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1950s in Hong Kong
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The 1950s in Hong Kong began against the chaotic backdrop of the resumption of British sovereignty after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong ended in 1945, and the renewal of the Nationalist-Communist Civil War in mainland China. It prompted a large influx of refugees from the mainland, causing a huge population surge: from 1945 to 1951, the population grew from 600,000 to 2.1 million. The government struggled to accommodate these immigrants. Unrest in China also prompted businesses to relocate their assets and capital from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Together with the cheap labour of the immigrants, the seeds of Hong Kong's economic miracle in the second half of the 20th century were sown.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Demographics
2.1 Population
2.2 Rising buildings
3 Culture
3.1 Lifestyle
3.2 Education
3.3 Entertainment
3.4 Law and order
4 Economy
4.1 Transportation
4.2 Industrial
4.3 Hospital and hospitality
4.4 Finance
5 References
Background[edit]
Causeway Bay 1955
As the Communists drew near to a victory in early 1949, there were fears that Hong Kong was going to be invaded by the Communists. The British Government was determined to keep Hong Kong as a capitalist outpost within a communist sphere of influence, though the memories of the Berlin Blockade and the perceived antagonism of communist governments was still fresh in their mind. The garrison was reinforced and plans of emergency evacuation to Australia were made. However, the People's Liberation Army were ordered to stop advancing at the Sham-chun-Hong Kong border and Hong Kong remained a British colony.
Hong Kong was a valuable trade centre at the mouth of China and hoped that by retaining this connection doing business with the new government in Peking would be easier. To give up Hong Kong to the Communists without a fight would be seen as a national weakness in the face of the growing communist threat in Europe and Asia, especially the Emergency in Malaya. Debates did take place during the 1950s at the British Parliament in Westminster in which it was discussed that Hong Kong would have to be handed back to China if the colony's entrepôt trade could not be maintained.[1] The people were outraged at any suggestion of this, so the Government of Hong Kong became committed to turning Hong Kong into a manufacturing centre.
Demographics[edit]
Coat of Arms of Hong Kong (1959-1997), officially adopted in late January 1959
Population[edit]
The 1950s began with a large number of impoverished people without jobs and natural resources. The problem was further compounded with a flood of refugees from mainland China[2] who were able to cross due to the lack of border controls until June 1951. The People's Republic of China was established in 1949 under a reorganised Communist Party. As many as 100,000 people fled to Hong Kong each month under the new regime, many of whom were rich farmers and capitalists who brought with them management experience, though even more were criminals who established the influential triad society in Hong Kong. By the mid-1950s, Hong Kong had increased its population to a staggering 2.2 million. By 1956, Hong Kong's population density became one of the highest in the world.[3]
Rising buildings[edit]
In 1953, the Shek Kip Mei fire left 53,000 homeless. This prompted major change: Sir Alexander Grantham, the 22nd Governor of Hong Kong, drew up an emergency housing programme that introduced the 'multi-storey building' as a common building form. His structures were capable of housing 2,500 people in a fire/flood-proof structure. The idea was to house as many and as fast as possible to deal with the homeless shelter crisis. Every floor in the building incommunal room, washroom, and toilet facility. Each person was granted 24 square metres of space.[4] The high rise buildings would become the norm, as skyscrapers have a small footprint compared to their overall volume.
Culture[edit]
Cantonese Opera
Lifestyle[edit]
At the end of the Japanese occupation, the Government of Hong Kong held a monopoly on the purchase and distribution of food and raw materials including rice and cotton yarn. Price controls by the Government were not eliminated until 1953. The period can best be summarised by low resources and an endless increase in population. Many mainlanders would cross the border to Hong Kong and establish illegal huts on rooftops and edge of mountains.[5] The integration of different groups from China and original tenants of Hong Kong would also create a society in which everyone had to wrestle with the overwhelming number of language dialects.
Education[edit]
Those who were born in Hong Kong were provided with education and housing by the government. The first group of refugees were only granted temporary asylums since the government believed they would return to the mainland. An estimated 9% of the government's expense were spent on education and health care.[6] The curriculum made it crucial that students did not feel associated with Hong Kong or China in any national sense. It emphasised that they were the middleman for the Sino-British trade relationships.[5]
An internal government paper in the period indicated about 34 schools in the urban area were actually classified as controlled by the Communists, including 24 in the New Territories. Another 32 schools by leftist elements such as staff and teachers. A new ordinance was passed in 1952 to allow any director of education to shut down a school believed to be controlled by political indoctrination.[7] The refugees mostly sought their education and social services from Christian churches. Actions were taken at the Heung Tao Middle School and Nanfang College.[8]
Entertainment[edit]
One of the main forms of entertainment in the 1950s was Cantonese Opera. Shaw Brothers Studio would also produce some of the first groups of martial art films. Their notable sword fighting style would be emulated on many movies and TV dramas for years to come.
