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Light-dependent reactions
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Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane
In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reaction takes place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.
The four photosystems absorb light energy through pigments—primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.
Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.
The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:
2H
2O + 2NADP+
+ 3ADP + 3Pi → O
2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP
The two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
Contents
[hide]
1 The reaction center
2 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts
2.1 Photosystem II
2.1.1 The water-splitting complex
2.1.2 The reaction center
2.1.3 Link of water-splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation
2.1.4 Summary
2.2 Cytochrome b6
2.3 Photosystem I
3 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria
3.1 Cyanobacteria
3.2 Purple bacteria
3.3 Green sulfur bacteria
4 History
5 See also
6 References
The reaction center[edit]
Main article: Photosynthetic reaction center
The reaction center is in the thylakoid membrane. It transfers light energy to a dimer of chlorophyll pigment molecules near the periplasmic (or thylakoid lumen) side of the membrane. This dimer is called a special pair because of its fundamental role in photosynthesis. This special pair is slightly different in PSI and PSII reaction center. In PSII, it absorbs photons with a wavelength of 680 nm, and it is therefore called P680. In PSI, it absorbs photons at 700 nm, and it is called P700. In bacteria, the special pair is called P760, P840, P870, or P960. Where "P" means pigment, and the number following it is the wavelength of light absorbed.
If an electron of the special pair in the reaction center becomes excited, it cannot transfer this energy to another pigment using resonance energy transfer. In normal circumstances, the electron should return to the ground state, but, because the reaction center is arranged so that a suitable electron acceptor is nearby, the excited electron can move from the initial molecule to the acceptor. This process results in the formation of a positive charge on the special pair (due to the loss of an electron) and a negative charge on the acceptor and is, hence, referred to as photoinduced charge separation. In other words, electrons in pigment molecules can exist at specific energy levels. Under normal circumstances, they exist at the lowest possible energy level they can. However, if there is enough energy to move them into the next energy level, they can absorb that energy and occupy that higher energy level. The light they absorb contains the necessary amount of energy needed to push them into the next level. Any light that does not have enough or has too much energy cannot be absorbed and is reflected. The electron in the higher energy level, however, does not want to be there; the electron is unstable and must return to its normal lower energy level. To do this, it must release the energy that has put it into the higher energy state to begin with. This can happen various ways. The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat. Some of the extra energy can be lost as heat energy, while the rest is lost as light. (This re-emission of light energy is called fluorescence.) The energy, but not the e- itself, can be passed onto another molecule. (This is called resonance.) The energy and the e- can be transferred to another molecule. Plant pigments usually utilize the last two of these reactions to convert the sun's energy into their own.
This initial charge separation occurs in less than 10 picoseconds (10−11 seconds). In their high-energy states, the special pigment and the acceptor could undergo charge recombination; that is, the electron on the acceptor could move back to neutralize the positive charge on the special pair. Its return to the special pair would waste a valuable high-energy electron and simply convert the absorbed light energy into heat. In the case of PSII, this backflow of electrons can produce reactive oxygen species leading to photoinhibition.[1][2] Three factors in the structure of the reaction center work together to suppress charge recombination nearly completely.
Another electron acceptor is less than 10 Å away from the first acceptor, and so the electron is rapidly transferred farther away from the special pair.
An electron donor is less than 10 Å away from the special pair, and so the positive charge is neutralized by the transfer of another electron
The electron transfer back from the electron acceptor to the positively charged special pair is especially slow. The rate of an of electron transfer reaction increases with its thermodynamic favorability up to a point and then decreases. The back transfer is so favourable that it takes place in the inverted region where electron-transfer rates become slower.[1]
Thus, electron transfer proceeds efficiently from the first electron acceptor to the next, creating an electron transport chain that ends if it has reached NADPH.
Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts[edit]
The photosynthesis process in chloroplasts begins when an electron of P680 of PSII attains a higher-energy level. This energy is used to reduce a chain of electron acceptors that have subsequently lowered redox-potentials. This chain of electron acceptors is known as an electron transport chain. When this chain reaches PS I, an electron is again excited, creating a high redox-potential. The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is often put in a diagram called the z-scheme, because the redox diagram from P680 to P700 resembles the letter z.[3]
The final product of PSII is plastoquinol, a mobile electron carrier in the membrane. Plastoquinol transfers the electron from PSII to the proton pump, cytochrome b6f. The ultimate electron donor of PSII is water. Cytochrome b6f proceeds the electron chain to PSI through plastocyanin molecules. PSI is able to continue the electron transfer in two different ways. It can transfer the electrons either to plastoquinol again, creating a cyclic electron flow, or to an enzyme called FNR (Ferredoxin—NADP(+) reductase), creating a non-cyclic electron flow. PSI releases FNR into the stroma, where it reduces NADP+
to NADPH.
Activities of the electron transport chain, especially from cytochrome b6f, lead to pumping of protons from the stroma to the lumen. The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
The overall process of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts is:
H
2O → PS II → plastoquinone → cytb
6 → plastocyanin → PS I → NADPH
Photosystem II[edit]
Main article: Photosystem II
PS II is an extremely complex, highly organized transmembrane structure that contains a water-splitting complex, chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments, a reaction center (P680), pheophytin (a pigment similar to chlorophyll), and two quinones. It uses the energy of sunlight to transfer electrons from water to a mobile electron carrier in the membrane called plastoquinone:
H
2O → P680 → P680* → plastoquinone
Plastoquinone, in turn, transfers electrons to cytb
6, which feeds them into PS I.
The water-splitting complex[edit]
The step H
2O → P680 is performed by a poorly understood structure embedded within PS II called the water-splitting complex or the oxygen-evolving complex. It catalyzes a reaction that splits water into electrons, protons and oxygen:
2H
2O → 4H+ + 4e− + O
2
The actual steps of the above reaction are running in the following way (Dolai's diagram of S-states): (I) 2H2O(monoxide) (II) OH. H2O (hydroxide) (III) H2O2(peroxide) (IV)HO2(super oxide)(V) O2(di-oxygen).[4]
The electrons are transferred to special chlorophyll molecules (embedded in PS II) that are promoted to a higher-energy state by the energy of photons.
