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Arenal Volcano
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Arenal
Highest point
Elevation
1,670 m (5,480 ft) [1]
Coordinates
10°27′48″N 84°42′12″W / 10.46333°N 84.70333°W / 10.46333; -84.70333Coordinates: 10°27′48″N 84°42′12″W / 10.46333°N 84.70333°W / 10.46333; -84.70333
Geography
Arenal
Costa Rica
Location
Alajuela Province, Costa Rica
Geology
Age of rock
7,000 years old
Mountain type
Stratovolcano
Last eruption
1968 to 2010
Arenal in November 2006
Arenal Volcano (Spanish: Volcán Arenal) is an active andesitic stratovolcano in north-western Costa Rica around 90 km northwest of San José, in the province of Alajuela, canton of San Carlos, and district of La Fortuna. The Arenal volcano measures at least 1,633 metres (5,358 ft) high.[2] It is conically shaped with a crater 140 metres (460 ft) in diameter. Geologically, Arenal is considered a young volcano and it is estimated to be less than 7,500 years old.[1] It is also known as "Pan de Azúcar", "Canaste", "Volcan Costa Rica", "Volcan Río Frío" or "Guatusos Peak".[1]
The volcano was dormant for hundreds of years and exhibited a single crater at its summit, with minor fumaroles activity, covered by dense vegetation. In 1968 it erupted unexpectedly, destroying the small town of Tabacón. Due to the eruption three more craters were created on the western flanks but only one of them still exists today. Since 2010, Arenal has been dormant.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geographic setting and description
2 Geologic history
2.1 July 29, 1968
2.2 June 1975
2.3 June 1984
2.4 August 1993
2.5 March 1994
2.6 March 1996
2.7 May 5, 1998
2.8 May 7, 1998
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Geographic setting and description[edit]
Arenal is one of seven historically active Costa Rican volcanoes along with Poás, Irazú, Miravalles, Orosí, Rincón de la Vieja complex, and Turrialba. It was Costa Rica's most active volcano until 2010, and one of the ten most active volcanoes in the world. It has been studied by seismologists for many years.
The volcano is located at the center of Arenal Volcano National Park in the northern zone of the country, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southwest of the La Fortuna district in San Carlos (canton), Costa Rica.[5]
Arenal Volcano area is an important watershed for the Arenal Lake Reservoir. The reservoir's water is used for hydroelectric power. It is also connected to the national system.[6]
Arenal has several eruptive vents.[7] Chato is a dormant stratovolcanic cone. It is believed Chato first erupted 38,000 years ago during the Pleistocene period and last erupted about 3,500 years ago.[1] Chatito 10°26′17″N 84°41′13″W / 10.438°N 84.687°W / 10.438; -84.687 (Chatito volcano) is a lava dome with an elevation of 1,100 metres (3,609 ft). Espina is another lava dome.[1]
Arenal Volcano with Lake Arenal on the left.
Geologic history[edit]
Arenal is the youngest and most active of all the volcanoes in Costa Rica. Scientists have been able to date its activity back to more than 7000 years ago. The area remained largely unexplored until 1937, when a documented expedition took place to reach the summit.[8] It has been considered eruptive since 1968.[1]
July 29, 1968[edit]
Arenal in 2014, viewed from the old 1968 lava flow.
On Monday, July 29, 1968 at 7:30 AM, the Arenal Volcano suddenly and violently erupted. The eruptions continued unabated for several days, burying over 15 square kilometers under rocks, lava and ash. When it was finally over, the eruptions had killed 87 people and buried 3 small villages – Tabacón, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luís – and affected more than 232 square kilometers of land. Crops were spoiled, property was ruined, and large amounts of livestock were killed.[9]
At the height of its ferocious activity, the volcano flung giant rocks – some weighing several tons – more than a kilometer away at a rate of 600 meters per second. These explosions would go on to form three new active craters.