Law and order[edit]
The Hong Kong 1956 riots was one of the first full-scale riots in the territory. It awoke the Government to the dangers of low wages, long working hours, and overcrowded conditions.[4] Tighter law control would diminish the triads in the period. Most of the social problems in the 1950s dealt with Nationalist and Communist factions on Hong Kong soil. The British Government in Whitehall, London, feared the Communists would promote anti-British sentiments in the colony. Thus, the Colonial Office in Whitehall encouraged the Government of Hong Kong to follow anti-Communist policies within the colony.
Economy[edit]
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong, in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, in 1950
Transportation[edit]
Hong Kong Taxi service was founded in 1947 with just a mere 329 cars. By the end of the decade in 1959, it had expanded to 851 cars.[9] The service became more popular since it does not require passengers to follow a particular bus route.
Industrial[edit]
In 1953, two land reclamation projects added 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) to Hong Kong. The first project would specifically add runway space to the Kai Tak Airport. Additional land would turn Kwun Tong and Tsuen Wan into industrial towns.[6] The early industrial centres churned out anything that could be produced in a small space, like buttons, artificial flowers, umbrellas, textiles, enamelware, footwear and plastics.
Hospital and hospitality[edit]
The handling of the refugees required the collaboration of numerous services and programs. The British Red Cross would set up their first branch in Hong Kong on 12 July 1950 as the Hong Kong Red Cross. They started in the Lai Chi Kok Hospital and began the Patient Concern Service. Blood donation also began in 1952 with 483 people donating in the first year. A Disaster Relief service was established in 1953 mostly to deal with the Shek Kip Mei fire.[10] The Hong Kong Tourism Association was established in 1957.
Finance[edit]
The banks at the time were not regulated by the Government. There were no central banks or monetary policies. The Governor did not want to regulate the Hong Kong Stock Exchange even though it had become a serious problem in financing the fast-growing economy at the time. Manufacturers constantly complained about the shortage of investments.[6] Pressure was coming from within and outside Hong Kong to get the policies fixed.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong - Volume Three. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 5. ISBN Volume Three 962-7283-61-4
Jump up ^ Walters, Alan Arthur. Walter, James. Hanke, Steve. [1998] (1998). The Revolution in Development Economics. Cato Institute Publishing. ISBN 978-1-882577-55-2
Jump up ^ Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice. [2003] (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK University Press. Page 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3
^ Jump up to: a b Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong - Volume Three. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 7. ISBN Volume Three 962-7283-61-4
^ Jump up to: a b Ma, Eric Kit-wai. Ma, Chieh-Wei. [1999] (1999). Culture, Politics, and Television in Hong Kong. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17998-X
^ Jump up to: a b c Schenk, Catherine Ruth. [2001] (2001). Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre: Emergence and Development, 1945-1965. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20583-2
Jump up ^ Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice. [2003] (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. Page 26. ISBN 962-209-612-3
Jump up ^ Bray, Mark. Koo, Ramsey. [2005] (2005) Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. Hong Kong: Springer Press. ISBN 1-4020-3405-9
Jump up ^ HK Gov. "HK Gov Archived 6 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.." Taxi Annual Traffic report. Retrieved on 23 February 2007.
Jump up ^ , Lui, Tai-lok. Lü, Dale. [2001] (2001). Light the Darkness: The Story of the Hong Kong Red Cross, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. ISBN 962-209-530-5
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Oathbringer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Oathbringer
First edition book cover
Author
Brandon Sanderson
Illustrator
Dan dos Santos
Isaac Stewart
Howard Lyon
Cover artist
Michael Whelan
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
The Stormlight Archive
Genre
Epic fantasy
Publisher
Tor Books
Publication date
November 14, 2017[1]
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback), audiobook, e-book
Pages
1248
ISBN
978-0-7653-2637-9
Preceded by
Words of Radiance
Oathbringer is an upcoming epic fantasy novel written by American author Brandon Sanderson and the third book in The Stormlight Archive series.[1] It will be published by Tor Books on November 14, 2017.[1][2] Oathbringer will consist of one prologue, 122 chapters, an epilogue and 14 interludes.[3] It is preceded by Words of Radiance.