The reaction center[edit]
The excitation P680 → P680*of the reaction center pigment P680 occurs here. These special chlorophyll molecules embedded in PS II absorb the energy of photons, with maximal absorption at 680 nm. Electrons within these molecules are promoted to a higher-energy state. This is one of two core processes in photosynthesis, and it occurs with astonishing efficiency (greater than 90%) because, in addition to direct excitation by light at 680 nm, the energy of light first harvested by antenna proteins at other wavelengths in the light-harvesting system is also transferred to these special chlorophyll molecules.
This is followed by the step P680*→ pheophytin, and then on to plastoquinone, which occurs within the reaction center of PS II. High-energy electrons are transferred to plastoquinone before it subsequently picks up two protons to become plastoquinol. Plastoquinol is then released into the membrane as a mobile electron carrier.
This is the second core process in photosynthesis. The initial stages occur within picoseconds, with an efficiency of 100%. The seemingly impossible efficiency is due to the precise positioning of molecules within the reaction center. This is a solid-state process, not a chemical reaction. It occurs within an essentially crystalline environment created by the macromolecular structure of PS II. The usual rules of chemistry (which involve random collisions and random energy distributions) do not apply in solid-state environments.
Link of water-splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation[edit]
When the chlorophyll passes the electron to pheophytin, it obtains an electron from P680*. In turn, P680* can oxidize the Z (or YZ) molecule. Once oxidized, the Z molecule can derive electrons from the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC).[5] Dolai's S-state diagrams show the reactions of water splitting in the oxygen-evolving complex.
Summary[edit]
PS II is a transmembrane structure found in all chloroplasts. It splits water into electrons, protons and molecular oxygen. The electrons are transferred to plastoquinone, which carries them to a proton pump. Molecular oxygen is released into the atmosphere.
The emergence of such an incredibly complex structure, a macromolecule that converts the energy of sunlight into potentially useful work with efficiencies that are impossible in ordinary experience, seems almost magical at first glance. Thus, it is of considerable interest that, in essence, the same structure is found in purple bacteria.
Cytochrome b
6[edit]
PS II and PS I are connected by a transmembrane proton pump, cytochrome b
6 complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; EC 1.10.99.1). Electrons from PS II are carried by plastoquinol to cytb
6, where they are removed in a stepwise fashion (reforming plastoquinone) and transferred to a water-soluble electron carrier called plastocyanin. This redox process is coupled to the pumping of four protons across the membrane. The resulting proton gradient (together with the proton gradient produced by the water-splitting complex in PS II) is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
The similarity in structure and function between cytochrome b
6 (in chloroplasts) and cytochrome bc
1 (Complex III in mitochondria) is striking. Both are transmembrane structures that remove electrons from a mobile, lipid-soluble electron carrier (plastoquinone in chloroplasts; ubiquinone in mitochondria) and transfer them to a mobile, water-soluble electron carrier (plastocyanin in chloroplasts; cytochrome c in mitochondria). Both are proton pumps that produce a transmembrane proton gradient.
Photosystem I[edit]
The cyclic light-dependent reactions occur only when the sole photosystem being used is photosystem I. Photosystem I excites electrons which then cycle from the transport protein, ferredoxin (Fd), to the cytochrome complex, b6f, to another transport protein, plastocyanin (Pc), and back to photosystem I. A proton gradient is created across the thylakoid membrane (6) as protons (3) are transported from the chloroplast stroma (4) to the thylakoid lumen (5). Through chemiosmosis, ATP (9) is produced where ATP synthase (1) binds an inorganic phosphate group (8) to an ADP molecule (7).
Main article: Photosystem I
PS I accepts electrons from plastocyanin and transfers them either to NADPH (noncyclic electron transport) or back to cytochrome b
6 (cyclic electron transport):
                        plastocyanin → P700 → P700* → FNR → NADPH ↑ ↓ b
6 ← plastoquinone

PS I, like PS II, is a complex, highly organized transmembrane structure that contains antenna chlorophylls, a reaction center (P700), phylloquinine, and a number of iron-sulfur proteins that serve as intermediate redox carriers.
The light-harvesting system of PS I uses multiple copies of the same transmembrane proteins used by PS II. The energy of absorbed light (in the form of delocalized, high-energy electrons) is funneled into the reaction center, where it excites special chlorophyll molecules (P700, maximum light absorption at 700 nm) to a higher energy level. The process occurs with astonishingly high efficiency.
Electrons are removed from excited chlorophyll molecules and transferred through a series of intermediate carriers to ferredoxin, a water-soluble electron carrier. As in PS II, this is a solid-state process that operates with 100% efficiency.
There are two different pathways of electron transport in PS I. In noncyclic electron transport, ferredoxin carries the electron to the enzyme ferredoxin NADP+
reductase (FNR) that reduces NADP+
to NADPH. In cyclic electron transport, electrons from ferredoxin are transferred (via plastoquinone) to a proton pump, cytochrome b
6. They are then returned (via plastocyanin) to P700.
NADPH and ATP are used to synthesize organic molecules from CO
2. The ratio of NADPH to ATP production can be adjusted by adjusting the balance between cyclic and noncyclic electron transport.
It is noteworthy that PS I closely resembles photosynthetic structures found in green sulfur bacteria, just as PS II resembles structures found in purple bacteria.
Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria[edit]
PS II, PS I, and cytochromeb
6 are found in chloroplasts. All plants and all photosynthetic algae contain chloroplasts, which produce NADPH and ATP by the mechanisms described above. In essence, the same transmembrane structures are also found in cyanobacteria.
Unlike plants and algae, cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. They do not contain chloroplasts. Rather, they bear a striking resemblance to chloroplasts themselves. This suggests that organisms resembling cyanobacteria were the evolutionary precursors of chloroplasts. One imagines primitive eukaryotic cells taking up cyanobacteria as intracellular symbionts in a process known as endosymbiosis.
