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Largest gold companies
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There are different methods by which gold mining companies are ranked. One is by their annual production. Another is by their cash cost per ounce, that is, how much money it costs them to mine the gold. Since gold prices are the same everywhere, companies with lower costs per ounce make more profit. The most common method lists by market capitalization which considers the total value of capital holdings by that company. Also considered when comparing companies is their market capitalization per ounce of gold equivalent (sometimes abbreviated MV-GEO, EVO if the enterprise value is used) which takes the market value and total reserves and resources for each company as well as the price of gold into consideration. The figures for each company can be used to determine the value the stock market gives to each company's reserves on an ounce to ounce basis.[1]
If the calculation is to exclude financial assets the enterprise value is used instead of market capitalization.[2] EVO = Enterprise Value/Ounce (gold equivalent) = Enterprise Value divided by resources. The enterprise value is the difference between a company's market capitalization (product of the number of company shares and listed stock price) and its cash, investments less debt (amortization). Three of the 10 largest companies by market cap that engage in gold mining, Fresnillo, Buenaventura and Freeport-McMoran (copper/molybdenum) are not included in the first list because they are minor gold producers/most of their revenue comes from a metal other than gold (Fresnillo and Buenaventura rely more on silver, in some lists silver production is treated as gold production, converted to gold equivalent using the gold to silver price ratio; McMoran produced 32.375 tonnes of gold in 2013 (up 32% after falling by 31% in 2012) but gold accounted for only 8% of revenue (down from 10%).[3][4]
World gold production in 2008 declined by 50 tonnes despite a strong showing in market price.[5] Total production cash costs were up 4.1% industrywide in the third quarter of 2010 to US$585 per ounce of gold mined.[6] The lower price of gold in 2013 is expected to impact gold production in the coming years; Barrick Gold is slowing construction at one of its largest gold projects Pascua Lama (18m ounces of gold, 676m ounces of silver) while in Australia mines are being shuttered by companies in an attempt to curb costs.[7][8]
In 2013, nine of the world's 14 major producing regions recorded growth in output, they are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Papua New Guinea and Russia; In 2012 only Canada, China, Ghana, Mexico, Peru and Russia produced more than the year before.[9] In 2013, the world's five leading gold producers, in order of total production were China (420 tons +17), Australia (250 tons +5), US (227 tons -8), Russia (218 tons +2), South Africa (145 tons -15).[9][10] In 2011, all of the world's 14 major producing countries recorded growth in output except for Peru, Indonesia and Brazil (global primary production up 5.5%); list was led by China (355 tons), Australia (270 tons), USA (237 tons), Russia (200 tons), South Africa (190 tons).[11] South Africa's drop in output (down 10% from 2010 to 2012) is not a result of resource depletion but rather high production costs.[12]
Gold production (metric tons) in 2016 [13] 455 270 250 209 170 150 140 125 100 100
Gold production (metric tons) in 2015 [14] 450 300 242 200 160 150 150 120 103 75
Gold production (metric tons) in 2014 [15] 490 274 247 211 160 140 152 118 100 69