As with its Stormlight Archive predecessors, the unabridged audiobook is read by narrator team Michael Kramer and Kate Reading.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Plot
3 Audiobook
4 Sequel
5 References
6 External links
Development[edit]
The third book was initially titled Stones Unhallowed with Szeth-son-son-Vallano as its focus, then Skybreaker,[5] and eventually Oathbringer with the focus on Dalinar Kholin.[6][7]
Prior to the release of Oathbringer, several chapters and interludes have been posted in blog posts, read in conventions and published in an anthology. Sanderson has provided numerous updates on Reddit about his progress on the book.[8] On December 9, 2016, three weeks after his fifth update, Tor announced that Sanderson had completed his first draft, coming in at 461,223 words.[1] On March 15, 2017, Sanderson completed the third of five planned drafts, which totaled 514,000 words.[9] On June 15, 2017, Sanderson completed the fifth and final draft and managed to cut it down to 450,000 words.[3] On June 27, 2017, Tor posted a blog post detailing the process of beta reading for Oathbringer in which beta readers give their immediate reactions to any given point in the story and look for continuity.[10] Due to the length of the book, Tor had to use a different press and bindery than the one that printed Words of Radiance.[11]
After realizing the book took more time to work on than originally planned, Sanderson wrote a novella titled Edgedancer, following Lift; first published in Arcanum Unbounded: The Cosmere Collection,[12] an anthology of Cosmere short fiction, on November 22, 2016.[13]
On March 16, 2017, Tor Books revealed the cover art for Oathbringer, painted by Michael Whelan.[14] It shows Jasnah Kholin defending a city against an invasion. She reaches for a Shardblade while simultaneously soulcasting a large hole in the city wall made by a thunderclast.[2] Three days later, Tor posted a blog post that discussed details of the cover and how it may relate to the book's plot.[15] On July 14, 2017, Sanderson revealed the UK cover of Oathbringer on Twitter.[16]
On August 2, 2017, Tor Books revealed the dates and locations for the Oathbringer book tour.[17] Tor.com released the prologue on August 22 and will subsequently release the first 32 chapters, three weekly, from August 29 up to the release day for free on its website.[18][19]
Plot[edit]
Dalinar Kholin's Alethi armies won a fleeting victory at a terrible cost: The enemy Parshendi summoned the violent Everstorm, which now sweeps the world with destruction, and in its passing awakens the once peaceful and subservient parshmen to the horror of their millennia-long enslavement by humans. While on a desperate flight to warn his family of the threat, Kaladin Stormblessed must come to grips with the fact that the newly kindled anger of the parshmen may be wholly justified.
Nestled in the mountains high above the storms, in the tower city of Urithiru, Shallan Davar investigates the wonders of the ancient stronghold of the Knights Radiant and unearths dark secrets lurking in its depths. And Dalinar realizes that his holy mission to unite his homeland of Alethkar was too narrow in scope. Unless all the nations of Roshar can put aside Dalinar's blood-soaked past and stand together―and unless Dalinar himself can confront that past―even the restoration of the Knights Radiant will not prevent the end of civilization.
