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13 Reasons Why
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This article is about the television series. For the novel, see Thirteen Reasons Why.
13 Reasons Why
Genre
Teen drama
Mystery
Based on
Thirteen Reasons Why
by Jay Asher
Developed by
Brian Yorkey
Starring
Dylan Minnette
Katherine Langford
Christian Navarro
Alisha Boe
Brandon Flynn
Justin Prentice
Miles Heizer
Ross Butler
Devin Druid
Amy Hargreaves
Derek Luke
Kate Walsh
Narrated by
Katherine Langford
Composer(s)
Eskmo
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
13 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Diana Son
Tom McCarthy
Joy Gorman Wettels
Steve Golin
Michael Sugar
Selena Gomez
Mandy Teefey
Kristel Laiblin
Producer(s)
Joseph Incaprera
Location(s)
California, U.S.
Editor(s)
Leo Trombetta
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
49–61 minutes
Production company(s)
July Moon Productions
Kicked to the Curb Productions
Anonymous Content
Paramount Television
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (Ultra HD)[1]
Original release
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31) – present
External links
Website
www.netflix.com/title/80117470
13 Reasons Why (stylized onscreen as Th1rteen R3asons Why) is an American drama-mystery web television series based on the 2007 novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher and adapted by Brian Yorkey for Netflix. The series revolves around a high school student, Clay Jensen, and his friend Hannah Baker, a girl who committed suicide after suffering a series of demoralizing circumstances brought on by select individuals at her school. A box of cassette tapes recorded by Hannah before her suicide details thirteen reasons why she ended her life.
Diana Son and Brian Yorkey serve as showrunners on the series. The first season consists of thirteen episodes.[2] The series is produced by July Moon Productions, Kicked to the Curb Productions, Anonymous Content and Paramount Television. Originally conceived as a film set to be released by Universal Pictures with Selena Gomez in the lead role, the adaptation was picked up as a television series by Netflix in late 2015. Gomez serves as an executive producer. The first season, and the special 13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons, were released worldwide on Netflix on March 31, 2017.
The series has received largely positive reviews from critics and audiences, who have praised its subject matter and casting, particularly the two leads, Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford. It has attracted controversy from some over the series' graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape, along with other mature content. In May 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, scheduled to premiere in 2018.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Reception
5.1 Audience viewership
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Social impact
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Premise
Teenager Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box lying on his porch. Inside, he discovers seven double-sided cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker, his classmate and unrequited love, who tragically committed suicide two weeks earlier. On tape, Hannah unfolds an emotional audio diary, detailing the thirteen reasons why she decided to end her life. Her instructions are clear: each person who receives the package is one of the reasons why she killed herself. And after each person has completed listening to the tapes, they must pass the package on to the next person. If anyone decides to break the chain, a separate set of tapes will be released to the public. Each tape is addressed to a select person in her school and details their involvement in her eventual suicide.
Cast and characters
Main
Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen[4]
Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker[4]
Christian Navarro as Tony Padilla[4]
Alisha Boe as Jessica Davis[4]
Brandon Flynn as Justin Foley[4]
Justin Prentice as Bryce Walker[4]
Miles Heizer as Alex Standall[4]
Ross Butler as Zach Dempsey[4]
Devin Druid as Tyler Down[4]
Amy Hargreaves as Lainie Jensen[5]
Derek Luke as Kevin Porter[6]
Kate Walsh as Olivia Baker[6]
Recurring
Brian d'Arcy James as Andrew "Andy" Baker[7]
Josh Hamilton as Matt Jensen
Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen
Steven Silver as Marcus Cole
Ajiona Alexus as Sheri Holland
Tommy Dorfman as Ryan Shaver
Sosie Bacon as Skye Miller
Brandon Larracuente as Jeff Atkins
Timothy Granaderos as Montgomery de la Cruz
Steven Weber as Principal Gary Bolan
Keiko Agena as Pam Bradley
Mark Pellegrino as Sheriff's Deputy Standall
Joseph C. Phillips as Mr. Davis
Cindy Cheung as Karen Dempsey
Henry Zaga as Brad
Robert Gant as Todd Crimsen
Wilson Cruz as Dennis Vasquez
Jake Weber as Barry Walker[8]
Brenda Strong as Nora Walker[8]
Meredith Monroe as Carolyn[8]
R.J. Brown as Caleb[8]
Anne Winters as Chloe[9]
Bryce Cass as Cyrus[9]
Chelsea Alden as Mackenzie[9]
Allison Miller as Sonya[9]
Samantha Logan as Nina[9]
Kelli O'Hara as Jackie[9]
Ben Lawson as Rick[9]
Episodes
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"Tape 1, Side A" Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Clay Jensen finds a box filled with audio cassette tapes anonymously left on his front doorstep. He plays the first in his father's boombox and realizes they have been recorded by his recently deceased classmate Hannah Baker, before he accidentally drops and breaks the boombox when surprised by his mother. Clay steals his friend Tony's Walkman to continue listening. Clay listens to the first tape, in which Hannah begins to relate the experiences that led to her suicide. She starts by sharing the story of her first kiss, with Justin Foley, who goes on to inadvertently spread a salacious rumor that begins the sequence of events leading to her suicide. Clay is revealed, through numerous short flashbacks, to have been in love with Hannah and to have worked with her at the local movie theater.
