text:
Nine-dart finish
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A nine-dart finish is a perfect leg in the sport of darts, using only nine darts, the fewest possible, to check out from 501. It is notoriously difficult to achieve, even by the game's top professionals. It is considered to be the highest single-game achievement in the sport, similar to a maximum 147 break in snooker or a 300-point game in bowling.
Contents
[hide]
1 Methods of achievement
2 First televised nine-darter
3 World Championship nine-darters
4 Most prolific nine-darters
5 List of televised nine-darters
6 Televised nine-darters by player
7 Televised nine-darters by year
8 Televised nine-darters by tournament
9 Nine-dart-finish prize money
10 Women's nine-darters
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
Methods of achievement[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: Darts § Scoring, and Darts § Games
This table shows all 3,944 possible paths for a nine-dart finish playing a 501 double-out dart leg.
A single game (known as a leg) of darts requires a player to score 501 points, ending with either the bullseye or a double. Each shot consists of exactly three darts and 60 is the maximum that can be scored with any one dart. Thus 180 is the maximum score of a shot, and nine throws are the minimum necessary to win.
Although many other combinations are possible, the traditional nine-dart finish requires a score of 60 (treble 20) with each of the first six throws, that is, with the first two shots of three. This leaves 141 to score on the final shot (of three darts), known as the outshot.
This outshot is traditionally performed in one of three ways:
treble 20 (60), treble 19 (57) and double 12 (24)
treble 20 (60), treble 15 (45) and double 18 (36)
treble 17 (51), treble 18 (54) and double 18 (36)
Another way is to score 167 with each set of three darts, scoring a perfect 501 total, in the following way:
treble 20 (60), treble 19 (57) and bullseye (50)
This eliminates the chance of any dart being deflected by an already thrown dart into the wrong scoring area by throwing each dart at a different location on the board. It is only usually seen in exhibition matches, as in tournaments, players are inclined to aim for the triple 20, only switching to the triple 19 for a cover shot.
Arguably the most difficult nine dart finish would be 180 (3xT20), 171 (3xT19), and 150 (3xBULL) – owing to the difficulty of getting all three darts in the bullseye: it is the smallest double on the board.
A nine dart finish is also attainable in games which require a double to commence scoring. In such games, throwing for double 20 first can lead to a maximum score of 160 with the first throw, leaving the thrower commonly requiring 180 then 161 (T20,T17,BULL) in their remaining six darts, though other outcomes are possible. It is worth noting that in these games, only throwing for double 20, double 17, or bullseye to start the leg can result in a nine dart finish.
The total number of different ways of achieving 501 with 9 darts is 3,944,[1] of which 2,296 finish with the BULL, 672 end on D20, 792 on D18, 56 end with D17, 120 finish on D15, and 8 end with D12.
First televised nine-darter[edit]
The first televised nine dart finish was achieved at the MFI World Matchplay on 13 October 1984 by John Lowe,[2] who used the third method (with the T17 first, then T18, D18) above as his outshot after scoring two maximum 180s. For this he received a prize of £102,000, and he went on to win the whole event. This nine dart finish was not broadcast live, nor was Paul Lim's nine dart finish at the 1990 Embassy World Championship. The first ever live broadcast nine dart finish was performed by Shaun Greatbatch against Steve Coote in the Final of the Dutch Open on 3 February 2002, while Phil Taylor achieved the first live nine-darter broadcast on British television during the 2002 World Matchplay.
World Championship nine-darters[edit]
The first player to manage the outshot in the World Championship was Paul Lim on 9 January 1990 against Jack McKenna.[3] He favoured the first method of those listed above for his outshot.[4] Lim won a £52,000 bonus for the feat, which was more than the eventual tournament winner Phil Taylor who received £24,000 for becoming World Champion.
Even with two versions of the World Championship in operation, Lim's achievement was not repeated for nearly 19 years until 2 January 2009, when Raymond van Barneveld became only the second person to achieve the feat and the first since the split in darts.[5] The finish came against Jelle Klaasen at the quarter-final stage of the 2009 PDC World Darts Championship at the Alexandra Palace, and he claimed a £20,000 bonus prize (having rolled over from three previous tournaments since Phil Taylor's nine-darter at the 2008 UK Open). On 28 December 2009 he repeated the feat at the 2010 PDC World Darts Championship during his second round clash with Brendan Dolan netting him a £25,000 prize.[6]
Adrian Lewis achieved a nine-dart finish in the third leg of the 2011 PDC World Darts Championship final against Gary Anderson, winning £10,000.[7]
On 23 December 2012 at the 2013 PDC World Darts Championship, Dean Winstanley hit a nine-dart finish in the third leg of the third set in his second round defeat to Vincent van der Voort.[8] Another nine-dart finish at this Championship was achieved by Michael van Gerwen in his semi-final victory over James Wade in the third leg of the fifth set. The leg after the nine-darter (the fourth leg of the fifth set) van Gerwen hit another eight perfect darts but missed the last dart at the double to achieve consecutive nine-dart finishes.[9] Both shared the £15,000 prize.
On 14 December 2013 at the 2014 PDC World Darts Championship, Terry Jenkins and Kyle Anderson both hit nine darters in their first round matches against Per Laursen and Ian White respectively. Unusually, both players lost their matches.[10]
On 30 December 2014 in the third round of the 2015 PDC World Darts Championship, Adrian Lewis hit his second World Championship nine-dart finish and his third overall. He lost the match 3–4 to Raymond van Barneveld.
On 2 January 2016 in the semi finals of the 2016 PDC World Darts Championship, Gary Anderson hit a nine-dart finish to defeat Jelle Klaasen 6–0 to reach his 3rd major final. He would then go on to defeat Adrian Lewis 7–5 in the final to retain his title and become only the 4th person to successfully retain his title after winning it for the first time.
Most prolific nine-darters[edit]
Phil Taylor has achieved this feat more than any other darts player on television,[11] having done so 11 times. The first came on 1 August 2002 during a quarter final tie against Chris Mason, at the 2002 PDC World Matchplay in Blackpool.[12] It was the first live-televised nine-dart finish on British television, and Taylor received £100,000. Despite having achieved the feat a record 11 times, Taylor has never hit a nine-darter in the World Championship.
The youngest player to throw a televised nine-darter is Michael van Gerwen, who hit the perfect leg in the semi-finals of the 2007 Masters of Darts tournament in the Netherlands. The event was screened live in the Netherlands. Van Gerwen was just 7003650700000000000♠17 years, 298 days old at the time. The Dutch youngster scored 174 (T20, T19, T19) and 180, then checked out 147 with T20, T17, D18. Van Gerwen's nine-darter was the first live televised nine-darter that did not start with two 180s. Van Gerwen has since gone on to hit 4 more televised nine-darters.
The 2007 International Darts League became the first televised tournament to witness two nine-darters when Phil Taylor's 9-dart finish against Raymond van Barneveld was matched the following day (May 9) by another perfect game from Tony O'Shea against Adrian Lewis.
In the Second Round of the 2008 Grand Slam of Darts in Wolverhampton, James Wade hit his first televised nine-dart-finish against Gary Anderson. The event was shown live on ITV4, making it the first time a nine-darter had been seen live on terrestrial, free-to-air television in the UK. Wade lost the match 10-8.
Mervyn King hit his first televised nine-dart finish in the 2009 South African Masters on September 2009 against James Wade — he became the first player to hit a televised nine-darter outside of Europe.[13]
On 24 May 2010, in the Premier League final against James Wade, Taylor made history by being the first player to ever hit two 9-dart finishes in a single match. These were his seventh and eighth nine-dart finishes.[14] On 10 February 2017, Michael van Gerwen became the second player to hit two 9-dart finishes in a match, in a 2017 UK Open qualification event against Ryan Murray.[15]
Brendan Dolan became the first player ever to hit a nine-darter in a game which required a double to commence scoring. He did this in the semi-final of the 2011 World Grand Prix against James Wade on 8 October 2011. He opened with double 20, before hitting successive treble 20s (160, 180) and then finished on 161 with T20, T17 and a bullseye.[16] He later changed his nickname to "The History Maker" to reflect his feat.
In October 2014 at the 2014 World Grand Prix, James Wade followed soon after by Robert Thornton became the first players to both hit a nine-darter in the same match. James Wade went on to win the match 3-2. Interestingly this tournament was double-to-start, meaning the 2nd and 3rd televised double-to-start nine-dart-finishes were hit in the same match. This also makes James Wade the only man ever to have hit a 'standard' nine-darter and a double-to-start nine-darter.
Currently over 200 professional darts players have achieved nine-dart finishes, both televised and untelevised. Prior to 2006 there had been around 10.[17]
List of televised nine-darters[edit]
As of 13 April 2017, 50 televised nine-darters have been achieved by 24 different men. Over thirty of those 50 hit two 180s and finished with a 141 check-out. Only 3 have been double-to-start.[18] English players have achieved a total of 31 nine-darters, ten have been achieved by Dutch players, three by Scottish players, two by Australians and one nine-darter has been achieved by players from Singapore, Canada, Northern Ireland and Belgium.
Date
Player
Tournament
Method
Prize
Referee
Commentator(s)
13 October 1984 John Lowe
