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North Sea oil
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"North Sea Gas" redirects here. For the band, see North Sea Gas (band).
North Sea Oil and Gas Fields
An oil platform in Mittelplate, Wadden Sea
North Sea oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, comprising liquid petroleum and natural gas, produced from petroleum reservoirs beneath the North Sea.
In the petroleum industry, the term "North Sea" often includes areas such as the Norwegian Sea and the area known as "West of Shetland", "the Atlantic Frontier" or "the Atlantic Margin" that is not geographically part of the North Sea.
Brent crude is still used today as a standard benchmark for pricing oil, although the contract now refers to a blend of oils from fields in the northern North Sea.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1851–1963
1.2 1964–present
2 Licensing
3 Reserves and production
4 Carbon dioxide sequestration
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
1851–1963[edit]
Commercial extraction of oil on the shores of the North Sea dates back to 1851, when James Young retorted oil from torbanite (boghead coal, or oil shale) mined in the Midland Valley of Scotland.[1] Across the sea in Germany, oil was found in the Wietze field near Hanover in 1859, leading to the discovery of seventy more fields, mostly in Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs, producing a combined total of around 1340 m³ (8,400 barrels) per day.[1]
Gas was found by chance in a water well near Hamburg in 1910, leading to minor gas discoveries in Zechstein dolomites elsewhere in Germany.[1] In England, BP discovered gas in similar reservoirs in the Eskdale anticline in 1938, and in 1939 they found commercial oil in Carboniferous rocks at Eakring in Nottinghamshire.[1] Discoveries elsewhere in the East Midlands lifted production to 400 m³ (2,500 barrels) per day, and a second wave of exploration from 1953 to 1961 found the Gainsborough field and ten smaller fields.[1]
The Netherlands' first oil shows were seen in a drilling demonstration at De Mient during the 1938 World Petroleum Congress at The Hague.[1] Subsequent exploration led to the 1943 discovery by Exploratie Nederland, part of the Royal Dutch/Shell company Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, of oil under the Dutch village of Schoonebeek, near the German border.[2] NAM found the Netherlands' first gas in Zechstein carbonates at Coevorden in 1948.[2] 1952 saw the first exploration well in the province of Groningen, Haren-1, which was the first to penetrate the Lower Permian Rotliegendes sandstone that is the main reservoir for the gas fields of the southern North Sea, although in Haren-1 it contained only water.[3] The Ten Boer well failed to reach target depth for technical reasons, but was completed as a minor gas producer from the Zechstein carbonates.[3] The Slochteren-1 well found gas in the Rotliegendes in 1959,[3] although the full extent of what became known as the Groningen gas field was not appreciated until 1963—it is currently estimated at ≈96×10^12 cu ft (2,700 km3) recoverable gas reserves.[2] Smaller discoveries to the west of Groningen followed.
1964–present[edit]
The UK Continental Shelf Act came into force in May 1964. Seismic exploration and the first well followed later that year. It and a second well on the Mid North Sea High were dry, as the Rotliegendes was absent, but BP's Sea Gem rig struck gas in the West Sole Field in September 1965.[4] The celebrations were short-lived because the Sea Gem sank with the loss of 13 lives after part of the rig collapsed as it was moved away from the discovery well.[4] The Viking Gas Field was discovered in December 1965 with the Conoco/National Coal Board well 49/17-1, finding the gas-bearing Permian Rotliegend Sandstone at a depth of 2,756 m subsea.[5] Helicopters were first used to transport workers.[6] Larger gas finds followed in 1966—Leman Bank, Indefatigable and Hewett, but by 1968 companies had lost interest in further exploration of the British sector, a result of a ban on gas exports and low prices offered by the only buyer, British Gas.[4] West Sole came onstream in May 1967.[4] Licensing regulations for Dutch waters were not finalised until 1967.
The situation was transformed in December 1969, when Phillips Petroleum discovered oil in Chalk of Danian age at Ekofisk, in Norwegian waters in the central North Sea.[4] The same month, Amoco discovered the Montrose Field about 217 km (135 mi) east of Aberdeen.[4] BP had been awarded several licences in the area in the second licensing round late in 1965, but had been reluctant to work on them.[4] The discovery of Ekofisk prompted them to drill what turned out to be a dry hole in May 1970, followed by the discovery of the giant Forties Oil Field in October 1970.[4] The following year, Shell Expro discovered the giant Brent oilfield in the northern North Sea east of Shetland in Scotland and the Petronord Group discovered the Frigg gas field. The Piper oilfield was discovered in 1973 and the Statfjord Field and the Ninian Field[7] in 1974, with the Ninian reservoir consisting of Middle Jurassic sandstones at a depth of 3000 m subsea in a "westward tilted horst block".
