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List of the oldest schools in Sri Lanka
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The following is a list of the oldest schools in Sri Lanka that are still functioning.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Current name
Foundation name
Foundation date
Founders
Province
District
Education
zone
Location
Current
type
Refs.
Richmond College, Galle The Galle School 25 July 1814[a] Wesleyan Methodist Mission Southern Galle Galle Galle National [1][2][3][4][5][6]
Matara Janadipathi Vidyalaya The Matara School August 1814 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Southern Matara Matara Matara Provincial [7]
Methodist Central College 29 August 1814 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Eastern Batticaloa Batticaloa Batticaloa Provincial [8][9][10][11]
Newstead Girls College 31 July 1816 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Western Gampaha Negombo Negombo National [11][12]
Union College, Tellippalai Common Free School 9 December 1816 American Ceylon Mission Northern Jaffna Valikamam Tellippalai Provincial [13][14]
Jaffna Central College Jaffna Wesleyan English School 1817[b] Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon Northern Jaffna Jaffna Jaffna National [11][15][16][17]
Christ Church Boys' School Baddegama Seminary March 1819 Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church Southern Galle Baddegama Baddegama National [18][19]
Methodist Girls' College, Trincomalee 1819 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Eastern Trincomalee Trincomalee Trincomalee Provincial [20]
Vincent Girls' High School 1820 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Eastern Batticaloa Batticaloa Batticaloa National [11][21]
Sri Jayawardenepura Maha Vidyalaya Cotta Institute 1822 Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church Western Colombo Sri Jayawardenepura Sri Jayawardenapura [22][23][24]
St. John's College, Jaffna Nallur English Seminary March 1823 Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church Northern Jaffna Jaffna Jaffna Private [16][22][25][26][27]
Methodist Girls' High School, Point Pedro Wesleyan Mission Central School 1823 Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon Northern Jaffna Vadamarachchi Point Pedro Provincial [28]
Vigneshwara Maha Vidyalaya 1823 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Eastern Trincomalee Trincomalee Trincomalee [29]
Uduvil Girls' College Missionary Seminary and Female Central School 1824 American Ceylon Mission Northern Jaffna Valikamam Uduvil Private [16][30][31]
Vembadi Girls' High School 1834 Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon Northern Jaffna Jaffna Jaffna National [11][32]
Royal College, Colombo Hill Street Academy 1835 Western Colombo Colombo Colombo National [16][33][34]
Manipay Memorial English School 1836 American Ceylon Mission Northern Jaffna Valikamam Manipay Provincial [35]
Hartley College Wesleyan Mission Central School 1838[c] Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon Northern Jaffna Vadamarachchi Point Pedro Provincial (APS) [11][38]
St. Thomas' College, Matara 10 March 1844 Christian Missionary Society of England Southern Matara Matara Matara National [39][40][41]
Holy Family Convent, Jaffna 1845 Northern Jaffna Jaffna Jaffna Provincial [42]
Kopay Christian College 1850 Northern Jaffna Jaffna Kopay Provincial [43]
St. Patrick's College, Jaffna Jaffna Catholic English School 1850 Roman Catholic Church Northern Jaffna Jaffna Jaffna Private [44][45][46][47]
S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia College of St. Thomas the Apostle 3 February 1851 Church of Ceylon Western Colombo Mount Lavinia Private [16][48][49][50][51][52]
Udupiddy American Mission College 4 January 1852 American Ceylon Mission Northern Jaffna Vadamarachchi Udupiddy Provincial [53]
St. Anthony's College, Kandy 1854 Roman Catholic Church Central Kandy Kandy Kandy Private [54][55][56][57]
St. Sebastian's College, Moratuwa 1854 Roman Catholic Church Western Colombo Moratuwa Private [58][59][60][61]
St. Xavier's College, Nuwara Eliya 1859 Roman Catholic Church Central Nuwara Eliya [62][63][64]
St. Mary's College, Trincomalee 1864 Eastern Trincomalee Trincomalee Trincomalee National [65][66]
St. Benedict's College, Colombo 1865 Benedictine monks Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [16][67][68][69][70]
Methodist College, Colombo Kollupitiya Girls' English School 7 November 1866 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [11][71][72]
St. Joseph's College, Trincomalee 27 July 1867 Oblates of Mary Immaculate Eastern Trincomalee Trincomalee Trincomalee National [73][74][75]
All Saints College, Galle 1867 Anglicans Southern Galle Galle [76]
Jaffna College 1867 American Ceylon Mission Northern Jaffna Valikamam Vaddukoddai Private [77][78]
St. Anne's College, Kurunegala 1867 Roman Catholic church North Western Kurunegala Kurunegala Kurunegala
Good Shepherd Convent, Colombo 1 May 1869 Good Shepherd Order Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [79]
Rippon College Whitfield Road Girls' School 1871 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Southern Galle Galle Galle National [2][11]
St. Mary's College, Negombo 1871 Roman Catholic Church Western Gampaha Negombo Negombo [80]
Trinity College, Kandy 17 January 1872 Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church Central Kandy Kandy Kandy Private [81][82][83][84][85]
St. Anthony's College, Kayts 1872 Northern Jaffna Islands Kayts Provincial [86]
St. Michael's College, Batticaloa St. Mary's English School 1873 Roman Catholic Church Eastern Batticaloa Batticaloa Batticaloa National [87][88]
St. Thomas' College, Matale 1873 Central Matale Matale Matale National [89]
Wesley College, Colombo 2 March 1874 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [11][16][90][91][92]
Bishop's College, Colombo February 1875 Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [16][93][94]
Drieberg College Drieberg English School 1875 American Ceylon Mission Northern Jaffna Thenmarachchi Chavakachcheri Provincial [95]
Methodist Central College, Hakmana 1875 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Southern Matara Mulatiyana Hakmana Provincial [11]
Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa 14 September 1876 Western Colombo Piliyandala Moratuwa National [96]
St. John's College, Panadura 1876 Western Kalutara Panadura [97][98]
Victoria College, Chulipuram Chulipuram Hindu English School 1876 Northern Jaffna Valikamam Chulipuram Provincial [99]
Girls' High School, Kandy May 1879[d] Wesleyan Methodist Mission Central Kandy Kandy Kandy National [11][102][103][104]
Ananda Sastralaya, Kotte Kotte Bauddha (Buddhist) Mixed School 4 November 1880[e] Western Colombo Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte National [105]
Southlands College, Galle Girls' High School 1885[f] Wesleyan Methodist Mission Southern Galle Galle Galle National [11][108][109][110]
Ananda College English Buddhist School 1 November 1886 Buddhist Theosophical Society Western Colombo Colombo Colombo National [111][112][113][114]
Dharmaraja College Kandy Buddhist High School 30 June 1887 Buddhist Theosophical Society Central Kandy Kandy Kandy National [115][116]
Jaffna Hindu College The Native Town High School 1887 Northern Jaffna Jaffna Jaffna National [117]
Piliyandala Central College 1887 Western Colombo Piliyandala Piliyandala National [118]
Christ Church Girls' College The Girls' Boarding School 1 June 1888 Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church Southern Galle Baddegama Baddegama National [119]
Maliyadeva College Kurunegala Buddhist Institution 30 September 1888 Buddhist Theosophical Society North Western Kurunegala Kurunegala Kurunegala National [120][121][122]
Nelukkulam Kalaimagal Maha Vidyalayam 1888 Northern Vavuniya Vavuniya South Nelukkulam Provincial
Holy Cross College, Kalutara 1890 Western Kalutara Kalutara South Kalutara Private [123]
Rambaikulam Girls' Maha Vidyalayam 1890 Northern Vavuniya Vavuniya South Vavuniya National [124]
Kingswood College, Kandy The Boys' High School 4 May 1891 Wesleyan Methodist Mission Central Kandy Kandy Kandy National [11][125][126][127][128]
Musaeus College Musaeus Buddhist Girls' School 1891 Buddhist Theosophical Society Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [129][130][131][132]
Mahinda College 1 March 1892 Buddhist Theosophical Society Southern Galle Galle Galle National [133][134][135][136]
Zahira College, Colombo Al-Madrasathul Zahira 22 August 1892 Colombo Muslim Educational Society Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [137][138][139][140]
St. Aloysius' College, Galle 1895 Jesuits Southern Galle Galle Galle National [141]
Chundikuli Girls' College 14 January 1896 Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church Northern Jaffna Jaffna Jaffna Private [16][142]
St. Joseph's College, Colombo 2 March 1896 French Roman Catholic missionaries Western Colombo Colombo Colombo Private [16][143][144][145][146]
Sacred Heart Convent, Galle 30 November 1896 Sisters of Charity of Jesus and Mary Southern Galle Galle Galle [147]
St. Servatius' College 2 November 1897 Father Augustus Standaert and few others Southern Matara Matara Kotuwegoda National [148]
R. K. M. Sri Koneswara Hindu College 1897 Eastern Trincomalee Trincomalee Trincomalee National [149]

Picture gallery[edit]
Richmond College, Galle, founded 1814
Jaffna Central College, founded 1817
Chirist Church Boys' College, Baddegama, founded 1819
Vincent Girls' High School, founded 1820
St. John's College, Jaffna, founded 1823
Vembadi Girls' High School, Jaffna, founded 1834
Royal College, Colombo, founded 1835
S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, founded 1851
St. Anthony's College, Kandy, founded in 1854
St. Anne's College, Kurunegala, founded in 1867
Trinity College, Kandy, founded 1872
St. Michael's College, Batticaloa, founded 1873
St. Thomas' College, Matale, founded 1873
St. John's College Panadura, founded 1876
Maliyadeva College, founded 1888
Zahira College, Colombo, founded 1892
See also[edit]
List of the oldest schools in the world
List of schools in Sri Lanka
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Richmond College claims its foundation to be 1 May 1876 which is when the former 'The Galle School school by then known as Richmond Hill Boys' School was upgraded to a superior school and renamed The Galle High School.
Jump up ^ Jaffna Central College claims its foundation to be 1 August 1816 which is when the missionaries purchased the land/property.
Jump up ^ Other sources claim that Hartley College is a successor to the Point Pedro Native School founded in 1818.[36][37]
Jump up ^ Other sources claim that Girls' High School, Kandy was founded in 1871 but re-organized in 1879.[100][101]
Jump up ^ Ananda Sastralaya claims its foundation to be 1 January 1890 which is when the school was renamed Kotte Bauddha (Buddhist) English Mixed School.
Jump up ^ Other sources claim that Southlands College, Galle is a successor to the Wesleyan English Girls' School founded in 1842 and renamed Girls' High School, Galle.[106][107]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Forgotten History of Richmond College – a documentary Survey, Dias-Jayasinha, Ananda
^ Jump up to: a b Dias-Jayasinha, Ananda (13 January 2012). "Richmond College – the oldest school". The Island (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Our History". Richmond College, Galle.
Jump up ^ Hardy, Robert Spence – The Jubilee Memorials of the Wesleyan Mission, South Ceylon 1814–1864, p. 210
Jump up ^ The Missionary Register for M DCCC XVI -1816; p.111
Jump up ^ The Rev. Benjamin Clough's Journal, The School of African Studies (SOAS) archives, University of London
Jump up ^ Hardy, Spence (1864). Jubilee Memorials of the Wesleyan Mission 1814-1864. Wesleyan Press, Colombo, Ceylon. p. 227.
Jump up ^ "Selected for 21st Century Award". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 13 April 2002.
Jump up ^ "Methodist Conference in Batticaloa". The Island (Sri Lanka). 29 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Casinader, Prince (29 June 1997). "Pioneers of education". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Our siblings". Richmond College, Galle.
Jump up ^ "Newstead turns 196". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Historical Context". Embassy of Sri Lanka in Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ "Being the Memoirs of I.P.Thurairatnam". Union College, Tellippalai.