As the three towns were destroyed on the western side of the volcano, a town by the name of El Borio on the east side was untouched and unharmed . It is a popular myth that after the volcano ceased to erupt, El Borio was renamed La Fortuna, which means "the fortunate", referring to its luckiness that the volcano erupted to the west and not the east. However, the town was renamed La Fortuna by its residents before the 1968 eruption. La Fortuna means "The Fortune", and refers to the flat, fertile lands in the area, which are unlike the rough, mountainous terrain which surrounds most of the Arenal volcano. If the town had been renamed "The Fortunate", it would have been called "El Afortunado."
June 1975[edit]
Between the 17th and the 21st of June 1975 several avalanches went down from one of the craters. The vegetation along Tabacon River was destroyed and a great amount of material was deposited on the riverbed. Four strong explosions also blew large amounts of ash into the sky. The ash was spread within a distance of 26 kilometers (16 mi).
June 1984[edit]
After a period of high effusive activity of intermittent lava flows, a new explosive phase began with 3 to 20 explosions per day of low to moderate magnitude. These explosions of steam, water, gases and ash reached altitudes of up to 5 kilometers where winds again carried the material across the Arenal reservoir (Lake Arenal) and over the town of Tilarán.
August 1993[edit]
A northwest wall of one of the craters collapsed and generated several pyroclastic flows. The collapsed crater wall was shaped as a V, about 60 meters deep and 100 meters wide. In this V-shaped crater the lava started to flow again.
March 1994[edit]
Flows started to fill the U-shaped crater and deposited materials around the crater.
March 1996[edit]
At this time the volcano started to produce regular lava flows, accompanied by intermittent explosions of gases. This was the regular activity of the volcano until May 5, 1998.
May 5, 1998[edit]
The Arenal Volcano experienced a series of large eruptions on Tuesday afternoon, May 5, 1998. The first ratchet eruption was recorded at 1:05 p.m. when part of the northwest wall of the crater fell apart. Large amounts of lava, rocks and ash flew out of the volcano during this explosion. Another eruption took place at 2:20 p.m. with material emerging from the same part of the volcano.
A specialist from the Costa Rica Volcanic and Seismic Observatory explained that the eruptions are nothing unusual for the volcano. Nevertheless, during this occasion the amount of lava within the crater was significantly greater than normal and therefore more material was poured out. This time a landslide (avalanche) took place, too, as a part of the crater wall fell apart on the northwest side. The phenomenon occurs sporadically, although this time the consequences were greater than usual.
As a normal precaution, authorities declared a red alert, closed the road between La Fortuna and Tilarán, which runs around the north side of the volcano, and evacuated approximately 450 people (mostly tourists) from the immediate area, including several hotels and tourism oriented businesses. There were no reports of injuries caused by the volcanic activity.
At 5:20 p.m. on Tuesday the volcano was still discharging material, but activity had decreased significantly.
May 7, 1998[edit]
The eruptions of May 7, 1998 damaged two square kilometers and destroyed a 400 by 100 meter area of green forest in the vicinity of Arenal Volcano. A fissure, 500 meters long and 10 meters deep, was opened up in the wall of the crater and all the material slid down the side of the volcano.
During this day 23 eruptions were reported, between 1:05 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., and thereafter the volcano returned to its normal state. Authorities reported no unusual behavior and the national park was reopened the same week. Local seismologists investigate the activity of the volcano and park rangers continue to vigorously enforce the safety perimeter.
See also[edit]
List of volcanoes in Costa Rica
Lake Arenal
Arenal Volcano National Park
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Arenal". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Arenal" (in Spanish). Costa Rican Vulcanologic and Seismologic Observatory. Archived from the original on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Arenal Volcano". crtraveling.com. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Arenal Volcano". crtraveling.com. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Arenal Volcano Costa Rica overview". Arenal.net. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Lake Arenal Dam - Costa Rica". Arenal.net. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Arenal | Volcano World | Oregon State University". Volcano.oregonstate.edu. 1968-07-29. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica. Recent Eruption & Activity 2012, 2010". Costarica21.com. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Arenal Volcano 1968 eruption". Arenal.net. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arenal Volcano.