Off shore production, like that in the North Sea, became more economical after the 1973 oil crisis caused the world oil price to quadruple, followed by the 1979 energy crisis causing another tripling in the oil price. Oil production started from the Argyll & Duncan Oilfields (now Ardmore) in June 1975[8] followed by Forties Oil Field in November of that year.[9] The inner Moray Firth Beatrice Field, a Jurassic sandstone/shale reservoir 1829 m deep in a "fault-bounded anticlinal trap", was discovered in 1976 with well 11/30-1, drilled by the Mesa Petroleum Group (named after T. Boone Pickens' wife Bea, "the only oil field in the North Sea named for a woman")[10] in 49 m of water.[11]
A 'Statfjord' gravity base structure under construction in Norway. Almost all of the structure was submerged.
Volatile weather conditions in Europe's North Sea have made drilling particularly hazardous, claiming many lives (see Oil platform). The conditions also make extraction a costly process; by the 1980s, costs for developing new methods and technologies to make the process both efficient and safe, far exceeded NASA's budget to land a man on the moon.[12] The exploration of the North Sea has been a story of continually pushing the edges of the technology of exploitation (in terms of what can be produced) and later the technologies of discovery and evaluation (2-D seismic, followed by 3-D and 4-D seismic; sub-salt seismic; immersive display and analysis suites and supercomputing to handle the flood of computation required).[citation needed]
The Gullfaks oil field was discovered in 1978.[13] The Snorre Field was discovered in 1979, producing from the Triassic Lunde Formation and the Triassic-Jurassic Statfjord Formation, both fluvial sandstones in a mudstone matrix.[14] The Oseberg oil field[15] and Troll gas field were also discovered in 1979.[16] The Miller oilfield was discovered in 1983.[17] The Alba Field produces from sandstones in the middle Eocene Alba Formation at 1860 m subsea and was discovered in 1984 in UKCS Block 16/26.[18] The Smorbukk Field was discovered in 1984 in 250–300 m of water that produces from Lower to Middle Jurassic sandstone formations within a fault block.[19] The Snohvit Gas Field[20] and the Draugen oil field were discovered in 1984.[21] The Heidrun oil field was discovered in 1985.[22]
The largest UK field discovered in the past 25 years is Buzzard also located off Scotland, found in June 2001 with producible reserves of almost 64×106 m³ (400m bbl) and an average output of 28,600 m³ to 30,200 m³ (180,000-190,000 bbl) per day.[23]
The largest field found in the past five years on the Norwegian part of the North Sea, is the Johan Sverdrup oil field which was discovered in 2010, with further oil of the same field was discovered the next year. Total reserves of the field are estimated at 1.7 to 3.3 billion barrels of gross recoverable oil and Johan Sverdrup is expected to produce 120,000 to 200,000 barrels of oil per day. Production start is planned to happen in 2018. It is one of the largest discoveries made in the Norwegian Continental Shelf.[24]
As of January 2015[update], the North Sea was the world's most active offshore drilling region with 173 active rigs drilling.[6] By May 2016, the North Sea oil&gas industry was financially stressed by the reduced oil prices, and called for government support.[25]
The distances, number of workplaces and fierce weather push the 290,000 square miles (750,000 square kilometers) North Sea area to operate the world’s largest fleet of heavy instrument flight rules (IFR) helicopters, some specifically developed for the North Sea. They carry about two million passengers per year from 16 onshore bases, of which Aberdeen Airport is the world’s busiest with 500,000 passengers per year.[6]
Licensing[edit]
The Exclusive Economic Zones in the North Sea
Following the 1958 Continental shelf convention and after some disputes on the rights to natural resource exploitation[26] the national limits of the exclusive economic zones were ratified. Five countries are involved in oil production in North Sea. All operate a tax and royalty licensing regime. The respective sectors are divided by median lines agreed in the late 1960s:
United Kingdom – Exploration and production licences are regulated by the Oil and Gas Authority following the 2014 Wood Review on maximising UKCS oil and gas recovery. Licences were formerly granted by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC – formerly the Department of Trade and Industry). The UKCS (United Kingdom Continental Shelf) is divided into quadrants of 1 degree latitude and one degree longitude. Each quadrant is divided into 30 blocks measuring 10 minutes of latitude and 12 minutes of longitude. Some blocks are divided further into part blocks where some areas are relinquished by previous licensees. For example, block 13/24a is located in quad 13 and is the 24th block and is the 'a' part block. The UK government has traditionally issued licences via periodic (now annual) licensing rounds. Blocks are awarded on the basis of the work programme bid by the participants. The UK government has actively solicited new entrants to the UKCS via "promote" licensing rounds with less demanding terms and the fallow acreage initiative, where non-active licences have to be relinquished.
