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Snooker
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For other uses, see Snooker (disambiguation).
Snooker
2014, 2016 and 2017 world champion Mark Selby playing a practice game
Highest governing body
WPBSA
IBSF
First played
1870s
Characteristics
Contact
Non-contact
Type
Cue sport
Equipment
Snooker table, snooker balls, cue, triangle, chalk
Venue
Snooker Table
Presence
Olympic
IOC recognition[1]
Snooker (UK: /ˈsnuːkər/, US: /ˈsnʊkər/)[2][3] is a cue sport which originated among British Army officers stationed in India in the latter half of the 19th century. It is played on a rectangular table covered with a green cloth, or baize, with pockets at each of the four corners and in the middle of each long side. Using a cue and 22 coloured balls, players must strike the white ball (or "cue ball") to pot the remaining balls in the correct sequence, accumulating points for each pot. An individual game, or frame, is won by the player who scores the most points. A match is won when a player wins a predetermined number of frames.
Snooker gained its own identity in 1884 when army officer Sir Neville Chamberlain (not the Prime Minister of that name), while stationed in Ooty, devised a set of rules that combined pyramid and life pool.[4] The word "snooker" was a long-used military term used to describe inexperienced or first-year personnel. The game grew in popularity in England, and the Billiards Association and Control Club was formed in 1919. It is now governed by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA).
The World Snooker Championship has taken place since 1927, with Joe Davis becoming a key figure in the early growth of the sport with 15 championship wins from 1927 to 1946. The modern era began in 1969 after the BBC commissioned the snooker television show Pot Black and began to air the World Championship in 1978, leading to the sport's new peak in popularity. Ray Reardon dominated the game in the 1970s, Steve Davis in the 1980s, and Stephen Hendry in the 1990s; Ronnie O'Sullivan has won the most world titles since 2000.
Top professional players now compete regularly around the world and earn millions of pounds.[5] The sport has become increasingly popular in China.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rules
3 Governance and tournaments
3.1 Organisation
3.2 Tournaments
3.3 Criticism
4 Equipment
5 Notable players
6 Variants
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of snooker
Sir Neville Chamberlain, a British Army officer who devised the game and its rules in the late 19th century.
The origin of snooker dates back to the latter half of the 19th century.[7] In the 1870s, billiards was a popular activity amongst British Army officers stationed in India and several variations of the game were devised during this time. One such variation originated at the officers' mess of the 11th Devonshire Regiment in 1875,[8] which combined the rules of two pocket billiards games, pyramid and life pool. The former was played with fifteen red balls and one black positioned in a triangle, while the latter involved the potting of designated coloured balls.[9] The game developed its own identity in 1884 when its first set of rules was finalised by Sir Neville Chamberlain, an English officer who helped develop and popularise the game at Stone House in Ooty on a table built by Burroughes & Watts that was brought over by boat.[10]
The word "snooker" was a slang term for first-year cadets and inexperienced military personnel, but Chamberlain would often use it to describe the inept performance of one of his fellow officers at the table. The name instantly stuck with the players.[7][9][11][unreliable source] In 1887, snooker was given its first definite reference in England in a copy of Sporting Life which caused a growth in popularity.[8] Chamberlain came out as the game's inventor in a letter to The Field published on 19 March 1938, 63 years after the fact.[8]
Snooker grew in popularity across the Indian colonies and the United Kingdom, but it remained a game mainly for the gentry, and many gentlemen's clubs that had a billiards table would not allow non-members inside to play. To accommodate the growing interest, smaller and more open snooker-specific clubs were formed. In 1919, the Billiards Association and the Billiards Control Board merged to form the Billiards Association and Control Club (BA&CC) and a new, standard set of rules for snooker first became official.[12]
The game of snooker grew in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, and by 1927 the first World Snooker Championship[7] had been organised by Joe Davis who, as a professional English billiards and snooker player, moved the game from a pastime activity into a more professional sphere.[13] Davis won every world championship until 1946 when he retired. The game went into a decline through the 1950s and 1960s with little interest generated outside of those who played. In 1959, Davis introduced a variation of the game known as "snooker plus" (see the Variations section below) to try to improve the game's popularity by adding two extra colours, but it never caught on.