Audiobook[edit]
An audiobook version of the book is expected to be released on the same day as the hardcover version,[3] and is read by narrator team Michael Kramer and Kate Reading, who also read The Way of Kings and Words of Radiance, and several other books written by Sanderson.[4]
Sequel[edit]
The fourth book in The Stormlight Archive series is planned to be released in 2020 with the focus on Eshonai.[12][20] It takes place a year after the events of Oathbringer.[21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Brandon Sanderson Has Completed the First Draft of Oathbringer, Book 3 of The Stormlight Archive". Tor.com. December 9, 2016. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Revealing the Cover to Oathbringer, the Third Book in Brandon Sanderson's Stormlight Archive". Tor.com. March 16, 2017. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sanderson, Brandon (June 15, 2017). "[Oathbringer Spoilers]: Stormlight Three Update #8". Reddit. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Brandon Sanderson; Michael Kramer; Kate Reading. Words of Radiance (Stormlight Archive, The). Amazon.com. ISBN 9781427233073. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (June 16, 2015). "@_Christopher171 "Stones Unhallowed" was one, as was "Skybreaker." I didn't like either, as they sounded too much like other book titles". Twitter. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (June 16, 2015). "I've had a lot of working titles for this book, but "Oathbringer" is the most appealing to me right now, for multiple reasons". Twitter. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (January 19, 2016). "[Oathbringer Spoilers]: Stormlight Three Update #2". Reddit. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (November 18, 2016). "[Oathbringer Spoilers]: Stormlight Three Update #5". Reddit. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (March 15, 2017). "[Oathbringer Spoilers]: Stormlight Three Update #7". Reddit. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Arneson, Alice (June 27, 2017). "Unity of Purpose: The Oathbringer Beta Story". Tor.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ahlstrom, Peter (September 27, 2017). "Has it been announced how Oathbringer is going to be published?". Reddit. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanderson, Brandon (December 19, 2016). "State of the Sanderson 2016". brandonsanderson.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Announcing Brandon Sanderson's Arcanum Unbounded, Coming November 2016". Tor.com. June 21, 2016. Archived from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (March 16, 2017). "Look what goes into making a Michael Whelan book cover". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stubby the Rocket (March 20, 2017). "Answering the Questions Posed by That Oathbringer Cover". Tor.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (July 14, 2017). "Without further delay, the UK cover reveal for Oathbringer. You can preorder using the link below". Twitter. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Check Out Brandon Sanderson's Tour Dates for Oathbringer, Book 3 of The Stormlight Archive". Tor.com. August 2, 2017. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Read Brandon Sanderson's Oathbringer, Stormlight Archive Book 3, for Free on Tor.com!". Tor.com. August 15, 2017. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Manwaring, Kurt (October 23, 2017). "Read chapters of Brandon Sanderson's latest novel online for free". Deseret News. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (August 13, 2017). "[WoR] Enjoyed the book until the end". Reddit. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Brandon (April 28, 2017). "IAM(once again)A novelist named Brandon Sanderson. AMA!". Reddit. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
External links[edit]
Oathbringer on Brandon Sanderson's official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Works by Brandon Sanderson
Alcatraz series
Alcatraz Versus the Evil Librarians (2007)
Alcatraz Versus the Scrivener's Bones (2008)
Alcatraz Versus the Knights of Crystallia (2009)
Alcatraz Versus the Shattered Lens (2010)
Alcatraz Versus the Dark Talent (2016)
Cosmere
Elantris
Elantris (2005)
The Hope of Elantris (short story, 2006)
The Emperor's Soul (novella, 2012)
First of the Sun series
Sixth of the Dusk (2014)
Mistborn series
Original trilogy
Mistborn: The Final Empire (2006)
Mistborn: The Well of Ascension (2007)
Mistborn: The Hero of Ages (2008)
Wax and Wayne series
Mistborn: The Alloy of Law (2011)
Mistborn: Shadows of Self (2015)
Mistborn: The Bands of Mourning (2016)
Mistborn: The Lost Metal (forthcoming 2019)
Other works
Mistborn: Secret History (2016)
Games
Mistborn Adventure Game (2012)
Mistborn: Birthright (cancelled)
The Stormlight Archive
The Way of Kings (2010)
Words of Radiance (2014)
Edgedancer (novella, 2016)
Oathbringer (forthcoming 2017)
Threnody series
Shadows for Silence in the Forests of Hell (2013)
Warbreaker series
Warbreaker (2009)
Nightblood (TBA)
White Sand series
White Sand: Volume 1 (2016)
White Sand: Volume 2 (forthcoming 2017)
Collections
Arcanum Unbounded (2016)
Infinity Blade novellas
Infinity Blade: Awakening (2011)
Infinity Blade: Redemption (2013)
Legion series
Legion (novella, 2012)
Legion: Skin Deep (2014)
The Reckoners
Steelheart (2013)
Mitosis (novella, 2013)
Firefight (2015)
Calamity (2016)
Rithmatist series
The Rithmatist (2013)
The Aztlanian (TBA)
The Wheel of Time
The Gathering Storm (2009)
Towers of Midnight (2010)
A Memory of Light (2013)
River of Souls (short story, 2013)
Other short works
Firstborn (2008)
Defending Elysium (2008)
Dreamer (2014)
Perfect State (2015)
Snapshot (2017)
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Kabaddi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the circle style kabaddi, see Punjabi kabaddi.