Norway – The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD Website in English) grants licences. The NCS is also divided into quads of 1 degree by 1 degree. Norwegian licence blocks are larger than British blocks, being 15 minutes of latitude by 20 minutes of longitude (12 blocks in a quad). Like in Britain, there are numerous part blocks formed by re-licensing relinquished areas.
Denmark – The Danish Energy Authority (website in English) administers the Danish sector. The Danes also divide their sector of the North Sea into 1 degree by 1 degree quadrants. Their blocks, however, are 10 minutes latitude by 15 minutes longitude. Part blocks exist where partial relinquishment has taken place.
Germany – Germany and the Netherlands share a quadrant and block grid—quadrants are given letters rather than numbers. The blocks are 10 minutes latitude by 20 minutes longitude. Germany has the smallest sector in the North Sea.
Netherlands – The Dutch sector is located in the Southern Gas Basin and shares a grid pattern with Germany.
Reserves and production[edit]
The British and Norwegian sections hold most of the remainder of the large oil reserves. It is estimated that the Norwegian section alone contains 54% of the sea's oil reserves and 45% of its gas reserves.[27] More than half of the North Sea oil reserves have been extracted, according to official sources in both Norway and the UK. For Norway, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate [28] gives a figure of 4,601 million cubic metres of oil (corresponding to 29 billion barrels) for the Norwegian North Sea alone (excluding smaller reserves in Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea) of which 2,778 million cubic metres (60%) has already been produced prior to January 2007. UK sources give a range of estimates of reserves, but even using the most optimistic "maximum" estimate of ultimate recovery, 76% had been recovered at end 2010.[citation needed] Note the UK figure includes fields which are not in the North Sea (onshore, West of Shetland).
United Kingdom Continental Shelf production was 137 million tonnes of oil and 105 billion m³ of gas in 1999.[29] (1 tonne of crude oil converts to 7.5 barrels).[29][30][31] The Danish explorations of Cenozoic stratigraphy, undertaken in the 1990s, showed petroleum rich reserves in the northern Danish sector, especially the Central Graben area.[32] The Dutch area of the North Sea followed through with onshore and offshore gas exploration, and well creation.[33][34]
Exact figures are debatable, because methods of estimating reserves vary and it is often difficult to forecast future discoveries.
Peaking in 1999, production of North Sea oil was nearly 950,000 m³ (6 million barrels) per day. Natural gas production was nearly 280×109 m³ (10 trillion cubic feet) in 2001 and continues to increase, although British gas production is in sharp decline.[citation needed]
UK oil production has seen two peaks, in the mid 1980s and late 1990s,[6] with a decline to around 300×103 m³ (1.9 million barrels) per day in the early 1990s.[citation needed] Monthly oil production peaked at 13.5×106 m³ (84.9 million barrels) in January 1985[35] although the highest annual production was seen in 1999, with offshore oil production in that year of 407×106 m³ (398 million barrels) and had declined to 231×106 m³ (220 million barrels) in 2007.[36] This was the largest decrease of any other oil exporting nation in the world, and has led to Britain becoming a net importer of crude for the first time in decades, as recognized by the energy policy of the United Kingdom. The production is expected to fall to one-third of its peak by 2020.[citation needed] Norwegian crude oil production as of 2013 is 1.4 mbpd. This is a more than 50% decline since the peak in 2001 of 3.2 mbpd.
