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Transport in London
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This article is about public transport in general in London. For the company which manages some of these services, see Transport for London.
Transport in London
Clockwise from the top right picture: Docklands Light Railway, Thames Transit, Heathrow Airport, National Rail train at King's Cross station, Double Decker Bus, London Underground train
Overview
Locale
London and surrounding regions
Transit type
Rapid transit, commuter rail, buses, private automobile, Taxicab, bicycle, pedestrian
London has an extensive and developed transport network which includes both private and public services. Journeys made by public transport systems account for 37% of London's journeys while private services accounted for 36% of journeys.[1] London's public transport network serves as the central hub for the United Kingdom in rail, air and road transport.
Public transport services are dominated by the executive agency for transport in London: Transport for London (TfL). TfL controls the majority of public transport, including the Underground, Buses, Tramlink, the Docklands Light Railway, London River Services and the London Overground. Other rail services are either franchised to train operating companies by the national Department for Transport (DfT). TfL also controls most major roads in London, but not minor roads. In addition, there are several independent airports operating in London, including Heathrow, the busiest airport in the United Kingdom.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Metro and Light rail
2.1 London Underground
2.2 Docklands Light Railway
2.3 Tramlink
3 Heavy rail
3.1 Local and regional
3.1.1 London Overground
3.1.2 Airport services
3.1.3 Operators
3.2 National InterCity
3.3 International
4 Ticketing
5 Roads
5.1 Major routes
5.2 Distributor and minor routes
5.3 Congestion charge
5.4 Road casualties in London
6 Cycling
7 Buses and Bus Rapid Transit
8 Taxis
8.1 Black cabs and Hire cars
8.2 Horse-drawn vehicles
8.3 Bicycle taxis and Pedicabs
9 Airports
9.1 Airport Transit
10 Water transport
10.1 River Thames
10.2 Canals
10.3 Cargo
11 Aerial lift
12 Public Transportation Statistics
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Management of London Transport 1933-2000
Dates
Organisation
Overseen by
1933-1947 London Passenger Transport Board London County Council
1948-1962 London Transport Executive British Transport Commission
1963-1969 London Transport Board Minister of Transport
1970-1984 London Transport Executive (Greater London only) Greater London Council
1970-1986 London Country Bus Services (Green Line only) National Bus Company
1984-2000 London Regional Transport Secretary of State for Transport
2000- Transport for London Mayor of London
Early public transport in London began with horse-drawn omnibus services in 1829, which were gradually replaced by the first motor omnibuses in 1902. Over the years the private companies which began these services amalgamated with the London General Omnibus Company (LGOC) to form a unified bus service. The Underground Electric Railways Company of London, also formed in 1902, unified the pioneering underground railway companies which built the London Underground; in 1912 the Underground Group took over the LGOC and in 1913 it also absorbed the London tramway companies. The Underground Group became part of the new London Passenger Transport Board (LTPB) in 1933; Underground trains, buses and trams began to operate under the shorter London Transport brand name.
The London Transport name continued in use until 2000, although the political management of transport services changed several times. The LPTB oversaw transport from 1933 to 1947 until it was re-organised into the London Transport Executive (1948 to 1962).[3] Responsibility for London Transport was subsequently taken over to the London Transport Board (1963 to 1969), the Greater London Council (1970 to 1984) and London Regional Transport (1984 to 2000). Following the privatisation of London bus services in 1986, bus services were spun off to a separate operation based on competitive tendering, London Buses. In 2000, as part of the formation of the new Greater London Authority, responsibility for London transport was taken over by a new transport authority, Transport for London (TfL), which is the publicly owned transport corporation for the London region today.[4]
Metro and Light rail[edit]
Transport for London operates three different railway systems across London. The largest is the London Underground, a rapid transit system operating on sub-surface lines and in deep-level "tube" lines. TfL also operates the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), an automated light rail system in the east of the city, and the Tramlink system.[5]
The London Underground and the DLR account for 40 percent of the journeys between Inner London and Outer London, making them the most highly used systems in all of London.[6] These three systems extend to most points of London, creating a comprehensive and extensive system. One major area missed by these systems is South London, which is dominated by a large suburban rail network.
London Underground[edit]
Main article: London Underground
London Underground's Jubilee line at Green Park station.
London Underground lines cross the city and stretch out into the suburbs
Colloquially known as the Tube, the London Underground was the first rapid transit system in the world, having begun operations in 1863.[7] More than 3 million passengers travel on the Underground every day, amounting to over 1 billion passenger journeys per year for the first time in 2006.[8][9] The Underground has 11 lines, most of which connect the suburbs to Central London and together form a dense network in central London, linking major railway stations, central business areas and icons. The Underground serves North London much more extensively than South London. This is the result of a combination of unfavourable geology, historical competition from surface railways and the historical geography of London which was focused to the north of the River Thames. South London is served primarily by surface railways (although it should be noted that the majority of London Underground's route length is actually on the surface rather than in tunnel.)
Carrying nearly 50% of London's commuters, the Tube is the most heavily used mode of public transport in the area.[6]
Docklands Light Railway[edit]
Main article: Docklands Light Railway
An automated Docklands Light Railway train at Heron Quays, in the Canary Wharf financial district.
The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) is an automated light rail system serving the Docklands area of east London. It complements the London Underground, largely sharing its fares system and having a number of interchanges with it.
The DLR serves over 101 million passengers a year and is an essential piece of infrastructure to East London.[10] The DLR's most heavily used stations are Bank, Canary Wharf, Canning Town, Lewisham and Woolwich Arsenal.[11]
Partly thanks to the success of Canary Wharf, the system has expanded several times and now has five main branches connecting the Isle of Dogs and Royal Docks to each other and to the City of London, Stratford, Woolwich and Lewisham south of the river. It also serves London City Airport and Stratford International. A further extension to Dagenham Dock is being proposed but is on hold for the time.
Tramlink[edit]
Main article: Tramlink
A Tramlink tram on Lebanon Road in Croydon
The Tramlink is a tram and light rail system in South London. It operates in the Boroughs of Croydon and Merton and has 39 stations. The system has four services: Elmers End - Croydon, Beckenham Junction - Croydon, Wimbledon - New Addington and Elmers End - Therapia Lane. In 2011, it carried over 28 million passengers, up from 18 million in 2001.[12]
The system runs on its own right of way, mixed use rails and with street traffic. The network has connections with the London Underground, the London Overground and the National Rail system. There are several extensions planned for the system, such as expanding its coverage and further integrating it into the Underground system.
