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Origination Clause
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The Origination Clause, sometimes called the Revenue Clause, is part of Article I of the United States Constitution. This clause says that all bills for raising revenue must start in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as in the case of other bills.
This clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states. The large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate, and so the Origination Clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate, compensating the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states.
Contents
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1 Text
2 Background leading up to adoption
3 Developments since 1789
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Text[edit]
The Origination Clause, also known as the Revenue Clause,[1][2] reads as follows:
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Background leading up to adoption[edit]
The federal Constitution was written in 1787 and adopted in 1789. Prior to 1787, several state constitutions followed British practice by providing that "money bills" must start in the more representative branch of the state legislature.[3]
Vesting the power of origination in the U.S. House of Representatives was part of the Great Compromise, in which the framers also agreed to allow equality in the Senate regardless of a state's population, while creating representation based on a State's population in the House.[4] The framers adopted the Great Compromise on July 16, 1787. At that point, the draft clause stated: "all bills for raising or appropriating money....shall originate in the [representative house], and shall not be altered or amended by the [other house]...."[5]
The Origination Clause was modified later in 1787 to reduce the House's power by allowing the Senate to amend revenue bills,[6] and by removing appropriation bills from the scope of the clause (the House and Senate have disagreed on the latter point).[1][7][8] However, a proposal was defeated that would have reduced the House's power even more by changing "bills for raising revenue" to "bills for raising money for the purpose of revenue".[5] James Madison explained:[9]
In many acts, particularly in the regulations of trade, the object would be twofold. The raising of revenue would be one of them. How could it be determined which was the primary or predominant one; or whether it was necessary that revenue shd: be the sole object, in exclusion even of other incidental effects.
Ben Franklin (left) and Elbridge Gerry urged adoption of an origination clause.[10]
John Dickinson (left) and Edmund Randolph joined Franklin and George Mason to urge reinsertion of the clause.[10]
Regarding the decision to allow Senate amendments, some of the reasoning was given by Theophilus Parsons during the convention in Massachusetts that ratified the Constitution; Parsons said that, otherwise, "representatives might tack any foreign matter to a money-bill, and compel the Senate to concur or lose the supplies."[11] Madison believed that the difference between a permissible Senate amendment and an impermissible Senate amendment would, "turn on the degree of connection between the matter & object of the bill and the alteration or amendment offered to it."[12]
During that era, the Continental Congress had a rule stating: "No new motion or proposition shall be admitted under color of amendment as a substitute for a question or proposition under debate until it is postponed or disagreed to."[3] At the Virginia convention to ratify the Constitution, delegate William Grayson was concerned that a substitute amendment could have the same effect as an origination: "the Senate could strike out every word of the bill except the word whereas, or any other introductory word, and might substitute new words of their own."[13] Grayson was not convinced by Madison's argument that "the first part of the clause is sufficiently expressed to exclude all doubts" about where the origination must occur.[14]
In its final form, the Origination Clause was a major selling point for ratification of the Constitution. James Madison, who supported the final version during and after the 1787 Convention,[10] wrote the following in Federalist 58 as the debate over ratification was raging:[13]
The house of representatives can not only refuse, but they alone can propose the supplies requisite for the support of government. They in a word hold the purse; that powerful instrument by which we behold, in the history of the British constitution, an infant and humble representation of the people, gradually enlarging the sphere of its activity and importance, and finally reducing, as far as it seems to have wished, all the overgrown prerogatives of the other branches of the government. This power over the purse, may in fact be regarded as the most compleat and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure.
This clause resonated with a citizenry opposed to taxation without representation.[15]
Developments since 1789[edit]
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Many scholars have written about the Origination Clause. Among the most widely influential was Joseph Story, who wrote in 1833 that the clause refers only to bills that levy taxes:[16][17]
[The clause] has been confined to bills to levy taxes in the strict sense of the words, and has not been understood to extend to bills for other purposes, which may incidentally create revenue. No one supposes, that a bill to sell any of the public lands, or to sell public stock, is a bill to raise revenue, in the sense of the constitution. Much less would a bill be so deemed, which merely regulated the value of foreign or domestic coins, or authorized a discharge of insolvent debtors upon assignments of their estates to the United States, giving a priority of payment to the United States in cases of insolvency, although all of them might incidentally bring, revenue into the treasury.
