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List of Prime Ministers of India
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India
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Prime Ministers of India (by state of birth)
The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India. In India's parliamentary system, the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure, but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers. Appointed and sworn-in by the President, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament.[1]
Since 1947, India has had fourteen Prime Ministers, fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role. The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party,[2] who was sworn-in on 15 August 1947, when India gained independence from the British. Serving until his death in May 1964, Nehru remains India's longest-serving prime minister. He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri, whose 19-month term also ended in death. Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country's first woman premier. Eleven years later, she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party, whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister. After he resigned in 1979, his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later. Indira Gandhi's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984, when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards. That evening, her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn-in as India's youngest premier, and the third from his family. Thus far, members of Nehru-Gandhi family have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days.[3]
Rajiv's five-year term ended with his former cabinet colleague, V. P. Singh of the Janata Dal, forming the year-long National Front coalition government in 1989. A seven-month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed, after which the Congress party returned to power, forming the government under P. V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991. Rao's five-year term was succeeded by four short-lived governments—the Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996, a year each under United Front prime ministers H. D. Deve Gowda and I. K. Gujral, and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998–99. After Vajpayee was sworn-in for the third time, in 1999, he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government to a full five-year term, the first non-Congressman to do so. Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh, the first Sikh premier, whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014. The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP-led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India's first non-Congress single party majority government.[4]
Contents
1 Key
2 Prime Ministers of India
3 See also
4 References
4.1 General
4.2 Specific
Key[edit]
Colour key for party of the prime ministers
Bharatiya Janata Party
Indian National Congress
designated Indian National Congress (I) 1977–1996[5]
Janata Dal
Janata Party
Janata Party (Secular)
Samajwadi Janata Party
Other key
№: Incumbent number
† Assassinated or died in office
§ Returned to office after a previous term
RES Resigned
NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion
Prime Ministers of India[edit]
№
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Prior Office
Party
(Alliance)
Elected constituency
Term of office[6]
Appointed by
Lok Sabha[a]
1
Jawaharlal Nehru
(1889–1964) Vice President of Executive Council Indian National Congress Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 15 April
1952
16 years, 286 days Lord Mountbatten Constituent Assembly[b]
15 April 1952 17 April 1957 Rajendra Prasad 1st
17 April 1957 2 April 1962 2nd
2 April 1962 27 May
1964[†] 3rd
–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998) Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha, Gujarat 27 May
1964 9 June
1964 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
2
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(1904–1966) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 9 June
1964 11 January
1966[†] 1 year, 216 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha, Gujarat 11 January
1966 24 January
1966 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
3
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984) Minister of Information and Broadcasting
Prime Minister (Re-elected)
Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January
1966 4 March 1967 11 years, 59 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
4 March 1967 15 March 1971 V. V. Giri 4th
15 March 1971 24 March
1977 5th
4
Morarji Desai
(1896–1995) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat, Gujarat 24 March
1977 28 July
1979[RES] 2 years, 126 days B. D. Jatti
(acting President)
6th
5
Charan Singh
(1902–1987) Minister of Finance Janata Party (Secular)
with INC Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh 28 July
1979 14 January
1980[RES] 170 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(3)
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress (I) Medak, Andhra Pradesh 14 January
1980[§] 31 October
1984[†] 4 years, 291 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 7th
6
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944–1991) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress (I) Amethi, Uttar Pradesh 31 October
1984 31 December 1984 5 years, 32 days Zail Singh
31 December 1984 2 December
1989 8th
7
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
(1931–2008) Minister of Defence Janata Dal
(National Front) Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh 2 December
1989 10 November
1990[NC] 343 days R. Venkataraman 9th
8
Chandra Shekhar
(1927–2007) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party
with INC Ballia, Uttar Pradesh 10 November
1990 21 June
1991[c] 223 days R. Venkataraman
9
Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao
(1921–2004) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress (I) Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh 21 June
1991 16 May
1996 4 years, 330 days R. Venkataraman 10th
10
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(1924–2018) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 16 May
1996 1 June
1996[RES] 16 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 11th
11
Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda
(born 1933) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal
(United Front) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June
1996 21 April
1997[RES] 324 days Shankar Dayal Sharma
12
Inder Kumar Gujral
(1919–2012) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal
(United Front) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April
1997 19 March
1998 332 days Shankar Dayal Sharma
(10)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(1924–2018) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 19 March
1998[§] 10 October 1999 6 years, 64 days K. R. Narayanan 12th
10 October 1999 22 May
2004 13th
13
Manmohan Singh
(born 1932) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress
(UPA) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May
2004 22 May 2009 10 years, 4 days A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 14th
22 May 2009 26 May
2014 Pratibha Patil 15th
14
Narendra Modi
(born 1950) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 26 May
2014[7] Incumbent 4 years, 95 days Pranab Mukherjee 16th
Jump up ^ Although the Prime Minister can be a member of either house of the Parliament, they have to command the confidence of the Lok Sabha. Upon dissolution of the Lok Sabha, the outgoing PM remains in office until their successor is sworn-in.
