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Chocolate Hills
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The Chocolate Hills in Carmen, Bohol.
The Chocolate Hills (Cebuano: Mga Bungtod sa Tsokolate; Filipino: Mga Tsokolateng Burol) are a geological formation in the Bohol province of the Philippines.[1] There are at least 1,260 hills but there may be as many as 1,776 hills spread over an area of more than 50 square kilometres (20 sq mi).[2] They are covered in green grass that turns brown (like chocolate) during the dry season, hence the name.
The Chocolate Hills is a famous tourist attraction of Bohol. They are featured in the provincial flag and seal to symbolize the abundance of natural attractions in the province.[3] They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines;[4] they have been declared the country's third National Geological Monument and proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Vegetation
1.2 Origin
1.3 Legend
2 Tourism
3 Protection
3.1 Legislation
3.2 Issues
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
7.1 Articles
Description[edit]
Locator map of the Chocolate Hills. Dark brown indicates the greatest concentration of the Chocolate Hills in the Bohol municipalities of Sagbayan, Batuan, and Carmen. Light brown indicates a lesser concentration of the hills in Bilar, Sierra Bullones, and Valencia.
The Chocolate Hills form a rolling terrain of haycock hills – mounds of a generally conical and almost symmetrical shape.[5] Estimated to be from 1,268 to about 1,776 individual mounds, these cone-shaped or dome-shaped hills are actually made of grass-covered limestone. The domes vary in sizes from 30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft) high with the largest being 120 metres (390 ft) in height. Bohol's "main attraction", these unique mound-shaped hills are scattered by the hundreds throughout the towns of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan in Bohol.[6]
During the dry season, the grass-covered hills dry up and turn chocolate brown. This transforms the area into seemingly endless rows of "chocolate kisses". The branded confection is the inspiration behind the name, Chocolate Hills.[4]
Vegetation[edit]
The vegetation of the Chocolate Hills is dominated by grass species such as Imperata cylindrica and Saccharum spontaneum. Several Compositae and ferns also grow on them. In between the hills, the flat lands are cultivated with rice and other cash crops. However, the natural vegetation on the Chocolate Hills is now threatened by quarrying activities.[7]
Origin[edit]
The Chocolate Hills are conical karst hills similar to those seen in the limestone regions of Slovenia, Croatia, northern Puerto Rico, and Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. These hills consist of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, thin to medium bedded, sandy to rubbly marine limestones. These limestones contain the abundant fossils of shallow marine foraminifera, coral, mollusks, and algae.[8][9] These conical hills are geomorphological features called cockpit karst, which were created by a combination of the dissolution of limestone by rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, and their subaerial erosion by rivers and streams after they had been uplifted above sea level and fractured by tectonic processes. These hills are separated by well developed flat plains and contain numerous caves and springs. The Chocolate Hills are considered to be a remarkable example of conical karst topography.[10][11][12]
The origin for the conical karst of the Chocolate Hills is described in popular terms on the bronze plaque at the viewing deck in Carmen, Bohol. This plaque states that they are eroded formations of a type of marine limestone that sits on top of hardened clay.[13][14] The plaque reads:
The unique land form known as the Chocolate Hills of Bohol was formed ages ago by the uplift of coral deposits and the action of rain water and erosion.[13]
The plaque also makes reference to a fanciful explanation of the origin of the Chocolate Hills that is unsupported by any published scientific research, i.e. either Hillmer[8] or Travaglia and others,[9] when it states:
the grassy hills were once coral reefs that erupted from the sea in a massive geologic shift. Wind and water put on the finishing touches over hundreds of thousands of years.[13]
Self-published, popular web pages present a variety of fanciful and less credible explanations about how these hills formed. They include sub-oceanic volcanism; limestone covered blocks created by the destruction of an active volcano in a cataclysmic eruption;[15] coral reefs that were raised from the sea as the result of a massive geologic shift; and tidal movements.[16] The lack of any exposed or associated volcanic rocks anywhere in the Chocolate Hills refutes the popular theories involving volcanic eruptions. These theories involving either a sudden, massive geologic shift, coral reefs being erupted from the sea, or tidal movements lack any corroborating evidence and support among geologists.[8][9]
Legend[edit]
Three legends explain the formation of the Chocolate Hills. The first tells the story of two feuding giants who hurled rocks, boulders, and sand at each other. The fighting lasted for days, and exhausted the two giants. In their exhaustion, they forgot about their feud and became friends, but when they left they forgot to clean up the mess they had made during their battle, hence the Chocolate Hills.[13][17]
A more romantic legend tells of a giant named Arogo who was extremely powerful and youthful. Arogo fell in love with Aloya, who was a simple mortal. Aloya's death caused Arogo much pain and misery, and in his sorrow he could not stop crying. When his tears dried, the Chocolate Hills were formed.[18]
The third legend tells of a town being plagued by a giant carabao, who ate all of their crops. Finally having had enough, the townsfolk took all of their spoiled food and placed it in such a way that the carabao would not miss it. Sure enough, the carabao ate it, but his stomach couldn't handle the spoiled food, so he defecated, leaving behind him a mound of feces, until he had emptied his stomach of the food. The feces then dried, forming the Chocolate Hills.
Tourism[edit]
Tourists in Chocolate Hills.
