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Spectral line
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Continuous spectrum
Emission lines
Absorption lines
Absorption lines for air, under indirect illumination, with the direct light source not visible, so that the gas is not directly between source and detector. Here, Fraunhofer lines in sunlight and Rayleigh scattering of this sunlight is the "source." This is the spectrum of a blue sky somewhat close to the horizon, pointing east at around 3 or 4 pm (i.e., Sun in the West) on a clear day.
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the previously collected "fingerprints" of atoms and molecules,[1] and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of stars and planets which would otherwise be impossible.
Contents
1 Types of line spectra
2 Nomenclature
3 Line broadening and shift
3.1 Broadening due to local effects
3.1.1 Natural broadening
3.1.2 Thermal Doppler broadening
3.1.3 Pressure broadening
3.1.4 Inhomogeneous broadening
3.2 Broadening due to non-local effects
3.2.1 Opacity broadening
3.2.2 Macroscopic Doppler broadening
3.2.3 Radiative broadening
3.3 Combined effects
4 Spectral lines of chemical elements
4.1 Visible light
4.2 Other wavelengths
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
Types of line spectra[edit]
Continuous spectrum of an incandescent lamp (mid) and discrete spectrum lines of a fluorescent lamp (bottom)
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system (usually atoms, but sometimes molecules or atomic nuclei) and a single photon. When a photon has about the right amount of energy to allow a change in the energy state of the system (in the case of an atom this is usually an electron changing orbitals), the photon is absorbed. Then it will be spontaneously re-emitted, either in the same frequency as the original or in a cascade, where the sum of the energies of the photons emitted will be equal to the energy of the one absorbed (assuming the system returns to its original state).
A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line. Which type of line is observed depends on the type of material and its temperature relative to another emission source. An absorption line is produced when photons from a hot, broad spectrum source pass through a cold material. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is reduced due to absorption by the material and re-emission in random directions. By contrast, a bright emission line is produced when photons from a hot material are detected in the presence of a broad spectrum from a cold source. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is increased due to emission by the material.
Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium capable of letting light pass through it (typically gas is used). Several elements were discovered by spectroscopic means, such as helium, thallium, and cerium. Spectral lines also depend on the physical conditions of the gas, so they are widely used to determine the chemical composition of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means, as well as their physical conditions.
Mechanisms other than atom-photon interaction can produce spectral lines. Depending on the exact physical interaction (with molecules, single particles, etc.), the frequency of the involved photons will vary widely, and lines can be observed across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays.
Nomenclature[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2008)
Strong spectral lines in the visible part of the spectrum often have a unique Fraunhofer line designation, such as K for a line at 393.366 nm emerging from singly ionized Ca+, though some of the Fraunhofer "lines" are blends of multiple lines from several different species. In other cases the lines are designated according to the level of ionization by adding a Roman numeral to the designation of the chemical element, so that Ca+ also has the designation Ca II. Neutral atoms are denoted with the roman number I, singly ionized atoms with II, and so on, so that for example Fe IX (IX, roman 9) represents eight times ionized iron. More detailed designations usually include the line wavelength and may include a multiplet number (for atomic lines) or band designation (for molecular lines). Many spectral lines of atomic hydrogen also have designations within their respective series, such as the Lyman series or Balmer series. Originally all spectral lines were classified into series of Principle series, Sharp series, and Diffuse series. These series exist across atoms of all elements and the Rydberg-Ritz combination principle is a formula that predicts the pattern of lines to be found in all atoms of the elements. For this reason, the NIST spectral line database contains a column for Ritz calculated lines. These series were later associated with suborbitals.
Line broadening and shift[edit]
A spectral line extends over a range of frequencies, not a single frequency (i.e., it has a nonzero linewidth). In addition, its center may be shifted from its nominal central wavelength. There are several reasons for this broadening and shift. These reasons may be divided into two general categories – broadening due to local conditions and broadening due to extended conditions. Broadening due to local conditions is due to effects which hold in a small region around the emitting element, usually small enough to assure local thermodynamic equilibrium. Broadening due to extended conditions may result from changes to the spectral distribution of the radiation as it traverses its path to the observer. It also may result from the combining of radiation from a number of regions which are far from each other.
Broadening due to local effects[edit]
Natural broadening[edit]
The uncertainty principle relates the lifetime of an excited state (due to spontaneous radiative decay or the Auger process) with the uncertainty of its energy. A short lifetime will have a large energy uncertainty and a broad emission. This broadening effect results in an unshifted Lorentzian profile. The natural broadening can be experimentally altered only to the extent that decay rates can be artificially suppressed or enhanced.[2]
Thermal Doppler broadening[edit]
Main article: Doppler broadening
The atoms in a gas which are emitting radiation will have a distribution of velocities. Each photon emitted will be "red"- or "blue"-shifted by the Doppler effect depending on the velocity of the atom relative to the observer. The higher the temperature of the gas, the wider the distribution of velocities in the gas. Since the spectral line is a combination of all of the emitted radiation, the higher the temperature of the gas, the broader the spectral line emitted from that gas. This broadening effect is described by a Gaussian profile and there is no associated shift.
Pressure broadening[edit]
The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle. There are two limiting cases by which this occurs:
Impact pressure broadening or collisional broadening: The collision of other particles with the emitting particle interrupts the emission process, and by shortening the characteristic time for the process, increases the uncertainty in the energy emitted (as occurs in natural broadening).[3] The duration of the collision is much shorter than the lifetime of the emission process. This effect depends on both the density and the temperature of the gas. The broadening effect is described by a Lorentzian profile and there may be an associated shift.