Carbon dioxide sequestration[edit]
In the North Sea, Norway's Statoil natural-gas platform Sleipner strips carbon dioxide out of the natural gas with amine solvents and disposes of this carbon dioxide by geological sequestration ("Carbon sequestration") while keeping up gas production pressure. Sleipner reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately one million tonnes a year-about one 9000th of total emissions.[37] The cost of geological sequestration is minor relative to the overall running costs. As of April 2005, BP is considering a trial of large-scale sequestration of carbon dioxide stripped from power plant emissions in the Miller oilfield as its reserves are depleted.
See also[edit]
Norway portal
Energy portal
List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea
Commercial offshore diving in the North Sea
Carbon sink
Category of Oil fields in Norway
Economy of Norway
Economy of Scotland
Economy of the United Kingdom
Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
Geology of the United Kingdom
Geography of the United Kingdom
List of oil fields
Oil platform
Subsea
United Kingdom Climate Change Programme
It's Scotland's oil
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Glennie, KW (1998). Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-632-03845-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About NAM". NAM.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stauble, AJ; Milius, G (1970). "Geology of Groningen Gas Field, Netherlands". M 14: Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields. AAPG A009. pp. 359–369.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ferrier, RW; Bamberg, JH (1982). The History of the British Petroleum Company. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–3. ISBN 978-0-521-78515-0.
Jump up ^ Gage, M., 1980, "A Review of the Viking Gas Field," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T. editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, p., 39
^ Jump up to: a b c d Swartz, Kenneth I. (16 April 2015). "Setting the Standard". Vertical Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Albright, W.A., Turner, W.L., and Williamson, K.R., "Ninian Field, U.K. sector, North Sea," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T. editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, p. 173
Jump up ^ "Key Dates in UK Offshore Oil & Gas Production". UK Offshore Operators Association.
Jump up ^ "1975: North Sea oil begins to flow". BBC. 1975-11-03. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Pickens, T. Boone, 2000, The Luckiest Guy in the World, Washington: Beard Books, ISBN 1587980193, pp. 112–122.
Jump up ^ Linsley, P.N., Potter, H.C., McNab, G., and Racher, D., 1980, "The Beatrice Field, Inner Moray Firth, U.K., North Sea," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T. editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, p., 117
Jump up ^ "High costs, high stakes on the North Sea". Time. 1975-09-29. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Petterson, O., Storli, A., Ljosland, E., Nygaard, O., Massie, I., and Carlsen, H., 1992 "The Gullfaks Field," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 429–446
Jump up ^ Jorde, K., and Diesen, G.W., "The Snorre Field, 1992," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 407–416
Jump up ^ Hagen, J., and Kvalheim, B., "Oseberg Field, 1992," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 417–428
Jump up ^ Bolle, L., 1992, "Troll Field," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 447–458
Jump up ^ McClure, N.M., and Brown, A.A., 1992, "Miller Field," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 307–322
Jump up ^ Mattingly, G.A., Bretthauer, H.H., 1992, "The Alba Field," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 297–305
Jump up ^ Ehrenberg, S.N., Gjerstad, H.M., and Hadler-Jacobsen, F., 1992, "Smorbukk Field," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 323–348
Jump up ^ Linjordet, A., Grung Olsen, R., 1992, "The Jurassic Snohvit Gas Field, Hammerfest Basin, Offshore Northern Norway," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 349–370
Jump up ^ Provan, D.M., 1992, "Draugen Oil Field, Haltenbanken Province, Offshore Norway," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 371–382
Jump up ^ Whitley, P.K., 1992, "The Geology of Heidrun," in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330, pp. 383–406
Jump up ^ Rigzone Oilfield Database
Jump up ^ "Johan Sverdrup Field, North Sea". Offshore Technology. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
Jump up ^ Mark Lammey. "North Sea industry heading for Lehman Brothers magnitude crash" 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Douglas M. (1976). Marine Policy and the Coastal Community: The Impact of the Law of the Sea (Digitized online by Google books) (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-85664-158-9. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
Jump up ^ Jan Hagland,, Director of Information for the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. "Oil & Gas in the North Sea - ExploreNorth". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ Norwegian "Facts 2007" official report, available freely here, [1], page 82
^ Jump up to: a b Trewin, N. H. (2002). "Hydrocarbons". The Geology of Scotland: Edited by N.H. Trewin (Digitized by Google Books online). Geological Society of London. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-86239-126-0. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Oil & Gas UK - Education - Key Dates". The United Kingdom Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Association trading as Oil & Gas UK. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-29. "Oil and gas production peaked at a record 125 million tonnes of oil and 105 billion cubic metres of gas."