Jump up ^ The Constituent Assembly of India consisted of 389 members elected in 1946 by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The Assembly was replaced by the Provisional Parliament of India after adoption of the Constitution on 26 January 1950 until the first general elections.
Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991, but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him.
Timeline
See also[edit]
Government of India portal
India portal
Prime Minister's Office
List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity
List of Presidents of India
References[edit]
General[edit]
"Former Prime Minister's of India". Prime Minister's Office (PMO). Retrieved 22 November 2017.
"Gallery of Prime Ministers". Press Information Burea. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Guha, Ramachandra (2011). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780330540209.
Brass, Paul R. (1994). The Politics of India Since Independence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521459709.
Specific[edit]
Jump up ^ Constitutional Government in India. S. Chand Publishing. 2003. ISBN 9788121922036.
Jump up ^ "Former Prime Ministers | Prime Minister of India". www.pmindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
Jump up ^ "In India, next generation of Gandhi dynasty". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
Jump up ^ Diplomat, Ankit Panda, The. "BJP, Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Indian National Congress". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Former Prime Ministers". PM India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26". The Times of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
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Prime Minister of India
Jawaharlal Nehru
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
Indira Gandhi
Morarji Desai
Charan Singh
Rajiv Gandhi
V. P. Singh
Chandra Shekhar
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
Manmohan Singh
Narendra Modi
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Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)
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Breakfast at Tiffany's
Original theatrical release poster
Directed by
Blake Edwards
Produced by
Martin Jurow
Richard Shepherd
Screenplay by
George Axelrod
Based on
Breakfast at Tiffany's
by Truman Capote
Starring
Audrey Hepburn
George Peppard
Patricia Neal
Buddy Ebsen
Martin Balsam
Mickey Rooney
Music by
Henry Mancini
Cinematography
Franz F. Planer
Uncredited:
Philip H. Lathrop
Edited by
Howard Smith
Production
company
Jurow-Shepherd
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
October 5, 1961 (1961-10-05)
Running time
114 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Portuguese
Budget
$2.5 million
Box office
$14 million
Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod, loosely based on Truman Capote's novella of the same name. Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard, and featuring Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney, the film was initially released on October 5, 1961 by Paramount Pictures.
Hepburn's portrayal of Holly Golightly as the naïve, eccentric socialite is generally considered to be the actress's most memorable and identifiable role. Hepburn regarded it as one of her most challenging roles, since she was an introvert required to play an extrovert.[2]
Breakfast at Tiffany's was received positively at the time, and won two Academy Awards: Best Original Score and Best Original Song for "Moon River", which was also selected as the fourth most memorable song in Hollywood history by the American Film Institute in 2004. The film was also nominated for three other Academy Awards: Best Actress for Hepburn, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Art Direction.