Jump up ^ "Graves of Peter Percival, R B Foote, discovered at Yercaud". TamilNet. 8 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "From T. D. S. A. Dissanayake's 'War or Peace...' – University entrance: standardisation suicidal". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). 29 June 2003. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Govt to make Sri Lanka trilingual'". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Missionary Register for M DCCC XXII Church Missionry Society 1822
Jump up ^ Recollections of Ceylon, after a residence of nearly thirteen years - James Selkirk
Jump up ^ "Trinco Methodist College holds prize giving". TamilNet. 28 February 2003.
Jump up ^ "Jaffna's GCE exam qualifying rate said among lowest in Sri Lanka". TamilNet. 8 July 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sri Jayawardenapura MV and St. John's Jaffna revive historic match". Ceylon Today. 18 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Obeysekera, Srian (12 March 2006). "St. Thomas' and SJMV in search of victory". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "History (Part 1 – 1822 to 1867)". Sri Jayawardenepura Maha Vidyalaya. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Playing for peace". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 19 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Palakidnar, Ananth (15 March 2009). "'Battle of the North' with a difference". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ Martyn 1923, p. 188.
Jump up ^ "Achievements". Methodist Girls' High School, Point Pedro.
Jump up ^ "Trinco Tamil School holds prize giving day". TamilNet. 26 May 2004.
Jump up ^ "Founder's day service". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 19 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Martyn 1923, p. 171.
Jump up ^ "Milestones". Vembadi Girls' High School.
Jump up ^ Fernando, Shemal (1 July 2009). "Royal College salutes Royalist war heroes: A royal tribute from alma mater". Daily News (Sri Lanka). Archived from the original on 4 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "175 years of right ROYAL glory". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "History". Manipay Memorial English School.
Jump up ^ The First Report of the General Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society 1818; p.125
Jump up ^ Wesleyan Missionary Magazine 1840 p.972
Jump up ^ "Hartley College Milestones". Hartley College.
Jump up ^ "Matara St. Thomas' College celebrates 160th anniversary". The Island (Sri Lanka). 10 March 2004.
Jump up ^ "S. Thomas' College Matara is 160". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 10 March 2004. Archived from the original on 18 February 2005.
Jump up ^ "St. Thomas' College Matara is 160". St. Thomas' College, Matara.
Jump up ^ "Holy Family Convent". Holy Family Convent, Jaffna.
Jump up ^ "History". Kopay Christian College.
Jump up ^ "Jaffna St. Patrick's College celebrates 150 years of service to youth". The Island (Sri Lanka). 14 July 2000.
Jump up ^ "St Patrick's Jaffna Colombo alumni all set for centenary celebrations". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 29 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Martyn 1923, p. 198.
Jump up ^ "History". St. Patrick's College, Jaffna.
Jump up ^ "Magical pull of the Blue Black and Blue". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 27 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "A prize for excellence". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 30 July 2006.
Jump up ^ Dissanayaka, T. D. S. A. (25 February 2001). "Well done S. Thomas' Esto perpetua". The Island (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "So, Royal really lost 1885 match to S. Thomas'". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). 1 February 2004. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "About College". S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia.
Jump up ^ Neelakandan, Kandiah (13 October 2002). "150 years of Uduppidy A.M. College". The Island (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ Herath, Nihal (12 March 2004). "St. Anthony's College Kandy completes 150 years". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "St. Anthony's: 70 years at Katugastota". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 15 February 1998.
Jump up ^ Marikar, Hafiz (20 November 2011). "Piyal Wijetunge – Old Antonians Cricket Wing President". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "A History of 150 years". St. Anthony's College, Kandy.
Jump up ^ Ratnayake, Sunalie (13 August 2006). "St. Sebastian's – from strength to strength". The Sunday Leader.
Jump up ^ "A new chapel for St. Sebastian's, Moratuwa". The Nation (Sri Lanka). 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sebastianite Awards of Excellence". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 9 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "History". St. Sebastian's College, Moratuwa.
Jump up ^ http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/10/16/spo22.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=101493
Jump up ^ http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=20498
Jump up ^ "St. Mary's College in Trinco holds awards day". TamilNet. 16 August 2003.
Jump up ^ "St. Mary's College, Trincomalee". St. Mary's College, Trincomalee.
Jump up ^ "St. Benedict's College celebrates its 146th anniversary". The Island (Sri Lanka). 10 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Young Bens showcase their talents". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 11 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Elmo (27 November 2005). "St. Benedict's College : Yearning for a playground..." Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "The Story of St. Benedict's By Bro. Anselm Calixtus". St. Benedict's College, Colombo.
Jump up ^ "Methodist College prepares to celebrate 150th anniversary in 2016". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 6 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "College History". Methodist College, Colombo.
Jump up ^ "Trinco St. Joseph's celebrates 136th annual college day". TamilNet. 19 March 2003.
Jump up ^ ""Learn from the past"- Anuradhapura Bishop". TamilNet. 26 September 2004.
Jump up ^ "Birth and Growth of St. Joseph's College". St. Joseph's College, Trincomalee.
Jump up ^ "Minister opens new building". The Island (Sri Lanka). 18 June 2000.
Jump up ^ Martyn 1923, p. 225.
Jump up ^ "Jaffna College, product of a liberal view of Christian evangelism". Tamil Canadian.
Jump up ^ "Good Shepherd Convent, Kotahena". Infolink.
Jump up ^ Fernando, Shermal (3 November 1996). "St. Mary's: a monument to Catholic education". Sunday Times. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Dassanayake, M .B. (20 February 2004). "Trinity College, Kandy – 132 n.o." Daily News (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Trinity College past teachers get together". The Island (Sri Lanka). 18 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trinity Chapel to resound with the sounds of carols, today". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 6 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Trinity College Choir". The Sunday Leader. 5 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "trinitycollege.lk/accounts%20hib.html". Trinity College, Kandy.
Jump up ^ "The History of St.Anthony's College, Kayts". St. Anthony's College, Kayts.
Jump up ^ "IOM upgrades facilities at St. Michael's College, Batticoloa". The Nation (Sri Lanka). 2 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "IOM upgrades facilities at St. Michael's College, Batticaloa". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 3 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Thomian Facts". St. Thomas' College, Matale.