Jump up ^ Morton, Glenn R. "An Analysis of the UK North Sea Production". Retrieved 2007-12-09.
Jump up ^ Konradi, P. (February 2005). "Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Danish North Sea Basin" (PDF). Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw. 84 (2): 109–111. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Gas exploration in Dutch sector North Sea - Ascent Resources plc". Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Hanze F2A, Dutch North Sea, Netherlands". offshore-technology.com is a product of SPG Media Limited. SPG Media Limited, a subsidiary of SPG Media Group PLC. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
Jump up ^ "UK Oil Production(m³)". BERR. (multiply figures by 0.98 to convert cubic metres to barrels)
Jump up ^ "UK National Accounts 2011 edition (The Blue Book), section 13.1" (PDF). BERR. (multiply figures by 6.841 to convert tonnes of oil to barrels)
Jump up ^ "Global Carbon Emissions". Retrieved 2016-09-20.
Further reading[edit]
Kemp, Alex. The Official History of North Sea Oil and Gas. Volume I: The Growing Dominance of the State; Volume 2: Moderating the State’s Role (2011) excerpt and text search
Kemp, Alexander G., C. Paul Hallwood, and Peter Woods Wood. "The benefits of North Sea oil." Energy Policy 11.2 (1983): 119-130.
Noreng, Oystein. The oil industry and government strategy in the North Sea (1980)
Page, S. A. B. "The Value and Distribution of the Benefits of North Sea Oil and Gas, 1970—1985." National Institute Economic Review 82.1 (1977): 41-58.
Toye, Richard. "The New Commanding Height: Labour Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas, 1964-74." Contemporary British History 16.1 (2002): 89-118.
External links[edit]
Energy Voice
Norway 2015 North Sea oil at the (US) Energy Information Administration
UK Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform
Danish North Sea oil and gas production, Danish Energy Authority
OLF Norwegian Operators association
Oil & Gas UK
Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain
The OilCity Project, stories and anecodotes from people involved in the North Sea Oil & Gas industry.
Interactive Map over the Norwegian Continental Shelf, live information, facts, pictures and videos.
Oil and the City Aberdeen's relationship with the oil industry.
map of oil and gas infrastructure in the Danish sector
map of oil and gas infrastructure in the British Sector
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text:
Languages of Switzerland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Languages of Switzerland
Official languages
German, French, Italian
National languages
German 63%
French 22.7%
Italian 8.4%
Romansh 0.6%
Vernaculars
Swiss German, Swiss French, Swiss Italian, Arpitan, Lombard, Walser German
Main immigrant languages
English 4.7%
Portuguese 3.7%
Albanian 3.0%
Serbo-Croatian 2.4%
Spanish 2.2%
others 7.1%
Sign languages
Swiss German Sign Language, French Sign Language, Italian Sign Language[1]
Common keyboard layouts
QWERTZ
Source
FSO[2]
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The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romansh.[3] All but Romansh maintain equal status as official languages at the national level within the Federal Administration of the Swiss Confederation.[4]
In 2015, 63.0% native speakers of German (of which 59.5% speak Swiss German and 10.4% Standard German at home); 22.7% French (mostly Swiss French, but including some Arpitan dialects); 8.4% Italian (mostly Swiss Italian, but including Lombard dialects); and 0.6% Romansh.[5]
The German region (Deutschschweiz) is roughly in the east, north and center; the French part (la Romandie) in the west and the Italian area (Svizzera italiana) in the south. There remains a small Romansh-speaking native population in Graubünden in the east. The cantons of Fribourg, Bern and Valais are officially bilingual; the canton of Graubünden is officially trilingual.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 National languages and linguistic regions
2.1 German
2.2 French
2.3 Italian
2.4 Romansh
3 Other languages
3.1 Latin
4 See also
5 Notes and references
5.1 Notes
5.2 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The main languages of Swiss residents from 1950 to 2015, in percentages, were as follows:[5]
Year
German
French
Italian
Romansh
other
2015 63.0 22.7 8.4 0.6 5.3
2000 63.7 20.4 6.5 0.5 9.0
1990 63.6 19.2 7.6 0.6 8.9
1980 65.0 18.4 9.8 0.8 6.0
1970 64.9 18.1 11.9 0.8 4.3
1960 69.4 18.9 9.5 0.9 1.4
1950 72.1 20.3 5.9 1.0 0.7
In 2012, for the first time, respondents could indicate more than one language, causing the percentages to exceed 100%.[5]
National languages and linguistic regions[edit]
German[edit]
Further information: Swiss German, Swiss Standard German, German-speaking Switzerland, and Walser German
Distribution of High Alemannic dialects. Marked in red is the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line.