Tape subject: Justin Foley, for spreading a racy picture of Hannah along with a sexual rumor about their encounter.
2
"Tape 1, Side B" Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah reminisces about her friendship with two other new students: Jessica, who moves frequently because her father is in the Air Force, and Alex, who they met at a coffee shop. Jessica and Alex eventually begin a relationship and stop spending time with Hannah. When Alex breaks up with Jessica, she very publicly blames Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia, finds a note in her daughter's textbook that leads her to believe Hannah was being bullied. Bryce Walker's circle of peers meets and discuss how Clay is listening to Hannah's recordings.
Tape subject: Jessica Davis, for mistakenly blaming that Hannah was the reason for her breakup with Alex.
3
"Tape 2, Side A" Helen Shaver Diana Son March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah's relationships are threatened by a "best/worst list" made by Alex Standall, who has put a "target" on Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia Baker, seeks out the school principal about her suspicion of bullying and makes a disturbing discovery. In the midst of his investigation, Clay turns to Alex for answers, who warns him against trusting Tony, whom Clay later sees in a violent exchange. As Justin tries to recuperate from his recent slump, Bryce strong-arms Clay and Alex into a drinking contest in an alleyway.
Tape subject: Alex Standall, for listing Hannah's ass as the best in school to make Jessica Davis jealous and to become more popular.
4
"Tape 2, Side B" Helen Shaver Thomas Higgins March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah hears someone outside her window, and confesses to her friend, Courtney, that she has a stalker. Courtney offers to help her catch the offender in the act. While waiting for the stalker to arrive, they play an alcohol-fueled game of truth or dare which leads to the two of them kissing on Hannah's bed. The stalker, school photographer Tyler Down, takes a photo of the girls and sends it around the school. This effectively ends Courtney and Hannah's friendship as Courtney distances herself from Hannah to avoid being revealed as one of the people in the photograph. In the present day, Clay takes a naked picture of Tyler and sends it around the school in revenge, instead of throwing a rock through his window as suggested by Hannah on the tapes.
Tape subject: Tyler Down, for stalking Hannah and spreading the photo of her and Courtney's kiss around the school.
5
"Tape 3, Side A" Kyle Patrick Alvarez Julia Bicknell March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Courtney, afraid of her classmates finding out about her sexuality, spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura, an openly lesbian classmate. Courtney also adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin, worsening Hannah's poor reputation. Meanwhile, in the present, Clay takes Courtney to visit Hannah's grave. She leaves, not ready to face the loss of her classmate, her involvement or being more open about her sexuality. Tony arrives with Clay's bike and gives him a tape with the song he and Hannah danced to at the Winter Formal. Later, the boys named on Hannah's tape force Clay into the car with them and scare him into silence about the tapes by driving over the speed limit. They are pulled over by the police but face no consequences as the officer is revealed to be Alex's father.
Tape subject: Courtney Crimsen, for deflecting attention about both her sexuality and the photo Tyler took of her and Hannah by spreading further rumors about Hannah.
6
"Tape 3, Side B" Kyle Patrick Alvarez Nic Sheff March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah's date on Valentine's Day with Marcus does not go as planned due to the rumors that she is "easy". In the present, Alex gets into a fight with Montgomery and they both have to appear before the student council.
Tape subject: Marcus Cole, for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah in public on their Dollar Valentine date.
7
"Tape 4, Side A" Gregg Araki Elizabeth Benjamin March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After Hannah refuses to go out with Zach, he gets revenge by sabotaging her emotionally during a class project. In an act of revenge, Clay keys Zach's car, but in the present, things turn out to be different than they appeared. Clay is now having both auditory and visual hallucinations of Hannah during the day as well, including seeing her dead body on the floor of the basketball court during a game and hearing her tape playing over the school's intercom system.