Jump up ^ "Edmund Disanayake A legend at Wesley". The Island (Sri Lanka). 16 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Wesley 'Walk Of Grit'". The Nation (Sri Lanka). 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wesley's request". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 4 October 1998.
Jump up ^ "Founder's Day celebrations of Bishop's College today". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 23 January 2006.
Jump up ^ "History". Bishop's College, Colombo.
Jump up ^ Balaratnam, A.S. (7 January 2001). "Let Drieberg's 'lamp of life' shine on". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "History of the School". Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa.
Jump up ^ Amit, Naushad (3 July 2011). "St. John's is proud to have their own cricket grounds". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "School Profile". St. John's College, Panadura.
Jump up ^ "Victoria College – Its History". Victoria College, Chulipuram.
Jump up ^ Wesleyan Missionary Notices 1871; pp. 88-89
Jump up ^ Wesleyan Missionary Notices 1871; pp. 88-89
Jump up ^ "British Missionaries – Great Women". The Island (Sri Lanka). 10 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Girls' High School Kandy passes 75 years". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 4 November 2004.
Jump up ^ "History of Girls' High School, Kandy". Girls' High School, Kandy.
Jump up ^ "Ananda Sastralaya Kotte celebrates 115 years". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). 2 January 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Wesleyan Methodist Missionary register 1842; p.411
Jump up ^ Return to an address of House of Commons, 26 March 1852 p.265
Jump up ^ "Taking women's education to a new dimension". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 5 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Threat to Galle's World Heritage Site". The Island (Sri Lanka). 7 December 2003.
Jump up ^ "History". Southlands College, Galle.
Jump up ^ Wipulasena, Aanya (25 March 2012). "Ananda College to mark 125th anniversary with exhibition, cultural and musical shows". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Ananda Abhiman exhibition". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Seneviratne, Sudharshan (20 December 2011). "Revering Ananda... Matha". The Island (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Foundation of Ananda College". Ananda College.
Jump up ^ Melpitiya, Ananda (24 June 2012). "Dharmaraja College: 125 years of service to the nation". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ Jayetilleke, Rohan L. (20 April 2003). "Dharmaraja College archives: A Buddhist heritage for posterity". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ Martyn 1923, p. 239.
Jump up ^ "History". Piliyandala Central College.
Jump up ^ "History".
Jump up ^ "Devans gather at annual dinner". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "VR, Officer and a Gentleman". The Island (Sri Lanka). 20 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "History". Maliyadeva College.
Jump up ^ "History". Holy Cross College, Kalutara.
Jump up ^ "Rambaikulam Girls' Maha Vidyalayam". Rambaikulam Girls' Maha Vidyalayam.
Jump up ^ "First school to play rugger". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 6 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Marikar, Hafiz (1 May 2011). "Kingswood has produced outstanding cricketers and rugby players". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ Warakaulle, H. M. Nissanka (30 September 2003). "Remembering L. E. Blaze' of Kingswood". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "About". Kingswood College, Kandy.
Jump up ^ Dandeniya, S. (14 November 2011). "Musaeus College Celebrates 120 Years of Excellence!". The Island (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Musaeus College celebrates 120 years of excellence!". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Dharmadasa, K. N. O. (11 July 2012). "Historical details of Museaus College". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "About Our School". Musaeus College.
Jump up ^ Epasinha, Premasara (6 June 2005). "D. D. Jayasinha – brilliant cricketer cum administrator and the GOM SL Cricket". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ Warnakulasuriya, Kasturiarachchi (1 August 2003). "Revival of Buddhist education: A new boost given". Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ de Silva, Eric J. (7 February 2011). "The Peradeniya Model and its demise". The Island (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "History". Mahinda College.
Jump up ^ "Zahira goes from strength to strength". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 1 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Farook, Ruzaik (14 March 2012). "Quality education a must – minister". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Zahira College gets new Swimming Pool". Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Zahira's first 100 years". Zahira College, Colombo.
Jump up ^ "Aloysian staff Day – 2002". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 1 July 2002.
Jump up ^ "History of Chundikuli Girls' College 1896–2008" (PDF). Chundikuli Girls' College.
Jump up ^ Martyn 1923, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Abeyratne, Ruwantissa (12 April 2010). "St. Joseph's College: What made it different". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Rowing facilities for St. Joseph's". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 5 March 2000.
Jump up ^ "Our History". St. Joseph's College, Colombo.
Jump up ^ "sSacred Heart Convent Galle has progressed beyond all dreams". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 25 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Mahaarachchi, Lenord (28 September 1997). "St. Servatius College Matara is 100 years old". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
Jump up ^ "Koneswara Hindu College celebrates national school day". TamilNet. 1 February 2003.
References[edit]
Martyn, John H. (1923). Notes on Jaffna – Chronological, Historical, Biographical. Tellippalai: American Ceylon Mission Press. ISBN 81-206-1670-7.
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text:
Flag of Brazil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Brazil
Name
A Auriverde, Bandeira Auriverde (Yellow-and-green flag)
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
7:10
Adopted
19 November 1889 (original 21-star version)
1 June 1960 (22-star version)
28 May 1968 (23-star version)
11 May 1992 (current 27-star version)
Design
A green field with the large yellow diamond (rhombus) in the center bearing the blue disk, which is formed the celestial globe, depicted the starry sky of twenty-seven small white five-pointed stars spanned by the white equatorial curved band with the National Motto: "ORDEM E PROGRESSO" (Portuguese for "ORDER AND PROGRESS"), written in green.
Designed by
Raimundo Teixeira Mendes
The flag of Brazil (Portuguese: Bandeira do Brasil), known in Portuguese as A Auriverde (The Yellow-and-green One), is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto "Ordem e Progresso" ("Order and Progress"), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. Brazil officially adopted this design for its national flag on November 19, 1889 — four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares.
