1:1). The epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus (James the Just),[1][2] and the audience is generally considered to be Jewish Christians, who were dispersed outside Palestine due to persecution.[3]
Framed within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and temptations, James writes to encourage believers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ. He wants his readers to mature in their faith in Christ by living what they say they believe. He condemns various sins, including pride, hypocrisy, favouritism, and slander. He encourages believers to humbly live by godly rather than worldly wisdom and to pray in all situations.
Within the New Testament canon, the Epistle of James is noteworthy because it makes no reference to the death, resurrection, or divine sonship of Jesus. It refers to Jesus twice, as "the Lord Jesus Christ" and as "our glorious Lord Jesus Christ" (James 1:1, 2:1).
Contents
[hide]
1 Authorship
2 Dating
3 Genre
4 Structure
5 Historical context
6 Doctrine
6.1 Justification
6.2 Anointing of the Sick
7 Canonicity
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Authorship[edit]
According to Robert J. Foster, "there is little consensus as to the genre, structure, dating, and authorship of the book of James."[4] There are four "commonly espoused" views concerning authorship and dating of the Epistle of James:[5]
the letter was written by James before the Pauline Epistles,
the letter was written by James after the Pauline Epistles,
the letter is pseudonymous,
the letter comprises material originally from James but reworked by a later editor.[6]
The writer refers to himself only as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ."[Jas 1:1] As many as six different men in the Bible are named James, and if none of them wrote this letter, some other man not mentioned might be the author.[citation needed]
Jesus had two apostles named James: James, the son of Zebedee and James, the son of Alphaeus, but it is unlikely that either of these wrote the letter. According to the Book of Acts, James, the son of Zebedee, was martyred about 44 AD.[7] That would be very early for him to have been the writer. The other apostle James, the son of Alphaeus, is not prominent in the Scriptural record, and very little is known about him.[citation needed]
Rather, evidence points to James, the brother of Jesus, to whom Jesus evidently had made a special appearance after his resurrection described in the New Testament. This James was prominent among the disciples.[8][9] The writer of the letter of James identifies himself as "a slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" in much the same way as did Jude, who introduced the Epistle of Jude by calling himself "a slave of Jesus Christ, but a brother of James" (Jas 1:1; Jude 1). Furthermore, the salutation of his letter concludes with the term “greetings" (Greek χαίρειν), much like the letter on circumcision that was sent to the congregations.[10] In the latter instance it was apparently Jesus's brother, James, who spoke prominently in the assembly of "the apostles and the older men" at Jerusalem.[11]
From the middle of the 3rd century, patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James, the brother of Jesus and a leader of the Jerusalem church.[3] Not numbered among the Twelve Apostles unless he is identified as James the Less,[12] James was nonetheless a very important figure: Paul described him as "the brother of the Lord" in Galatians 1:19 and as one of the three "pillars of the Church" in 2:9.
Pseudonymous authorship (3 above) implies that the person named "James" is respected and doubtless well known. Moreover, this James, brother of Jesus, is honored by the epistle written and distributed after the lifetime of James, the brother of Jesus.[13]
John Calvin and others suggested that the author was the Apostle James, son of Alphaeus, who is referred to as James the Less. The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denied it was the work of an apostle and termed it an "epistle of straw"[14] as compared to some other books in the New Testament, partly because of the conflict he thought it raised with Paul on the doctrine of justification (see below).[citation needed]
Dating[edit]
The first page of James in Minuscule 319, a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament.
Many scholars consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries:[15]
The author introduces himself merely as "a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" without invoking any special family relationship to Jesus.
The cultured Greek language of the Epistle, it is contended, could not have been written by a Jerusalem Jew. Some scholars argue for a primitive version of the letter composed by James and then later polished by another writer.[16]
The epistle was only gradually accepted into the canon of the New Testament.
Some see parallels between James and 1 Peter, 1 Clement, and the Shepherd of Hermas and take this to reflect the socio-economic situation Christians were dealing with in the late 1st or early 2nd century. It thus could have been written anywhere in the Empire that Christians spoke Greek. There are some scholars who argued for Syria.[16]
Other scholars, such as Luke Timothy Johnson, suggest an early dating for the Epistle of James:
"The Letter of James also, according to the majority of scholars who have carefully worked through its text in the past two centuries, is among the earliest of New Testament compositions. It contains no reference to the events in Jesus' life, but it bears striking testimony to Jesus' words. Jesus' sayings are embedded in James' exhortations in a form that is clearly not dependent on the written Gospels."[17]
If written by James the brother of Jesus, it would have been written sometime before AD 69 (or AD 62), when he was martyred. Jerusalem would also be the place of writing.[18][citation needed]
The earliest extant manuscripts of James usually date to the mid-to-late 3rd century.[6]
Genre[edit]
James is considered New Testament wisdom literature: "like Proverbs and Sirach, it consists largely of moral exhortations and precepts of a traditional and eclectic nature."[19]
The content of James is directly parallel, in many instances, to sayings of Jesus found in the gospels of Luke and Matthew, i.e., those attributed to the Q Source. Compare, e.g., "Do not swear at all, either by heaven...or by the earth....Let your word be 'Yes, Yes' or 'No, No'; anything more than this comes from the evil one" (Matthew 5:34, 37) and "...do not swear either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath, but let your 'Yes' be yes and your 'No' be no, so that you may not fall under condemnation" (James 5:12). According to James Tabor, the epistle of James contains "no fewer than thirty direct references, echoes, and allusions to the teachings of Jesus found in the Q source."[20]
Structure[edit]
Some view the epistle as having no overarching outline: "James may have simply grouped together small 'thematic essays' without having more linear, Greco-Roman structures in mind."[21] That view is generally supported by those who believe that the epistle may not be a true piece of correspondence between specific parties but an example of wisdom literature, formulated as a letter for circulation. The Catholic Encyclopedia says, "the subjects treated of in the Epistle are many and various; moreover, St. James not infrequently, whilst elucidating a certain point, passes abruptly to another, and presently resumes once more his former argument."[3]
Others view the letter as having only broad topical or thematic structure. They generally organize James under three (Ralph Martin[22]) to seven (Luke Johnson[23]) general key themes or segments.