The U.S. Supreme Court has decided several cases involving this clause, and all of those challenges to federal statutes failed.[18] For example, in the 1911 case of Flint v. Stone Tracy Company, the Court held: "The amendment was germane to the subject-matter of the bill and not beyond the power of the Senate to propose."[19] But, the plaintiffs in one lower court decision succeeded in striking down a federal statute on Origination Clause grounds.[20] The Supreme Court stated in the 1990 case of United States v. Munoz-Flores:[21]
Both parties agree that "revenue bills are those that levy taxes in the strict sense of the word, and are not bills for other purposes which may incidentally create revenue." Twin City Bank v. Nebeker, 167 U. S. 196, 202 (1897) (citing 1 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution § 880, pp. 610–611 (3d ed. 1858)). The Court has interpreted this general rule to mean that a statute that creates a particular governmental program and that raises revenue to support that program, as opposed to a statute that raises revenue to support Government generally, is not a "Bil[l] for raising Revenue" within the meaning of the Origination Clause.
Justice Joseph Story
What this means exactly is disputed. According to one scholar, a statute is outside the scope of the Origination Clause if it, "imposes an exaction not to raise revenue, but to enforce a statute passed under the Commerce Clause or other enumerated power."[22] However, according to another scholar, even exactions imposed only under the taxing powers of Congress are outside the scope of the Origination Clause if Congress "earmarks revenues to fund a program it creates."[23] Regarding the latter view, Justice John Paul Stevens suggested in 1990 that its tendency was to "convert the Origination Clause into a formal accounting requirement...."[21]
A bill that lowers taxes instead of raises taxes may still be a bill for raising revenue, according to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[13] Assuming that a bill is for raising revenue, a further ambiguity in the clause involves how far the Senate’s right to amend extends.[7] According to law professor Jack Balkin, the Senate may take a House-originated revenue bill, and "substitute a different bill on a different subject."[24] On the other hand, law professor Randy Barnett says: "The Supreme Court has never approved the 'strike-and-replace' procedure...."[25]
Not only the House of Representatives, but also the Senate and the judiciary have sometimes tried to guard the role of the House with regard to origination of revenue bills. For example, as early as 1789, the Senate deemed itself helpless to pass a law levying a tax.[1] And, as mentioned, a federal court in 1915 struck down legislation contrary to the clause.[20] The U.S. Supreme Court has expressed willingness to address such issues, according to its 1990 opinion by Justice Thurgood Marshall in Munoz-Flores:
A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment.
In 2012, the joint dissent in the U.S. Supreme Court case National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius mentioned that "the Constitution requires tax increases to originate in the House of Representatives" per the Origination Clause,[26] though that issue was not addressed by the majority opinion.[27] In 2014, Sissel v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, a challenge to the Affordable Care Act brought by the Pacific Legal Foundation based upon this clause, was rejected by a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia,[28] and that court later declined a request to put the matter before all of its judges ("en banc") over a lengthy dissent authored by Judge Brett Kavanaugh.[29]
In 2013, during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 and the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013, the Republican-led House of Representatives could not agree on or pass an originating resolution to end the government crisis, as had been agreed, so the Democratic-led Senate used bill H.R. 2775 to resolve the impasse by using the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, an insignificant bill that originated in the House, which it amended all the tax and appropriation measures so to satisfy the formal requirements of the Originating Clause.
See also[edit]
Revenue-raising bills must have started in the House (right) and moved to the Senate (left).
Article One of the United States Constitution (where the Origination Clause is located)
Blue slip (when the House protests on Origination Clause grounds)
Taxing and Spending Clause (authorizes Congress to levy taxes)
Sixteenth Amendment (expands ability of Congress to levy taxes)
Seventeenth Amendment (provides for direct election of two Senators for each state)
Shell bill (legislative maneuver)
Substitute amendment (legislative maneuver)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. The Invention of the United States Senate, p. 188 (Taylor & Francis 2004).
Jump up ^ Gold, Martin. Senate Procedure and Practice, p. 135 (Rowman & Littlefield 2008).
^ Jump up to: a b Sargent, Noel. "Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions", Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 4, p. 330 (1919).
Jump up ^ Jensen, Erik and Monaghan, Henry. The Taxing Power: a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 170 (2005). ISBN 0-313-31229-X
^ Jump up to: a b Meigs, William. The Growth of the Constitution in the Federal Convention of 1787, pp. 110–112 (Lippincott 1900).
