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Padmavyuha
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A depiction of the Padmavyūha or Chakravyūha formation as a labyrinth
The Padmavyūha (Sanskrit: पद्मव्यूह) or Chakravyūha (चक्रव्यूह) is a military formation depicted in the Hindu epic Mahabharata.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Abhimanyu and the Chakravyūha
3 See also
4 References
Background[edit]
The Chakravyūha or Padmavyūha is a multi-tiered defensive formation that looks like a blooming lotus (पद्म padma) or disc (चक्र chakra) when viewed from above.[1] The warriors at each interleaving position would be in an increasingly tough position to fight. The formation was used in the battle of Kurukshetra by Dronacharya, who became commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army after the fall of Bhishma Pitamaha.
The various vyūhas (military formations) were studied by the Kauravas and Pandavas alike. Most of them can be beaten using a counter-measure targeted specifically against that formation. It is important to observe that in the form of battle described in the Mahabharata, it was important to place powerful fighters in positions where they could inflict maximum damage to the opposing force, or defend their own side. As per this military strategy, a specific stationary object or a moving object or person could be captured, surrounded and fully secured during battle.
The formation begins with two soldiers on both sides, with other soldiers following them at a distance of three hands, drawing up seven circles and culminating in the end which is the place where the captured person or object is to be kept. In order to form the Chakravyuha, the commander has to identify soldiers who will form this formation. The number of soldiers to be deployed and the size of the Chakravyuha is calculated as per the resistance estimated. Once drawn, the foremost soldiers come on either side of the opponent to be captured, engage briefly and then advance. Their place is taken up by the next soldiers on either side, who again engage the opponent briefly and then advance. In this fashion, a number of soldiers pass the enemy and proceed in a circular pattern. By the time the rear of the formation arrives, the oblivious enemy is surrounded on all sides by seven tiers of soldiers. The last soldiers of the formation give the signal of completing the Chakravyuha. On the signal, every soldier who so far has been facing outwards turns inwards to face the opponent. It is only then that the captured enemy realizes his captivity. The army maintains the circular formation and can lead away the captive as well.
Abhimanyu and the Chakravyūha[edit]
Intricate rock carvings show Abhimanyu entering the Chakra vyuha.
Chakravyuha, folio from razmnama of Akbar, made by Daswanth and Tara
The Chakravyūha or Padmavyūha was a very special formation (vyuha), and knowledge of how to penetrate it was limited to only a handful of warriors on the Pandavas' side, namely: Abhimanyu, Arjuna, Krishna and Pradyumna, of which only Abhimanyu was present when the Kauravas used it on the battlefield. In the Mahabharata it is mentioned that Abhimanyu learnt about the Chakravyūha while in his mother's womb but he was not able to hear how to escape the formation. After Abhimanyu had penetrated the sixth tier of the formation, all the Kauravas' commanders attacked him simultaneously, which was against the righteous rules of warfare Dharmayuddha, and gradually exhausted and killed him.[2]
See also[edit]
Akshauhini
Karna
Arjuna
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 81.
Jump up ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Abhimanyu-badha Parva: Section XXXI". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
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Betty Cooper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Betty (comic strip).
Betty Cooper
Archie Comics character
Classic version of Betty Cooper
First appearance
Pep Comics #22 (Dec. 1941)
Created by
Bob Montana, John L. Goldwater
Portrayed by
Lili Reinhart (Riverdale)
Lauren Holly (Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again)
Voiced by
Rosemary Rice (1943–1953)[1]
Jane Webb (1968–1976)
Toni Wine (The Archie Show; singing)
Lisa Coristine (1987)
America Young (1999–2002)
Hometown
Riverdale
School
Riverdale High
Information
Spouse(s)
Archie Andrews (ex-husband)
Dilton Doiley (husband)
Significant other(s)
Archie Andrews (boyfriend)
Reggie Mantle (boyfriend)
Trevor Brown[2]
Relatives
Chic Cooper (brother)
Polly Cooper (sister)
Hal Cooper (father)
Alice Cooper (mother)
Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper is one of the main characters appearing in American comic books published by Archie Comics. The character was created by Bob Montana and John L. Goldwater, and first appeared in Pep Comics #22 (cover-dated Dec. 1941), on the first page of the first Archie story, serving as a love interest to Archie Andrews.