Tape subject: Zach Dempsey, for stealing the "positive notes" destined to Hannah in Communications class out of revenge for her rejecting him and his help.
8
"Tape 4, Side B" Gregg Araki Kirk Moore March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah is touched by poetry recited by fellow student Ryan Shaver, and joins the Evergreen Poetry Club, a place where people write and perform their own poetry, and listen and critique others. Hannah presents some extremely revealing and confessional poetry at the poetry club after Ryan encourages her. Ryan betrays her by publishing the poem without her knowledge or consent in his school magazine. Almost everyone in school finds the poem hilarious, but Clay is both touched and disturbed by it, not realizing Hannah is the author. In the present day, Tony confides to Clay about the night of Hannah's death.
Tape subject: Ryan Shaver, for stealing a poem she wrote detailing her personal problems and publishing it in the school newspaper without her consent.
9
"Tape 5, Side A" Carl Franklin Hayley Tyler March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
While hiding in Jessica's room during a party, Hannah witnesses Bryce Walker raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica. In the present, Clay talks to Justin, who claims it is better Jessica does not know the truth. Marcus warns Clay the worst is yet to come.
Tape subject: Justin Foley, for allowing Bryce to rape his girlfriend Jessica.
10
"Tape 5, Side B" Carl Franklin Nathan Louis Jackson March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After the party, Hannah gets a ride home from Sheri. They have what appears to be a minor accident, knocking over a stop sign. While Hannah wants to call the police to report it, Sheri refuses to do so, because she is afraid she will get in trouble. While Hannah is on her way to find a phone to call the authorities, the downed stop sign causes a serious accident at that intersection, resulting in the death of Clay's friend Jeff Atkins. When Hannah tries to tell Clay about the stop sign, he pushes her away, thinking she is being unnecessarily dramatic. In the present, Jessica's behavior becomes more erratic.
Tape subject: Sheri Holland, for abandoning Hannah after crashing her car into a stop sign, which ultimately caused the death of another student.
11
"Tape 6, Side A" Jessica Yu Diana Son March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Clay finally listens to his tape and is overcome with guilt because he feels he did not do enough to prevent Hannah's death. In the present day, Justin finds out Jessica is at Bryce's home. He confronts her there and admits that Bryce raped her on the night of the party. Olivia Baker finds a list with the names of all the people on the tapes, although she does not know what the list means.
Tape subject: Ostensibly Clay Jensen, for complying with Hannah's request to leave her alone at Jessica's party. Hannah is quite explicit in stating Clay is not included in the list, but is there because he needs to be as he is part of the story.
12
"Tape 6, Side B" Jessica Yu Elizabeth Benjamin March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After accidentally losing the her parents' store's earnings, which she was supposed to deposit at the bank, a depressed Hannah stumbles upon a party being thrown by Bryce. The night ends in tragedy when she ends up alone with him, and he rapes her in his hot tub. In the present, Clay goes to Bryce's house on the pretext of buying marijuana, and confronts him about the events of that night. Clay provokes Bryce into a fight, and Clay gets beaten up badly. However, Clay has been secretly recording their conversation, and gets Bryce to admit that he raped Hannah. Everyone on the list Olivia found is subpoenaed to testify in the lawsuit between the Bakers and the school. The episode ends with an unknown teenager with a gunshot wound to the head being treated by paramedics.
Tape subject: Bryce Walker, for raping Hannah in his hot tub.
13
"Tape 7, Side A" Kyle Patrick Alvarez Brian Yorkey March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah visits Mr. Porter and tells him about her rape. Hannah secretly records the conversation, hoping he will help her. When he does not, she heads home and commits suicide by cutting her wrists and arms in a bathtub filled with water. In the present, Clay gives Tony the tape of his conversation with Bryce to copy. He confronts Mr. Porter about meeting with Hannah on her last day. He also hands over the tapes, including the additional tape containing Bryce's confession. Clay tells Porter that he is the subject of the final tape. The depositions continue, with most of the teens following their plan to tell at least some of the truth. Before his deposition, Tyler hides ammunition and guns in his room, and then reveals the existence of the tapes during his interview. Alex is revealed to have been the teenager with the gunshot wound; he is in critical condition at the hospital. Justin leaves town out of guilt, but not before telling Bryce about the tapes. Jessica finally tells her father about her rape. At school, Clay reaches out to Skye, his former friend.
Tape subject: Mr. Porter, for not believing Hannah was suicidal and for not giving her proper help.