Contents
[hide]
1 The Big 10
2 Canadian companies
3 South Africa
4 Forbes Global 2000
5 References
The Big 10[edit]
Rank
Name
Base
Revenue mil.USD
Ytd Dec 2013
2008
cap
bil $
2013 cap
bil USD
profit mil USD
Ytd Dec 2013
2013 FY
production
tonnes
Reserves
Moz
Total Resource
Moz
Cash Cost
2013 year
US$ total/oz
1 Goldcorp Canada 4687 20.9%[16] 21.63 23.0 [17]Jn.19 (2709) loss[16]
1749 (2012) 75.60 10%[18] 54.38 dec'13[19]
60.1 feb'11[20] 81.59 687 [16]
2 Barrick Gold Canada 12,511 13.1%[21] 26.90 19.4[22]Aug.17 (10,366) [21]
(538) (2012) 203.1 3%[21] 140.2 [23] 226.92 566 [21]
3 Newmont Mining USA 7,729 0.43% 2015[24] 18.23 16.1[25]Aug.17 2716 28%[26] 143.59 2%[26] 85.0 [27] 142.67 761 [26]
4 Polyus Gold Russia 2800 22%[28] 9.00 9.7 [29]Mar.12 980.526 71% 46.7 5%[30] 74.1 [27] 211.92 707 [30]
5 Newcrest Mining Australia 3775 14.5%[31] 10.01 7.2 [32]Jun.26 (5778) (2013)
1117 (2012) 59.82 (2013)[31]
58.77 (2012)
77.44 (2011)
NC 50[33] Lihr 25[34] 77.0 [35] 205.45
Newcrest 119.2
Lihir 86.234 A$750 [31]
6 Yamana Gold Canada 1842.682 21%[36] 6.09 7.2 [37]Aug.5 (474.351) [36] 32.36 4%[36] 19.4 [27] 46.35 596 [36]
7 Kinross Gold Canada 3779.5 12.3%[38] 11.14 6.1 [39]Aug.1 (3742.3) ('13)
(2509.7) ('12) 74.59 1%[40]
74.2 (2012)[41]
Kinross 65.14,
RB 11.40 ('10)[42] 59.17 92.06
Kinross 74.8
Red Back 17.26 743 [40]
8 AngloGold Ashanti South Africa 5708 13.9%[43] 11.61 6.0 [44]May.28 (2,200) loss[43] 116.37 4%[43] 74.9 [27] 264.30 830 [43]
9 Gold Fields South Africa 2906.3 17.7% [45] 7.51 5.85 [46]Aug.2 (307.2) loss[45] 57.27 38%[47] 78.9 [27] 270.28 803 [47]
10 Eldorado Gold Canada 1123.912 2.0%[48] 3.03 5.36 [46]Aug.2 (641.615) [48] 20.45 10%[48] 18.61 [49] 20.2 494 [48]
more recent additions - companies that have grown considerably in size since 2015
new
Name
Base
Revenue mil.USD
Ytd Dec 2014
2008
cap
bil $
2016 cap
bil USD
profit mil USD
Ytd Dec 2014
2014 FY
production
tonnes
Reserves
Moz
Total Resource
Moz
Cash Cost
2014 year
US$ total/oz
Franco-Nevada Canada 442.4 10.4%[50] 8.2 [51]Jn.19 106.7 8.3 15%[50] 113.726
Jan'16[50] 204.307 821 [50]
Agnico Eagle Mines Limited Canada 1896.8 15.8%[52] 6.0 [53] 6.3[54]Oct'15 83.0 [52]
(687)loss'13 40.5 30%[52] 9.976 [52] 15.013 637 [52]
Sources and other information
2008 ranking Gold Strategist
total resource [1]
1 tonne = 1000 kg = 2204.6 lbs = 35,273.9619 ounces; 1 ton = 2000 lbs = 32,000 ounces
Newcrest Mining started including Lihir Gold assets in mid-2010 (revenue and profit changes are based on pre merger assets in 2009 and merged assets in 2010).
Metrics such as cash costs, revenue for years prior to 2011 were changed due to the transition in accounting standards from Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) to International Financial Reporting Standards.[55]
For 2012 Barrick Gold's overall losses can be attributed to a $4 billion writedown on copper assets incurred during the final quarter.
Gold Fields production down due to unbundling of certain assets in South Africa into a newly created company called Sibanye Gold.[47]
3 of the companies took on major writedowns on their assets in the last quarter of 2011 and that affected their annual profits (Newmont $1.6B, Kinross $2.94B, Agnico-Eagle Mines $644.9M).
Newmont operates Australia's two biggest gold mines, Boddington and Kalgoorlie.[56]
On July 25, 2011 Polyus Gold and KazakhGold merged.
In 2013 Goldcorp, Newmont, Newcrest, Kinross, AngloGold, and Eldorado produced more gold than the previous year. In 2012 it was Yamana, Kinross, and Polyus Gold that produced more. In 2011 it was Newmont, Newcrest, Kinross and Eldorado.