A major advance occurred in 1969, when David Attenborough commissioned the snooker television series Pot Black to demonstrate the potential of colour television with the green table and multi-coloured balls being ideal for showing off the advantages of colour broadcasting.[14][15] The series became a ratings success and was for a time the second-most popular show on BBC Two.[16] Interest in the game increased and the 1978 World Snooker Championship was the first to be fully televised.[17][18] The game quickly became a mainstream game[19] in the UK, Ireland and much of the Commonwealth and has enjoyed much success since the late 1970s, with most of the ranking tournaments being televised. In 1985 a total of 18.5 million viewers watched the concluding frame of the world championship final between Dennis Taylor and Steve Davis.[20] The loss of tobacco sponsorship during the 2000s led to a decrease in the number of professional tournaments, although some new sponsors were sourced;[21] and the popularity of the game in Asia with emerging talents such as Liang Wenbo and more established players such as Ding Junhui and Marco Fu, boosted the sport in the Far East.[6][22] By 2007, the BBC dedicated 400 hours to snooker coverage compared to just 14 minutes forty years earlier.[23]
In 2010, promoter Barry Hearn gained a controlling interest in World Snooker Ltd., the professional sport's commercial arm, pledging to revitalise the "moribund" professional game. Under his direction, the number of professional tournaments has increased, certain tournament formats have been changed in an attempt to increase their appeal, and, by 2013, total prize money had more than doubled from £3 million to more than £7 million.[24][25]
Rules[edit]
Main article: Rules of snooker
Snooker table with balls placed in their starting positions. At the start of the game, the cue ball (white) may be placed anywhere in the semicircle, known as the "D".
Game in progress on a half-size table. A red ball about to be potted.
The objective of the game is to score more points than one's opponent by potting object balls in the correct order. At the start of a frame, the balls are positioned as shown, and the players then take turns to hit shots by striking the cue ball with the tip of the cue, their aim being to pot one of the red balls into a pocket and thereby score a point, or, if this is not possible, to at least hit a red ball so as to avoid making a foul shot. If the striker pots a red ball, he or she must then pot one of the six "colours" (in snooker, the term colour is understood to exclude the red balls). If the player successfully pots a colour, the value of that ball is added to the player's score, and the ball is returned to its starting position on the table. After that, the player must pot another red ball, then another colour, and so on. This process continues until the striker fails to pot the desired ball, at which point the opponent comes to the table to play the next shot.
The game continues in this manner until all the reds are potted and only the six colours are left on the table. At this point the colours must be potted in the order from least to most valuable ball – that is, yellow first (two points), then green (three points), brown (four points), blue (five points), pink (six points) and finally black (seven points), the balls not being returned to play. When the final ball is potted, the player with more points wins.[26] If the scores are equal when all the balls have been potted, the black is placed back on its spot as a tiebreaker. A player may also concede a frame while on strike if he or she thinks there are not enough points available on the table to beat the opponent's score. In professional snooker this is a common occurrence.
Colour
Value
Red 1 point
Yellow 2 points
Green 3 points
Brown 4 points
Blue 5 points
Pink 6 points
Black 7 points
Points may also be scored in a game when a player's opponent fouls. A foul can occur for various reasons, most commonly for failing to hit the correct ball (e.g. hitting a colour first when the player was attempting to hit a red), or for sending the cue ball into a pocket. The former may occur when the player fails to escape from "a snooker" – a situation in which the previous player leaves the cue ball positioned such that no legal ball can be struck directly without obstruction by an illegal ball. Points gained from a foul vary from a minimum of four, to a maximum of seven if the black ball is involved.[26]
The total number of consecutive points (excluding fouls) that a player amasses during one visit to the table is known as a "break". A player attaining a break of 15, for example, could have reached it by potting a red then a black, then a red then a pink, before failing to pot the next red. The traditional maximum break in snooker is achieved by potting all reds with blacks then all colours, yielding 147 points; this is often known as a "147" or a "maximum".[27] The highest possible break is a 155 break, also known as a "super maximum". This is achieved via the opponent leaving a free ball, with the black being potted as the additional colour, and then potting 15 reds and blacks with the colours. Jamie Cope has the distinction of being the first player in snooker history to post a verified 155 break, achieved in a practice frame in 2005.
One game, from the balls in their starting position until the last ball is potted, is called a "frame". A match generally consists of a predetermined number of frames and the player who wins the most frames wins the match. Most professional matches require a player to win five frames, and are called "best of nine" as that is the maximum possible number of frames. Tournament finals are usually best of 17 or best of 19, while the world championship uses longer matches – ranging from best of 19 in the qualifiers and the first round proper, up to 35 frames in length (first to 18), and is played over two days, extended if necessary until a winner is determined.[28]
Professional and competitive amateur matches are officiated by a referee who is the sole judge of fair play. The referee also replaces the colours on the table when necessary and calls out how many points the player has scored during a break. Professional players usually play the game in a sporting manner, declaring fouls the referee has missed, acknowledging good shots from their opponent, or holding up a hand to apologise for fortunate shots, also known as "flukes".