Quasistatic pressure broadening: The presence of other particles shifts the energy levels in the emitting particle,[clarification needed] thereby altering the frequency of the emitted radiation. The duration of the influence is much longer than the lifetime of the emission process. This effect depends on the density of the gas, but is rather insensitive to temperature. The form of the line profile is determined by the functional form of the perturbing force with respect to distance from the perturbing particle. There may also be a shift in the line center. The general expression for the lineshape resulting from quasistatic pressure broadening is a 4-parameter generalization of the Gaussian distribution known as a stable distribution.[4]
Pressure broadening may also be classified by the nature of the perturbing force as follows:
Linear Stark broadening occurs via the linear Stark effect, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field of a charged particle at a distance r {\displaystyle r} , causing a shift in energy that is linear in the field strength. ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 2 ) {\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{2})}
Resonance broadening occurs when the perturbing particle is of the same type as the emitting particle, which introduces the possibility of an energy exchange process. ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 3 ) {\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{3})}
Quadratic Stark broadening occurs via the quadratic Stark effect, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field, causing a shift in energy that is quadratic in the field strength. ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 4 ) {\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{4})}
Van der Waals broadening occurs when the emitting particle is being perturbed by van der Waals forces. For the quasistatic case, a van der Waals profile[note 1] is often useful in describing the profile. The energy shift as a function of distance[definition needed] is given in the wings by e.g. the Lennard-Jones potential. ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 6 ) {\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{6})}
Inhomogeneous broadening[edit]
Inhomogeneous broadening is a general term for broadening because some emitting particles are in a different local environment from others, and therefore emit at a different frequency. This term is used especially for solids, where surfaces, grain boundaries, and stoichiometry variations can create a variety of local environments for a given atom to occupy. In liquids, the effects of inhomogeneous broadening is sometimes reduced by a process called motional narrowing.
Broadening due to non-local effects[edit]
Certain types of broadening are the result of conditions over a large region of space rather than simply upon conditions that are local to the emitting particle.
Opacity broadening[edit]
Electromagnetic radiation emitted at a particular point in space can be reabsorbed as it travels through space. This absorption depends on wavelength. The line is broadened because the photons at the line center have a greater reabsorption probability than the photons at the line wings. Indeed, the reabsorption near the line center may be so great as to cause a self reversal in which the intensity at the center of the line is less than in the wings. This process is also sometimes called self-absorption.
Macroscopic Doppler broadening[edit]
Radiation emitted by a moving source is subject to Doppler shift due to a finite line-of-sight velocity projection. If different parts of the emitting body have different velocities (along the line of sight), the resulting line will be broadened, with the line width proportional to the width of the velocity distribution. For example, radiation emitted from a distant rotating body, such as a star, will be broadened due to the line-of-sight variations in velocity on opposite sides of the star. The greater the rate of rotation, the broader the line. Another example is an imploding plasma shell in a Z-pinch.
Radiative broadening[edit]
Radiative broadening of the spectral absorption profile occurs because the on-resonance absorption in the center of the profile is saturated at much lower intensities than the off-resonant wings.Therefore, as intensity rises, absorption in the wings rises faster than absorption in the center, leading to a broadening of the profile. Radiative broadening occurs even at very low light intensities.
Combined effects[edit]
Each of these mechanisms can act in isolation or in combination with others. Assuming each effect is independent, the observed line profile is a convolution of the line profiles of each mechanism. For example, a combination of the thermal Doppler broadening and the impact pressure broadening yields a Voigt profile.
However, the different line broadening mechanisms are not always independent. For example, the collisional effects and the motional Doppler shifts can act in a coherent manner, resulting under some conditions even in a collisional narrowing, known as the Dicke effect.
Spectral lines of chemical elements[edit]
Visible light[edit]
For each element, the following table shows the spectral lines which show up in the visible spectrum, from about 400nm-700nm.
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Spectral lines of the chemical elements
Element
Z
Symbol
Spectral lines
hydrogen 1 H
helium 2 He
lithium 3 Li
beryllium 4 Be
boron 5 B
carbon 6 C
nitrogen 7 N
oxygen 8 O
fluorine 9 F
neon 10 Ne
sodium 11 Na
magnesium 12 Mg
aluminium 13 Al
silicon 14 Si
phosphorus 15 P
sulfur 16 S
chlorine 17 Cl
argon 18 Ar
potassium 19 K
calcium 20 Ca
scandium 21 Sc
titanium 22 Ti
vanadium 23 V
chromium 24 Cr
manganese 25 Mn
iron 26 Fe
cobalt 27 Co
nickel 28 Ni
copper 29 Cu
zinc 30 Zn
gallium 31 Ga
germanium 32 Ge
arsenic 33 As
selenium 34 Se
bromine 35 Br
krypton 36 Kr
rubidium 37 Rb
strontium 38 Sr
yttrium 39 Y
zirconium 40 Zr
niobium 41 Nb
molybdenum 42 Mo
technetium 43 Tc
ruthenium 44 Ru
rhodium 45 Rh
palladium 46 Pd
silver 47 Ag
cadmium 48 Cd
indium 49 In
tin 50 Sn
antimony 51 Sb
tellurium 52 Te
iodine 53 I
xenon 54 Xe
caesium 55 Cs
barium 56 Ba
lanthanum 57 La
cerium 58 Ce
praseodymium 59 Pr
neodymium 60 Nd
promethium 61 Pm
samarium 62 Sm
europium 63 Eu
gadolinium 64 Gd
terbium 65 Tb
dysprosium 66 Dy
holmium 67 Ho
erbium 68 Er
thulium 69 Tm
ytterbium 70 Yb
lutetium 71 Lu
hafnium 72 Hf
tantalum 73 Ta
tungsten 74 W
rhenium 75 Re
osmium 76 Os
iridium 77 Ir
platinum 78 Pt
gold 79 Au
mercury 80 Hg
thallium 81 Tl
lead 82 Pb
bismuth 83 Bi
polonium 84 Po
radon 86 Rn
radium 88 Ra
actinium 89 Ac
thorium 90 Th
protactinium 91 Pa
uranium 92 U
neptunium 93 Np
plutonium 94 Pu
americium 95 Am
curium 96 Cm
berkelium 97 Bk
californium 98 Cf
einsteinium 99 Es
Other wavelengths[edit]
See also: Characteristic X-ray
Without qualification, "spectral lines" generally implies that one is talking about lines with wavelengths which fall into the range of the visible spectrum. However, there are also many spectral lines which show up at wavelengths outside this range. At the much shorter wavelengths of x-rays, these are known as characteristic X-rays. Other frequencies have atomic spectral lines as well, such as the Lyman series, which falls in the ultraviolet range.