against Keith Deller World Matchplay 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T17, T18, D18 £102,000 Freddie Williams Dave Lanning
9 January 1990 Paul Lim
against Jack McKenna BDO World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £52,000 Martin Fitzmaurice Tony Green
3 February 2002 Shaun Greatbatch
against Steve Coote Dutch Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T15, D18 Steve Nicolas Albert Manting
1 August 2002 Phil Taylor
against Chris Mason World Matchplay 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £100,000 Russ Bray Sid Waddell
Dave Lanning
5 June 2004 Phil Taylor
against Matt Chapman UK Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 501 bottles of Budweiser Bruce Spendley Stuart Pyke
John Gwynne
12 June 2005 Phil Taylor
against Roland Scholten UK Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 501 bottles of Budweiser Bruce Spendley Dave Lanning
John Gwynne
23 March 2006 Raymond van Barneveld[19]
against Peter Manley Premier League Darts 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Bruce Spendley Sid Waddell
John Gwynne
17 February 2007 Michael van Gerwen
against Raymond van Barneveld Masters of Darts T20, 2 x T19; 3 x T20; T20, T17, D18 €10,000[20] Russ Bray Leo Oldenburger
Jacques Nieuwlaat
[nb 1]
8 May 2007 Phil Taylor
against Raymond van Barneveld International Darts League 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Opel Tigra Twin Top Bruce Spendley Leo Oldenburger
Jacques Nieuwlaat
9 May 2007 Tony O'Shea
against Adrian Lewis 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Opel Tigra Twin Top Bruce Spendley Leo Oldenburger
Jacques Nieuwlaat
9 June 2007 Phil Taylor[21]
against Wes Newton UK Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £20,000 Russ Bray John Gwynne
Rod Harrington
17 November 2007 John Walton
against Martin Phillips World Masters 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £2,000[22] Nick Rolls Tony Green
David Croft
6 June 2008 Phil Taylor[23]
against Jamie Harvey UK Open 3 x T20; 2 x T20, T19; 2 x T20, D12 £25,000 Russ Bray Stuart Pyke
Sid Waddell
20 November 2008 James Wade
against Gary Anderson Grand Slam of Darts 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Bruce Spendley Stuart Pyke
Alan Warriner-Little
2 January 2009 Raymond van Barneveld[24]
against Jelle Klaasen PDC World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £20,000 George Noble Nigel Pearson
Sid Waddell
27 September 2009 Mervyn King
against James Wade South African Masters 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £10,000 Russ Bray John Gwynne
Rod Harrington
13 December 2009 Darryl Fitton
against Ross Montgomery Zuiderduin Masters 2 x T20, T19; 3 x T20; 2 x T20, D12 Rab Butler Jacques Nieuwlaat
28 December 2009 Raymond van Barneveld[25]
against Brendan Dolan PDC World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £25,000 George Noble Stuart Pyke
Rod Harrington
29 April 2010 Raymond van Barneveld[26]
against Terry Jenkins Premier League Darts 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Bruce Spendley John Gwynne
Rod Harrington
24 May 2010 Phil Taylor[27]
against James Wade T20, 2 x T19; 3 x T20; T20, T17, D18 George Noble Sid Waddell
Dave Lanning
24 May 2010 Phil Taylor[27]
against James Wade 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 George Noble Sid Waddell
Dave Lanning
5 June 2010 Mervyn King[28]
against Gary Anderson UK Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £5,000 George Noble John Gwynne
Rod Studd
17 July 2010 Raymond van Barneveld[29]
against Denis Ovens World Matchplay 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £5,000[30] Paul Hinks Sid Waddell
Stuart Pyke
3 January 2011 Adrian Lewis[31]
against Gary Anderson PDC World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £10,000[32] George Noble Depending on
2D or 3D[nb 2]
16 July 2011 John Part[33]
against Mark Webster World Matchplay 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £10,000 Paul Hinks Sid Waddell
Rod Harrington
31 July 2011 Adrian Lewis[34]
against Raymond van Barneveld European Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Paul Hinks Stuart Pyke
Chris Mason
8 October 2011 Brendan Dolan[35]
against James Wade World Grand Prix double-to-start
D20, 2 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T17, bullseye £5,000 George Noble John Gwynne
Rod Harrington
16 February 2012 Phil Taylor[36]
against Kevin Painter Premier League Darts 3 x T20; T20, 2 x T19; T20, T17, D18 Bruce Spendley Rod Studd
Wayne Mardle
17 May 2012 Simon Whitlock[37]
against Andy Hamilton 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T15, D18 George Noble John Gwynne
Rod Studd
8 June 2012 Gary Anderson[38]
against Davey Dodds UK Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £10,000 Russ Bray John Gwynne
Stuart Pyke
25 July 2012 Michael van Gerwen[39]
against Steve Beaton World Matchplay 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £2,500 George Noble John Gwynne
Rod Harrington
Andrew Flintoff
26 July 2012 Wes Newton[40]
against Justin Pipe 3 x T20; 2 x T20, T19; 2 x T20, D12 £2,500 Russ Bray John Gwynne
Stuart Pyke
23 December 2012 Dean Winstanley[41]
against Vincent van der Voort PDC World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £7,500 Bruce Spendley John Gwynne
Nigel Pearson
30 December 2012 Michael van Gerwen[42]
against James Wade 3 x T20; 2 x T20, T19; 2 x T20, D12 £7,500 Russ Bray John Gwynne
Stuart Pyke
14 December 2013 Terry Jenkins[43]
against Per Laursen PDC World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £15,000 Russ Bray Wayne Mardle
John Part
14 December 2013 Kyle Anderson[44]
against Ian White 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £15,000 Paul Hinks Stuart Pyke
Rod Studd
23 July 2014 Phil Taylor
against Michael Smith PDC World Matchplay 3 x T20; 2 x T20, T19; 2 x T20, D12 £10,000 Kirk Bevins Wayne Mardle
Stuart Pyke
8 October 2014 James Wade
against Robert Thornton PDC World Grand Prix double-to-start
D20, 2 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T17, bullseye £2,500 Paul Hinks Rod Studd
Stuart Pyke
8 October 2014 Robert Thornton
against James Wade double-to-start
D20, 2 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T17, bullseye £2,500 Paul Hinks Rod Studd
Stuart Pyke
26 October 2014 Michael van Gerwen
against Raymond van Barneveld European Championship 2 x T20, T19; 3 x T20; 2 x T20, D12 £5,000 Russ Bray Stuart Pyke
Alan Warriner-Little
14 November 2014 Kim Huybrechts
against Michael van Gerwen Grand Slam of Darts 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Kirk Bevins Wayne Mardle
Rod Studd
30 December 2014 Adrian Lewis
against Raymond van Barneveld PDC World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £10,000 George Noble David Croft
Wayne Mardle
1 February 2015 Darryl Fitton
against Martin Adams Dutch Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Škoda Fabia Nick Rolls Niels de Ruijter
22 August 2015 Phil Taylor
against Peter Wright Sydney Darts Masters 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 Russ Bray Stuart Pyke
Paul Nicholson
8 November 2015 Dave Chisnall
against Peter Wright Grand Slam of Darts 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £30,000 George Noble Rod Harrington
Rod Studd
2 January 2016 Gary Anderson
against Jelle Klaasen PDC World Championship 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £15,000 Paul Hinks Rod Studd
Wayne Mardle
5 March 2016 Michael van Gerwen
against Rob Cross UK Open 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £10,000 Russ Bray Stuart Pyke
Chris Mason
14 April 2016 Adrian Lewis
against James Wade Premier League Darts 3 x T20; 2 x T20, T19; 2 x T20, D12 Paul Hinks Rod Harrington
Rod Studd
25 November 2016 Alan Norris
against Michael Smith Players Championship Finals 3 x T20; 3 x T20; T20, T19, D12 £35,000 Huw Ware [nb 3]
13 April 2017 Adrian Lewis
against Raymond van Barneveld Premier League Darts 3 x T20; 3 x T20, T20, T19, D12 £15,000 Paul Hinks Stuart Pyke
Wayne Mardle
Televised nine-darters by player[edit]
The following table lists the number of nine-darters scored by players who have scored a televised nine-darter.
Rank
Player
Nine-darters
Last
1st
Phil Taylor
11 2015
2nd
Raymond van Barneveld
5 2010
Michael van Gerwen
2016
Adrian Lewis
2017
5th
Mervyn King
2 2010
James Wade
2014
Darryl Fitton
2015
Gary Anderson
2016
9th
John Lowe
1 1984
Paul Lim
1990
Shaun Greatbatch
2002
Tony O'Shea
2007
John Walton
2007
John Part
2011
Brendan Dolan
2011
Simon Whitlock
2012
Wes Newton
2012
Dean Winstanley
2013
Terry Jenkins
2013
Kyle Anderson
2013
Robert Thornton
2014
Kim Huybrechts
2014
Dave Chisnall
2015
Alan Norris
2016
Total
24
50
Televised nine-darters by year[edit]
Year
Total 9 darters
Achieved by
1984 1 John Lowe
1990 1 Paul Lim
2002 2 Shaun Greatbatch, Phil Taylor
2004 1 Phil Taylor
2005 1 Phil Taylor
2006 1 Raymond van Barneveld
2007 5 Michael van Gerwen, Phil Taylor (2), Tony O'Shea, John Walton
2008 2 Phil Taylor, James Wade
2009 4 Raymond van Barneveld (2), Mervyn King, Darryl Fitton
2010 5 Raymond van Barneveld (2), Phil Taylor (2), Mervyn King
2011 4 Adrian Lewis (2), John Part, Brendan Dolan
2012 7 Phil Taylor, Simon Whitlock, Gary Anderson, Michael van Gerwen (2), Wes Newton, Dean Winstanley
2013 2 Terry Jenkins, Kyle Anderson
2014 6 Phil Taylor, James Wade, Robert Thornton, Michael van Gerwen, Kim Huybrechts, Adrian Lewis
2015 3 Darryl Fitton, Phil Taylor, Dave Chisnall
2016 4 Gary Anderson, Michael van Gerwen, Adrian Lewis, Alan Norris
2017 1 Adrian Lewis
Televised nine-darters by tournament[edit]
Tournament
Total 9 darters
Org.
Achieved by
Last
PDC World Darts Championship 9 PDC Raymond van Barneveld (2), Adrian Lewis (2), Dean Winstanley, Michael van Gerwen, Terry Jenkins, Kyle Anderson, Gary Anderson 2016
Premier League Darts 8 PDC Raymond van Barneveld (2), Phil Taylor (3), Simon Whitlock, Adrian Lewis (2) 2017
UK Open 7 PDC Phil Taylor (4), Mervyn King, Gary Anderson, Michael van Gerwen 2016
PDC World Matchplay 6 PDC Phil Taylor (2), Raymond van Barneveld, John Part, Michael van Gerwen, Wes Newton 2014
World Grand Prix 3 PDC Brendan Dolan, James Wade, Robert Thornton 2014
Grand Slam of Darts 3 PDC James Wade, Kim Huybrechts, Dave Chisnall 2015
European Championship 2 PDC Adrian Lewis, Michael van Gerwen 2014
International Darts League 2 BDO Phil Taylor, Tony O'Shea 2007
Dutch Open 2 BDO Shaun Greatbatch, Darryl Fitton 2015