An extended spider, which can be used to bridge over balls obstructing a shot that is too far away to be bridged by hand
Play media
Video of a snooker break-off shot
Accessories used for snooker include chalk for the tip of the cue, rests of various sorts (needed often, due to the length of a full-size table), a triangle to rack the reds, and a scoreboard. One drawback of snooker on a full-size table is the size of the room (22 by 16 feet (6.7 m × 4.9 m)), which is the minimum required for comfortable cueing room on all sides.[29] This limits the number of locations in which the game can easily be played. While pool tables are common to many pubs, snooker tends to be played either in private surroundings or in public snooker halls. The game can also be played on smaller tables using fewer red balls. The variants in table size are: 10 ft × 5 ft, 9 ft × 4.5 ft, 8 ft × 4 ft, 6 ft × 3 ft (the smallest for realistic play) and 4 ft × 2 ft. Smaller tables can come in a variety of styles, such as fold-away or dining-table convertible.
A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an abacus, and records units, tens and hundreds via horizontal sliding pointers.[30] They are typically attached to a wall by the snooker table. A simple scoring bead is also sometimes used, called a "scoring string", or "scoring wire". Each bead (segment of the string) represents a single point. Snooker players typically move one or several beads with their cue.
Governance and tournaments[edit]
Organisation[edit]
See also: List of snooker tournaments and Snooker organisations
The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA, also known as World Snooker), founded in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association,[31] is the governing body for the professional game.[32][33][34] The amateur game (including youth competition) is governed by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF).[35]
Tournaments[edit]
Professional snooker players can play on the World Snooker main tour ranking circuit. Ranking points, earned by players through their performances over the previous two seasons, determine the current world rankings.[36] A player's ranking determines what level of qualification he or she requires for ranking tournaments. The elite of professional snooker are generally regarded as the "top 16" ranking players,[37] who are not required to pre-qualify for three of the tournaments, namely the Shanghai Masters, Australian Open and the World Snooker Championship.[38] The tour contains 96 players – the top 64 from the previous two seasons, the 8 highest-ranked professional players on the Players Tour Championship Order of Merit who are not in the top 64, 12 players from the Q School, and various regional, junior and amateur champions.[39]
World Snooker Championship trophy
The most important event in professional snooker is the world championship,[40] held annually since 1927 (except during World War II and between 1958 and 1963). The tournament has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, since 1977, and was sponsored by Embassy from 1976 to 2005.[21] Since 2005, tobacco companies have not been allowed to sponsor sporting events in the United Kingdom, and the world championship has had to find a new sponsor. It was announced in January 2006 that the 2006–2010 world championships would be sponsored by online casino 888.com. The championship is currently sponsored by Betfred.com after 888.com pulled out of their five-year sponsorship deal after three years.[41] On 15 April 2009 the World Snooker Championship website announced that Betfred.com would be the new sponsor of the world championship for the next four years.[42][43]
The world championship is the most highly valued prize in professional snooker,[44] both in terms of financial reward (£300,000 for the winner, formerly £250,000)[45] as well as ranking points and prestige. The world championship is televised extensively in the UK by the BBC[46] and gains significant coverage in Europe on Eurosport[47] and in the Far East.
The group of tournaments that come next in importance are the other ranking tournaments. Players in these tournaments score world ranking points. A high ranking ensures qualification for the next year's tournaments, opportunities to play in invitational tournaments and an advantageous draw in tournaments.[37] The most prestigious of these, after the world championship, is the UK Championship. Third in line are the invitational tournaments, to which most of the highest ranked players are invited. The most important tournament in this category is the Masters,[48] which to most players is the second or third most sought-after prize.[49]
In an attempt to answer criticisms that televised matches can be slow or get bogged down in lengthy safety exchanges and that long matches cause problems for advertisers,[50] an alternative series of timed tournaments has been organised by Matchroom Sport chairman Barry Hearn. The shot-timed Premier League Snooker was established, with seven players invited to compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on Sky Sports. Players had twenty-five seconds to take each shot, with five time-outs per player per match. While some success was achieved with this format, it generally did not receive the same amount of press attention or status as the regular ranking tournaments. However, this event has been taken out of the tour since 2013, when the Champion of Champions was established.
There are also other tournaments that have less importance, earn no world ranking points and are not televised. These can change on a year-to-year basis depending on calendars and sponsors.
In 2015, the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association submitted an unsuccessful bid for snooker to be played at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.[51][52] Another bid has been put forward for Paris 2024 through the newly formed World Snooker Federation.[53][54]
Criticism[edit]
Several players, such as Ronnie O'Sullivan, Mark Allen and Steve Davis, have warned that there are so many tournaments that players risk burning out. In 2012, O'Sullivan played fewer tournaments in order to spend more time with his children, and ended the 2012–13 season ranked No. 19 in the world. Furthermore, he did not play any tournament in 2013 except the world championship, which he won.[55]
Equipment[edit]
Cue-tip chalk, cue, white chalk-board chalk, and a sliding score-keeper
Table
The playing surface, 11 feet 8.5 inches by 5 feet 10 inches for a standard full-size table, with six pocket holes, one at each corner and one at the centre of each of the longer side cushions. For further information see Billiard table, specifically the section Snooker and English billiards tables.