A third group believes that James was more purposeful in structuring his letter, linking each paragraph theologically and thematically:
James, like the gospel writers, can be seen as a purposeful theologian, carefully weaving his smaller units together into larger fabrics of thought and using his overall structure to prioritize his key themes.
—  Blomberg and Kamell[21]
The third view of the structuring of James is a historical approach that is supported by scholars who are not content with leaving the book as "New Testament wisdom literature, like a small book of proverbs" or "like a loose collection of random pearls dropped in no particular order onto a piece of string."[24]
A fourth group uses modern discourse analysis or Greco-Roman rhetorical structures to describe the structure of James.[25]
The United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament divides the letter into the following sections:
Salutation (1:1)
Faith and Wisdom (1:2–8)
Poverty and Riches (1:9-11)
Trial and Temptation (1:12–18)
Hearing and Doing the Word (1:19–27)
Warning against Partiality (2:1–13)
Faith and Works (2:14–26)[26]
The Tongue (3:1–12)
The Wisdom from Above (3:13–18)
Friendship with the World (4:1–10)
Judging a Brother (4:11–12)
Warning against Boasting (4:13–17)
Warning to the Rich (5:1–6)
Patience and Prayer (5:7–20)[27]
Historical context[edit]
Understanding the circumstances of James' writing helps scholars better understand James' organization of the letter. They view the epistle as having a legitimate purpose for its composition, a response to the suffering of its recipients.[citation needed]
A 2013 journal article[28] explores a violent historical background behind the epistle and offers the suggestion that it was indeed written by James, the brother of Jesus, and it was written before AD 62, the year he was killed.[29] The 50s saw the growth of turmoil and violence in Roman Judea, as Jews became more and more frustrated with corruption, injustice and poverty. It continued into the 60s, four years before James was killed. War broke out with Rome and would lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the scattering of the people. The epistle is renowned for exhortations on fighting poverty and caring for the poor in practical ways (1:26–27; 2:1-4; 2:14-19; 5:1-6), standing up for the oppressed (2:1-4; 5:1-6) and not being "like the world" in the way one responds to evil in the world (1:26-27; 2:11; 3:13-18; 4:1-10). Worldly wisdom is rejected and people are exhorted to embrace heavenly wisdom, which includes peacemaking and pursuing righteousness and justice (3:13-18).
This approach sees the epistle as a real letter[30] with a real immediate purpose: to encourage Christian Jews not to revert to violence in their response to injustice and poverty but to stay focused on doing good, staying holy and to embrace the wisdom of heaven, not that of the world.[citation needed]
Doctrine[edit]
Justification[edit]
Main articles: justification (theology), Justification by faith alone, and Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification
It contains the following famous passage concerning salvation and justification:
14What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can that faith save him?15If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food, 16and one of you says to them, “Go in peace, be warmed and filled,” without giving them the things needed for the body, what good is that? 17So also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead.

18But someone will say, “You have faith and I have works.” Show me your faith apart from your works, and I will show you my faith by my works. 19You believe that God is one; you do well. Even the demons believe—and shudder! 20Do you want to be shown, you foolish person, that faith apart from works is useless? 21Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar? 22You see that faith was active along with his works, and faith was completed by his works; 23and the Scripture was fulfilled that says, “Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness”—and he was called a friend of God. 24You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone. 25And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way?26For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, so also faith apart from works is dead.[31]
That passage has been cited in Christian theological debates, especially regarding the doctrine of justification. Gaius Marius Victorinus (4th century) associated James's teaching on works with the heretical Symmachian sect, followers of Symmachus the Ebionite, and openly questioned whether James' teachings were heretical. This passage has also been contrasted with the teachings of Paul the Apostle on justification. Some scholars even believe that the passage is a response to Paul.[32] One issue in the debate is the meaning of the Greek word δικαιόω (dikaiόō) 'render righteous or such as he ought to be',[33] with some among the participants taking the view that James is responding to a misunderstanding of Paul.[34]
Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy have historically argued that the passage disproves the doctrine of justification by faith alone (or sola fide),[35][36] The early and many modern Protestants resolve the apparent conflict between James and Paul regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox:[37]
Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error. The errorists Paul was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God's favor. Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law (Galatians 2:16; Romans 3:21-22). Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive, showing thanks to God in deeds of love (Galatians 5:6 ['...since in Christ Jesus it is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything - only faith working through love.']). James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they didn't need to show love by a life of faith (James 2:14-17). James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive, showing itself to be so by deeds of love (James 2:18,26). James and Paul both teach that salvation is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus.[38]
Anointing of the Sick[edit]
The epistle is also the chief biblical text for the Anointing of the Sick. James wrote:
14Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. 15And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven.[39]
G. A. Wells suggested that the passage was evidence of late authorship of the epistle, on the grounds that the healing of the sick being done through an official body of presbyters (elders) indicated a considerable development of ecclesiastical organisation "whereas in Paul's day to heal and work miracles pertained to believers indiscriminately (I Corinthians, XII:9)."[40]
