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War for the Planet of the Apes
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War for the Planet of the Apes
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Matt Reeves
Produced by
Peter Chernin
Dylan Clark
Rick Jaffa
Amanda Silver
Written by
Mark Bomback
Matt Reeves
Based on
Characters created
by Rick Jaffa
Amanda Silver
Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes
by Pierre Boulle (uncredited)
Starring
Andy Serkis
Woody Harrelson
Steve Zahn
Music by
Michael Giacchino[1]
Cinematography
Michael Seresin
Edited by
William Hoy
Stan Salfas
Production
company
Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10) (SVA Theatre)[2]
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) (United States)
Running time
140 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$150 million[4]
Box office
$488.6 million[5]
War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves. A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series. The film stars Andy Serkis, Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn, and follows a confrontation between the apes, led by Caesar, and the humans for control of Earth. Like its predecessor, its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series, Battle for the Planet of the Apes, but it is not a direct remake.
Principal photography began on October 14, 2015, in Vancouver. War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14, 2017, by 20th Century Fox.[6] The film has grossed over $490 million and received critical praise, with many reviewers highlighting the acting (particularly Serkis), visual effects, story, musical score, and direction, and some calling it one of the best conclusions ever to a film trilogy.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Apes
2.2 Humans
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Visual effects
4 Influences
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Track listing
6 Release
6.1 Marketing
6.2 Home media
7 Reception
7.1 Box office
7.2 Critical response
7.3 Future
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Two years after the U.S. military was called to fight off an increasingly intelligent and dangerous tribe of apes, starting a devastating war between the two species, the apes' clan, led by the chimpanzee Caesar, are attacked in the woods by a rogue paramilitary faction known as Alpha-Omega, led by a mysterious Colonel. Alpha-Omega has in its service apes (called "donkeys") that had previously followed Koba, a maniacal, human-hating bonobo who led a failed coup against Caesar and started the war after leading a vengeful attack against human survivors in San Francisco.
During Alpha-Omega's attack, the human soldiers are met by heavy ape resistance. Four soldiers and a "donkey" gorilla named Red are captured by the apes. Caesar arrives and releases the human soldiers, telling them to deliver a message to the Colonel - that he killed Koba for starting the war and that he desires peace between the humans and apes. Caesar then orders that Red is to be imprisoned but Red escapes, injuring albino gorilla Winter.
Soon after, Caesar's son, Blue Eyes, and his lieutenant Rocket return from a journey to find a safe haven for the apes. They report that they have found a place across the desert that is perfect for the clan. Winter, still frightened from the soldiers' attack, wants to leave immediately, but Caesar does not think they are prepared to leave so soon. That night, a group of Alpha-Omega soldiers, led by the Colonel, infiltrates the apes' home behind a waterfall. The apes discover their presence and kill them all except the Colonel, whom Caesar encounters preparing to escape. Discovering that the Colonel has killed his wife Cornelia along with Blue Eyes, an enraged Caesar lunges at the Colonel but fails to prevent him from escaping out of the waterfall. Upon discovering that Winter has disappeared, Luca, a gorilla and Caesar's secondary lieutenant, believes that he has betrayed them out of cowardice.
Leaving his younger son Cornelius in the care of Blue Eyes' mate Lake, Caesar departs to exact revenge on the Colonel for the deaths of his wife and oldest son. He is accompanied by Maurice, an orangutan and Caesar's adviser, Luca, and Rocket. The other apes head for the desert. During their journey, the apes enter an abandoned village, encounter a soldier, and kill him. Caesar, Maurice, Luca, and Rocket search the dead soldier's home. Maurice discovers a girl who the soldier was looking after. She is apparently unable to speak. Maurice befriends and adopts the girl, giving her a small rag doll.
Caesar's party eventually sneak inside an Alpha-Omega camp on a beach and encounter Winter, who has volunteered to become a "donkey" for the soldiers in return for sparing his life. He tells Caesar's group that the Colonel has departed for a location called the "border", where soldiers further north will meet them. Winter tries to call out to the Alpha-Omega soldiers to save him, and Caesar and the others restrain him from making noise. In the struggle, Caesar accidentally smothers and kills Winter. Caesar begins to worry that he is becoming like Koba by killing his fellow apes and seeking revenge.
While following the soldiers to the border, the group discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead. Their examination of a soldier who survived reveals that he, like the girl, cannot speak. At the soldier's urging, Caesar kills him. Later, they encounter Bad Ape, a reclusive chimpanzee hermit who lived in the Sierra Zoo before the Simian Flu pandemic. Bad Ape reveals that the human soldiers are encamped at the border and hesitantly agrees to lead them there.
When the group arrives at the border, they see hundreds of apes held captive inside a former quarantine facility. While getting a closer look, Luca is killed protecting Caesar from an Alpha-Omega patrol, angering Caesar and causing him to proceed alone. Caesar discovers that the captured apes belong to his clan, and are being forced to build a wall with no food or water. After Caesar is captured by Red, the Colonel reveals to Caesar that the Simian Flu virus has mutated and now causes humans who survived the original strain to become mute, which he believes is a sign of devolution to a primitive state. Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off remnants of the U.S. Army from the north who are coming to execute him because he favors massacring any infected humans, including his own son, to stop the spread of the virus. Caesar is commended by the Colonel for his intelligence, and the Colonel explains that he is fighting a "holy war" for humanity's survival.
While Caesar is tortured with starvation, the mute girl, whom Maurice names Nova, sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food, water, and her rag doll (originally given to her by Maurice). To prevent Nova from being discovered, Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion. The next day, the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive, and confiscates Nova's doll upon discovering it. Together, Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility. Maurice and Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes, and Caesar orders the others to escape while he goes to confront the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army. Caesar reaches the Colonel and prepares to kill him, but discovers that Nova's doll has infected him with the mutated virus, rendering him unable to speak. Caesar spares the Colonel and watches as he uses his pistol to commit suicide, rather than regressing to a primitive state.