Cloth
The fully wool cloth is usually green, with a directional nap running from the baulk end of the table towards the end with the black ball spot. The cloth is often called "baize"; however baize is a much inferior type of cloth sometimes used on pool tables. The nap will affect the direction of the cue ball depending on which direction the cue ball is shot and also on whether left or right side (spin) is placed on the ball. Even if the cue ball is hit in exactly the same way, the nap will cause a different effect depending on whether the ball is hit down table (towards the black ball spot) or up table towards the baulk line. The cloth on a snooker table is not vacuumed, as this can destroy the nap. The cloth is brushed in a straight line from the baulk end to the far end with multiple brush strokes that are straight in direction (i.e. not across the table). Some table men will also then drag a dampened cloth wrapped around a short piece of board (like a two by four), or straight back of a brush to collect any remaining fine dust and help lay the nap down. The table is then ironed. Strachan cloth as used in official snooker tournaments is made up of 100% wool. Some other cloths include a small percentage of nylon.[56][57]
Balls
22 balls (15 red, 6 colour balls and a white cue ball), 52.5 mm or 21⁄16 inches in diameter. For further information see Billiard ball, particularly the section Snooker.
Cue
A stick, made of wood or fibreglass, tapering to a tip, usually ending in leather, which is used to strike the cue-ball.
Cue-tip chalk
The tip of the cue is "chalked" to ensure good contact between the cue and the cue-ball. This "chalk" is generally a silica-based compound rather than actual chalk of the type used on blackboards.
Extension
A shorter baton that fits over, or screws into, the back end of the cue, effectively lengthening it, used for shots where the cue ball is a long distance from the player.
Rest
A stick with an X-shaped head that is used to support the cue when the cue ball is out of reach at normal extension.
Rest head adaptor
An attachment that slips onto a conventional rest head to make a spider or to give a slightly different bridge.
Hook rest
Identical to the normal rest, yet with a hooked metal end. It is used to set the rest around another ball. The hook rest is the most recent invention in snooker.
Spider
Similar to the rest but with an arch-shaped head; it is used to elevate and support the tip of the cue above the height of the cue-ball.
Swan (or swan-neck spider or giraffe)
This equipment, consisting of a rest with a single extended neck and a fork-like prong at the end, is used to give extra cueing distance over a group of balls. If not available, a regular X rest can be placed on a spider so it in turn hangs the required distance beyond to provide similar support.
Triangle/rack
The piece of equipment is used for gathering the red balls into the formation required for the break to start a frame.
Extended rest
Similar to the regular rest, but with a mechanism at the butt end which makes it possible to extend the rest by up to three feet.
Extended spider
A hybrid of the swan and the spider. Its purpose is to bridge over large packs of reds. Is less common these days in professional snooker but can be used in situations where the position of one or more balls prevents the spider being placed where the striker desires.
Half butt
Usually housed underneath the side of the table, the half butt is a combination of a table length rest and cue which is rarely used unless the cue ball needs to be struck in such a way that the entire length of the table is the actual obstacle.
Ball marker
A multi-purpose instrument with a "D" shaped notch, which a referee can place next to a ball, in order to mark the position of it. They can then remove the ball to clean it; also used to judge if a ball is preventing a colour from being placed on its spot and to judge if the cue ball can hit the extreme edge of a "ball on" when awarding a free ball (by placing it alongside the potentially intervening ball).
Notable players[edit]
See also: List of snooker players by number of ranking titles and List of snooker players with over 100 century breaks
In the professional era that began with Joe Davis in the 1930s and continues until the present day, a relatively small number of players have succeeded at the top level.[58][59]
Through the decades, certain players have tended to dominate the game, but none more than its original star player, Joe Davis. Davis was world champion for twenty years, retiring unbeaten after claiming his fifteenth world title in 1946 when the tournament was reinstated after the Second World War. Davis was unbeaten in world championship play, and was only ever beaten four times in his entire life, with all four defeats coming after his world championship retirement and inflicted by his own brother Fred. He did lose matches in handicapped tournaments, but on level terms these four defeats were the only losses of his entire career.[60] He was also world billiards champion. It is regarded as highly unlikely that anyone will ever dominate the game to his level again.[61] After Davis retired from world championship play, the next dominant force was his younger brother Fred Davis who had lost the 1940 final by a single frame. By 1947 he was deemed ready by his brother to take over the mantle but lost the world final to the Scotsman Walter Donaldson. After this setback, Davis and Donaldson contested the next four finals, Davis proving the stronger player. After the abandonment of the world championship in 1953, with the 1952 final boycotted by British professionals, the Professional Match Play Championship became the unofficial world championship in all but name.[62] Fred Davis won the event every year until its penultimate one, when in 1957 he did not enter. After winning three official and five unofficial world titles, his absence from the 1957 tournament was to prove vital, as its winner, John Pulman, was automatically awarded the official world title on resumption of the tournament in 1964. Davis would try, but never regain the world title again.