Cyanobacteria[edit]
Cyanobacteria contain structures similar to PS II and PS I in chloroplasts. Their light-harvesting system is different from that found in plants (they use phycobilins, rather than chlorophylls, as antenna pigments), but their electron transport chain
         H
2O → PS II → plastoquinone → b
6 → cytochrome c
6 → PS I → ferredoxin → NADPH ↑ ↓ b
6 ← plastoquinone

is, in essence, the same as the electron transport chain in chloroplasts. The mobile water-soluble electron carrier is cytochrome c
6 in cyanobacteria, plastocyanin in plants.
Cyanobacteria can also synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, in the manner of other bacteria. The electron transport chain is
           NADH dehydrogenase → plastoquinone → b
6 → cytochrome c
6 → cytochrome aa
3 → O
2

where the mobile electron carriers are plastoquinone and cytochrome c
6, while the proton pumps are NADH dehydrogenase, b
6 and cytochrome aa
3.
Cyanobacteria are the only bacteria that produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Earth's primordial atmosphere was anoxic. Organisms like cyanobacteria produced our present-day oxygen-containing atmosphere.
The other two major groups of photosynthetic bacteria, purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, contain only a single photosystem and do not produce oxygen.
Purple bacteria[edit]
Purple bacteria contain a single photosystem that is structurally related to PS II in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts:
P870 → P870* → ubiquinone → bc
1 → cytochrome c
2 → P870
This is a cyclic process in which electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule (bacteriochlorophyll; P870), passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump (cytochrome bc
1 complex, similar but not identical to cytochrome bc
1 in chloroplasts), and then returned to the chlorophyll molecule. The result is a proton gradient, which is used to make ATP via ATP synthase. As in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, this is a solid-state process that depends on the precise orientation of various functional groups within a complex transmembrane macromolecular structure.
To make NADPH, purple bacteria use an external electron donor (hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, or organic molecules such as succinate and lactate) to feed electrons into a reverse electron transport chain.
Green sulfur bacteria[edit]
Green sulfur bacteria contain a photosystem that is analogous to PS I in chloroplasts:
                           P840 → P840* → ferredoxin → NADH ↑ ↓ cyt c553 ← bc
1 ← menaquinone

There are two pathways of electron transfer. In cyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule, passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump, and then returned to the chlorophyll. The mobile electron carriers are, as usual, a lipid-soluble quinone and a water-soluble cytochrome. The resulting proton gradient is used to make ATP.
In noncyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule and used to reduce NAD+ to NADH. The electrons removed from P840 must be replaced. This is accomplished by removing electrons from H
2S, which is oxidized to sulfur (hence the name "green sulfur bacteria").
Purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria occupy relatively minor ecological niches in the present day biosphere. They are of interest because of their importance in precambrian ecologies, and because their methods of photosynthesis were the likely evolutionary precursors of those in modern plants.
History[edit]
The first ideas about light being used in photosynthesis were proposed by Colin Flannery in 1779[6] who recognized it was sunlight falling on plants that was required, although Joseph Priestley had noted the production of oxygen without the association with light in 1772.[7] Cornelius Van Niel proposed in 1931 that photosynthesis is a case of general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photo decompose a hydrogen donor and the hydrogen being used to reduce CO
2.[8] Then in 1939, Robin Hill showed that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen, but not fix CO
2 showing the light and dark reactions occurred in different places. Although they are referred to as light and dark reactions, both of them take place only in the presence of light.[9] This led later to the discovery of photosystems I and II.
See also[edit]
Light-independent reaction
Photosynthetic reaction centre
Photosystem II
Compensation point
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Vass, Imre; Cser, Krisztian (April 2009). "Janus-faced charge recombinations in photosystem II photoinhibition". Trends in Plant Science. 14 (4): 200–205. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.01.009. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 19303349. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ Keren, Nir; Berg, Alexander; van Kan, Paul J. M.; Levanon, Haim; Ohad, Itzhak (1997-02-18). "Mechanism of photosystem II photoinactivation and D1 protein degradation at low light: The role of back electron flow". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (4): 1579–1584. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.4.1579. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 19834  . PMID 11038602. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ Rajni Govindjee. "The Z-Scheme Diagram of Photosynthesis". Retrieved March 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Dolai, U. (2017). "Chemical Scheme of Water -Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis ". IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 12(6):65-67. doi: 10.9790/3008-1206026567. ISSN 2319-7676.
Jump up ^ "Photosynthesis". McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 2007. p. 472.
Jump up ^ Ingenhousz, J (1779). Experiments Upon Vegetables. London: Elmsly and Payne.
Jump up ^ Priestley, J (1772). "Observations on Different Kinds of Air". 62. London: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.: 147–264. doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0021.
Jump up ^ van Niel, C. B. (1931). "On the morphology and physiology of the purple and green sulfur bacteria". Arch. Microbiol. 3: 1–114. doi:10.1007/BF00454965.
Jump up ^ Hill, R. (May 1939). "Oxygen Produced by Isolated Chloroplasts". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 127 (847): 192–210. doi:10.1098/rspb.1939.0017.
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Good Conduct Medal (United States)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Good Conduct Medal
Good Conduct medals
Awarded by United States Armed Forces
Type
Service medal
Eligibility
Enlisted Persons
Awarded for
Exemplary behavior, efficiency, and fidelity in active Federal Military service.
Status
Army—Current
Navy—Current
Marine Corps—Current
Air Force—Current
Coast Guard—Current
Statistics
Established
Executive Order 8809, 28 June 1941 (as amended by Executive Order 9323, 31 March 1943 and Executive Order 10444, 10 April 1953).
