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School governor
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For school governance in Scotland, see School Board.
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In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, school governors are the overseers of a school. In state schools they have three main functions:[1] of:
Giving the school a clear vision, ethos and strategic direction
Holding the headteacher to account for the educational performance of the school and its pupils
Overseeing the financial performance of the school and making sure its money is well spent.
They are the largest volunteer force in the country.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 State schools
1.1 Composition
1.2 Chair
1.3 Clerk
1.4 Responsibilities
1.5 Committees
1.6 Training
1.7 Support organisations
2 Independent schools
3 Research
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
State schools[edit]
Composition[edit]
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, every state school has a governing body, consisting of specified numbers of various categories of governors depending on the type and size of school. Governors are unpaid, but they may be reimbursed for expenses for such as the care of dependants or relatives and travel costs. Under section 50 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 employers must give anyone in their employment who serves as a governor reasonable time off their employ to carry out their governor duties. Employers can decide whether this time off is given with or without pay.[3]
Generally the following categories are applicable:
Parent Governors parents of children at the school;
Staff Governors: members of the school staff;
Authority Governors (previously known as LEA Governors): nominated by the Local Authority;
Co-opted Governors (previously known as Community Governors): members of the local community (appointed by the rest of the governing body);
Foundation, Partnership and Sponsor Governors: representatives of any sponsoring bodies.
The proportions vary between differing types of school, but as an example, in Community Schools, which are usually owned by the LA, the regulations prescribe that parent governors should be at least one-third of the governors, staff governors at least two places, but no more than one-third, including the headteacher; LA governors 20% and community governors at least 20%. Church schools will typically include a representative of the church in addition to the above categories. The minimum number of governors is nine, the maximum is twenty (although sponsor governors are additional to these numbers). Governors are appointed for a maximum of four years, this term is renewable.
The Headteacher of each school is ex officio a staff governor, but he or she can decline to take up the position. Should they decide not to become a member of the governing body, their place is left vacant.[4]
Staff governors (other than the head teacher) are elected by the school staff and must be paid to work at the school, by the school (that is, not under an external contract such as catering or cleaning). At least one staff governor must be a teacher, and if there are three or more staff governors, at least one must be a member of the support staff. If no member of the appropriate category stands for election, the vacant place can be filled by an elected person from the other category (i.e. if no teachers wish to become governors, all staff governors may be support staff, and vice versa).
Parent governors can either be elected by parents of children at the school, or if insufficient numbers are elected, can be appointed by the governing body to fill any remaining vacancies. Such appointees need not be parents of children currently attending the school - if no suitable candidates are found, they may be parents of former pupils, or of any child of school age. Parents so appointed can be removed from their positions by a majority vote of the governing body.
Associate members may be appointed by the governing body as members of committees, and may include pupils, school staff, or anyone else who the governing body feel could contribute to its work. Their voting rights are decided by the governing body, and are also limited by law to exclude matters concerning the budget, admissions, pupil discipline and the election or appointment of governors. Associate Members are not governors and are not included in the school's Instrument of Government.
By law, governing bodies meet at least three times every year, as a Full Governing Body, where the ongoing business of committees, the governing body and the school are discussed, reported on and where decisions are taken by a majority vote. Most of the work of governors, however, is done at committee level.
Chair[edit]
The Governing Body is led by the Chair, elected by the Governing Body from within its membership, though anyone who works at the school cannot stand for the office. Since 1 September 2003, the term of office for the Chair can be set to more than one year. The Chair is supported in their work by one or more Vice Chairs, who may be delegated certain tasks or responsibilities. Certain tasks, including signing off the school budget, can only be done by the Chair.[citation needed] The process for election of chair and vice-chair and their term of office should be laid down in the governing body's standing orders.
The full Governing Body can remove the Chair and/or Vice Chair by a majority vote of no confidence.
Clerk[edit]
The governors are supported in their work by a clerk to the governing body. In many schools this role is combined with that of bursar or administrative officer, although they may also be employed solely in a clerking role. In some areas clerking services may be provided by the local authority. The clerk is remunerated for their work.
The clerk is usually considered an integral part of the governing body, giving advice whilst not entitled to vote. Their role is primarily one of providing advice and interpretation on the regulatory and administrative framework in which governors work, preparing and distributing minutes and agendas, keeping records and dealing with correspondence.
Responsibilities[edit]
The headteacher of the school is responsible for day-to-day management of the school. The role of the Governing Body is to provide strategic management, and to act as a "critical friend", supporting the work of the headteacher and other staff.