MTU Volcanoes Page: Arenal
Updated (and detailed) information and images about Arenal and its recent activity
Most recent pictures of Arenal eruptions
Jorque Barquero's Personal Account of the 1968 Eruption
Fortuna (Costa Rica) travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
North American release poster
Directed by
Steve Barron
Produced by
Simon Fields
David Chan
Kim Dawson
Screenplay by
Todd W. Langen
Bobby Herbeck
Story by
Bobby Herbeck
Based on
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
by Kevin Eastman
Peter Laird
Starring
Judith Hoag
Elias Koteas
Music by
John Du Prez
Cinematography
John Fenner
Edited by
William D. Gordean
Sally Menke
James R. Symons
Production
companies
Golden Harvest
Limelight Entertainment
888 Productions
Mirage Enterprises
Northshore Investments
Distributed by
New Line Cinema[1]
Release date
March 30, 1990 (1990-03-30)
Running time
93 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$13.5 million[2]
Box office
$202 million
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 1990 American superhero action comedy film directed by Steve Barron, based on the comic book characters of the same name. Released on March 30, 1990, the film presents the origin story of Splinter and the Turtles, their meeting April O'Neil and Casey Jones, and their first confrontation with Shredder and his Foot Clan. It stars Judith Hoag, Elias Koteas, and the voices of Brian Tochi, Robbie Rist, Corey Feldman, and Josh Pais as the four title characters. The turtle costumes were developed by Jim Henson's Creature Shop, and was one of the last projects that Henson was involved in prior to his death.
When the New York City Police Department is unable to stop a severe crime wave caused by the Foot Clan, four mutated turtles — Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello and Raphael — come forth to save the city. Under the leadership of mutated rat, Splinter, and together with their new-found allies April O'Neil and Casey Jones, they fight back and take the battle to The Shredder. The film kept very close to the dark feel of the original comics, and is a direct adaptation of the comic book storyline involving the defeat of Shredder, with several elements also taken from the 1987 TV series that was airing at the time, such as April being a news reporter, and the turtles having different-colored masks, as opposed to the uniform red masks of the comic.
The film became the highest-grossing independent film of all time,[3] the ninth-highest-grossing film worldwide of 1990, and the most successful film in the series until the 2014 reboot. It was followed by two sequels, The Secret of the Ooze in 1991 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III in 1993.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Live-action actors
2.2 Voice cast
2.3 Puppeteers
3 Production
4 Marketing
5 Alternate versions
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
7 Home release
8 Soundtrack
9 Legacy
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
As a crime wave rises in New York City, news reporter April O'Neil covers the mysterious Foot Clan, a gang of ninjas plaguing the city. April's coverage gains the attention of the Shredder, leader of the Foot, who orders her silenced. She is attacked by the Foot in a subway and knocked unconscious. Raphael (who has been following April to retrieve a sai he had lost in a previous battle) emerges from the shadows and easily fights off the Foot. He carries April back to the Turtles' hideout, unaware that one of the Foot is following him. Splinter then recounts to an astonished April their origins: once ordinary animals living in the sewer, they were mutated into intelligent, human-sized creatures by a discarded canister of toxic waste. The Turtles escort April back home. Upon their return to the sewers, the Turtles find their home ransacked and Splinter kidnapped. With nowhere else to go, the four distraught Turtles return to April's apartment and spend the night there.
Meanwhile, the Foot Clan continues to grow, incorporating a number of delinquent teens into their ranks. One of these teens is Danny Pennington, the son of April's supervisor Charles Pennington, who is arrested for robbery. After bailing Danny out of jail, Charles stops by April's apartment, where Danny incidentally catches a glimpse of one of the Turtles in hiding. He then reports back to Shredder, who has been searching for the Turtles.
At April's apartment, Leo and Raph get into a heated argument. Raph goes to the roof, where the Foot ambush him. Comatose, he's thrown through April's skylight, and the Turtles scramble to defend themselves from the Foot. Things look bleak until the arrival of Casey Jones, who helps them fight off the remaining Foot warriors. However, the building catches fire during the melee, and the Turtles are forced to retreat.
They retreat to a farm that belongs to April's family, and Casey informs her that she was fired from her job after hearing an answering machine message shortly before the escape. Raph eventually recovers from his coma, and the Turtles train together vigorously while April and Casey fall in love. At one point, Leo manages to make contact with Splinter through meditation, and after the Turtles witness him in a shared vision, they decide to return to New York to find and rescue him.