See also[edit]
Absorption spectrum
Atomic spectral line
Bohr model
Electron configuration
Emission spectrum
Spectroscopy
Spectral line ratios
Fraunhofer line
Hydrogen line
Splatalogue
Table of emission spectrum of gas discharge lamps
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "van der Waals profile" appears as lowercase in almost all sources, such as: Statistical mechanics of the liquid surface by Clive Anthony Croxton, 1980, A Wiley-Interscience publication, ISBN 0-471-27663-4, ISBN 978-0-471-27663-0; and in Journal of technical physics, Volume 36, by Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki (Polska Akademia Nauk), publisher: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe., 1995,
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rothman, L.S.; Gordon, I.E.; Babikov, Y.; Barbe, A.; Chris Benner, D.; Bernath, P.F.; Birk, M.; Bizzocchi, L.; Boudon, V.; Brown, L.R.; Campargue, A.; Chance, K.; Cohen, E.A.; Coudert, L.H.; Devi, V.M.; Drouin, B.J.; Fayt, A.; Flaud, J.-M.; Gamache, R.R.; Harrison, J.J.; Hartmann, J.-M.; Hill, C.; Hodges, J.T.; Jacquemart, D.; Jolly, A.; Lamouroux, J.; Le Roy, R.J.; Li, G.; Long, D.A.; et al. (2013). "The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 130: 4–50. Bibcode:2013JQSRT.130....4R. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002. ISSN 0022-4073.
Jump up ^ For example, in the following article, decay was suppressed via a microwave cavity, thus reducing the natural broadening: Gabrielse, Gerald; H. Dehmelt (1985). "Observation of Inhibited Spontaneous Emission". Physical Review Letters. 55 (1): 67–70. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..55...67G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.67. PMID 10031682.
Jump up ^ "Collisional Broadening". Fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
Jump up ^ Peach, G. (1981). "Theory of the pressure broadening and shift of spectral lines". Advances in Physics. 30 (3): 367–474. Bibcode:1981AdPhy..30..367P. doi:10.1080/00018738100101467. Archived from the original on 2013-01-14.
Further reading[edit]
Griem, Hans R. (1997). Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy. Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 0-521-45504-9.
Griem, Hans R. (1974). Spectral Line Broadening by Plasmas. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-302850-7.
Griem, Hans R. (1964). Plasma Spectroscopy. New York: McGraw-Hill book Company.
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John Ericsson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Swedish-American inventor and engineer. For John Ericson the actor, see John Ericson (actor). For the U.S. Navy oiler, see USNS John Ericsson (T-AO-194).
For other people with the same name, see John Erickson (disambiguation).
John Ericsson
Born
(1803-07-31)July 31, 1803
Långbanshyttan, Värmland, Sweden
Died
March 8, 1889(1889-03-08) (aged 85)
New York, United States
Occupation
Engineer, innovator
Signature
John Ericsson (born Johan) (July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889) was a Swedish-American inventor, active in England and the United States, and regarded as one of the most influential mechanical engineers ever. Ericsson collaborated on the design of the steam locomotive Novelty, which competed in the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, won by George Stephenson's Rocket. In America he designed the US Navy's first screw-propelled steam-frigate USS Princeton, in partnership with Captain Robert Stockton, who unjustly blamed him for a fatal accident. A new partnership with Cornelius H. DeLamater of the DeLamater Iron Works in New York resulted in the first armoured ship with a rotating turret, the USS Monitor, which dramatically saved the US naval blockading squadron from destruction by an ironclad Confederate vessel, CSS Virginia, at Hampton Roads in March 1862.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early career
2 Education
3 Propeller design
4 Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater
5 Hot air engine
6 Ship design
7 USS Monitor
8 Later designs
9 Death and ensuing controversy
10 Legacy
11 Inventions
12 Fellowships
13 Monuments and memorials
14 In popular culture
15 See also
16 References
17 Bibliography
18 Further reading
19 External links
Early career[edit]
John Ericsson
Johan Ericsson was born at Långban in Värmland, Sweden. He was the brother of Nils Ericson, a distinguished canal and railway builder in Sweden. Their father Olaf Ericsson (1778–1818) had worked as the supervisor for a mine in Värmland. He had lost money in speculation and had to move his family to Forsvik in 1810. There he worked as a director of blastings during the excavation of the Swedish Göta Canal.[1][2][3]
The extraordinary skills of the two Ericsson brothers were discovered by Baltzar von Platen, the architect of the Göta Canal. They were dubbed 'cadets of mechanics' of the Swedish Royal Navy, and engaged as trainees at the canal enterprise. At the age of fourteen, John was already working independently as a surveyor. His assistant had to carry a footstool for him to reach the instruments during surveying work. At the age of seventeen he joined the Swedish army in Jämtland, serving in the Jämtland Field Ranger Regiment, as a Second Lieutenant, but was soon promoted to Lieutenant. He was sent to northern Sweden to do surveying, and in his spare time he constructed a heat engine which used the fumes from the fire instead of steam as a propellant. His skill and interest in mechanics made him resign from the army and move to England in 1826. However his heat engine was not a success, as his prototype was designed to burn birchwood and would not work well with coal (the main fuel used in England).[4]
Novelty, Braithwaite and Ericsson's entry for the Rainhill Trials. Illustration from The Mechanics Magazine, 1829.
German drawing (1833) of the steam locomotive Wilhelm IV with scale in feet, built by "Braithwaite und Ericsson".
Notwithstanding the disappointment, he invented several other mechanisms instead based on steam, improving the heating process by adding fans to increase oxygen supply to the fire bed. In 1829 he and John Braithwaite built Novelty for the Rainhill Trials arranged by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It proved considerably faster than the other entrants but suffered recurring boiler problems, and the competition was won by English engineers George and Robert Stephenson with Rocket.
Two further engines were built by Braithwaite and Ericsson, named William IV and Queen Adelaide after the new king and queen. These were generally larger and more robust than Novelty and differed in several details (for example it is thought that a different design of blower was used which was an 'Induced Draught' type, sucking the gases from the fire). The pair ran trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway but the railway declined to purchase the new designs.