During the battle between Alpha-Omega and the northern army, the escaping apes come under fire from Alpha-Omega. Red watches the apes struggle to escape and being picked off by the humans, and seems to be disturbed by watching his own kind suffer such a fate. Caesar attempts to attack Alpha-Omega forces from behind, but is shot with a crossbow by Preacher, one of the Alpha-Omega soldiers he had previously set free. In an act of redemption, Red saves Caesar's life by killing Preacher with a grenade launcher, and gets shot by an Alpha-Omega superior as a result. In the chaos, Caesar blows up a large fuel tank, causing a cascade of explosions which destroys the Alpha-Omega facility, allowing the northern army to win the battle. However, the army is subsequently devastated by an avalanche, which Caesar and the other apes, carrying Nova, survive by climbing nearby trees.
The remaining apes depart the facility and cross the desert to find an oasis. While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home, Maurice discovers Caesar's wound. Maurice then speaks, telling the dying Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was, what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes. Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds, dying peacefully while Maurice mourns his passing as the other apes look on.
Cast[edit]
Apes[edit]
Andy Serkis as Caesar, an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes.[8]
Steve Zahn as "Bad Ape", a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak, and was a hermit before joining Caesar's group.[9][10]
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar's adviser.[8]
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee who is Caesar's brother-figure.[11]
Ty Olsson as Red, a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba, now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar. Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise.[citation needed]
Michael Adamthwaite as Luca, a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe.[citation needed]
Toby Kebbell as Koba, a genocidal bonobo who had previously waged war against the humans, and now appears in Caesar's hallucinations. Kebbell reprised the role from Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.
Judy Greer as Cornelia, Caesar's wife.[8]
Sara Canning as Lake, a common chimpanzee in Caesar's tribe, who is also Blue Eyes' mate and later Cornelius's caretaker.[12]
Max Lloyd-Jones as Blue Eyes, Caesar and Cornelia's oldest son.[13]
Devyn Dalton as Cornelius, Caesar and Cornelia's youngest son, and Blue Eyes' younger brother. Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise.
Aleks Paunovic as Winter, an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear.[14]
Humans[edit]
Woody Harrelson as The Colonel, the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha-Omega, who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species.[15][16]
Amiah Miller as Nova, a mute orphan whom Maurice aides.[17][18]
Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher, a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha-Omega.[19]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Matt Reeves, Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic-Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel
After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. In January 2014, the studio announced the third film, with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback, and Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers.[20][21] During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV, Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film's setting. "...It could be five years after the event. It could be the night after the events of where we left 'Dawn.'"[22] In May 2015, the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[23] By October 2015, it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[9]
When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn, the film already had a release date, which led to an accelerated production schedule. However, with the third installment, Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film. Taking advantage of this, the two bonded with each other more than before.[24]
In interviews for Dawn, Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans: "As this story continues, we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn. That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with. Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never, ever wanted to deal with, and was hoping he could avoid. And now he is right in the middle of it. The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways, in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply. It’s going to be an epic story. I think you’ve probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary. The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times. This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history, and sort of leads to an almost biblical status. He is going to become like a mythic ape figure, like Moses."[25]
Toby Kebbell, who portrayed Koba in Dawn, had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters.[26] Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early, with Bomback saying, "If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, you hear Koba’s breathing. We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to. Very early on in spitballing, we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba – certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story. But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea. In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film, Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother. That would have resonance, and we wanted to make sure that didn’t get lost. So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar’s mind at this point and revisit Koba that way."[27]
Casting[edit]
In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film.[28] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was supporting.[15] In October 2015, TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film.[9] It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film's humans, with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice,[8][17] while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes.[14][12]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on October 14, 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver, under the working title Hidden Fortress.[29][30] Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016.[31] Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February.[32] In March, Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions.[33]
Visual effects[edit]
As with Rise and Dawn, the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital; the apes were created with a mixture of motion-capture and CGI key-frame animation, as they were performed in motion-capture technology and animated in CGI.
Influences[edit]
At New York Comic-Con 2016, Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing. He said, "One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies. We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does. We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie. We watched every Planet of the Apes movie, war movies, westerns, Empire Strikes Back... We just thought, 'We have to pretend we have all the time in the world,' even though we had limited time. We got really inspired."[34]
Additionally, during production, Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape. Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements, they also watched Biblical epics like Ben-Hur and The Ten Commandments. The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson's Colonel, a military leader with pretensions toward godhood. Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai. Another comparison is in Caesar's journey to find the Colonel, flanked by a posse of close friends – a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood's war-weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales.[24] Influences from the film Apocalypse Now, notably Harrelson's character and his Alpha-Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz's renegade army, were also noted by several journalists.[35][36][37] Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration.[38]