In 2012, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Pre-production
3.3 Principal photography
3.4 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Influence
4.3 Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and Yellowface controversy
5 Awards and honors
5.1 Academy Awards
5.2 Other awards
6 Soundtrack
6.1 List of songs
7 Home media
8 Stage adaptations
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Plot[edit]
Early one morning, a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City, from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly (Audrey Hepburn) emerges. After looking into the shop's windows, she strolls home. Outside her apartment, she fends off Sid Arbuck (Claude Stroud), her date from the disastrous night before. Inside the apartment building, Holly can't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord, Mr. Yunioshi (Mickey Rooney), who begrudgingly lets her in. Later, she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak (George Peppard), who rings her doorbell to get into the building. The pair chat as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to Sally Tomato (Alan Reed), a mobster incarcerated at Sing Sing prison. Tomato's lawyer, O'Shaughnessy, pays her $100 a week to deliver "the weather report".
Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly
As she is leaving for Sing Sing, Holly is introduced to Paul's "decorator", wealthy older woman Emily Eustace Failenson (Patricia Neal), whom Paul nicknames "2E". That night, Holly goes out onto the fire escape to elude an over-eager date (Mel Blanc). She peeks into Paul's apartment and sees 2E leaving money and kissing Paul goodbye. After 2E leaves, Holly enters Paul's apartment and learns that he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years before. Holly, in turn, explains that she is trying to save money to support her brother Fred when he gets out of the Army. The pair fall asleep, but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred. She later buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize and invites him to a party at her apartment. There, Paul meets her Hollywood agent, O. J. Berman (Martin Balsam), who describes Holly's transformation from country girl into Manhattan socialite. He is also introduced to José da Silva Pereira (José Luis de Vilallonga), a wealthy Brazilian politician, and Rusty Trawler (Stanley Adams), the "ninth richest man in America under 50".
In the days that follow, Paul and Holly become closer. The next day, 2E enters Paul's apartment, worried that she is being followed. Paul tells her that he will investigate and eventually confronts Doc Golightly (Buddy Ebsen), Holly's estranged husband. Doc explains that Holly's real name is Lula Mae Barnes. They married when she was 14, and he wants to take her back to Texas, as Fred will be returning. After Paul reunites Holly and Doc, she tells Paul the marriage was annulled. At the bus station, she tells Doc she is not going with him. Doc leaves broken-hearted.
After drinking at a club, Paul and Holly return to her apartment, where she drunkenly tells him that she plans to marry Trawler for his money. A few days later, Paul learns that one of his short stories will be published. On the way to tell Holly, he sees a newspaper headline stating that Trawler has married someone else. Holly and Paul agree to spend the day together, taking turns doing things that each has never done before. At Tiffany's, Paul has the ring from Doc Golightly's box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for Holly. After spending the night together, he awakens to find her gone. When 2E arrives, Paul ends their relationship. She calmly accepts, having earlier concluded that he and some other woman are in love.
Holly schemes to marry José for his money, which angers Paul. After Holly receives a telegram notifying her of Fred's death, she trashes her apartment. Months later, Paul has moved out. He is invited to dinner by Holly, who is leaving the next morning for Brazil to continue her relationship with José. However, they are arrested in connection with Sally Tomato's drug ring, and Holly spends the night in jail.
The next morning, Holly is released on bail and finds Paul waiting, and they take a cab. He has her cat and a letter from José explaining he must end their relationship due to her arrest. Holly insists she will go to Brazil anyway, asks the cab to pull over, and releases the cat into the rain. Paul confronts Holly about his love and her behavior, then leaves, tossing the Cracker Jack ring they had engraved for her by Tiffany's into her lap and telling her to examine her life. She goes through a decision making moment, puts on the ring, and runs after Paul, who has gone looking for the cat. She searches the alley and finally finds the cat. Paul and Holly look into each other's eyes and share a kiss.
