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Parable of the Prodigal Son
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"Prodigal son" redirects here. For other uses, see The Prodigal Son (disambiguation).
"The Return of the Prodigal Son" redirects here. For the painting by Rembrandt, see The Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt). For Egyptian film by Youssef Chahine, see The Return of the Prodigal Son (film).
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1773) by Pompeo Batoni
The Parable of the Prodigal Son (also known as the Two Brothers, Lost Son, Loving Father, or Lovesick Father)[1][2] is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15:11–32. Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples, the Pharisees and others.
In the story, a father has two sons. The younger son asks for his inheritance and after wasting his fortune (the word prodigal means "wastefully extravagant"), becomes destitute. He returns home with the intention of begging his father to be made one of his hired servants, expecting his relationship with his father is likely severed.
The father welcomes him back and celebrates his return. The older son refuses to participate. The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything. But, they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found.
It is the third and final part of a cycle on redemption, following the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin. In Revised Common Lectionary and Latin Rite Catholic Lectionary, this parable is read on the fourth Sunday of Lent (in Year C);[3] in the latter it is also included in the long form of the Gospel on the 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year C, along with the preceding two parables of the cycle.[4] In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son.
Contents
[hide]
1 Narrative
2 Context and interpretation
3 Commemoration and use
3.1 Orthodox
3.2 Catholic
4 In the arts
4.1 Art
4.2 Stage
4.3 Popular music
4.4 Literature
5 Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Narrative[edit]
James Tissot - The Return of the Prodigal Son (Le retour de l'enfant prodigue) - Brooklyn Museum
The parable begins with a young man, the younger of two sons, who asks his father to give him his share of the estate. The implication is the son could not wait for his father's death for his inheritance, he wanted it immediately. The father agrees and divides his estate between both sons.
Upon receiving his portion of the inheritance, the younger son travels to a distant country and wastes all his money in extravagant living. Immediately thereafter, a famine strikes the land; he becomes desperately poor and is forced to take work as a swineherd. (This, too, would have been abhorrent to Jesus' Jewish audience, who considered swine unclean animals.) When he reaches the point of envying the food of the pigs he is watching, he finally comes to his senses:
But when he came to himself he said, "How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough to spare, and I'm dying with hunger! I will get up and go to my father, and will tell him, 'Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in your sight. I am no more worthy to be called your son. Make me as one of your hired servants.'" He arose, and came to his father. But while he was still far off, his father saw him, and was moved with compassion, and ran towards him, and fell on his neck, and kissed him.
—  Luke 15:17–20, World English Bible
This implies the father was hopefully watching for the son's return.
The son does not even have time to finish his rehearsed speech, since the father calls for his servants to dress him in a fine robe, a ring, and sandals, and slaughter the "fattened calf" for a celebratory meal.
The older son, who was at work in the fields, hears the sound of celebration, and is told about the return of his younger brother. He is not impressed, and becomes angry. He also has a speech for his father:
But he answered his father, "Behold, these many years I have served you, and I never disobeyed a commandment of yours, but you never gave me a goat, that I might celebrate with my friends. But when this, your son, came, who has devoured your living with prostitutes, you killed the fattened calf for him."
—  Luke 15:29–30, World English Bible
The parable concludes with the father explaining that because the younger son had returned, in a sense, from the dead, celebration was necessary:
"But it was appropriate to celebrate and be glad, for this, your brother, was dead, and is alive again. He was lost, and is found."
—  Luke 15:32, World English Bible
Context and interpretation[edit]
Engraving of the Prodigal Son as a swineherd by Hans Sebald Beham, 1538.