Heavy rail[edit]
Main article: Rail transport in Great Britain
The radial form of the London railway network
London is the focal point of the British railway network, with 18 major stations providing a combination of suburban, intercity, airport and international services; 14 of these stations are termini and 4 are through stations and two others are both. Most areas of the city not served by the Underground or DLR are served by suburban heavy rail services into one of these stations. These suburban rail services are not part of Transport for London (apart from London Overground and TfL Rail) but are owned and operated by a number of private rail firms and use TfL's Oyster card system.
The terminal (only) stations are Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Euston, Fenchurch Street, King's Cross, Liverpool Street, Marylebone, Moorgate, Paddington, St Pancras, Victoria and Waterloo.
The through (only) stations are City Thameslink, Farringdon, Old Street, Vauxhall.
The 'mixed' stations are Waterloo East, Blackfriars and London Bridge.
London is also linked by rail to mainland Europe by High Speed 1 through the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, branded HS1 (High Speed 1). High-speed Eurostar trains serve Paris and Brussels. Eurostar's London terminus is at St Pancras International and the HS1 route passes through Stratford International railway Station and two stations in the county of Kent, Ashford International and Ebsfleet International.
Local and regional[edit]
Main article: Commuter rail in the United Kingdom
South London is covered by a large suburban network electrified with Third rail. Here a South West Trains service stands at Chessington South
Cross-London rail routes
London is the centre of an extensive radial commuter railway network which, along with Paris, is the busiest and largest in Europe, serving the surrounding metropolitan area. Each terminus is associated with commuter services from a particular segment of this area. The majority of commuters to central London (about 80% of 1.1 million) arrive by either the Underground (400,000 daily) or by surface railway into these termini (860,000 daily).[13]
For historical reasons, London's commuter rail network is arranged in a radial form, and as a result the majority of services entering London terminate at one of the terminal stations around the edge of the city centre. In contrast to the more developed regional RER network in Paris, only two long-distance National Rail lines currently go across London: the Thameslink route runs between the more distant towns of Bedford in the north and Brighton on the south coast, passing through the City of London, London suburbs as well as Luton Airport Parkway and Gatwick Airport. And also the West London Route which passes through Shepherd's Bush and operated by Southern running between Milton Keynes Central in the north and East Croydon in the south.[14] A major expansion of the Thameslink route is planned 2013-18, in which a number of existing regional rail services will be redirected via the cross-London Thameslink corridor.[15]
Constantly increasing pressure on the commuter rail systems and on the Underground to disperse passengers from the busy terminals has led to the multibillion-pound Crossrail scheme. When completed, Crossrail will add a further cross-London line passing through Paddington and Liverpool Street. Construction work is currently underway, and twin 16-km tunnels are being bored underneath the city centre. New or upgraded stations will be provided at key city centre locations, linking to the Underground.
While most stations in central London are termini, there are a few notable exceptions. London Bridge station has several through lines to the more central termini at Cannon Street and Charing Cross, and trains to the latter also call at Waterloo East, linked to Waterloo by a footbridge. London Bridge's through platforms are also used by the Thameslink services of Govia Thameslink Railway, which cross the city centre, calling at Blackfriars, City Thameslink, Farringdon and St Pancras.
London Overground[edit]
Main article: London Overground
London Overground at Gospel Oak running a North London Line service. This forms part of London's orbital route
In addition to London's radial lines and cross-London routes, there are also several orbital National Rail lines connecting peripheral inner-London suburbs. These lines have been under the management of TfL since November 2007 and are operated by private contract under the London Overground brand. This commuter transport is operated as a rapid transit system with high-frequency services around a circular route with radial branch lines and is designed to reduce stress from the inner-city Tube network by allowing commuters to travel across London without going through the central Zone 1.[16]
London Overground was formed by joining a series of existing railway lines to form a circular route around the city and incorporates the oldest part of the Underground's history, the Thames Tunnel under the River Thames, which was completed in 1843. The routes comprise:
The North London Line, which arcs across North London from Richmond in the west via Willesden Junction and Highbury & Islington to Stratford in the east.
The West London Line linking Clapham Junction to Willesden Junction with some trains to Stratford via the North London Line.
The East London Line (including the South London Line), a former London Underground line which was converted to heavy rail operation in 2010; part of the Brighton Main Line between New Cross Gate and Norwood Junction; and the South London Line which was added to the London Overground network in December 2012, completing the circuit across the South London suburbs to Clapham Junction.[17] Running from Highbury & Islington to New Cross, West Croydon, and Crystal Palace, and via the South London Line, Clapham Junction.
Other routes operated include:
The Gospel Oak to Barking Line which links inner North London to the northeastern suburbs, which is due to be extended to Barking Riverside.
The inner-suburban Watford DC Line from Euston to Watford Junction.
Suburban services from Liverpool Street to Chingford, Enfield Town and Cheshunt via Hackney Downs.
The Romford to Upminster Line via Emerson Park.
Airport services[edit]
Map of rail links to London Airports
Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted airports are served by dedicated train services, and are also served by standard commuter services. The Heathrow Express service from Paddington is provided by the airport operator, Heathrow Airport Holdings, whilst the Gatwick Express from Victoria and Stansted Express from Liverpool Street are provided by franchised train operating companies.
Airport
Train operator
Central London station
Notes
Heathrow Heathrow Connect Paddington An all station suburban service that serves terminals 1, 2 & 3, then terminates at either terminal 4 or 5.
Heathrow Heathrow Express Paddington Non-stop service between Central London and the Airport. Serves terminals 1, 2 & 3, then terminates at either terminal 4 or 5.
Heathrow London Underground Several including King's Cross St Pancras Piccadilly line service
Heathrow South West Trains Waterloo to Feltham, then bus connection to Heathrow.
Gatwick Gatwick Express Victoria Non-stop service. Sub brand of Govia Thameslink Railway.
Gatwick Thameslink St Pancras/Farringdon/City Thameslink/Blackfriars/London Bridge Thameslink route service.
Gatwick Southern Victoria Semi-fast and fast service via Clapham Junction.
City DLR Bank/Tower Gateway
Stansted Stansted Express Liverpool Street Limited stop service. Sub brand of Abellio Greater Anglia.
Southend Abellio Greater Anglia Liverpool Street
Luton Thameslink St Pancras/Farringdon/City Thameslink/Blackfriars/London Bridge Thameslink route service.