The green field and the yellow rhombus from the previous imperial flag, though slightly modified in hue and shape, were preserved — the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife, Empress Maria Leopoldina.[1] A blue circle with white five-pointed stars replaced the arms of the Empire of Brazil — its position in the flag reflects the sky over the city of Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889. The motto Ordem e Progresso is inspired by Auguste Comte's motto of positivism: "L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base; le progrès pour but" ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal").[2]
Each star corresponds to a Brazilian Federative Unit and, according to Brazilian Law, the flag must be updated in case of creation or extinction of a state. At the time the flag was first adopted in 1889, it held 21 stars. Then it received one more star in 1960 (representing the city-state of Guanabara), then another in 1968 (representing Acre), and finally four more stars in 1992 (representing Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia and Tocantins), totalling 27 stars in its current version.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
1.2 United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves (1815–1822)
1.3 Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)
1.4 Republic of Brazil (1889–present)
2 Design
2.1 Construction
2.1.1 Stars
2.1.2 Stars and states
2.1.3 Colours
3 Flag protocol
3.1 Folding
3.2 Flag anthem
4 Other flags
4.1 Governmental flags
4.1.1 Military flags
4.1.1.1 Naval jack
4.2 Previous flags
4.3 Previous governmental flags
4.4 Rejected flags
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)[edit]
The flag of the Princes of Brazil was a standard for the Portuguese heir, though often used in Brazil due to the namesake of the princes
The Portuguese territories in the Americas, corresponding roughly to what is now Brazil, never had their own official flag, since Portuguese tradition encouraged hoisting the flag of the Kingdom of Portugal in all territories of the Portuguese Crown.
The first Brazilian vexillological symbols were private maritime flags used by Portuguese merchant ships that sailed to Brazil. A flag with green and white stripes was used until 1692.[3] The green and white colors represented the House of Braganza and the national colours of Portugal. In 1692, that flag was no longer used by ships that sailed to Brazil and became the flag of the merchant vessels in coastal Portugal. In 1692, a new flag was introduced for merchant vessels sailing to Brazil. The new flag had a white field with a golden armillary sphere. The armillary sphere had served as the personal emblem of King Manuel I of Portugal (reigned 1494-1521). During his reign Portuguese ships used it widely, and eventually it became a national emblem of Portugal and, more specifically, of the Portuguese empire. A similar flag was introduced[by whom?] for the Portuguese ships that sailed to India, but with a red armillary sphere. Despite representing the entire Portuguese empire, the armillary sphere began to be used more extensively in Brazil — the largest and most developed colony at the time — not only in maritime flags, but also on coins and other media. It eventually became the unofficial ensign of Brazil.
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves (1815–1822)[edit]
Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816-1821)
Armorial flag of the Kingdom of Brazil (1815-1822)
In 1815, Brazil was elevated to the rank of kingdom, and the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves were united as a single state--the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The Charter Act of 1816 established the insignia of the new kingdom.[4] It specified that the arms of the Kingdom of Brazil was to be composed of a gold armillary sphere on a blue field.[4] During this time, the flag of Brazil was the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.
Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)[edit]
Flag of the independent Kingdom of Brazil (18 September – 1 December 1822)
First flag of the Empire of Brazil with 19 stars (1822–1870)
Second flag of the Empire of Brazil with 20 stars (1870–1889)
The imperial flag of Brazil was designed by Jean-Baptiste Debret as the Royal Standard of the Prince Royal of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, Pedro I.
After the Brazilian Declaration of Independence, and with the coronation of Pedro I as Emperor of Brazil, the Royal Standard was modified to become the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The new flag featured the imperial coat of arms within a yellow rhombus, on a green field.[5] The green and yellow colors represented the dynastic houses of Pedro I and his consort Maria Leopoldina of Austria.[2]
The imperial flag was slightly modified during the reign of Pedro II, when an extra star was added to the imperial arms to conform to the new territorial organization of the country.
Republic of Brazil (1889–present)[edit]
Provisional flag of the Republic of the United States of Brazil (15 November – 19 November 1889)
First flag of the Republican Brazil with 21 stars (1889–1960)
Second flag of the Republican Brazil with 22 stars (1960–1968)
First flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil with 23 stars (1968–1992)
Second flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil with 27 stars (1992–present)
Upon the proclamation of the Republic, one of the civilian leaders of the movement, the lawyer Ruy Barbosa, proposed a design for the nation's new flag strongly inspired by the flag of the United States. It was flown from 15 November 1889, until 19 November 1889, when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca (acting as provisional president of Brazil) vetoed the design, citing concerns that it looked too similar to the flag of another state.[6]
Fonseca suggested that the flag of the new republic should resemble the old imperial flag.[6] This was intended to underscore continuity of national unity during the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic.[6] Raimundo Teixeira Mendes presented a project in which the imperial coat of arms was replaced by a blue celestial globe and the positivist motto. It was presented to Fonseca, who promptly accepted. The flag was designed by a group formed by Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares.[7] It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889.[8]
The flag has been modified on three occasions to add additional stars intended to reflect newly created states: 1960 (22 stars), 1968 (23 stars) and 1992 (27 stars). In contrast to many other national flags with elements representing political subdivisions, modifications to the flag of Brazil were not always made promptly upon political reorganisation, resulting in multi-year periods of history where there was a mismatch between the number of stars and the number of states and federal districts.[9] The most recent modification was made on 11 May 1992, with the addition of four stars to the celestial globe (representing states created between 1982 and 1991), and a slight change in the stars' positions was made to match the astronomical coordinates correctly.
Design[edit]
The decree no. 4, issued on 19 November 1889, legally replaced the flag used under the constitutional monarchy with the new national flag.[10] On 11 May 1992, the law no. 8,421, altered the celestial globe with the addition of six stars.[10]
Construction[edit]
Construction sheet with the official dimensions of the flag.
The precise positions of the 27 stars on the globe make the Brazilian flag one of the most complicated national flags to construct. The official design is defined by law no. 5,700, issued on 1 September 1971.[11] The flag's length is twenty modules and the width, fourteen, translating into an aspect ratio of 10:7. The distance of the vertices of the yellow rhombus to the outer frame is a module and seven-tenths (1.7m). The blue circle in the middle of the yellow rhombus has a radius of three and a half modules (3.5m). The center of the arcs of the white band is two modules (2m) to the left of the meeting point of the extended vertical diameter of the circle with the base of the outer frame. The radius of the lower arc of the white band is eight modules (8m) and the radius of the upper arc of the white band is eight and a half modules (8.5m). The width of the white band is a half of a module (0.5m).