Production
Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with Selena Gomez cast to play the lead role of Hannah Baker.[10] On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.[11] Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes.[12] The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.[12]
Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016.[13][14] The first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[15]
Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series.[16]
On May 7, 2017 it was announced Netflix renewed the series for a second season. A short promo was released on the 13 Reasons Why Facebook account.[17]
Reception
Audience viewership
The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The series also showed an 18% increase in week-over-week viewership from week one to week two. Jumpshot, which "analyzes click-stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company’s U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season.[18]
Critical response
The show has received positive reviews from critics, with much of the praise for the show has been directed at the cast's performances, direction, story, visuals, improvements upon its source material, and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter.
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86% approval rating with an average rating of 7.3/10 based on 42 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu."[19] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[20]
Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why, giving it a 9.2 out of 10, "Amazing", stating that the show is "a very powerful and hard-hitting series" and "ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century".[21] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the show, saying that "the drama is sensitive, consistently engaging, and, most importantly, unblinking".[22] Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the show "is undoubtedly sincere, but it's also, in many important ways, creatively successful" and called it "simply essential viewing".[23] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+, calling the show "a frank, authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young, lost and too fragile for the world".[24] Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the show, calling it "an honorably mature piece of young-adult adaptation", calling its performances, direction, relevance and maturity as some of the show's strongest points.[25]
The cast's performances, particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay, were frequently mentioned and widely lauded in several reviews. Schedeen of IGN praised the cast, particularly Minnette and Langford's performances, stating: "Langford shines in the lead role... [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well. Minnette's Clay is, by design, a much more stoic and reserved character... and does a fine job in what's often a difficult role."[21] Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying that "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure", while Schedeen of IGN also agreed, saying that they are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another." Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors: "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair."[25]
Ryan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads, but also the supporting cast of actors, particularly Kate Walsh's performance as Hannah's mother, whom Ryan describes as "career-best work".[23] Positive mentions from various critics, such as Ryan, Feinberg and Schedeen, were also given to the supporting cast of actors (most particularly Alisha Boe, Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro's respective performances of Jessica, Alex and Tony). Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire, who enjoyed the show and gave it a glowing score of B+, gave praise to the racial, gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens.[23][21][25][26]
Another aspect frequently mentioned within several reviews was the show's mature and emotional approach to dark and adult subject matter depicted in the show. This was positively reviewed by critics, such as Miller of Indiewire, who gave it a positive review of the season, particularly her mentions that "the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth", but also states that this makes the show difficult to watch at times.[26] Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also states that the show is very difficult to watch at times,[25] while Schedeen of IGN states that the show is "an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch... a pretty emotionally draining experience, particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place."[21]
Numerous critics also praised several aspects of the show. Feinberg praised the show's directors, saying: "A Sundance-friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy, Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative",[26] meanwhile Gilbert of The Boston Globe praises the storytelling: "The storytelling techniques are powerful... [as it] builds on the world established in the previous hour, as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah's life and new characters. The background on the show keeps getting deeper, richer."[22]
Conversely, the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst. Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review, writing, "the show doesn't make [Hannah's] downward progress convincing. It too often feels artificial, like a very long public service announcement." He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did, which Hale felt was unbelievable: "It makes no sense as anything but a plot device, and you'll find yourself, like Clay's antagonists, yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already."[27]
Writing for The Guardian, Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh, but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, "a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me." Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So-Called Life: "It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears... It's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note – and that note is horrifying. 'It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening."[28]
Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review, finding 13 Reasons Why "contrived" and implausible: "There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours – a passive-aggressive, implausibly meandering, poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication, delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression, bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny." He also wrote that he found Hannah's suicide tapes "a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she's gone. The story ... strikes me as remarkably, even dangerously, naive in its understanding of suicide, up to and including a gruesome, penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub."[29]
David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review, saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies, particularly Hannah. He praised Langford's "stunning performance" but noted, "There are times when we simply don't believe the characters, when what they do or say isn't consistent with who we've been led to believe they are... At times, [Hannah] is self-possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids. At other times, though, relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin. No doubt, teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions, but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there." He noted that overall, the series worked: "The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent, but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy."[30]
The series has also been praised for teaching how teens can have issues in real life and how emotional concealment can lead to someone ending their life. Some people cared and loved Hannah but instances and moments of pain and sadness pushed her to suicide. Hannah was treated differently by the people around her and had this included experiences of bullying and rape.[31]
Social impact
The series has generated controversy over its portrayal of suicide and self-harm, causing Netflix to add strong advisory warnings prior to the first episode. School psychologists and educators have raised alarm about the series. The superintendent of Palm Beach County, Florida schools, reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self-harm behavior from students, and that some of those students "have articulated associations of their at-risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series."[32]
The Australian youth mental health service for 12–25 year-olds, Headspace, issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show's release in the country.[33][34][35]
In response to the graphic nature of the show and New Zealand's high youth suicide rate, which was the highest among the 34[a] OECD countries during 2009 to 2012,[37][38] the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating, "RP18", allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian.[39][40]
In response to the controversy, Gomez, one of the executive producers on 13 Reasons Why, defended the series. She stated: "We stayed very true to the book and that's initially what [author] Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic, complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that's what we wanted to do," Gomez told Associated Press. "We wanted to do it justice and, yeah, [the backlash is] gonna come no matter what. It's not an easy subject to talk about, but I'm very fortunate with how it's doing."[41]
In April 2017, National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) released a statement regarding the series, saying: "Research shows that exposure to another person's suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death, can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide."[42] The NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series, reportedly a first for the NASP in response to a television show.[43]
In May 2017, the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP) released a statement also noting how strongly the show may serve as a trigger for self-injury among vulnerable youth and lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide.[44] The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources and a reminder that depression and suicide can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional such as a clinical child psychologist using evidence-based practice.