Operators[edit]
Thameslink trains run a cross London route through Central London
Unlike the Underground, which is a single system owned and operated by Transport for London, commuter railways in London are run by a number of separate train operating companies (TOCs). This results from the privatisation of British Rail in the 1990s which split the former state railway operator British Rail into a number of smaller franchises in order to increase competition and allow railways to operate in a free market. Among the rail firms operating passenger services in London, a number are owned by foreign companies or by state-owned railways of other European countries.[18][19][20] London Overground is contracted in a different way to other franchises in that it is operated by a private company under contract to Transport for London. Heathrow Express is also unusual in that it is not officially part of the National Rail franchising system.
Train operator
Franchise/services
Parent company/owner
Abellio Greater Anglia East Anglia franchise - Local and regional/commuter services to Essex, Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, serving Liverpool Street Abellio
Arriva Rail London London Overground metro service across London Arriva
c2c Essex Thameside - local and regional/commuter services in East London and South Essex serving Fenchurch Street Trenitalia
Chiltern Railways London to Aylesbury Line - local and regional/commuter services to North West London, Buckinghamshire serving Marylebone Arriva
East Midlands Trains Regional services to Corby serving St Pancras Stagecoach Group
Thameslink Great Northern Thameslink and Great Northern Route provides local, commuter and regional services to North London, South London, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Kent and Sussex serving King's Cross, St Pancras, Moorgate, Blackfriars, and London Bridge Govia
Gatwick Express Express service to Gatwick Airport, part of Southern franchise serving Victoria Govia
Great Western Railway Local and regional/commuter services to West London and the Thames Valley region serving Paddington FirstGroup
Heathrow Connect Stopping service to Heathrow Airport serving Paddington Heathrow Express/Great Western Railway joint venture
Heathrow Express Non-stop service to Heathrow Airport serving Paddington Heathrow Airport Holdings
London Midland Local and regional/commuter services to Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire, Warwickshire and Staffordshire serving Euston Govia
South West Trains Waterloo to Reading line, Local services to South West London and regional/commuter services to Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset & Berkshire serving Waterloo Stagecoach Group
Southeastern Local metro services across South East London and commuter and regional services to Kent serving London Charing Cross, London Victoria, London Cannon Street and London Blackfriars.
Southeastern High Speed commuter services to Kent serving London St Pancras Govia
Southern Local/commuter services in South London and commuter/regional services to Sussex; stopping service to Gatwick Airport; the cross-London route to Milton Keynes serving London Bridge and Victoria Govia
Stansted Express Express service to Stansted Airport, part of Abellio Greater Anglia serving Liverpool Street Abellio
TfL Rail Local and commuter services to Gidea Park and Shenfield serving Liverpool Street MTR Corporation
National InterCity[edit]
East Coast 125mph InterCity trains connect London with the East Midlands, Yorkshire, North East England and Scotland
Long-distance intercity services are provided at some London rail termini. Because the termini and intercity routes were largely built by competing companies, many termini serve cities in overlapping regions or different parts of the same region:
Euston for the West Midlands, North Wales, North West England and Scotland
St Pancras for the East Midlands and parts of Yorkshire
King's Cross for the East Midlands, Yorkshire, North East England and Scotland
Liverpool Street for East Anglia
Paddington for South West England and South Wales
International[edit]
a Eurostar train at St Pancras
St Pancras provides international Eurostar services via the Channel Tunnel to cities including Paris, Brussels, Lyon and Marseilles, with journeys to Paris in around 2 hours 15 minutes and to Brussels in around 1 hour 50 minutes.[21]
Ticketing[edit]
Main article: Oyster card
The TfL Oyster Card electronic ticket
London commuters mostly gain access to public transport services in London by using one of the inter-modal travel tickets provided by Transport for London. Oyster card is a credit-card-sized electronic ticket which offers almost unlimited use on the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway, Tramlink, London Buses and National Rail services in the Greater London area.[22] Commuters entering London from further afield may rely on the older paper Travelcard (combined with a National Rail ticket) which offers the same inter-modal access but is valid at the regional railway stations not yet equipped to offer electronic ticketing. Oyster card is generally not valid outside the London fare zones or on certain airport express services.
Both Travelcard and Oyster card fares are calculated by using a system of fare zones which divides London's transport network into concentric circles numbered 1-6. Individual transport operators may also offer their own ticketing and fare tariffs for travel on one mode of transport.
The London Pass offers tourists visiting London a combination of the Travelcard and admissions to a number of tourist attractions for a set fee in advance.
Roads[edit]
London has a hierarchy of roads ranging from major radial and orbital trunk roads down to minor "side streets". At the top level are motorways and grade-separated dual carriageways, supplemented by non-grade-separated urban dual carriageways, major single carriageway roads, local distributor roads and small local streets.
Most of the streets of central London were laid out before cars were invented and London's road network is often congested. Attempts to tackle this go back at least to the 1740s, when the New Road was built through the fields north of the city; it is now just another congested central London thoroughfare. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new wide roads such as Victoria Embankment, Shaftesbury Avenue and Kingsway were created. In the 1920s and 1930s a series of new radial roads, such as the Western Avenue and Eastern Avenue, were constructed in the new suburban outskirts of London but little was done in the congested central area.
A 1938 report, The Highway Development Survey, by Sir Charles Bressey and Sir Edwin Lutyens for the Ministry of Transport and Sir Patrick Abercrombie's 1943 County of London Plan and 1944 Greater London Plan all recommended the construction of many miles of new roads and the improvement of existing routes and junctions but little was done to implement the recommendations. In the 1960s the Greater London Council prepared a drastic plan for a network of London Ringways including the construction of the London Motorway Box which would have involved massive demolition and huge cost to bring motorways into the heart of the city. Resistance from Central Government over the costs and campaigns of objection from local residents caused the cancellation of most of the plans in 1973. By the end of the 20th century policy swung towards a preference for public transport improvements, although the 118-mile (190 km) M25 orbital motorway was constructed between 1973 and 1986 to provide a route for traffic to bypass the London urban area.
Major routes[edit]
The busy M25 motorway which circles the urban area.
Due to the opposition to the Ringway plan and earlier proposals there are few grade-separated routes penetrating to the city centre. Only the western A40, the northeastern A12 Leyton By-pass, eastern A13 and southeastern A2 are grade-separated for most of the way into central London. There is also the eastern A1203, a dual carriageway tunnel around the Docklands area, which directly links onto the A13.
There is a technical distinction between the motorways, operated by the Highways Agency, and other major routes, operated by TfL as the Transport for London Route Network (TLRN). Many of London's major radial routes continue far beyond the city as part of the national motorway and trunk road network.