Schools generally have a delegated budget to cover salaries, running costs, maintenance and equipment; the Governing Body is responsible for managing this budget. They can decide how many and what types of staff to employ, which equipment to upgrade or replace and what the priorities are for implementing new strategies and initiatives.
Governors must appoint the headteacher, and may be involved in the appointment of other staff.[5]
Governors also have a role in monitoring the school's progress, and in setting annual targets for the school's performance and for the headteacher (and ensuring that the headteacher sets targets for other staff).
Governors must review school exclusions in certain circumstances, and have the power to reinstate an excluded pupil or reduce the term of the exclusion (although not to increase it).
Foundation schools, Voluntary Aided schools and Academies act as their own admissions authorities. In such schools the governing body sets the admissions policy, makes admissions decisions and defends admissions appeals.
Committees[edit]
Most Governing Bodies use a committee structure to undertake their monitoring and evaluation roles. Membership and terms of reference of committees must be determined annually. Finance, Staffing, Admissions, Health and Safety, Curriculum and Premises Committees are very common. Other areas covered by committees may include marketing, discipline and management. Many Governing Bodies form working groups to tackle specific problems.
Since 1 September 2003, particular committees can be given delegated powers to make decisions about the school that do not then require any approval by the full Governing Body
Training[edit]
Governors and clerks can be offered training and support either by the local authority, by central government or by other organisations.
Support organisations[edit]
There are a number of organisations, websites and resources that support governors and governing bodies in England and Wales.
The National Governors' Association is a representative body for school governors in England. The NGA is an independent charity. Governors can join the NGA as individuals, as members of a governing body, or through their local governors' association.
Governor Wales is the voice of governors of schools in Wales. Governor Wales is funded by the Welsh Assembly.
SGOSS - Governors for Schools is a government funded charity tasked with recruiting governors for governing bodies in England. SGOSS also receives support from business organisations. The SGOSS service is free to Local Authorities, volunteers, employers and schools. In 2012 SGOSS began a partnership with The University of Manchester to ensure local schools have access to skilled governors.[6]
GovernorLine offers free, confidential advice, information and support to school governors, clerks and individuals involved directly in the governance of maintained schools in England. The GovernorLine number (from a UK line) is 08000 722 181. GovernorLine is a free service delivered by an organisation called WorkLife Support under contract to the UK government.
GovernorNet.co.uk was a UK government website with information for school governors. It was closed by the Department for Education in April 2011, with a recommendation to governors to use the variety of forums that are available including UK Governors and TES Connect.
Independent schools[edit]
Independent schools, and public schools in particular, generally have governing bodies, although by their very nature, such schools usually decide on their own requirements for their composition.
Research[edit]
A study published in 1995 examined whether they were bodies of 'active citizens' providing opportunities for democratic participation in the governance of schools or unpaid volunteers doing the bidding of the state. It also found that the composition and functioning of governing bodies was shaped by the social divisions of class, race and gender.[7]
See also[edit]
School board
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/270398/Governors-Handbook-January-2014.pdf
Jump up ^ "Being a governor". Bournemouth Borough Council. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Time off for public duties". Directgov. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Guide to the Law for School Governors" (pdf). Department for Education. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
Jump up ^ "The School Staffing (England) Regulations 2009". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
Jump up ^ http://goodnewsshared.com/national-education-charity-calls-universities-support-school-governance/ Partnership Brings School Governor Recruitment Success Good News Shared
Jump up ^ Deem, R.; Brehony, K.J.; Heath, S. (1995). Active citizenship and the Governing of Schools. Buckingham: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-19184-3.
External links[edit]
"Governance". www.education.gov.uk. Department for Education. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
"A Guide to the Law for School Governors" (PDF). Department for Children, School and Families. 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
"Briefing Information Sheet–School Governing Bodies - Roles, Responsibilities and Membership" (PDF). 24 January 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_governor&oldid=834371379"
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List of amendments to the United States Constitution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 33 constitutional amendments approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification since 1789. For proposals to amend the United States Constitution introduced in but not approved by the U.S. Congress, see List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution.
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Thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4, 1789. Twenty-seven of these, having been ratified by the requisite number of states, are part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states. Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it.
Article Five of the United States Constitution detailed the two-step process for amending the nation's frame of government. Amendments must be properly Proposed and Ratified before becoming operative. This process was designed to strike a balance between the excesses of constant change and inflexibility.[1]
An amendment may be proposed and sent to the states for ratification by either:
The United States Congress, whenever a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives deem it necessary;
OR
A national convention, called by Congress for this purpose, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds (currently 34) of the states.