Similarly, clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez, as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine, have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion.[45][46][47] However, Eric Beeson, a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that "it's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide".[42]
Mental health professionals have also criticized the series' depiction of suicide itself, much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or depicting them in fiction in order to not encourage copycat suicides.[48] The season finale, which depicts Hannah's suicide in graphic detail, has been particularly criticized in this regard.[49] Nic Sheff, a writer for the show, has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides "quietly drift off", and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor's account of how painful and horrifying it was.[50]
The NASP statement also criticizes the show's suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life, noting that while it may be a contributing factor, suicidal ideations far more often result from the bullied person having a treatable mental illness without adequate coping mechanisms. Alex Moen, a school counselor in Minneapolis, took issue with the show's entire plotline as "essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have—that once you commit suicide, you can still communicate with your loved ones, and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain ... That the cute, sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you, and you'll be able to orchestrate it, and in so doing kind of still be able to live."[49]
Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading, since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations, but says he cannot report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant. School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture, Moen says, but Porter's behavior in the series goes beyond that to being unethical and possibly illegal. "It's ridiculous! Counselors are not police. We don't have to launch an investigation. We bring whatever information we do have to the police", she told Slate.[49]
In May 2017, the Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention (CSP) released a statement of similar concerns to the ones raised by the NASP. The CMHA is concerned that the series may glamorize suicide, and that some content may lead to distress in viewers, and, particularly, in younger viewers. Furthermore, the portrayal of Hannah's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the American Association of Suicidology. While the CMHA and CASP praised the show for raising awareness about "this preventable health concern", they added that: "raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner. A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide." Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm, according to the CMHA and CASP, include the following: "They may simplify suicide, such as, by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause; they may make suicide seem romantic, such as, by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers, especially young ones; and/or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson."[51][52]
One study found the release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1,500,000 more suicide related searches in the United States, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide", an 18% increase for "commit suicide" and a 9% increase for "how to kill yourself".[53] A review, however, found that it is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide.[54]
Notes
Jump up ^ While there are 35 OECD countries, figures for 2009–2012 exclude Latvia, which became a member country on July 1, 2016.[36]
References
Jump up ^ "13 Reasons Why". instantwatcher.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2016). "Diana Son Joins Selena Gomez's Netflix Series '13 Reasons Why' As Showrunner". Deadline. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'13 Reasons Why' Renewed for a Second Season at Netflix". Variety. May 7, 2017. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Andreeva, Nellie (June 8, 2016). "'13 Reasons Why' Netflix Series: Dylan Minnette & Katherine Langford Lead Cast". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 23, 2016). "'13 Reasons Why' Casts Amy Hargreaves; Frances Conroy In 'The Mist'". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (June 10, 2016). "'13 Reasons Why': Kate Walsh To Co-Star In Netflix Series, Derek Luke Also Cast". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Spotlight's Brian d'Arcy James Cast In Netflix Series '13 Reasons Why', Joins TNT Pilot 'Civil'". Deadline.com. June 15, 2016. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert, Matthew (March 29, 2017). ""Yes, '13 Reasons Why' is for young adults. It's still very good."". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Howard, Jacqueline. "Why teen mental health experts are focused on '13 Reasons Why'". CNN. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Mok, K; Jorm, AF; Pirkis, J (August 2015). "Suicide-related Internet use: A review.". The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry. 49 (8): 697–705. PMID 25698810. doi:10.1177/0004867415569797.