Ronnie O'Sullivan has won the most world titles in the 21st century (in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2013).
John Pulman was the king of the 1960s, when the world championship was played on a challenge basis. However, when the tournament reverted to a knockout formula in 1969, he did not prosper. Ray Reardon became the dominant force in the 1970s, winning six titles, with John Spencer winning three. Steve Davis' first world title in 1981 made him only the 11th world champion since 1927, including the winner of the boycotted 1952 title, Horace Lindrum. Stephen Hendry became the 14th in 1990 and dominated through the 1990s. Reardon won six (1970, 1973–1976 and 1978), Davis also six (1981, 1983, 1984 and 1987–1989) and Hendry seven (1990, 1992–1996 and 1999). Ronnie O'Sullivan is the closest to dominance in the modern era, having won the title on five occasions in the 21st century (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2013). Mark Williams has won three times (2000 and 2003, and later in 2018) and John Higgins four times (1998, 2007, 2009, 2011) but since the beginning of the century, there has not been a dominant force like in previous decades, and the modern era has seen many players playing to a similar standard, instead of one player raising the bar. Davis, for example, won more ranking tournaments than the rest of the top 64 players put together by 1985. By retaining his title in 2013, O'Sullivan became the first player to successfully defend the world championship since 1996 when Hendry won the sixth of his seven titles, his fifth in a row, and then later by Mark Selby in 2017.[63]
Variants[edit]
See also: Snooker variants
American snooker, a variant dating to 1925, usually played on a 10 ft × 5 ft (3.0 m × 1.5 m) table with 2 1⁄8 in (54 mm) balls, and a simpler rule set influenced by pool. (Despite its name, the strictly amateur American snooker is not governed or recognised by the United States Snooker Association, but by the Billiard Congress of America.)
Power Snooker, a variant with only nine reds, in a diamond-shaped pack, instead of 15 in a triangle, and matches limited to 30 minutes.
Sinuca brasileira, a Brazilian version with only one red ball, and divergent rules.
Six-red snooker, a variant played with only six reds in a triangular pack.
Snookerpool, a variant played on an American pool table with ten reds in a triangular pack.
Snooker plus, a variant with two additional colour balls (8pt orange and 10pt purple), allowing a maximum break of 210.[64][65] The variation was created by Joe Davis in 1959 and used at the 1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament. It failed to gain popularity.
Ten-red snooker, a variant played with only ten reds in a triangle.
Volunteer snooker, a variant from the early 1900s.
See also[edit]
Snooker portal
Snooker season 2017/2018
Snooker world rankings 2017/2018
Snooker world ranking points 2017/2018
Glossary of cue sports terms – includes key snooker-specific terminology
Ladies World Snooker Championship
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Jump up ^ "Huge financial blow hits snooker" Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine., BBC Sport, 6 August 2008, (Retrieved 6 August 2008)
Jump up ^ "Crucible event gets new sponsor", BBC Sport, 15 January 2006, (Retrieved 25 February 2007), (Archive Version)
Jump up ^ World Snooker Announcements: Betfred.com Named Title Sponsor for the World Snooker Championship Archived 19 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Doherty sets out to regain greatest prize", The Independent, 20 April 2001, (Retrieved 25 February 2007)[dead link]
Jump up ^ "World's best ready for Crucible", BBC Sport, 13 April 2006, (Retrieved 25 February 2007), (Archive Version)
Jump up ^ "Snooker signs five-year BBC deal", BBC Sport, 26 October 2005, (Retrieved 25 February 2007), (Archive Version)
Jump up ^ "Eurosport pots TV snooker rights" Archived 1 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine., The Guardian, 27 April 2006, (Retrieved 25 February 2007, registration or BugMeNot required)
Jump up ^ "Snooker finds new Masters sponsor", BBC Sport, 13 January 2006, (Retrieved 25 February 2007, (Archive Version)
Jump up ^ Harris, N. "An email conversation with Graeme Dott: 'We need an Abramovich to take the game to a new level" Archived 19 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine., The Independent, 15 January 2007, (Retrieved 25 February 2007)
Jump up ^ Ronay, B. "Too dull to miss", The Guardian, 27 October 2006, (Retrieved 25 February 2007)
Jump up ^ "Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo". BBC Sport. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Olympic Games: Snooker misses out on 2020 Tokyo place". BBC Sport. 22 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Reuters staff (8 November 2017). "Snooker among cue sports targeting Paris 2024, federation chief says". Reuters. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "About". worldsnookerfederation. World Snooker Federation. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Snooker: Ronnie O'Sullivan warns of players burning out Archived 9 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine., The Independent, 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Milliken Industrials Limited - Woollen Speciality Products. "Strachan snooker cloths - WSP Textiles - Billiard and Tennis cloths". Archived from the original on 9 February 2016.