Despite being a member of the Foot Clan, Danny has secretly been taking counsel from Splinter, who shares with him the story of his master Hamato Yoshi's murder by a rival ninja named Oroku Saki. Splinter explains that during the struggle, Splinter's cage was broken and he lunged at Saki's face, clawing and biting him in vengeance for his master. Saki, bleeding and enraged, sliced off part of his ear with a katana. When Danny learns Shredder intends to have Splinter killed, he and Casey set him free from captivity.
Although the Foot were set to ambush the Turtles in the sewers upon their return, the Turtles manage to turn the tables on them. The fight escalates into the streets above and eventually onto a rooftop, where the Turtles finally face off against Shredder, but prove to be no match for him. Leo eventually scores a hit with his ninjato, but is ultimately disarmed and pinned to the ground. Before Shredder can finish Leo off, Splinter appears and challenges him to a fight. Splinter names Shredder as Oroku Saki, and Saki removes his mask and touches his scar, remembering how Splinter gave it to him. Saki then charges Splinter who, using Michelangelo's nunchaku, ensnares the Shredder's yari, leaving him to dangle precariously over the roof's edge. Shredder throws a tanto from his belt, but when Splinter reaches up to catch it, his grip is released and Saki falls into the back of a garbage truck. Casey pulls the lever to activate the compactor, crushing the Shredder. As the police arrive on the scene, the teens inform them on where all the stolen goods can be found. Reunited with Splinter, the Turtles watch as April and Casey share a kiss.
Cast[edit]
Live-action actors[edit]
Judith Hoag as April O'Neil, a reporter for Channel 3 News
Elias Koteas as Casey Jones, a street-wise vigilante and former ice hockey player who becomes an ally of the Turtles
Michael Turney as Danny Pennington, Charles's teenage son and a member of The Foot
Jay Patterson as Charles Pennington, April's boss
Raymond Serra as Chief Sterns, the Police Chief of New York City
James Saito as Oroku Saki / The Shredder, the founder of a network of runaways-turned-thieves and the main antagonist of the film.
Toshishiro Obata as Tatsu, Shredder's second-in-command
Sam Rockwell as Head Thug
Skeet Ulrich and Scott Wolf appear, uncredited, as members of the Foot.
Voice cast[edit]
Josh Pais as Raphael, the rebellious and angry Turtle[3]
Robbie Rist as Michelangelo, the fun-loving, party Turtle
Brian Tochi as Leonardo, the leader of the Turtles and the closest to Splinter
Corey Feldman as Donatello, the brains of the Turtles[3]
Kevin Clash as Splinter, the Turtles' master.
David McCharen as Oroku Saki / The Shredder
Michael McConnohie as Tatsu
Puppeteers[edit]
David Greenaway as Raphael (facial assistant)
Josh Pais as Raphael (in-suit performer)
Mak Wilson as Michelangelo (facial assistant)
Michelan Sisti as Michaelangelo (in-suit performer)
David Rudman as Donatello (facial assistant)
Leif Tilden as Donatello (in-suit performer)
Ernie Reyes, Jr. as Donatello in-suit martial arts stunt double
Martin P. Robinson as Leonardo (facial assistant)
David Forman as Leonardo (in-suit performer)
Kevin Clash as Splinter (puppeteer)
Rickey Boyd as Splinter (facial assistant)
Robert Tygner as Splinter (assistant puppeteer)
NOTE: All four actors who played the in-suit Turtles also appeared in cameos as minor characters, with David Forman (Leonardo) as a gang member, Michelan Sisti (Michaelangelo) as a pizza delivery man, Leif Tilden (Donatello) as a messenger of The Foot and Josh Pais (Raphael) as a passenger in a taxi. Pais was the only actor to portray a Turtle on screen and provide his voice.
Production[edit]
Jim Henson on set with the suit actors. The film was released less than two months before Henson's death.