This article is written like a travel guide rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. If a travel guide is intended, use of Wikivoyage is strongly suggested. (September 2012)
Of the 1,247 hills, two have been developed into resorts for tourism as of 2006.[19][20]
The original viewing station of the Chocolate Hills is a government-owned and operated resort called "Chocolate Hills Complex" located in Carmen, Bohol, about 55 km (34 miles) from Tagbilaran[21] The other way to view the Chocolate Hills is at Sagbayan Peak, a mountain resort in Sagbayan town. It is 18 km (11 miles) away from the Chocolate Hills complex in neighboring Carmen.[20]
Protection[edit]
Legislation[edit]
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Bronze Plaque at Chocolate Hills Complex View Deck
The National Committee on Geological Sciences declared the Chocolate Hills of Bohol a National Geological Monument on June 18, 1988, in recognition of its special characteristics, scientific importance, uniqueness, and high scenic value. As such, this included the Chocolate Hills among the country's protected areas. More protection was provided by Proclamation No. 1037 signed by then President Fidel V. Ramos upon the recommendation of the DENR on July 1, 1997 which establish the Chocolate Hills and the areas within, around, and surrounding them located in the Municipalities of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan, Bilar, Valencia and Sierra Bullones, Province of Bohol as a natural monument to protect and maintain its natural beauty and to provide restraining mechanisms for inappropriate exploitation. As such, they are covered under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the lead implementing agency for its protection.[22]
Land use conflict prompted Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to sign an amendment to Proclamation 468 dated September 26, 1994 declaring the land around or in between Chocolate Hills as no longer part of the national monument during the Bohol Sandugo Celebration on July 17, 2002. This amendment allowed the tracts of land surrounding and within the famous tourist spot to be developed by the provincial government and other entities that have control over the area. Further, the amended proclamation ensures that the areas that have to be preserved are preserved, while those that could be developed would be excluded from the national monument area and classified as alienable and disposable by the government. The President initially decided on the issue during the joint meeting of the Regional Development Council-Regional Peace and Order Council (RDC-RPOC) of Region VII which was conducted at the Bohol Tropics Resort.[23]
On July 6, 2004, the Philippine House of Representatives introduced House Bill No. 01147 entitled "an act declaring the Chocolate Hills as national patrimony and geological monuments, penalizing their plunder, destruction or defacement, and for other purposes." The house bill is authored by Congressman Eladio "Boy" Jala and co-authored by Congressman Roilo Z. Golez and Edgar M. Chatto.[22]
On May 16, 2006, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) submitted the Chocolate Hills to the UNESCO World Heritage for inclusion in the list of Natural Monuments because of its outstanding universal value, falling under criteria vii – superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance. The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations.[4]
Amidst reports that quarrying has leveled off some of the mounds, Governor Erico Aumentado, the governor of Bohol, issued Administrative Order No. 3, series of 2006, which prohibits the issuance of quarry permits and favorable endorsements of mining permit applications in Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan towns to forestall any degradation of the Chocolate Hills – no matter who applies for such.[24]
The hills are already declared geological monuments and are covered under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) for which the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the lead implementing agency. Aumentado said:
The provincial government is exerting every effort to preserve and maintain the natural wonder – including the plains between, connecting and surrounding them – since they are the major attractions in Bohol's tourism industry and a heritage to be shared with the world.[24]
As such, he ordered the prohibition of any quarrying and mining activities in the three towns. He tasked the Bohol Environment and Management Office (BEMO) to ensure that quarry permit applications or renewal thereof and requests for favorable endorsements of mining permit applications therein shall be denied due course, and to ensure compliance and enforcement of the order.[25] He also enjoined the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of DENR to refuse all mining permit applications or renewals in the named towns.[24]
Issues[edit]
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Balancing their protection, resource utilization and tourism are the challenges faced by the Chocolate Hills. Before they were designated national geological monuments, some of the hills (about 310,455 ha (1,200 sq miles)) were classified as alienable and disposable[26] or private lands such that they were titled to some locals. The declaration consequently caused some social unrest, resulting in almost simultaneous civil uprising, led by the long-established New People's Army (generally described as Maoist guerrillas) establishing a new front, known as the Chocolate Hills Command.[11] To some farmers, the proclamation is a government scheme which suppresses their right to own lands. As such, conflicts between the New People's Army group and government military forces escalated, culminating in two major engagements.[11]
Being alienable and disposable lands, the Chocolate Hills are seen as quarrying assets and source of income for small-scale miners, as well as quarry materials for the province's construction projects. The challenge is how the national and local officials can harmonize the current needs of small-scale miners, the construction sector and the tourism sector with the preservation of the Chocolate Hills.[27]
Even with their protected status, mining permits continue to be granted by DENR and local government units or LGUs.[24] Hence, mining and quarrying are still taking place. Because of this, the provincial government of Bohol has requested for the transfer of jurisdiction over the Chocolate Hills from the DENR to the provincial government of Bohol.[11]
Meanwhile, the provincial government has itself suggested that the legislation defining the Natural Monument should be changed, which will require that the proclamation be redrafted and ratified by both the Philippine House and Senate. This is a cumbersome and costly process, on which no progress has been made to date.[11]
There are also mounting complaints of mismanagement and poor service at the government-owned and operated Chocolate Hills complex and restaurant.[24] Added to this is the increase in the number of tourists visiting the Chocolate Hills which has caused traffic problems and safety issues, particularly in the Chocolate Hills complex in Carmen, Bohol.[28]
Future development and investment challenges within the Chocolate Hills area include: obtaining the national government's sanction for the project; persuading landowners to sell; convincing the Protected Areas Management Board or PAMB, which has jurisdiction over the hills, not to use its veto power over any investment requiring physical facilities.[29]
Since the natural monument proclamation bans "activity of any kind which will alter, mutilate, deface or destroy the hills." A 2003 amendment regulates activity among the privately owned areas "in between hills"
Filipinos are sensitive to perceived desecrations of so-called heritage sites. In 2003, a public outcry forced a construction firm to stop quarrying at the Chocolate Hills, and it was required to restore one defaced hill to its original shape.[29]
Investment challenges include speculators bidding up property prices in the area, raising the potential cost of a proposed project.[29] Persuading investors to put their money into the poorer parts of Bohol is complicated by communist guerrillas who extort money from local officials.[29] Following his refusal to pay the extortion, Mayor Torrefranca of Sagbayan, Bohol has survived two assassination attempts since 1998.[29] In the 1998 elections, his car was torched due to his failure to pay the "permit to campaign fee".[30]
Gallery[edit]
Sagbayan Peak
Aerial view of the Chocolate Hills.