Canonicity[edit]
See also: Antilegomena and Biblical canon
The Epistle was first explicitly referred to and quoted by Origen of Alexandria, and possibly a bit earlier by Irenaeus of Lyons[41] as well as Clement of Alexandria in a lost work according to Eusebius, although it was not mentioned by Tertullian, who was writing at the end of the Second Century.[40] It is also absent from the Muratorian fragment, the earliest known list of New Testament books.[citation needed]
The Epistle of James was included among the twenty-seven New Testament books first listed by Athanasius of Alexandria in his Thirty-Ninth Festal Epistle (AD 367)[42] and was confirmed as a canonical epistle of the New Testament by a series of councils in the Fourth Century. Today, virtually all denominations of Christianity consider this book to be a canonical epistle of the New Testament.[citation needed]
In the first centuries of the Church the authenticity of the Epistle was doubted by some, including Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia. Because of the silence of several of the western churches regarding it, Eusebius classes it among the Antilegomena or contested writings (Historia ecclesiae, 3.25; 2.23). Jerome gives a similar appraisal but adds that with time it had been universally admitted.[citation needed] Gaius Marius Victorinus, in his commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, openly questioned whether the teachings of James were heretical.[43]
Its late recognition in the Church, especially in the West, may be explained by the fact that it was written for or by Jewish Christians, and therefore not widely circulated among the Gentile Churches. There is some indication that a few groups distrusted the book because of its doctrine. In Reformation times a few theologians, most notably Martin Luther in his early career,[44] argued that this epistle should not be part of the canonical New Testament.[45][46]
Martin Luther's description of the Epistle of James changes. In some cases, Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle; but in other cases, he describes James as the work of an apostle.[47] He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God[48] and describes James as "a good book, because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God."[49] Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament, citing its authority in the Book of Concord,[44] however it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena.[50]
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Epistle of James
Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
Protevangelium of James
Pauline Christianity
Textual variants in the Epistle of James
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Davids, Peter H (1982). I Howard Marshall and W Ward Gasque, ed. New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Epistle of James (Repr. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN 0802823882.
Jump up ^ Evans, Craig A (2005). Craig A Evans, ed. Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: John, Hebrews-Revelation. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Victor. ISBN 0781442281.
^ Jump up to: a b c Camerlynck, Achille (1910). "Epistle of St James". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert J. Foster (23 September 2014). The Significance of Exemplars for the Interpretation of the Letter of James. Mohr Siebeck. p. 8. ISBN 978-3-16-153263-4.
Jump up ^ Dan G. McCartney (1 November 2009). James. Baker Academic. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-8010-2676-8.
^ Jump up to: a b McCartney, Dan G (2009). Robert W Yarbrough and Robert H Stein, ed. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: James. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. ISBN 0801026768.
Jump up ^ See Acts 12:1–2
Jump up ^ See Matthew 13:55; Acts 21:15–25;1 Corinthians 15:7; and Galatians 1:19, 2:9
Jump up ^ Moo, Douglas J (2000). D A Carson, ed. The Letter of James. Grand Rapids: Wm B Eerdmans Publishing co. ISBN 0802837301.
Jump up ^ Cf. James 1:1 and Acts 15:23.
Jump up ^ Adam Clarke,1821, commentary on 5:13, 22, 23.
Jump up ^ Bechtel, Florentine. "The Brethren of the Lord". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 May 2012. His identity with James the Less (Mark 15:40) and the Apostle James, the son of Alpheus (Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18), although contested by many Protestant critics, may also be considered as certain.
Jump up ^ Shillington, V. George (2015). James and Paul: The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 65–96. ISBN 978-1-4514-8213-3.
Jump up ^ "History of the Christian Church, book 7, chapter 4".
Jump up ^ "Epistle of James". Early Christian Writings. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b John Barton and John Muddiman, ed. (2001). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1256. ISBN 0198755007.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Luke Timothy (1996). The Real Jesus. HarperOne. p. 121. ISBN 0060641665.
Jump up ^ "Epistle of James | Theopedia". www.theopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Laws, Sophie (1993). The HarperCollins Study Bible. San Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 2052. ISBN 0060655267.
Jump up ^ Tabor, James D. (2012). Paul and Jesus: How the Apostle Transformed Christianity. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4391-2332-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Blomberg, Craig (2008). James. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 23. ISBN 9780310244028.
Jump up ^ Martin, Ralph (1988). James. Waco, TX: WBC. p. xcviii - civ.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Luke (2000). The Letter of James. Grand Rapids: Pillar. pp. 11–16.
Jump up ^ Some numerous writers and commentators assume so, like William Barclay, The Daily Study Bible, rev. ed., 17 vols. (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1976), Vol 14, The Letters of James and Peter, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Mark (2006). A Linguistic Investigation into the Discource Structure of James. London: T&T Clark. ISBN 9780310244028.
Jump up ^ "Faith versus Works".
Jump up ^ Eberhard Nestle, ed. (2011). Greek New Testament With Revised Concise Greek-English Dictionary (4th Revised ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1598567209.
Jump up ^ Jim Reiher, "Violent Language – a clue to the Historical Occasion of James." Evangelical Quarterly. Vol. LXXXV No. 3. July 2013
Jump up ^ On the death of James, see Josephus Antiquities, 20.9.1 and Eusebius II.23.1-18.