World Matchplay 1 BDO John Lowe 1984
BDO World Darts Championship 1 BDO Paul Lim 1990
Masters of Darts 1 both Michael van Gerwen 2007
World Masters 1 BDO John Walton 2007
South African Masters 1 PDC Mervyn King 2009
Zuiderduin Masters 1 BDO Darryl Fitton 2009
Sydney Darts Masters 1 PDC Phil Taylor 2015
Players Championship Finals 1 PDC Alan Norris 2016
Nine-dart-finish prize money[edit]
In 1984 John Lowe pocketed £102,000 for the first TV perfect leg. With nine-dart finishes now thrown on a regular basis the reward for throwing one has decreased. Until 2013 the PDC had a rolling £400 prize-pool for a nine-dart leg.[45] As long as it wasn't won, it increased by £400 for the next event. In 2013 the bonus stopped being awarded.[46] For all PDC Premier events, including the Grand Slam of Darts, the PDC has a rolling £5000 prize-pool for a nine-dart leg.[47] As long as it isn't won, the prize for hitting a nine-dart leg is increased by £5000. If multiple players hit a nine-dart finish in one premier event, the money is split evenly across all players who achieved a nine-dart finish in that event. So the prize for a nine-darter varies for every PDC premier event. In the 2015 tournament achieving the perfect leg in the PDC World Championships would win £10,000, (in the 2014 tournament the prize was £30,000). The reward for a 9-darter during the most recent BDO World Darts Championship was £52,000.
Women's nine-darters[edit]
No female darts player has recorded a televised nine-dart finish to date.
Mandy Soloman was the first woman to ever record a nine-dart finish in actual competition. It came in a match against Robert Hughes during the qualifying rounds for the 1996 BDO World Championship on 31 November 1995 at Earls Court, London. It was the first time female players were allowed to enter the qualifying rounds for the BDO World Championship. Hughes did end up winning the match 2–0 though.[48] Soloman was also one of the first women to record a nine-dart finish in SuperLeague.[49]
Claire Stainsby and Glen Durrant made history when they recorded the first ever nine-dart finish in mixed pairs competition at the 2013 BDO International Open in Brean, Somerset.[50][51] Durrant opened up with a 177, Stainsby followed that up with a 180 to leave Durrant on 144, which he ended up taking out for the first nine-dart finish in mixed pairs competition.[52] As a result, Claire Stansby was inducted into the BDO 9 Dart Club, thus becoming the first and so far only female to be inducted.[53]
Ten-time World Champion Trina Gulliver revealed she has twice missed her last dart to record a nine-dart finish. One was a double 18 for $100,000 at an event in Canada and another missed double was for a car at an event in Ireland.[54]
See also[edit]
Change-making problem – making particular numbers with given denominations
Perfect game in baseball
Golden set in tennis
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ On 17 February 2007, the semi finals of the 2007 Masters of Darts tournament were broadcast live in the Netherlands on SBS6, with Leo Oldenburger and Jacques Nieuwlaat providing the Dutch language commentary during Michael van Gerwen's nine-dart finish against Raymond van Barneveld. On 16 July 2007, Sky Sports in the United Kingdom showed extended highlights of the 2007 Masters of Darts tournament from 5 months earlier, with Stuart Pyke and Rod Harrington providing the English language commentary for Michael van Gerwen's nine-dart finish against Raymond van Barneveld.
Jump up ^ With the host broadcaster Sky Sports showing the final in both 2D and 3D, they implemented two different commentating teams. In 2D, Rod Studd and Sid Waddell commentated, while in 3D it was Wayne Mardle and Stuart Pyke.
Jump up ^ The match was played on a non-televised board, however, highlights of the nine-darter were shown during a game break with narration by Jacqui Oatley.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Darts Trivia FAQ". Red Dragon Darts. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "John Lowe Biography". Unicorn Darts. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Dawes, Mike (20 December 2012). "Out on a Lim! Singapore Slinger at Ally Pally - 22 years on from first televised nine-darter". Daily Mail. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Lim, Asian Darter Extraordinaire". Medalist. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nine-darter helps Barney to semis". BBC. 2 January 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Raymond van Barneveld hits second PDC nine-dart finish". BBC. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nine-dart Lewis hits Jackpot". Sky Sports. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Winstanley achieved a nine-dart". PDC Official Website. 23 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Drabble, Joe (31 December 2012). "PDC World Darts Championship: Michael van Gerwen beats James Wade to reach final". Sky Sports. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Rob (14 December 2013). "Two nine-darters in an hour as Jenkins bows out". ESPN. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Planet Darts Phil Taylor profile
Jump up ^ Video of Phil Taylor's 9 dart finish v Chris Mason – World Matchplay 2002
Jump up ^ Taylor Wins Despite King Feat
Jump up ^ "Phil Taylor makes history with two nine-dart finishes". The Guardian. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michael van Gerwen: Two nine-dart finishes in same match to equal Phil Taylor". BBC Sport. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "PartyPoker.com WGP Semi-Finals". PDC Official Website. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "All Time 9 Dart Club". DartsMad.com. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "9-Darter Compilation". RechargeYourBattery.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Holsten Premier League Darts - Night Five". PDC Official Website. 23 March 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "2007 Masters Of Darts Player Prize Money". Darts Database. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Lands Bolton Nine-Dart Hat-Trick". PDC Official Website. 9 June 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "2007 World Masters Player Prize Money". Darts Database. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "UK Open - Fifth Round". 6 June 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Championship Quarter-Finals". PDC Official Website. 2 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Championship - Day Eight". PDC Official Website. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Premier League Darts Night 12". PDC Official Website. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Taylor Two Good At Wembley!". PDC Official Website. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "UK Open - Fifth Round". PDC Official Website. 5 June 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "StanJames.com World Matchplay Day One". PDC Official Website. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "2010 World Matchplay Player Prize Money". Darts Database. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Brilliant Lewis Hits The Jackpot!". PDC Official Website. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "2011 PDC World Championship Player Prize Money". Darts Database. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sky Bet Mobile World Matchplay - Night One". PDC Official Website PDC Official Website. 17 July 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Four-some Taylor's European Glory". PDC Official Website. 31 July 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ PartyPoker.com WGP Semi-Finals PDC.tv
Jump up ^ "McCoy's Premier League Darts - Night Two Round-Up". PDC Official Website. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Taylor's McCoy's Premier League Joy". PDC Official Website. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Speedy Services UK Open Day Two". PDC Official Website. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Betfair World Matchplay - Night Five". PDC Official Website. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Betfair World Matchplay - Night Six". PDC Official Website. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ladbrokes World Championship Day Ten". PDC Official Website. 23 December 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ladbrokes WDC Semi-Finals". PDC Official Website. 30 December 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ladbrokes World Championship Day Two". PDC Official Website. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ladbrokes World Championship Day Two". PDC Official Website. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Order of merrit explanation". PDC Official Website. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Players Championship Prize Funds Boosted". PDC Official Website. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013. There is no nine-dart bonus for Players Championship events in 2013.
Jump up ^ "PDC Prize Fund Increases Confirmed". PDC Official Website. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014. In addition, a rolling £5,000 nine-dart bonus will be on offer at all PDC Premier Events listed below, plus the Grand Slam of Darts.
Jump up ^ "Women dart at male egos". The Independent. 1 December 1995. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Deta Hedman Interview". Global Darts. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sunshine Darts at Brean Sands". WDF. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "9 DARTER FOR CLAIRE AND GLEN IN MIXED PAIRS MAKES DARTS HISTORY". BDO Darts. 8 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Glen Durrant & Claire Stainsby make perfect darting History". Winmau. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Winmau BDO 9 Dart Club". Winmau. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Golden girl gunning for tenth title - and nine-darter". Kenil Worth Weekly News. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nine-dart_finish&oldid=801552633"
Categories:
Darts terminology
Perfect scores in sports
Lists of darts players
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from November 2011
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 11:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href title