This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption, following the parable of the Lost Sheep and the parable of the Lost Coin, that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with "sinners."[5] The father's joy described in the parable reflects divine love,[5] the "boundless mercy of God",[6] and "God's refusal to limit the measure of his grace."[5]
The request of the younger son for his share of the inheritance is "brash, even insolent"[7] and "tantamount to wishing that the father was dead."[7] His actions do not lead to success, and he eventually becomes an indentured servant, with the degrading job of looking after pigs, and even envying them for the carob pods they eat.[7]
The mention of the son's longing to eat with the swine in Luke 15:16 could refer to how the Pharisees viewed the sinners (and Christ, for eating with them) in Luke 15:2. The Pharisees, caught up in their ideas of ritual cleanliness, might have thought of these people as filthy pigs.[8]
On the son's return, the father treats him with a generosity far more than he has a right to expect.[7] Some have suggested that this mirrors what Christians should do after sinning: feel contrition and return to their Heavenly Father, who will graciously welcome them back.[8]
The older son, in contrast, seems to think in terms of "law, merit, and reward",[7] rather than "love and graciousness."[7] He may represent the Pharisees who were criticizing Jesus.[7]
The father, who represents the Heavenly Father, implies to the older son that his love for both sons is not dependent upon their perfection, but their willingness to return to Him with a broken heart and a contrite spirit.
Commemoration and use[edit]
Stained glass window based on the parable, Charleston, South Carolina.
Orthodox[edit]
The Eastern Orthodox Church traditionally reads this story on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son,[9] which in their liturgical year is the Sunday before Meatfare Sunday and about two weeks before the beginning of Great Lent. One common kontakion hymn of the occasion reads,
I have recklessly forgotten Your glory, O Father;
And among sinners I have scattered the riches which You gave to me.
And now I cry to You as the Prodigal:
I have sinned before You, O merciful Father;
Receive me as a penitent and make me as one of Your hired servants.
Catholic[edit]
In his 1984 apostolic exhortation titled Reconciliatio et paenitentia (Latin for Reconciliation and Penance), Pope John Paul II used this parable to explain the process of conversion and reconciliation. Emphasizing that God the Father is "rich in mercy" and always ready to forgive, he stated that reconciliation is a gift on his part. He stated that for the Church her "mission of reconciliation is the initiative, full of compassionate love and mercy, of that God who is love."[10][11] He also explored the issues raised by this parable in his second encyclical Dives in misericordia (Latin for Rich in Mercy) issued in 1980.[12]
In the arts[edit]
Rembrandt, The Return of the Prodigal Son, 1662–1669 (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg)
Gerard van Honthorst, 1623, like many works of the period, allows a genre scene with moral content.
The Polish Rider — Possibly the prodigal son. The subject is of much discussion.
Art[edit]
Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels, this was one of the four that were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others, but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ (the others were the Wise and Foolish Virgins, Dives and Lazarus, and the Good Samaritan.[13] The Labourers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works).
From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly, and the various scenes – the high living, herding the pigs, and the return – of the Prodigal Son became the clear favourite. Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs (1496), a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance. Rembrandt depicted several scenes from the parable, especially the final episode, which he etched, drew, or painted on several occasions during his career.[14] At least one of his works, The Prodigal Son in the Tavern, a portrait of himself as the Son, revelling with his wife, is like many artists' depictions, a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene - if the title was indeed the original intention of the artist. His late Return of the Prodigal Son (1662–1669, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg) is one of his most popular works.
Stage[edit]
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the theme was a sufficiently popular subject that the Prodigal Son Play can be seen as a subgenre of the English morality play. Examples include The Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune, The Disobedient Child, and Acolastus.[15]
Notable adaptations for performance include an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan, an 1884 cantata by Claude Debussy, a 1929 ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to music written by Sergei Prokofiev, a 1957 ballet by Hugo Alfvén,[16] and an opera, The Prodigal Son by Benjamin Britten (1968).
Many of these adaptations added to the Biblical material to lengthen the story; for example, the 1955 film The Prodigal took considerable liberties, such as adding a temptress priestess of Astarte to the tale.[17]
Popular music[edit]
The parable is referenced in the last verse of the traditional Irish folk tune "The Wild Rover" ("I'll go home to me parents, confess what I've done / and I'll ask them to pardon their prodigal son").