The film's budget was $13.5 million.[2] Much of the production took place in North Carolina, with a couple of location shoots in New York City during the summer of 1989 to capture famous landmark areas, such as Times Square, the Empire State Building, and the Hudson River.[3] Filming in North Carolina took place at the North Carolina Film Studios, where New York rooftop sets were created. Production designer Roy Forge Smith and his art director, Gary Wissner, went to New York City four months prior to filming and took still photographs of rooftops and other various locations. While in NYC, Smith and Wissner were allowed to explore an abandoned Brooklyn subway line, as they could not gain access to a city sewer, but the structure of the subway had the same principle as a sewer. They also went to a water tunnel which had large pipes running through it.[4]
After design sketches were created, the construction team used the studios' backlot to create some of the sets. There were problems with the manholes that led to the Turtles' home, in that an eight-foot square room had to be constructed beneath them, but found water at about five-feet, and thus had to pour concrete into the underground rooms to keep the water out. In order to make the sewer authentic, a tide-mark was given, and it was covered with brick, plaster and stucco paint to give the walls a realistic look. The Turtles themselves were created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop in London.[3] Jim Henson said that the creatures were the most advanced that he had ever worked with. The creatures were first made out of fiberglass, and then remolded out of clay.[5] They were produced as molds to cast the whole body in foam rubber latex. The work at the Shop was completed within 18 weeks.[4]
Many major studios, such as Walt Disney Pictures, Columbia Pictures, MGM/UA, Orion Pictures, Paramount (whose parent company Viacom would acquire the TMNT property in 2009), and Warner Bros. turned down the film for distribution; they were worried that despite the popularity of the cartoon and the toy line, the film could potentially be a box office disappointment, like Masters of the Universe was just a couple years prior.[3] The film finally found distribution roughly halfway through the initial production, via the then small and independent production company New Line Cinema, which at that point had been known for distributing low budget B movies and arthouse fare.[3]
Marketing[edit]
Live Entertainment Inc. announced that the film would go to VHS via its Family Home Entertainment label on October 4,[citation needed] 1990. The suggested price was $24.99 per cassette. Pizza Hut engaged in a $20 million marketing campaign tied into the film (despite the fact that Domino's Pizza was used as product placement in the film itself). Items included advertising in print, radio and television, and several rebate coupons.[6]
Alternate versions[edit]
The UK version removed Eastern fighting weapons like the nunchaku, using alternate shots of Michaelangelo in order to conceal his nunchaku weapon, or omitting the show-off duel between Michaelangelo and a member of the Foot clan. Also, the scene of Shredder in the garbage shred was heavily edited and the Turtle Power song was edited to change the word 'ninja' to 'hero' as per the UK TV series. The unedited version was released on DVD in 2004 in the UK.[7]
The German theatrical voice-dubbed version is identical to the UK version, i.e. it omits the usage of the nunchaku. Furthermore, the German dubbing audio track contains several "cartoon-like" sounds in order to soften the violence of the fight scenes. Although the German dub of the film was released with unedited pictures on DVD, the German dub audio version with the "funny noises" was still kept, because they were permanently merged into the German voice-dubbing audio.
Reception[edit]
On the film's initial release, Owen Gleiberman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the movie an F rating, finding that none of the four turtles or Splinter had any personality, and felt that a young audience might enjoy the film, noting that the reviewer might have "gone for it too had I been raised on Nintendo games and the robotic animation that passes for entertainment on today's Saturday-morning TV."[8] Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that he found the characters reminiscent of the early '70s Godzilla film series, describing the turtles as "loveable monsters in baggy foam rubber suits" who "befriended lost children and smashed things up in orgies of destruction that somehow never hurt anyone,"[9] and that the Turtles "drop the occasional teenage buzzword but are never remotely convincing as teenagers, mutants, ninjas or turtles, leaving them stranded on the screen as big green Muppets with different coloured headbands."[9] Variety, the New York Times, and the Monthly Film Bulletin all noted the Asian villains of the film; Variety described "overtones of racism in its use of Oriental villains", while the Times' Janet Maslin stated "The story's villainous types are Asian, and the film plays the yellow-peril aspects of this to the hilt."[9][10][11] Newman noted a racist joke in April O'Neil's response to the Foot Clan, "What's the matter, did I fall behind on my Sony payments?", finding that the film expressed a "resentment of Japan's economic strength even while the film is plundering Japan's popular culture."[9] Roger Ebert commented that there is "no racism" in the film.[12]