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: First televised nine-darter

values: Edit section: World Championship nine-darters

values: Edit section: Most prolific nine-darters

values:
/wiki/2002_World_Matchplay_Darts
mw-redirect
2002 World Matchplay Darts

values: Edit section: List of televised nine-darters

values:
/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)
mw-redirect
Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)

values: Edit section: Televised nine-darters by player

values: border-top:1px solid silver; text-align:center;

values: text-align:center; border-top:1px solid silver

values: Edit section: Televised nine-darters by year

values: Edit section: Televised nine-darters by tournament

values:
/wiki/Zuiderduin_Masters
mw-redirect
Zuiderduin Masters

values: Edit section: Nine-dart-finish prize money

values:
/wiki/Earls_Court
mw-redirect
Earls Court

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.medalist.com.sg/paullim.php

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Nine-dart_finish
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: 501 en 9 fléchettes (nine-dart finish) – French

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-darter
9-darter – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nine-dart_finish rootpage-Nine-dart_finish skin-vector action-view


text:
Tower of Babel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Biblical story. For other uses, see Tower of Babel (disambiguation).
The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563)
Engraving The Confusion of Tongues by Gustave Doré (1865)
The Tower of Babel (Hebrew: מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל, Migdal Bāḇēl) is an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages.[1][2][3][4]
According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating eastward, comes to the land of Shinar (שִׁנְעָר). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters them around the world.
Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known structures, notably the Etemenanki, a ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk by Nabopolassar, the king of Babylonia circa 610 BCE.[5][6] The Great Ziggurat of Babylon was 91 metres (300 ft) in height. Alexander the Great ordered it to be demolished circa 331 BCE in preparation for a reconstruction that his death forestalled.[7][8] A Sumerian story with some similar elements is told in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical narrative
2 Etymology
3 Composition
3.1 Genre
3.2 Themes
3.3 Authorship and source criticism
4 Comparable myths
4.1 Sumerian and Assyrian parallel
4.2 Mexico
4.3 Arizona
4.4 Nepal
4.5 Africa
4.6 Other Traditions
5 Historical context
6 Destruction
7 Etemenanki, the ziggurat at Babylon
8 In other sources
8.1 Book of Jubilees
8.2 Pseudo-Philo
8.3 Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews
8.4 Greek Apocalypse of Baruch
8.5 Midrash
8.6 Islamic tradition
8.7 Book of Mormon
8.8 Irish folklore
9 Linguistics
9.1 Multiplication of languages
9.2 Enumeration of scattered languages
10 Height
11 In popular culture
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 External links
Biblical narrative[edit]
German Late Medieval (c. 1370s) depiction of the construction of the tower.
1 And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.
3 And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.
4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.
5 And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded.
6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.
7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.
8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.
9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.
—  Genesis 11:1–9[10]
Etymology[edit]
The phrase "Tower of Babel" does not appear in the Bible; it is always "the city and the tower" (אֶת-הָעִיר וְאֶת-הַמִּגְדָּל) or just "the city" (הָעִיר). The original derivation of the name Babel (also the Hebrew name for Babylon) is uncertain, but it may come from bab-ilum, meaning "gate of God."[11] According to the Bible, the city received the name "Babel" from the Hebrew word balal, meaning to jumble or to confuse.[12]
Composition[edit]
Genre[edit]
The narrative of the tower of Babel (Genesis 11.1–9) is an etiology or explanation of a phenomenon. Etiologies are narratives that explain the origin of a custom, ritual, geographical feature, name, or other phenomenon.[13] The story of the Tower of Babel explains the origins of the multiplicity of languages. God was concerned that humans had blasphemed by building the tower to avoid a second flood so God brought into existence multiple languages.[14] Thus, humans were divided into linguistic groups, unable to understand one another.
Themes[edit]
The story's theme of competition between God and humans appears elsewhere in Genesis, in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.[15] The 1st-century Jewish interpretation found in Flavius Josephus explains the construction of the tower as a hubristic act of defiance against God ordered by the arrogant tyrant Nimrod. There have, however, been some contemporary challenges to this classical interpretation, with emphasis placed on the explicit motive of cultural and linguistic homogeneity mentioned in the narrative (v. 1, 4, 6).[16] This reading of the text sees God's actions not as a punishment for pride, but as an etiology of cultural differences, presenting Babel as the cradle of civilization.
Authorship and source criticism[edit]
Tradition attributes the whole of the Pentateuch to Moses; however, in the late 19th century, the documentary hypothesis was proposed by Julius Wellhausen.[17] This hypothesis proposes four sources: J, E, P and D. Of these hypothetical sources, proponents suggest that this narrative comes from the J or Yahwist source. The etiological nature of the narrative is considered typical of J. In addition, the intentional word play regarding the city of Babel, and the noise of the people's "babbling" is found in the Hebrew words as easily as in English, and is considered typical of the Yahwist source.[14]
Comparable myths[edit]
See also: Comparative mythology
Sumerian and Assyrian parallel[edit]
There is a Sumerian myth similar to that of the Tower of Babel, called Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta,[9] where Enmerkar of Uruk is building a massive ziggurat in Eridu and demands a tribute of precious materials from Aratta for its construction, at one point reciting an incantation imploring the god Enki to restore (or in Kramer's translation, to disrupt) the linguistic unity of the inhabited regions — named as Shubur, Hamazi, Sumer, Uri-ki (Akkad), and the Martu land, "the whole universe, the well-guarded people — may they all address Enlil together in a single language."[18]
In addition, a further Assyrian myth, dating from the 8th century BC during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC) bears a number of similarities to the later written Biblical story.[19]
Mexico[edit]
Various traditions similar to that of the tower of Babel are found in Central America. Some writers[who?] connected the Great Pyramid of Cholula to the Tower of Babel. The Dominican friar Diego Durán (1537–1588) reported hearing an account about the pyramid from a hundred-year-old priest at Cholula, shortly after the conquest of Mexico. He wrote that he was told when the light of the sun first appeared upon the land, giants appeared and set off in search of the sun. Not finding it, they built a tower to reach the sky. An angered Lord of the Heavens called upon the inhabitants of the sky, who destroyed the tower and scattered its inhabitants. The story was not related to either a flood or the confusion of languages, although Frazer connects its construction and the scattering of the giants with the Tower of Babel.[20]
Another story, attributed by the native historian Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl (c. 1565–1648) to the ancient Toltecs, states that after men had multiplied following a great deluge, they erected a tall zacuali or tower, to preserve themselves in the event of a second deluge. However, their languages were confounded and they went to separate parts of the earth.
Arizona[edit]
Still another story, attributed to the Tohono O'odham people, holds that Montezuma escaped a great flood, then became wicked and attempted to build a house reaching to heaven, but the Great Spirit destroyed it with thunderbolts. (Bancroft, vol. 3, p. 76; also in "History of Arizona".)[21]
Nepal[edit]
Traces of a somewhat similar story have also been reported among the Tharu of Nepal and northern India (Report of the Census of Bengal, 1872, p. 160).
Africa[edit]
According to David Livingstone, the Africans whom he met living near Lake Ngami in 1849 had such a tradition, but with the builders' heads getting "cracked by the fall of the scaffolding" (Missionary Travels, chap. 26).
Other Traditions[edit]
In his 1918 book, Folklore in the Old Testament, Scottish social anthropologist Sir James George Frazer documented similarities between Old Testament stories, such as the Flood, and indigenous legends around the world. He identified Livingston's account with a tale found in Lozi mythology, wherein the wicked men build a tower of masts to pursue the Creator-God, Nyambe, who has fled to Heaven on a spider-web, but the men perish when the masts collapse. He further relates similar tales of the Ashanti that substitute a pile of porridge pestles for the masts. Frazer moreover cites such legends found among the Kongo people, as well as in Tanzania, where the men stack poles or trees in a failed attempt to reach the moon.[20] He further cited the Karbi and Kuki people of Assam as having a similar story. The traditions of the Karen people of Myanmar, which Frazer considered to show clear 'Abrahamic' influence, also relate that their ancestors migrated there following the abandonment of a great pagoda in the land of the Karenni 30 generations from Adam, when the languages were confused and the Karen separated from the Karenni. He notes yet another version current in the Admiralty Islands, where mankind's languages are confused following a failed attempt to build houses reaching to heaven.