To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either (as determined by Congress):
The legislatures of three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any;
OR
State ratifying conventions in three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any.
Upon being properly ratified, an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution.
Approximately 11,699 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in Congress since 1789 (as of January 2017).[2] Collectively, members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two–year term of Congress.[3] Most, however, never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed, and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process. Beginning in the early 20th century, Congress has usually, but not always, stipulated that an amendment must be ratified by the required number of states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states in order to become part of the Constitution. Congress' authority to set ratification deadline was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939).
The thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution—both ratified and unratified—are listed and detailed in the tables below.
Contents
1 Ratified amendments
1.1 Synopsis of each ratified amendment
1.2 Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment
2 Unratified amendments
2.1 Synopsis of each unratified amendment
2.2 Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Ratified amendments
Synopsis of each ratified amendment
No.
Subject[4]
Ratification[5][6]
Submitted
Completed
Time span
1st Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the right to petition the government September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
2nd Protects the right to keep and bear arms September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
3rd Places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
4th Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
5th Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process, and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
6th Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, including the rights to be notified of the accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
7th Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases, according to common law September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
8th Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
9th Protects rights not enumerated in the Constitution September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
10th Reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the Constitution September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 7002811000000000000♠2 years, 81 days
11th Makes states immune from suits from out-of-state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity March 4, 1794 February 7, 1795 7002340000000000000♠340 days
12th Revises presidential election procedures by having the president and vice president elected together as opposed to the vice president being the runner up in the presidential election December 9, 1803 June 15, 1804 7002189000000000000♠189 days
13th Abolishes slavery, and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime January 31, 1865 December 6, 1865 7002309000000000000♠309 days
14th Defines citizenship, contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause, the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and deals with post–Civil War issues June 13, 1866 July 9, 1868 7002757000000000000♠2 years, 26 days
15th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude February 26, 1869 February 3, 1870 7002342000000000000♠342 days
16th Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the various states or basing it on the United States Census July 12, 1909 February 3, 1913 7003130200000000000♠3 years, 206 days
17th Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote May 13, 1912 April 8, 1913 7002330000000000000♠330 days
18th Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States
(Repealed December 5, 1933, via the 21st Amendment) December 18, 1917 January 16, 1919 7002394000000000000♠1 year, 29 days
19th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex June 4, 1919 August 18, 1920 7002441000000000000♠1 year, 75 days
20th Changes the date on which the terms of the president and vice president and of members of Congress end and begin (to January 20 and January 3 respectively) March 2, 1932 January 23, 1933 7002327000000000000♠327 days
21st Repeals the 18th Amendment and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into U.S. states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories February 20, 1933 December 5, 1933 7002288000000000000♠288 days
22nd Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president: a person cannot be elected president more than twice, and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected cannot be elected more than once March 24, 1947 February 27, 1951 7003143600000000000♠3 years, 340 days
23rd Grants the District of Columbia electors (the number of electors being equal to the least populous state) in the Electoral College June 16, 1960 March 29, 1961 7002286000000000000♠286 days
24th Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax or any other tax September 14, 1962 January 23, 1964 7002496000000000000♠1 year, 131 days
25th Addresses succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities July 6, 1965 February 10, 1967 7002584000000000000♠1 year, 219 days
26th Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age March 23, 1971 July 1, 1971 7002100000000000000♠100 days
27th Delays laws affecting Congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives September 25, 1789 May 5, 1992 7004740010000000000♠202 years, 223 days
Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment
" Y " indicates that state ratified amendment
" N " indicates that state rejected amendment
" Y(‡) " indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it
" Y(×) " indicates that state ratified amendment, later rescinded that ratification, but subsequently re-ratified it
" — " indicates that state did not complete action on amendment
" … " indicates that amendment was ratified before state joined the Union
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Delaware Y Y N Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Pennsylvania Y — Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
New Jersey Y — Y Y(‡) Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Georgia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — — Y Y
Connecticut Y Y N Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Massachusetts Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y —
Maryland Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
South Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y N Y — — Y Y Y