The Chocolate Hills
Chocolate Hills covered with fog
View of the Chocolate Hills from Sagbayan Peak
See also[edit]
List of protected areas of the Philippines
Breast-shaped hill
Bohol portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Eye on the Philippines Archived 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine. Global Eye Retrieved 22 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Chocolate Hills Seven Natural Wonders. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ The Bohol Flag and Seal Archived 2007-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. www.bohol.gov.ph Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chocolate Hills Natural Monument UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol: The Jewel Paradise of the Philippine Islands www.bohol.net Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol Archived 2006-11-17 at the Wayback Machine. www.dotpcvc.gov.ph Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol Island Herbarium www.pnh.com.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hillmer, G., 1987, Zur geologie und morphologie der straandterrassen von Cebu und Bohol Philippinen. Berliner geographische Studien. v. 25, p. 363–376.
^ Jump up to: a b c Travaglia, C., R. Peebles, E. Bate, and A. Ferrer, 1987, Reconnaissance groundwater appraisal of Bohol Island, Philippines, by satellite data analysis. RSC Series no. 38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Jump up ^ Restificar, S. D. F., M. J. Day, and P. B. Urlich, 2006, Protection of Karst in the Philippines (Varstvo Krasa na Filipinih)., 788 KB PDF version. Acta Carsologica. v. 35, no. 2, p. 121-130.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Urlich, P. B., M. J. Day, and F. Lynagh, 2001, Policy and practice in karst landscape protection: Bohol, the Philippines. The Geographical Journal. v. 167, no. 4, pp. 305-323.
Jump up ^ Leman, S. L., A, Reedman, and C. S. Pei, 2008, Geoheritage of East and Southeast Asia., 5.7 MB PDF version. The CCOP-Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chocolate Hills: Philippines Vacation www.philippinesvacation.org Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol www.philippines.hvu.nl. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol www.tambuli.com. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Move over Boracay: Panglao Island beckons". inq7.net. Archived from the original on 2004-12-17. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Jump up ^ Bohol Chocolate Hills legend will bring a tear to your eye www.philippines-travel-guide.com. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ The Chocolate Hills www.bohol.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006
Jump up ^ Bohol God's little Paradise library.thinkquest.org. Retrieved 22 December 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Chito A. Fuentes. "Sagbayan Peak: A View from the Top". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2005-11-10. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Jump up ^ Bohol Island Sightseeing Bohol Island Hotels Travel Guide. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b House Bill 001147 Archived 2006-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. www.congress.gov.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ GMA seeks development of parts of Chocolate Hills www.gov.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Official Website of The Bohol Chronicle". Boholchronicle.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
Jump up ^ Gov issues orders to protect Choco Hills Bohol Sunday Post Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Bohol Philippines - Splendour Underwater And Over Hills". TravelOnline Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on March 31, 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
Jump up ^ CV gh Context of PA 21 www.neda7.net.ph. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
Jump up ^ PNP takes action on Choco traffic www.boholchronicle.com. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Toontown comes to Bohol's Nature Park Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. www.newsflash.org. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bagaipio, Kit (2007-02-18). "Army commander warns politicians from giving to "rebel" extortionists". The Bohol Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chocolate Hills.
UNESCO World Heritage: Chocolate Hills Natural Monument
Chocolate Hills, Bohol
Articles[edit]
Chocolate Hills Chocolate hills travel information
The Chocolate Hills
"Guv issues orders to protect Choco Hills, aid brgy workers", Bohol Sunday Post, 06/11/06
Bohol Chocolate Hills
House Bill 001147
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Coordinates: 9°55′N 124°10′E / 9.917°N 124.167°E / 9.917; 124.167
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Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The playing cards
During the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition, the U.S. military developed a set of playing cards to help troops identify the most-wanted members of President Saddam Hussein's government, mostly high-ranking members of the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party or members of the Revolutionary Command Council. The cards were officially named the "personality identification playing cards".