Historical context[edit]
Hanging Gardens of Babylon (19th century), depicts the Tower of Babel in the background.
The majority of Biblical scholars see the Book of Genesis as mythological and not as a historical account of events.[22] Nonetheless, the story of Babel can be interpreted in terms of its context.
Genesis 10:10 states that Babel (LXX: Βαβυλών) formed part of Nimrod's kingdom. The Bible does not specifically mention that Nimrod ordered the building of the tower, but many other sources have associated its construction with Nimrod.[23]
Genesis 11:9 attributes the Hebrew version of the name, Babel, to the verb balal, which means to confuse or confound in Hebrew. The first century Roman-Jewish author Flavius Josephus similarly explained that the name was derived from the Hebrew word Babel (βαβὲλ), meaning "confusion".[24]
Destruction[edit]
The account in Genesis makes no mention of any destruction of the tower. The people whose languages are confounded were simply scattered from there over the face of the Earth and stopped building their city. However, in other sources, such as the Book of Jubilees (chapter 10 v.18–27), Cornelius Alexander (frag. 10), Abydenus (frags. 5 and 6), Josephus (Antiquities 1.4.3), and the Sibylline Oracles (iii. 117–129), God overturns the tower with a great wind. In the Midrash, it said that the top of the tower was burnt, the bottom was swallowed, and the middle was left standing to erode over time.
Etemenanki, the ziggurat at Babylon[edit]
Reconstruction of the Etemenanki, which was 91 metres (300 ft) in height.
Main article: Etemenanki
Etemenanki (Sumerian: "temple of the foundation of heaven and earth") was the name of a ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the city of Babylon. It was famously rebuilt by the 6th-century BCE Neo-Babylonian dynasty rulers Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II. According to modern scholars, such as Stephen L. Harris, the biblical story of the Tower of Babel was likely influenced by Etemenanki during the Babylonian captivity of the Hebrews.[5]
Nebuchadnezzar wrote that the original tower had been built in antiquity: "A former king built the Temple of the Seven Lights of the Earth, but he did not complete its head. Since a remote time, people had abandoned it, without order expressing their words. Since that time earthquakes and lightning had dispersed its sun-dried clay; the bricks of the casing had split, and the earth of the interior had been scattered in heaps."[25]
In 2011 scholars discovered, in the Schoyen Collection, the oldest known representation of the Etemenanki.[26] Carved on a black stone, The Tower of Babel Stele (as it is known) dates from 604–562 BCE, the time of Nebuchadnezzar II.[27]
The Greek historian Herodotus (440 BCE) later wrote of this ziggurat, which he called the "Temple of Zeus Belus", giving an account of its vast dimensions.
The already decayed Great Ziggurat of Babylon was finally destroyed by Alexander the Great in an attempt to rebuild it. He managed to move the tiles of the tower to another location, but his death stopped the reconstruction.
Isaac Asimov's speculation[28] in Asimov's Guide to the Bible was that the authors of the account in Genesis 11:1–9, were inspired by the existence of an apparently incomplete ziggurat at Babylon and by the (mistaken) etymological association whereby "the writers of Genesis derived 'Babel' from the Hebrew word balal, meaning 'mixed', 'confused', or 'confounded.'"
In other sources[edit]
Book of Jubilees[edit]
The Book of Jubilees contains one of the most detailed accounts found anywhere of the Tower.
And they began to build, and in the fourth week they made brick with fire, and the bricks served them for stone, and the clay with which they cemented them together was asphalt which comes out of the sea, and out of the fountains of water in the land of Shinar. And they built it: forty and three years were they building it; its breadth was 203 bricks, and the height [of a brick] was the third of one; its height amounted to 5433 cubits and 2 palms, and [the extent of one wall was] thirteen stades [and of the other thirty stades]. (Jubilees 10:20–21, Charles' 1913 translation)
Pseudo-Philo[edit]
In Pseudo-Philo, the direction for the building is ascribed not only to Nimrod, who is made prince of the Hamites, but also to Joktan, as prince of the Semites, and to Phenech son of Dodanim, as prince of the Japhetites. Twelve men are arrested for refusing to bring bricks, including Abraham, Lot, Nahor, and several sons of Joktan. However, Joktan finally saves the twelve from the wrath of the other two princes.[29]
Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews[edit]
Tower of Babel, by Lucas van Valckenborch, 1594, Louvre Museum
The Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus, in his Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94 CE), recounted history as found in the Hebrew Bible and mentioned the Tower of Babel. He wrote that it was Nimrod who had the tower built and that Nimrod was a tyrant who tried to turn the people away from God. In this account, God confused the people rather than destroying them because annihilation with a Flood hadn't taught them to be godly.
Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God as if it were through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny, seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power... Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God; and they built a tower, neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work: and, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect; but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. It was built of burnt brick, cemented together with mortar, made of bitumen, that it might not be liable to admit water. When God saw that they acted so madly, he did not resolve to destroy them utterly, since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners [in the Flood]; but he caused a tumult among them, by producing in them diverse languages, and causing that, through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, confusion. The Sibyl also makes mention of this tower, and of the confusion of the language, when she says thus:--"When all men were of one language, some of them built a high tower, as if they would thereby ascend up to heaven; but the gods sent storms of wind and overthrew the tower, and gave everyone a peculiar language; and for this reason it was that the city was called Babylon."
Greek Apocalypse of Baruch[edit]
Third Apocalypse of Baruch (or 3 Baruch, c. 2nd century), one of the pseudepigrapha, describes the just rewards of sinners and the righteous in the afterlife.[15] Among the sinners are those who instigated the Tower of Babel. In the account, Baruch is first taken (in a vision) to see the resting place of the souls of "those who built the tower of strife against God, and the Lord banished them." Next he is shown another place, and there, occupying the form of dogs,
Those who gave counsel to build the tower, for they whom thou seest drove forth multitudes of both men and women, to make bricks; among whom, a woman making bricks was not allowed to be released in the hour of child-birth, but brought forth while she was making bricks, and carried her child in her apron, and continued to make bricks. And the Lord appeared to them and confused their speech, when they had built the tower to the height of four hundred and sixty-three cubits. And they took a gimlet, and sought to pierce the heavens, saying, Let us see (whether) the heaven is made of clay, or of brass, or of iron. When God saw this He did not permit them, but smote them with blindness and confusion of speech, and rendered them as thou seest. (Greek Apocalypse of Baruch, 3:5–8)
Midrash[edit]
Rabbinic literature offers many different accounts of other causes for building the Tower of Babel, and of the intentions of its builders. According to one midrash the builders of the Tower, called "the generation of secession" in the Jewish sources, said: "God has no right to choose the upper world for Himself, and to leave the lower world to us; therefore we will build us a tower, with an idol on the top holding a sword, so that it may appear as if it intended to war with God" (Gen. R. xxxviii. 7; Tan., ed. Buber, Noah, xxvii. et seq.).
The building of the Tower was meant to bid defiance not only to God, but also to Abraham, who exhorted the builders to reverence. The passage mentions that the builders spoke sharp words against God, saying that once every 1,656 years, heaven tottered so that the water poured down upon the earth, therefore they would support it by columns that there might not be another deluge (Gen. R. l.c.; Tan. l.c.; similarly Josephus, "Ant." i. 4, § 2).
Some among that generation even wanted to war against God in heaven (Talmud Sanhedrin 109a). They were encouraged in this undertaking by the notion that arrows that they shot into the sky fell back dripping with blood, so that the people really believed that they could wage war against the inhabitants of the heavens (Sefer ha-Yashar, Chapter 9:12–36). According to Josephus and Midrash Pirke R. El. xxiv., it was mainly Nimrod who persuaded his contemporaries to build the Tower, while other rabbinical sources assert, on the contrary, that Nimrod separated from the builders.[23]
According to another midrashic account, one third of the Tower builders were punished by being transformed into semi-demonic creatures and banished into three parallel dimensions, inhabited now by their descendants.[30]
Islamic tradition[edit]
Turris Babel from Athanasius Kircher
Although not mentioned by name, the Quran has a story with similarities to the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, although set in the Egypt of Moses: Pharaoh asks Haman to build him a stone (or clay) tower so that he can mount up to heaven and confront the God of Moses.[31]