Oblique adaptations include that by the Reverend Robert Wilkins, who told the story of this parable in the song "Prodigal Son", which is probably best known as a cover version by the Rolling Stones on their 1968 album Beggar's Banquet. "Prodigal Man" was written by Ted Nugent and is the second track of the third album "Migration" by The Amboy Dukes and was released in 1969. The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded a song titled "Prodigal Son", based on the parable of the same name, which appeared on their second release, Killers, in 1981. U2 recorded a song titled "The First Time" on their 1993 album Zooropa. While based on the parable, it presents the idea of an alternate ending to the story. It could be argued that Kelly Willard's 1982 song, Make Me A Servant is based on what the son said to his father when he returned home. The Prodigal Son is the first posthumous release by piano player and gospel singer Keith Green (1983).
Detroit musician, Kid Rock, also recorded a song titled "Prodigal Son", which appeared on his second album The Polyfuze Method, in 1993. Kid Rock later re-recorded the track for his 2000 album The History of Rock. The Christian Rock trio BarlowGirl recorded the song "She Walked Away", influenced by the parable,[18] as part of their 2004 self-titled album. "Indie" rock band Two Gallants covered the parable in the song "The Prodigal Son" on their 2006 album What the Toll Tells. Musician Dustin Kensrue wrote a song about the Prodigal Son entitled "Please Come Home" on the album of the same name released in 2007.[19] Rock band Sevendust has a track titled "Prodigal Son" on their 2008 album, Chapter VII: Hope and Sorrow. The band Bad Religion has a song of the same title on their album New Maps of Hell. The band Extreme recorded a song titled "Who Cares?", which appeared on the album III Sides to Every Story, which is influenced by this parable. Brantley Gilbert released a song called "Modern Day Prodigal Son". British Reggae band Steel Pulse recorded a song titled "Prodigal Son" on their debut album Handsworth Revolution, recreating the Biblical story as a Rastafarian parable. The Post-Hardcore band "Gideon" released a song called "Prodigal Son", which appeared on their second album Milestone. Christian rock outfit The Chinese Express opened and closed their 2006 release with a two part telling of the parable with songs titled "Said the son to the Father" and "Said the Father to the Son". Post-hardcore band "Jamie's Elsewhere" also released a song titled "Prodigal Son". The Irish rap group House of Pain references the parable in one of the verses of their song, "Jump Around". English indie rock band alt-J references the parable in the first verse of their song "Left Hand Free". On their 2015 album Something Different, the Christian band Sidewalk Prophets included an uplifting song titled "Prodigal" with lyrics that are directed towards the Prodigal Son from the parable, or any person who is or has felt like they are in a similar situation.
In 2006 Country artist Dierks Bentley wrote a song for his album "Long Trip Alone" entitled "The Prodigal Son's Prayer" The song is based on the son's prospective of coming home after he's ruined himself in the world.
Literature[edit]
The Return of the Prodigal Son (Leonello Spada, Louvre, Paris)
Another literary tribute to this parable is Dutch theologian Henri Nouwen's 1992 book, The Return of the Prodigal Son: A Story of Homecoming, in which he describes his own spiritual journey infused with understanding based on an encounter with Rembrandt's painting of the return of the Prodigal and deals with three personages: the younger, prodigal son; the self-righteous, resentful older son; and the compassionate father – all of whom the author identifies with personally.[20] An earlier work with similarities to the parable is "Le retour de l'enfant prodigue" ("The Return of the Prodigal Son"), a short story by André Gide.[21]
Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem[22] giving an interpretation of the younger brother's perspective.[23]
The Parable of the Prodigal Son is also a recurring theme in the works of Rainer Maria Rilke, who interpreted the parable in a different way to the conventional reading. His version of the parable was not so concerned with redemption and the forgiveness of family; the love of the family, and human love in general, was seen as less worthy than unreciprocated love, which is the purest form of love. In loving the family less, the Son can love God more, even if this love is not returned.[24][25]
The theme of the Prodigal Son plays a major role in Anne Tyler's novel A Spool of Blue Thread.[26]
The Prodigal Son was also referred to in the play As You Like It, a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare. The Prodigal Son is also mentioned in Shakespeare's romance, The Winter's Tale (Act 4, Scene 4 line 89).
Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism[edit]
A similar parable of a lost son can also be found in the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra.[27][28] The two parables are so similar in their outline and many details that several scholars have assumed that one version has influenced the other or that both texts share a common origin.[29] However, an influence of the biblical story on the Lotus sutra is regarded as unlikely given the early dating of the stratum of the sutra containing the Buddhist parable.[29] In spite of their similarities, both parables continue differently after the two meet for the first time at the son's return. In the biblical story, there is an immediate reunion of the two. In contrast, in the Lotus sutra, the poor son does not recognize the rich man as his father. When the father sends out some attendants to welcome the son, the son panics, fearing some kind of retribution. The father then lets the son leave without telling him of their kinship. However, he gradually draws the son closer to him by employing him in successively higher positions, only to tell him of their kinship in the end.[27] In the Buddhist parable, the father symbolises the Buddha, and the son symbolises any human being. Their kinship symbolises that any being has Buddha nature. The concealment of the kinship of the father to his son is regarded as a skillful means (Sanskrit:upāya).[30]
See also[edit]
Ministry of Jesus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016. Luke 15:11–32 The Parable of the Lost Son - Jesus.
Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016. Parable of the Forgiving Father (15:11-32) - The IVP New Testament Commentary Series
Jump up ^ "Lent 4C". TextWeek.com. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Proper 19 (24th Sunday of Ordinary Time)". TextWeek.com. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard N. Longenecker, The Challenge of Jesus' Parables, Eerdmans, 2000, ISBN 0-8028-4638-6, pp. 201–213.
Jump up ^ Scott Hahn, Curtis Mitch, and Dennis Walters, Gospel of Luke: The Ignatius Study Guide, 2nd ed, Ignatius Press, 2001, ISBN 0-89870-819-2, p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Arland J. Hultgren, The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary, Eerdmans Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-8028-6077-X, pp. 70–82.
^ Jump up to: a b "Love, Minus the Condemnation". Answering Protestants. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Scripture Readings Throughout the Year". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ The post-synodal apostolic exhortations of John Paul II by Catholic Church 1998 ISBN 0-87973-928-2 pages 234–239
Jump up ^ "Vatican website ''Reconciliatio et paenitentia''". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Vatican website ''Dives in misericordia''". Vatican. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Emile Mâle, The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century, p 195, English translation of 3rd ed, 1913, Collins, London (and many other editions), ISBN 978-0064300322
Jump up ^ Roland E. Fleischer and Susan C. Scott, Rembrandt, Rubens, and the art of their time: recent perspectives, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-915773-10-4, pp. 64-65.
Jump up ^ Craig, Hardin (April 1950). "Morality Plays and Elizabethan Drama". Shakespeare Quarterly. 1 (2): 71. doi:10.2307/2866678. ISSN 0037-3222.
Jump up ^ Don Michael Randel, The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, Harvard University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-674-37299-9, pp. 13-14,
Jump up ^ Paul Hammond, The shadow and its shadow: surrealist writings on the cinema, 3rd ed, City Lights Books, 2000, ISBN 0-87286-376-X, p. 70.
Jump up ^ BarlowGirl by BarlowGirl CD review at NewReleaseTuesday.com
Jump up ^ Dustin Kensrue at YouthMinistry.com
Jump up ^ Deirdre LaNoue, The Spiritual Legacy of Henri Nouwen, Continuum, 2000, ISBN 0-8264-1283-1, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Turnell, Martin. "André Gide and the Disintegration of the Protestant Cell". Yale French Studies. Yale University Press (7): 21–31.
Jump up ^ "The Prodigal Son". Famouspoetsandpoems.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Andrew Keith Malcolm Adam, Postmodern Interpretations of the Bible: A reader, Chalice Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8272-2970-4, pp. 202–203.
Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Sinkler, Rebecca Pepper (February 13, 2015). "Sunday Book Review: 'A Spool of Blue Thread' by Anne Tyler". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lotus Sutra, Chapter 4, translated By H. Kern
Jump up ^ Suzuki, Takayasu (2015). Two parables on "The wealthy father and the poor son" in the Saddharmapundarika and the Mahaberisutra, Journal of Indian and Budddhist Studies 63 (3), 169-176
^ Jump up to: a b Lai, Whalen W. "The Buddhist Prodigal Son': A Story of Misperceptions". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4.2 (1981), p. 91
Jump up ^ Nhất Hạnh, Thích (2003). Opening the Heart of the Cosmos. Parallax Press. pp. 37–41. ISBN 9781888375336.