Soundtrack[edit]
War for the Planet of the Apes
Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino
Released
July 7, 2017 (Digital)
July 21, 2017 (Physical)
Recorded
2017
Genre
Film score
Label
Sony Masterworks
Michael Giacchino film scores chronology
Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017)Spider-Man: Homecoming2017 War for the Planet of the Apes
(2017) Coco
(2017)Coco2017
On October 17, 2015, it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino, the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn, would return to compose War's score.[39] The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7, 2017,[40] and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21, 2017.[41]
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Michael Giacchino.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Apes’ Past is Prologue" 10:53
2. "Assault of the Earth" 5:29
3. "Exodus Wounds" 4:23
4. "The Posse Polonaise" 1:39
5. "The Bad Ape Bagatelle" 1:13
6. "Don’t Luca Now" 3:53
7. "Koba Dependent" 2:54
8. "The Ecstasy of the Bold" 1:57
9. "Apes Together Strong" 7:12
10. "A Tide in the Affairs of Apes" 5:31
11. "Planet of the Escapes" 2:42
12. "The Hating Game" 2:04
13. "A Man Named Suicide" 5:32
14. "More Red Than Alive" 2:41
15. "Migration" 2:03
16. "Paradise Found" 5:35
17. "End Credits" 9:30
Total length: 75:11
Release[edit]
The film was initially set for a July 29, 2016, release. However, in January 2015, Fox postponed the film's release date to July 14, 2017.[42][6]
Marketing[edit]
Special behind-the-scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22, 2015, as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis.[43] The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC.[44][45] The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance-capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape.[46] The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page later the same day.[47]
At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6, Reeves, Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film.[48]
Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game, for which he performed motion capture.[49] Titled Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier, the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC in fall 2017.[50]
Home media[edit]
War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on October 24, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[51]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of October 29, 2017[update], War for the Planet of the Apes has grossed $146.8 million in the United States and Canada and $341.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $488.6 million, against a production budget of $150 million.[5]
In North America, the film was projected to gross $50–60 million in its opening weekend,[52] however, given its acclaimed status and strong word-of-mouth, rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70–80 million.[4][53][54] War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales, a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots (such as Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Transformers: The Last Knight and The Mummy). However, box office analysts noted that well-reviewed films have tended to perform in-line with estimates (Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Wonder Woman and Spider-Man: Homecoming).[55][56][57] The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters, up 22% from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor, and $22.1 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $56.3 million, topping the box office, albeit with a 22% drop from Dawn's $72.6 million debut.[58][59] In its second weekend, the film grossed $20.9 million (a drop of 62.9%, more than the 50.4% fall Dawn saw), finishing 4th at the box office.[60] In its third weekend, the film made $10.5 million (dropping another 49.9%), finishing 6th at the box office. It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ($16.1 million) and Dawn ($16.8 million).[61]
Outside North America, War for the Planet of the Apes is receiving a scattered release in a span of three months (July–September). The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14, albeit only in two major markets, and was projected to have an opening of $50–60 million, with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform, as they have for recent tent poles.[4] The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million, including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom.[62]
Critical response[edit]
War for the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim for the performances of its cast (particularly Serkis), direction, musical score, visual effects, cinematography and morally complex storyline.[63] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93%, based on 278 reviews, with a rating average of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful, poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful – and truly blockbuster – note."[64] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[65] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors.[58] Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10, saying: "War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy, but also one that does enough world-building that the series can potentially continue from here – and it’s a rare case where, after three movies, we’re left wanting more."[citation needed]
A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film, "“War for the Planet of the Apes,” directed by Matt Reeves, is the grimmest episode so far, and also the strongest, a superb example — rare in this era of sloppily constructed, commercially hedged cinematic universes — of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking," and lauded Andy Serkis's performance in the film, stating that "Andy Serkis’s performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting."[66] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, and said that Serkis performed "with a resonant power and depth of feeling that's nearly Shakespearean. Oscar, get busy: Serkis deserves the gold," and went on to say that "War for the Planet of the Apes – No. 9 in the simian cinema canon – is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original.[67] Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating, and praised Matt Reeves's directing, saying "It’s a given that an expensive 21st century sci-fi movie with talking animals, exploding tanks, and jarring machine guns would look and sound great, but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they’re always working in service of a greater narrative agenda." Kohn went on to applaud the visuals, cinematography, and musical score, stating that "The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men, aided by Michael Giacchino’s vibrant score, is a strong indicator of the next-level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles; not only is the action easy to follow, but you care for the motion-captured characters at the center of it, while the humans cower in fear."[68]
Future[edit]
In October 2016, it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned.[69][70]