November 8, 2012 - Goldcorp (+3.5%) overtakes Barrick Gold (-25%) in market value.[57]
Canadian companies[edit]
Even though Canada lags far behind its counterparts in its amount of central bank gold reserves, Canadian companies dominate the industry. These companies are big players in the Canadian industry which ranks 7th globally[58] but rely mostly on assets in foreign countries (Barrick Gold alone produced 209.79 tonnes of gold in 2009,[59] Canada produced 100 tonnes). In fact 75% of the world's mining companies are headquartered in Canada.[60] Canada's biggest undeveloped gold deposit is the Kerr Sulphurets Mitchell copper-gold property in northwestern British Columbia; It holds 38.2 million ounces of gold (2P reserves steady in 2012, up 27% in 2011).[61] Another project in the Detour Lake area of Ontario ranks 4th among North America's deposits (up from six in July 2010).[62][63][64] Among the largest gold containing properties controlled by Canadian companies is Goldcorp's wholly owned billion ounce silver, 18 million ounce gold Penasquito mine in Mexico and Ivanhoe Mines' 81.3 billion pound copper, 46.4 million ounce gold Oyu Tolgoi deposit in Mongolia.[65][66] Barrick Gold owns 50% of Super Pit, Australia's biggest gold mine.[67]
In 2013, 60% of the country's gold output came from six mines, they are Red Lake 493,000 oz, Malartic 475,277 oz, Meadowbank 430,613 oz, Porcupine 291,900 oz, Musselwhite 256,300 oz, Detour Lake 232,287 oz.[68]
As of September 2009, there were 20 companies in the country with a market cap of 1 billion dollars or more.[69] Barrick Gold Corp. is the country's largest gold mining company by several measures of size. After growing 3.35% on the year, on November 8, 2012 Goldcorp leapfrogs Barrick Gold in capitalization - Barrick lost 25% of its market value that year.[57] In the following table are Canada's 10 highest valued gold mining companies for 2010 as well as 6 other mid cap companies.
Large Cap
2010 cap
Mid Cap
2010 cap
other Mid Cap
other
Barrick Gold $40 billion [70] January Yamana Gold $8.17 billion [71] May Franco-Nevada European Goldfields
Goldcorp IAMGOLD $6.87 billion [72] May New Gold
Kinross Gold $19.0 billion[73] Sept Red Back Mining $5.80 billion[74] May AuRico Gold
Agnico-Eagle Mines $11.4 billion [75] October Osisko Mining $5.2 billion[76] July 31 Detour Gold
Eldorado Gold $10.2 billion [75] October Centerra Gold $3.03-4.776 billion [77][78] NovaGold Resources
Notes - Kinross Gold was 13.50 billion in May before it acquired Red Back Mining.[72] Osisko Mining was $10 million in 2005 and $3.5 billion May 2010.[79]
South Africa[edit]
The world's 5th largest gold producer (170 tons in 2012) that is home to two of the world's ten largest gold mines.[80] As recently as 2007 South Africa was the world's top gold producer. The drop in its global ranking is not due to resource depletion (South Africa ranks close behind leader Australia in reserves) but rather to its high costs of production. In fact South Africa has the highest mining cash costs among all major producing regions.[12]
Notable South African gold companies include:
AngloGold Ashanti - world's 3rd biggest gold producer (but has very high cash costs per ounce) at 3.944 million ounces in 2012.[81] AngloGold is also South Africa's largest producer of uranium (1.46 million pounds in 2010), a position that was strengthened in July 2011 when it acquired 20% of Canada's First Uranium.[82]
Gold Fields - produced 2.2 million ounces of gold in 2013, down from 3.254 million ounces on the year ended June 30, 2012; 2011 production [83] roughly the same as 2010.[84] Its largest new mine has the potential to produce at a rate of 1 million ounces annually (though it produced 175,000 in 2009).[85] It is South Africa's second leading producer.[86] During 2013 the company spun off some of its assets into a new company called Sibanye Gold.
Harmony Gold (mining) - was the 5th largest producer of gold in 2008 (has since fallen off a bit, production was 2.33 million ounces (66.05 tonnes) in 2008 compared to 1.56 million (44.23 tonnes) in fiscal 2010)[87][88]
Forbes Global 2000[edit]
The Forbes Global 2000 list is produced annually by Forbes. Compiling information about each of the 2000 largest companies globally it ranks them. These are all of the gold companies that made the list in 2015. Companies that dropped out of the list, 2016: Osisko Gold Royalties; 2015: Polyus Gold, Newcrest Mining; 2014: Anglogold Ashanti, Yamana, Gold Fields, Kinross, Buenaventura, Shandong Mining, Eldorado; 2013: Iamgold; 2012: Agnico Eagle Mines.