From the north, clockwise (and noting a key commuter location served by each rather than the final destination), the major radial routes are the A10 (north to Hertford), the M11 (north to Cambridge), the A12 (northeast to Chelmsford), the A127 (east to Southend), the A13 (also east to Southend), the A2/M2 (east to Chatham), the A20/M20 (east to Maidstone), the A23/M23 (south to Gatwick Airport and Brighton), the A3 (southwest to Guildford), A316/M3 (southwest to Basingstoke), the A4/M4 (west to Heathrow Airport and Reading), the A40/M40 (west to Oxford), the M1 (northwest to Luton & Milton Keynes) and the A1 (north to Stevenage).
Sign marking an exit from the congestion charging zone
There are also three ring roads linking these routes orbitally. The innermost, the Inner Ring Road, circumnavigates the congestion charging zone in the city centre. The generally grade-separated North Circular Road (the A406 from Gunnersbury to East Ham) and the non-separated South Circular Road (the A205) form a suburban ring of roughly 10 km radius. Finally, the M25 encircles most of the urban area with roughly a 25 km radius. The western section of the M25 past Heathrow Airport is one of Europe's busiest, carrying around 200,000 vehicles per day.
None of these roads have tolls, although the Dartford Crossing, which links the two ends of the M25 to the east of London, is tolled.
Distributor and minor routes[edit]
The major roads mentioned above are supplemented by a host of standard single-carriageway main roads, operated as part of the afore-mentioned TLRN. These roads generally link suburbs with each other, or deliver traffic from the ends of the major routes into the city centre.
The TLRN is supplemented by local distributor roads operated by the local authorities, the London boroughs. These non-strategic roads only carry local traffic.
Congestion charge[edit]
In February 2003, TfL introduced a radical scheme to charge motorists £5 per day for driving vehicles within a designated area of central London during peak hours, the congestion charge.[23] The politicians behind the scheme claim that it has significantly reduced traffic congestion and hence improved reliability of bus and taxi services,[24] but this is strongly contested by the scheme's critics. The charge was increased to £8 per day on 4 July 2005.[25] In 2007 the zone was extended into west London.[26] On 4 January 2011 several changes were implemented based on the public consultation conducted in 2008, which included the removal of the Western Extension and a charge increase from £8 to £10,
Road casualties in London[edit]
The following table shows the number of casualties, grouped by severity, on the roads of Greater London (including the City of London), over recent years.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Fatal 204 184 126 159 134 132 127 136
Serious 3,322 3,043 2,760 2,646 2,884 2,192 2,040 1,956
Total 3,526 3,227 2,886 2,805 3,018 2,324 2,167 2,092
Slight 24,627 24,752 26,003 26,452 25,762 24,875 28,618 28,090
Grand total 28,361 27,979 28,889 29,257 28,780 27,199 30,785 30,182
Cycling[edit]
Main article: Cycling in London
Barclays Cycle Hire docking station in Soho Square
Over one million Londoners own bicycles but as of 2008[update] only around 2 per cent of all journeys in London are made by bike: this compares poorly to other major European cities such as Berlin (5 per cent), Munich (12 per cent), and Amsterdam (55 per cent)[34] and Copenhagen (36 per cent).[35] Nevertheless, this is an 83 per cent increase compared to that in 2000.[36] There are currently an estimated 480,000 cycle journeys each day in the capital.
The Santander Cycles (formerly Barclays Cycle Hire) scheme, launched 30 July 2010, aims to provide 6,000 bicycles for rental.[37] Bikes are available at a number of docking stations in central London.
Buses and Bus Rapid Transit[edit]
Main articles: Buses in London and East London Transit
The modern Alexander Dennis Enviro400 double-decker bus operating services on route 139
The red double-decker London bus has entered popular culture as an internationally recognised British icon, and while the design and operation of London buses has changed over the years, the vehicles still maintain their traditional red colour.[38]
The London Bus network is extensive, with over 6,800 scheduled services every weekday carrying about six million passengers on over 700 different routes making it one of the most extensive bus systems in the world and by far the largest in Europe.[39] Catering mainly for local journeys, it carries more passengers than the Underground. In addition to this extensive daytime system, a 100-route night bus service is also operated, providing a 24-hour service. East London Transit is a partially segregated Bus Rapid Transit system.
The London Buses network and East London Transit systems are managed by TfL through its arms-length subsidiary company, London Buses Ltd. As a result of the Privatisation of London bus services in 1985, bus operations in London must be put out to competitive tendering and routes are operated by a number of private companies, while TfL sets the routes, frequencies, fares and even the type of vehicle used (Greater London was exempted from the bus deregulation in Great Britain). Transport companies may bid to run London bus services for a fixed price for several years, with incentives and penalties in place to encourage good performance against certain criteria.[40] The tendering system is open to transport operators from a global market, with the result that some London bus services are now operated by international groups such as RATP Group, the state-owned operator of the Paris public transport system.[19][20][41]
Company
Routes
Parent company
Abellio London London & Surrey Abellio
Abellio Surrey London & Surrey Abellio
Arriva London London Arriva
Carousel Buses Buckinghamshire Go-Ahead Group
CT Plus Greater London HCT Group
First Berkshire & The Thames Valley Berkshire FirstGroup
Go-Ahead London London Go-Ahead Group
Green Line Coaches Express services to Berkshire & Hertfordshire Arriva
London Sovereign North London RATP Group
London United West & Central London RATP Group
Metrobus South and South-east London, and parts of Surrey, Kent, West and East Sussex. Go-Ahead Group
Metroline North & West London ComfortDelGro
Quality Line South London & Surrey RATP Group
Stagecoach London South and East London Stagecoach Group
Sullivan Buses Hertfordshire & North London -
Tower Transit East, West & Central London Transit Systems
Uno Hertfordshire & North London University of Hertfordshire
Many services are operated with the iconic red double-decker buses, virtually all using modern low-floor accessible vehicles rather than the traditional open-platform AEC Routemasters, now limited to two city centre "heritage routes" after a phase out in 2006. However a new Routemaster has come into service following the withdrawal of the articulated buses called New Routemaster which is a modern version of the Routemaster which started service in 2012.
The bus system has been the subject of much investment since TfL's inception in 2000, with consequent improvements in the number of routes (particularly night services), their frequency, reliability and the standard of the vehicles used.
Taxis[edit]
Black cabs and Hire cars[edit]
The iconic Hackney carriage or black cab.