contact sport originated in Indian subcontinent
Kabaddi
Highest governing body
International Kabaddi Federation
Nicknames
Kaudi, Pakaada, Hadudu, Bhavatik, Saadukuda, Hu-Tu-Tu, Himoshika, sadugudu
Clubs
Bengal Warriors, Puneri Paltan, Telegu Titans;Bengaluru Bulls, Dabang Delhi, Jaipur Pink Panthers, Patna Pirates, U MUmba, Haryana Steelers, UP Yoddha, Tamil Thalaivas, Gujrat Fortune Giants
Characteristics
Contact
Permitted
Team members
7 (per side)
Mixed gender
Yes, separate competitions
Type
Team sport, Contact sport
Equipment
None
Venue
Kabaddi court
Presence
Country or region
Indian Subcontinent
Olympic
Demonstration sport : 1936 Olympics
Kabaddi (Tamil : "கபடி") is a contact team sport originating from ancient Tamil Nadu, India.[1] The game is said to have had its inception in Ancient India where it was played all over in different forms.[2] In ancient period this game called as Kai-Pidi (in Tamil language) after a years the name tell as kabaddi which spreads over. It is state game of Tamil nadu. kabaddi is most popular game in Punjab and Tamil nadu as it was part of their martial traditions.[3] It is popular in the Indian subcontinent and is the state game of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, Haryana, Maharashtra, Punjab, Telangana, Tamil Nadu[4] and is the national sport of Bangladesh.[5]
Kabaddi is played between two teams of seven players. The objective of the game is for a single player on offence, referred to as a "raider", to run into the opposing team's half of a court, tag out as many of their defenders as possible, and return to their own half of the court, all without being tackled by the defenders. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are tagged or tackled, but can be "revived" for each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle.
The game is known by its regional names in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, such as, kabaddi or chedugudu in Andhra Pradesh, kabaddi in Karnataka, Kerala and Telangana, hadudu in Bangladesh, bhavatik in Maldives, kauddi or kabaddi in the Punjab region, hu-tu-tu in Western India, hu-do-do in Eastern India, chadakudu in South India, kapardi in Nepal and kabaddi or sadugudu in Tamil Nadu.
Contents
1 History
2 Variation
2.1 Standard style
2.2 Circle Style
3 International competitions
3.1 Kabaddi World Cup
3.2 Asian Games
3.3 Pro Kabaddi League
3.4 Neo Kabaddi League
3.5 Super Kabaddi League
3.6 Women’s Kabaddi Challenge
3.7 Asian Kabaddi Championship
3.8 Kabaddi Masters
4 Popularity
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Kabaddi originated in ancient India(state of Tamil Nadu).[6] Kabaddi received international exposure at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, demonstrated by India. The game was introduced in the Indian National Games at Kolkata (Calcutta)in 1938. In 1950, the All India Kabaddi Federation (AIKF) came into existence and framed some official rules for the game, laying the foundations for the modern rules and regulations governing international competitions today. Kabaddi was introduced and popularised in Japan in 1979 by Sundar Ram, an Indian who toured Japan on behalf of the Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation for two months to introduce the game there. In 1979, matches between Bangladesh and India were held across India. The first Asian Kabaddi Championship was held in 1980 and India emerged as champion, beating Bangladesh in the final. The other countries who had participated in the tournament were Nepal, Malaysia, and Japan. The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games at Beijing in 1990, where seven teams took part. It is being played now throughout the world.
Variation[edit]
Standard style[edit]
The kabaddi court
In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a court of 10 by 13 metres (33 ft × 43 ft) in case of men and 8 by 12 metres (26 ft × 39 ft) in case of women. Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20-minute halves, with a 5-minute half break in which the teams exchange sides. During each play, known as a "raid", a player from the attacking side, known as the "raider", runs into the opposing team's side of the court and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. For a raid to be eligible for points, the raider must cross the baulk line in the defending team's territory, and return to their half of the field without being tackled. Whilst doing so, the raider must also loudly chant the word "kabaddi", confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single breath without inhaling. A 30-second shot clock is also enforced on each raid.
A point is scored for each defender tagged. If the raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in the defending team's territory, they earn an additional point. If the raider is successfully stopped, the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged are taken out of the game, but one is "revived" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle (bonus points do not revive players). Players who step out of the boundary or lobbies are also out. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an "empty raid". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a "super raid". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once ("All Out"), they earn three additional points, and the players are placed back in the game.
Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi League; if a team has two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point on their next raid or else they will be out ("do-or-die raid"). Additionally, when a defending team has fewer than four players left on the field, tackles are worth 2 points ("super tackle").[7][8][9][10]
Circle Style[edit]
Circle Kabaddi
There are four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out. The game is played over 40 min with a 5 min break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent’s side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent’s side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule. But, a player who is declared out doesn’t leave the court, but instead stays inside, and the play goes along. For every player of the opposition touched “out”, a team earns a point.[11] Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres (72 ft).[12]
International competitions[edit]
The following competitions are played in standard format, for that of circle style kabaddi, see Punjabi kabaddi.
Kabaddi World Cup[edit]
Main article: Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)
The standard style Kabaddi World Cup is an outdoor international kabaddi competition conducted by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF), contested by men’s and women’s national teams. The competition has been previously contested in 2004, 2007 and 2016. All the tournaments have been won by India. India defeated Iran by 38-29 in the final of the championship game to clinch the title of 2016.
Asian Games[edit]
Main article: Kabaddi at the Asian Games
Pictogram of kabaddi
Play media
(video) Kabaddi being played in Japan, 2015
Kabaddi has been played at the Asian Games since 1990. The Indian men's team won the first seven Gold medals with Iran clinching their first title in 2018. Similarly the first two women's competitions were won by India with the 2018 gold going to Iran.
Pro Kabaddi League[edit]
Main article: Pro Kabaddi
The Pro Kabaddi was established in 2014. The league modeled its business upon that of the Indian Premier League of Twenty20 cricket, with a large focus on marketing, the backing of local broadcaster Star Sports, and changes to the sport’s rules and its presentation to make it more suitable for a television audience.[13] The Pro Kabaddi League quickly became a ratings success on Indian television; the 2014 season was watched by at least 435 million viewers over the course of the season, and the inaugural championship match was seen by 86.4 million viewers.[14][15]
Neo Kabaddi League[edit]
Neo kabaddi league.org
Main article: Neo Kabaddi League
An Indian 1st Junior & 2nd Biggest professional Kabaddi tournament.
With the moto to develop rural sports of the country “Neo Kabaddi League” is all set to hold the event this year. NKL shall additionally, propel the reputation of the game, encourage the skilled players of the different states, making the game a popular one.
Super Kabaddi League[edit]
Main article: Super Kabaddi League
The Super Kabaddi League is a professional standard style kabaddi league in Pakistan. It was established in 2018, with 10 clubs based on city franchise structure. SKL boasts as being the second biggest kabaddi league in the world. Its first season was a resounding success.[16]
Women’s Kabaddi Challenge[edit]
Main article: Women's Kabaddi Challenge
Women’s Kabaddi Challenge is a Kabaddi league in India started like Pro Kabaddi League for women’s. Three teams took part in the inaugural season in 2016 and the league was played across seven cities in India.
The first season was played in 2016, from 28 June to 31 July and was broadcast by Star Sports in India. The final was scheduled along with men’s version on 31 July.
Final was conducted between Storm Queen and Fire Birds. Storm Queens produced a last-second turnaround to defeat Fire Birds 24-23 in the final.
A Kabaddi match at 2006 Asian Games.
Asian Kabaddi Championship[edit]
AKC's tenth season was played in Gorgan, Iran in 2017 in which India won 10th gold by defeating Pakistan in the finals.
Kabaddi Masters[edit]
The inaugural edition of the Kabaddi Masters was held in Dubai from 22 to 30 June 2018. It was the first Kabaddi tournament to be held in the UAE. It featured 6 teams. India won the tournament by defeating Iran in the final with a scoreline of 44-26.
Popularity[edit]
Red jersey team tackling the green jersey raider.
Kabaddi is a popular sport in India and Asia. The Kabaddi Federation of India (KFI) was founded in 1950, and it compiled a standard set of rules. The governing body for kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation. In Bangladesh, a variation of kabaddi called ha-du-du is popular. Ha-du-du has no definite rules and is played with different rules in different areas. Kabaddi is the National Game of Bangladesh and the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973. In Iran, the Community of Kabaddi was formed in 1996, in the same year they joined the Asian Kabaddi Federation and in 2001 they joined the International Kabaddi Federation. The Iran Amateur Kabaddi Federation was formed in 2004.