Precedence
Next (higher)
Army, Navy, Marine Corps – Prisoner of War Medal
Air Force – Combat Readiness Medal
Next (lower)
Reserve Good Conduct Medal

Good Conduct Medals ribbons:
Army, Navy,
Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard
The Good Conduct Medal is one of the oldest military awards of the United States Armed Forces. The U.S. Navy's variant of the Good Conduct Medal was established in 1869, the Marine Corps version in 1896, the Coast Guard version in 1923, the Army version in 1941, and the Air Force version in 1963; the Air Force Good Conduct Medal was temporarily discontinued from February 2006 to February 2009, followed by its subsequent reinstatement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Criteria
1.1 Reserve components
2 Navy Good Conduct Medal
3 Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal
4 Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal
5 Army Good Conduct Medal
6 Air Force Good Conduct Medal
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Criteria[edit]
The criteria for a Good Conduct Medal are defined by Executive Orders 8809, 9323, and 10444. The Good Conduct Medal, each one specific to one of the five branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, is currently awarded to any active duty enlisted member of the United States military who completes three consecutive years of "honorable and faithful service". Such service implies that a standard enlistment was completed without any non-judicial punishment, disciplinary infractions, or court martial offenses. If a service member commits an offense, the three-year mark "resets" and a service member must perform an additional three years of service without having to be disciplined, before the Good Conduct may be authorized.[1][2]
During times of war, the Good Conduct Medal may be awarded for one year of faithful service. The Good Conduct Medal may also be awarded posthumously, to any service member killed in the line of duty.
Reserve components[edit]
Service for the Good Conduct Medal must be performed on active duty; with two exceptions, it is not awarded to enlisted members of the military reserve components, to include the Army National Guard and Air National Guard, for inactive part-time (e.g., "drilling") reserve duty or Army Reserve Technician or Air Reserve Technician (ART) status, although enlisted reservists and national guardsmen are eligible if they complete sufficient active service via mobilization to active duty
Two exceptions: (1) This restriction does not apply to full-time active duty enlisted members in the Reserve Component, such as Army and Air Force personnel in an Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) status, Navy personnel in a Full Time Support (FTS), previously known as Training & Administration of the Reserve (TAR), and Marine Corps Active Reserve (AR) programs.
(2) Effective 1 January 2014, the Navy discontinued the Naval Reserve Meritorious Service Medal, a de facto Good Conduct Medal for Navy Reserve (formerly Naval Reserve) enlisted personnel. Since that date, all Navy enlisted personnel have received the Navy Good Conduct Medal, whether in a full-time active duty or a part-time drilling reserve status.[3]
The various services have established separate Reserve Good Conduct Medals, albeit under various names, as a comparable award available to enlisted Reserve and National Guard members who satisfactorily perform annual training, drill duty and any additional active duty of less than 3 consecutive years duration. The exception, as previously stated, is the Navy Reserve which discontinued the award as of 1 January 2014.[4] Navy Reservists now earn time towards the Navy Good Conduct medal, and any time previously earned towards an unawarded Naval Reserve Meritorious Service Medal is automatically carried over to the Navy Good Conduct Medal.
Navy Good Conduct Medal[edit]
The Navy Good Conduct Medal is the third oldest continuously awarded medal in the United States. The "U.S.N." Type I medal was authorized on 26 April 1869 and was produced by E. V. Haughwout Company of New York. The medal was issued with a red, white and blue material suspension ribbon without a suspension pin. The medal is in the design of a Maltese cross and the name of the recipient was engraved on the reverse.[5]
The Navy Good Conduct Medal is the oldest Good Conduct Medal, dating back to 26 April 1869. There have been a total of four versions of the Navy Good Conduct Medal, the first version of which was issued from 1870 to 1884. The original Navy Good Conduct Medal was also not worn on a uniform, but issued with discharge papers as a badge to present during reenlistment. A sailor in the Navy received a new Good Conduct Medal for each honorable enlistment completed.[6]
The second version of the Navy Good Conduct Medal was issued between 1880 and 1884. The medal was considered a "transitional decoration"[5] and was the first of the Good Conduct Medals to be worn on a uniform. The medal was phased out by 1885 and a new medal issued between 1885 and 1961. The new medal was a Good Conduct medallion suspended from an all red ribbon. Enlistment bars, denoting each honorable enlistment completed, were pinned on the ribbon as attachments.
There was slight oddity during the Spanish–American War when the Navy created the Specially Meritorious Service Medal which also had an all red suspension and service ribbon. There were recorded cases of Navy enlisted personnel who were awarded both the Good Conduct Medal and the Specially Meritorious Service Medal who wore two red service ribbons on their Navy service uniforms. This is one of the rare times in the history of U.S. military awards that two awards had identical ribbons.
The current Navy Good Conduct Medal dates from 1961 and is issued to every active duty enlisted sailor who completes three years of honorable and faithful service since 1 January 1996; four years of service were required since 1 November 1963. Additional awards of the Navy Good Conduct Medal are denoted by bronze and silver 3/16 inch stars; silver stars are worn in place of five bronze ones.[7] The reverse side of the medal has three words, "FIDELITY ZEAL OBEDIENCE" superimposed in a semicircle. Upon 12 years of honorable and faithful service, sailors are also allowed to wear gold-colored version of their Petty Officer insignia, something usually seen with those with the rate of Chief Petty Officer or Petty Officer First Class and above, but occasionally Petty Officer Second Class. It is extremely rare in today's Navy, but provisions do allow for Petty Officer Third Class to wear gold rate insignia, provided they meet the same requirements.
Original Version
Transitional Version
Third Version
Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal[edit]
An older version of the "U.S. Marine Corps" Good Conduct Medal.
Current USMC GCM
The Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal was established on 20 July 1896. The medal was originally a ribbon and medal suspended from a clasp bearing the words "U.S. Marine Corps". The clasp was eliminated after 1935 and the medal has remained unchanged in appearance since that time. Since its inception in 1896, the name of the recipient was engraved by hand on the reverse side of the medal until stamping the name on the medal began during World War II (numbered on the rim) and was done completely by 1951.[8]
Prior to 10 December 1945, four years of honorable creditable enlisted service was required in the Marine Corps for award of the Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal. After 10 December 1945, the required period of service was reduced to three years.[9] Since that latter date, members of the Marine Corps must have three consecutive years of honorable and faithful service in order to be eligible for the medal.