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Fruit of the poisonous tree
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Fruit of the poisonous tree is a legal metaphor in the United States used to describe evidence that is obtained illegally.[1] The logic of the terminology is that if the source (the "tree") of the evidence or evidence itself is tainted, then anything gained (the "fruit") from it is tainted as well. The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine was first described in Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385 (1920).[2][3][4] The term's first use was by Justice Felix Frankfurter in Nardone v. United States (1939).
Such evidence is not generally admissible in court.[5] For example, if a police officer conducted an unconstitutional (Fourth Amendment) search of a home and obtained a key to a train station locker, and evidence of a crime came from the locker, that evidence would most likely be excluded under the fruit of the poisonous tree legal doctrine. The testimony of a witness who is discovered through illegal means would not necessarily be excluded, however, due to the “attenuation doctrine”, which allows certain evidence or testimony to be admitted in court if the link between the illegal police conduct and the resulting evidence or testimony is sufficiently attenuated. It is believed that a witness who freely and voluntarily testifies is enough of an independent intervening factor to sufficiently “attenuate” the connection between the government’s illegal discovery of the witness and the witness's voluntary testimony itself. (United States v. Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268 (1978))
The "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine is an extension of the exclusionary rule, which, subject to some exceptions, prevents evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being admitted in a criminal trial. Like the exclusionary rule, the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is intended to deter police from using illegal means to obtain evidence.
The doctrine is subject to four main exceptions. The tainted evidence is admissible if:
it was discovered in part as a result of an independent, untainted source; or
it would inevitably have been discovered despite the tainted source; or
the chain of causation between the illegal action and the tainted evidence is too attenuated; or
the search warrant was not found to be valid based on probable cause, but was executed by government agents in good faith (called the good-faith exception).
This doctrine was also used by the European Court of Human Rights in Gäfgen v. Germany. In certain cases continental European countries have similar laws (e.g. in cases of torture), while the doctrine itself is generally not known. Illegally obtained evidence is used by the courts to ensure that the judgment is factually correct, however the person obtaining the illegal evidence typically faces independent consequences.
See also[edit]
Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)
Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)
Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984)
Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
Parallel construction
Sugar bowl (legal maxim)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dressler, Joshua (2002). Understanding Criminal Procedure (3rd ed.). Newark, NJ: LexisNexis. ISBN 0-8205-5405-7.
Jump up ^ Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385 (1920)
Jump up ^ "Fruit of a poisonous tree legal definition of Fruit of a poisonous tree. Fruit of a poisonous tree synonyms by the Free Online Law Dictionary". Legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. 1959-06-04. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
Jump up ^ See also Bransdorfer, Mark S. (1987). "Miranda Right-to-Counsel Violations and the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine". Indiana Law Journal. 62: 1061. ISSN 0019-6665.
Jump up ^ Gaines, Larry; Miller, LeRoy (2006). Criminal Justice In Action: The Core. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. ISBN 0-495-00305-0.
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Ox Baker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ox Baker
Ox Baker speaks at the Killer Kowalski Memorial Show in Malden, Massachusetts on October 26, 2008.
Born
(1934-04-19)April 19, 1934[1]
Sedalia, Missouri, United States
Died
October 20, 2014(2014-10-20) (aged 80)
Hartford, Connecticut, United States
Cause of death
Myocardial infarction
Professional wrestling career
Ring name(s)
Doug Baker
Ox Baker
The Ox
The Arkansas Ox
Billed height
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)[2]
Billed weight
340 lb (150 kg)[2]
Billed from
Waterloo, Iowa
Trained by
Buddy Austin
Pat O'Connor
Bob Geigel
Debut
1964[3]
Douglas A. Baker (April 19, 1934 – October 20, 2014) was an American professional wrestler and actor, better known professionally as Ox Baker. He was famous for his finishing move, the Heart Punch, sometimes called the "Hurt Punch", after Baker's famous catchphrase "I love to hurt people!". He appeared in several movies including Blood Circus and Escape from New York.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Professional wrestling career
3 Acting career and other media
4 Death
5 In wrestling
6 Championships and accomplishments
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Baker, the oldest of five siblings, began as an amateur high school wrestler, boxer and football player in his adopted hometown of Waterloo, Iowa before getting thrown out of school. He also played football for two years in the armed forces.