Cast[edit]
Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly / Lula Mae Barnes
George Peppard as Paul Varjak (nicknamed "Fred" by Holly, for his resemblance to her brother)
Patricia Neal as Mrs. Emily Eustace "2E" Failenson
Buddy Ebsen as Doc Golightly
Martin Balsam as O.J. Berman
Mickey Rooney as I.Y. Yunioshi
Alan Reed as Sally Tomato
José Luis de Vilallonga as José da Silva Pereira (credited as Vilallonga)
Stanley Adams as Rutherford "Rusty" Trawler
John McGiver as Tiffany's salesman
Dorothy Whitney as Mag Wildwood
Claude Stroud as Sid Arbuck
Orangey as the cat (credited as "Cat"; Frank Inn, Trainer)
Beverly Powers as the stripper (credited as Miss Beverly Hills)
Elvia Allman as the librarian
Mel Blanc as Holly's over-eager date (uncredited)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Oscar-nominated screenplay was written by George Axelrod, loosely based on the novella by Truman Capote. Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers' vision.
Pre-production[edit]
Capote, who sold the film rights of his novella to Paramount Studios, wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly, whom he had described perfectly in the book. Barry Paris cites Capote's own comments on the choice of actress: "Marilyn was always my first choice to play the girl, Holly Golightly." Screenwriter Axelrod was hired to "tailor the screenplay for Monroe". When Lee Strasberg advised Monroe that playing a prostitute would be bad for her image, she turned it down and performed in The Misfits instead. When Hepburn was cast instead of Monroe, Capote remarked: "Paramount double-crossed me in every way and cast Audrey".[4] Shirley MacLaine was also offered the part of Holly, but she turned it down and performed in Two Loves instead.[5]
Originally producers Martin Jurow and Richard Shepherd had picked John Frankenheimer as the director,[citation needed] but Hepburn said: "I've never heard of him" and he was replaced on her request.
Principal photography[edit]
Hepburn in the opening scene.
Most of the exteriors were filmed in New York City, except the fire escape scenes and the alley scene at the end in the rain where Holly puts Cat out of the cab and then Paul and Holly look for Cat. All of the interiors, except for portions of the scene inside Tiffany & Company, were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood.[citation needed]
According to one report the film's on-location opening sequence, in which Holly gazes into a Tiffany's display window, was extremely difficult for director Blake Edwards to shoot. Although it was simple in concept, crowd control, Hepburn's dislike of pastries, and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member are all said to have made capturing the scene a challenge. However, another report claims that the sequence was captured rather quickly due to the good fortune of an unexpected traffic lull.[6]
Music[edit]
“ It took me a long time to figure out what Holly Golightly was all about. One night after midnight I was still trying. I don't drink much, but I was sipping. And it came to me. I wrote ["Moon River"] in half an hour. ”
— Henry Mancini[7]
During the film, Hepburn sang the film's signature song, "Moon River" by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer. The song was tailored to Hepburn's limited vocal range, based on songs she had performed in 1957's Funny Face.[8] On the Anniversary Edition DVD of Breakfast at Tiffany's co-producer Richard Shepherd says in his audio commentary that after a preview in San Francisco, Martin Rankin, Paramount's head of production, wanted "Moon River" replaced with music by somebody like Gordon Jenkins (whose album Manhattan Tower had been out fairly recently): "Marty [Jurow, co-producer] and I both said 'over our dead bodies.'"[9] According to Mancini and Edwards, a studio executive hated the song and demanded it be cut from the film; Hepburn, who was present, responded to the suggestion by standing up and saying, "Over my dead body!"[10]
According to Time magazine, Mancini "sets off his melodies with a walking bass, extends them with choral and string variations, varies them with the brisk sounds of combo jazz. 'Moon River' is sobbed by a plaintive harmonica, repeated by strings, hummed and then sung by the chorus, finally resolved with the harmonica again."[7]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Time magazine noted "for the first half hour or so, Hollywood's Holly (Audrey Hepburn) is not much different from Capote's. She has kicked the weed and lost the illegitimate child she was having, but she is still jolly Holly, the child bride from Tulip, Texas, who at 15 runs away to Hollywood to find some of the finer things of life—like shoes." It pointed out that "after that out-of-Capote beginning, Director Blake Edwards (High Time) goes on to an out-of-character end."[11] Almost a half century later, Time commented on the pivotal impact of Hepburn's portrayal of Golightly:[12]
Breakfast at Tiffany's set Hepburn on her 60s Hollywood course. Holly Golightly, small-town Southern girl turned Manhattan trickster, was the naughty American cousin of Eliza Doolittle, Cockney flower girl turned My Fair Lady. Holly was also the prototype for the Hepburn women in Charade, Paris When It Sizzles, and How to Steal a Million: kooks in capers. And she prepared audiences for the ground-level anxieties that Hepburn characters endured in The Children's Hour, Two for the Road and Wait Until Dark.