In 1953, the Marine Corps adopted bronze and silver 3/16-inch service stars to denote additional awards of the Good Conduct Medal, replacing enlistment bars showing each honorable period of service.
Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal[edit]
The Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal was designed in 1923 and originally used enlistment bars as attachments, in the same manner as the Marine Corps and Navy Good Conduct Medals. In 1966, the Coast Guard began using bronze and silver 3/16-inch service stars to denote additional awards of the Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal.[10]
Army Good Conduct Medal[edit]
The Army Good Conduct Medal Reverse
The Army Good Conduct Medal was established by Executive Order 8809, dated 28 June 1941, and authorized the award for soldiers completing three years active service after that date.
The criteria were amended by Executive Order 9323, dated 31 March 1943, to authorize the award for candidates having three years of service after 7 December 1941 or one year of service while the United States is at war.
Executive Order 10444, dated 10 April 1953, revised the criteria to authorize the award for candidates having three years of service after 27 August 1940; one year of service after 7 December 1941 while the United States is at war; and for candidates having the first award for service after 27 June 1950 upon termination of service, for periods less than three years, but more than one year.
The medal was designed by Mr. Joseph Kiselewski and approved by the Secretary of War on 30 October 1942.
The eagle, with wings spread, denotes vigilance and superiority.
The horizontal sword denotes loyalty,
The book represents knowledge acquired and ability gained.
On the reverse, the lone star denotes merit.
The wreath of laurel and oak leaves denotes reward and strength.
Subsequent Award Clasps
The second and subsequent awards are indicated by the wear of the clasp with loops on the ribbon.
Bronze clasps indicate the second (two loops) through fifth award (five loops);
Silver clasps indicate sixth (one loop) through tenth award (five loops); and
Gold clasps indicate eleventh (one loop) through the fifteenth award (five loops).
Officially, the Good Conduct Medal is awarded for exemplary behavior, efficiency, and fidelity in active Federal Military service. It is awarded on a selective basis to each soldier who distinguishes himself/herself from among his/her fellow soldiers by their exemplary conduct, efficiency, and fidelity throughout a specified period of continuous enlisted active Federal military service. Qualifying periods of service include each three years completed after 27 August 1940 or, for first award only, upon completion of at least one year upon termination of service if separated prior to three years. Also for the first award only, for those individuals who died before completing one year of active Federal military service if the death occurred in the line of duty. The immediate commander must approve the award and the award must be announced in permanent orders.[11]
The "loops" indicating subsequent awards were called "hitches", a "hitch" being three years of service. During the Vietnam War it was known as the "Dentyne wrapper" (chewing gum brand) owing to it being red and white like the medal's suspension ribbon.
Air Force Good Conduct Medal[edit]
The Air Force Good Conduct Medal is the last version of the Good Conduct Medal. The medal was authorized by Congress on 6 July 1960, but not created until 1 June 1963. Air Force personnel were issued the Army Good Conduct Medal between 1947 and 1963 and for those serving both before and after 1963, the Army and Air Force Good Conduct Medals could be worn simultaneously on an Air Force uniform.
The Air Force version is the same as the Army version, except that the suspension and service ribbons for the medals are different for each medal. The Air Force Good Conduct Medal has remained unchanged in appearance since its original design over fifty years ago. Additional awards of the Air Force Good Conduct Medal are denoted by bronze or silver oak leaf clusters.
The criteria for award of the Air Force Good Conduct medal are as follows: It is awarded to Air Force enlisted personnel during a three-year period of active military service or for a one-year period of service during a time of war. Airmen awarded this medal must have had character and efficiency ratings of excellent or higher throughout the qualifying period including time spent in attendance at service schools, and there must have been no convictions of court martial or non-judicial punishment during this period.[12]
In October 2005, the 97th Air Force Uniform Board met and considered discontinuing the Good Conduct Medal with the rationale that good conduct of Airmen is the expected standard, not an exceptional occurrence worthy of recognition. The decision was finalized on 8 February 2006 and the medal was no longer issued. Airmen who had previously earned the Good Conduct Medal were still authorized to wear it. By May 2008, however, Air Force officials began reconsidering the policy.[13] On 11 February 2009, the medal was reinstated and made retroactive to 8 February 2006, with all eligible recipients being awarded the medal automatically.[14]
See also[edit]
United States Army portal
United States Marine Corps portal
United States Navy portal
United States Air Force portal
United States Coast Guard portal
Awards and decorations of the United States Army
Awards and decorations of the United States Navy and Marine Corps
Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force
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Inter-service decorations of the United States military
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 8809 – Good Conduct Medal". Archives.gov. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Title 32 CFR 578.27". Gpo.gov. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
Jump up ^ Mabus, Ray. "CHANGES TO NAVY GOOD CONDUCT MEDAL". ALNAV. US Navy. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Mabus, Ray. "CHANGES TO NAVY GOOD CONDUCT MEDAL". ALNAV. US Navy. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Navy Good Conduct Medal". History.navy.mil. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ "SECNAVINST 1650.1H 2006 4-3" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Doni.daps.dla. p. 115. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ Doug Sterner. "US Military Medals - Navy Good Conduct Medal". Homeofheroes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
Jump up ^ "SECNAVINST 1650.1H 2006 4-7" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Doni.daps.dla. p. 119. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ SECNAVINST 1650.1H NAVY AND MARINE CORPS AWARDS MANUAL. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Military Medals and Awards Manual, COMDTINST1650 25E" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Army Good Conduct Medal". Edocket.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Factsheets : Air Force Good Conduct Medal". Afpc.af.mil. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Good Conduct Medal poised for comeback – Air Force News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq". Air Force Times. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ Villagran, Paul (12 February 2009). "Air Force Good Conduct Medal reinstated". Af.mil/News.aspx. Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Conduct Medals.