Maslin of The New York Times criticized the cinematography, stating that it was so "poorly photographed that the red-masked turtle looks almost exactly like the orange-masked one."[10] Variety described the film as "visually rough around the edges... sometimes sluggish in its plotting"[11] Ebert stated that the "most interesting part of the film for a non-Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle fan is the production design", which he described as a "low-rent version of Batman or Metropolis."[12]
Both Gleiberman and Maslin praised the work of Jim Henson's Creature Shop, with Maslin stating "without which there would have been no film at all".[8][10] Variety praised the film's tongue-in-cheek humor and the "amusingly outlandish" martial arts sequences.[11] Ebert concluded that the film is "nowhere near as bad as it might have been, and probably is the best possible Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle movie. It supplies, in other words, more or less what Turtle fans will expect."[12]
The film has received a 40% rating on the rotten tomatoes rating aggregator website, making it the highest rated film in the series.[13]
Box office[edit]
The film opened in North America on March 30, 1990, coming in at #1 at the box office over the weekend, with more than $25 million.[14] The film turned out to be a huge success at the box office, eventually making over $135 million in North America, and over $66 million outside North America, for a worldwide total of over $200 million, making it the ninth highest-grossing film of 1990 worldwide.[2] The film was also nominated for awards by The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.[15]
Home release[edit]
In 1990, the film was released to VHS[16] and reached No. 4 in the home video market.[17] The film was released to DVD in Region 1 on September 3, 2002; it includes only minor special features, such as a trailer and interactive menus. The film was also released in the MiniDVD format.[citation needed]
On August 11, 2009, the film was included in a special 25th anniversary box set (25th anniversary of the original comic book, not the movie), released to both DVD and Blu-Ray formats. It also contained Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, and 2007's animated release, TMNT. No additional features, other than theatical trailers, were included.
In Germany, however, a "Special Edition" was released on March 12, 2010 with additional features, including an audio commentary by director Steve Barron, an alternate ending, and alternate takes from the original German release, where Michelangelo's nunchaku had been edited out.[18]
Warner Home Video released the film along with Secret of the Ooze and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III as part of a "Triple Feature" on Blu-ray in June 2012, minus the fourth film TMNT. Warner Home Video released the film separately on Blu-ray on December 18, 2012.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Legacy[edit]
Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office, several sequels were created. A year later, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters, and was a commercial success. In 1993, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters, to a smaller box office take. After a 14-year absence from theaters, a fourth film, TMNT, was released in 2007, though unlike the first three, this was a CGI animated film. Seven years later, a reboot, also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released in 2014, and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3, 2016.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Detail view of Movies Page". Afi.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2005)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles': Untold Story of the Movie "Every Studio in Hollywood" Rejected". The Hollywood Reporter. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "TMNT I". ninjaturtles.com. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Mock Turtle Suits". Entertainment Weekly. March 30, 1990. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ Pendleton, Jennifer. "RELEASE OF `NINJA TURTLES' WILL FUEL BUSY VIDEO-BUYING SEASON THIS FALL." Los Angeles Daily News at The Deseret News. July 22, 1990. Retrieved on September 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Movie (Comparison: BBFC PG VHS - BBFC PG DVD) - Movie-Censorship.com". movie-censorship.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Gleiberman, Owen (March 30, 1990). "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Newman, Kim (December 1990). "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Monthly Film Bulletin. London. LVII (683): 344–345.
^ Jump up to: a b c Maslin, Janet (March 30, 1990). "Review/Film; Nonstop Action in 'Mutant Ninja Turtles'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ebert, Roger (March 30, 1990). "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". rogerebert.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie, retrieved 2017-11-25
Jump up ^ Broeske, Pat H. (April 3, 1990). "Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film: Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Ninja Turtle Movie Honored by Sci-Fi Academy". The Los Angeles Times. March 8, 1990. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Worldcat. 1990. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Dennis (October 18, 1990). "Ninja Turtles Barrels Up Rental Chart". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Alternative Extended Ending". /Film. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Reboot Finally Gets An Official Title". Inquisitr.com. April 23, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
External links[edit]
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