Betty's infatuation with Archie, which drives her attempts to win his affections by whatever means possible, and her rivalry with her best friend, Veronica Lodge, have been among of the longest-running themes in the comics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Fictional character biography
3 Interests and personality
4 Relationships
5 Reception
6 Riverdale (TV 2017-)
7 Career
8 Other versions
8.1 Jughead: The Hunger
8.2 Life with Archie: The Married Life
9 In other media
9.1 Television
9.1.1 Animated
9.1.2 Live-action
9.2 Film
10 References
Publication history[edit]
Betty and Me
Publication information
Publisher
Archie Comics
Schedule
Varied between bimonthly and monthly
Format
Ongoing series
Genre
Romantic comedy
Publication date
Aug. 1965 – Aug. 1992
No. of issues
200
Main character(s)
Betty Cooper
Betty
Publication information
Publisher
Archie Comics
Schedule
Varied between bimonthly and monthly
Format
Ongoing series
Genre
Romantic comedy
Publication date
Sept. 1992 – Jan. 2012
No. of issues
195
Main character(s)
Betty Cooper
Betty was named for, and originally based on, Betty Tokar Jankovich, a Czech immigrant who briefly dated Archie co-creator Bob Montana in 1939 when she was 18.[3] Created to serve as a love interest for Archie Andrews, she is portrayed as a smart, talented, sweet, tomboyish yet beautiful girl with blonde hair and blue eyes.
In addition to appearing in many Archie stories, Betty was the star of two long-running comic book titles published by Archie Comics during the period 1965–2012: Betty and Me (later styled as Betty & Me), which published 200 issues from Aug. 1965 to Aug. 2012; and Betty, which published 195 issues from Sept. 1992 to Jan. 2012. She also was featured in Betty's Diary, which published 40 issues from Apr. 1986–Apr. 1990.
Currently, Betty is the co-star of Betty and Veronica Digest Magazine, now known as B&V Friends Double Digest, which was launched in Nov. 1980 and has published more than 250 issues; and Betty and Veronica Double Digest, which has published 250+ issues since June 1987.
She was the co-star of Betty and Veronica, which ran for 347 issues (and eight annuals) from March 1950–April 1987. A new Betty and Veronica series published 278 issues from June 1987–late 2015. The limited series Betty and Veronica, taking place in their rebooted New Riverdale universe, was published in 2017. Betty and Veronica also co-starred in:
Betty and Veronica Spectacular (90 issues, Oct. 1992–July 2009)
Betty and Veronica Summer Fun (six annual issues, 1994–1999)
Fictional character biography[edit]
Betty Cooper (Bety Rosas in the Spanish version) is the third and youngest child and second daughter of Hal Cooper and Alice Cooper. Her older brother Chic Cooper and older sister Polly Cooper have both moved out of Riverdale, their hometown. Chic moved to New York City and Polly to San Francisco, but both occasionally appear in flashbacks to Betty's childhood, and both occasionally visit their family.
The quintessential girl next door, Betty's middle class upbringing is a world apart from the flashy lifestyle of her wealthy friend, Veronica Lodge. Nowhere is this more evident than when she and Veronica are competing for Archie Andrews' heart, and yet they remain best friends (Veronica once told Archie that she and Betty are only rivals in unimportant matters, like boys).
In the late 1960s, the two girls joined Archie's band, a garage band appropriately named The Archies. Both sang (usually backup), and Betty played tambourine, while Veronica played organ. This implies that Veronica is more musically talented, but that is not necessarily true. Some stories indicate that Betty is the better vocalist. Additionally, there is little consistency in the instruments she is able to play. Betty has played the recorder, tambourine, maracas, guitar, banjo, keyboard, saxophone, cello, and the bongos.
Interests and personality[edit]
Betty is friends with everybody, and is a loving daughter and sister. She likes to help the homeless, read to the senior citizens, and rescue wounded animals and birds.
Betty's hobbies include playing sports (particularly baseball), cooking, and looking after animals (she owns a cat, Caramel). She is also concerned with the environment and other social issues and encourages the rest of the gang to clean up after themselves. She loves children and sometimes babysits Jellybean with Jughead as well as other children in Riverdale. Occasionally, families hire Betty to keep their elderly members company. Betty is a skilled mechanic who frequently helps Archie with his broken down car Betsy. Betty is also good at skiing and car-racing. She is often said to be the best pitcher in the girls' baseball team. Betty is a scuba diver, wearing a blue shorty wetsuit, breathing with an air tank she carries on her back and a regulator in her mouth, wears blue fins on her feet and a mask on her face, but she prefers to swim underwater.