The iconic black cab remains a common sight. They are driven by the only taxicab drivers in the world who have spent at least three years learning the city's road network to gain 'The Knowledge'. All London taxicabs are licensed by TfL's Public Carriage Office (PCO), who also set taxicab fares along with strict maximum vehicle emission standards. Black cabs can be hailed on the street or hired from a taxicab rank (by all the mainline railway stations and around the major business, shopping and tourist centres). Taxicab fares are set by TfL and are calculated using a Taximeter in the vehicle (hence the name 'Taxicab') and are calculated using a combination of distance travelled and time.
Private Hire Vehicles (PHVs or minicabs) are cars which are not licensed to pick people up on the street. They must always be booked in advance by phone or at the operator's offices.
Horse-drawn vehicles[edit]
More than 70 years after horse-drawn carriages were restricted from the West End, Westminster City Council has announced that it will consider supporting applications to reintroduce them for sightseeing tours across the city.[42] The first Hackney carriages licensed in London, in 1662, were horse-drawn vehicles.
Bicycle taxis and Pedicabs[edit]
Pedicabs are a fairly recent addition, being mostly used by tourists and operating in the central areas. Unlike the black cab, no test of knowledge is required to operate a pedicab or bicycle rickshaw.
Cambridge Trishaws Ltd moved from Cambridge to London in 1998 as the first such company to work within the city. There are now 5–10 such companies providing competing services. The Licensed Taxi Drivers Association (LTDA) went to the High Court to try to force them to become licensed, but lost their case in 2004.[43]
There has been a move, led by Chris Smallwood, chairman of the London Pedicab Operators Association, to bring in more relevant legislation. Smallwood helped to draft an amendment to a bill to be put before the House of Lords that would introduce these 'lighter' pedicab regulations. This was followed in 2005 by Transport Committee scrutiny to determine the future of the then nascent industry. This led in turn, to a 2006 TfL consultation "for the introduction of a licensing regime that is appropriate for pedicabs and their riders".[44]
Airports[edit]
Main article: Airports of London
Map of airports serving london
London's Heathrow Airport handles more international passenger traffic than any other in the world.
London City Airport has a single STOL runway located on a narrow strip of land with docks on both sides.
London is the best served city by airports in the world with almost 150 million passengers using its six airports in 2005. In order of size, these airports are Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, London City; and London Southend Airport.
Heathrow and Gatwick serve long-haul, European and domestic flights; Stansted, Luton and Southend cater primarily for low-cost European and domestic services, whilst London City caters for business passengers to short-haul and domestic destinations.
The closest airport to the city centre is London City in the Docklands area, approximately 10 km east of the City of London financial district. A branch of the Docklands Light Railway links the airport to the City in under 25 minutes.[45]
Two other airports are at the edge of the city but within the Greater London boundary: Biggin Hill, around 23 km southeast of the centre, and London's principal airport, Heathrow, 20–25 km from central London.
Heathrow handles nearly 70 million passengers per annum, making it Europe's busiest airport. On the western edge of the city in the London Borough of Hillingdon, it has two runways and five passenger terminals, with the £4bn fifth terminal opening in 2008. It is connected to central London by the dedicated Heathrow Express rail service, the Heathrow Connect local rail service and London Underground's Piccadilly line, and is connected to the M4 and M25 motorways.
Gatwick is just under 40 km south of central London in Sussex, some distance outside London's boundary. With a single runway and two terminals, it handles approximately 32 million passengers per year from domestic, short-haul and long-haul flights, and is linked to London by the Gatwick Express, Thameslink and Southern rail services, and by the M23. It is the busiest single runway airport in the world.
Southend is to the east of London, and has undergone rapid development to be usable by short-haul passenger flights in time for the 2012 Olympics. It is connected to London via the A127 road, an on airport station with services through Stratford to London Liverpool Street. Passenger numbers have risen significantly from April 2012 when low-cost flights commenced to 13 European destinations.
Stansted is London's most distant airport, approximately 50 km north of the centre, in Essex. With a single runway and terminal, it handles approximately 20 million passengers annually, mostly from low-cost short-haul and domestic leisure flights. It is connected to London by the Stansted Express rail service and the M11 motorway.
Luton Airport is about 45 km northwest of London, connected to it by the M1 and First Capital Connect trains from nearby Luton Airport Parkway station. It has a single terminal and a runway considerably shorter than the other London airports, and like Stansted it caters mainly for low-cost short-haul leisure flights.
RAF Northolt in west London is used by private jets, and London Heliport in Battersea is used by private helicopters. There are also Biggin Hill and Farnborough Airfield. Croydon Airport was originally London's main airport, but was replaced by Heathrow, and closed in 1959.
An airfield at Lydd has been rebranded London Ashford, but currently have little traffic. In August 2009, Oxford Airport, some 95 km from London's City Centre, re-branded itself London Oxford Airport in a controversial move,[46] while Kent International was briefly called London Manston; it is 120 km from London.
In addition, RAF Brize Norton with direct flights to the Falkland Islands is less than two hours away by car.[47]
Airport Transit[edit]
Gatwick Airport inter-terminal transit
Three of London's airports provide varieties of automated people mover along guided tracks to shuttle passengers between terminals. These small-scale transport systems operate independently of London's main transportation network.
The Gatwick Airport inter-terminal transit, originally built in 1983 and refurbished in 2010, was the first airport driverless train system outside the USA;[48][49] a similar system, the Stansted Airport Transit System, was opened in 1991 at Stansted Airport to provide airside terminal transfers.[50] At Heathrow Airport, a personal rapid transit system called ULTra has been in operation since 2011.[51]
Water transport[edit]
River Thames[edit]
See also: London River Services
"River bus" services on the River Thames
The River Thames is navigable to ocean-going vessels as far as London Bridge, and to substantial craft well upstream of Greater London. Historically, the river was one of London's main transport arteries. Although this is no longer the case, passenger services have seen something of a revival since the creation in 1999 of London River Services, an arm of Transport for London. LRS now regulates and promotes a small-scale network of river bus commuter services and a large number of leisure cruises operating on the river. Boats are owned and operated by a number of private companies, and LRS manages five of central London's 22 piers.[52]
Canals[edit]
See also: Canals of the United Kingdom
A "water bus" on the Regent's Canal
London also has several canals, including the Regent's Canal, which links the Thames to the Grand Union Canal and thus to the waterway network across much of England. These canals were originally built in the Industrial Revolution for the transport of coal, raw materials and foods. Although they now carry few goods, they are popular with private narrowboat users and leisure cruisers, and a regular "water bus" service operates along the Regent's Canal during the summer months.