Jump up ^ Farrelly, Marie. "Special Assessments and the Origination Clause: A Tax on Crooks?", Fordham Law Review, Vol. 58, p. 447 (1989).
^ Jump up to: a b Saturno, James. "The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement", CRS Report for Congress (Mar-15-2011).
Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills, as distinguished from bills that levy taxes. See Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics, pp. 155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002). Likewise, according to the Library of Congress, the Constitution is the source of the origination requirement for revenue bills, whereas tradition is the source of the origination requirement for appropriation bills. See Sullivan, John. "How Our Laws Are Made", Library of Congress (accessed August 26, 2013).
Jump up ^ Naroll, Raoul. Clio and the Constitution: The Influence of the Study of History on the Federal Convention of 1787, p. 140 (UCLA 1953).
^ Jump up to: a b c Graham, John. Free, Sovereign, and Independent States: The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution, pp. 238–240 (Pelican Publishing, 2009).
Jump up ^ Luce, Robert. Legislative Problems: Development, Status, And Trend Of The Treatment And Exercise Of Lawmaking Powers, p. 417 (Houghton Mifflin 1935, reprinted by The Lawbook Exchange 2005).
Jump up ^ Watson, David. The Constitution of the United States: its history application and construction, p. 346 (Callaghan 1910).
^ Jump up to: a b c Medina, J. Michael. The Origination Clause in the American Constitution: A Comparative Survey, Tulsa Law Journal, Vol. 23, p. 165 (1987). Madison also wrote this in Federalist No. 45: "[T]he present Congress have as complete authority to REQUIRE of the States indefinite supplies of money for the common defense and general welfare, as the future Congress will have to require them of individual citizens."
Jump up ^ Horn, Stephen. Unused Power: The Work of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, p. 249 (Brookings Institution Press 1970).
Jump up ^ Vile, John. A Companion to the United States Constitution and Its Amendments, p. 35 (ABC-CLIO, 2010).
Jump up ^ Nowell, Edwin. A history of the relations between the two houses of parliament in Tasmania and South Australia: in regard to amendments to bills containing provisions relating to the public revenue or expenditure, pp. 130–131 (Tasmania 1890).
Jump up ^ Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution (1833).
Jump up ^ Krotoszynski, Ronald. "Reconsidering the Nondelegation Doctrine: Universal Service, the Power to Tax, and the Ratification Doctrine", Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 80 (2005).
Jump up ^ Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107 (1911).
^ Jump up to: a b Hubbard v. Lowe, 226 F. 135 (S.D.N.Y. 1915), appeal dismissed mem., 242 U.S. 654 (1916).
^ Jump up to: a b United States v. Munoz-Flores, 495 U.S. 385 (1990).
Jump up ^ Sandefur, Timothy. "So it's a Tax, Now What?: Some of the Problems Remaining After NFIB v. Sebelius", Texas Review of Law and Politics, Vol. 17, p. 204 (2013).
Jump up ^ Kysar, Rebecca. "The 'Shell Bill' Game: Avoidance and the Origination Clause", Washington University Law Review, Vol. 91 (2014).
Jump up ^ Balkin, Jack. "The Right Strikes Back: A New Legal Challenge for ObamaCare", The Atlantic (September 17, 2012).
Jump up ^ Barnett, Randy. "New Obamacare Challenge: The Origination Clause", The Volokh Conspiracy (September 13, 2012).
Jump up ^ Fisher, Daniel. "Obamacare Dissents Poke Holes In Roberts' Reasoning", Forbes (June 29, 2012).
Jump up ^ Eastman, John. "Hidden Gems in the Historical 2011–2012 Term, and Beyond", Charleston Law Review, Vol. 7, p. 19 (2012).
Jump up ^ Sissel v. DHS (D.C. Cir. 2014). See also Hotze v. Burwell (5th Cir. 2015).
Jump up ^ Sissel v. DHS , "On Petititon for Rehearing En Banc" (August 7, 2015).
External links[edit]
"Article 1, Section 7, Clause 1", The Founders' Constitution, University of Chicago (2000).
Zotti, Priscilla and Schmitz, Nicholas. “The Origination Clause: Meaning, Precedent, and Theory from the 12th Century to the 21st Century”, British Journal of American Legal Studies, Vol. 3 (Spring 2014).
Jensen, Erik, “The Origination Clause”, The Heritage Guide to the Constitution.