Another story in Sura 2:102 mentions the name of Babil, but tells of when the two angels Harut and Marut taught magic to some people in Babylon and warned them that magic is a sin and that their teaching them magic is a test of faith.[32] A tale about Babil appears more fully in the writings of Yaqut (i, 448 f.) and the Lisān al-ʿArab (ar) (xiii. 72), but without the tower: mankind were swept together by winds into the plain that was afterward called "Babil", where they were assigned their separate languages by God, and were then scattered again in the same way. In the History of the Prophets and Kings by the 9th-century Muslim theologian al-Tabari, a fuller version is given: Nimrod has the tower built in Babil, God destroys it, and the language of mankind, formerly Syriac, is then confused into 72 languages. Another Muslim historian of the 13th century, Abu al-Fida relates the same story, adding that the patriarch Eber (an ancestor of Abraham) was allowed to keep the original tongue, Hebrew in this case, because he would not partake in the building.[23]
Although variations similar to the biblical narrative of the Tower of Babel exist within Islamic tradition, the central theme of God separating humankind on the basis of language is alien to Islam according to the author Yahiya Emerick. In Islamic belief, he argues, God created nations to know each other and not to be separated.[33]
Book of Mormon[edit]
In the Book of Mormon, a man named Jared and his family ask God that their language not be confounded at the time of the Tower of Babel. Because of their prayers, God preserves their language and leads them to the Valley of Nimrod. From there, they travel across the sea to the Americas.[34]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that the Tower of Babel story is historical fact. "Although there are many in our day who consider the accounts of the Flood and tower of Babel to be fiction, Latter-day Saints affirm their reality."[35]
Irish folklore[edit]
Irish texts, such as Lebor Gabála Érenn and Auraicept na n-Éces, claim that the legendary king Fenius Farsa chose the best features of all the confused languages and fused them to create Goidelic, the forerunner of the Irish language.
Linguistics[edit]
Further information: Confusion of tongues, Origin of language, and Mythical origins of language
Historical linguistics has long wrestled with the idea of a single original language. In the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th century, attempts were made to identify a living descendant of the Adamic language.
Multiplication of languages[edit]
The literal belief that the world's linguistic variety originated with the tower of Babel is pseudoscientific, sometimes called pseudolinguistics, and it is contrary to known facts about the origin and history of languages.[36]
In the Biblical introduction of the Tower of Babel account, in Genesis 11:1, it is said that everyone on Earth spoke the same language, but this is inconsistent with the Biblical description of the post-Noahic world described in Genesis 10:5, where it is said that the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth gave rise to different nations, each with their own language.[2]:26 Some explain this discrepancy by saying that the order of the narrative is not the same as the order of events.[37]
There have also been a number of traditions around the world that describe a divine confusion of the one original language into several, albeit without any tower. Aside from the Ancient Greek myth that Hermes confused the languages, causing Zeus to give his throne to Phoroneus, Frazer specifically mentions such accounts among the Wasania of Kenya, the Kacha Naga people of Assam, the inhabitants of Encounter Bay in Australia, the Maidu of California, the Tlingit of Alaska, and the K'iche' Maya of Guatemala.[38]
The Estonian myth of "the Cooking of Languages"[39] has also been compared.
Enumeration of scattered languages[edit]
There are several mediaeval historiographic accounts that attempt to make an enumeration of the languages scattered at the Tower of Babel. Because a count of all the descendants of Noah listed by name in chapter 10 of Genesis (LXX) provides 15 names for Japheth's descendants, 30 for Ham's, and 27 for Shem's, these figures became established as the 72 languages resulting from the confusion at Babel — although the exact listing of these languages changed over time. (The LXX Bible has two additional names, Elisa and Cainan, not found in the Masoretic text of this chapter, so early rabbinic traditions, such as the Mishna, speak instead of "70 languages".) Some of the earliest sources for 72 (sometimes 73) languages are the 2nd-century Christian writers Clement of Alexandria (Stromata I, 21) and Hippolytus of Rome (On the Psalms 9); it is repeated in the Syriac book Cave of Treasures (c. 350 CE), Epiphanius of Salamis' Panarion (c. 375) and St. Augustine's The City of God 16.6 (c. 410). The chronicles attributed to Hippolytus (c. 234) contain one of the first attempts to list each of the 72 peoples who were believed to have spoken these languages.
Isidore of Seville in his Etymologiae (c. 600) mentions the number of 72; however, his list of names from the Bible drops the sons of Joktan and substitutes the sons of Abraham and Lot, resulting in only about 56 names total; he then appends a list of some of the nations known in his own day, such as the Longobards and the Franks. This listing was to prove quite influential on later accounts that made the Lombards and Franks themselves into descendants of eponymous grandsons of Japheth, e.g. the Historia Brittonum (c. 833), The Meadows of Gold by al Masudi (c. 947) and Book of Roads and Kingdoms by al-Bakri (1068), the 11th-century Lebor Gabála Érenn, and the midrashic compilations Yosippon (c. 950), Chronicles of Jerahmeel, and Sefer haYashar.
Other sources that mention 72 (or 70) languages scattered from Babel are the Old Irish poem Cu cen mathair by Luccreth moccu Chiara (c. 600); the Irish monastic work Auraicept na n-Éces; History of the Prophets and Kings by the Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (c. 915); the Anglo-Saxon dialogue Solomon and Saturn; the Russian Primary Chronicle (c. 1113); the Jewish Kabbalistic work Bahir (1174); the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson (c. 1200); the Syriac Book of the Bee (c. 1221); the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum (c. 1284; mentions 22 for Shem, 31 for Ham and 17 for Japheth for a total of 70); Villani's 1300 account; and the rabbinic Midrash ha-Gadol (14th century). Villani adds that it "was begun 700 years after the Flood, and there were 2,354 years from the beginning of the world to the confusion of the Tower of Babel. And we find that they were 107 years working at it; and men lived long in those times". According to the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, however, the project was begun only 200 years following the Deluge.
The tradition of 72 languages persisted into later times. Both José de Acosta in his 1576 treatise De procuranda indorum salute, and António Vieira a century later in his Sermão da Epifania, expressed amazement at how much this 'number of tongues' could be surpassed, there being hundreds of mutually unintelligible languages indigenous only to Peru and Brazil.
Height[edit]
The Book of Genesis does not mention how tall the tower was. The phrase used to describe the tower, “its top in the sky” (v.4), was an idiom for impressive height; rather than implying arrogance this was simply a cliché for height.[40] The tower's height is discussed in various extra-canonical sources.
The Book of Jubilees mentions the tower's height as being 5,433 cubits and 2 palms, or 2,484 m (8,150 ft), about three times the height of Burj Khalifa, or roughly 1.6 miles high. The Third Apocalypse of Baruch mentions that the 'tower of strife' reached a height of 463 cubits, or 211.8 m (695 ft), taller than any structure built in human history until the construction of the Eiffel Tower in 1889, which is 324 m (1,063 ft) in height.
Gregory of Tours writing c. 594, quotes the earlier historian Orosius (c. 417) as saying the tower was "laid out foursquare on a very level plain. Its wall, made of baked brick cemented with pitch, is fifty cubits wide, two hundred high, and four hundred and seventy stades in circumference. A stade contains five agripennes. Twenty-five gates are situated on each side, which make in all one hundred. The doors of these gates, which are of wonderful size, are cast in bronze. The same historian tells many other tales of this city, and says: 'Although such was the glory of its building still it was conquered and destroyed.'"[41]
A typical medieval account is given by Giovanni Villani (1300): He relates that "it measured eighty miles [130 km] round, and it was already 4,000 paces high, or 5.92 km (3.68 mi) and 1,000 paces thick, and each pace is three of our feet."[42] The 14th-century traveler John Mandeville also included an account of the tower and reported that its height had been 64 furlongs, or 13 km (8 mi), according to the local inhabitants.
The 17th-century historian Verstegan provides yet another figure – quoting Isidore, he says that the tower was 5,164 paces high, or 7.6 km (4.7 mi), and quoting Josephus that the tower was wider than it was high, more like a mountain than a tower. He also quotes unnamed authors who say that the spiral path was so wide that it contained lodgings for workers and animals, and other authors who claim that the path was wide enough to have fields for growing grain for the animals used in the construction.
In his book, Structures or why things don't fall down (Pelican 1978–1984), Professor J.E. Gordon considers the height of the Tower of Babel. He wrote, 'brick and stone weigh about 120 lb per cubic foot (2,000 kg per cubic metre) and the crushing strength of these materials is generally rather better than 6,000 lbf per square inch or 40 megapascals. Elementary arithmetic shows that a tower with parallel walls could have been built to a height of 2.1 km (1.3 mi) before the bricks at the bottom were crushed. However, by making the walls taper towards the top they ... could well have been built to a height where the men of Shinnar would run short of oxygen and had difficulty in breathing before the brick walls crushed beneath their own dead weight."