It ranks them based on a number of factors, the top companies on its list aren't necessarily the biggest. Data reflects the 12-month period ending March 2016 for companies based in the United States, Canada and Bermuda. For all other countries, data is for the last fiscal year period.
May 2016
Cum. Rank
Name
Rank
2013
Rank
2014
Rank
2015
Rank
2016
Base
2016 rev
(bil.USD)
2016 Profit
(mil.USD)
Assets
2016 (bil$.)
Market cap
April (mil$.)
1 Freeport-McMoRan 273 224 659 740 United States 16.2 (12,200) 46.6 14,600
2 Barrick Gold 659 771 895 913 Canada 9.1 (3,000) 26.3 18,800
3 Newmont Mining 448 1033 891 977 United States 7.8 89 24.6 16,600
4 Goldcorp 559 1160 1268 1290 Canada 4.4 (4,400) 21.4 14,200
5 Newcrest Mining na na na 1607 Australia 3.4 3,440 11.3 10,600
Source: May 6, 2015: The Global 2000
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Valuing a Company". 2008.
Jump up ^ "Yamana Gold Provides Mercedes Pre-Feasibility and Ernesto/Pau-a-Pique Scoping Study Results and Further Update". February 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Freeport-McMoran 2013 Annual Report" (PDF). 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gold production in the world". Energy and Mining Newsletter. 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gold mine costs up 4.1% in Q3". November 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Barrick To Slow Gold Mine Project". June 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Alacer Sees Gold Output Falling In Australia". August 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "USGS Annual Review" (PDF). February 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2013" (PDF). 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012" (PDF). January 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "South Africa's mining industry mired in disarray". The Globe and Mail. May 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries - 2017, Jan. 2017.
Jump up ^ US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries - 2015, Jan. 2015.
Jump up ^ US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries - 2015, Jan. 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Goldcorp 2013 Edgar Filing" (PDF). February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Goldcorp grows in Canada". The Northern Miner. June 19, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Goldcorp Proven + Probable Reserves as of December 31, 2013" (PDF). 2014.
Jump up ^ Rocha, Euan (February 9, 2011). "Goldcorp says gold reserves rose 23 pct". Reuters.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Barrick Gold 2013 Year End Results" (PDF). February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gold Roundup". August 17, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Newmont Mining (NEM) – Research". October 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Newmont Mining 2013 SEC 10-k". February 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Reserves & Resources". goldval. January 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Polyus Gold 2013 Annual Financial Report" (PDF). March 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Polyus Gold to be included in FTSE indices". Mineweb. March 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Polyus Gold 2013 Annual Report". 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "YTD June 2013" (PDF). September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Newcrest Mining (ASX:NCM) revisited – a tarnished reputation?". June 26, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Newcrest says Lihir deal to result in huge capital savings". August 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Yamana Gold Financial Report year ended Dec. 31, 2013" (PDF). February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Yamana Gold Price Target". August 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kinross 2013 Income Statement" (PDF). 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gold's slide takes $2.4-billion toll on Kinross". Globe and Mail. August 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kinross 2013 CY Results" (PDF). February 12, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Kinross Reports 2010 fourth quarter and year-end results". February 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "AngloGold Ashanti 2013 Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2012" (PDF). February 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Short Interest in AngloGold Ashanti, Harmony Gold Surges". May 28, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gold Fields 2013 Income Statement". 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gold Volume Actives (nyse)". August 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Goldfields 2013 Annual Results". February 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Eldorado Gold Year-Ended December 31, 2013" (PDF). February 20, 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Franco Nevada 2014 Edgar Filing" (PDF). 2015.
Jump up ^ "Franco-Nevada: Royalty of the gold industry". Mining. January 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Agnico Eagle Year End Results" (PDF). February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kittila begins production". December 5, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Many Canadian companies plan for bulk of IFRS conversion in 2010". Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Matt (September 15, 2011). "Newmont's Boddington mine is sick but no longer critical". The Australian.