Jump up ^ Numerous studies argue for a letter- structure to James. See, for example, Euan Fry, "Commentaries on James, I and 2 Peter, and Jude," The Bible Translator, 41 (July 1990): 330, and F.O. Francis, "The Form and Function of the Opening and Closing Paragraphs of James and I John," ZNW 61 (1970):110-126.
Jump up ^ James 2:14-26, English Standard Version.
Jump up ^ McKnight, Scot (2011). The Letter of James. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Erdmans. pp. 259–263. ISBN 978-0-8028-2627-5.
Jump up ^ "Dikaioo". Greek Lexicon. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Martin, D. 2009. New Testament History & Literature: 18. Arguing with Paul. Yale University.
Jump up ^ "The Theological Virtues: 1815". Catechism of the Catholic Church. The gift of faith remains in one who has not sinned against it. But 'faith apart from works is dead':[Jas 2:26] when it is deprived of hope and love, faith does not fully unite the believer to Christ and does not make him a living member of his Body.
Jump up ^ Schaff, Philip (1877). "The Synod of Jerusalem and the Confession of Dositheus, A.D. 1672: Article XIII". Creeds of Christendom. Harper & Brothers. Man is justified, not by faith alone, but also by works.
Jump up ^ Calvin, John. "James 2:20–26". Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles. When, therefore, the Sophists set up James against Paul, they go astray through the ambiguous meaning of a term.
Jump up ^ "Faith and Works". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
Jump up ^ James 5:14–15
^ Jump up to: a b Wells, George Albert (1971). The Jesus of Early Christians. London: Pemberton. p. 152. ISBN 0301710147.
Jump up ^ Davis, Glenn (2010). "Irenaeus of Lyons". The Development of the Canon of the New Testament. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Griggs, C Wilfred (1991). Early Egyptian Christianity (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Academic Publisher. p. 173. ISBN 9004094075.
Jump up ^ 1958-, Cooper, Stephen Andrew,. Marius Victorinus' "Commentary on Galatians" : introduction, translation, and notes. Oxford University Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 0198270275. OCLC 878694940.
^ Jump up to: a b The Lutheran Study Bible, Concordia Publishing House, 2009, p2132
Jump up ^ Schaff, Philip. History of the Reformation. The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther’s version is the famous interpolation of the word alone in Rom. 3:28 (allein durch den Glauben), by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification, on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness.464 But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James, who says (James 2:24), "by works a man is justified, and not only by faith" ("nicht durch den Glauben allein"). It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article, and characterized the Epistle of James as an "epistle of straw," because it had no evangelical character ("keine evangelische Art").
Jump up ^ Stonehouse, Ned B (1957). Paul Before the Areopagus. pp. 186–197.
Jump up ^ Die deutsche Bibel 41:578-90
Jump up ^ Luther's Large Catechism, IV 122-24
Jump up ^ Luther's Works (American Edition) 35:395
Jump up ^ "Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia".
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First Nehru ministry
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First Nehru ministry

1st ministry of the Dominion of India
The cabinet of India on 31 January 1950, along with the newly appointed President Rajendra Prasad.(L to R sitting) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, Sardar Baldev Singh, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, Dr. John Mathai, Shri Jagjivan Ram, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Dr. S. P. Mukherjee. (L to R standing) Khurshed Lal, R.R. Diwakar, Mohanlal Saksena, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, N.V. Gadgil, K. C. Neogy, Jairamdas Daulatram, K. Santhanam, Satya Narayan Sinha and
Date formed
15 August 1947 (1947-08-15)
Date dissolved
15 April 1952 (1952-04-15)
People and organisations
Head of state
King George VI
Lord Mountbatten (Governor-General)
(15 August 1947 – 21 June 1948)
C. Rajagopalachari (Governor-General)
(21 June 1948 – 26 January 1950)
Rajendra Prasad (President)
(from 26 January 1950)
Head of government
Jawaharlal Nehru
Deputy head of government
Vallabhbhai Patel (until 15 December 1950)
Member party
Indian National Congress
Status in legislature
Majority
Opposition party
None
Opposition leader
None
History
Election(s)
1945
Outgoing election
1951
Legislature term(s)
4 years and 8 months
Predecessor
Interim
Successor
Second Nehru ministry
After independence, on 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru assumed office as the first Prime Minister of India and chose fifteen ministers to form the First Nehru ministry.
Contents
1 Background
2 Cabinet members
3 References
4 Further reading
Background[edit]
The Constituent Assembly was set up while India was still under British rule, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. The provincial assembly elections had been conducted early in 1946. The Constituent Assembly members were elected to it indirectly by the members of these newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces which came to form part of Pakistan, some of which are now within Bangladesh. The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Indian National Congress held a large majority in the Assembly, with 69 percent of all of the seats, while the Muslim League held almost all of the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also some members from smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India, and the Unionist Party. In June 1947, the delegations from the provinces of Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab, and the North West Frontier Province withdrew, to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947, the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and the members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Only 28 members of the Muslim League finally joined the Indian Assembly. Later, 93 members were nominated from the princely states. The Congress thus secured a majority of 82%.
Jawaharlal Nehru took charge as the first Prime Minister of India on 15 August 1947, and chose 15 other members for his cabinet. Vallabhbhai Patel served as the first Deputy Prime Minister until his death on 15 December 1950. Lord Mountbatten, and later C. Rajagopalachari, served as Governor-General until 26 January 1950, when Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first President of India.[1] [2]
Cabinet members[edit]
Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India on 15 August 1947.