Jump up ^ [Snooker], Cues Cues, 10 July 2013, (Retrieved 20 July 2013), ([1])
Jump up ^ "O'Sullivan in exalted company", BBC Sport, 10 May 2002, (Retrieved 25 February 2007), (Archive Version)
Jump up ^ Hunter, P. "Putting in the practice" Archived 15 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine., BBC Sport, 5 November 2004, (Retrieved 25 February 2007)
Jump up ^ Fred Davis Talking Snooker
Jump up ^ Clive Everton The history of snooker
Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Snooker History of the World Championship
Jump up ^ "World Snooker Championship – History", World Snooker Official Site, (Retrieved 9 April 2010) Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Definitions of terms used in Snooker and English Billiards (search for snooker plus)". snookergames.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Snooker Plus". The Glasgow Herald. 27 October 1959. p. 10. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
Sources
Gadsby, Paul; Williams, Luke (2012). Snooker's World Champions: Masters of the Baize. Random House. ISBN 978-1-780-57715-9.
External links[edit]
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Look up snooker in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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The Phantom of the Opera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the novel. For the musical and other uses, see The Phantom of the Opera (disambiguation).
This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real-world context. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Phantom of the Opera
1920 edition [France]
Author
Gaston Leroux
Original title
Le Fantôme de l'Opéra
Country
France
Language
French
Subject
Romance, Mystery, Horror
Genre
Gothic novel
Publisher
Pierre Laie.
Publication date
23 September 1909 to 8 January 1910
Published in English
1911
Media type
Print (Serial)
Pages
~190
OCLC
15698188
The Phantom of the Opera (French: Le Fantôme de l'Opéra) is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux. It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909, to 8 January 1910. It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte.[1] The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber's 1841 production of Der Freischütz.[2] It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations, most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney, and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters
3 Adaptations
4 References
5 External links
Plot summary[edit]
In Paris in the 1890s, the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom of the Opera Ghost. A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing. At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house's two managers, a young little-known Swedish soprano, Christine Daaé, is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera's leading soprano, Carlotta, who is ill, and her performance is an astonishing success. The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny, who was present at the performance, recognises her as his childhood playmate, and recalls his love for her. He attempts to visit her backstage, where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room. He investigates the room once Christine leaves, only to find it empty.
At Perros-Guirec, Christine meets with Raoul, who confronts her about the voice he heard in her room. Christine tells him she has been tutored by the Angel of Music, whom her father used to tell them about. When Raoul, who he is skeptical, suggests that she might be the victim of a prank, she storms off. Christine visits her father's grave one night, where a mysterious figure appears and plays the violin for her. Raoul attempts to confront it but is attacked and knocked out in the process.
Back at the Palais Garnier, the new managers receive a letter from the Phantom demanding that they allow Christine to perform the lead role of Marguerite in Faust, and that box 5 be left empty for his use, lest they perform in a house with a curse on it. The managers ignore his demands as a prank, resulting in disastrous consequences: Carlotta ends up croaking like a toad, and the chandelier suddenly drops into the audience, killing a spectator. The Phantom, having abducted Christine from her dressing room, reveals himself as a deformed man called Erik. Erik intends to keep her in his lair with him for a few days, but she causes him to change his plans when she unmasks him and, to the horror of both, beholds his noseless, lipless, sunken-eyed face, which resembles a skull dried up by the centuries, covered in yellowed dead flesh.
Fearing that she will leave him, he decides to keep her with him forever, but when Christine requests release after two weeks, he agrees on condition that she wear his ring and be faithful to him. On the roof of the opera house, Christine tells Raoul about her abduction, and makes Raoul promise to take her away to a place where Erik can never find her, even if she resists. Raoul tells Christine he will act on his promise the next day, to which she agrees. However, Christine sympathises with Erik, and decides to sing for him one last time as a means of saying good-bye. Unbeknownst to Christine and Raoul, Erik has been watching them and overheard their whole conversation.