Contents
1 About the cards
1.1 Spades
1.2 Clubs
1.3 Hearts
1.4 Diamonds
1.5 Other
2 See also
3 Sources
About the cards[edit]
Each card contains the wanted person's address and, if available, the job performed by that individual. The highest-ranking cards, starting with the aces and kings, were used for the people at the top of the most-wanted list. The ace of spades is Saddam Hussein, the aces of clubs and hearts are his sons Qusay and Uday respectively, and the ace of diamonds is Saddam's presidential secretary Abid Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti. This strict correspondence to the order of the most-wanted list was not carried through the entire deck, but some time later in 2003, the list itself was renumbered to conform (almost) to the deck of cards. The card backs feature a green military camouflage pattern.
According to US Navy Lieutenant commander Jim Brooks, a spokesman for the Defense Intelligence Agency, such playing cards have been used as far back as the US Civil War and again in World War II—Army Air Corps decks printed with the silhouettes of German and Japanese fighter aircraft fetch hundreds of dollars today—and in the Korean War. Troops often play cards to pass the time, and seeing the names, faces and titles of the wanted Iraqis during their games will help soldiers and Marines in case they run into the wanted individuals in the field, Brooks said.[1]
The list of "Most Wanted" was the result of a multi-intelligence agency collaboration which included the Defense Intelligence Agency, Central Command, and representatives from all US Service Branch Intelligence entities. The "Most Wanted" names were then assigned to their respective cards by five US Army soldiers, 2LT Hans Mumm, SSG Shawn Mahoney, SGT Andrei Salter, SGT Scott Boehmler, and SPC Joseph Barrios, who were assigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency.[2] The pictures used on the cards came from a number of intelligence agencies, but most were derived from "open sources". The deck of cards was first announced publicly in Iraq on 11 April 2003, in a press conference by Army Brig. Gen. Vincent Brooks, deputy director of operations at U.S. Central Command. On that same evening Max Hodges, a Houston-based entrepreneur, found and downloaded a high-resolution artwork file for the deck from a Defense Department web server. Discovering the following day that the file had vanished from the military web server he became the first eBay seller to offer the artwork file, in PDF, which could be used to reproduce the deck.[3] He quickly contracted Gemaco Playing Card Company to print 1,000 decks for about $4,000 and started selling both the decks, in advance of receiving them from the printer, on eBay, Amazon.com and his own web site. When some of his early auctions for a $4 deck of cards quickly rose to over $120,[4] it did not take long for other eBayers to jump on the bandwagon and print or order decks of their own to sell. In just a few days hundreds of sellers materialized and the price dropped to just a few dollars per deck.
Texas-based Liberty Playing Card Co. received an order to manufacture the cards for the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait and by claiming to be "the authorized government contractor" quickly became another popular domestic supplier for the commercial market. The U.S. military inadvertently included in the jokers the trademarked Hoyle joker owned by the United States Playing Card Company of Cincinnati, Ohio. Although The U.S. Playing Card company does not object to the government's use of the image, they do object to other companies using the trademarked image. Thus, in some sense, the U.S. military inadvertently granted The U.S. Playing Card Company exclusive rights to manufacture the authentic decks, if the trademarked images on the jokers are considered a requirement for being authentic.
Spades[edit]
Rashid Taan Kazim playing card
Ace ♠: Saddam Husayn Al-Tikriti, President (#1 on most-wanted list) (Captured December 13, 2003) (Executed December 30, 2006).
King ♠: Ali Hasan al-Majid, Presidential Advisor/RCC Member, also known as Chemical Ali (#5) (Captured August 21, 2003) (Executed January 25, 2010).
Queen ♠: Muhammad Hamza Zubaydi, Retired RCC member (#9, but was originally #18) (Captured April 21, 2003) (Died in Custody December 2, 2005).
Jack ♠: Ibrahim Ahmad Abd al-Sattar Muhammad, Iraqi Armed Forces Chief of Staff (#13, was #11) (Captured May 12, 2003) (Died in Custody October 28, 2010).
Ten ♠: Hamid Raja Shalah, Air Force Commander (#17, was #15) (Captured June 14, 2003).
Nine ♠: Rukan Razuki Abd al-Ghafar, Head of Tribal Affairs Office (#21, was #39) (Killed in 2003).[5]
Eight ♠: Tariq Aziz, deputy prime minister (#25, was #43) (Surrendered April 24, 2003 and sentenced to death, Died in June 2015).
Seven ♠: Mahmud Dhiyab, minister of interior (#29, was #46) (Surrendered 2003, Released in July 2012).[6]
Six ♠: Amir Rashid Muhammad al-Ubaydi, presidential adviser/former oil minister (#33, was #47) (Surrendered April 28, 2003, Released in April 2012).
Five ♠: Watban Ibrahim Hasan, presidential adviser (#37, was #51) (Captured April 13, 2003 and sentenced to death. Died of natural causes in custody on 13 August 2015).[7]
Four ♠: Muhammad Zimam Abd al-Razzaq, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#41, was #23), (Captured February 15, 2004).[8]
Three ♠: Sa'd Abdul-Majid Al-Faisal, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#55, was #36), (Captured May 24, 2003) (Released December 18, 2005).[8]
Two ♠: Rashid Taan Kazim, Ba'ath Party regional chairman (#49, was #30), (Captured July 9, 2006),[9] or possibly still fugitive.[8]
Clubs[edit]
Ace ♣: Qusay Saddam Husayn, son of Saddam (#2), killed in standoff with the U.S. Army in Mosul, Iraq 2003.