Their innovative steam fire engine proved an outstanding technical success by helping to quell the memorable Argyll Rooms fire[5] on February 5, 1830[6] (where it worked for five hours when the other engines were frozen up),[7][8] but was met with resistance from London's established 'Fire Laddies' and municipal authorities. An engine Ericsson constructed for Sir John Franklin's use failed under the Antarctic conditions[citation needed] for which, out of Franklin's desire to conceal his destination, it had not been designed. At this stage of Ercisson's career the most successful and enduring of his inventions was the steam condenser, which allowed a steamer to produce fresh water for its boilers while at sea. His 'deep sea lead,' a pressure-activated fathometer was another minor, but enduring success. The commercial failure and development costs of some of the machines devised and built by Ericsson during this period put him into debtors' prison for an interval. At this time he also married 19-year-old Amelia Byam, a disastrous match that ended in the couple's separation until Amelia's death.
Education[edit]
His only formal education was a basic officer's education and training during his time in the Swedish Army. On March 27, 1822, John passed a surveyor's examination in Stockholm. As a child he was taught to be a miner and surveyor by his father.[9]
Propeller design[edit]
John Ericsson (1878)
He then improved ship design with two screw-propellers moving in different directions (as opposed to earlier tests with this technology, which used a single screw). However, the Admiralty disapproved of the invention, which led to the fortunate contact with the encouraging American captain Robert Stockton who had Ericsson design a propeller steamer for him and invited him to bring his invention to the United States of America, as it would supposedly be more welcomed in that place. As a result, Ericsson moved to New York in 1839. Stockton's plan was for Ericsson to oversee the development of a new class of frigate with Stockton using his considerable political connections to grease the wheels. Finally, after the succession to the Presidency by John Tyler, funds were allocated for a new design. Unfortunately they only received funding for a 700-ton sloop instead of a frigate. The sloop eventually became USS Princeton, named after Stockton's hometown.
The ship took about three years to complete and was perhaps the most advanced warship of its time. In addition to twin screw propellers, it was originally designed to mount a 12-inch muzzle-loading gun on a revolving pedestal. The gun had also been designed by Ericsson and used hoop construction to pre-tension the breech, adding to its strength and allowing safe use of a larger charge. Other innovations on the ship design included a collapsible funnel and an improved recoil system.
The relations between Ericsson and Stockton had grown tense over time and, approaching the completion of the ship, Stockton began working to force Ericsson out of the project. Stockton carefully avoided letting outsiders know that Ericsson was the primary inventor.[citation needed] Stockton attempted to claim as much credit for himself as possible, even designing a second 12 in (300 mm) gun to be mounted in Princeton. Unfortunately, not understanding the design of the first gun (originally named "The Orator", renamed "The Oregon" by Stockton), the second gun was fatally flawed.
When launched, Princeton was an enormous success. On October 20, 1843, she won a speed trial against the paddle steamer SS Great Western, until then considered the fastest steamer afloat. Unfortunately, during a firing demonstration of Stockton's gun, the breech ruptured, killing Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer, as well as six others. Stockton attempted to deflect the blame onto Ericsson,[citation needed] with moderate success, despite the fact Ericsson's gun was sound and it was Stockton's gun that had failed. Stockton also refused to pay Ericsson, and by using his political connections, Stockton blocked the Navy from paying him. These actions led to Ericsson's later deep resentment toward the U.S. Navy.[citation needed]
Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater[edit]
When Ericsson arrived from England and settled in New York, he was persuaded by Samuel Risley of Greenwich Village to give his work to the Phoenix Foundry. There he met Cornelius H. DeLamater and soon a mutual attachment developed between the two, and rarely thereafter did Ericsson or DeLamater enter upon a business venture without first consulting the other."[10] Personally, their friendship never faltered, though strained by the pressures of business and Ericsson's quick temper, DeLamater called Ericsson "John" and Ericsson called DeLamater by his middle nickname "Harry", intimacies almost unknown in Ericsson's other relationships.[11] In time, the DeLamater Iron Works became known as the Asylum where Capt Ericsson had free rein to experiment and attempt new feats. The Iron Witch was next constructed, the first iron steamboat.[12] The first hot-air invention of Capt Ericsson was first introduced in the ship Ericsson, built entirely by DeLamater. The DeLamater Iron Works also launched the first submarine boat, first self-propelled torpedo, and first torpedo boat.[13] When DeLamater died on February 2, 1889, Ericsson could not be consoled. Ericsson's death one month later was not surprising to his close friends and acquaintances."[14]
Hot air engine[edit]
Ericsson then proceeded to invent independently the caloric, or hot air, engine in the 1820s which used hot air, caloric in the scientific parlance of the day, instead of steam as a propellant. A similar device had been patented in 1816 by the Reverend Robert Stirling, whose technical priority of invention provides the usual term 'Stirling Engine' for the device. Ericsson's engine was not initially successful due to the differences in combustion temperatures between Swedish wood and British coal. In spite of his setbacks, Ericsson was awarded the Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1862 for his invention. In his later years, the caloric engine would render Ericsson comfortably wealthy, as its boilerless design made it a much safer and more practical means of power for small industry than steam engines. Ericsson's incorporation of a 'regenerator' heat sink for his engine made it tremendously fuel-efficient. Apparently in the post Civil War era some time before or around 1882, from the publishing date, a ship was purchased by a Captain Charles L. Dingley called the Ericsson with a weight of 1,645 tons that was built by John Ericsson (Although the above section on John Ericsson's Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater says that the ship known as the Ericsson was built by the DeLamater Iron Works) to try out the hot air engine as a motive power in open ocean navigation.[15]
Ship design[edit]
On September 26, 1854, Ericsson presented Napoleon III of France with drawings of iron-clad armored battle ships with a dome-shaped gun tower, and even though the French emperor praised this particular plan of an invention, he did nothing to bring it to practical application. In 1851 he designed the Caloric ship Ericsson.
John Ericsson National Memorial at Washington, D.C.