Cargo[edit]
Some bulk cargoes are carried on the Thames, and the Mayor of London wishes to increase this use. London's port used to be the country's busiest when it was located in Central London and east London's Docklands. Since the 1960s, containerisation has led to almost all of the port's activities moving further downstream and the ceasing of port-related activity at the extensive network of docks (which were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries). A purpose-built container port at Tilbury in Essex, around ten kilometres outside the Greater London boundary, is today the busiest part of the port, though activity remains along stretches of the Thames, mainly downstream of the Thames Barrier. Fifty riverside wharfs have been safeguarded from development in Greater London. Today the port is the UK's second largest by cargo handled (53 million tonnes in 2008).[53] The Port of London Authority is responsible for most port activities and navigation along the River Thames in London and on the Thames estuary.
Aerial lift[edit]
Main article: Emirates cable car
The Air Line aerial cable system over the River Thames opened in 2012.
Public Transportation Statistics[edit]
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in London, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 84 min. 30% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min, while 18% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 20% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. [54]

See also[edit]
Book: London
London Transport portal
List of bus routes in London
History of public transport authorities in London
List of heads of public transport authorities in London
London fare zones
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Martin, Andrew. Underground, Overground a Passenger's History of the Tube. London: Profile. ISBN 9781847658074.
Jump up ^ "Company information". Transport for London website. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Travel in London" (PDF). TfL. Transport for London. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Tube carries one billion passengers for first time". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Brummer, Alex (2012). "7. the Export of Transport". Britain for Sale: British Companies in Foreign Hands. Random House. ISBN 1448136814.
^ Jump up to: a b Macalister, Terry; Milmo,Dan (22 April 2010). "Arriva takeover bid revives foreign takeover row". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
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Jump up ^ Transport for London (2009). Casualties in Greater London during 2008.
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Jump up ^ Elborough, Travis (2006). The bus we loved : London's affair with the Routemaster. London: Granta Books. p. 108. ISBN 9781862078857.
Jump up ^ London Buses, Transport for London. Accessed 10 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Parker, David (2009). The official history of privatisation. London: Routledge. p. 232. ISBN 9780203881521.
Jump up ^ "The French connection: What's a picture of the River Seine doing on our iconic London buses?". Daily Mail. 25 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Horse-drawn carriages could make West End comeback" (Press release). City of Westminster Council. 22 January 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Taxi driver: London". BBC News. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Public Carriage Office begins consultation on licensing pedicabs in London" (Press release). Transport for London. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
Jump up ^ London City Airport train timetable, www.tfl.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2005.
Jump up ^ "London Oxford Airport - a Tale of Two Cities". The Telegraph. 19 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Jump up ^ https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.75,-1.583611&spn=0.03,0.03&t=m&q=51.75,-1.583611
Jump up ^ Hudson, Kenneth (1984). "Airports and Airfields". Industrial history from the air. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-521-25333-8.
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Jump up ^ "London Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Public transport in London.
Official website of Transport for London, the executive agency in charge of most transport operations
Department for Transport, central government department overseeing the national railway network
London Campaign for Better Transport, campaigns on local issues, and supports the national organisation in pressing for sustainable transport. A current project is a possible "Brent Cross Railway" in north London.
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Aidan (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the band, see Aiden.
Look up Aidan, aidan, or Aiden in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Aidan, Aiden, Aedan
Pronunciation
/ˈeɪdən/
Gender
Male
Language(s)
English
Origin
Language(s)
Irish and Scottish Gaelic
Meaning
born of fire/the fiery one/ little firey one
Region of origin
Ireland
Popularity
see popular names
Aidan, Aiden and Aedan are the main anglicisations of the Irish male given name Aodhán and the Scottish Gaelic given name Aodhàn.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and spelling
2 Given name
2.1 Middle Ages
2.2 Modern times
2.2.1 Sports
3 Fictional characters
4 See also
5 References
Etymology and spelling[edit]
The name is derived from the name Aodhán, which is a pet form of Aodh.[2] The personal name Aodh means "fiery" and/or "bringer of fire" and was the name of a Celtic sun god (see Aed).[3]
Formerly common only in Ireland and Scotland, the name and its variants have become popular in England, the United States, and Canada. Aidan has been the 57th most popular name in the United States since the start of the year 2000, bestowed on over 62,000 boys, while Aiden ranking 66th, has been used on over 51,000 boys. Other variants are a bit less popular, such as Hayden 88th, Ayden 189th, Aden 333rd, Aydan 808th, and Aydin 960th, according to the United States Social Security Database.[4] "Aidan/Aiden" was the most popular boys' name in Canada in 2007.[5]
Its popularity is also reflected in the occurrence of similar-sounding names such as Braden, Caden, Hayden, and Jayden.[6]
Aidan (or any reasonable variant) as a girl's name does not appear in the top one thousand names for girls from the same database, although it has occasionally been used for girls.