The following night, the enraged and jealous Erik abducts Christine during a production of Faust, and tries to force her to marry him. Raoul is led by a mysterious opera regular known as "The Persian" into Erik's secret lair deep in the bowels of the opera house, but they end up trapped into a mirrored room by Erik, who threatens that unless Christine agrees to marry him, he will kill them and everyone in the Opera House by using explosives. Christine agrees to marry Erik. Erik initially tries to drown Raoul and the Persian, using the water which would have been used to douse the explosives, but Christine begs and offers to be his "living bride", promising him not to kill herself after becoming his bride, as she had both contemplated and attempted earlier in the novel. Erik eventually releases Raoul and the Persian from his torture chamber.
When Erik is alone with Christine, he lifts his mask to kiss her on her forehead, and is given a kiss back. Erik reveals that he has never received a kiss, not even from his own mother, nor has been allowed to give one and is overcome with emotion. He and Christine then cry together and their tears "mingle". Erik later says that he has never felt so close to another human being. He allows the Persian and Raoul to escape, though not before making Christine promise that she will visit him on his death day, and return the gold ring he gave her. He also makes the Persian promise that afterwards he will go to the newspaper and report his death, as he will die soon and will die "of love". Indeed, some time later Christine returns to Erik's lair, buries him somewhere he will never be found (by Erik's request) and returns the gold ring. Afterwards, a local newspaper runs the simple note: "Erik is dead". Christine and Raoul (who finds out that Erik has killed his older brother) elope together, never to return.
Passages narrated directly by the Persian and the final chapter piece together Erik's life: the son of a construction business owner deformed from birth, he ran away from his native Normandy to work in fairs and in caravans, schooling himself in the arts of the circus across Europe and Asia, and eventually building trick palaces in Persia and Turkey. Eventually, he returned to France and, wearing a mask, started his own construction business. After being subcontracted to work on the foundations of the Palais Garnier, Erik had discreetly built himself a lair to disappear in, complete with hidden passages and other tricks that allowed him to spy on the managers and racket them.
Characters[edit]
Erik: The Phantom of the Opera, a deformed former conjuror also referred to as the Angel of Music and the Opera Ghost. He tutors and eventually becomes obsessed with Christine Daaé.
Christine Daaé: A young Swedish soprano at the Paris Opera House with whom the Phantom falls in love.
Vicomte Raoul de Chagny: Christine's childhood friend and love interest.
The Persian: A mysterious man from Erik's past.
Comte Phillipe de Chagny: Raoul's older brother.
Armand Moncharmin and Firmin Richard: The new managers of the opera house.
Madame Giry: The opera's box keeper.
Meg Giry: Often referred to as "Little Meg", Madame Giry's only daughter, a ballet girl.
Debienne and Poligny: The previous managers of the opera house
Carlotta: A spoiled prima donna; the lead soprano of the Paris Opera House.
Madame Valérius: Christine's elderly guardian.
Adaptations[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Adaptations of The Phantom of the Opera.
There have been many literary and other dramatic works based on Leroux's novel, ranging from stage musicals to films to children's books. Some well known stage and screen adaptations of the novel are the 1925 film and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shah, Raj (2016). "The Publication and Initial French Reception of Gaston Leroux's Le Fantôme de l'Opéra". French Studies Bulletin. 37 (138): 13–16. doi:10.1093/frebul/ktw004.
Jump up ^ Shah, Raj (2014). "No Ordinary Skeleton: Unmasking the Secret Source of Le Fantôme de l'Opéra". Forum for Modern Language Studies. 50 (1): 16–29 (17; 25n11). doi:10.1093/fmls/cqt048.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Phantom of the Opera
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera.
Official Twitter account for the novel at Twitter
The Phantom of the Opera at Project Gutenberg
The Phantom of the Opera public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[hide]
v
t
e
The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux
Books
The Phantom of the Opera (1909–1910)
Phantom (1990)
The Canary Trainer (1993)
The Phantom of Manhattan (1999)
Stage adaptations
Phantom of the Opera (1976)
The Phantom of the Opera (1986)
Phantom (1991)
Love Never Dies (2010)
Film and television
The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Song at Midnight (1937)
Phantom of the Opera (1943)
The Phantom of the Opera (1962)
The Phantom of Hollywood (1974)
Phantom of the Paradise (1974)
Opera (1987)
The Phantom of the Opera (1989)
Phantom of the Mall: Eric's Revenge (1989)
The Phantom of the Opera (1990)
The Phantom Lover (1995)
The Phantom of the Opera (1998)
The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall (2011)
Characters
Erik
Christine Daaé
Viscount Raoul de Chagny
The Persian
Carlotta
Madame Giry
Meg Giry
Joseph Buquet
Songs
"The Phantom of the Opera"
"The Music of the Night"
"All I Ask of You"
"Learn to Be Lonely"
"'Til I Hear You Sing"
Other
Don Juan Triumphant
Punjab lasso
Adaptations
Return of the Phantom
Palais Garnier
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 185531503
LCCN: n86101414
GND: 4513825-4
SUDOC: 03506658X
BNF: cb125746591 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera&oldid=817759035"
Categories:
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text:
Three-point field goal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In American and Canadian football, a field goal happens to be worth three points.