Distribution of Highest Alemannic dialects.
The German-speaking part of Switzerland (German: Deutschschweiz, French: Suisse alémanique, Italian: Svizzera tedesca, Romansh: Svizra tudestga) comprises about 65% of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss Plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).
In 17 Swiss cantons, German is the only official language (Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel Stadt, Basel Landschaft, Glarus, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Uri, Zug, Zurich).[6]
In the cantons of Bern, Fribourg and Valais, French is co-official; in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, more than half of the population speaks German, while the rest speak Romansh or Italian. In each case, all languages are official languages of the respective canton.
While the French-speaking Swiss prefer to call themselves Romands and their part of the country la Romandie, the German-speaking Swiss used to refer to (and, colloquially, still do) the French-speaking Swiss as "Welsche", and to their area as Welschland, which has the same etymology as the English Welsh (see Walha). In Germany Welsch and Welschland refer to Italy; there, the term is antiquated, rarely used, and somewhat disparaging.
The German-speaking Swiss do not feel like a uniform group[citation needed]: the average German-speaking Swiss feels foremost belonging to Solothurn, St. Gallen, or Uri, or any other canton, and sees himself not speaking Swiss German, but, for example, Baseldytsch (dialect of Basel), Bärndütsch (dialect of Bern) or Züridütsch (dialect of Zurich)[citation needed]. This is hardly surprising, however, since there is no single unifying or standard form of Swiss German itself, whereby the term "Swiss German" is simply a generic umbrella term referring in general to all of the various different Alemannic German dialects within German-speaking Switzerland. The marked subsidiarity of the Swiss federalism, where many political decisions are taken at municipal or cantonal level, supports this attitude.
Nevertheless, in 2015, 10.4%, or about 870,000 of the Swiss residents speak Standard German ("Hochdeutsch¨) at home, but probably mainly due to German (and Austrian) immigrants.[7]
By the Middle Ages, a marked difference had developed between the rural cantons (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Glarus, Zug, Appenzell, Schaffhausen) of the German-speaking part of Switzerland and the city cantons (Lucerne, Berne, Zurich, Solothurn, Fribourg, Basel, St. Gallen), divided by views about trade and commerce. After the Reformation, all cantons were either Catholic or Protestant, and the denominational influences on culture added to the differences. Even today, where all cantons are somewhat denominationally mixed, the different historical denominations can be seen in the mountain villages, where Roman Catholic Central Switzerland abounds with chapels and statues of saints, and the farm houses in the very similar landscape of the Protestant Bernese Oberland show Bible verses carved on the housefronts, instead.
In addition to this more widespread notion of Swiss German dialect, there is also Walser German, another Highest Alemannic speech brought by Walser emigrants from Valais.
French[edit]
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map.
Arpitan language area map with place names in arpitan and historic political divisions.
Main articles: Swiss French and Suisse romande
Romandy (French: Romandie, la Suisse romande, German: Romandie, Welschland, Welschschweiz, or in some contexts: Westschweiz,[note 1] Italian: Svizzera romanda) is the French-speaking part of Switzerland. It covers the area of the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Jura as well as the French-speaking parts of the cantons of Bern (German-speaking majority), Valais (French-speaking majority), and Fribourg (French-speaking majority). 1.9 million people (or 24.4% of the Swiss population) live in Romandy.[8]
Standard Swiss French and the French of France are the same language, with some differences. For example, like some other regions of the French-speaking world, Swiss people (as well as most Francophone Belgians) use septante (seventy) instead of soixante-dix (literally, "sixty ten") and nonante (ninety) instead of "quatre-vingt-dix" ("four twenties and ten"). In the cantons of Vaud, Valais and Fribourg, speakers use huitante (eighty) instead of the Standard French "quatre-vingts" (four twenties).[9] "Sou" is used throughout Romandy for a 5-centime coin, as is "tune" (or "thune") when referring to a 5-Swiss-franc piece.