There were members from Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Sikh communities. There were two members from the Dalit community as well.[3][4][5] Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was the only female Cabinet minister. The following is a list of the ministers in the first Cabinet.[1]
Key
† Died in office
RES Resigned
Portfolio
Minister
Took office
Left office
Party
Prime Minister
Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations
Minister of Scientific Research Jawaharlal Nehru 15 August 1947 Second Nehru ministry INC
Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 15 August 1947 15 December 1950[†] INC
Minister of Home Affairs and States Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 15 August 1947 15 December 1950[†] INC
C. Rajagopalachari[6] 26 December 1950 25 October 1951[RES] INC
Kailash Nath Katju 1951 Second Nehru ministry INC
Minister of Information and Broadcasting Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 15 August 1947 1949 INC
R. R. Diwakar[7] 1949 15 April 1952 INC
Minister of Finance R. K. Shanmukham Chetty 15 August 1947 1949 INC
John Mathai 1949 1950[RES] INC
C. D. Deshmukh 1950 Second Nehru ministry INC
Minister of Law B. R. Ambedkar[8] 15 August 1947 1951[RES] SCF
Minister of Defence Baldev Singh 15 August 1947 Second Nehru ministry Panthic Party
Minister of Railways and Transport John Mathai 15 August 1947 22 September 1948 INC
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 22 September 1948 Second Nehru ministry INC
Minister of Education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 15 August 1947 Second Nehru ministry INC
Minister of Food and Agriculture Rajendra Prasad 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 INC
Minister of Industries and Supplies Syama Prasad Mookerjee 15 August 1947 6 April 1950[RES] Hindu Mahasabha
Minister of Labour Jagjivan Ram 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 INC
Minister of Commerce Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 INC
Minister of Communications Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 INC
Minister of Health Amrit Kaur 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 INC
Minister of Works, Mines and Power Narhar Vishnu Gadgil 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 INC
Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation K. C. Neogy 15 August 1947 April 1950[RES] INC
Minister without portfolio N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar[9] 15 August 1947 22 September 1948 INC
Mohanlal Saxena 15 August 1947 15 April 1952 INC
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Krishna, Ananth V. (2011). India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics. India: Pearson Education India. pp. 34–36. ISBN 9788131734650. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha, "India After Gandhi", Picador India, 2007. ISBN 978-0-330-39610-3
Jump up ^ vignesh venkatesan (2010-08-25). "DARE TO READ: India's first cabinet". Thevkyblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
Jump up ^ "The New Cabinet". Hindustan Times. 15 August 1947. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Cabinet of India". Times of India. 15 August 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/BDGqZmHMQlGbEuUT7jdObK/Dj-View--The-Chetty-affair.html
Jump up ^ "[1]". External link in |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)[2] (RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 1952 - 2003: D)
Jump up ^ http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/BDGqZmHMQlGbEuUT7jdObK/Dj-View--The-Chetty-affair.html
Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/article-370-issue-omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-jawaharlal-nehru/1/364053.html
Further reading[edit]
Josy Joseph (5 June 2008) Star wars in Nehru cabinet - DNA
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First Cabinet of Independent India
Nehru (Prime Minister, External Affairs)
Patel (Deputy Prime Minister, Home Affairs)
Baldev Singh (Defence)
Chetty (Finance)
Maulana Azad (Education)
Jagjivan Ram (Labour)
Ambedkar (Law)
Gadgil (Public Works, Power)
R. A. Kidwai (Communications)
S. P. Mookerjee (Industry)
Amrit Kaur (Health)
Mathai (Railways)
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R. Gandhi
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text:
Skeleton key
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Skeleton Key (disambiguation).
A padlock skeleton key that can open any lock with this keyhole (right), compared to a normal key that can open only the lock for which it was made (left).
A skeleton key (also known as a passkey) is a type of master key in which the serrated edge has been filed down so that it can open numerous locks,[1] most commonly the warded lock. The term derives from the fact that the key has been reduced to its essential parts.[1]
In a broader sense the term can be used synonymously with master key to refer to any key, keycard or other device capable of opening a variety of locks.
The term skeleton key is often incorrectly used for bitted keys that operate lever tumbler locks.
Master keys[edit]
A skeleton key is a key that has been filed or cut to create a master that can be used to unlock a variety of warded locks each with a different configuration of wards. This can usually be done by removing most of the centre of the key, allowing it to pass by the wards without interference, operating the lock. To counteract the illicit creation of such keys, locksmiths can put wards not just in the centre but on the outside as well, making the creation of a skeleton key more difficult.
Lever lock skeleton keys are used in a lock with usually three or five levers and a set of wards that come into contact with the bit of the key only on the sides – the top is for pushing the levers to their correct heights while the warded section of the key just has to pass uninterrupted to allow the key to rotate fully. A master key system of lever locks has the same lever heights in all locks. Each door will have different wards and can only be opened by the correctly warded key or the master key. A skeleton key has the warded section of the key removed so that it opens all the doors of a system. Some applications, such as a building with multiple entrance doors, have numerous locks that are keyed alike; one key will open every door. A keyed-alike system is different to a master key system as none of the locks have a key that can open only that lock.
Skeleton keys have often been associated with attempts to defeat locks for illicit purposes, to release handcuffs for example, and standard keys have been filed down for that purpose. Legitimate skeleton or master keys are used in many modern contexts where lock operation is required and the original key has been lost or is not available. In hotels without electronic locks, skeleton keys are used by housekeeping services to enter the rooms.