Natelson, Robert. The Founders’ Origination Clause (and Implications for the Affordable Care Act), The Independence Institute (August 3, 2014), via SSRN.
Riddick, Floyd. "Revenue", Senate Procedure, p. 1214 (1992).
Hinds, Asher. "Prerogatives of the House as to Revenue Legislation", Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States, p. 942 (U.S. Government Printing Office 1907).
The Original Meaning of the Origination Clause: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, April 29, 2014
Smyth, Daniel. The Original Public Meaning of Amendment in the Origination Clause Versus the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, British Journal of American Legal Studies, Vol. 6(2), forthcoming.
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This list contains the lakes, tarns and reservoirs in the Lake District National Park in Cumbria, England.
Note that only one body of water, Bassenthwaite Lake, is traditionally named a lake.[1] Larger bodies of water in the Lake District are generally named as mere or water, whilst smaller ones are denoted by tarn. Some writers, particularly in the media, refer to Lake Windermere though this use is deprecated.
Contents
[hide]
1 Physical characteristics of the main lakes
2 Map of major lakes
3 Lakes, tarns and reservoirs
4 Former lakes, tarns and reservoirs
5 References
Physical characteristics of the main lakes[edit]
This table gives details of those bodies of water with a surface area of at least 0.1km².
Name
Length (km)[2]
Max. width (km)[2]
Area (km²)[2]
Volume (m³ x 106)[3]
Mean depth (m)[2]
Max. depth (m)[2]
Surface elev. (m)
Number of fish species[2][4]
Distance from sea (km)[2]
Bassenthwaite Lake 7000620000000000000♠6.2 7000110000000000000♠1.1 7000530000000000000♠5.3 7001277000000000000♠27.7 7000530000000000000♠5.3 7001190000000000000♠19.0 7001680000000000000♠68.0 7001120000000000000♠12 7001174500000000000♠17.45
Blea Water[5] 6999170000000000000♠0.17 6999510000000000000♠0.51 7000310000000000000♠3.1 7002488000000000000♠488 7000600000000000000♠6 7001251400000000000♠25.14
Blelham Tarn[6] 6999670000000000000♠0.67 6999289990000000000♠0.29 6999110000000000000♠0.11 6999700000000000000♠0.7 7000680000000000000♠6.8 7001145000000000000♠14.5 7001420000000000000♠42.0 7001140000000000000♠14 7001160100000000000♠16.01
Brotherswater 6999598000000000000♠0.598 6999432000000000000♠0.432 6999190700000000000♠0.1907 7000120000000000000♠1.2 7000720000000000000♠7.2 7001150000000000000♠15.0 7002157000000000000♠157.0 7001170000000000000♠17 7001167700000000000♠16.77
Burnmoor Tarn[7] 6999240000000000000♠0.24 7000123000000000000♠1.23 7000510000000099999♠5.1 7001130000000000000♠13.0 7002253000000000000♠253 7001110000000000000♠11 7001190200000000000♠19.02
Buttermere 7000200000000000000♠2.0 6999540000000000000♠0.54 6999900000000000000♠0.9 7001151000000000000♠15.1 7001166000000000000♠16.6 7001286000000000000♠28.6 7002100300000000000♠100.3 7001230000000000000♠23 7001110100000000000♠11.01
Cogra Moss[8] 6999160000000000000♠0.16 6999840000000000000♠0.84 7000540000000000000♠5.4 7002225000000000000♠225 7001170000000000000♠17 7001143500000000000♠14.35
Coniston Water 7000870000000099999♠8.7 6999730000000000000♠0.73 7000490000000000000♠4.9 7002113400000000000♠113.4 7001241000000000000♠24.1 7001561000000000000♠56.1 7001436000000000000♠43.6 7001350000000000000♠35 7000608000000000000♠6.08
Crummock Water 7000400000000000000♠4.0 6999850000000000000♠0.85 7000250000000000000♠2.5 7001667000000000000♠66.7 7001267000000000000♠26.7 7001439000000000000♠43.9 7001978000000000000♠97.8 7001360000000000000♠36 7001108200000000000♠10.82