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Jump up ^ THR Staff (July 14, 2017). "Woody Harrelson Says He's Not Doing Brando in 'War for the Planet of the Apes'". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jayson, Jay (October 17, 2015). "First Official War For The Planet Of The Apes Set Photo Released". Comicbook.com. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sony Masterworks to Release ‘War for the Planet of the Apes’ Soundtrack". Filmmusicreporter.com. May 26, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pate, Rohan (24 June 2017). "WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES Soundtrack Album Details Released". ComicBookMovie.com. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (January 5, 2015). "Fox Pushes ‘Apes’ Sequel By A Year; ‘X-Men’ Spinoff, ‘Assassin’s Creed’ Set For 2016". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jayson, Jay (November 22, 2015). "First War For The Planet Of The Apes Footage; Contest To Be An Ape In The Film Announced". Comicbook.com. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (November 20, 2015). "‘War for the Planet of the Apes’ Logo Revealed; Trailer Coming Sunday?". Collider. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Jayson, Jay. "War For The Planet Of The Apes Announcement Coming During The Walking Dead". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "#WarForTheApesContest". 20th Century Fox. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox (November 22, 2015). "War for the Planet of the Apes | Contest TV Commercial [HD] | 20th Century FOX". YouTube. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes Footage Coming to NYCC". Comingsoon.net. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Mat Paget. "War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles". GameSpot. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall". ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes DVD Release Date October 24, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Brad Brevet (July 13, 2017). "Will 'War for the Planet of the Apes' Top 'Spider-Man' for #1 at the Weekend Box Office?". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seth Kelly. "‘War for the Planet of the Apes’ Eyes $65 Million Domestic Opening in Early Box Office Tracking". Variety. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster (July 11, 2017). "‘War for the Planet of the Apes’ to Do Battle With ‘Spider-Man: Homecoming’ at Box Office". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder (July 12, 2017). "Hollywood's summer box-office lesson: 'The disconnect between critics and audiences is largely gone'". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brent Lang, Seth Kelley (July 11, 2017). "How Too Many Aging Franchises Wrecked the Summer Box Office". Variety. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (June 13, 2017). "Box-Office Preview: 'War for the Planet of the Apes' to Battle 'Spider-Man'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "‘War For The Planet Of The Apes’ Loots $56.5M In Box Office Spoils". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Box office top 20: The Apes unseat Spider-Man". Associated Press. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Dunkirk’ Seizes $50.5M; ‘Girls Trip’ Is Malcolm D. Lee’s Highest Opening; The Reasons Why ‘Valerian’ Crashed". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Dunkirk’ Marches Ahead Of ‘Emoji Movie’ For Top Spot With $28M+". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘War For The Planet Of The Apes’ Marshals $44.2M In Bow; ‘Spider-Man’ Rises To $260M Overseas". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan (June 26, 2017). "'War for the Planet of the Apes': What the Critics Are Saying". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/movies/war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-review.html?referrer=google_kp
Jump up ^ http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/peter-travers-war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-is-best-film-yet-w491541
Jump up ^ http://www.indiewire.com/2017/06/war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-review-1201846843/
Jump up ^ Han, Angie (October 11, 2016). "'War for the Planet of the Apes' Director Matt Reeves "Absolutely" Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next". SlashFilm.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Owen, Luke (October 12, 2016). "Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed". Flickering Myth. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
War for the Planet of the Apes on IMDb
War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes
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Joe Manganiello
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Joe Manganiello
Manganiello in July 2015
Born
Joseph Michael Manganiello
(1976-12-28) December 28, 1976 (age 41)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Alma mater
Carnegie Mellon University
Occupation
Actor, producer, director, author
Years active
2002–present
Home town
Mt. Lebanon Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Spouse(s)
Sofía Vergara (m. 2015)
Joseph Michael Manganiello (/ˌmæŋɡəˈnɛloʊ/ MANG-ə-NEL-oh; Italian pronunciation: [maŋɡaˈnjɛllo]; born December 28, 1976) is an American film, television, and theater actor, producer, director, author, and Emmy winning narrator. His professional film career began when he played Flash Thompson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. His breakout role came in the form of werewolf Alcide Herveaux on five seasons of the HBO series True Blood, for which he was voted "Favorite Pop-Culture Werewolf of All Time" in 2011 by the readers of Entertainment Weekly and one of Men's Health's "100 Fittest Men of All Time".[1]
Manganiello then moved on to appear in films such as Magic Mike, Magic Mike XXL, Pee-wee's Big Holiday, What to Expect When You're Expecting, and Sabotage. In late 2013, he became a published author when his first book, Evolution, was released by Simon & Schuster's Gallery Books.[2] His directorial debut came in 2014 with the documentary feature “La Bare,” which he also produced and financed. In 2017 he won an Emmy as the narrator of the documentary “Pittsburgh is Home: The Story of the Penguins,” which documented the first 50 years of history of the Pittsburgh Penguins hockey team. He is active with several charities, primarily Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC for which he serves on the board of trustees. In 2016, Manganiello was cast as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke in the DC Extended Universe, making his first appearance in 2017's Justice League.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film acting
4.2 Television
4.3 Web shows and series
4.4 Directing
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Manganiello was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Susan (née Brachanow; Bračanov in Croatian) and Charles John Manganiello. His father is of Italian descent, from Naples, and his mother is of Armenian,[3] Austrian,[4] and Croatian ancestry.[3] He was raised in Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania.[5] He has a younger brother, Nicholas. He was a student at St. Bernard School, a Roman Catholic elementary school in Mt. Lebanon,[6] and then attended Mt. Lebanon High School,[7] where he graduated with honors in 1995[citation needed] and won the school's Great Alumni Award in 2011. Growing up, he was the captain of his football, basketball, and volleyball teams and went on to play at the varsity level in all three sports.[6] He won the role of Jud Fry in his school's senior year production of Oklahoma!, and was involved with the school's TV studio. He would borrow equipment to make films with his friends, and became interested in acting to become a better filmmaker.[8]
After a series of sports injuries, including a torn medial collateral ligament returning a kickoff in a varsity football game against Ringgold High School, Manganiello auditioned for the Carnegie Mellon School of Drama as a senior in high school. He was not accepted, so he enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh and worked at theater. He reapplied to Carnegie Mellon a year later, and was one of 17 students accepted into the acting program.[6] He performed in theater productions and wrote, produced, and acted in a student film entitled Out of Courage 2: Out for Vengeance.[9] He graduated in 2000 with a BFA in acting.[8] He traveled to New York and Los Angeles through his university to participate in group auditions, which provided him contacts in the entertainment business.[10]
Career[edit]
Manganiello at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International.
While a student at Carnegie Mellon University, Manganiello appeared in numerous productions in Pittsburgh's theatre scene, including Ulfheim in Henrik Ibsen's When We Dead Awaken, Lorenzo in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice for Quantum Theatre, and Joe in the Pittsburgh premiere of The Last Night of Ballyhoo.[9] He moved to Los Angeles, California after graduating from Carnegie Mellon.[10] He quickly signed with a talent agent, and three days later, he auditioned for the role of Peter Parker in the Sam Raimi-directed film Spider-Man (2002). He landed the role of Eugene "Flash" Thompson, Peter Parker's nemesis, as his first acting job out of college.[9] He reprised the role several years later, making a brief cameo at the end of Spider-Man 3 (2007).