The New York Times called the film a "completely unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy, romance, poignancy, funny colloquialisms and Manhattan's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors". In reviewing the performances, the newspaper said Holly Golightly is
as implausible as ever. But in the person of Miss Hepburn, she is a genuinely charming, elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen. George Peppard is casual and, for the most part, a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings. Martin Balsam makes a properly brash, snappy Hollywood agent. Mickey Rooney's bucktoothed, myopic Japanese is broadly exotic. Patricia Neal is simply cool and brisk in her few appearances as Mr. Peppard's sponsor and Vilallonga, is properly suave and Continental as Miss Hepburn's Brazilian, while Buddy Ebsen has a brief poignant moment as Miss Hepburn's husband.[13]
Truman Capote hated Hepburn in the lead part. Capote biographer Gerald Clarke, deemed the film a "valentine" to free-spirited women rather than a cautionary tale about a little girl lost in the big city. "The movie is a confection — a sugar and spice confection."[14]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 49 critics and gives the film a rating of 88%, with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10. The site's consensus states: "It contains some ugly anachronisms, but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic, and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen."[15]
Influence[edit]
Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in the film's trailer
Hepburn as Holly, with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder, is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema.[16] Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly's sunglasses. Often misidentified as Ray-Ban, they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith. In 2011 the model was re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany's.[17] One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie's[18] on December 5, 2006 for £467,200 (~US$947,000), about seven times the reserve price.[19] The "Little Black Dress" by Givenchy, worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film, is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is, perhaps, the most famous little black dress of all time.[20][21][22][23] A second "little black dress" in Breakfast at Tiffany's, along with its wide-brimmed hat, was worn by Hepburn as Holly when she goes to visit mobster Sally Tomato at Sing Sing Prison. This dress was paid homage as one of the dresses worn by Anne Hathaway's character Selina Kyle, Catwoman's alter ego, in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises; the comic book Catwoman character was originally drawn based on Hepburn, according to Catwoman comic cover artist Adam Hughes, creating a double homage to Hepburn's Holly Golightly in Hathaway's Catwoman.[24]
The film rejuvenated the career of 1930s movie song-and-dance man and Disney Davy Crockett sidekick Buddy Ebsen, who had a small but effective role in this film as Doc Golightly, Holly's ex-husband. His success here led directly to his best-known role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies.[25]
A diamond necklace at Tiffany's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy, was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, which she wore in publicity photos for the film. Tiffany's profile, while already established as a pre-eminent luxury retailer, was further boosted by the film.[26]
Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and Yellowface controversy[edit]
I. Y. Yuniyoshi naked in bath.
Main article: I. Y. Yunioshi
For his portrayal of I. Y. Yunioshi, Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese person. Since the 1990s, this portrayal has been subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans, among others. For instance, in the film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993), Breakfast at Tiffany's is used as an illustration of Hollywood's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife, Linda, see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney's caricatured performance.