Derwent Water 7000460000000099999♠4.6 7000191000000000000♠1.91 7000540000000000000♠5.4 7001291000000000000♠29.1 7000550000000000000♠5.5 7001220000000000000♠22.0 7001750000000000000♠75.0 7001140000000000000♠14 7001147500000000000♠14.75
Devoke Water[9] 6999340000000000000♠0.34 7000189000000000000♠1.89 7000550000000000000♠5.5 7002236000000000000♠236 7001150000000000000♠15 7001156400000000000♠15.64
Easedale Tarn[10] 6999100000000000000♠0.10 6999530000000000000♠0.53 7000510000000099999♠5.1 7002282000000000000♠282 7001130000000000000♠13 7001216600000000000♠21.66
Elter Water 7000100000000000000♠1.0 6999400000000000000♠0.4 6999163700000000000♠0.1637 6999500000000000000♠0.5 7000330000000000000♠3.3 7000700000000000000♠7.0 7001530000000000000♠53.0 7000900000000000000♠9 7001194800000000000♠19.48
Ennerdale Water 7000380000000000000♠3.8 7000110000000000000♠1.1 7000300000000000000♠3.0 7001535000000000000♠53.5 7001178000000000000♠17.8 7001420000000000000♠42.0 7002112200000000000♠112.2 7001290000000000000♠29 7001122000000000000♠12.2
Esthwaite Water 7000250000000000000♠2.5 6999620000000000000♠0.62 7000100000000000000♠1.0 7000620000000000000♠6.2 7000640000000000000♠6.4 7001155000000000000♠15.5 7001652000000000000♠65.2 7001140000000000000♠14 7001140100000000000♠14.01
Grasmere 7000160000000000000♠1.6 6999600000000000000♠0.6 6999600000000000000♠0.6 7000470000000000000♠4.7 7000770000000000000♠7.7 7001215000000000000♠21.5 7001634000000000000♠63.4 7001160000000000000♠16 7001142500000000000♠14.25
Grisedale Tarn[11] 6999110000000000000♠0.11 7000128000000000000♠1.28 7001116000000000000♠11.6 7001330000000000000♠33.0 7002538000000000000♠538 7001110000000000000♠11 7001120400000099999♠12.04
Haweswater 7000690000000000000♠6.9 6999900000000000000♠0.9 7000390000000000000♠3.9 7001888000000000000♠88.8 7001234000000000000♠23.4 7001570000000000000♠57.0 7002246000000000000♠246.0 7001270000000000000♠27
Hayeswater[12] 6999160000000000000♠0.16 6999300000000000000♠0.30 7000190000000000000♠1.9 7002426000000000000♠426 7000300000000000000♠3
Kentmere Reservoir[13] 6999160000000000000♠0.16 6999780000000000000♠0.78 7000500000000000000♠5.0 7002297000000000000♠297 7001100000000000000♠10
Levers Water[14] 6999140000000000000♠0.14 7000107000000000000♠1.07 7000790000000000000♠7.9 7002413000000000000♠413 7001170000000000000♠17
Loweswater 7000180000000000000♠1.8 6999550000000000000♠0.55 6999600000000000000♠0.6 7000500000000000000♠5.0 7000840000000000000♠8.4 7001160000000000000♠16.0 7002125000000000000♠125.0 7001180000000000000♠18 mesotrophic
Over Water[15] 6999200000000000000♠0.20 6999450000000000000♠0.45 7000230000000099999♠2.3 7001100000000000000♠10.0 7002188000000000000♠188 7000600000000000000♠6
Rydal Water 7000120000000000000♠1.2 6999360000000000000♠0.36 6999300000000000000♠0.3 7000160000000000000♠1.6 7000440000000000000♠4.4 7001180000000000000♠18.0 7001530000000000000♠53.0 7000900000000000000♠9[16] eutrophic/mesotrophic
Seathwaite Tarn[17] 6999240000000000000♠0.24 7000133000000000000♠1.33 7000550000000000000♠5.5 7002374000000000000♠374 7001140000000000000♠14
Tarn Hows[18] 6999140000000000000♠0.14 6999750000000000000♠0.75 7000540000000000000♠5.4 7002188000000000000♠188 7001130000000000000♠13
Thirlmere 7000600000000000000♠6.0 6999780000000000000♠0.78 7000330000000000000♠3.3 7001504000000000000♠50.4 7001161000000000000♠16.1 7001460000000000000♠46.0 7002178000000000000♠178.0 7001200000000000000♠20 oligotrophic
Ullswater 7001118000000000000♠11.8 7000102000000000000♠1.02 7000890000000000000♠8.9 7002219700000000000♠219.7 7001253000000000000♠25.3 7001630000000000000♠63.0 7002145000000000000♠145.0 7001350000000000000♠35 oligotrophic/mesotrophic