Manganiello began finding work in television, playing Tori Spelling's boyfriend on VH1's So Notorious in 2006, and guest starred on Las Vegas, Jake in Progress, and Close to Home. That year, he also played an Alcoholics Anonymous sponsor in the CBS television pilot Edison. In 2007, he appeared in the Scrubs episode "My No Good Reason" and in the MyNetwork TV nighttime soap opera American Heiress. He also played Officer Litchman, the love interest to Linda Cardellini's character, for a four-episode arc on NBC's ER. He played "The Chick Magnet" in May 2007 at the New York City premiere of Skirts & Flirts, a monologue by Gloria Calderon Kellett, which was a finalist for HBO's Aspen Comedy Festival.[11] He played Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire for the West Virginia Public Theatre in 2008,[12] directed by his former Carnegie Mellon professor Geoffrey Hitch.[11]
He starred as Leo Belraggio, a New York jazz musician, in the west coast premiere of Terrence McNally's Unusual Acts of Devotion in June 2009. The play was staged at the La Jolla Playhouse at the University of California in San Diego. He worked with the noted playwright and director Leonard Foglia while creating his role in 2008 at the Ojai Playwrights Conference.[11] He played Brad on several seasons of the CBS comedy How I Met Your Mother.[13] In 2008, he joined the cast of The CW drama One Tree Hill for its fifth season, playing bartender Owen Morello. He shot the series in Wilmington, North Carolina, and returned for its sixth and seventh seasons.[14]
Manganiello played Stu on the Fox sitcom 'Til Death for two episodes, and starred in the short film Wounded that year,[15] which he originated on the stage and won Best Short Film at the 2011 Big Island Film Festival.[citation needed] He starred in the direct-to-video war film Behind Enemy Lines: Colombia in 2009. He played Lt. Sean Macklin, a Navy SEAL squad leader. In order to add authenticity to the production, he trained for several months with a former Navy SEAL, for whom he paid to come to the set and stay in the cast's hotel. The film was shot in Puerto Rico.[16] He appeared in an episode of Medium in 2009, and has guest starred on all three series of CBS's CSI television franchise (CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, and CSI: NY). He had a role in the independent film Irene in Time. In 2010, he appeared in television commercials for Taco Bell, promoting its new product.[6] He shot television pilots for 100 Questions and the Pittsburgh-set sitcom Livin' on a Prayer.[17][18]
Manganiello plays werewolf Alcide Herveaux in HBO's True Blood, starting from the third season. His work on the show brought him both popular and critical recognition, including the 2011 Scream Award for Breakout Performance – Male and a shared award for Best Ensemble, as well as a Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role in Television and a NewNowNext Award.[8] True Blood was his favorite television show before he joined the cast. He had originally auditioned to play Coot, another werewolf in the series, but was asked to read for Alcide instead.[19] He grew a beard and trained for five months to add muscle for the role.[8] He also got a suntan to set himself apart from the other characters on the series and spent time studying live wolves.[20]
In early 2011, Manganiello was asked to screen test for the title role of Superman in Man of Steel. Due to scheduling problems with True Blood, he was forced out of the running in the final stage. He told Access Hollywood in an interview: "They wanted me to screen test and they actually asked for my measurements for the suit and everything... their shoot date switched and it would have taken up 11 weeks out of my True Blood schedule. At the end of the day, we couldn't get the schedule to work so that I could go off and screen test. So, regrettably, I never got to screen test, I never got to put the suit on." Upon completion of filming for season four of True Blood, he shot an episode of USA's White Collar, and then shot the film adaptation of the best selling book What To Expect When You're Expecting.
Manganiello later returned to Los Angeles to shoot an episode of Two and a Half Men with Ashton Kutcher. He then re-teamed with Matt Bomer, and co-starred in the film Magic Mike, the story of a young stripper in Tampa, Florida, played by actor Channing Tatum.
In August 2016, test footage of Slade Wilson / Deathstroke on the set of some unnamed film was posted to Twitter by Ben Affleck. In September 2016, Geoff Johns who was DC Comics' President and CCO, and is signed on to both Co-run the DCEU, and co-write/co-produce the solo Batman film with Affleck confirmed that Deathstroke will appear in the shared film universe, with Manganiello portraying the character.[21] It has since been confirmed that he will appear in the Ben Affleck Batman movie.[22]
Personal life[edit]
Manganiello is a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Wests Tigers[23]. He directed and produced the 2007 short documentary DieHardz about Steelers fans who meet up at bars in Los Angeles, California.[6] Manganiello is also a noted Pittsburgh Penguins fan and hosted the 2017 NHL Awards and the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft.[24]
Manganiello was once a roadie for the band Goldfinger, and is friends with lead singer John Feldmann; he toured internationally with the group as a member of their security.[19]
In July 2014, it was reported that Manganiello began dating actress Sofía Vergara.[25] They became engaged on Christmas Day 2014 after six months of dating.[26] They married in Palm Beach, Florida on November 21, 2015.[27][28]
Filmography[edit]
Film acting[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Out of Courage 2: Out for Vengeance Ruslan Zmeyev Short film
Spider-Man Flash Thompson
2007 Spider-Man 3 Silent cameo
2008 Impact Point Matt Cooper
Wounded Patient Short film
2009 Not Evelyn Cho Ryan Short film
Behind Enemy Lines: Colombia Lt. Sean Macklin Video
Irene in Time Charlie
2011 The Girl With the Tramp Stamp Tattoo Mikael Blomkvist Short film
2012 What to Expect When You're Expecting Davis
Magic Mike Richie
2014 Sabotage Joseph "Grinder" Phillips
2015 Knight of Cups Joe
Tumbledown Curtis
Magic Mike XXL Richie
2016 Pee-wee's Big Holiday Himself
2017 Smurfs: The Lost Village Hefty Smurf (voice)
Justice League Slade Wilson / Deathstroke Uncredited cameo
2018 Rampage Burke Filming
Drunk Parents Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Jake in Progress Rick Cavanaugh Episode: "Notting Hell"
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Tom Harper Episode: "Daddy's Little Girl"
Las Vegas Carson Stuart Episode: "Urban Legend"
Close to Home James Miller Episode: "Escape"
So Notorious Scott Recurring role
Episodes: "Plucky (Pilot)", "Whole"
A.K.A. Brian TV movie
2006–2012 How I Met Your Mother Brad Morris Recurring role
Episodes: "Ted Mosby, Architect", "World's Greatest Couple", "Bachelor Party", "Something Borrowed", "Definitions", "The Stamp Tramp", "Twelve Horny Women"
2007 Scrubs Chad Miller Episode: "My No Good Reason"
American Heiress Solomon Cortez Main cast
64 episodes
E.R. Officer Litchman Recurring role
Episodes: "Family Business", "The War Comes Home", "In a Different Light", "Officer Down"
2008–2010 'Til Death Stu Recurring role
Episodes: "Joy Ride", "Snore Loser"
One Tree Hill Owen Morello Recurring role
Episodes: "Don't Dream It's Over", "In da Club", "Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want", "Running to Stand Still", "You're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side", "Choosing My Own Way of Life", "Messin' with the Kid", "Our Life Is Not a Movie or Maybe", "Sympathy for the Devil", "We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)", "You Have to Be Joking (Autopsy of the Devil's Brain)", "Things a Mamma Don't Know", "At the Bottom of Everything"
2009 CSI: Miami Tony Ramirez Episode: "Target Especific"
Medium Angelo Filipelli Episode: "Once in a Lifetime"