The caption "Ordem e Progresso" is written in green letters. The letter P lies on the vertical diameter of the circle. The letters of the word "Ordem" and the word "Progresso" are a third of a module (0.33m) tall. The width of these letters are three-tenths of a module (0.30m). The conjunction E has a height of three-tenths of a module (0.30m) and a width of a quarter of a module (0.25m).
The stars are of five different sizes: first, second, third, fourth and fifth magnitudes. They are drawn within circles whose diameters are: three-tenths of a module (0.30m) for the first magnitude, a quarter of a module (0.25 m) for the second magnitude; a fifth of a module (0.20m) for the third magnitude, a seventh of a module (0.14m) for the fourth magnitude, and a tenth of a module (0.10m) for the fifth magnitude.
Stars[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A list of constellations and stars on the map:
1. Procyon (α Canis Minoris).
2. Canis Major: five stars, the largest depicting Sirius.
3. Canopus (α Carinae).
4. Spica (α Virginis).
5. Hydra: two stars, the largest depicting Alphard.
6. Crux Australis: five stars, the largest depicting Alpha Crucis.
7. Sigma Octantis (σ Octantis, south pole star).
8. Triangulum Australe: three stars of similar size.
9. Scorpius: eight stars, the largest depicting Antares.
Paulo Araújo Duarte of the Federal University of Santa Catarina claims that "the creators of our republican flag intended to represent the stars in the sky at Rio de Janeiro at 8:30 in the morning on 15 November 1889, the moment at which the constellation of the Southern Cross was on the meridian of Rio de Janeiro and the longer arm [of the cross] was vertical".[12] Another article, citing "O Céu da Bandeira (The Sky of the Flag)", by J. R. V. Costa, says the exact time was actually 08:37.[citation needed] This last article includes the flag's designer's explanation of his intentions regarding the stars.[citation needed] According to Brazil's national act number 5,700 of 1 September 1971, the flag portrays the stars as they would be seen by an imaginary observer an infinite distance above Rio de Janeiro standing outside the firmament in which the stars are meant to be placed (i.e. as found on a celestial globe). Thus Beta Crucis appears to the right of the constellation and Delta Crucis to the left, in mirror image of the way they actually appear in the sky (and, coincidentally, the way they appear on the Brazilian coat of arms).
The star Spica is the only one above of the white band; it symbolises part of Brazilian territory in the northern hemisphere (and the State of Pará).
The Sigma Octantis (south pole star) is small, but all the other stars turn around it. Its unique position in the sky of south hemisphere represents the stability of the Federal District in the Brazilian union.
The shining star in constellation represent the size of territory of the state in the Brazilian region (constellation).
The flag of Brazil contains 27 stars, representing the Brazilian states and the Federal District.[12] The constellation of the Southern Cross is on the meridian (indicated by the number 6 in the diagram). To the south of it is Polaris Australis (Sigma Octantis, numbered 7), representing the Federal District. The motto appears on a band roughly coincident with the ecliptic. A single star lies above the band, representing the large northern state of Pará, which straddles the equator.
Stars and states[edit]
The stars depicted on the flag and the states they represent are:[12]
State
Star
Constellation
Size
(1=largest)
State
made
Star
added
Amazonas Alpha Canis Minoris (Procyon) Canis Minor, the Little Dog 1 1889 1889
Mato Grosso Alpha Canis Majoris (Sirius) Canis Major, the Great Dog 1 1889 1889
Amapá Beta Canis Majoris (Mirzam) Canis Major, the Great Dog 2 1991 1992
Rondônia Gamma Canis Majoris (Muliphen) Canis Major, the Great Dog 4 1982 1992
Roraima Delta Canis Majoris (Wezen) Canis Major, the Great Dog 2 1991 1992
Tocantins Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara) Canis Major, the Great Dog 3 1989 1992
Pará Alpha Virginis (Spica) Virgo, the Virgin 1 1889 1889
Piauí Alpha Scorpii (Antares) Scorpius, the Scorpion 1 1889 1889
Maranhão Beta Scorpii (Graffias) Scorpius, the Scorpion 3 1889 1889
Ceará Epsilon Scorpii (Larawag)[13] Scorpius, the Scorpion 2 1889 1889
Alagoas Theta Scorpii (Sargas) Scorpius, the Scorpion 2 1889 1889
Sergipe Iota Scorpii Scorpius, the Scorpion 3 1889 1889
Paraíba Kappa Scorpii Scorpius, the Scorpion 3 1889 1889
Rio Grande do Norte Lambda Scorpii (Shaula) Scorpius, the Scorpion 2 1889 1889
Pernambuco Mu Scorpii (Xamidimura & Pipirima)[13] Scorpius, the Scorpion 3 1889 1889
Mato Grosso do Sul Alpha Hydrae (Alphard) Hydra, the Water Serpent 2 1979[note] 1960[note]
Acre Gamma Hydrae Hydra, the Water Serpent 3 1962 1968
São Paulo Alpha Crucis (Acrux or Estrela de Magalhães) Crux, the Southern Cross 1 1889 1889
Rio de Janeiro Beta Crucis (Mimosa) Crux, the Southern Cross 2 1889 1889
Bahia Gamma Crucis (Gacrux) Crux, the Southern Cross 2 1889 1889
Minas Gerais Delta Crucis Crux, the Southern Cross 3 1889 1889
Espírito Santo Epsilon Crucis (Ginan[13]) Crux, the Southern Cross 4 1889 1889
Rio Grande do Sul Alpha Trianguli Australis (Atria) Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle 2 1889 1889
Santa Catarina Beta Trianguli Australis Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle 3 1889 1889
Paraná Gamma Trianguli Australis Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle 3 1889 1889
Goiás Alpha Carinae (Canopus) Carina, the Keel of Argo 1 1889 1889
Distrito Federal Sigma Octantis (Polaris Australis) Octans, the Octant 5 1889[note] 1889
^ Brazil's original Federal District was created in 1889 from the former neutral municipality covering the then-capital city of Rio de Janeiro, and represented on the flag by the star Sigma Octantis (Polaris Australis). In 1960, to correspond with the creation of the new capital, Brasília, the Federal District was reconstituted on new territory carved out of the state of Goiás; it continued to be represented on by the flag by Sigma Octantis. The former Federal District became the new state of Guanabara and a new star, Alphard, was added to the flag to represent it. Guanabara was eliminated as a separate state in 1975; however, Alphard was not removed from the flag and from 1975 to 1979 it represented no state. When the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul was created in 1979, it was assigned Alphard.[9]
Colours[edit]
The flag's colours are not accurately specified in any legal document. Approximate colours are listed below:[14]
Green
Yellow
Blue
White
RGB 0/156/59 255/223/0 0/39/118 255/255/255
Hexadecimal #009c3b #ffdf00 #002776 #ffffff
CMYK 100/0/100/0 0/13/100/0 100/67/0/54 0/0/0/0
Flag protocol[edit]
The flag being replaced in a monthly ceremony held at the Praça dos Três Poderes (Three Powers Plaza) in Brasília
The federal law no. 5,700, issued on 1 September 1971, defines the flag protocol in Brazil.[15][16] The flag must be permanently hoisted at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília. The flag must be raised and lowered daily at the presidential palaces (Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada); ministries; National Congress; Supreme Federal Tribunal; Supreme Court of Justice; seats of the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches; diplomatic missions; Federal, state and local institutions; and merchant navy units. When a flag is no longer fit to use, it must be delivered to a military facility to be burned during a special ceremony on 19 November ("Flag Day").