King ♣: Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, RCC vice chairman (#6).
Queen ♣: Kamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan, secretary of the Republican Guard (#10, was #8), (Surrendered May 17, 2003).[8]
Jack ♣: Sayf Al-Din Fulayyih Hasan Taha Al-Rawi, Republican Guard chief of staff (#14, was #12). Surrendered May 2003.
Ten ♣: Latif Nusayyif Jasim, Ba'ath Party military bureau deputy chairman (#18, was #37), (Captured June 9, 2003).[8]
Nine ♣: Jamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan, deputy head of tribal affairs (#22, was #40), (Surrendered April 20, 2003).
Eight ♣: Walid Hamid Tawfiq, governor of Basra (#26, was #44), (Surrendered April 29, 2003).
Seven ♣: Ayad Futayyih Khalifa al-Rawi, Quds forces chief of staff (#30, was #20), (Captured June 4, 2003) (Died in Custody May 18, 2018).
Six ♣: Husam Muhammad Amin, head of National Monitoring Directorate (#34, was #49), (Captured April 27, 2003) (Released 2005).
Five ♣: Barzan Ibrahim Hasan, presidential adviser (#38, was #52), (Captured April 17, 2003) (Executed 2007).
Four ♣: Samir Abd Al-Aziz, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#42, was #24), (Captured April 17, 2003).
Three ♣: Sayf al-Din Al-Mashhadani, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#46, was #27), (Captured May 24, 2003).[8]
Two ♣: Ugla Abid Saqr, Ba'ath Party regional chairman (#50, was #31), (Captured May 20, 2003).[8]
Hearts[edit]
Rafi Abd Al-Latif Tilfah playing card
Ace ♥: Uday Saddam Husayn, son of Saddam Hussein, killed in standoff with US Army in Mosul, Iraq 2003 (#3).
King ♥: Hani Abd al-Latif Tilfah, Director—special security organization (#7).
Queen ♥: Barzan Abd al-Ghafur Sulayman Majid, Special Republican Guard commander (#11, was #9), (Captured July 23, 2003).[8]
Jack ♥: Rafi Abd Al-Latif Tilfah, director of general security (#15, was #13).
Ten ♥: Abd Al-Tawab Mullah Huwaysh, deputy prime minister (#19, was #16), (Captured May 2, 2003).
Nine ♥: Mizban Khadr Hadi, RCC member (#23, was #41), (Surrendered July 9, 2003).[8]
Eight ♥: Sultan Hashim Ahmad, minister of defense (#27, was #19) (Captured 2003, Sentenced to Death).
Seven ♥: Zuhayr Talib Abd Al-Sattar, director of military intelligence (#31, was #21), (Captured April 23, 2003).
Six ♥: Muhammad Mahdi (#35, was #48), (Captured April 23, 2003).
Five ♥: Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash, weapons of mass destruction scientist (known as "Mrs. Anthrax"; No. 39, was #53; also the only female on the entire list), (Captured May 7, 2003), (Released 2005).
Four ♥: Humam Abd Al-Khaliq Abd, minister of higher education and scientific research (#43, was #54), (Captured April 19, 2003).
Three ♥: Fadil Mahmud Gharib, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#47, was #28), (Captured May 15, 2003).[8]
Two ♥: Ghazi Hammud, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#51, was #32), (Captured May 7, 2003).[8]
Diamonds[edit]
Ace ♦: Abid Hamid Mahmud, presidential secretary (#4), executed on 7 June 2012.[10]
King ♦: Aziz Salih, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#8, was #17, sentenced to death in 2011).
Queen ♦: Muzahim Sa'b Hassan al-Tikriti, air defense forces commander (#12, was #10) (Captured April 23, 2003, Released in April 2012).
Jack ♦: Tahir Jalil Habbush, Iraqi intelligence service (#16, was #14).
Ten ♦: Taha Yasin Ramadan, vice president/RCC member (executed in 2007; #20, was #38).
Nine ♦: Taha Muhyi Al-Din Maruf, vice president/RCC member (#24, was #42), (Captured May 2, 2003), (died in exile in 2009).
Eight ♦: Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim, deputy prime minister and finance minister (#28, was No. 45), (Captured April 18, 2003), (Died in Custody 2012).
Seven ♦: Amir Hamudi Hasan, presidential scientific adviser (#32, was #55), (Surrendered April 12, 2003).
Six ♦: Sabawi Ibrahim Hasan, presidential adviser (#36, was #50- Died of cancer in 2013).
Five ♦: Abd al-Baqi Abd al-Karim Abdallah, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#40, was #22 - Captured in 2015).