2010 CSI: NY Rob Meyers Episode: "Criminal Justice"
100 Questions Rick Episode: "What Brought You Here?"
Livin' on a Prayer Doug Unaired pilot
2010–2014 True Blood Alcide Herveaux Main cast (Seasons 3-7)
42 episodes
2010, 2014 WWE Raw Himself 2 episodes
2011 Two and a Half Men Alex Episode: "The Squat and the Hover"
2012 White Collar Ben Ryan Episode: "Neighborhood Watch"
2013 Talking Dead Himself Episode #2.10
2016 Mom Julian Episode: "Cinderella and a Drunk MacGyver"
Web shows and series[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2017 Force Grey Himself/Arkhan
2017 Critical Role Himself/Arkhan 2 episodes
Directing[edit]
2014 – La Bare, documentary about the male strip club of same name located in Dallas, Texas; presented by Manganiello
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Group
Award
Work
Result
2011 NewNowNext Awards 'Cause You're Hot True Blood Won[29]
Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role in Television Won[30]
Scream Awards Breakout Performance – Male Won[30]
2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Breakout: Male What To Expect When You're Expecting Nominated[30]
2013 MTV Movie Awards Best Musical Moment Magic Mike Nominated[30]
2014 Maui Film Festival Triple Threat Award (Directing, Producing, Acting) La Bare Won[31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Fittest Men of All Time". Men's Health. Men's Health. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Manganiello, Joe (2013). Evolution. SImon & Schuster.
^ Jump up to: a b Marcus, Bennett (September 16, 2010). "True Blood's Joe Manganiello Discusses His Beard in Great Detail". Vulture. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Paul Heath (May 26, 2011). "Q+A: Joe Manganiello for True Blood". Hollywood News. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weiskind, Ron (May 11, 2002). "Mt. Lebanon native hopes his 'Spider-Man' role opens Hollywood doors". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Randall, Reese (June 2010). "Not Your Average Joe". Pittsburgh Magazine. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Niederberger, Mary (November 17, 2005). "Mt. Lebanon High School marks 75 years of theater". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Owen, Rob (June 25, 2010). "CMU grad, Joe Manganiello's, 'True Blood' role may be a starmaker". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Weiskind, Ron (July 27, 2001). "Mt. Lebanon Native lands role in 'Spider-Man'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Williamson, Jolie (May 3, 2002). "Mt. Lebanon native wrangles with Spider-Man'". Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Harris, Roberts, Thomas, Dizzia Star In Unusual Acts of Devotion Beginning 6/7". broadwayworld.com. April 15, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rawson, Christopher (September 18, 2008). "In the Wings: Mini-Flood". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rawson, Christopher (October 26, 2006). "In the Wings: 10/26/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hotz, Amy (January 8, 2008). "Locally filmed drama 'One Tree Hill' fast-forwards four years for its fifth season". Star-News. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hotz, Amy (April 28, 2009). "'One Tree Hill' actor hosts indie film fest". Star-News. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Greg (January 5, 2009). "Guns a'blazing for Behind Enemy Lines III". Slam! Sports. canoe.ca. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (May 20, 2010). "For fall, CBS cancels seven series, shifts several others". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (March 1, 2010). "CBS could air comedy set in Pittsburgh this fall". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Buchanan, Kyle (July 16, 2010). "True Blood's Joe Manganiello on Alcide, His Massive Height, and Shooting Nude Scenes". Movieline. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (July 23, 2010). "Producer hopes 'True Blood' will have long life - but not too long". USA Today. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Cousins, Wayne (July 2013). "Joe Manganiello finds plenty to cheer about". Nil. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ [https://www.russianmachineneverb reaks.com/2017/06/07/noted-penguins-fan-joe-mangani ello-to-host-nhl-awards-and-nhl-expansion-draft/]
Jump up ^ Hiblen, Carolyn (July 22, 2014). "The look of love: Hot new couple Sofia Vergara and Joe Manganiello wrap their arms tenderly around each other as they go on two romantic dates in as many days". Retrieved July 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marquina, Sierra (December 29, 2014). "Sofia Vergara Engaged to Joe Manganiello After Dating for Only Six Months!". Us Weekly. United States: usmagazine.com. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sutton, Joe (November 22, 2015). "Sofia Vergara, Joe Manganiello to marry this weekend". CNN.
Jump up ^ Chen, Joyce (November 21, 2015). "Sofia Vergara, Joe Manganiello: Everything We Know About Their Wedding". Us Weekly.
Jump up ^ "Darren Criss, Carrie Fisher and Joe Manganiello Among Winners at Logo's NewNowNext Awards". Playbill. April 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Joe Manganiello Awards". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ "Joe Manganiello Talks About his Film 'La Bare' and Winning the Triple Threat Award at the 2014 Maui Film Festival". KTLA. June 9, 2014.
External links[edit]
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The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Virgin and Child with St Anne
and St John the Baptist
Artist
Leonardo da Vinci
Year
c. 1499–1500 or c. 1506–8
Medium
charcoal, black and white chalk on tinted paper mounted on canvas
Dimensions
141.5 cm × 104.6 cm (55.7 in × 41.2 in)
Location
National Gallery, London
The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, sometimes called The Burlington House Cartoon, is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. The drawing is in charcoal and black and white chalk, on eight sheets of paper glued together. Because of its large size and format the drawing is presumed to be a cartoon for a painting. No painting by Leonardo exists that is based directly on this cartoon.
The drawing depicts the Virgin Mary seated on the knees of her mother, St Anne, while holding the Child Jesus as Jesus' young cousin, St. John the Baptist, stands to the right. It currently hangs in the National Gallery in London.
It was either executed in around 1499–1500, at the end of the artist's first Milanese period, or around 1506–1508, when he was shuttling between Florence and Milan. The majority of scholars prefer the latter date, although the National Gallery and others prefer the former.[1]
Contents
1 Subject
2 History
3 References
4 External links
Subject[edit]
Preparatory drawing in the British Museum, London, UK.
The subject of the cartoon is a combination of two themes popular in Florentine painting of the 15th century: The Virgin and Child with John the Baptist and The Virgin and Child with St Anne.