USS Monitor[edit]
Replica of USS Monitor
Main article: USS Monitor
Shortly after the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the Confederacy began constructing an ironclad ram upon the hull of USS Merrimack which had been partially burned and then sunk by Federal troops before it was captured by forces loyal to the Commonwealth of Virginia. Nearly concurrently, the United States Congress had recommended in August 1861 that armored ships be built for the American Navy. Ericsson still had a dislike for the U.S. Navy, but he was nevertheless convinced by Lincoln's hard-working Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, and Cornelius Scranton Bushnell to submit an ironclad ship design to them. Ericsson later presented drawings of USS Monitor, a novel design of armored ship which included a rotating turret housing a pair of large cannons. Despite controversy over the unique design, based on Swedish lumber rafts,[16] the keel was eventually laid down and the ironclad was launched on March 6, 1862. The ship went from plans to launch in approximately 100 days, an amazing achievement.
On March 8, the former USS Merrimack, rechristened CSS Virginia, was wreaking havoc on the wooden Union Blockading Squadron in Virginia, sinking the USS Congress and USS Cumberland. The Monitor appeared the next day, initiating the first battle between ironclad warships on March 9, 1862, at Hampton Roads, Virginia. The battle ended in a tactical stalemate between the two ironclad warships, neither of which appeared capable of sinking the other, but strategically saved the remaining Union fleet from defeat.[17] After this, numerous monitors were built for the Union, including twin turret versions, and contributed greatly to the naval victory of the Union over the rebellious states. Despite their low draft and subsequent problems in navigating in high seas, many basic design elements of the Monitor class were copied in future warships by other designers and navies. The rotating turret in particular is considered one of the greatest technological advances in naval history, still found on warships today.
Later designs[edit]
Later Ericsson designed other naval vessels and weapons, including a type of torpedo and a destroyer, a torpedo boat that could fire a cannon from an underwater port. He also provided some technical support for John Philip Holland in his early submarine experiments. In the book Contributions to the Centennial Exhibition (1877, reprinted 1976) he presented his "sun engines", which collected solar heat for a hot air engine. One of these designs earned Ericsson additional income after being converted to work as a methane gas engine.
Death and ensuing controversy[edit]
Ericsson died on March 8, 1889, the anniversary of the Battle of Hampton Roads, in which his Monitor famously played a central role.[18]
His wish to be buried in his native land sparked a series of articles from New York Times alleging that, by selecting the third-rate USS Essex (1874) to transport his remains, the US Navy was not paying proper respect to Ericsson.[19] The Navy responded and sent the remains on the USS Baltimore, escorted by other ships such as USS Nantucket. On August 23, 1890, the fleet departed with a twenty-one gun salute and the Swedish flag set at half mast.[20] Around 100,000 people turned out for the funeral procession and departure ceremonies, including several veterans of the USS Monitor.[21] Upon arrival in Stockholm, Sweden, the fleet was under presidential order to shoot a twenty-one gun salute to the Swedish flag, leave the remains, and immediately return to sea.[22]
His final resting place is at Filipstad, in Värmland.
Legacy[edit]
Although none of his inventions created any large industries, he is regarded as one of the most influential mechanical engineers ever and without a doubt the best naval engineer in America in the 19th century.
John Ericsson Statue at Nybroviken, Stockholm
Inventions[edit]
The surface condenser
The hot air engine
The world's first monitor, USS Monitor, was both designed and built by Ericsson for the Union Navy in the American Civil War
Torpedo technology, especially Destroyer, an advanced torpedo boat
The solar machine, using concave mirrors to gather sun radiation strong enough to run an engine.
USS Princeton (1843)
Hoop gun construction
the propeller
Fellowships[edit]
Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1850, Swedish member from 1863
Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1852
Honorary Doctorate at Lund University in 1868
Monuments and memorials[edit]
1926 US Commemorative Stamp
Statue in Battery Park, New York City
Memorial at his birthplace, Långbanshyttan in Sweden
The stamp commemorating John Ericsson on April 20, 1926, coincided with the unveiling of the Ericsson Memorial in West Potomac Park, Washington, DC directly south of the Lincoln Memorial. The stamp pictures the memorial design by J. H. Frazer. The seated figure of Ericsson has the figures above and behind him of Vision, Labor and Adventure.[23]
Monuments in honor of John Ericsson have been erected at:
John Ericsson National Memorial on The Mall in Washington, D.C.
John Ericsson Room at the American Swedish Historical Museum in Chicago
Battery Park in New York City
Nybroplan in Stockholm
Kungsportsavenyn in Gothenburg
John Ericsson Street, in Lund, Sweden
John Ericsson fountain, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia
Neighborhood of Ericsson, Minneapolis
Långbanshyttan, his birthplace, in Sweden
Ships named in his honor:
USS Ericsson
Organizations:
The John Ericsson Republican League of Illinois is a Swedish-American partisan organization.
In popular culture[edit]
Ericsson is a major character in Harry Harrison's novels of alternate history, the Stars and Stripes trilogy.
See also[edit]
American Swedish Historical Museum, John Ericsson Room
Experiment (horse powered boat)
HMS Sölve - a Swedish monitor built 1875 and designed by Ericsson. It is currently in a Maritime Museum in Gothenburg Sweden
Ericsson cycle, a thermodynamic cycle for heat engines named after John Ericsson.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nils Ericson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ericson och Ericsson, släkt och friherrlig ätt från Nordmark". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Constance Buel, "Captain John Ericsson: Father of the "Monitor"", Vanguard Press, New York, 1960
Jump up ^ "John Ericsson". Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Survey of London: volumes 31 and 32: St James Westminster, Part 2 (1963, Ch.XIX)". British History Online. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Life Of John Ericsson Volume I". by W.C.Church, 1906 (Ch.III, pp.46-47). Retrieved August 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Constance Buel, "Captain John Ericsson: Father of the "Monitor"", Vanguard Press, New York, 1960, p107
Jump up ^ "John Ericsson". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Legislative Document by New York State Legislature, vol 37, no. 117-118. J.B. Lyon Co. 1920. pp. 202–213.
Jump up ^ Nelson, James L. (2005). Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-052404-3. ISBN 0-06-052404-9.