Sara Giauro shoots a three-point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women's Finals
A three-point field goal (also 3-pointer or informally, trey) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw.
The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies by competition level: in the National Basketball Association (NBA) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) from the basket; in FIBA and the WNBA (the latter uses FIBA's three-point line standard) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 3⁄4 inches from the basket; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m) from the basket. In the NBA and FIBA/WNBA, the three-point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet (0.91 m) from each sideline; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet (6.71 m). In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180° around the basket. There are more variations (see main article).
In 3x3, a FIBA-sanctioned variant of the half-court 3-on-3 game, the "three-point" line exists, but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points. All other shots are worth 1 point.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Rule specifications
3 Related concepts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.
The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), introduced in its inaugural 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).
The official scorer's report showing the first three-point field goal in NBA history on October 12, 1979
In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979, a game more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches).[5][6] Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well.[6][7]
The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).
The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[8][9] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[9][10][11] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), and as far away as 22 ft (6.71 m) in the Big Sky.[12][13][14]
Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m),[15] and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[16] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[17] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), effective with the 2008–09 season,[18] and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12.[17] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[19] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018.[20]
During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[21]
In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[22]
In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (33% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[23]
Rule specifications[edit]
A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines
National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) 3 feet (0.91 m) [24]
FIBA (also used by WNBA) 22 feet 2 inches (6.76 m) 4 feet 1 inch (1.24 m) [25]
National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m) 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) [26]
American high school basketball 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m) 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m) [27]
A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.
An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[28] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.
If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.
Related concepts[edit]
Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.
In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).
During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.
The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[29]
The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.
See also[edit]
50–40–90 club, exclusive group of players who have made at least 50% of two-pointers, 40% of three-pointers, and 90% of free throws in a season.
List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Article 5: Scoring" (PDF). 3x3 Official Rules of the Game. FIBA. January 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Frazier, Walt; Sachare, Alex (1998). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Basketball. New York City: Penguin Group.
Jump up ^ "4-Point Play Gets Approval By ABA". Associated Press. July 11, 1967. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The History of the 3-Pointer - iHoops". Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Bird only 'so-so,' but Celts win over Houston". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). UPI. October 13, 1979. p. 4A.
^ Jump up to: a b "Celtics, 114-106". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). October 13, 1979. p. 5C.
Jump up ^ "NBA standings (and boxscores)". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). October 13, 1979. p. 5A.
Jump up ^ Sanders, Steve (February 9, 1981). "22 will get you 3". Spartanburg Herald. South Carolina. p. B1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Basketball". Southern Conference. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Carr's shot makes cage Hall of Fame". Gadsden Times. Alabama. Associated Press. May 31, 1981. p. 36.
Jump up ^ "Three-pointer turns 25". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 3, 2005. p. B3.
Jump up ^ McCallum, Jack (November 29, 1982). "It will be one testy season". Sports Illustrated: 42.
Jump up ^ "Monson not so high on the 3-point shot". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). wire services. November 11, 1982. p. 6B.
Jump up ^ "Debate over 3-pointer Continues". Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ McCallum, Jack (January 5, 1987). "The three-point uproar". Sports Illustrated: 40.
Jump up ^ Butts, David (April 3, 1986). "NCAA adds three-point basket". Bryan Times Agency=UPI. p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b "NCAA Women's Basketball Playing Rules History" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Important Rules Changes by Year" (PDF). NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book. NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lynch, John (27 March 1987). "High School Basketball Draws Line, Adopts 3-Point Rule". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Bonagura, Kyle (February 27, 2018). "NIT to experiment with new rules this season". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals | Basketball-Reference.com". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "NBA has discussed bigger court, 4-point shot". Espn.go.com. 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference
Jump up ^ "Rule No. 1---Court Dimensions--Equipment". NBA Official Rules. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Official Basketball Rules 2010". FIBA. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "2009 Court Diagram" (PDF). NCAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Basketball Court Diagram" (PDF). Nebraska School Activities Association. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Description of the NBA's new instant replay rules". NBA.com. October 23, 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Denham, Greg (February 14, 2012). "NAB Cup's ruck and holding rules may run season". The Australian. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012.
External links[edit]
NBA.com's Top 10 three-pointers from past 25 years
Article on Columbia's experimentation with the three-point field goal decades before its official introduction
"Long Live the Three" by Steve Shutt, Basketball Hall of Fame
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