Navy Good Conduct Medal Information at Naval Historical Center
Good Conduct Medal award elimination explained, Air Force Print News
Air Force Good Conduct Medal
Army Human Resource Command Army Good Conduct Medal FAQ
US Army Institute of Heraldry:Army Good Conduct Medal
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Charles Strouse
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Charles Strouse
Strouse in 2013
Background information
Born
(1928-06-07) June 7, 1928 (age 89)
Origin
New York City, United States
Occupation(s)
Songwriter
Charles Strouse (born June 7, 1928) is an American composer and lyricist best known for writing the music to the musicals Bye Bye Birdie and Annie, amongst others.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Musicals
3 Film scores
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Life and career[edit]
Strouse was born in New York City, to Jewish parents, Ethel (née Newman) and Ira Strouse, who worked in the tobacco business. A graduate of the Eastman School of Music, he studied under Arthur Berger, David Diamond, Aaron Copland and Nadia Boulanger.[1][2]
Strouse's first Broadway musical was Bye Bye Birdie, with lyrics by Lee Adams, which opened in 1960.[3] Adams became his long-time collaborator. For this show, Strouse won his first Tony Award in the category of best musical.[4]
Strouse's next show was All American (1962), with a book by Mel Brooks and lyrics by Adams; it was not a success, closing after 80 performances,[5] but it produced the standard “Once Upon a Time” (recorded by Perry Como, Eddie Fisher, Al Martino, Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra, and Bobby Darin, among others).
Following this was Golden Boy (1964, also with Adams), starring Sammy Davis, Jr., which ran for 568 performnces. The musical It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman (1966, based on the popular comic strip) closed after 129 performances, but introduced the song "You've Got Possibilities" sung by Linda Lavin.[6][7]
In 1970, Applause (starring Lauren Bacall, with book by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and lyrics by Adams) won Strouse his second Tony Award, for Best Musical.[8] In 1977, Strouse adapted another comic strip for the stage, creating the hit Annie, which included the song "Tomorrow," which quickly became a "monstrous song hit," and garnered him his third Tony Award and two Grammy Awards.[9]
Other Strouse musicals include Charlie and Algernon (1979), Dance a Little Closer (1983, with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, which closed after one performance), Rags (1986; which closed after four performances and 18 previews), Nick & Nora (1993, which closed after 9 performances), and An American Tragedy (1995, with lyrics by David Shaber, performed at Muhlenberg College).
Strouse also wrote musical revues, many with Adams, and his songs were included in revues. The revues included Shoestring Revue (with Adams and Michael Stewart) (1955 – Off–Broadway),[10] Medium Rare (with Adams) (1960 - Chicago),[11] By Strouse (1978 – Off–Broadway at The Ballroom),[11][12] Upstairs At O'Neals (1982 – Nightclub Revue),[13] Can't Stop Dancin (1994 – Marymount Theatre), and A Lot Of Living! (1996 – conceived and directed by Barbara Siman at Rainbow and Stars).[14]
Strouse wrote the music and lyrics for the animated special Lyle, Lyle Crocodile which aired on HBO in 1987.[15] His film scores include Bonnie and Clyde (1967), There Was a Crooked Man... (1970, with Henry Fonda and Kirk Douglas), The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968, with Adams) and the popular animated movie All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989). He and Adams also wrote the theme song “Those Were the Days”[16] for the television show All in the Family. Strouse's songs have been heard on the radio throughout his career and have run the gamut from girl-band pop to hip hop. In 1958, his song “Born Too Late” was number seven on the Billboard charts, and in 1999 the quadruple platinum Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem) by artist Jay-Z (which sampled "It's The Hard Knock Life" from Annie) was the winner of a Grammy for Best Rap Album of the year & the Billboard R&B Album of the Year.
Strouse's writing also extends into orchestral works, chamber music, piano concertos and opera. His Concerto America, composed in 2002 to commemorate 9/11 and the spirit of New York City, premiered at The Boston Pops in 2002,[17] and his opera Nightingale (1982), starring Sarah Brightman, had a successful run in London, followed by many subsequent productions. In 1977, Strouse founded the ASCAP Musical Theatre Workshop in New York, through which many young composers and lyricists have found a forum for their work.
A musical stage adaptation of the Paddy Chayevsky film Marty starring John C. Reilly premiered at Boston's Huntington Theatre in October 2002, with lyrics by Lee Adams and Strouse and the book by Rupert Holmes.[18] Real Men, for which Strouse wrote the music and lyrics, premiered in January 2005 at the Coconut Grove Playhouse in Miami, Florida,[19] and his musical Studio, premiered at Theatre Building Chicago in August 2006. The musical Minsky's, with music by Strouse, book by Bob Martin, and lyrics by Susan Birkenhead (loosely based on the movie The Night They Raided Minsky's) premiered in January 2009 at the Ahmanson Theater.[20]
Strouse won Emmy Awards for music in television adaptions of Bye Bye Birdie and Annie. He is also the recipient of the 1999 ASCAP Foundation Richard Rodgers Award[21] and the Oscar Hammerstein Award. He is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame (in 2001)[22] and the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Strouse is married to director-choreographer Barbara Siman. They have 4 children: Benjamin, Nicholas, Victoria and William.[23]
Strouse received an Emperor Has No Clothes Award at the Freedom From Religion Foundation's 34th annual national convention on October 8, 2011.[24] The award is "reserved for public figures who make known their dissent from religion".[citation needed]