Jump up ^ "6". Old Steamboat Days on the Hudson River. The Grafton Press. 1907. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Honors for Capt Ericsson" (PDF). The New York Times. December 11, 1921.
Jump up ^ Carr, Edward A. T.; Michael W. Carr; Kari Ann Carr (1994). Faded Laurels, The History of Eaton's Neck and Asharoken. Heart of the Lakes Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55787-119-0. ISBN 1-55787-119-1.
Jump up ^ Hittell, John Shertzer (1882). The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America, Comprising the Rise, Progress, Products, Present Condition, and Prospects of the Useful Arts on the Western Side of Our Continent, and Some Account of Its Resources, with Elaborate Treatment of Manufactures; Briefer Consideration of Commerce, Transportation, Agriculture, and Mining; and Mention of Leading Establishments and Prominent Men in Various Departments of Business. San Francisco A.L. Bancroft & CO PUBLISHERS.
Jump up ^ Davis, Burke (1982). The civil war: strange & fascinating facts (1st ed.). New York, NY: Fairfax Press. p. 145. ISBN 0517371510.
Jump up ^ "John Ericsson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Church, 1911, p. ii.
Jump up ^ "A Hero's Memory Slighted", NY Times, July 13, 1890.
Jump up ^ "Honour to Capt. Ericsson", NY Times, August 20, 1890.
Jump up ^ "Back To His Native Land", The New York Times, August 24, 1890.
Jump up ^ "To Salute Sweden's Flag", The New York Times, August 19, 1890.
Jump up ^ "Ericsson Memorial Issue", Arago: people, postage & the post, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, viewed September 29, 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
William Conant Church: The Life Of John Ericsson. Volume I 1st edition 1890. Publisher: Charles Scribner's sons 1906 (Internet Archive - online)
The Life of John Ericsson. Volume II Publisher: Charles Scribner's sons 1890 (Internet Archive - online)
Constance Buel Burnett: "Captain John Ericsson: Father of the "Monitor"", Publisher: Vanguard Press, New York, 1960
Further reading[edit]
Canney, Donald L. (1998). Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861-65.
Naval Institute Press. p. 232. Url
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Ericsson.
Wikisource has the text of a 1900 Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about John Ericsson.
The Life of John Ericsson By William Conant Church, published 1911, 660 pages.
John Ericsson National Memorial in Washington
John Ericsson Society, New York – Centennial Anniversary year 2007
John Ericsson at National Inventors Hall of Fame
Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
John Ericsson Statue in Gothenburg
Some Pioneers in Air Engine Design – John Ericsson
John Ericsson's solar engine
1870-02-19: CAPTAIN ERICSSON'S GUN CARRIAGE
The Original United States Warship Monitor Correspondence between Cornelius Scranton Bushnell, John Ericsson, Gideon Wells, published 1899, 52 pages, compiled by William S. Wells.
"Sketch of John Ericsson". Popular Science Monthly. 44. November 1893.
"Ericsson, John". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907.
"Ericsson, John". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
The John Ericsson Collection at the New York Historical Society
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Geopolitical zones of Nigeria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The six geopolitical zones of Nigeria is a major division in modern Nigeria, created during the regime of president General Sani Abacha . Nigerian economic, political and educational resources are often shared across the zones.[1][2][3][4] [5]:98
Contents
[hide]
1 Reason for the Zones
2 Agitations for Constitutional Recognition
3 Zones
4 References
Reason for the Zones[edit]
The six zones have not been entirely carved out based on geopolitical location, but rather states with similar cultures, ethnic groups, and common history were classified in the same zone. [6]:98 Nigeria is made up of approximately 400 ethnic groups and 450 languages. There was a need for the government to merge similar groups for effective allocation of resources.
Agitations for Constitutional Recognition[edit]
Many groups and individuals in Nigeria including the Afenifere Renewal Movement through its National Publicity Secretary, Mr. Yinka Odumakin, Ohaneze Ndigbo through its late Secretary General, Chief Ralph Uwechue and Ijaw National Congress through its National President, Mr. Joshua Benameisigha have canvassed that the current six zonal divisions be recognized in Nigeria's constitution and be strengthened to function as federating units in the new structure for Nigeria.[7]
According to Chief Nengi James, a Niger Delta activist, "for all sections of the country to become one entity, the geopolitical zones must be recognized in the constitution." These groups are pushing for devolution of powers so that the geopolitical zones become autonomous and manage the resources within their territories in a Federal Nigeria.[7]
Zones[edit]
North Central (loosely known as Middle Belt):
Benue
Kogi
Kwara
Nasarawa
Niger
Plateau
Federal Capital Territory
North East:
Adamawa
Bauchi
Borno
Gombe
Taraba
Yobe
North West:
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Sokoto
Zamfara
South East:
Abia
Anambra
Ebonyi
Enugu
Imo
South South:
Akwa Ibom
Cross River
Bayelsa
Rivers
Delta
Edo
South West:
Ekiti
Lagos
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.punchng.com/news/constitution-six-geopolitical-zones-divide-north-south/
Jump up ^ http://saharareporters.com/2014/07/17/niger-delta-region-%E2%80%98epicentre-electoral-fraud%E2%80%99-nigeria-africa-check
Jump up ^ http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/01/ethnic-groups-geo-political-regions-nigeria/
Jump up ^ http://risenetworks.org/2013/04/08/2015-nigerian-presidential-election-and-the-north-south-political-divide/
Jump up ^ "Nigeria MDG Acceleration Framework: A commitment to Improved Maternal Health" (PDF). Federal Republic of Nigeria and UNDP. www.undp.org. August 2013.
Jump up ^ Eze, Titus Chinweuba.,1* Okpala, Cyril Sunday,2 Ogbodo, Joseph Charles; et al. (2014). "Patterns of Inequality in Human Development Across Nigeria’s Six Geopolitical Zones". Department of Economics, Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Emene, Enugu State. Nigeria; Department of Economics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Enugu State University of science & Technology, Enugu, Nigeria. iiste.org. 4 (8). ISSN 2225-0565. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "Constitution: Six geopolitical zones divide North, South". punchng.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27.
[hide]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria&oldid=800289047"
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Why Did I Get Married?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married?