Wastwater 7000480000000000000♠4.8 6999820009999900000♠0.82 7000290000000000000♠2.9 7002110400000000000♠110.4 7001402000000000000♠40.2 7001760000000000000♠76.0 7001610000000000000♠61.0 7001400000000000000♠40 oligotrophic
Wet Sleddale Reservoir[19] 6999310000000000000♠0.31 7000233000000000000♠2.33 7000760000000000000♠7.6 7002277000000000000♠277 7001120000000000000♠12
Windermere[20] 7001168000000000000♠16.8 7000160000000000000♠1.6 7001148000000000000♠14.8 7002314300000000000♠314.3 7001212500000000000♠21.25 7001640000000000000♠64.0 7001390000000000000♠39.0 slightly eutrophic
Windermere (north) 7000700000000000000♠7.0 7000160000000000000♠1.6 7000810000000000000♠8.1 7002202100000000000♠202.1 7001251000000000000♠25.1 7001640000000000000♠64.0 7001390000000000000♠39.0 7001290000000000000♠29 slightly eutrophic
Windermere (south) 7000980000000000000♠9.8 7000100000000000000♠1.0 7000670000000000000♠6.7 7002112200000000000♠112.2 7001168000000000000♠16.8 7001420000000000000♠42.0 7001390000000000000♠39.0 7001280000000000000♠28 slightly eutrophic
Map of major lakes[edit]
The map shows the locations of the lakes with a volume over 4 x 106 m³ and gives an indication of the volume of water in each lake. The markers suggest this by showing the size of a drop of water where the volume of the drop would be in proportion to the quantity of water in the lake (the diameter of the drop is proportional to the cube root of the lake's volume).[3]
Bassenthwaite Lake
Buttermere
Coniston Water
Crummock Water
Derwent Water
Ennerdale Water
Esthwaite Water
Grasmere
Haweswater Reservoir
Loweswater
Thirlmere
Ullswater
Wastwater
Windermere
Kendal
Penrith
Keswick
Ambleside
Grasmere
Cockermouth
Workington
Whitehaven
Grange-over-Sands
Barrow-in-Furness
Windermere
Major lakes in the Lake District
Lakes, tarns and reservoirs[edit]
Alcock Tarn, east of Grasmere, below Heron Pike
Angle Tarn, north of Bowfell
Angle Tarn, east of Patterdale, by Angletarn Pikes
Bassenthwaite Lake
Beacon Tarn in the Blawith fells, west of Coniston Water
Bigland Tarn near Haverthwaite
Blackbeck Tarn on Haystacks
Bleaberry Tarn, north of Red Pike, near Buttermere
Blea Tarn, near Boot, Eskdale
Blea Tarn, between Pike of Blisco and Lingmoor Fell
Blea Tarn, on Watendlath fell, north of Ullscarf
Blea Water, below High Street
Blelham Tarn, west of Windermere
Blind Tarn, on the east side of the ridge south of Dow Crag
Boretree Tarn, west of the southern end of Windermere
Bowscale Tarn, on the slopes of Bowscale Fell
Brothers Water
Burnmoor Tarn, Between Eskdale and Wasdale
Buttermere
Chapelhouse Reservoir, south-east of Uldale
Codale Tarn, east of High Raise and the Langdale Pikes
Cogra Moss, between Ennerdale Water and Loweswater
Coniston Water
Crummock Water
Dalehead Tarn, between Dale Head and High Spy
Derwent Water
Devoke Water
Dock Tarn, east of Rosthwaite, south of Watendlath
Easedale Tarn, west of Grasmere
Elter Water
Ennerdale Water
Esthwaite Water
Floutern Tarn, north of Great Borne
Foxes Tarn, north of Scafell
Goat's Water, west of the Old Man of Coniston
Grasmere
Greendale Tarn, by Middle Fell near Wasdale
Green Hows tarn Graythwaite
Upper Green How’s tarn Graythwaite
Grisedale Tarn, between Fairfield and Dollywaggon Pike
Gurnal Dubs, west of Garnett Bridge
Harrop Tarn, in the Wythburn fells, west of Thirlmere
Haweswater Reservoir
Hayeswater
Heights Tarn
Helton Tarn, northwest of Witherslack
High Dam Tarn, west of the southern end of Windermere
High House Tarn, south of Glaramara
Innominate Tarn, on Haystacks
Kelly Hall Tarn, south-east of Torver
Kentmere Reservoir
Knipe Tarn, south-east of Bowness-on-Windermere
Lanty's Tarn, west of Patterdale
Levers Water, on the east side of the Coniston fells
Lingmoor Tarn, on Lingmoor Fell
Little Langdale Tarn