Historically, the vernacular language used by inhabitants of most parts of Romandy was Franco-Provençal. Franco-Provençal (also called Arpitan) is a language sometimes considered to be halfway between the langue d'oïl (the historical language of northern France and ancestor of French) and Occitan (the langue d'oc, spoken in southern France). Standard French and Franco-Provençal/Arpitan, linguistically, are distinct and mutual intelligibility is limited. Increasingly, Franco-Provençal/Arpitan is used only by members of the older generations.[citation needed]
The term Romandy does not formally exist in the political system, but is used to distinguish and unify the French-speaking population of Switzerland. The television channel Télévision Suisse Romande (TSR) serves the Romande community across Switzerland, is syndicated to TV5, and CanalSat Romande on 2 October.[clarification needed]
Italian[edit]
Main articles: Swiss Italian and Italian Graubünden
A map showing the Italian-speaking areas of Switzerland: darker areas indicate where Italian is most prominent
Italian Switzerland (Italian: Svizzera italiana, Romansh: Svizra taliana, French: Suisse italienne, German: italienische Schweiz) is the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland, which includes the canton of Ticino and the southern part of Graubünden. Italian is also spoken in the Gondo Valley (leading to the Simplon Pass, on the southern part of the watershed) in Valais.
The linguistic region covers an area approximately 3,500 km² and has a total population of around 350,000 inhabitants,[10] with the number of Italophones residing in Switzerland being 545,274 (about 7% of the Swiss population).[11]
The proportion of Italian-speaking inhabitants had been decreasing since the 1970s, after reaching a high of 12% of the population during the same decade. This was entirely because of the reduced number of immigrants from Italy to Switzerland, but gained again during the last decade.[5]
Romansh[edit]
Distribution of Romansh in the canton Graubünden (2000).
Romansh speaking
German speaking
Italian speaking
Further information: Graubünden
On the cantonal level, Romansh is an official language only in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, where the municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages.
Significant communities of Romansh speakers remain in the Surselva, the Sursés/Oberhalbstein, the lower Engadin and the Val Müstair.
Romansh has been recognized as one of four "national languages" by the Swiss Federal Constitution since 1938. It was also declared an "official language" of the Confederation in 1996, meaning that Romansh speakers may use their language for correspondence with the federal government and expect to receive a Romansh response – in Romansh Grischun, because the federal authorities use the standardized language exclusively.
Other languages[edit]
Besides the national languages and the many varieties of Swiss German, several regional Romance languages are spoken natively in Switzerland: Franco-Provençal and Lombard. About 20,000 Romani speak Sinte, an Indic language. Five sign languages are used: Swiss-German, French, Italian, Austrian,[12] and German.[12]
Mother/main tongue in Switzerland
Language
2000[13]
Mother Language
2013[14]
Main Language
Number
%
Number
%
German 4,639,762 7001636600000000000♠63.66% 4,348,289 64.47%
French 1,484,411 7001203700000000000♠20.37% 1,525,003 22.61%
Italian 470,961 7000646000000000000♠6.46% 561,857 8.33%
Romansch 35,072 6999480000000000000♠0.48% 35,753 0.53%
Serbo-Croatian 103,350 7000142000000000000♠1.42% 168,422 2.50%
Albanian 94,937 7000130000000000000♠1.3% 176,293 2.61%
Portuguese 89,527 7000123000000000000♠1.23% 238,327 3.53%
Spanish 76,750 7000105000000000000♠1.05% 150,782 2.24%
English 73,422 7000101000000000000♠1.01% 316,830 4.70%
Turkish 44,523 6999610000000000000♠0.61% 76,379 1.13%
Others 356,444 5.28%
Tamil 21,816 6999300000000000000♠0.3%
Arabic 14,345 6999200000000000000♠0.2%
Dutch 11,840 6999160000000000000♠0.16%
Russian 8,570 6999120000000000000♠0.12%
Chinese 8,279 6999110000000000000♠0.11%
Thai 7,569 6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Kurdish 7,531 6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Macedonian 6,415 6998900000000000000♠0.09%
Hungarian 6,194 6998800000000000000♠0.08%
Swedish 5,560 6998800000000000000♠0.08%
Czech 5,444 6998700000000000000♠0.07%
Polish 5,206 6998700000000000000♠0.07%
Greek 4,792 6998700000000000000♠0.07%
Vietnamese 4,226 6998600000000000000♠0.06%
Japanese 4,100 6998600000000000000♠0.06%
Persian 3,467 6998500000000000000♠0.05%
Romanian 3,397 6998500000000000000♠0.05%
Tagalog 3,019 6998400000000000000♠0.04%
Danish 2,739 6998400000000000000♠0.04%
Somali 2,661 6998400000000000000♠0.04%
Finnish 2,628 6998400000000000000♠0.04%