Musicals[edit]
[25][26]
A Pound in Your Pocket (1959; Palm Beach, Florida)[27]
Bye Bye Birdie (1960)
All American (1962)
Golden Boy (1964)
It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman (1966)
Applause (1970)
Six (1971, Off-Broadway)[28]
I and Albert (1972, London)[29]
Annie (1977)
A Broadway Musical (1978)
Charlie and Algernon (1979, London, as Flowers for Algernon); (1981)
Bring Back Birdie (1981)
Nightingale (1982; this work is often described as an opera)
Dance a Little Closer (1983)
Mayor (1985, Off-Broadway)
Rags (1986)
Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile (1988; Albany, NY)[30]
Annie 2: Miss Hannigan's Revenge (1989, Washington, DC)[31]
Charlotte's Web (1989; Wilmington, Delaware)
Nick & Nora (1993)
Annie Warbucks (1993, Off-Broadway)
Bojangles (1993; Richmond, Virginia)[32]
An American Tragedy (1995, Muhlenberg College, 2010)[33]
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (1998)
Marty (2002, Boston)[18]
The Future of the American Musical Theater (2004 opera, Eastman School of Music)[34]
Real Men (2005, Miami)
Studio (2006, Chicago)
Minsky's (2009, Los Angeles)
Martin: A New American Musical (2011, Miami)[35]
Film scores[edit]
Bonnie and Clyde (1967)[36]
The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968)[37]
There Was a Crooked Man... (1970)[38]
Just Tell Me What You Want (1980)[39]
Annie (1982)[40]
The Worst Witch (1986)[41]
Ishtar (1987)[42]
All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989) (songs only)[43]
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (1990)[44]
Awards and nominations[edit]
1961 Tony Award for Best Musical (Bye Bye Birdie, winner)
1965 Tony Award for Best Musical (Golden Boy, nominee)
1970 Tony Award for Best Musical (Applause, winner)
1977 Tony Award for Best Original Score (Annie, winner)
1977 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music (Annie, nominee)
1981 Tony Award for Best Original Score (Charlie and Algernon, nominee)
1986 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music (Mayor, nominee)
1987 Tony Award for Best Original Score (Rags, nominee)[45]
1987 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music (Rags, nominee)[45]
1992 Tony Award for Best Original Score (Nick & Nora, nominee)[46]
2012 Rochester (NY) Music Hall of Fame (Lifetime Body of Work)
2013 Five Towns College named Charles Strouse School of Music
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Mervyn. "A Life in the Theatre: Charles Strouse" Playbill, September 1, 2009
Jump up ^ "Charles Strouse" masterworksbroadway.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ Bye Bye Birdie Playbill, retrieved December 10, 2017
Jump up ^ Strouse, Charles (2008). Put On A Happy Face: A Broadway Memoir. 380 Park Avenue South, New York, NY: Union Square Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-4027-5889-8.
Jump up ^ All America Playbill, retrieved December 10, 2017
Jump up ^ "It's A Bird, It's A Plane, It's Superman – Original Broadway Cast Recording 1966". Masterworks Broadway. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe. "'It’s a Bird … It’s a Plane … It’s Superman!'", Variety, June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ " 'Applause' Awards", ibdb.com; retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Suskin, Steven (2010). Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers (4th ed.). 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-19-531407-6.
Jump up ^ Shoestring Revue allmusic.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b Dietz, Dan. Off Broadway Musicals, 1910–2007, McFarland, 2012; ISBN 0786457317, pp. 72, 406.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John S. "Cabaret: Charles Strouse Songs at the Ballroom" The New York Times, February 3, 1978
Jump up ^ Upstairs At O'Neals allmusic.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen. "Pop in Review", The New York Times, March 17, 1996.
Jump up ^ Heffley, Lynn. "Television Reviews : 'Lyle Crocodile' on HBO", The Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1987.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Tommasini, Anthony. "High Notes; A Composer of Musicals Revives His 'Serious' Side" The New York Times, June 30, 2002
^ Jump up to: a b Hernandez, Ernio. "John C. Reilly Sings in New Musical, 'Marty', Starting Oct. 18 in Boston", Playbill.com, October 18, 2002.
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "'Real Men', an Intimate New Musical By Charles Strouse, Opens Jan. 7 in Miami", Playbill.com, January 7, 2005.
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "'Minsky's', Burlesque-Set Musical by Strouse, Birkenhead and Martin, Opens in L.A.", Playbill.com, February 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ McBride, Murdoch. "ASCAP Honors Composers Charles Strouse and Andrew Lippa at Lincoln Center Dec. 9" Playbill, December 8, 1999
Jump up ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence. "Footlights" The New York Times, December 25, 2001
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Joanne. "A Theater Couple's Off Broadway Oasis", The New York Times, September 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Convention Speakers". Archived from the original on 2011-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Charles Strouse Broadway", Playbill.com; retrieved December 10, 2017
Jump up ^ "Strouse Broadway Credits", ibdb.com; retrieved December 10, 2017
Jump up ^ Suskin, Steven (2010). Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers, Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Barnes, Clive. "Theater: Of Adam and Eve and Songs", The new York Times, April 13, 1971.
Jump up ^ " 'I and Albert' Overview", allmusic.com; retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Suskin, Steven. "Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers", Oxford University Press (2010).
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Mervyn."Troubled 'Annie 2' Closing Out of Town; Revisions Planned", The New York Times, January 16, 1990.
Jump up ^ Bojangles: A Musical, 1985], WorldCat.org.