Some sources suggest that the feminine equivalent of Aidan is Eithne, which has the same meaning.[7]
Given name[edit]
Middle Ages[edit]
Áedán mac Gabráin (ruled c. 574–609), King of Dál Riata, sometimes anglicised as Aidan of Dalriada
Aeddan ap Blegywryd (died 1018), Welsh prince of Gwynedd
Adam, Earl of Angus (ruled from before c. 1189)
Saint Máedóc of Ferns (550–632), also known as Áedan
Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne (died 651), Irish missionary and Bishop
Modern times[edit]
Aidan Baker (born 1974), Canadian musician
Aidan Banks, English guitarist
Aidan Browne, Northern Irish television presenter
Aiden Byrne, English chef
Aidan Chambers (born 1934), English author
Aidan Cooney, Irish television presenter
Aidan Crawley (1908–1993), British politician
Aidan J. David (born 1981), English actor
Aidan Davis (born 1997), English dancer
Aidan Delgado (born 1981), American soldier and anti-war activist
Aidan Devine, Canadian film actor
Francis Aidan Gasquet (1846–1929), English cardinal
Aidan Gillen (born 1968), Irish actor
Aidan Gillett (born 1986), Australian actor
Aidan Girt, Canadian drummer
Aidan Gould (born 1996), American actor
Aiden Grimshaw, English musician
Aiden Guerra, Australian rugby league player
Aidan Hartley (born 1965), British author and journalist
Aiden J. Harvey (born 1944), English comedian
Aidan Heavey (born 1953), Irish businessman
Aidan Higgins (born 1927), Irish writer
Aidan Hughes (born 1956), English artist
Aidan Kelly (born 1940), American Wiccan
John Aidan Liddell (1888–1915), English pilot
Aiden MacCarthy (1914–1992), Irish doctor
Aidan Carl Matthews (born 1956), Irish writer
Aidan McAnespie (1965–1988), Irish victim of the Troubles
Aidan McArdle (born 1970), Irish actor
Aidan McLindon (born 1980), Australian politician
Aidan Mitchell (born 1993), American actor
Aidan Moffat (born 1973), Scottish musician
Aidan Quinn (born 1959), American actor
Aiden Wilson Tozer (1897–1963), American preacher
Aidan Turner (born 1983), Irish actor
Aiden Turner (born 1977), English actor
Aidan White (journalist) (born 1951), British journalist
Aidan Zammit (born 1965), Maltese musician
Sports[edit]
Aiden Blizzard (born 1984), Australian cricketer
Aiden Butterworth (born 1961), English football player
Aiden Cairns, Australian rugby league player
Aidan Coleman (born 1988), Irish jockey
Aidan Collins (English footballer) (born 1986)
Aidan Daly (born 1978), New Zealand basketball player
Aidan Davison (born 1968), British footballer
Aidan Downes (born 1988), Irish footballer
Aidan Fennelly, Irish gaelic footballer
Aidan Fogarty (born 1982), Irish hurling player
Aidan Fogarty (hurler) (born 1958), Irish hurling player
Aidan Kearney (born 1984), Irish hurling player
Aidan Kirk (born 1986), New Zealand rugby league player
Aidan McCaffrey (born 1957), English footballer
Aiden McGeady (born 1986), Irish footballer
Aidan Murphy (born 1967), English footballer and coach
Aidan Newhouse (born 1972), English footballer
Aiden O'Brien, Irish footballer
Aidan O'Brien (born 1969), Irish horse-racing trainer
Aidan O'Kane (born 1979), Northern Irish footballer
Aidan O'Mahony (born 1982), Irish gaelic footballer
Aiden Palmer (born 1987), English football player
Aidan Price (born 1981), Irish footballer
Aiden Tolman (born 1988), Australian rugby league player
Aidan Walsh (born 1990), Irish hurling and Gaelic football player
Fictional characters[edit]
"Aidan" (The Inside episode), the title of episode 8 of the television series The Inside
Aidan Brosnan, fictional character played by Sean Maguire in the television series EastEnders
Aiden Burn, fictional female character in the television series CSI: NY
Aiden Dennison, fictional character in the television series South of Nowhere
Aidan Devane, fictional character played by Aiden Turner in the television series All My Children
Aiden Ford, fictional character in the television series Stargate Atlantis
Aiden Lucas, fictional character in the television series Ghost Whisperer
Aidan Lynch, fictional character in the novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. Rowling
Aiden Pearce, protagonist in the video game Watch Dogs
Aidan Shaw, fictional character played by John Corbett in the television series Sex and the City
Aidan Waite, fictional character in the Syfy drama/horror Being Human
See also[edit]
List of Irish-language given names
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Redgate, A. E. (2002). "St. Aidan". In Cannon, John Ashton. The Oxford Companion to British History (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19860-514-0. Retrieved 31 October 2009 – via Encyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ "Aodhán". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 31 October 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Aodh". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 31 October 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Top names of the 2000s". United States Social Security Database. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canada's Top Baby Names for 2007". BabyCenter.ca. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Rosenkrantz, Linda; Satran, Pamela Redmond (2007). The Baby Name Bible. New York City: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-312-35220-2.
Jump up ^ Macleod, Iseabail; Freedman, Terry (1995). The Wordsworth Dictionary of First Names. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. p. 74. ISBN 1-85326-366-4.
Name list
This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aidan_(name)&oldid=840005965"
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Palm Trees in the Snow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Palm Trees in the Snow
Poster
Palmeras en la nieve
Directed by
Fernando González Molina
Written by
Sergio G. Sánchez
Based on
Palmeras en la nieve
by Luz Gabás
Starring
Mario Casas
Adriana Ugarte
Macarena García
Celso Bugallo
Laia Costa
Emilio Gutiérrez Caba
Berta Vázquez
Music by
Lucas Vidal
Cinematography
Xavi Giménez
Edited by
Irene Blecua
Verónica Callón
Production
companies
Nostromo Pictures
Dynamo Producciones
Atresmedia Cine
Warner Bros.
Release date
25 December 2015 (2015-12-25) (Spain)
Running time
163 minutes
Country
Spain
Colombia
Language
Spanish
Bube
Pichinglis
Benasquese (Patués)
Budget
€10 million
Palm Trees in the Snow (Spanish: Palmeras en la nieve) is a 2015 Spanish romantic drama film directed by Fernando González Molina. The screenplay is based on the novel of the same name, Palmeras en la nieve, by Luz Gabás.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Kilian is a young man from the mountains of Huesca who, in 1954, returns to the island of Fernando Pó (present Bioko), where he was born. He joins his father Antón and his brother Jacobo. As a family they are some of the Spanish colonialists who raise cocoa.
In 2003, Clarence discovers a hidden letter that reveals a hint about her father Jacobo's and uncle Kilian's past and sets out to discover what was concealed behind that journey to the former Spanish Guinea.