The flag must be flown at half-staff when the President decrees official mourning. In addition, state and local governments may decree official mourning with the death of a mayor or governor. When the flag is displayed at half-staff, prior to raising or lowering it, the flag must be raised to the top of the flagpole and then lowered to the halfway mark. When the flag is being carried in procession, a black crape ribbon must be tied to the top of the mast.
A foreign flag may only be flown with a Brazilian Flag along its right side. The only exceptions are when the foreign flag is displayed in an embassy or consulate and in prize-giving ceremonies of sport competitions won by foreign athletes. When multiple flags are raised or lowered simultaneously, the Brazilian Flag must be the first to reach the top of the flagpole and the last to reach the bottom.
Folding[edit]
Stage
Description
Example
First
The upper half of the flag's height is folded into the reverse side.
Second
The folding proceeds by folding the flag's lower half into the reverse side until most of the blue disc and the motto face up.
Third
The flag is then folded into three parts along the width axis, with the fly and hoist folded into the reverse side, leaving the blue disc and motto facing up.
Flag anthem[edit]
Vocal
Brazilian Flag Anthem performed by the Brazilian Army choir.[17]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The Brazilian Flag Anthem (Hino à Bandeira Nacional) is a song dedicated to the country's flag. It is performed on 19 November (Flag Day). The Portuguese lyrics were written by poet Olavo Bilac, and the music composed by Francisco Braga.[18]
Portuguese lyrics[18]
English translation
1. Salve, lindo pendão da esperança!
Salve, símbolo augusto da paz!
Tua nobre presença à lembrança
A grandeza da Pátria nos traz.
Chorus
Recebe o afeto que se encerra
Em nosso peito juvenil,
Querido símbolo da terra,
Da amada terra do Brasil!
2. Em teu seio formoso retratas
Este céu de puríssimo azul,
A verdura sem par destas matas,
E o esplendor do Cruzeiro do Sul.
(Chorus)
3. Contemplando o teu vulto sagrado,
Compreendemos o nosso dever,
E o Brasil por seus filhos amado,
Poderoso e feliz há de ser!
(Chorus)
4. Sobre a imensa nação brasileira,
Nos momentos de festa ou de dor,
Paira sempre, sagrada bandeira,
Pavilhão da justiça e do amor!
(Chorus) 1. Hail, precious banner of hope!
Hail, August symbol of peace!
Thy noble presence to our minds
The greatness of our motherland does bring.
Chorus
Take the affection enclosed
In our youthful chest,
Dear symbol of the land,
Of the beloved land of Brazil!
2. In thy beauteous bosom thou portrayest
This sky of purest blue,
The peerless greenness of these forests,
And the splendor of the Southern Cross.
(Chorus)
3. Beholding thy sacred shadow,
We understand our duty,
And Brazil, loved by its children,
Powerful and happy shall be!
(Chorus)
4. Over the immense Brazilian Nation,
In times of happiness or grief,
Hover always, o sacred flag,
Pavilion of justice and love!
(Chorus)
Other flags[edit]
See also: List of Brazilian flags
Governmental flags[edit]
The president and vice president are also represented by their own flag.[19] The Presidential Standard is a dark green rectangle (ratio 2:3) holding the national coat of arms on its center. It is usually hoisted at the President's official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada, and at the President's workplace, the Palácio do Planalto. It is also displayed on the presidential car, as small-sized flags. The Vice Presidential Standard is a yellow rectangle (ratio 2:3) with twenty-three blue stars disposed in a cross dividing the flag into four equal quadrants, with the coat of arms in the middle of the upper left quadrant.
Presidential Standard
Vice Presidential Standard
Flag of the Minister of Defense
Military flags[edit]
Some of the branches of the Brazilian military also have their own flags.
The flag of the Brazilian Army
The flag of the Brazilian Navy
The flag of a Brazilian naval admiral
Flag-insignia of the chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Brazilian Armed Forces.
Naval jack[edit]
The Brazilian naval jack (jaque) is a rectangular flag (ratio 3:4) bearing 21 white stars on a dark blue field – a horizontal row of 13 and a vertical column of 9, orthogonally displayed.[20]
Naval jack.