The drawing is notable for its complex composition, demonstrating the alternation in the positioning of figures that is first apparent in Leonardo's paintings in the Benois Madonna. The knees of the two women point different directions, with Mary's knees turning out of the painting to the left, while her body turns sharply to the right, creating a sinuous movement. The knees and the feet of the figures establish a strong up-and-down rhythm at a point in the composition where a firm foundation comprising firmly planted feet, widely spread knees and broad spread of enclosing garment would normally be found. While the lower halves of their bodies turn away, the faces of the two women turn towards each other, mirroring each other's features. The delineation between the upper bodies has lost clarity, suggesting that the heads are part of the same body.
The twisting movement of the Virgin is echoed in the Christ Child, whose body, held almost horizontal by his mother, rotates axially, with the lower body turned upward and the upper body turned downward. This turning posture is first indicated in Leonardo's painting in the Adoration of the Magi and is explored in a number of drawings, in particular the various studies of the Virgin and Child with a cat that are in the British Museum.
The juxtaposition of two sets of heads is an important compositional element. The angle, lighting and gaze of the Christ Child reproduces that of his mother, while John the Baptist reproduces these same elements in the face of St Anne. The lighting indicates that there are two protagonists, and two supporting cast in the scene that the viewer is witnessing. There is a subtle interplay between the gazes of the four figures. St Anne smiles adoringly at her daughter Mary, perhaps indicating not only maternal pride but also the veneration due to the one who "all generations will call...blessed".[2] Mary's eyes are fixed on the Christ Child who raises his hand in a gesture of benediction over the cousin who thirty years later would carry out his appointed task of baptising Jesus. Although the older of the two children, John the Baptist humbly accepts the blessing, as one who would later say of his cousin "I am not worthy even to unloose his sandals." [3] St Anne's hand, her index finger pointing towards the Heaven, is positioned near the heads of the children, perhaps to indicate the original source of the blessing. This enigmatic gesture is regarded as quintessentially Leonardesque, occurring in The Last Supper and St John the Baptist.
Holy Family with St Anne and the infant John the Baptist, Bernardino Luini
Cartoons of this sort were usually transferred to a board for painting by pricking or incising the outline. In the Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist this has not been done, suggesting that the drawing has been kept as a work of art in its own right.[4] Leonardo does not appear to have based a painting directly on this drawing. The composition differs from Leonardo's only other surviving treatment of the subject, The Virgin and Child with St. Anne in the Louvre, in which the figure of the Baptist is not present. A painting based on the cartoon was made by a pupil of Leonardo, Bernardino Luini, and is now in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan.[5] The figure of Pomona in Francesco Melzi's painting Pomona and Vertumnus in Berlin is based upon the Virgin in the cartoon.
History[edit]
The date and place of execution of the cartoon is disputed. The earliest reference to it is by the biographer Giorgio Vasari who, writing in the mid 16th century, says that the work was created while Leonardo was in Florence, as a guest of the Servite Monastery. Vasari says that for two days people young and old flocked to see the drawing as if they were attending a festival.[6] This would date the cartoon to about 1500.
A date of 1498–99 is put on the work by Padre Sebastiano Resta who wrote to Giovanni Pietro Bellori saying that Leonardo had drawn the cartoon in Milan at the request of Louis XII of France. While this date has gained wide acceptance, the association with Louis XII has not. More recent historians have dated the work as early as the mid 1490s and, in the case of Carlo Pedretti and Kenneth Clark, as late as 1508–10.[7] Martin Kemp notes that the hydraulic engineering in the preparatory drawing in the British Museum dates the composition to around 1507–8, when Leonardo was making similar studies in the Codex Atlanticus.[8]
In the 17th century the drawing belonged to the Counts Arconati of Milan. In 1721 it passed to the Casnedis, then to the Sagredo in Venice. In 1763 it was acquired by Robert Udny, brother of the English ambassador to Venice. By 1791 it was inventoried as belonging to the Royal Academy, London.[5] It is sometimes still known as "The Burlington House Cartoon", in reference to the building housing the Royal Academy.
In 1962 the cartoon was put on sale for £800,000.[9] Amid fears that it would find an overseas buyer, it was exhibited in the National Gallery where it was seen by over a quarter of a million people in a little over four months, many of whom made donations in order to keep it in the United Kingdom.[10] The price was eventually met, thanks in part to contributions from the National Art Collections Fund. Ten years after its acquisition, John Berger wrote derisively that "It has acquired a new kind of impressiveness. Not because of what it shows – not because of the meaning of its image. It has become impressive, mysterious because of its market value".[11] In 1987, the cartoon was attacked in an act of vandalism with a sawn-off shotgun from a distance of approximately seven feet. The shooter was identified as a mentally ill man by the name of Robert Cambridge who claimed he committed this act in order to bring attention to "political, social and economic conditions in Britain." The blast shattered the glass covering, causing significant damage to the artwork which has since been restored.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chapman, Hugo; Faietti, Marzia (2010). Fra Angelico to Leonardo: Italian Renaissance Drawings. London: British Museum Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7141-2667-8.
Jump up ^ from the Magnificat
Jump up ^ John's Gospel, Chapter 1, verse 27.
Jump up ^ National Gallery Website Leonardo's cartoon of the Virgin and Child with St Anne and John the Baptist Archived 2010-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Angela Ottino della Chiesa, The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, Penguin, (1967), ISBN 0-14-008649-8
Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, Penguin Classics, translated: George Bull, (1965) pp. 255–271, ISBN 0-14-044164-6
Jump up ^ Jack Wasserman, "The Dating and Patronage of Leonardo's Burlington House Cartoon", The Art Bulletin (1971)
Jump up ^ Kemp, Martin (1 February 2012). "The National Gallery's blockbuster exhibition could mark a turning point for Leonardo scholars". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Conlin, Jonathan (2006). The Nation's Mantelpiece: A history of the National Gallery. , p. 194
Jump up ^ Toynbee, Polly (2003). "The Free Admission Campaign". In Verdi, Richard. Saved! 100 years of the National Art Collections Fund. Scala. pp. 298–301. ISBN 1-85759-304-9.