Slovak 2,018 6998300000000000000♠0.03%
Slovene 1,601 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Bulgarian 1,579 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Hindi-Urdu 1,407 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Norwegian 1,361 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Aramaic 1,333 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Korean 1,202 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Hebrew 1,176 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Tibetan 1,108 6998200000000000000♠0.02%
Latin[edit]
See also: Name of Switzerland
A Swiss five-franc coin with the Latin inscription Confoederatio Helvetica.
To avoid having to translate the name of Switzerland in the four national languages,[note 2] Latin is used on the coins of the Swiss franc (Helvetia or Confoederatio Helvetica) and on Swiss stamps (Helvetia). The country code top-level domain for Switzerland on the internet is .ch, the abbreviation of the Latin name of the Confoederatio Helvetica (Swiss Confederation). The Federal Palace of Switzerland bears the inscription Curia Confoederationis Helveticae.
To have a unique name across the country (without pushing German or English), several Swiss foundations and associations have Latin names, such as Pro Helvetia, Pro Infirmis, Pro Juventute, Pro Natura, Pro Patria, Pro Senectute, Pro Specie Rara, etc.
See also[edit]
Swiss people
Demographics of Switzerland
Röstigraben, referring to the asserted difference in mentality between German Swiss and the French-speaking Romands
Swiss literature
List of multilingual countries and regions
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Welsch" is an old German word for "Foreign" and is the same word the Anglo-Saxons used for the original British inhabitants i.e. the people from Wales.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ When there is no room to use the four official languages, unlike on the banknotes of the Swiss franc, on the logo of the Federal administration of Switzerland and on the Swiss passport.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Sprachen 2015" (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Jump up ^ "SR 101 The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999 (Status as of 12 February 2017): Art. 4 National languages". The portal of the Swiss government (Federal Law collection). Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Council. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Jump up ^ "SR 441.1 Bundesgesetz über die Landessprachen und die Verständigung zwischen den Sprachgemeinschaften (Sprachengesetz, SpG) vom 5. Oktober 2007 (Stand am 1. Januar 2017): Art. 5 Amtssprachen". The portal of the Swiss government (Federal Law collection) (in German, French, Italian, and Romansh). Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Council. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach Hauptsprachen 2015" (official website) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
Jump up ^ "SR 101 The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999 (Status as of 12 February 2017): Art. 1: The Swiss Confederation". The portal of the Swiss government (Federal Law collection). Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Council. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren" (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Bilan de la population résidante permanente (total) selon les districts et les communes". Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original (XLS) on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
Jump up ^ Dominique Didier. "Septante, octante ou huitante, nonante". Monsu.desiderio.free.fr. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
Jump up ^ (in French) Bilan de la population résidante permanente selon les cantons; calculated adding up the inhabitants in Ticino and 11% of the inhabitants of Grigioni, Swiss Federal Statistical Office
Jump up ^ "Bevölkerung, Strukturerhebung der eidgenössischen Volkszählung 2011: Bevölkerung nach Sprache und Religion, Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach zuhause gesprochenen Sprachen, 2011" (XLS) (Statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement" (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215–88. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Tableau 7: Population résidante selon la langue principale avec au moins 600 locuteurs, en nombres absolus, en 2000". Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. according to the 2000 census (over 1,000 speakers) Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren 1) nach Hauptsprache, 2013" (XLS) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
External links[edit]
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