^ Jump up to: a b "Goldcorp now biggest gold miner in the world by market cap". November 8, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Barrick Profit Tops Estimates as Gold Production Rises". October 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Civil Society Demands Canadian Mining Companies Be Held Accountable for Overseas Abuses". November 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Golden plans coming together in BC for Pretium". May 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Detour Gold reserves grow to 14.9M ounces". February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://tmx.quotemedia.com/article.php?newsid=38025564&qm_symbol=DGC
Jump up ^ "Detour Gold set to shine north of Timmins". July 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2011 Outlook: Silver Mine Supply To Grow". December 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Riseborough, Jesse (September 13, 2010). "Rio Tinto Raises Ivanhoe Mines Stake to 35% as Loan Converts Into Shares". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ "Australia Remains World's Second-largest Gold Producer". February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canada's Largest Gold Producing Mines". July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 biggest Canadian Gold Stocks". MoneyEnergy. September 10, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "investing in US gold stocks". January 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "yamana gold incorporated results". May 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 10 Best Managed Gold and Silver Companies". May 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mining Journal Outstanding Achievement Awards 2010". November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Willis, Andrew (May 4, 2010). "red back mining finds suitor". The Globe and Mail. Toronto.
^ Jump up to: a b "Waiting For The Golden Opportunities". October 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "takeover rumors around osisko mount". May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2010 stock picks continued gold stock". January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Centerra Gold Inc. Valuecruncher". Retrieved November 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Osisko Mining". July 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The World's Ten Largest Gold Mines". Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "AngloGold Ashanti 2012 Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2012" (PDF). February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ First Uranium shares soar 50% as AngloGold buys stake
Jump up ^ "Goldfields 2012 Annual Results" (PDF). February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Goldfields Dec 2, 2010 SEC Report page 55" (PDF). December 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gold Fields Targets Annual Production of 1 Million Ounces from South Deep". September 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gunnion, Stephen (February 20, 2012). "South African Stocks: BHP, Gold Fields, Morevest, Wilson Bayly". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ "FACTBOX-The top 10 gold companies based on production". Reuters. September 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Harmony Gold". Harmony Gold. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Largest_gold_companies&oldid=798591049"
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Adobe Acrobat
Adobe Acrobat Pro DC running on Windows 8. Other editions of Acrobat DC (Standard and Reader) feature a similar interface.
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Initial release
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Stable release(s) [±]
Windows, continuous track
17.012.20098 / August 29, 2017; 54 days ago (2017-08-29)[1][2]
Windows, classic track
15.006.30355 / August 29, 2017; 54 days ago (2017-08-29)[1][3]
OS X, continuous track
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iOS
17.01.31 / January 26, 2017; 8 months ago (2017-01-26)[7]
Windows, UWP, PC
3.1 / September 29, 2014; 3 years ago (2014-09-29)[8][9]
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16.0.137027 / February 3, 2016; 20 months ago (2016-02-03)[10]
Linux
9.5.5 / May 14, 2013; 4 years ago (2013-05-14)[11][12]
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Adobe Acrobat is a family of application software and Web services developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format (PDF).[16]
The family comprises Acrobat Reader (formerly Reader), Acrobat (formerly Exchange) and Acrobat.com. The basic Acrobat Reader, available for several desktop and mobile platforms, is freeware; it supports viewing, printing and annotating of PDF files.[17] Additional, "Premium", services are available for reader on paid subscription. The commercial proprietary Acrobat, available for Microsoft Windows and macOS only, can also create, edit, convert, digitally sign, encrypt, export and publish PDF files. Acrobat.com complements the family with a variety of enterprise content management and file hosting services.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Product names
2 Version history
3 Internationalization and localization
3.1 Language availability
3.2 Specific features for Arabic and Hebrew languages
4 Security
4.1 September 2006 warning
4.2 February 2009 warning
4.3 February 2013 warning
4.4 January 2016 warning
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Since the early 1990s the Acrobat product has had several competitors, some of which used their own document formats, such as:
AnyView from Binar Graphics company
Common Ground from No Hands Software company
Envoy from WordPerfect Corporation
Folio from NextPage company
Replica from Netopia (formerly Farallon Computing)
WorldView from Interleaf company
DjVu from AT&T Laboratories
Adobe also allows third parties to develop Acrobat plug-ins, which can add extra functions to the Acrobat program.
Product names[edit]
Adobe has changed the names of the products of the Acrobat set several times, also dividing, merging, or discontinuing products. Initially, the name "Acrobat" was used as the parent name of a set of products which included Acrobat Reader, Acrobat Exchange and Acrobat Distiller. Over time, Acrobat Reader became Reader; and the name Acrobat Exchange was simplified to Acrobat. Between versions 3 and 5, Standard and Professional versions were one product known simply as Acrobat.