Cast[edit]
Mario Casas as Kilian
Adriana Ugarte as Clarence
Macarena García as Julia
Alain Hernández as Jacobo
Laia Costa as Daniela
Emilio Gutiérrez Caba as Antón
Berta Vázquez (es) as Bisila
Daniel Grao as Manuel
Fernando Cayo as Garuz
Celso Bugallo as older Kilian
Petra Martínez as older Julia
Production[edit]
The film was shot in the Canary Islands, Huesca and Colombia.[3]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Awards
Category
Nominated
Result
III Premios Feroz Best Original Soundtrack Lucas Vidal Nominated
30th Goya Awards Best Art Direction Antón Laguna Won
Best Production Supervision Toni Novella Nominated
Best Costume Design Lolés García Galeán Nominated
Best Makeup and Hairstyles Alicia López, Karmele Soler, Manolo García and Pedro de Diego Nominated
Best Original Song "Palmeras en la nieve" by Lucas Vidal and Pablo Alborán Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Palmeras en la nieve". Sensacine. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
Jump up ^ ""Palm Trees in the Snow" second best Spanish opening of the year". Vertele. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The challenge of 'Palm Trees in the Snow'". El Mundo. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
External links[edit]
Palmeras en la nieve on IMDb
Palm Trees in the Snow at Rotten Tomatoes

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It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
Single by G.C. Cameron
from the album Cooley High: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack/G.C. Cameron
B-side
"Haulin' + Cold Blooded (Instrumental)" by Freddie Perren
Released
September 1, 1975 (1975-09-01)
Format
7" single
Recorded
1975
Genre
Soul
Length
3:25
Label
Motown
1364
Songwriter(s)
Freddie Perren
Christine Yarian
Producer(s)
Freddie Perren
G.C. Cameron singles chronology
"If You're Ever Gonna Love Me"
(1975) "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
(1975) "Dream Lady"
(1976)
"If You're Ever Gonna Love Me"
(1975) "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
(1975) "Dream Lady"
(1976)
"It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" is an R&B song written by Motown husband-and-wife songwriting team Freddie Perren and Christine Yarian for the 1975 film Cooley High. In the film, the song is performed by Motown artist G.C. Cameron, whose rendition peaked at number 38 on the Billboard R&B singles chart that same year. Perren also composed the instrumental score for Cooley High, and the B-side to "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" features two of his score compositions from the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Boyz II Men version
1.1 Track listings
2 Covers and references
3 U.S. chart performance
3.1 G.C. Cameron version
3.2 Boyz II Men version
3.2.1 Weekly charts
3.2.2 Year-end charts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Boyz II Men version[edit]
"It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
U.S. commercial cassette single
Single by Boyz II Men
from the album Cooleyhighharmony
Released
August 20, 1991
Format
7" single
Cassette single
CD single
Recorded
Fall 1990
Genre
R&B, soul, a cappella
Length
2:47
Label
Motown
2136
Songwriter(s)
Freddie Perren
Christine Yarian
Producer(s)
Dallas Austin
Boyz II Men singles chronology
"Motownphilly"
(1991) "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
(1991) "Uhh Ahh"
(1991)
"Motownphilly"
(1991) "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
(1991) "Uhh Ahh"
(1991)
The composition fared better when covered in an a cappella rendition by contemporary R&B Motown group Boyz II Men 16 years later. Boyz II Men's recording of "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" peaked at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs on December 21, 1991. Over on non-genre specific charts the song reached number five on the Hot 100 Airplay on December 7, 1991 and number two on the Hot Singles Sales on November 23, 1991 and eventually went on to peak at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 14, 1991, blocked from the top spot for five weeks by Michael Jackson's single "Black or White". "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" was included on Boyz II Men's first album, Cooleyhighharmony, its name a reference to the film from which the song originated.
The song was also featured in the films Lethal Weapon 3 (1992) and as the center of gags in Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008), and in episodes of the television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Psych and Martin. It was featured in the American Dad! episode " News Glance with Genevieve VaVance" when Steve goes missing. It was also performed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon immediately after Conan O'Brien's final Tonight Show in 2010, with Jimmy Fallon and The Roots singing it in the studio O'Brien had occupied when he hosted Late Night (now home of The Dr. Oz Show). The song was later sung by Tracy Morgan as part of a tribute to his 30 Rock co-stars that celebrated the show's then upcoming final episode. It was also featured on MTV during the current promotions of Jersey Shore's final season. In July 2013, the song was used by the show Game of Thrones at its Comic-Con panel in a tribute video to the characters killed off in its third season.[1]
Track listings[edit]
US Cassette Single
A It's So Hard To Say Goodbye To Yesterday (LP Version)
Album Snippets
B1 Under Pressure
B2 Please Don't Go
B3 Lonely Heart
B4 Uhh Ahh
B5 It's So Hard To Say Goodbye To Yesterday
Europe Maxi-CD
It's Hard To Say Goodbye To Yesterday (Radio Version) 3:06
It's Hard To Say Goodbye To Yesterday (Accapella Version) 3:49
Album Snippets
3a Under Pressure 0:48
3b Please Don't Go 1:00
3c Lonely Heart 1:00
3d Uhh Ahh 1:03
Covers and references[edit]
Singer Jacky Cheung recorded a Cantonese version of "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" entitled "偷闲加油站" in 1993.
The Notorious B.I.G. humorously refers to the song in the song "Gimme the Loot," from his 1994 album Ready to Die, indicating that if a potential robbery victim tried to resist his efforts, the victim's bereaved mother would be left singing "It's so haaaard."
Nas also did something similar in the song "Destroy & Rebuild", where he didn't mention Cormega's name in the first verse of the song: "Right: Mega was his name, sorry 'bout that, but 'it's so hard' to put a coward's name in my raps!"
In 1995, Barrio Boyzz dedicated the song in Spanish to Selena after her death on March 31, 1995.
In 1998, rapper Master P with Mo B. Dick, Silkk the Shocker, and R&B group Sons of Funk did a loose cover for the song titled as "Goodbye to My Homies".
In 2001, Usher sang the song a capella in memory of R'n'B singer and actress Aaliyah, who had been killed in a plane crash three days before.
In 2002, Busch Stadium played the song while showing a memorial video of late pitcher Darryl Kile.
In 2008, Jamelody covered the song on his debut album, "Be Prepared".
In 2012, R. Kelly sang a portion of the song a capella in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary Benji, which was a biography of Chicago HS basketball star Ben Wilson. Wilson was murdered in 1984 during an altercation with two teenagers at the age of 17 and Kelly was one of his AAU teammates. Kelly also sang the song as Wilson was being laid to rest the day of his funeral and recounted that for the film.
In 2012, Angela Aki sang the song using both English and Japanese lyrics.
In 2014, singer-songwriter Jason Mraz covered the song on his fifth studio album Yes!, with rock-folk band Raining Jane providing back-up.
Radio stations in the United States changing formats have on occasion used this song to sign off their old format prior to the debut of the new one, such as longtime urban station V103 in Baltimore in June 1997.
On February 12, 2017, guitarist Josh Klinghoffer performed a short tease of the song during the Red Hot Chili Peppers show in Philadelphia
U.S. chart performance[edit]
G.C. Cameron version[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles[2] 38
Boyz II Men version[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[3]
2
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[4]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1992)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[5]
37
See also[edit]
R&B number-one hits of 1991 (USA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Uproxx, "Game of Thrones Opened Its Comic-Con Panel With a Tribute Video Set to Boyz II Men" Retrieved 20 July 2013
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 99.
Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Boyz II Men. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men – Chart history" Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for Boyz II Men. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1992". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_So_Hard_to_Say_Goodbye_to_Yesterday&oldid=800179249"
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