In popular culture[edit]
Pieter Brueghel's influential portrayal is based on the Colosseum in Rome, while later conical depictions of the tower (as depicted in Doré's illustration) resemble much later Muslim towers observed by 19th-century explorers in the area, notably the Minaret of Samarra. M. C. Escher depicts a more stylized geometrical structure in his woodcut representing the story.
The composer Anton Rubinstein wrote an opera based on the story, Der Thurm zu Babel.
American choreographer Adam Darius staged a multilingual theatrical interpretation of The Tower of Babel in 1993 at the ICA in London.
Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis, in a flashback, plays upon themes of lack of communication between the designers of the tower and the workers who are constructing it. The short scene states how the words used to glorify the tower's construction by its designers took on totally different, oppressive meanings to the workers. This led to its destruction as they rose up against the designers because of the insufferable working conditions.
A. S. Byatt's novel Babel Tower (1996) is about the question "whether language can be shared, or, if that turns out to be illusory, how individuals, in talking to each other, fail to understand each other".[43]
The progressive band Soul Secret wrote a concept album called BABEL based on a modernized version of the myth.
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Book of Mormon portal
Judaism portal
Quran portal
Babel fish
Babylonian astronomy
Borsippa
Enuma Anu Enlil
Evolutionary linguistics
List of world's tallest structures
Origin of speech
Sons of Noah
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D (2004). The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-517610-0. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780195297515.
Jump up ^ Graves, Robert; Patai, Raphael (1986). Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis. Random House. p. 315. ISBN 9780795337154.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford University Press. p. 704. ISBN 9780195358704.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Stephen L. (2002). Understanding the Bible. McGraw-Hill. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780767429160.
Jump up ^ Streck, Michael P. (2006). "Die Stadt, an deren Freuden man nicht satt wird". Damals (in German). Vol. Special volume. pp. 11–28.
Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus, 2.9.9; Strabo, Geography, 16.1.5.
Jump up ^ R.J. van der Spek, "Darius III, Alexander the Great and Babylonian scholarship" in: Achaemenid History XIII (Leiden 2003), 289–346.
^ Jump up to: a b Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The "Babel of Tongues": A Sumerian Version". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (1). pp. 108–111.
Jump up ^ Genesis 11:1–9 KJV
Jump up ^ John Day (24 April 2014). From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1-11. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-567-37030-3.
Jump up ^ Genesis 11:9
Jump up ^ Coogan, M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. (Oxford University Press: Oxford 2009). p426
^ Jump up to: a b Coogan, M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. (Oxford University Press: Oxford 2009). p51
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
Jump up ^ Theodore Hiebert, 'The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World's Cultures', Journal of Biblical Literature 126 (2007), pp. 29–58
Jump up ^ Benkinsopp, Joseph. "Introduction to the Pentateuch" in General and Old Testament Articles Vol 1 of The New Interpreter's Bible Commentary, edited by Leander E. Keck et al. (Nashville: Abingdon Press, Nashville 1994). p310
Jump up ^ "Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: composite text." Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Line 145f.: an-ki ningin2-na ung3 sang sig10-ga den-lil2-ra eme 1-am3 he2-en-na-da-ab-dug4.
Jump up ^ "Gateway to the Heavens: The Assyrian Account to the Tower of Babel". Ancient Origins. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Frazer, Folk-Lore in the Old Testament(1918), chap. 5.
Jump up ^ Thomas Edwin Farish, Arizona Historian. "Chapter Xvii. Papago And Sobaipuri". Southwest.library.arizona.edu. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Levenson 2004, p. 11 "How much history lies behind the story of Genesis? Because the action of the primeval story is not represented as taking place on the plane of ordinary human history and has so many affinities with ancient mythology, it is very far-fetched to speak of its narratives as historical at all."
^ Jump up to: a b c Morris Jastrow, Ira Maurice Price, Marcus Jastrow, Louis Ginzberg, & Duncan B. MacDonald; "Babel, Tower of", Jewish Encyclopedia; Funk & Wagnalls, 1906.
Jump up ^ Josephus, Antiquities, 1.4.3
Jump up ^ Jeffrey, Grant R. (19 June 2013). "Unveiling Mysteries of the Bible". Crown Publishing Group. Retrieved 6 October 2016 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Ancient Texts Part of Earliest Known Documents". news.discovery.com. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Babylonian History". Schoyen Collection.com. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (1971). Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vol.1 : The Old Testament. Avon Books. pp. 54–55. ISBN 9780380010325.
Jump up ^ "Pseudo Philo Chapter 6". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Inhabitants of the Seven Earths – Vol. 1 – Legends of the Jews – Louis Ginzberg". Classiclit.about.com. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Pickthal, M. "Quran" (in English), Suras 28:36 and 40:36–37. Amana Publishers, UK 1996
Jump up ^ "Surat Al-Baqarah [2:102] – The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم". Quran.com. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
Jump up ^ The complete idiot's guide to ... – Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. 2002. ISBN 9780028642338. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Ether 1:33-38
Jump up ^ Parry, Donald W. (January 1998), "The Flood and the Tower of Babel", Ensign
Jump up ^ Pennock, Robert T. (2000). Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism. Bradford Books. ISBN 9780262661652.
Jump up ^ "Contradictions: The Order of Nations". Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Folk-lore in the Old Testament by James George Frazer, p. 384 ff.
Jump up ^ Kohl, Reisen in die 'Ostseeprovinzen, ii. 251–255
Jump up ^ T. Hiebert, 'The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World's Cultures', Journal of Biblical Literature 126 (2007), p. 37
Jump up ^ Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, from the 1916 translation by Earnest Brehaut, Book I, chapter 6. Available online in abridged form.
Jump up ^ Selections from Giovanni's Chronicle in English.
Jump up ^ Andreas Dorschel, 'Ach, Sie waren nicht in Oxford? Antonia S. Byatts Roman "Der Turm zu Babel"', in: Süddeutsche Zeitung Nr. 274 (25 November 2004), p. 16.
References[edit]
Sayce, Archibald Henry (1878), "Babel", in Baynes, T.S., Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 178
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Babel". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
Template:Cittion.
Ixtilxochitl, Don Ferdinand d'Alva, Historia Chichimeca, 1658
Lord Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico, vol. 9
H.H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States (New York, 1874)
Klaus Seybold, "Der Turmbau zu Babel: Zur Entstehung von Genesis XI 1–9," Vetus Testamentum (1976).
Samuel Noah Kramer, The "Babel of Tongues": A Sumerian Version, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1968).
Kyle Dugdale: Babel's Present. Ed. by Reto Geiser and Tilo Richter, Standpunkte, Basel 2016, ISBN 978-3-9523540-8-7 (Standpunkte Dokumente No. 5).
External links[edit]
Find more aboutTower of Babelat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
"Tower of Babel." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Babel In Biblia: The Tower in Ancient Literature by Jim Rovira
Our People: A History of the Jews – The Tower of Babel
Livius.org: The tower of Babel
Book of Genesis, Chapter 11
"The Tower of Babel and the Birth of Nationhood" by Daniel Gordis at Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation
SkyscraperPage – Tower of Babel, Tower of Babel – Baruch
HERBARIUM Art Project. Anatomy of the Tower of Babel. 2010
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE), James Orr, M.A., D.D., General Editor – 1915 (online)
Easton's Bible Dictionary, M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. (online)
Hitchcock Bible Names Dictionary (online)
Nave Topical Bible, Orville J. Nave, AM., D.D., LL.D. (online)
Smith's Bible Dictionary (1896) (online)
‹ The template below (Authority control) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 203176274
LCCN: sh85010726
GND: 4143847-4
BNF: cb11955192v (data)
BNE: XX5065586
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_Babel&oldid=810505112"
Categories:
Tower of Babel
Babylon
Biblical phrases
Book of Genesis
Noach (parsha)
Torah places
Towers
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Use dmy dates from September 2017
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017
Interlanguage link template link number
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
አማርኛ
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Gaeilge
Gagauz
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Kiswahili
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
Sicilianu
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
吴语
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 November 2017, at 17:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Tower_of_Babel_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Tower of Babel (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: i