In April 2015, Adobe introduced the Adobe "Document Cloud," along with the first of several applications with "DC" at the end of the name. One of the main goals was to have all of a user's PDFs available on any of the user's devices, such as editing a PDF on an iPad and then later retrieving it on a PC.[18] As of October, 2015, the "Document Cloud" also includes integration with Dropbox and includes electronic signature improvements, although at least some features require a subscription.[19]
As of April 2015[update], the main members of the Acrobat family include:[20]
Acrobat XI
Reader XI
Distiller XI
Logos of Acrobat desktop applications
Desktop applications:
Adobe Acrobat Reader DC (for Mac OS X v10.6.4 and above, and Windows 7 and above. Reader X is the last supported version for Windows Vista).[21]
Adobe Acrobat Standard DC
Adobe Acrobat Pro DC
Mobile applications with the Document Cloud (DC) launch:
Adobe Acrobat DC (mobile app on iOS and Android)
Fill n Sign app
e-Sign manager
Storage
CreatePDF
ExportPDF
EchoSign
FormsCentral
SendNow
Logos of Acrobat online services
Acrobat.com (Online services):
CreatePDF
ExportPDF
EchoSign
FormsCentral
Personal Storage
Send
Workspaces
Unlike most other Adobe products, such as members of Adobe Creative Suite family, the Acrobat products do not have icons that display two letters on a colored rectangle.
Version history[edit]
Main article: Adobe Acrobat version history
The UI had major changes with the introduction of Acrobat DC in 2015, which supports Windows 7 and later, and OS X 10.9 and later. Version numbers are now identified by the last two digits of the year of major release, and the month and year is specified; the previous version was 12, but examples of the DC (Document Cloud) Acrobat product family versions are DC June 2016, version 15.016.20045, released 2 June 2016 and DC Classic January 2016, version 15.006.30119, released 12 January 2016.[22] From DC 2015 the Acrobat family is available in two tracks, the original track, now named Classic, and the Continuous track.[23] Updates for the Classic track are released quarterly, and do not include new features, whereas updates for the Continuous track are issued more frequently, and implemented silently and automatically.[24]
The last pre-DC version, Acrobat XI, was last updated on August 22, 2017[25], support for which ended on October 15, 2017.[26]
Internationalization and localization[edit]
Language availability[edit]
Adobe Acrobat is available in the following languages: Arabic, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and Ukrainian. Arabic and Hebrew versions are available from WinSoft International,[27] Adobe Systems' internationalization and localization partner.
Specific features for Arabic and Hebrew languages[edit]
The Arabic and Hebrew versions are developed specifically for these languages, which are normally written right-to-left. These versions include special TouchUp properties to manage digits, ligatures option and paragraph direction in right-to-left Middle Eastern scripts such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Persian, as well as standard left-to-right Indian scripts such as Devanagari and Gujarati. The Web Capture feature can convert single web pages or entire web sites into PDF files, while preserving the content's original text encoding. Acrobat can also copy Arabic and Hebrew text to the system clipboard in its original encoding; if the target application is also compatible with the text encoding, then the text will appear in the correct script.