Kabaddi is one of the national sports of Nepal. Kabaddi is played and taught at a very early age in most primary schools beginning in the third grade or so in most Nepali schools. Kabaddi was also played by the British Army for fun, to keep fit and as an enticement to recruit soldiers from the British Asian community. Kabaddi was brought to the United Kingdom by Indian and Pakistani immigrants. The governing body for kabaddi in the United Kingdom is the England Kabaddi Federation UK.The game is known by its regional names in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, such as, kabaddi or chedugudu in Andhra Pradesh, kabaddi in Karnataka, Kerala and Telangana, hadudu in Bangladesh, bhavatik in Maldives, kauddi or kabaddi in the Punjab region, hu-tu-tu in Western India, hu-do-do in Eastern India, chadakudu in South India, kapardi in Nepal and kabaddi or saduguda in Tamil nadu.
In popular culture[edit]
Films depicting kabaddi
Kudumba Thalaivan (1962)
Little Buddha (1993)
Pardes (1997)
Hu Tu Tu (1999)
Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003)
Okkadu (2003)
Ghilli (2004)
Ajay (2006)
Kabaddi (2009)
Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu (2009)
Bheemli Kabadi Jattu (2010)
Chal Dhar Pakad (2010)
Kabaddi Ik Mohabbat (2010)
Kabaddi Once Again (2012)
Badlapur Boys (2014)
Tevar (2015)
Thoppil Joppan (2016)
Georgettan's Pooram (2017)
"bathhi kabaddi league "(2017)
Anime and manga depicting kabaddi
Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu (2003)
Gintama (2006)
Teekyu (2013)
Durarara!!×2 Shō (2015)
Chio's School Road (2016, manga; 2018, anime)
Uwagaki (2009)
Dramas depicting kabaddi
Bitter Sweet (2015)
Azhagiya Tamil Magal (2017)
"Varanasi kabbadi league "(2017)
Super Kabaddi League Pakistan (2017)
See also[edit]
Punjabi Kabaddi
Kabaddi in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi Orgin".
Jump up ^ "History of Kabaddi". Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI). Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Bhendigiri, Ramesh. "History of Kabaddi". Dr. Ramesh Bhendigiri. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "A tale of kabaddi, Bangladesh's national sport". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Faroqi, Gofran (2012). "Kabadi". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Ha-du-du was given the name kabadi and the status of National Game in 1972.
Jump up ^ "Definition of 'kabaddi'". Retrieved 13 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rules of Kabaddi". International Amateur Kabaddi Federation (IAKF). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi World Cup 2016: A handy guide to the format, rules and how the sport works". Firstpost. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi 101: Raid, defend, revive, repeat". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Everything you need to know about Kabaddi". The Indian Express. 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi In India: Origins, success and current pitiable state". Sportskeeda.com. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kissa 2 Kabaddi da. Sarwan Singh Sangam Publications. ISBN 93-83654-65-1.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment". BBC News. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pro Kabaddi league viewership second only to IPL". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Simple, visceral, fun: why the ancient sport of kabaddi is enjoying a resurgence". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.geo.tv/latest/194785-faisalabad-sherdils-face-gujrat-warriors-in-super-kabaddi-league-final
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kabaddi.
- World
International Kabaddi Federation official website
Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation official website[1]
Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) official website
A Game Called Kabbadi – slideshow by The New York Times
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NDL: 00577468
Jump up ^ Kabbadi, Shreyash Khade (2018). Kabbadi. Ner: Khade opp. p. 3.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabaddi&oldid=865684292"
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Punjabi Kabaddi

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India national kabaddi team

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Pakistani immigrant

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Kbachkun Dambong-Veng

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Thaing (Burmese)

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values: كابادي – Arabic

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Kabaddi – Asturian
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Kabaddi – Azerbaijani
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Kabaddi – Catalan
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Kabaddi – German
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Kabaddi – Spanish
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Kabaddi – Indonesian
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Kabaddi – Italian
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Kabaddi – Dutch
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Kabaddi – Norwegian
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Kabaddi – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Kabaddi – Portuguese
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Kabaddi – Scots
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Kabaddi – Slovak
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Kabaddi – Finnish
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Kabaddi – Swedish
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சடுகுடு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: కబడ్డీ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kabaddi rootpage-Kabaddi skin-vector action-view