Jump up ^ John Berger, Ways of Seeing, Penguin (1972) ISBN 0-14-013515-4
Jump up ^ Rule, Shelia (November 8, 1988). "Restoring a Leonardo Drawing That Was Hit by a Shotgun Blast". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
External links[edit]
Media related to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist at Wikimedia Commons
Page on the cartoon from the National Gallery's official website
Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist (see index)
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Saint Jerome in the Wilderness
Madonna Litta
Virgin of the Rocks
Portrait of a Musician
Lady with an Ermine
The Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist
The Holy Infants Embracing
La Belle Ferronnière
Salvator Mundi
Madonna of the Yarnwinder
The Virgin and Child with St. Anne
Mona Lisa
Head of a Woman (La Scapigliata)
Leda and the Swan
St. John the Baptist
Works on walls
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The Battle of Anghiari
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Portrait of a Young Fiancée
The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist
Head of Christ
The Martyrdom of St Sebastian
Self-portrait
Studies of the Fetus in the Womb
Manuscripts
Codex Arundel
Codex Atlanticus
Codex on the Flight of Birds
Codex Leicester
Codex Madrid
Codex Trivulzianus
A Treatise on Painting
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1,2-rearrangement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A 1,2-rearrangement or 1,2-migration or 1,2-shift or Whitmore 1,2-shift [1] is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift the movement involves two adjacent atoms but moves over larger distances are possible. In the example below the substituent R moves from carbon atom C2 to C3.
The rearrangement is intramolecular and the starting compound and reaction product are structural isomers. The 1,2-rearrangement belongs to a broad class of chemical reactions called rearrangement reactions.
A rearrangement involving a hydrogen atom is called a 1,2-hydride shift. If the substituent being rearranged is an alkyl group, it is named according to the alkyl group's anion: i.e. 1,2-methanide shift, 1,2-ethanide shift, etc.
Contents
[hide]
1 Reaction mechanism
2 Radical 1,2-rearrangements
3 1,2 rearrangements
4 1,3-Rearrangements
5 References
Reaction mechanism[edit]
A 1,2-rearrangement is often initialised by the formation of a reactive intermediate such as:
a carbocation by heterolysis in a nucleophilic rearrangement or anionotropic rearrangement
a carbanion in a electrophilic rearrangement or cationotropic rearrangement
a free radical by homolysis
a nitrene.
The driving force for the actual migration of a substituent in step two of the rearrangement is the formation of a more stable intermediate. For instance a tertiary carbocation is more stable than a secondary carbocation and therefore the SN1 reaction of neopentyl bromide with ethanol yields tert-pentyl ethyl ether.
Carbocation rearrangements are more common than the carbanion or radical counterparts. This observation can be explained on the basis of Hückel's rule. A cyclic carbocationic transition state is aromatic and stabilized because it holds 2 electrons. In an anionic transition state on the other hand 4 electrons are present thus antiaromatic and destabilized. A radical transition state is neither stabilized or destabilized.
The most important carbocation 1,2-shift is the Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement. A carbanionic 1,2-shift is involved in the benzilic acid rearrangement.
Radical 1,2-rearrangements[edit]
The first radical 1,2-rearrangement reported by Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1911 [2] was the conversion of bis(triphenylmethyl)peroxide 1 to the tetraphenylethane 2.
The reaction proceeds through the triphenylmethoxyl radical A, a rearrangement to diphenylphenoxymethyl C and its dimerization. It is unclear to this day whether in this rearrangement the cyclohexadienyl radical intermediate B is a transition state or a reactive intermediate as it (or any other such species) has thus far eluded detection by ESR spectroscopy.[3]
An example of a less common radical 1,2-shift can be found in the gas phase pyrolysis of certain polycyclic aromatic compounds.[4] The energy required in an aryl radical for the 1,2-shift can be high (up to 60 kcal/mol or 250 kJ/mol) but much less than that required for a proton abstraction to an aryne (82 kcal/mol or 340 kJ/mol). In alkene radicals proton abstraction to an alkyne is preferred.
1,2 rearrangements[edit]
The following mechanisms involve a 1,2-rearrangement:
1,2-Wittig rearrangement
Alpha-ketol rearrangement
Beckmann rearrangement
Benzilic acid rearrangement
Brook rearrangement
Criegee rearrangement
Curtius rearrangement
Dowd–Beckwith ring expansion reaction
Favorskii rearrangement
Friedel–Crafts reaction
Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement
Halogen dance rearrangement
Hofmann rearrangement
Lossen rearrangement
Pinacol rearrangement
Seyferth–Gilbert homologation
SN1 reaction (generally)
Stevens rearrangement
Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement
Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement
Wolff rearrangement
1,3-Rearrangements[edit]
1,3-rearrangements take place over 3 carbon atoms. Examples:
the Fries rearrangement
a 1,3-alkyl shift of verbenone to chrysanthenone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitmore, Frank C. (1932). "The common basis of molecular rearrangements". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54 (8): 3274–3283. doi:10.1021/ja01347a037.
Jump up ^ Über Triphenylmethyl-peroxyd. Ein Beitrag zur Chemie der freien Radikale Wieland, H. Chem. Ber. 1911, 44, 2550–2556. doi:10.1002/cber.19110440380
Jump up ^ Isomerization of Triphenylmethoxyl and 1,1-Diphenylethoxyl Radicals. Revised Assignment of the Electron-Spin Resonance Spectra of Purported Intermediates Formed during the Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Mediated Photooxidation of Aryl Carbinols K. U. Ingold, Manuel Smeu, and Gino A. DiLabio J. Org. Chem.; 2006; 71(26) pp 9906–9908; (Note) doi:10.1021/jo061898z
Jump up ^ Brooks, Michele A.; Lawrence T. Scott (1999). "1,2-Shifts of Hydrogen Atoms in Aryl Radicals". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (23): 5444–5449. doi:10.1021/ja984472d.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,2-rearrangement&oldid=742212898"
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