See also[edit]
Bump key, a similar universal key / pick used on pin-tumbler locks.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Collins English Dictionary (10th ed.). Glasgow: Collins. 2009. ISBN 978-0-00-729846-4.
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Who Are You: School 2015
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Who Are You: School 2015
Genre
Teen
Mystery
Romance
Written by
Kim Hyun-jung
Kim Min-jung
Directed by
Baek Sang-hoon
Kim Sung-yoon
Starring
Kim So-hyun
Yook Sung-jae
Nam Joo-hyuk
Composer(s)
Gaemi
Country of origin
South Korea
Original language(s)
Korean
No. of episodes
16
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jung Sung-hyo
Han Sung-ho
Producer(s)
Lee Gun-joon
Yoon Jae-hyuk
Cinematography
Oh Jae-sang
Lee Min-woong
Editor(s)
Choi Joong-won
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
School 2015 Culture Industry Co., Ltd.
FNC Entertainment[1]
Release
Original network
KBS2
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
Audio format
Dolby Digital 2.0
Original release
April 27 (2015-04-27) – June 16, 2015 (2015-06-16)
Chronology
Followed by
School 2017
External links
Website
www.kbs.co.kr/drama/school2015
Korean name
Hangul
후아유: 학교 2015
Revised Romanization
Huayu: Hak-gyo 2015
McCune–Reischauer
Huayu: Hak-kyo 2015
Who Are You: School 2015 (Hangul: 후아유: 학교 2015; RR: Huayu: Hakgyo 2015) is a South Korean television series, starring Kim So-hyun, Yook Sung-jae, and Nam Joo-hyuk. It aired on KBS2 from April 27 to June 16, 2015 every Monday and Tuesday at 21:55 KST for 16 episodes.[2][3] It is the sixth installment of KBS's School series which premiered in 1999.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
2.3 Extended
2.4 Special appearances
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
4 Soundtrack
4.1 OST Part 1
4.2 OST Part 2
4.3 OST Part 3
4.4 OST Part 4
4.5 OST Part 5
4.6 OST Part 6
4.7 OST Part 7
4.8 OST Part 8
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Go Eun-byul and Lee Eun-bi (both played by Kim So-hyun) are identical twins, separated after one is adopted at the age of 5. Eun-bi lives at the Love House, an orphanage in Tongyeong, South Gyeongsang Province, where the younger residents look up to her as a mother figure. However, she hides the fact that she is bullied at school by a gang of mean girls led by Kang So-young, while teachers turn a blind eye.
On the other hand, Go Eun-byul is studying at Sekang High School, the most prestigious private high school in Seoul's Gangnam District. Eun-byul's shares a mutual attraction with Han Yi-an (Nam Joo-hyuk), the school's star swimmer.
However, only Eun-byul is aware of the other's existence. Unlike the cheerful Eun-bi, Eun-byul is prickly and secretive.
One day, on a school field trip to Tongyeong, Eun-byul mysteriously disappears. At the same time, Eun-bi is unjustly expelled from her school and jumps off a bridge in a suicide attempt. Ten days later, the injured and amnesiac Eun-bi is mistaken for her twin, Eun-byul, and her adoptive mother takes her home to Seoul, where she starts living as Eun-byul. However, her memory soon returns.
Eun-bi faces many challenges as Kang So-young transfers to Sekang High School and tries to reveal her real identity, as well as using her Dad's authority to make Eun-bi transfer from the school. Luckily, Gong Tae-kwang (Yook Sung-jae), Eun-bi's classmate and the school troublemaker, protects her whenever So-young tries to bully her. Eun-bi also stands up to So-young and disproves her claims about her identity, as well as ruining her plans to have her transferred. Eun-bi tells Tae-kwang her real identity, and Tae-kwang becomes the only person Eun-bi fully trusts. He eventually begins to develop feelings for her.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Kim So-hyun as Lee Eun-bi (Go Eun-bi) / Go Eun-byul
Kang Ji-woo as young Lee Eun-bi (Go Eun-bi) / Go Eun-byul
Go Eun-byul and Lee Eun-bi are identical twins. Lee Eun-bi lives in an orphanage whereas Go Eun-byul, Eun-bi's twin sister lives with a woman who adopted her. Due to bullying, Eun-bi decided to end her life but she was saved by her twin sister. Eun-bi suffered from amnesia after that. When Eun-byul's adoptive mother mistook Eun-bi as Eun-byul, she starts to assume the identity of her twin sister.
Yook Sung-jae as Gong Tae-kwang[5]
Described by his father an idiotic and problematic child, Gong Tae-kang is widely known as a liar and troublemaker in school. His father is the director of Sekang High School and his mother is a famous actress, but his classmates don't know about this. He is portrayed as a happy-go-lucky person who just wanted to cause trouble, but behind his smile, he was actually a struggling child with a painful life. He suffered a lot but everything changed when he met Lee Eun-bi who stood by his side, even when Kang So-young decided to make her life hell. He confessed to her later on, but was rejected by Lee Eun-bi.
Nam Joo-hyuk as Han Yi-an[5]
A star swimmer at Sekang High School. He was great childhood friends with Go Eun-byul, and both had feelings for each other. He starts to question the identity of Eun-byul (who is actually Eun-bi in disguise), but as time goes by, he falls for Lee Eun-bi unknowingly.