In his audio commentary for the DVD release, producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect, he wanted to recast the role "not because he [Rooney] didn't play the part well" but because Shepherd thought the part of Mr. Yunioshi should be performed by an actor of Japanese ethnicity; it was director Blake Edwards' decision to keep Rooney.[27] In a "making-of" for the 45th anniversary edition DVD release, Shepherd repeatedly apologizes, saying, "If we could just change Mickey Rooney, I'd be thrilled with the movie."[28] Director Blake Edwards stated, "Looking back, I wish I had never done it... and I would give anything to be able to recast it, but it's there, and onward and upward."[28]
In a 2008 interview about the film, 87-year-old Rooney said he was heartbroken about the criticism:
Blake Edwards... wanted me to do it because he was a comedy director. They hired me to do this overboard, and we had fun doing it.... Never in all the more than 40 years after we made it – not one complaint. Every place I've gone in the world people say, "God, you were so funny." Asians and Chinese come up to me and say, "Mickey you were out of this world."[29]
Rooney also said that if he had known the portrayal would be offensive, "I wouldn't have done it. Those that didn't like it, I forgive them and God bless America, God bless the universe, God bless Japanese, Chinese, Indians, all of them and let's have peace."[29]
The film continues to draw criticism for this racist caricature, particularly when the movie is selected as a "classic" screened in public spaces, supported by tax dollars. In 2011, a SyFy and Brooklyn Bridge Park Corporation screening inspired petitions.[30] Tastemaker Tribeca Film Festival is planning a large public screening in September 2017.[31]
Awards and honors[edit]
Academy Awards[edit]
Award[32]
Person
Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Henry Mancini
Best Original Song: "Moon River" Henry Mancini
Johnny Mercer
Nominated:
Best Actress in a Leading Role Audrey Hepburn
Best Art Direction Hal Pereira
Roland Anderson
Sam Comer
Ray Moyer
Best Adapted Screenplay George Axelrod
Other awards[edit]
Golden Globe Awards, 1961: Best picture (musical or comedy)
Golden Globe Awards, 1961: Best actress (musical or comedy) - Audrey Hepburn
Henry Mancini won the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album or Recording or Score.
George Axelrod won the Writers Guild of America, East for Best Written American Drama.
Blake Edwards was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures.
The film was ranked #486 on Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list for 2008.[33]
National Film Registry- 2012
American Film Institute ranked the film #61 in 100 Years...100 Passions and "Moon River" as #4 in 100 Years...100 Songs.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture
The soundtrack featured a score composed and conducted by Henry Mancini, with songs by Mancini and lyricist Johnny Mercer. Mancini and Mercer won the 1961 Oscar for Best Original Song for "Moon River". Mancini won for Best Original Score. There are also unreleased score pieces from Breakfast at Tiffany's in existence; "Carousel Cue" is from an unsurfaced scene, while "Outtake 1" is from a deleted scene in which Holly and Fred visit Tiffany's and is a variation of the main theme.
List of songs[edit]
"Moon River"
"Something for Cat"
"Sally's Tomato"
"Mr. Yunioshi"
"The Big Blow Out"
"Hub Caps and Tail Lights"
"Breakfast at Tiffany's"
"Latin Golightly"
"Holly"
"Loose Caboose"
"The Big Heist"
"Moon River [Cha Cha]"
In 2013 Intrada released the complete score in its original film performance (as with many soundtrack albums by Mancini and others at the time, the album released alongside the film was a re-recording).