Professional wrestling career[edit]
Baker was trained by Buddy Austin, Pat O'Connor, and Bob Geigel, and debuted in 1964. As time went on he was winning a majority of his matches by knock out caused by the Heart Punch; he later renamed the move the Hurt Punch when Stan Stasiak, from who Baker adopted the move, objected. Initially debuting as a kind, horn-rimmed-glasses-wearing country simpleton, Baker later turned into a villain. He was known for his unique look with his shaved head and black bushy mustache and eyebrows and ability to cut a promo.[4] He was also famous for wearing T-shirts to the ring, declaring himself "The Great Heart Puncher".[3]
In 1967 Baker worked for the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) as The Friendly Arkansas Ox. In his first appearance there, Baker teamed with Armand Hussein in a handicap match versus Gorilla Monsoon. Later on Baker went to fight in different promotions through North America, including Stampede Wrestling in Canada, the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico, and the United States-based American Wrestling Association throughout the 1970s. On June 13, 1971, Baker and his partner the Claw were wrestling in an AWA Midwest Tag Team Championship tag team match against Alberto Torres and Cowboy Bob Ellis in Verdigre, Nebraska. Torres was injured during the match and died three days later. Though evidence indicated that Torres died of a ruptured appendix, Baker's Heart Punch was blamed; the death was worked into Baker's wrestling persona, reinforcing his heel character. On August 1, 1972, Baker lost to Ray Gunkel. Following the match, Gunkel died in the locker room; his death was attributed to a blood clot, which broke off from a hematoma caused by Baker, which led to a heart attack.[5] Again, the death was worked into Baker's character, and in 1974, Baker caused a riot in Cleveland, Ohio, for continually Heart Punching an opponent after the match was finished.[3]
During his career he defeated "Cowboy" Bob Ellis for the World Wrestling Association's World Heavyweight Championship in Indianapolis and Carlos Colon for the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship in Puerto Rico's World Wrestling Council. Baker beat The Sheik to win the Detroit version of the US Heavyweight title; he also won the NWA American Heavyweight Championship and the NWA Texas Heavyweight title several times. In addition, Baker was a multi-time tag team champion; he teamed with Ole Anderson and Skandor Akbar to capture tag team championships in the National Wrestling Alliance and National Wrestling Federation. Baker teamed with Chuck O'Connor to win the WWA World Tag Team Championship in 1976. He also teamed with Superstar Billy Graham to hold the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. He is noted for a feud with Randy Savage in International Championship Wrestling, the southern promotion that Savage ran with his father Angelo Poffo and his brother Lanny Poffo. Late in his career, Baker appeared with Central States Wrestling as a face and feuded with Rip Rogers.
In 1988, Baker returned to the AWA. Under contract, Baker teamed up with The Russian Brute of ICW fame. The following year he opened "Ox Baker's Wrestling School", becoming a well-renowned trainer. His students include Mark Calaway, Bryan Clark.[4] and NWA New England Superstar The Dark Angel and his Kayfabe twin brother Micky Byggs of Wrestling Spotlite Radio/TV. He also did commentary for some IWCCW events in the early 1990s. Baker made an appearance in Ring of Honor in 2004 during their At Our Best show, confronting Dusty Rhodes before the show started and again during the main event. Baker also made an appearance in Combat Zone Wrestling on December 8, 2007, at Cage of Death 9 as the guest of Cult Fiction (Halfbreed Billy Gram and Toby Klein). In December 2013, Baker returned to the ring to be crowned the CCW Champion after being a surprise entrant in a thirteen-man battle royal in Ohio.
Acting career and other media[edit]
Baker with a fan
Baker has worked in movies from time to time, most notably in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He appeared as a fighter in Jackie Chan's The Big Brawl (1980) and as Kurt Russell's gladiatorial opponent in John Carpenter's Escape from New York (1981).[3] In addition, he was cast in the professional wrestling film named for his catch phrase, I Like to Hurt People. On January 19, 1981, Baker was a contestant on the game show The Price is Right.[3] In 1985, Ox Baker played the Russian in the wrestling movie Blood Circus, and in 2013 appeared in Chilling Visions: 5 Senses of Fear as The Butcher.[6]
In 2005 a documentary on Baker's life and career was filmed, directed by Halfbreed Billy Gram, with the working title of I Love the People I Hurt: The Life and Legend of the Mighty Ox Baker. Also filmed during this time was a short comedy feature titled My Smorgasboard with Ox, co-written and co-starring Baker and Gram. Both remain in post-production.
In 2006 the North Carolina-based indie band the Mountain Goats released a song on their Babylon Springs EP titled "Ox Baker Triumphant" in which Baker is betrayed by the wrestling community and rises up to strike vengeance upon them.