Further reading[edit]
Wiggins, James, 2010. What Did Jesus Teach? A Detailed Survey of His Parables ISBN 978-1477699065
David A. Holgate, Prodigality, liberality and meanness in the parable of the prodigal son: a Greco-Roman perspective on Luke 15.11-32, Continuum, 1999, ISBN 1-84127-025-3.
Father Raniero Cantalamessa, Pontifical Household preacher, "Comments on Fourth Sunday of Lent Readings", Zenit News Agency, March 17, 2007.
Rev. George Dimopoulos, "The Prodigal Son", Orthodoxy and the world, February 24, 2008.
G. Campbell Morgan, The Parable of the Father's Heart.
E. Di Rocco (a cura di), Il romanzo della misericordia. La parabola del figliol prodigo nella letteratura in Studium, 4 (2013), nº 109
E. Di Rocco, Leggere le Scritture con le Scritture: Ugo di Santo Caro e Nicola di Lira lettori di Luca (15, 11-32), in Studium, 4 (2013), nº 109.
E. Di Rocco (a cura di), Il romanzo della misericordia. La parabola di Luca nella letteratura moderna e contemporanea. in Studium, 2 (2014), nº 110.
E. Di Rocco, Heimkehr: wohin?, Auszug: wohin?: la parabola esistenziale del figliol prodigo nella letteratura del Novecento. in Studium, 2 (2014), nº 110.
External links[edit]
Brooks, David. "The Prodigal Sons", The New York Times, February 17, 2014
Media related to Prodigal son at Wikimedia Commons
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Parable of the Prodigal Son media
Source
Luke 15
Parables of Jesus
Art
The Wayfarer (1500s)
The Prodigal Son in the Brothel (1637)
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1660s)
The Prodigal Son (1922)
Film
L'Enfant prodigue (1907)
The Prodigal (1955)
The Gospel (2005)
The Prodigal Trilogy (2008)
The Imposter (2008)
Preacher's Kid (2010)
Stage
The London Prodigal (1605 play)
The Prodigal Son (1929 ballet)
Opera
L'enfant prodigue (1850)
The Prodigal Son (1968)
Music
The Prodigal Son (1869)
L'enfant prodigue (1884)
Songs
Symphony No. 4
"Walkin' to Missouri" (1952)
"Prodigal Son" (1994)
Album
Ants'hillvania (1981)
The Prodigal Son (1983)
Literature
Tears of the Prodigal Son (1622)
Le retour de l'enfant prodigue (1907)
"Home-Coming"
Papal
Dives in misericordia (1980)
Reconciliatio et paenitentia (1984)
Other
Fatted calf
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's (2007)
"Michael"
"The Burglar's Christmas"
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List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Norwegian Nobel Institute (headquarters pictured) assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in selecting recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize and in organising the annual award in Oslo.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Laureates
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Laureates[edit]
As of 2016, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[2] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[3] There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more times than any other Nobel Prize.
Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to ever refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize.[4] He was jointly awarded the 1973 award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were not for him[93] and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full.
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale
1901 Henry Dunant Switzerland For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[5][6]
Frédéric Passy France "[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress"[5][6]
1902 Élie Ducommun Switzerland "[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[5][7]
Charles Albert Gobat "[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[5][7]
1903 William Randal Cremer United Kingdom "[For his role as] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[5][8]
1904 Institute of International Law Belgium "[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law"[5][9]
1905 Bertha von Suttner Austria-Hungary For writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[5][10]
1906 Theodore Roosevelt United States "[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[5][11]
1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy "[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[5][12]
Louis Renault France "[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"[5][12]
1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden "[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League"[5][13]
Fredrik Bajer Denmark "[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau"[5][13]
1909 Auguste Beernaert Belgium "[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[5][14]
Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant France "[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[5][14]
1910 Permanent International Peace Bureau Switzerland "[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries"[15][16]
1911 Tobias Asser Netherlands "[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law"[5][17]
Alfred Fried Austria-Hungary "[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society"[5][17]
1912 Elihu Root[A] United States "[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[5][18]
1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium "[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"[5][19]