Security[edit]
A comprehensive list of security bulletins for most Adobe products and related versions is published on their Security bulletins and advisories page and in other related venues.[28][29] In particular, the detailed history of security updates for all versions of Adobe Acrobat has been made public.[30]
From Version 3.02 onwards, Acrobat Reader has included support for JavaScript. This functionality allows a PDF document creator to include code which executes when the document is read. Malicious PDF files that attempt to attack security vulnerabilities can be attached to links on web pages or distributed as email attachments. While JavaScript is designed without direct access to the file system to make it "safe", vulnerabilities have been reported for abuses such as distributing malicious code by Acrobat programs.[31] Adobe applications had already become the most popular client-software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009.[32] Locklizard predicted that password protected PDF documents would become obsolete by 2020 as industry looks towards more secure solutions such as PDF digital rights management for document sharing.[33] McAfee predicted that Adobe software, especially Reader and Flash, would be the primary target for software attacks in the year 2010.[34]
September 2006 warning[edit]
On September 13, 2006, David Kierznowski provided sample PDF files illustrating JavaScript vulnerabilities. Since at least version 6, JavaScript can be disabled using the preferences menu[35] and embedded URLs that are launched are intercepted by a security warning dialog box to either allow or block the website from activating.[36]
February 2009 warning[edit]
On February 19, 2009, Adobe released a Security Bulletin announcing JavaScript vulnerabilities in Adobe Reader and Acrobat versions 9 and earlier.[37] As a workaround for this issue, US-CERT recommended disabling JavaScript in the affected Adobe products, canceling integration with Windows shell and web browsers (while carrying out an extended version of de-integration for Internet Explorer), deactivating Adobe indexing service and avoiding all PDF files from external sources.[38]
February 2013 warning[edit]
Adobe has identified critical vulnerabilities in Adobe Reader and Acrobat XI (11.0.01 and earlier) for Windows and Macintosh, 9.5.3 and earlier 9.x versions. These vulnerabilities could cause the application to crash and potentially allow an attacker to take control of the affected system. There have been reports of these vulnerabilities being exploited to trick Windows users into clicking on a malicious PDF file delivered in an email message. Adobe recommended users update their product installations.[39]
January 2016 warning[edit]
Adobe has released security updates for Adobe Acrobat and Reader for Windows and Macintosh. These updates address critical vulnerabilities that could potentially allow an attacker to take control of the affected system.[40][41]
See also[edit]
Creative Cloud
List of PDF software
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Overview — Acrobat and Adobe Reader Release Notes". Adobe Systems. 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "15.020.20042 Optional update, November 03, 2016 — Acrobat and Adobe Reader Release Notes". Adobe Systems. 2016-11-02.
Jump up ^ "15.006.30244 Optional update, November 03, 2016 — Acrobat and Adobe Reader Release Notes". Adobe Systems. 2016-11-02.
Jump up ^ "15.020.20042 Optional update, November 03, 2016 — Acrobat and Adobe Reader Release Notes". Adobe Systems. 2016-11-02.
Jump up ^ "15.006.30244 Optional update, November 03, 2016 — Acrobat and Adobe Reader Release Notes". Adobe Systems. 2016-11-02.
Jump up ^ Adobe Systems. "Adobe Reader". Google Play. Google Inc. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Jump up ^ Adobe Systems. "Adobe Reader". App Store. Apple. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Reader Windows Store page". Microsoft Store. Microsoft. Retrieved 2013-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Reader Touch for Windows 8 adds Comments and More". Engineering blog for Adobe Reader on mobile platforms. Adobe Systems. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
Jump up ^ Adobe Systems. "Adobe Acrobat Reader". Windows Store. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "FTP download of Adobe Reader for Linux". ftp. Adobe Systems. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Adobe - Security Bulletins: APSB13-15 - Security updates for Adobe Reader and Acrobat". Adobe Systems. Retrieved 2015-11-26. Release date: May 14, 2013; Last updated: August 8, 2013; Vulnerability identifier: APSB13-15
Jump up ^ "Download new and previous versions of Adobe Reader". Adobe.com. Adobe Systems. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adobe – Adobe Reader download – All versions". adobe.com. Adobe Systems. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Download a free trial of Acrobat XI Pro". Adobe.com. Adobe Systems. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Acrobat family". 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Reader". 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Heller, Martin (April 9, 2015). "Review: Adobe Acrobat polishes its act". InfoWorld. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Frank, Blair Hanley (October 13, 2015). "Adobe teams up with Dropbox as part of Document Cloud upgrades". IDG News Service. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acrobat XI Pro / FAQ". Adobe.com. Adobe Systems. 27 July 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Reader XI: Not just for reading anymore". Adobe.com. Adobe Systems. February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Release Notes - Acrobat, Reader". Acrobat Help. Adobe Systems.
Jump up ^ "Document Cloud Product Tracks — Enterprise Administration Guide". Adobe.com. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.adobe.com/devnet-docs/acrobatetk/tools/AdminGuide/whatsnewdc.html
Jump up ^ Inc., Ben Rogers, Adobe Systems,. "11.0.22 Out of cycle update, August 22, 2017 — Acrobat and Adobe Reader Release Notes". www.adobe.com. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Support Policies: Supported Product Versions". Adobe. 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Acrobat Professional software – Communicate and collaborate with the essential PDF solution, enhanced features for Central and East European and Middle Eastern users". Winsoft-international.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Security Bulletins and Advisories". adobe.com. Adobe Systems.