Four ♦: Yahya Abdallah, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#44, was #25), (Killed in 2003).[11]
Three ♦: Muhsin Khadr, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#48, was #29), (Captured February 7, 2004).[8]
Two ♦: Adil Abdallah Mahdi, Ba'ath Party branch command chairman (#52, was #33), (Captured May 15, 2003).[8]
Other[edit]
There are also two jokers: one lists Arab titles, the other Iraqi military ranks. There are no cards for most-wanted No. 45 (was #26), Nayif Shindakh Thamir, No. 53 (was #34 – Killed in 2003[12] or probably still fugitive[8]) Husayn al-Awadi, or No. 54 (was #35) (captured on 9 June 2003[8]). Khamis Sirhan al-Muhammad, although knight cards could be used for this purpose, but in this case the whole deck would be rearranged. Khamis Sirhan al-Muhammad was captured on 11 January 2004[8] and held without charge for six years before being released on 30 July 2010. He has since fled to Syria where most of the other 6 uncaptured members of the deck of cards are reported to be hiding.[13]
The 13 June 2003 edition of the BBC One satirical news quiz, Have I Got News for You, featured a set of the playing cards in one round, spoofing guest host Bruce Forsyth's 1980s game show Play Your Cards Right (the British version of the American series Card Sharks). The two teams played a version of the latter's main game, retitled Play Your Iraqi Cards Right (although during the segment it was revealed that the writers' first choice had been Play Your Kurds Right), with the same rules (and audience participation). Much of the humour of the round came from the reactions of the two team captains: while Paul Merton was clearly familiar with the game and greatly enjoyed it, his opponent, Ian Hislop, admitted he'd never seen Play Your Cards Right and appeared mystified by the game's rules and etiquette (when at one point Merton and the crowd shouted the traditional cry of "lower, lower," to predict the next card in the hidden sequence, Hislop commented, "I'm not sure this programme could get much lower!")
See also[edit]
Military of the United States portal
Iraq portal
Archaeology awareness playing cards
Desert Storm trading cards
Manhunt (military)
Mercenaries (video game) – used a similar playing card scheme for enemy leaders.
Sources[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Lisa (17 April 2003). "Buyers beware: The real Iraq 'most wanted' cards are still awaiting distribution". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Faces Behind the Faces on the 'Most Wanted' Deck". Armed Forces Press Service.
Jump up ^ Iraq Most Wanted Identification Playing Cards (PDF version) white rabbit online shop, archived on 27 November 2005 from the original
Jump up ^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (13 April 2003). "Hot item: 'Most wanted Iraqi' cards". CNN. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "صدام حسين من الزنزانة الامريكية : هذا ماحدث". Dhiqar.net. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Iraq Frees Saddam Hussein's Interior Minister". Aina.org. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
Jump up ^ Mamoun, Abdelhak. "Watban Ibrahim al-Hassan, half brother of Saddam Hussein, has died - Iraqi News". Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "أبرز وجوه النظام العراقي السابق: أين هم الآن؟". BBC (in Arabic). 2 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "اعتقال الرجل الثاني في الجيش الإسلامي و رشيد كاظم طعان". Buratha News Agency (in Arabic). 10 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "Iraq executes Saddam Hussein's aide Abid Hamid Mahmud". BBC News. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
Jump up ^ DAVID JOHNSTON and JAMES RISENPublished: April 19, 2003 (2003-04-19). "A NATION AT WAR: THE HUNT; New Tape of Hussein Prolongs Debate on His Fate - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
Jump up ^ Published: March 25, 2003 (2003-03-25). "A NATION AT WAR: THE IRAQI CAPITAL; HUSSEIN RALLIES IRAQI DEFENDERS TO HOLD CAPITAL - Page 2 - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
Jump up ^ Mohammed, Riyadh, "Hussein Backer Set Free In Iraq", Los Angeles Times, 5 August 2010, p. 10.
Brigadier General Vincent Brooks introduces Iraqi cards at CentComm press conference in Doha, Qatar, 11 April 2003.
"Troops Dealt an Old Tool" by Tom Zucco, St. Petersburg Times, 12 April 2003.
Personality Identification Playing Cards
"Card-Carrying Civilians", Time Magazine, 12 May 2003, page 25.
Brigadier General Vincent Brooks introduced the first set of Iraqi freedom cards, 11 April 2003
Card Makers Producing 'Most-Wanted' Decks: Company Warns Others About 'Joker' Image, 23 April 2003, ClickOnDetroit.com.
Iraqi Most Wanted Scorecard
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The Theatre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a specific theatre in London. For the theatre in Leeds, see The Theatre, Leeds. For the theatre in Oxfordshire, see The Theatre Chipping Norton. For information on theatre in general, see Theatre. For other uses, see Theatre (disambiguation).