New Hampshire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Virginia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y N — Y Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
New York Y Y Y Y Y Y(×) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y Y
Rhode Island Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Vermont Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kentucky … Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y — Y Y Y Y — — Y Y — Y
Tennessee … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Ohio … … Y Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Louisiana … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — Y Y Y
Indiana … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Mississippi … … … Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — N Y — —
Illinois … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Alabama … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Maine … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Missouri … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Arkansas … … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y N — Y Y Y
Michigan … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Florida … … … Y Y Y — — Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y — Y
Texas … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
Iowa … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Wisconsin … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
California … … … Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Minnesota … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Oregon … … … Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kansas … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
West Virginia … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Nevada … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Nebraska … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
Colorado … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
North Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
South Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
Montana … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Washington … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Idaho … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Wyoming … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y
Utah … … … … … … N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Oklahoma … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — N Y — Y Y Y
New Mexico … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Arizona … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y
Alaska … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
Hawaii … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Source: [7]
Unratified amendments
Synopsis of each unratified amendment
Title
Subject
Status
Congressional Apportionment Amendment Would strictly regulate the size of congressional districts for representation in the House of Representatives. Pending since September 25, 1789
Titles of Nobility Amendment Would strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility from a foreign country. Pending since May 1, 1810
Corwin Amendment Would make the states' "domestic institutions" (slavery) impervious to the constitutional amendment procedures established in Article V and immune to abolition or interference from Congress. Pending since March 2, 1861
Child Labor Amendment Would empower the federal government to limit, regulate, and prohibit child labor. Pending since June 2, 1924
Equal Rights Amendment Would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights by the federal or state governments on account of sex. Initial ratification period ended March 22, 1979, and extension period ended June 30, 1982; amendment failed
District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment Would have treated the District of Columbia as if it were a state regarding representation in the United States Congress (including repealing the 23rd Amendment), representation in the Electoral College and participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended. Ratification period ended August 22, 1985; amendment failed
Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment
" Y " indicates that state ratified amendment
" N " indicates that state rejected amendment
" Y(‡) " indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it
" Y(×) " indicates that state ratified amendment, but later recinded that ratification
" ⋈ " indicates that state did not complete action on amendment during stated ratification period.
" " An empty cell indicates that state has not completed action on pending amendment.
State
(in alphabetical order)
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin
Child Labor
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
Alabama ⋈ ⋈
Alaska Y ⋈
Arizona Y ⋈ ⋈
Arkansas Y ⋈ ⋈
California Y Y ⋈
Colorado Y Y ⋈
Connecticut N N N Y Y
Delaware N Y N Y Y
Florida N ⋈ ⋈
Georgia N Y N ⋈ ⋈
Hawaii Y Y
Idaho Y Y(×) ⋈
Illinois Y Y ⋈Y ⋈
Indiana Y(‡) Y ⋈
Iowa Y Y Y
Kansas Y(‡) Y ⋈
Kentucky Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(×) ⋈
Louisiana N ⋈ Y
Maine Y(‡) Y Y
Maryland Y Y Y(×) N Y Y
Massachusetts N Y N Y Y
Michigan Y Y Y
Minnesota Y(‡) Y Y
Mississippi ⋈ ⋈
Missouri N ⋈ ⋈
Montana Y Y ⋈
Nebraska Y(×) ⋈
Nevada Y ⋈Y ⋈
New Hampshire Y Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
New Jersey Y Y Y Y Y
New Mexico Y(‡) Y ⋈
New York Y N Y ⋈
North Carolina Y Y N ⋈ ⋈
North Dakota Y Y ⋈
Ohio Y Y(×) Y Y Y
Oklahoma Y ⋈ ⋈
Oregon Y Y Y
Pennsylvania Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
Rhode Island Y N Y Y Y
South Carolina Y N ⋈ ⋈
South Dakota N Y(×) ⋈
Tennessee Y N Y(×) ⋈
Texas N Y ⋈
Utah Y(‡) ⋈ ⋈
Vermont Y Y N Y ⋈
Virginia Y N ⋈ ⋈
Washington Y Y ⋈
West Virginia Y Y Y
Wisconsin Y Y Y
Wyoming Y Y ⋈
Number of ratifications:
11
12
5(×2)
28
37(×5,⋈2)
16
See also
History of the United States Constitution
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
References
Jump up ^ England, Trent; Spalding, Matthew. "Essays on Article V: Amendments". The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "C-SPAN's Capitol Questions". June 9, 2000. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Constitution". Ithaca, New York: Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Bill of Rights". America's Founding Documents. Washington, D.C.: National Archives. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11-27". America's Founding Documents. Washington, D.C.: National Archives. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Michael J.; Lewis, Catlain Devereaux; Nolan, Andrew; Toten, Meghan; Tyson, Ashley, eds. (2017). "Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation" (PDF). 112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 112–9. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 25–45. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
External links
U.S. Constitution, FindLaw.com
The United States Constitution, USConstitution.net
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