Main Title (Moon River) (3:07)
Paul Meets Cat (1:24)
Sally’s Tomato (4:57)
The Big Blowout (1:05)
Poor Fred (3:22)
Moon River (Cha Cha) (2:32)
Latin Golightly (3:05)
Something For Cat (4:48)
Loose Caboose – Part 1 (À La Cha Cha) (3:22)
Loose Caboose – Part 2 (2:11)
Moon River (Vocal By Audrey Hepburn) (2:03)
Meet The Doc (With Organ Grinder) (1:37)
An Exceptional Person (2:57)
You’re So Skinny (0:57)
Turkey Eggs (2:43)
Hub Caps And Tail Lights (2:19)
Rats And Super Rats (2:27)
The Hard Way (0:55)
Rusty Trawler (0:26)
Holly (1:56)
A Lovely Place (1:33)
Bermuda Nights (0:22)
The Big Heist (4:02)
After The Ball (1:14)
Just Like Holly (1:41)
Wait A Minute (0:44)
Feathers (1:14)
Let’s Eat (1:39)
Where’s The Cat? And End Title (Moon River) (3:50)
Moon River (Audrey Hepburn & Guitar) (1:38)
Moon River (Piano And Guitar) (1:38)
Moon River (Harmonica And Guitar) (1:36)
Meet The Doc (Without Organ Grinder) (1:37)
Piano Practice No. 1 (1:38)
Piano Practice No. 2 (1:48)
Piano Practice No. 3 (0:54)
Moon River (New York Version) (2:01)
Moon River (Whistling) (0:10)
Home media[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Breakfast at Tiffany's was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s,[citation needed] and is also widely available on DVD. On February 7, 2006, Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release:
Audio Commentary – with producer Richard Shepherd
Breakfast at Tiffany's: The Making of a Classic – a making-of featurette with interviews by Edwards, Neal, the "laughing/crying" woman from the party, and Sean Ferrer, Hepburn's son.
It's So Audrey! A Style Icon – a short tribute to Hepburn.
Brilliance in a Blue Box – a brief history of Tiffany & Co.
Audrey's Letter to Tiffany – an accounting of Hepburn's letter to Tiffany & Co. on the occasion of the company's 150th anniversary in 1987.
Original Theatrical Trailer
Photo Gallery
On January 13, 2009, a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released. In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition, this version includes:
A Golightly Gathering – Reuniting some of the past cast members from the party with interviews on their experiences filming that segment.
Henry Mancini: More Than Music – A featurette about Henry Mancini, "Moon River" and interviews with Mancini's wife and children.
Mr. Yunioshi: An Asian Perspective – Documentary discussing the reaction and Asian perspective of the character of Mr. Yunioshi, one of the most controversial characters in film.
Behind the Gates – A tour through Paramount Studios
In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu-ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs. The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures. The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts. The film was restored to its original look for its 50th Anniversary.[34][35]
Stage adaptations[edit]
In 1966, David Merrick produced a Broadway musical of the same name starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly and Richard Chamberlain as Paul. The troubled production closed after four previews.
In 2004, a new musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis.[36]
In May 2009, actress Anna Friel confirmed that she would star in a West End adaptation of the film. The show opened in September 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre.[37]
The name of the film was also used as the title for the 1996 hit record by Deep Blue Something, although the lyrics were in fact inspired by Roman Holiday.[citation needed]
A new stage adaption made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City. The role of Holly Golightly would be played by Emilia Clarke.[38]
See also[edit]
Male prostitution in the arts
Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood
List of Academy Award-winning films
List of American films of 1961
List of Audrey Hepburn credits
List of comedy films of the 1960s
List of films set in New York City
List of Paramount Pictures films
List of short fiction made into feature films
List of fictional books from non-print media
Academy Award portal
Comedy portal
Film in the United States portal
1960s portal
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Breakfast at Tiffany's (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. January 8, 2001. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spoto, Donald (2006). Enchantment: The Life of Audrey Hepburn. New York: Harmony Books. p. 204. ISBN 0-307-23758-3.
Jump up ^ King, Susan. "National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation " Los Angeles Times (December 19, 2012)
Jump up ^ Barry Paris (1996). Audrey Hepburn. Berkley Books.
Jump up ^ Foerster, Jonathan (9 February 2011). "Shirley MacLaine isn't getting old, she's just advanced". Naples Daily News. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ 25 Things You May Not Know About 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' at moviefone.com, 5 Oct 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "Movies: Never Too Much Music". Time. May 25, 1962. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
Jump up ^ Spoto, Donald. Enchantment: The Life of Audrey Hepburn. New York: Harmony Books, 2006. Page 204 – 205. ISBN 0-307-23758-3
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Richard. Breakfast at Tiffany's – Anniversary Edition/Centennial Edition audio commentary (DVD). Paramount. Event occurs at 25:20.