Supporting[edit]
Class 2-3
Lee Pil-mo as Kim Joon-seok (homeroom teacher)
He is pricked by his guilty conscience after a massive cover-up involving the death of one of his students.
Lee David as Park Min-joon (class president)
An intelligent and hardworking student who is always at the top of his class. Pressured by his study-centric mother to do well, he feels overwhelmed.
Kim Hee-jung as Cha Song-joo
Go Eun-byul's best friend. She is torn between staying loyal to Eun-byul and accepting So-young's friendship advances.
Lee Cho-hee as Lee Shi-jin
She is good friends with Go Eun-byul and Cha Sung-joo. She is jealous of her friends who seem to have a passion and tries to seek out one of her own.
Cho Soo-hyang as Kang So-young
A school bully who found pleasure in bullying Eun-bi. Her transfer to Eun-byul's school soon leads to mistrust and problems between the students.
Park Doo-sik as Kwon Ki-tae
Yooyoung as Jo Hae-na
Jang In-sub as Sung Yoon-jae
Kim Bo-ra as Seo Young-eun
Kim Min-seok as Min-suk
Choi Hyo-eun as Hyo-eun
Lee Jin-kwon as Jin-kwon
Ji Ha-yoon as Ha-yoon
Park Ah-sung as Ah-sung
Seo Cho-won as Cho-won
Jo Byung-gyu as Byung-gyu
Kwon Eun-soo as Eun-soo
Oh Woo-jin as Woo-jin
Jung Ye-ji as Ye-ji
Lee Seung-ho as Seung-ho
Han Sung-yeon as Sung-yeon
Sekang High School faculty
Lee Hee-do as Vice principal
Shin Jung-geun as Dean of students
Jung Soo-young as Ahn Ju-ri
Lee Si-won as Jung Min-young
Choi Dae-chul as Swimming coach
Kim Jin-yi as Health teacher
Parents
Jeon Mi-seon as Song Mi-kyung (Eun-byul's adoptive mother)
Jeon No-min as Director Gong Jae-ho (Tae-kwang's father)
Jung In-gi as Park Joon-hyung (Min-joon's father)
Kim Jung-nan as Shin Jung-min (Min-joon's mother)
Kim Se-ah as Shin Yi-young (Shi-jin's mother)
Jo Deok-hyun as Prosecutor Kang (So-young's father)
Jung Jae-eun as So-young's mother
Lee Dae-yeon as Han Ki-choon (Yi-ahn's father)
Extended[edit]
Yang Hee-kyung as Park Min-kyung (House of Love administrator)
Lee Kang-min & Yoo Se-hyung as Han Yi-an's swimming seniors (episode 2, 4-5, 11, 16)
Yoo Yeon-mi as Yeon Mi-joo (episode 5-7, 12)
Special appearances[edit]
Lee Hyun-kyung as Nuri High School teacher (episode 1)
Lee Jae-in as Ra-jin (episodes 1,5,14)
Park Hwan-hee as Kim Kyung-jin (episode 1)
Shin Seung-joon & Lee Ho-geun as announcers (episode 1)
Park Young-soo as noraebang owner (episode 2)
Kim Min-young as Lee Soo-mi (Eun-bi's bully; episodes 1, 4-6)
Lee Jung-eun as Seo Young-eun's mother (episodes 2-3)
Choi Su-rin as Song Hee-young (Tae-kwang's mother; episode 4,12,14)
Yum Gyung-hwan (episode 6)
Kim Ga-young (Stellar) as school uniform model (episode 6)
Sam Hammington as Sekang High's new English teacher (episode 15)
Bae Soo-bin as Sekang High 2-3 class' homeroom teacher (episode 16)
Reception[edit]
Unlike the previous School series, the drama received criticisms for its plot and suffered with poor ratings, with only 6.3% average audience share in its run.[6][7][8][9][10] However, it established a following among young viewers and led to increased recognition for its cast.[11][12][13][14]
Ratings[edit]
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date.
Episode #
Original broadcast date
Average audience share
TNmS Ratings[15]
AGB Nielsen[16]
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
1
April 27, 2015 4.8% (NR) 5.1% (NR) 3.8% (NR) 3.4% (NR)
2
April 28, 2015 4.8% (NR) 4.8% (NR) 4.2% (NR) 3.8% (NR)
3
May 4, 2015 6.5% (NR) 6.6% (NR) 4.1% (NR) 4.1% (NR)
4
May 5, 2015 6.3% (NR) 6.8% (NR) 5.9% (NR) 5.7% (NR)
5
May 11, 2015 6.7% (NR) 7.4% (NR) 5.0% (NR) 5.6% (NR)
6
May 12, 2015 7.1% (NR) 7.8% (20th) 6.0% (NR) 6.5% (NR)
7
May 18, 2015 7.3% (NR) 8.0% (NR) 6.0% (NR) 6.4% (NR)
8
May 19, 2015 7.6% (NR) 8.0% (NR) 6.7% (NR) 7.2% (NR)
9
May 25, 2015 7.8% (19th) 8.9% (18th) 6.8% (NR) 7.0% (NR)
10
May 26, 2015 7.4% (17th) 8.2% (15th) 7.1% (17th) 7.1% (19th)
11
June 1, 2015 8.2% (17th) 9.2% (15th) 6.9% (NR) 7.9% (NR)
12
June 2, 2015 8.1% (17th) 8.9% (14th) 7.0% (19th) 7.6% (18th)
13
June 8, 2015 8.9% (16th) 10.3% (14th) 7.7% (19th) 8.1% (15th)
14
June 9, 2015 8.6% (14th) 9.9% (11th) 8.1% (14th) 8.6% (18th)
15
June 15, 2015 9.2% (16th) 10.0% (12th) 7.5% (NR) 8.1% (18th)
16
June 16, 2015 9.7% (10th) 11.7% (6th) 8.2% (16th) 8.5% (15th)
Average
7.4%
8.2%
6.3%
6.6%
* The series aired on KBS World, two weeks after its initial broadcast, with English subtitles.