Jump up ^ Outwater, Myra Yellin. "Muhlenberg premieres musical version of 'American Tragedy'", mcall.com, March 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "East And West: China And Broadway Come To Eastman For A Double-Bill Opera Premiere By Alumnus Charles Strouse" esm.rochester.edu, October 13, 2004
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew "Negro Ensemble Company to Present Charles Strouse-Leslie Lee Musical, Martin", Playbill.com, September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ " 'Bonnie and Clyde' Soundtrack, Credits" allmusic.com, retrieved December 10, 2017
Jump up ^ The Night They Raided Minsky's tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ There Was a Crooked Man... tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ Just Tell Me What You Want tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ Annie tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ The Worst Witch tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ Ishtar tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ All Dogs Go to Heaven tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day tcm.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b " Rags Awards" ibdb.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
Jump up ^ " Nick & Nora Awards" ibdb.com, retrieved December 11, 2017
External links[edit]
Charles Strouse on IMDb
Charles Strouse at the Internet Broadway Database
Charles Strouse at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Strouse biography
Strouse's web site with biography, discography and links to extensive information about Strouse and his work
Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
BroadwayWorld.com interview with Charles Strouse, June 27, 2008
Charles Strouse papers, 1890-2000, Music Division, New York Public Library
Charles Strouse interview video at the Archive of American Television
[show]
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Musicals by Charles Strouse
Bye Bye Birdie
All American
Golden Boy
It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman
Applause
I and Albert
Charlotte's Web
Annie
A Broadway Musical
Charlie and Algernon
Bring Back Birdie
Nightingale
Dance a Little Closer
Mayor
An American Tragedy
Rags
Nick & Nora
Annie Warbucks
Marty
Minsky's
[show]
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Tony Award for Best Original Score
1947-1975
Street Scene by Kurt Weill (1947)
Kiss Me, Kate by Cole Porter (1949)
South Pacific by Richard Rodgers (1950)
Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin (1951)
No Strings by Richard Rodgers (1962)
Oliver! by Lionel Bart (1963)
Hello, Dolly! by Jerry Herman (1964)
Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick (1965)
Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion (1966)
Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1967)
Hallelujah, Baby! by Jule Styne, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1968)
Company by Stephen Sondheim (1971)
Follies by Stephen Sondheim (1972)
A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim (1973)
Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner (1974)
The Wiz by Charlie Smalls (1975)
1976-2000
A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban (1976)
Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin (1977)
On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1978)
Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim (1979)
Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice (1980)
Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1981)
Nine by Maury Yeston (1982)
Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T. S. Eliot (1983)
La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman (1984)
Big River by Roger Miller (1985)
Drood by Rupert Holmes (1986)
Les Misérables by Claude-Michel Schönberg, Herbert Kretzmer, and Alain Boublil (1987)
Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim (1988)
City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel (1990)
The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1991)
Falsettos by William Finn (1992)
Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who's Tommy by Pete Townshend (1993)
Passion by Stephen Sondheim (1994)
Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, and Christopher Hampton (1995)
Rent by Jonathan Larson (1996)
Titanic by Maury Yeston (1997)
Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens (1998)
Parade by Jason Robert Brown (1999)
Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice (2000)
2001-present
The Producers by Mel Brooks (2001)
Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis (2002)
Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman (2003)
Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx (2004)
The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel (2005)
The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison (2006)
Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater (2007)
In the Heights by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2008)
Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey (2009)
Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro (2010)
The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone (2011)
Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman (2012)
Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper (2013)
The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown (2014)
Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron (2015)
Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2016)
Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 90157182
BNF: cb13900139f (data)
GND: 12479999X
ISNI: 0000 0001 0938 5101
LCCN: n81090575
MusicBrainz: 52eb3f6f-9601-4690-a336-536688082652
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SUDOC: 059753986
VIAF: 116208877
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Strouse&oldid=843095488"
Categories:
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Oregon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Portland Oregon LDS Temple
As of January 1, 2012, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) reported 149,089 members in 36 stakes,[1] 303 congregations (253 wards[2] and 50 branches[2]), three missions, and two temples in Oregon.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Membership history
2 Missions
3 Temples
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2009)
The Medford Oregon Temple
An LDS meetinghouse in Beaverton, Oregon
An LDS meetinghouse in Pendleton, Oregon
The Union Stake Tabernacle in La Grande, Oregon
E. Kimbark MacColl's analysis of Portland, Oregon, history states "Portland was well endowed with churches, with approximately one for every 600 residents" in the 1890s.[4] In his survey of six leading denominations and all 25 missions, no mention was made of LDS denominations or missions.[4] A chapel was built in Portland in 1929, ready for an open house on February 15–17, 1929. The building "carried the architectural scheme of an old English manor, being constructed of dense lava stone and bricks of the clinker type, and is declared particularly suited to western Oregon climate and surroundings."[5] It included a maternity room and a basement with 14 classrooms.[5] The architect was C. R. Kaufman, and construction had begun on August 1, 1928.[5]
Membership history[edit]
Year
Membership
1920 2,796
1930 5,185
1940 8,799
1950 17,885
1960 29,920
1970 48,997
1980 94,093
1990 113,774
1999 134,438
2008 145,429
2012 149,089
Missions[edit]
On July 26, 1897, the Northwestern States Mission (headquartered in Portland) was organized to search out Latter Day Saints who had moved to Oregon, Washington, and Montana. On June 10, 1970, its name changed to the Oregon Mission and ultimately the Oregon Portland Mission on June 20, 1974. On July 1, 1990, the Eugene Mission was organized.
Mission
Organized
Oregon Eugene Mission July 1, 1990
Oregon Portland Mission July 26, 1897
Oregon Salem Mission July 2013
Temples[edit]
Oregon currently has two temples.
42. Portland Oregon Temple edit
Location:
Announced:
Dedicated:
Size:
Style:
Lake Oswego, Oregon, United States
April 7, 1984
August 19, 1989 by Gordon B. Hinckley
79,220 sq ft (7,360 m2) and 181 ft (55 m) high on a 7.3 acre (3 ha) site
Modern, six-spire design - designed by Leland A. Gray
79. Medford Oregon Temple edit
Location:
Announced:
Dedicated:
Size:
Style:
Central Point, Oregon, US
March 15, 1999
April 16, 2000 by James E. Faust
10,700 sq ft (990 m2) and 71 ft (22 m) high on a 2 acre (0.8 ha) site
Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Dan Park and Church A&E Services
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Oregon Stakes.LDS Stake & Ward Web Sites. List of Stakes in Oregon.
^ Jump up to: a b LDS Meetinghouse Locator.Nearby Congregations (Wards and Branches).
Jump up ^ LDS Newsroom (Statistical Information)
^ Jump up to: a b MacColl, E. Kimbark (November 1976). The Shaping of a City: Business and politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915. Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press Company. pp. 178–179. OCLC 2645815.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New Chapel Soon Ready". The Oregonian. 1929-02-10. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
External links[edit]
Latter-day Saints portal
Book of Mormon portal
LDS Newsroom (Oregon), current membership statistics
Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac, includes brief history of the LDS Church in Oregon.
[hide]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Oregon&oldid=788328394"
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Latter Day Saints

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