Little Tarn, near Orthwaite, south of Uldale
Littlewater Tarn, near Bampton
Long Moss, between Torver and Coniston Water
Loughrigg Tarn, below Loughrigg
Loweswater
Low Tarn, south of Red Pike, between Yewbarrow and the Seatallan-Haycock ridge
Low Water, north of the Old Man of Coniston
Meadley Reservoir, by Flat Fell, Ennerdale
Moss Eccles Tarn, between Windermere and Esthwaite Water
Over Water, south of Uldale
Parkgate Tarn, near Eskdale
Potter Tarn, west of Garnett Bridge
Red Tarn (Helvellyn), below the summit of Helvellyn
Red Tarn (Langdale), between Cold Pike and Pike of Blisco
Rydal Water
Scales Tarn, below the summit of Blencathra and Sharp Edge
Schoolknott Tarn, south east of the town of Windermere
Scoat Tarn, below Red Pike and Scoat Fell
Seathwaite Tarn, west of the Coniston fells
Simpson Ground Reservoir, east of Staveley-in-Cartmel
Siney Tarn, north of Eskdale
Skeggles Water, between Kentmere and Longsleddale
Small Water, between Mardale Ill Bell and Harter Fell
Sow How Tarn
Sprinkling Tarn, between Scafell Pike and Seathwaite Fell
Stickle Tarn, Langdale, below Pavey Ark in the Langdale Pikes
Styhead Tarn, at the head of Styhead Gill, at Sty Head Pass, between Scafell Pike and Great Gable
Tarn at Leaves on Rosthwaite Fell
Tarn Hows
Tewet Tarn, below Low Rigg near St John's in the Vale
Thirlmere
Three Dubs Tarn, between Windermere and Esthwaite Water
Three Tarns, between Bowfell and Crinkle Crags
Torver Tarn, disused reservoir on Torver Low Common
Tosh Tarn, south east of Wast Water, near the River Irt
Ullswater
Wast Water
Watendlath Tarn
Wet Sleddale Reservoir
Windermere
Wise Een Tarn, between Windermere and Esthwaite Water
Woodhow Tarn, south east of Wast Water, near the River Irt
Yew Tree Tarn, between Holme Fell and Tarn Hows
Former lakes, tarns and reservoirs[edit]
Baystone Bank Reservoir, east of Black Combe (disused and then removed in 2011)[21]
Keppel Cove Tarn, north of Catstycam, dam destroyed by flood, 1931
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bassenthwaite Lake was previously known as either Broadwater or Bastunthwaite Water, according to different sources, but it is no longer known by these names.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g McNamara, Jane, Table of lake facts, Environment Agency of England and Wales, archived from the original on June 28, 2009, retrieved 2007-11-13
^ Jump up to: a b "UK Lakes Portal". Environmental Information Platform. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Retention time is an approximate value for mean retention time
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Blea Water". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Blelham Tarn". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Burnmoor Tarn". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Cogra Moss". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Devoke Water". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Easedale Tarn". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Grisedale Tarn". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Hayeswater". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Kentmere Reservoir". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Levers Water". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Over Water". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Seathwaite Tarn". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Tarn Hows". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "UK Lakes Detail - Wet Sleddale Reservoir". Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ Overall figures for Windermere derived from the two lake portions listed separately here.