attrs: class style

values: font-size: 115%; font-family: Alef, 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', 'David CLM', 'Frenk Ruehl CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', Shofar, 'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', Cardo, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', David, FreeSerif, 'Times New Roman', FreeSans, Arial;

values:
/wiki/Flavius_Josephus
mw-redirect
Flavius Josephus

values:
/wiki/Cultural_differences
mw-redirect
Cultural differences

values: Edit section: Authorship and source criticism

values: Edit section: Sumerian and Assyrian parallel

values:
/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion
mw-redirect
Mesopotamian religion

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/Dominican_friar
mw-redirect
Dominican friar

values:
/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people
mw-redirect
Tohono O'odham people

values: Folklore in the Old Testament Studies in Comparative Religion Legend and Law

values:
/wiki/Nimrod_(king)
mw-redirect
Nimrod (king)

values:
/wiki/Cornelius_Alexander
mw-redirect
Cornelius Alexander

values: Edit section: Etemenanki, the ziggurat at Babylon

values:
/wiki/Schoyen_Collection
mw-redirect
Schoyen Collection

values:
/wiki/Stadion_(unit_of_length)
mw-redirect
Stadion (unit of length)

values:
/wiki/Lot_(Bible)
mw-redirect
Lot (Bible)

values: Edit section: Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews

values:
/wiki/Louvre_Museum
mw-redirect
Louvre Museum

values: Edit section: Greek Apocalypse of Baruch

values:
/wiki/Third_Apocalypse_of_Baruch
mw-redirect
Third Apocalypse of Baruch

values:
/wiki/Lis%C4%81n_al-%CA%BFArab
mw-redirect
Lisān al-ʿArab

values: ar:لسان العرب

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: History of the Prophets and Kings (book)

values:
/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari
mw-redirect
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

values:
/wiki/Abu_al-Fida
mw-redirect
Abu al-Fida

values:
/wiki/Jared_(Book_of_Mormon)
mw-redirect
Jared (Book of Mormon)

values: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

values:
/wiki/Fenius_Farsa
mw-redirect
Fenius Farsa

values: Edit section: Multiplication of languages

values:
/wiki/Tlingit_people
mw-redirect
Tlingit people

values: Edit section: Enumeration of scattered languages

values:
/wiki/Sons_of_Noah
mw-redirect
Sons of Noah

values:
/wiki/City_of_God_(book)
mw-redirect
City of God (book)

values:
/wiki/Midrash_ha-Gadol
mw-redirect
Midrash ha-Gadol

values: Timeline of three tallest structures in the world

values:
/wiki/Paulus_Orosius
mw-redirect
Paulus Orosius

values:
/wiki/Stadia_(length)
mw-redirect
Stadia (length)

values:
/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder
mw-redirect
Pieter Brueghel the Elder

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Babel fish (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Morris_Jastrow
mw-redirect
Morris Jastrow

values:
nofollow
external text
http://quran.com/2/102

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Archibald_Henry_Sayce
mw-redirect
Archibald Henry Sayce

values: s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Babel

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=536

values:
nofollow
external text
http://herbarium-art.ru/3/gh-5eng.htm

values: Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2017 November 15

values: background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:x-small; color:#000000; text-align: center; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/203176274

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143847-4

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2017

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tower_of_Babel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: የባቢሎን ግንብ – Amharic

values: برج بابل – Arabic

values: Вавілонская вежа – Belarusian

values: Вавилонска кула – Bulgarian

values: Πύργος της Βαβέλ – Greek

values: برج بابل – Persian

values: Բաբելոնի աշտարակ – Armenian

values: बाबल का मीनार – Hindi

values: מגדל בבל – Hebrew

values: ბაბილონის გოდოლი – Georgian

values: Вавилонска кула – Macedonian

values: ബാബേൽ ഗോപുരം – Malayalam

values: ਬਾਬਲ ਦਾ ਮੀਨਾਰ – Punjabi

values: Вавилонская башня – Russian

values: Вавилонска кула – Serbian

values: பாபேல் கோபுரம் – Tamil

values: หอคอยบาเบล – Thai

values: Бурҷи Бобул – Tajik

values: Вавилонська вежа – Ukrainian

values: برج بابل – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tower_of_Babel rootpage-Tower_of_Babel vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view