In 2011, Baker self-published a cookbook, which included recipes and stories from his time in wrestling.[4]
In 2015 Veteran Pro Wrestling out of Groton Connecticut had the first annual Ox Baker Memorial Cup. The winner for 2015 was Bad News Walter Swan and US Army Veteran The Patriot Paul Severe aka Jared Keefe. In 2016 the winner was Rescue 911 Christopher Annino[7].
Death[edit]
Baker died on October 20, 2014 in Hartford, Connecticut,[8] due to complications from a heart attack.[2][9]
In wrestling[edit]
Finishing moves
Hurt Punch (Heart punch)
Managers
Jimmy Hart
"Playboy" Johnny Lee
The Mysterious Sheik
The Dark Angel
Oliver Humperdink[10]
Championships and accomplishments[edit]
All Star Pro Wrestling (New Zealand)
NWA Australasian Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with King Kamaka[11]
American Wrestling Association
AWA Midwest Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Rock Rogowski (1), The Claw (1) and The Great Kusatsu (1) [12]
Atlantic Coast Wrestling
ACW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Purple Haze[13]
Big Time Wrestling
NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Detroit Version) (1 time)[14]
Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree (2002)[15]
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Superstar Billy Graham[16]
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (1 time)[17]
International Wrestling Association
IWA North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[18]
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Carl Fergie[19]
Mid-South Sports
NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Skandor Akbar[20]
Midwest Championship Wrestling
MCW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[13]
NWA Big Time Wrestling
NWA American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)[21]
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[22]
NWA Hollywood Wrestling
NWA Americas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Enforcer Luciano[23]
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Los Angeles version) (1 time) – with Enforcer Luciano[24]
NWA New Zealand
NWA British Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[25]
National Wrestling Federation
NWF North American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)[26]
New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2009
Pro Wrestling Academy (Connecticut)
Ox Baker "Old School" Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Southeastern Championship Wrestling
NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division) (1 time)[27]
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[28]
World Championship Wrestling (Australia)
NWA Austra-Asian Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Butcher Brannigan[29]
World Wrestling Association
WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[30]
WWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chuck O'Connor[31]
World Wrestling Council
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[32]
WWC World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[33]
See also[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
List of oldest surviving professional wrestlers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2014 Finishes (RIP)". Cauliflower Alley Club. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wrestling legend Ox Baker passes away". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Held, Kevin S. (October 20, 2014). "Missouri native, wrestling legend Ox Baker dead". KSDK. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oliver, Greg (July 14, 2011). "Ox Baker: Wrestler, chef, author". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Steven (June 24, 2008). "How Ray Gunkel's death changed wrestling". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Barnes (October 20, 2014). "Ox Baker, Pro Wrestler Turned Actor, Dies at 80". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/rescue911prowrestler/
Jump up ^ Johnson, Mike (October 20, 2014). "Douglas 'Ox Baker' passes away". PWInsider. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Namako, Jason (October 20, 2014). "Wrestling legend Ox Baker passes away today". WrestleView. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mackinder, Matt (January 17, 2008). "Sir Oliver Humperdink recalls career of yesteryear". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ NWA Australasian Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ AWA Midwest Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com
^ Jump up to: a b Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2000). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
Jump up ^ NWA United States Heavyweight Title (Chicago/Detroit) history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ "List of CAC Award Winners". Cauliflower Alley Club. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Florida Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA Southern Heavyweight Title (Florida) history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ IWA North American Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA Georgia Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA American Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ Texas Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA Americas Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA World Tag Team Title (Los Angeles version) history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA British Empire/Commonwealth Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWF North American Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Title (Southern Division) history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ Stampede Wrestling North American Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ NWA Austra-Asian Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ WWA World Heavyweight Title (Indianapolis) history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ WWA World Tag Team Title (Indianapolis) history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
Jump up ^ WWC Universal Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ox Baker.
Ox Baker on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
NWA World Tag Team Champions (Los Angeles version)
Hans Schmidt and Hans Herman
Wild Red Berry and Tosh Togo
Sándor Szabó and Billy Darnell
The Twin Devils
Dory Funk Jr. and Terry Funk
The Hood and Ron Starr
Walter Johnson and Alberto Madril
Enforcer Lusciano and Ox Baker
Walter Johnson and Battleship Johnson
Enforcer Lusciano and Victor Rivera
Carlos Mata and Kiss
Tor Kamata and Kamalamala
Los Brazos (Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata)
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This page was last edited on 4 November 2017, at 22:24.
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