Jump up ^ "Adobe PDF Security Issues, Acrobat Vulnerabilities, PDF Cracks". Locklizard.
Jump up ^ "Security Bulletins and Advisories – Adobe Acrobat". adobe.com. Adobe Systems.
Jump up ^ Brockmeier, Joe (30 March 2005). "Unexpected features in Acrobat 7". LWN.net. Eklektix. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "McAfee Threats Report: Fourth Quarter 2009" (PDF). McAfee Avert Labs. February 2010. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Acrobat Encryption & PDF Password Security". locklizard.
Jump up ^ "2010 Threat Predictions" (PDF). McAfee Labs. December 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Naraine, Ryan (28 April 2009). "Adobe: Turn off JavaScript in PDF Reader". ZDNet. CBS Interactive.
Jump up ^ Naraine, Ryan (15 September 2006). "Hacker Discovers Adobe PDF Back Doors". eWeek. Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings Inc. Retrieved 5 August 2011. David Kierznowski, a penetration testing expert specializing in Web application testing, has released proof-of-concept code and rigged PDF files to demonstrate how the Adobe Reader program could be used to initiate attacks without any user action.
Jump up ^ "Security Updates available for Adobe Reader and Acrobat versions 9 and earlier". adobe.com. Adobe Systems. 19 February 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vulnerability Note VU#905281". US-CERT. 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Security Advisory for Adobe Reader and Acrobat". Adobe Systems.
Jump up ^ "Security Advisory for Adobe Reader and Acrobat". Adobe Systems.
Jump up ^ "Adobe Releases Security Updates for Acrobat, Reader, and Digital Editions". United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team.
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Slowest animals
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Contents
1 Vertebrates
1.1 Birds
1.2 Reptiles
1.3 Fish
2 Invertebrates
2.1 Mollusks
2.2 Anthozoa
3 See also
4 References
Vertebrates[edit]
Birds[edit]
Rank
Animal
Notes
1 American woodcock 5 mph (8.0 km/h)[1] The American woodcock has been timed flying at 5 mph without stalling during courtship displays.[2]
Reptiles[edit]
Rank
Animal
Notes
1 Giant Galapagos tortoise 1 mph (1.6 km/h)[3] The Galapagos tortoise can be as slow as 0.23 miles per hour on land. In the water, Galapagos tortoises can move much faster than this.
Fish[edit]
Rank
Animal
Notes
1 Seahorse 5 ft (150 cm)[4] The dwarf seahorse swims at about 0.01 mph, making it the slowest fish in the world. They are found in shallow tropical and temperate waters throughout the world. Unlike most other fish, they are monogamous and mate for life. Rarer still, they are among the only animal species on earth in which the male bears the unborn young.
[5]
Invertebrates[edit]
Mollusks[edit]
Rank
Animal
Notes
1 Banana Slug 0.000023 m/s (7.5×10−5 ft/s)[6] The banana slug is said to be the slowest mollusk in the world, as its average speed is only approximately 0.000023 m/s.[7]
Anthozoa[edit]
Rank
Animal
Notes
1 Coral 0 m/s (0 ft/s) The coral is one of the only animals that does not move.
See also[edit]
Fastest animals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Smallest Bird, Largest Bird, Fastest Bird, Slowest Bird - Birds of a Feather B&B". 48.423129;-123.47255: Victorialodging.com. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ "The World's Slowest Animals". Thetravelalmanac.com. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ "BBC Nature - Galápagos giant tortoise videos, news and facts". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Seahorses, Seahorse Pictures, Seahorse Facts - National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records (2009)
Jump up ^ "BBC Nature - Snails and slugs videos, news and facts". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Speed of a Snail". Hypertextbook.com. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slowest_animals&oldid=854277457"
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values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Galapagos_tortoise
mw-redirect
Galapagos tortoise

values:
/wiki/Banana_Slug
mw-redirect
Banana Slug

values: -moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from February 2012

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2012

values: Category:All articles with topics of unclear notability

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Slowest_animals
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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