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Tyler Perry
Produced by
Tyler Perry
Reuben Cannon
Written by
Tyler Perry
Starring
Tyler Perry
Janet Jackson
Jill Scott
Malik Yoba
Sharon Leal
Tasha Smith
Michael Jai White
Richard T. Jones
Music by
Aaron Zigman
Cinematography
Toyomichi Kurita
Edited by
Maysie Hoy
Production
company
Tyler Perry Studios
Reuben Cannon Productions
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12)
Running time
113 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$60 million
Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? is a 2007 American comedy-drama film adaptation written, produced, directed, and starring Tyler Perry. It was inspired by Perry's play of the same name. The film also stars Janet Jackson, Jill Scott, Malik Yoba, Sharon Leal, Tasha Smith, Michael Jai White, Richard T. Jones, Denise Boutte, and Keesha Sharp. The film was released in the United States by Lionsgate on October 12, 2007.
The film is about the difficulty of maintaining a solid relationship in modern times. Eight married college friends plus one other non-friend (all of whom have achieved middle to upper class economic status) go to Colorado for their annual week-long reunion, but the mood shifts when one couple's infidelity comes to light. Secrets are revealed and each couple begins to question their own marriage. Over the course of the week, the couples battle with issues of commitment, betrayal and forgiveness and examine their lives as individuals and as committed couples. This film explores the resultant emotional impact that infidelity and love have upon the constitution of marriage.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Locations
3 Couples cast
4 Single cast
5 Production and development
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
7 Soundtrack
8 Home media
9 Awards and nominations
10 Sequel
11 References
12 External links
Plot[edit]
The four couples, who are also best friends, converge in a house in the mountains for a week-long retreat that has become their ritual of sorts to help work out their marital problems and ask the question "Why did I get married?". Though the couples have committed to being physically present for the week, some of them have not been emotionally present in their respective marriages for quite some time. The week is not planned out in a well-programmed sequence, so the events unfold somewhat spontaneously, beginning with their "adventures" in getting up to the mountain retreat.
The first couple, over-worked Diane and ignored Terry, drive up together and argue most of the way because Dianne (a lawyer) refuses to stop working. She takes calls on her phone instead of talking to her husband Terry.
The second couple, over-the-top Angela and annoyed Marcus, take the train. Angela constantly argues with Marcus and anyone who dares to interrupt them.
The third couple is overweight Sheila and conceited Mike. Sheila has to get off the plane because of her weight and the requirement to purchase two seats so she drives the long distance in the snow, while her husband Mike continues flirting on the flight with Sheila's single friend, Trina.
The fourth couple is overly-perfect Patricia and depressed Gavin who arrive by limo cab. Their journey is not documented. However, right before they leave to go to the retreat, Gavin shows up to pick up Patricia at a lecture she was giving (she is the author of a book called "Why Did I Get Married?") and artlessly dodges a question about their own marriage.

Dianne falls asleep not long after arriving with her BlackBerry close at hand and when her secretary calls while she is asleep, Terry tells the woman not to call them while they are on their vacation. When Patricia arrives, she goes up to wake Dianne while the men bond over the wine that Terry has poured for his wife. The sound of arguing signals the arrival of Angela and Marcus. When Mike arrives without Sheila, the other wives berate him and Trina for having left Shelia to drive alone. Sheila's husband shows clearly that he does not care for his wife at all. Her friends try to reach Sheila by phone but get her voice mail only.
Sheila is persistent to get to the retreat because she wants to make her marriage work. Providence leads her to Sheriff Troy Jackson's office. Due to the weather, the roads have been closed for the night and she has no choice but to spend the night in the office. That same night, Mike tiptoes, not unseen by Angela, to Trina's bedroom. Sheila arrives at the retreat house the following morning with Troy in tow. She introduces Troy to the others and tells them she has invited him to breakfast. Troy fast becomes a threat to Sheila's husband Mike, not because of Sheila, but because of Trina, with whom he is having an affair. Breakfast is a noisy affair with the arguing couples and Angela insulting Trina, the only single woman on the retreat, whom she instantly disliked.
Throughout the few days spent on retreat, there are spontaneous revelations. The infidelity of two of the husbands leads to a discussion by the men of the 80/20 rule. This rule states that most men get 80% of what they need from a marriage yet they tend to go after the 20% that someone outside can provide for them because it appears to be more to them when it really isn't.
During a heated argument with Angela, Mike reveals several secrets the couples have been hiding from one another: Marcus had contracted an STD after he cheated on Angela with another woman, Dianne had her tubes tied after her daughter was born and didn't want a son and kept it a secret from Terry, and Gavin had criticized Patricia for not protecting their young son in a tragic car accident that killed him a year prior. Mike, whose secret was revealed that he cheated on Sheila with Trina, makes it clear he isn't attracted to his wife any longer. After all this, Angela reveals that she's the one who gave Marcus the STD after she slept with someone, then Marcus tries to choke Angela out of anger yelling how she's so evil. Mike then tells Sheila he wants a divorce, and she smashes a wine bottle over his head knocking him out.
All the couples suddenly decide they can't stay in the house any longer after all the secrets. Sheila checks into a local hotel to recover from the shock of her divorce and the realization that Mike has drained her bank account. She is in a depressed state when Troy goes to visit her. He takes her up to a mountain where she cries and mourns the loss of her love and the only life she knew.
The other couples head back home. Patricia and Gavin are barely speaking to each other because she was deemed "stupid" for not protecting their son in a tragic accident by Gavin; Patricia breaks down emotionally in his arms and eventually confesses that she was only trying to be perfect. They both agree to face the situation and soon reconcile. Angela and Marcus are still fighting, especially when Marcus' ex-girlfriend and baby mama, Keisha, shows up at Angela's salon, and disrespects her. Marcus finally stands up to both women, and manages to frighten Angela into realizing she is wrecking their life with her constant arguing by not showing up for a couple of days. Dianne and Terry fight again right before they leave the mountains because he had a paternity test done on their daughter, and later on Terry's birthday at their home; Terry moves out because Dianne forgot about his birthday and did not tell him about getting her tubes tied. Patricia meets up with Dianne and Angela, moping over their husbands, and gives them good counseling about the need to get back on track: making a list of both the good and bad things their husbands have done. The men drown all their sorrows in bottles.