Contrary to the "dumb blonde"-stereotype, Betty actually has an above-average intelligence and is one of the smartest students at Riverdale High School, along with Dilton Doiley. In one story she won an award and was sent to compete in New York and has won numerous academic awards. At one point, she gained ESP when an encyclopedia accidentally fell on her head. This ability took away all hope for the future; Archie asked Veronica for a date, but Betty knew that Archie would dump Veronica for her. Betty lost her ESP power when a ball that Reggie kicked accidentally hit her; in her gratefulness, she gave him a thankful kiss.
Betty's many talents and accomplishments often make her friend Veronica jealous, who then tries to sabotage Betty to steal her glory and make her look bad.
During a stay at the Lodge mansion, while the family are in Europe, Betty is waited on hand and foot by the servants and, keeping true to her caring, loving, and unselfish nature, she begins to feel guilty about being waited on.
Wanting to do something very special for them in appreciation for the tough jobs that they do (and for what also seems to be a very thankless job in serving someone like Veronica, who tends to be very snobbish towards those who serve her), she throws them a pool party which surprises Mr. and Mrs. Lodge, and angers Veronica. In return, Smithers, the butler, and the rest of the staff, who are quite appreciative of what Betty did for them (since they never seem to get any appreciation from Veronica), offer to help Betty with the next party she throws, for free. Mr. Lodge would then lecture Veronica about how servants were people too.
Relationships[edit]
Betty's best friend is Veronica. Although the two are often involved in disputes over Archie or something else that evokes jealousy, they have remained the best of friends since their childhood. The two have commented that Jughead and Archie's friendship could not compare to theirs. In many stories, Betty and Veronica team up or help each other despite Veronica's jealousy and bitterness towards her. Betty's other female friends include Ethel Muggs, Midge Klump, and Nancy Woods, all of whom share common interests and group activities such as shopping and cheer-leading.
Frequently, Betty has been shown to date Reggie Mantle early on in the titles' runs and occasionally still, more often than not as a casual date when Veronica has Archie take her out. Sometimes, Reggie and Betty are seen to be flirting with each other; when Betty is feeling sad, Reggie always tells her that she has won a date with the most handsome man in the world. Although Reggie does not appear to admit it, he seems to care about Betty, but his self-image sometimes is more important. Once Betty said that sometimes the way Archie and Reggie fight over her, it sounds like she has the plague. In the Life with Archie magazines that depict a future timeline in which Archie marries Veronica, Betty and Reggie are portrayed as a loving couple.[4] It has been hinted they may be planning to get married.
Betty's relationship with Jughead Jones their realtionship like brother and sister,Jughead will provide commentary on her feelings for Archie, and Betty will attempt to "better" Jughead, by getting rid of his slothful attitude and laziness. Once when she had a sprained ankle, Jughead appears to care more about Betty than other girls and there have been hints of a brother and sister relationship between them. Betty walked up behind him and thought he was asking her even though he was just demonstrating how to ask Betty to the dance. Jughead supports Betty and Archie's relationship.
She had a friendship with an elderly woman named Lydia Wyndham, whom she found when doing research about World War I. With this acquaintance Betty got to know an accomplished writer and poet with a sharp mind (and a sad past—Betty's research had turned up a beau of Ms. Wyndham's who was killed in combat), but after a while Ms. Wyndham herself died.
At times, Betty is seen to have a close friendship with Cheryl Blossom, especially in Cheryl's own title. However, at other times, Betty and Veronica regard the seductive Cheryl as a threat because she tries to lure Archie away from them, and the two best friends unite against Cheryl to protect their interests. Jason Blossom, Cheryl's twin brother, is sometimes seen to have genuine interest towards Betty, which makes Archie jealous.
In the late 90s, Betty started dating Adam Chisholm. It was thought by some people that Betty had chosen Adam over Archie. This event made Archie jealous and he concentrated his attention on Betty, ignoring Veronica, as he always does when he thinks someone else may take Betty away from him. Though in actuality, Adam has rarely been seen in the stories after that story arc, and Betty has continued to prefer Archie.
Reception[edit]
In 2011, Betty Cooper was ranked 66th in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.[5]
Riverdale (TV 2017-)[edit]
In the CW’s live action drama Riverdale, Betty’s relationships differ from her Comic equivalent.