Ground plan of The Theatre. The "common sewer" is now marked by Curtain Road, and the "ditch from the horse-pond" by New Inn Yard
The Theatre is labelled in the top right of this London street map. Enlarge
The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch (in Curtain Road, part of the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. It was the second permanent theatre ever built in England, after the Red Lion, and the first successful one. Built by actor-manager James Burbage, near the family home in Holywell Street, The Theatre is considered the first theatre built in London for the sole purpose of theatrical productions. The Theatre's history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which employed Shakespeare as actor and playwright. After a dispute with the landlord, the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Archaeological investigation
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Mayor and Corporation of London banned plays in 1572 as a measure against the plague, not wanting to attract crowds of strangers. In 1575 they formally expelled all players from the city.[1] This prompted the construction of playhouses outside the jurisdiction of London, in the liberties of Halliwell/Holywell in Shoreditch and later the Clink, and at Newington Butts near the established entertainment district of St. George's Fields in rural Surrey.[1] The Theatre was constructed in 1576 by James Burbage in partnership with his brother-in-law, one John Brayne, (the owner of the Red Lion)[2] on property that had originally been the grounds of the dissolved Halliwell Priory (or Holywell). Brayne had advanced Burbage the money needed to build The Theatre, and in return, Brayne received a portion of the profits and owned some of the property (Burbage married Brayne's daughter Ellen in 1575).[3] The Theatre was in Shoreditch, beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside the jurisdiction of civil authorities, who were often opposed to the theatre. This area in the "suburbs of sin" was notorious for licentious behaviour, brothels and gaming houses. A year later the Curtain Theatre was built nearby, making the area London's first theatrical and entertainment district.[4] "When Burbage and Brayne mortgaged The Theatre, Brayne had just recently resolved another fight with one of his brothers-in-law over a different mortgage" [5] Brayne and Burbage had never written a contract, which eventually led to many quarrels concerning who spent what on getting The Theatre started.[6]
Throughout the building of The Theatre, Burbage and Brayne continually became indebted to each other. To fix this they constructed schemes to keep the building of The Theatre going. John Hind was one of the creditors for the construction of The Theatre, however, almost nothing else is known about him except that there was also a contract between him and Burbage/Brayne which entailed that he arrange players for them. One of their schemes was to put on plays in The Theatre while it was still being built, to raise money for further construction.[7]
Although Burbage's son later claimed the Theatre as the first permanent playhouse in the London conurbation, it may not have been the first permanent theatre to serve Londoners. The Newington Butts playhouse may have been built as early as 1575,[8] certainly actor Jerome Savage renewed a lease on the site on 25 March 1576, three weeks before Burbage's lease in Shoreditch.[9] Newington Butts was clearly established by Lady Day 1577,[10] and Wickham et al. interpret the available documents as saying that Savage was adapting an existing building constructed by Richard Hicks rather than building from scratch.[11]
The design of The Theatre was possibly adapted from the inn-yards that had served as playing spaces for actors and/or bear baiting pits. The building was a polygonal wooden building with three galleries surrounding an open yard. From one side of the polygon extended a thrust stage. The Theatre is said to have cost £700 to construct, which is a considerable sum for the age.[12]
The open yard in front of the stage was cobbled and provided standing room for those who paid a penny. For another penny, the attendees were allowed into the galleries where they could either stand or, for a third penny, procure a stool. One of the galleries, though sources do not state which, was divided into small compartments that could be used by the wealthy and aristocrats. The playhouse was a timber building with a tile roof; other materials used to construct the Theatre were brick, sand, lime, lead, and iron. Owing to a lack of paperwork not much is truly known about the Theatre’s appearance, but it has been described as an "amphitheater".[6]
The Theatre opened in the autumn of 1576, possibly as a venue for Leicester's Men, the acting company of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester of which James Burbage was a member. In the 1580s the Admiral's Men, of which James Burbage's son, Richard was a member, took up residence. After a disagreement between the company and young Burbage, most of the company left for the Rose Theatre which was under the management of Philip Henslowe.
In 1594, Richard Burbage became the leading actor of the Lord Chamberlain's Men which performed at The Theatre until 1597. Poet, playwright and actor William Shakespeare was also in the employ of the Company and some of his early plays had their première at The Theatre. "At Christmas 1594 [Richard] was summoned with two other members of his company, William Kempe and William Shakespeare, to act before the queen at Greenwich Palace...Numerous performances before Queen Elizabeth followed, and Shakespeare doubtless often accompanied Burbage on many subsequent professional visits to one or other of the royal palaces."[3] Richard's most noted role is—which holds close to his namesake—his part as Richard in Shakespeare's Richard III. After the Burbages stripped The Theatre of its materials to erect The Globe, many of Shakespeare's plays were performed the famous theatre in the summer, and the Blackfriars house, another of the Burbage's theatres, was used as a winter playhouse.[3]
Towards the end of 1596, problems arose with the property's landlord, Giles Allen. Consequently, in 1597, the Lord Chamberlain's Men were forced to stop playing at the Theatre and moved to the nearby Curtain. The lease had been granted to Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage upon the death of their father. The lease that the late James Burbage had obtained from Allen in 1576 was to last only twenty years, but when that day did come, in 1596, Allen "stipulated that the playhouse should only be applied to theatrical purposes for another five years. This stipulation was contested by Burbage, and he and his sons began a harassing lawsuit with Allen. But before the dispute had gone very far Burbage died (in the spring of 1597)and the suit was continued by his sons Richard and Cuthbert."[3] The sight of the deserted Theatre prompted these lines from a minor satirist of the day:
...But see yonder,
One like the unfrequented Theatre
Walks in dark silence and vast solitude.[13]