In the mountains, Sheila settles into a new life at her new job at the general store owned by Troy's father and, while she realizes her own self-worth, the two bond. Angela cooks dinner for Marcus after finishing with her list, but he suspects she is trying to poison him. Eventually, they make up and set new conditions. Dianne goes to see Terry and begs him to come back after crying over her list. He plays with her head a little to get back at her, but they eventually reconcile as well.
Later, all the couples converge at a gala celebration for an award recently received by Patricia. Dianne, Patricia and Angela are shocked when Sheila arrives and introduces Troy as her husband and has successfully lost weight thanks to his help. Her very jealous ex-husband, Mike, although still with Trina, tries to weasel his way back into her good graces, but she tells him to go enjoy Trina as his "20", referring to the 80/20 rule. Patricia includes a confession of her love for Gavin, as well as a message of loving, respecting and trusting God in her acceptance speech.
Locations[edit]
Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA; Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Pemberton, British Columbia, Canada; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Whistler, British Columbia, Canada [1][2]
Couples cast[edit]
First Couple, The Brocks
Tyler Perry as Terry, a pediatrician & Sharon Leal as Dianne, an attorney.
Second Couple, The Agnews
Malik Yoba as Gavin, an architect & Janet Jackson as Patricia, a psychologist.
Third Couple, The Williams
Michael Jai White as Marcus, a former football player & Tasha Smith as Angela, owner of a hair salon.
Fourth Couple, last name unknown
Richard T. Jones as Mike, an entrepreneur & Jill Scott as Sheila, a housewife.
Single cast[edit]
Lamman Rucker as Troy Jackson
Denise Boutte as Trina aka Tricka
Keesha Sharp as Pam
Kaira Whitehead as Keisha
Sheri Mann Stewart
Production and development[edit]
Perry decided to take out many of the church and message scenes because he wanted the film to be "on a whole 'nother spiritual level--there's a whole 'nother connection to it." He said his writing has improved since the play.[3]
Perry invited experienced and neophyte African-American actors to a reading of an early script in order to field reactions, including Danny! and Tracee Ellis Ross.[4]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 45% based on 42 reviews.[5] The consensus was "Despite some poignant observations on modern marriages, Why Did I Get Married? is too preachy and melodramatic." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 54/100 based on reviews from 12 critics.[6] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[7][8]
Paul Grenada said that while "there are times where the script seems stiff,...[the film] teaches without hammering, and you leave the movie feeling good about what you saw."[9] Giving the movie a B-, Entertainment Weekly said that Perry is of the "spell-everything-in-capital-letters and act-it-out-loudly schools," but added that "one performance glistens--Jill Scott's as the sad, heavyset Sheila, who locates the faith that's the source of love."[10] Time magazine gave the film a B and called it the "usual artless mix of broad comedy, teary confessions and spiritual uplift."[11]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $21.4 million in 3,105 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1 at the box office.[12] In its second weekend, the film slipped to #2 in the box office charts, with a gross of $12.1 million, bringing the 10-day total to over $38 million.[13] In total, the film domestically grossed $55,862,886.
Soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on October 2, 2007. Neither Janet Jackson nor Jill Scott are featured on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted at number 51 on Billboard 200, number seven on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number six on Soundtracks with 58,000 copies sold in first week.[14][15]
Keith Sweat feat. Keyshia Cole - "Love U Better"
Babyface - "Sorry for the Stupid Things"
Anita Baker - "You Belong to Me"
Kelly Price - "Why"
Gerald Levert feat. Jaheim - "DJ Don't Remix"
Musiq Soulchild - "Betterman"
Tyrese Gibson - "One"
Hope - "Who Am I To Say"
Beyoncé - "Flaws And All"
Laura Izibor - "Mmm..."
Amel Larrieux - "No One Else"
Tamika Scott - "Why Did I Get Married"
Michael Bublé - "L-O-V-E"
Jennifer Holliday - "Givin' Up"
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD on February 12, 2008. The DVD includes subtitles in English and Spanish, as well as bloopers.
A Blu-ray was released on November 23, 2010.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Image Awards
Outstanding Motion Picture (Nominated)
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture: Jill Scott (Nominated)
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture: Tyler Perry (Nominated)
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Janet Jackson (Winner)
Sequel[edit]
A sequel, titled Why Did I Get Married Too? starring Perry and Tasha Smith, was released on April 2, 2010.[16]
Subsequently, Perry created a comedy-drama television series based upon the two films titled Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse. The series, which stars White and Smith as Marcus and Angela, premiered on TBS on November 25, 2011.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Why Did I Get Married? (2007)". IMDb. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Village of Pemberton. "Filming In The Village of Pemberton". Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Millner, Denene (November 2007), "Friends & Lovers". Essence. 38 (7):98
Jump up ^ Hira, Nadira A. (February 19, 2007), "DIARY OF A MAD BUSINESSMAN". Fortune. 155 (3):76
Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/why_did_i_get_married/ Rotten Tomatoes Flixster
Jump up ^ "Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? (2007): Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/15/business/fi-boxoffice15
Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/why-cinemascore-matters-box-office-225563
Jump up ^ Grenada, Paul (October 11, 2007), "Tyler Perry's at it again". New York Amsterdam News. 98 (42):24
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (October 26, 2007), "Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married?", Entertainment Weekly (961):51
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard, Keegan, Rebecca Winters, Poniewozik, James (February 18, 2008), "5 Things You Should Know About". Time. 171 (7):63
Jump up ^ Bowles, Scott (OCTober 15, 2007), "Why did they get buried? Tyler Perry". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married (2007) - Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5mDk7SaFd
Jump up ^ Why Did I Get Married Too? at IMDB Accessed May 16th, 2009
External links[edit]
Why Did I Get Married?
Why Did I Get Married? on IMDb
Why Did I Get Married? at AllMovie
Why Did I Get Married? at Box Office Mojo
Why Did I Get Married? at Rotten Tomatoes
Why Did I Get Married? at Metacritic
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