Betty’s best friend, Veronica Lodge, is a new girl who just moved into Riverdale from New York City. She is very kind to Betty and helps her with her longtime crush on childhood best friend, Archie Andrews. However, Veronica betrays that trust by kissing Archie in a game of Seven Minutes in heaven. Betty is heartbroken, but after Veronica apologizes profusely, she accepts the apology and their friendship becomes secure again. Despite one or two conflicts, Betty and Veronica’s friendship is one of the strongest in the show.
During the first few episodes of season one, Betty has a very big crush on her childhood best friend, Archie Andrews. With encouragement from Veronica, she builds up the courage to admit to her feelings. However Archie does not have the same feelings for her, and Betty is left heartbroken. After that, Betty and Archie’s friendship carries on, while hints of a romantic relationship are not mentioned. Later on in the series, Betty and Archie are sleuthing to uncover the mystery of the black hood together. In the midst of this investigation, the two kiss in a car.
Career[edit]
Betty enjoys writing and keeps a diary that is featured in the series Betty's Diary. She wants to be a famous writer someday, an aspiration that her teacher Ms. Grundy approves of. She submits her work to writing magazines and has been published a number of times. She once got to be an intern for a fashion magazine but ended up modeling as well. At the same time, she takes various types of employment, including some work as a mechanic, which is also a career that she is interested in. In some stories she finds employment as an assistant teacher at the local elementary school. Betty is also a well known baby sitter, and baker.
Other versions[edit]
Jughead: The Hunger[edit]
In Jughead: The Hunger, Betty hails from a long-line of werewolf hunters that have always taken down the Jones werewolves. She only befriended Archie and faked her affections towards him in an effort to get closer to the newest werewolf of Riverdale, Jughead. Archie convinces her to try curing Jughead with wolfsbane, which initially works until it wears off and results in Reggie's death. Jughead leaves town because he knows Betty won't give him a second chance.[6] Betty sets out to find him with the help of Archie and her cousin Bo, with backing by her aunt, the Cooper family matriarch, Elena.[7][8]
Life with Archie: The Married Life[edit]
Betty appears as a main character in Life with Archie: The Married Life. In Archie Loves Veronica, she runs a catering business while her boyfriend, Reggie Mantle, runs a repair shop. They both star in a reality show based on their lives. In Archie Loves Betty, she is an English teacher at Riverdale High. However, in both universes, Betty previously worked as a buyer for Saks Fifth Avenue in New York.
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
Animated[edit]
Betty appeared in The Archie Show, a 1968 cartoon series produced by Filmation. She also appeared in the various spin-offs The Archie Comedy Hour, Archie's Funhouse, Archie's TV Funnies, The U.S. of Archie and The New Archie and Sabrina Hour produced in the same format. She was voiced by Jane Webb.
Betty appeared in The New Archies, a 1987 re-imagining of Archie and the gang. Betty was portrayed as a pre-teen in junior high. She was voiced by Lisa Coristine.
Betty appeared in Archie's Weird Mysteries voiced by America Young.
Live-action[edit]
Lili Reinhart plays Betty on Riverdale.
Betty was portrayed by Lauren Holly in the 1990 TV movie Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again.
Betty appears in The CW series Riverdale, with Lili Reinhart portraying the character. As in the comics, Betty is a pretty and good-natured girl-next-door who once had a crush on her longtime friend Archie Andrews,.[9] However, when Archie responds he that he doesn't feel the same way. She and Jughead form a relationship that is central to the series. Through her mother, Alice, Betty is a legacy member of the South Side Serpents.
Film[edit]
Betty appeared in The Archies in Jugman, voiced by America Young. The film was released direct-to-video and takes place after Archie's Weird Mysteries.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Obituary: Rosemary Rice Merrell, 87, started in TV and radio". New Canaan Advertiser. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Jenna. "Riverdale: Will Betty and Trev Be A Thing?," ComicBook.com (February 24, 2017).
Jump up ^ Gustines, George Gene. "At 94, the Real Betty Doesn’t Regret Dumping a Creator of Archie,'" New York Times (October 1, 2015), accessed October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Frankenhoff, Brent (2011). Comics Buyer's Guide Presents: 100 Sexiest Women in Comics. Krause Publications. p. 44. ISBN 1-4402-2988-0.
Jump up ^ Jughead: The Hunger #0, May 2017.
Jump up ^ Jughead: The Hunger #1, October 2017.
Jump up ^ Jughead: The Hunger #3, February 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 9, 2016). "'Riverdale' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones". Deadline.
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