Soundtrack[edit]
OST Part 1[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Reset" (Tiger JK feat. Jinsil) 4:02
2. "Reset (Inst.)" 4:02
Total length: 8:04
OST Part 2[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Blow Away (바람에 날려)" (Baechigi feat. Punch) 3:11
2. "Blow Away (바람에 날려) (Inst.)" 3:11
Total length: 6:22
OST Part 3[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "I'll Listen To What You Have To Say (너의 얘길 들어줄게)" (Yoon Mi-rae) 3:14
2. "I'll Listen To What You Have To Say (너의 얘길 들어줄게) (Inst.)" 3:14
Total length: 6:28
OST Part 4[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Remember" (Byul) 3:37
2. "Remember (Inst.)" 3:37
Total length: 7:14
OST Part 5[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pray (기도)" (Younha) 4:18
2. "Pray (기도) (Inst.)" 4:18
Total length: 8:36
OST Part 6[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Named (그 이름)" (Jonghyun and Taemin (SHINee)) 3:37
2. "Named (그 이름) (Inst.)" 3:37
Total length: 7:14
OST Part 7[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Return" (Wendy (Red Velvet) feat. Yuk Jidam) 3:48
2. "Return (Inst.)" 3:48
Total length: 7:36
OST Part 8[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Love Song" (Yook Sung-jae (feat. Park Hye-soo)) 3:25
2. "Love Song (Inst.)" 3:25
Total length: 6:50
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
2015 8th Korea Drama Awards Best New Actor Yook Sung-jae Nominated [17]
Nam Joo-hyuk Nominated
Best New Actress Cho Soo-hyang Nominated
Star of the Year Kim So-hyun Won
4th APAN Star Awards Best New Actor Yook Sung-jae Nominated
Nam Joo-hyuk Won
KBS Drama Awards Best New Actress Kim So-hyun Won
Cho Soo-hyang Nominated
Best New Actor Yook Sung-jae Nominated
Nam Joo-hyuk Nominated
Netizen Award, Actress Kim So-hyun Won
Popularity Award, Actor Nam Joo-hyuk Won
Best Couple Award Yook Sung-jae and Kim So-hyun Won
Nam Joo-hyuk and Kim So-hyun Nominated
2016 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards Best New Actor (TV) Yook Sung-jae Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Choi, He-suk (March 19, 2015). "FNC Entertainment's drama production drive continues". K-pop Herald. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Who Are You' to deal with mysteries of youth". The Korea Times. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yoon, So-hee (April 6, 2015). '후아유-학교2015' 남주혁·김소현·육성재 환상호흡의 대본리딩 현장 공개. TenAsia (in Korean).
Jump up ^ Jones, Julie (April 2, 2015). "Who Are You – School 2015 Has A Cast". KDramaStars.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Min-ji (March 31, 2015). "Nam Joo Hyuk Confirmed as Male Lead of School 2015". enewsWorld.
Jump up ^ "'후아유-학교2015', 첫방송 시청률 3.8%" ["Who Are You" Premieres with 3.8%]. Star News (in Korean). April 28, 2015. Cite uses deprecated parameter |trans_title= (help)
Jump up ^ "'후아유-학교2015' 김소현의 흥미로운 1인2역…아쉬운 시청률" [School 2015: Interesting Roles of Kim Sohyun, Paltry Ratings]. news1 (in Korean). April 28, 2015. Cite uses deprecated parameter |trans_title= (help)
Jump up ^ "'발칙하게 고고', 2015 KBS 월화극 최저시청률..'위기'" [The Unfortunate Ratings of KBS2's 2015 Programs]. Star News. October 6, 2015. Cite uses deprecated parameter |trans_title= (help)
Jump up ^ "종영 '후아유', 한뼘 성장한 김소현x남주혁, 사랑 ING[종합]". OSEN (in Korean). Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Can't trust KBS Mon/Tue dramas?". Sports Chosun. Poor ratings of KBS Mon/Tue dramas in 2015 Healer - 8.6% Blood - 4.7% Who Are You - 6.3% I Remember You - 4.7% Eccentric Daughter-in-Law - 5% Sassy Go Go - 3.4% Oh My Venus - 8.6%
Jump up ^ "Nam Joo-hyuk to meet fans in China". The Korea Times. October 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "BTOB′s Yook Sung Jae Appears in 8 Ads in 3 Months". enewsWorld. September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Who Are You- School 2015' OSTs Has A Hot Popularity In Taiwan". Yahoo!. June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'후아유', 방송 한 달 만에 시청률 두 배..인기 요인 뭘까". News Chosun. Retrieved 2017-06-18.
Jump up ^ "TNmS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". TNmS Ratings (in Korean). Retrieved April 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Retrieved April 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Korea Drama Awards 2015 – Nominees List". Beatus Corner. September 9, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
External links[edit]
Who Are You: School 2015 official KBS website (in Korean)
Who Are You: School 2015 at HanCinema
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This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 16:10.
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