1914 Not awarded due to World War I.
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland "[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families"[5][20]
1918 Not awarded due to World War I.
1919 Woodrow Wilson United States "[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[5][21]
1920 Léon Bourgeois France "[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his work towards "what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'"[5][22]
1921 Hjalmar Branting Sweden "[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[5][23]
Christian Lange Norway "[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[5][23]
1922 Fridtjof Nansen "[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine" and "his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace"[24][25]
1923 Not awarded
1924
1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain[A] United Kingdom For work on the Locarno Treaties[5][26]
Charles G. Dawes[A] United States "[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[5][26]
1926 Aristide Briand France For work on the Locarno Treaties[5][27]
Gustav Stresemann Germany
1927 Ferdinand Buisson France "[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[5][28]
Ludwig Quidde Germany
1928 Not awarded
1929 Frank B. Kellogg[A] United States "[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy"[5][29]
1930 Nathan Söderblom Sweden "[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[5][30]
1931 Jane Addams United States "[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[5][31]
Nicholas Murray Butler "[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[5][31]
1932 Not awarded
1933 Sir Norman Angell[A] United Kingdom For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a "supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general"[32]
1934 Arthur Henderson "[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[5][33][34]
1935 Carl von Ossietzky[B] Germany "[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[5][35]
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina "[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia"[5][36]
1937 The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood United Kingdom For his work with the League of Nations[5][37]
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees League of Nations For its work in aiding refugees[38]
1939 Not awarded due to World War II.
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland "[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity"[39]
1945 Cordell Hull United States "[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[40]
1946 Emily Greene Balch "Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[41]
John Raleigh Mott "Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[41]
1947 Friends Service Council United Kingdom "compassion for others and the desire to help them"[42]
American Friends Service Committee United States
1948 Not awarded because "there was no suitable living candidate." (A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India, since the prize cannot be awarded posthumously.)[43]
1949 The Lord Boyd-Orr United Kingdom "Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[44]
1950 Ralph Bunche United States "Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[45]
1951 Léon Jouhaux France "President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations"[46]
1952 Albert Schweitzer "Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[47]
1953 George C. Marshall United States "General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[48]
1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations "An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[49]
1955 Not awarded
1956
1957 Lester Bowles Pearson Canada "former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[50] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[5]
1958 Dominique Pire Belgium "Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[51]
1959 Philip Noel-Baker United Kingdom "Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[52]
1960 Albert Lutuli South Africa
(Born in Southern Rhodesia) "President of the African National Congress,"[53] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[5]
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld[C] Sweden "Secretary General of the U.N.,"[54] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[5]
1962 Linus Pauling United States "for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing"[55]
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland For their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.[56]
League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. United States Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence." King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities. King also organized the March on Washington, where he gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.[57]
1965 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) United Nations "An international aid organization." [58]
1966 Not awarded
1967
1968 René Cassin France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[59]
1969 International Labour Organization United Nations [60]
1970 Norman E. Borlaug United States "International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[61] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[5]
1971 Willy Brandt West Germany "Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[62]
1972 Not awarded
1973 Henry Kissinger United States
(Born in Germany) "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"[5][63]
Lê Đức Thọ[D] Vietnam (North)
1974 Seán MacBride Ireland
(Born in France) "President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[64] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[5]
Eisaku Satō Japan "Prime Minister of Japan,"[64] "for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation"[5]
1975 Andrei Sakharov[E] Soviet Union "[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations"[65]
1976 Betty Williams United Kingdom "Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[66]
Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International "[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience"[5][67]
1978 Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat Egypt "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[68]
Menachem Begin Israel
Poland
(Born in Russia)
1979 Mother Teresa India
(Born in Skopje, now Republic of Macedonia) "Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[69]
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina "Human rights leader;"[70] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[5]
1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations "An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[71]
1982 Alva Myrdal Sweden "[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[72][73]
Alfonso García Robles Mexico
1983 Lech Wałęsa Poland "Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[74]
1984 Desmond Tutu South Africa "Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[75]
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War United States For "authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues."[76]
1986 Elie Wiesel United States
(Born in Romania) "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[77]