Jump up ^ Erwin, Ellen; Diamond, Jessica Z. (October 2006). The Audrey Hepburn Treasures. New York: Atria Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-7432-8986-3.
Jump up ^ "Cinema: Once Over Golightly". Time. October 20, 1961. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (January 20, 2007). "Audrey Hepburn: Still the Fairest Lady". Time. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
Jump up ^ Weiler, A.H. (October 6, 1961). "The Screen: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Audrey Hepburn Stars in Music Hall Comedy". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Capote never liked Hepburn in iconic role". Today.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Breakfast at Tiffany's at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ Spoto, Donald. Enchantment: The Life of Audrey Hepburn. New York: Harmony Books, 2006. Page 203. ISBN 0-307-23758-3
Jump up ^ Moss, Rob (28 July 2011). "Re-released Manhattan sunglasses mark 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany's". Eye Wear Glasses. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Audrey Hepburn Breakfast At Tiffany's, 1961". Christie's. 5 December 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Auction frenzy over Hepburn dress". BBC NEWS. 2006-12-05.
Jump up ^ "The Most Famous Dresses Ever". Glamour.com. April 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Audrey Hepburn dress". Hello Magazine. 6 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Audrey Hepburn's little black dress tops fashion list". The Independent. 17 May 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Steele, Valerie (9 November 2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion. Berg Publishers. p. 483. ISBN 978-1-84788-592-0. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Miller, Jacqui. Fan Phenomena: Audrey Hepburn. Ed. Jacqui Miller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. p. 26-27. ISBN 978-1-78320-206-5.
Jump up ^ Biography for Buddy Ebsen on IMDb
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Richard. Breakfast at Tiffany's – Anniversary Edition/Centennial Edition audio commentary (DVD). Paramount. Event occurs at 3:43.
^ Jump up to: a b Breakfast at Tiffany's: The Making of a Classic
^ Jump up to: a b Magagnini, Stephen (September 28, 2008). "Mickey Rooney upset about claims his 'Tiffany's' role is racist". Sacramento Bee. Scripps Howard News Service. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/brooklyn-breakfast-at-tiffanys_n_897557.html
Jump up ^ https://tribecafilm.com/drive-in
Jump up ^ "NY Times: Breakfast at Tiffany's". NY Times. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Empire: Features". Empireonline.com. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
Jump up ^ examiner.com, Digital restoration will celebrate Breakfast at Tiffany’s 50th
Jump up ^ oscars.org, Academy to Celebrate 50th Anniversary of "Breakfast at Tiffany's"
Jump up ^ "Show Archives". The Muny. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment | West End Breakfast for Anna Friel". BBC News. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast At Tiffany's—The Official Broadway Site". Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Breakfast at Tiffany's, by George Axelrod. Published by Paramount Home Entertainment (UK), 1960. (film script)
Breakfast at Tiffany's: A Short Novel and Three Stories, by Truman Capote. Published by Random House, 1958.
Breakfast at Tiffany's: Complete Dialogues
Breakfast at Tiffany's: 50 years on
Wasson, Sam. Fifth Avenue, 5 A.M.: Audrey Hepburn, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and the Dawn of the Modern Woman. ISBN 978-0061774164.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutBreakfast at Tiffany's (film)at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
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Breakfast at Tiffany's on IMDb
Breakfast at Tiffany's at the TCM Movie Database
Breakfast at Tiffany's at AllMovie
Breakfast at Tiffany's at the American Film Institute Catalog
Breakfast at Tiffany's at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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Films directed by Blake Edwards
Bring Your Smile Along (1955)
He Laughed Last (1956)
Mister Cory (1957)
This Happy Feeling (1958)
The Perfect Furlough (1958)
Operation Petticoat (1959)
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Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
Experiment in Terror (1962)
Days of Wine and Roses (1962)
The Pink Panther (1963)
A Shot in the Dark (1964)
The Great Race (1965)
What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966)
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10 (1979)
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[show]
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VIAF: 316751710
LCCN: no98044606
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)&oldid=806691989"
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