Brayne's widow, Margaret, and former business partner, Robert Myles, filed a lawsuit against the Burbages after Brayne's death in 1586. When Brayne passed the Burbages halted their payments to Margaret for their debt. When they filed lawsuit, Margaret and Robert showed up at The Theatre demanding half of everything inside of it—in disagreement, Richard Burbage physically assaulted Robert Myles, and Robert and Margaret left empty handed. However, this was not the end as Myles attempted to bring down the Burbages in another two lawsuits, which both ended in failure. "The old disputes of the Theatre were overtaken by the new litigation of the Alleyns-the original owners, when the Burbages dismantled the Theatre and rebuilt it as the Globe." [14] At the time of Margaret Brayne's death there were still lawsuits that had not been settled, and in her last will and testament she left all of her prospective winnings to Robert Myles.[6]
Though Giles Allen was the landlord John Hyde legally owned the lease to the Theatre and would return the lease to Richard and Cuthbert Burbage and Margaret Brayne for the sum of £30. Cuthbert then went to Walter Cope, a trusted business man, and had Cope ask Hyde if Cuthbert could outright pay for the lease and own it himself. Cuthbert paid and outright owned the lease now, ultimately squeezing Margaret Brayne out of the business. They justified this by stating that now that the lease was in Cuthbert’s name and no longer in James’ name John Brayne had no dealings with the Theatre and therefore neither did Margaret Brayne.[6]
This state of affairs forced the Burbage brothers to take drastic action to save their investment. In defiance of the landlord and with the help of their friend and financial backer William Smith, chief carpenter Peter Street and ten or twelve workmen, they dismantled the theatre on the night of 28 December 1598 and moved the structure piecemeal to Street's yard near to Bridewell. With the onset of more favourable weather in the following spring, the material was ferried over the Thames to reconstruct it as The Globe.[15][16] Giles Allen then sued Peter Street in January 1599 for trespassing on the property of the Theatre, stating that Street had no right to dismantle the Theatre and move the supplies. He also attempted to sue Cuthbert and Richard Burbage for trespassing.[6]
Archaeological investigation[edit]
In August 2008 archaeologists from the Museum of London excavating in New Inn Broadway, Shoreditch, announced they had found the foundation of a polygonal structure they believed to be the remains of the north-eastern corner of The Theatre.[17][18] The site is to be used to build a new theatre for the Tower Theatre Company.[19] The Theatre and Shakespeare's involvement with it are commemorated by two plaques on 86–90 Curtain Road,[20] the building at the corner with New Inn Yard currently occupied by a Foxtons office. A surviving fragment of the original wall will be retained in the new theatre.[21]
See also[edit]
Inn-yard theatre
Curtain Theatre – opened in the following year further down Curtain Road
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman Ordish, Thomas (1899), Early London Theatres: In the Fields, London: Elliot Stock, p. 30
Jump up ^ Bowsher, Julian; Miller, Pat (2010). The Rose and the Globe—Playhouses of Shakespeare's Bankside, Southwark. Museum of London. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-901992-85-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Burbage, James". Dictionary of National Biography. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 285.
Jump up ^ Mullaney, 1988.
Jump up ^ Berry, Herbert. "Brayne and his other brother-in-law". Shakespeare Studies. Literature Resource Center. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Berry, Herbert. English Professional Theatre, 1530–1660. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Jump up ^ Mateer, David. "New Light on the Early History of the Theatre in Shoreditch [With Texts]." English Literary Renaissance 36.3 (2006): 335–375. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.
Jump up ^ Gladstone Wickham, Glynne William; Berry, Herbert; Ingram, William (2000), English professional theatre, 1530–1660, Cambridge University Press, p. 320, ISBN 978-0-521-23012-4
Jump up ^ Ingram, William (1992), The business of playing: the beginnings of the adult professional theater in Elizabethan London, Cornell University Press, p. 164, ISBN 978-0-8014-2671-1
Jump up ^ Ingram (1992) p170
Jump up ^ Wickham et al (2000) p321
Jump up ^ Egan, 2005.
Jump up ^ Skialetheia, Edward Guilpin, 1598
Jump up ^ Capp, Bernard. "The Burbages At Law (Again)." Notes & Queries 47.4 (2000): 433. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, James (2005). 1599—a year in the life of William Shakespeare. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21480-0. .
Jump up ^ Schoenbaum 1987: 206–209
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Fiona (2008-08-06). "Dig reveals The Theatre – Shakespeare's first playhouse". Times Online. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ "The Bard's 'first theatre' found". BBC News. 2008-08-06. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Shakespeare's first theatre found". BBC News Online. 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ "The Theatre and Holywell Priory". London Borough of Hackney. 28 Feb 2007. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
Jump up ^ Dunthorne, Joe (10 July 2010). "Shakespeare's ghost". The Guardian. London. p. R5.
References[edit]
Egan, Gabriel (2005), Platonism and bathos in Shakespeare and other early modern drama accessed 13 November 2006.
Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642. Third edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Hartnoll, Phyllis, ed. The Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 4th edition. London: Oxford UP, 1983. p. 964.
Moreton, W. H. C. (1976) "Shakespeare came to Shoreditch" LBH Library Services Text accessed 10 November 2006.
Mullaney, S. (1988) The Place of the Stage: Licence, Play and Power in Renaissance England. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Schoenbaum, S. (1987) William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life. Oxford University Press.
Thomson, Peter. "The Theatre". in Banham, Martin, ed. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, London: Cambridge UP, 1992.
Wallace, Charles William, (1913), The First London Theatre, Materials for a History , Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska.
Ticket-Taker, (1993), "The Theater", TURNS
De Young, J. and Miller, J. (1998) London Theatre Walks, New York: Applause Books.
Berry, Herbert. "John Brayne and his other brother-in-law." Shakespeare Studies (2002): 93+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.
External links[edit]
Shakespeare's Theatre? Archaeology at 4–6 New Inn Broadway Hackney Museum of London Archaeology assessment of archaeological and historical background
Shakespearean Playhouses, by Joseph Quincy Adams, Jr. from Project Gutenberg
The Theatre Digital Reconstruction, a collaboration between Cloak and Dagger Studios and Museum of London Archaeology
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