Previous flags[edit]
The list below identifies previous flags used in Brazil.[21]
Flag of the Military Order of Christ (1332–1651)
Flag of the Royal Family (1500–1521)
Flag of John III (1521–1616)
Flag of the Iberian Union (1616–1640)
Flag of the Restoration (1640–1683)
Flag of the Principality of Brazil (1645–1816)
Flag of Peter II (1683–1706)
Flag of John V (1707–1750)
Flag of the Royal family (1600–1700)
Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816–1821)
Flag of the Kingdom of Brazil (1815–1822; putative)[nb 1]
Flag of the Brazilian Kingdom (18 September – 1 December 1822)
Flag of the Empire of Brazil, first version (1 December 1822–c.1870)
Flag of the Empire of Brazil, second version (c.1870 – 15 November 1889)
Provisional Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil (15-19 November 1889)
First Flag of the United States of Brazil (19 November 1889 – 14 April 1960)
Second Flag of the United States of Brazil (14 April 1960 – 28 May 1968)
First Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (28 May 1968 – 11 May 1992)
Second Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (11 May 1992–present)
Previous governmental flags[edit]
Presidential Standard of the United States of Brazil (1907–1947)
Presidential Standard of the United States of Brazil (1947–1968)
Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil (1968–1971)
Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil (1971–1992)
Vice Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil (1971–1992)
Rejected flags[edit]
The best-known rejected flags are listed below.[22] Several projects were heavily inspired by the green-yellow Imperial Flag, while a black-white-red pattern was also proposed. Those colours would represent the major groups of Brazilian population, red being the native Indians, white the European settlers and immigrants and black the Africans.[23]
Project of Júlio Ribeiro, 1888. Eventually became the flag of the State of São Paulo with the addition of Acre on the map
Project of Antônio da Silva Jardim, 1890
Project of José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Jr., 1890
Project of Oliveira Valadão, 1892
Project of Eurico de Góis, 1908
Project of Wenceslau Escobar, 1908
Second project of Eurico de Góis, 1933
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This flag was never actually used, its design being deducted from the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
See also[edit]
Brazil portal
List of Brazilian flags
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The World Factbook: Brazil – Flag description CIA. Retrieved on 8 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Bandeiras e significados Historianet. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
Jump up ^ Bandeiras navais Portuguesas Archived 2010-11-27 at the Wayback Machine. Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
^ Jump up to: a b Carta de Lei de 13 de Maio de 1816 John Carter Brown Library. Retrieved on 9 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Decreto de D. Pedro I de 18 de setembro de 1822 Wikisource. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
^ Jump up to: a b c Um estudo histórico perceptual: A Bandeira Brasileira sem Brasil Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. Seysell, Ricardo. Universidade Estadual Paulista), 2006. Retrieved on 10 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
Jump up ^ Designers of the Flag Flags of the World. Retrieved on 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Símbolos Nacionais Archived 2010-08-19 at the Wayback Machine. Exército Brasileiro. Retrieved on 8 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
^ Jump up to: a b Brazil: Evolution of the Modern National Flag Flags of the World. Retrieved on 11 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Símbolos e Hinos: Bandeira Nacional Archived May 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Brasil.gov.br. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
Jump up ^ Law on the National Flag: details of construction Flags of the World. Retrieved on 8 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Duarte, Paulo Araújo. "Astronomia na Bandeira Brasileira". Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brazilian flag". Archived from the original on 2014-07-06.
Jump up ^ Uso da Bandeira Nacional Brasil República. Retrieved on 15 June 2009. (in Portuguese).
Jump up ^ Lei no. 5,700 de 1 de Setembro de 1971 Presidência da República. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
Jump up ^ Hino à Bandeira Nacional – Coral (Exército Brasileiro) Dominiopublico.gov.br. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. (in Portuguese).
^ Jump up to: a b Hino à Bandeira Nacional Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. Exército Brasileiro. Retrieved on 10 October 2010. (in Portuguese).
Jump up ^ President and Vice President (Brazil) Flags of the World. Retrieved on 9 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Cerimonial da Marinha Archived 2010-08-27 at the Wayback Machine. Marinha do Brasil. Retrieved on 2010-10-09. (in Portuguese)
Jump up ^ "Bandeiras Históricas do Brasil". Exército Brasileiro (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2007-12-14.
Jump up ^ Projetos de mudança da Bandeira Nacional Brasileira BrasilRepública. Retrieved on 2010-10-08. (in Portuguese).
Jump up ^ MARTIUS, p. 381
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Flag of Brazil at Wikiquote
Media related to Flags of Brazil at Wikimedia Commons
Brazil at Flags of the World
Brazil at Flags Corner
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Nigeria and the United Nations
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (June 2016)
The Federal Republic of Nigeria
Membership
Full member
Since
1960
Ambassador/Permanent Representative
Tijjani Muhammad-Bande[1][better source needed]
Ambassador/ Deputy Permanent Representative
Samson Itegboje[2]
Nigeria is a member of the United Nations. Nigeria did not become independent of the United Kingdom until 1960, while the United Nations had already been established by the Declaration by United Nations in 1942. Tijjani Muhammad-Bande[3] is the permanent representative of Nigeria.[4]
In 2013, Nigeria contributed the fifth largest number of peacekeepers to United Nations peacekeeping operations.[5][6] Nigeria has recently served a two-year term from 2014-2015 as a temporary member of the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations is currently adjusting the border of Nigeria and Cameroon.[7]
Contents
1 Boko Haram
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Boko Haram[edit]
The terrorist organization Boko Haram attacked the Nigerian headquarters of the United Nations in 2011.[8] During April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped approximately 276 students in what is known as the Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping. In response, the United Nations classified Boko Haram as an associate of Al-Qaeda and subjected it to financial sanctions and an arms embargo.[9]
See also[edit]
United States portal
United Nations portal
International relations portal
List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers
List of members of the United Nations Security Council
References[edit]
Jump up ^ de:Tijjani Muhammad Bande
Jump up ^ http://nigeriaunmission.org/mission-staff/
Jump up ^ http://nigeriaunmission.org/ambassadorpermanent-representative/
Jump up ^ http://redesign.nigeriaunmission.org/ambassadorpermanent-representative/
Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/contributors.shtml
Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/contributors_archive.shtml
Jump up ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/201406120546.html
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/world/africa/27nigeria.html
Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47874#.U5p-YpRdUxo
External links[edit]
Official Website of Nigeria's UN Mission
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