1987 Óscar Arias Costa Rica "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[78]
1988 United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces United Nations "[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations"[79][80]
1989 Tenzin Gyatso,
14th Dalai Lama India
(Born in Tibet)[81] "In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[82][83]
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"[84]
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi[F] Burma "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[85]
1992 Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala "for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[86]
1993 Nelson Mandela South Africa "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[87]
Frederik Willem de Klerk
1994 Yasser Arafat Palestine
(Born in Egypt) "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[88]
Yitzhak Rabin Israel
Shimon Peres Israel
(Born in Poland)
1995 Joseph Rotblat United Kingdom
(Born in Poland) "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[89]
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Canada
1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo East Timor "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[90]
José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines Switzerland "for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[91]
Jody Williams United States
1998 John Hume Ireland "for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[92]
David Trimble United Kingdom
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières Switzerland "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"[93]
2000 Kim Dae-jung South Korea "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[94]
2001 United Nations United Nations "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[95]
Kofi Annan Ghana
2002 Jimmy Carter United States "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[96]
2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran "for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."[97]
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai Kenya "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[98]
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"[99]
Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt
2006 Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh "for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"[100]
Grameen Bank
2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[101]
Al Gore United States
2008 Martti Ahtisaari Finland "for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[102]
2009 Barack Obama United States "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[103]
2010 Liu Xiaobo China "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"[104]
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[105]
Leymah Gbowee
Tawakkul Karman Yemen
2012 European Union European Union "for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."[106]
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons."[107]
2014 Kailash Satyarthi India "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"[108]
Malala Yousafzai Pakistan
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Tunisia "for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011"[109]
2016 Juan Manuel Santos Colombia "for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people"[110]
See also[edit]
List of Nobel laureates
List of peace activists
Notes[edit]
A Elihu Root, Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes, Frank B. Kellogg, and Norman Angell were all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in Nobel's will; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year, although they were awarded as the previous year's Prize.[18][26][29][32]
B Carl von Ossietzky's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of Germany.[111]
C Dag Hammarskjöld's Prize was awarded posthumously.
D Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the Prize.[63]
E Andrei Sakharov's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of the Soviet Union.[112]
F Aung San Suu Kyi's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the government of Burma. Following her release from house arrest and election to the Pyithu Hluttaw, Suu Kyi accepted her award in person on 16 June 2012.[113]
G Liu Xiaobo's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China.[114]
References[edit]
General
"All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
"Nobel Prize winners by category (peace)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
Rogers, Simon (8 October 2010). "Nobel peace prize winners list 2010: how does Liu Xiaobo compare to previous medal holders?". The Guardian.
Specific
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Jump up ^ Rothman, Lily. "Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected". TIME.com. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1929". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
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Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1974". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1979". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1982–Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1988–Press release". Nobel Foundation. 1988-09-29. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
Jump up ^ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama-facts.html
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1989–Press release". Nobel Foundation. 1989-10-05. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1993". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Press Release- The Nobel Peace Prize 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2013" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2014". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2016". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Biography: Carl von Ossietzky". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
Jump up ^ Lionaes, Aase. "Award Ceremony Speech (1975)". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
Jump up ^ Sejersted, Francis. "Award Ceremony Speech (1991)". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
Jump up ^ Jagland, Thorbjørn. "Award Ceremony Speech (2010)". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
External links[edit]
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Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903 Randal Cremer
1904 Institut de Droit International
1905 Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910 International Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon Bourgeois
1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933 Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Robert Cecil
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily Balch / John Mott
1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949 John Boyd Orr
1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Maathai
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012 European Union
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016 Juan Manuel Santos
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1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
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