Jump up ^ http://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/dam-busters-will-put-part-of-cumbria-back-together-1.812084?referrerPath=home[permanent dead link]
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text:
Kevin Webster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kevin Webster
Coronation Street character
Portrayed by
Michael Le Vell
Duration
1983–
First appearance
Episode 2353
19 October 1983
Introduced by
Mervyn Watson
Book appearances
Coronation Street:
The Complete Saga
Coronation Street:
Life In The Street
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Occupation
Mechanic
Businessman
Home
13 Coronation Street
[show]Family
Father
Bill Webster
Mother
Alison Webster
Stepmother
Elaine Prior (1985–1996)
Maureen Elliott (1998–2007)
Sisters
Debbie Webster
Half-brothers
Carl Webster
Wife
Sally Webster (1986–1999, 2002–2012)
Alison Webster (2000)
Sons
Jake Webster
Jack Webster
Daughters
Rosie Webster
Sophie Webster
Grandfathers
Jim Webster
Grandmothers
Helen Webster
Kevin John Webster is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, Coronation Street. Portrayed by Michael Le Vell, the character first appeared on-screen during the episode airing on 19 October 1983.[1] Le Vell was suspended from the soap in 2013 due to allegations of sexual offences,[2][3] with scenes he had already filmed cut from broadcast.[4] Le Vell was found not guilty of all charges in September 2013,[5] and briefly returned in early 2014, before taking another 3-month break from the show and returning once again.[6][7]
Kevin is protective of his two daughters Rosie Webster (Emma Collinge, Helen Flanagan) and Sophie Webster (Ashleigh Middleton, Emma Woodward, Brooke Vincent) and their mother Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor). His notable storylines have seen him have an on and off relationship and marriage with Sally, his affair with Molly Dobbs (Vicky Binns) which resulted in the birth of his son Jack. Kevin has recently embarked on a romance with Jenny Bradley (Sally Ann Matthews). This relationship ended after she kidnapped Jack.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Creation
2.1 Casting
2.2 Characterisation
3 Development
3.1 Background
3.2 Relationship with Sally Seddon
3.3 Temporary departures
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Storylines[edit]
Kevin arrives in Weatherfield in 1983, moving in with Hilda Ogden (Jean Alexander) as her lodger. He gets a job as a mechanic at Brian Tilsley's (Christopher Quinten) garage. His father, Bill (Peter Armitage), and sister, Debbie, soon follow. Kevin stays in Weatherfield after Bill remarries and he and Debbie move down to Southampton in January 1985. Kevin builds up a mother-son relationship with Hilda.
Kevin becomes good friends with Terry Duckworth (Nigel Pivaro), who sets him up on a blind date with Michelle Robinson in May 1985. The two start dating and Kevin loses his virginity to her but after pressuring her constantly for sex, Michelle ends the relationship in July. Kevin is single until January 1986 when he meets Sally Seddon (Sally Dynevor) after accidentally splashing her whilst driving by in his work van. Their romance is often strained, due to Hilda's interference, as she feels that Kevin is too good for Sally and Sally is loyal to her family, who treat her badly. Kevin proposes repeatedly but Sally only accepts after Kevin risks his life saving Bet Lynch (Julie Goodyear) from a fire in 1986. They finally marry in October 1986.
The following year, Hilda leaves Weatherfield after selling the house to Kevin and Sally and Kevin continues to work at the garage after Brian is murdered. After a lot of persuasion from Sally, he buys it in 1996 and goes into partnership with Tony Horrocks (Lee Warburton). Kevin andSally have two daughters: Rosie and Sophie. However, their happiness doesn't last as Kevin has an affair with Natalie Horrocks (Denise Welch), mother of his business partner, Tony. Originally, their affair is no-strings attached but Natalie falls for Kevin and wants him permanently. As a result, she gets careless so Sally discovers Kevin's infidelity but forgives him; however, they separate after Sally has an affair with Greg Kelly (Stephen Billington). They divorce in 1999 and Kevin refuses to allow Sally to take the girls back to live with her. She gave him residency while she found somewhere for her and the girls to live. Kevin learns that Greg was violent towards Sally in front of Rosie and Sophie but she is still awarded custody.
Later that year, Kevin starts dating factory worker Alison Wakefield (Naomi Radcliffe), but she leaves him when it becomes clear that he is still in love with Sally. However, upon discovering that she is pregnant, they reconcile and marry in January 2000 with Kevin's daughters, Roy (David Neilson) and Hayley Cropper (Julie Hesmondhalgh), Linda Sykes (Jacqueline Pirie) and Ashley Peacock (Steven Arnold) present. Their happiness doesn't last, however, when their newborn son Jake dies from a Group B streptococcal infection. The tragedy distresses Alison so much that she snatches Sarah-Louise Platt's (Tina O'Brien) newborn daughter, Bethany (Emily & Amy Walton), and commits suicide after giving baby Bethany to Kevin, leaving him devastated.
In the following months, Kevin dates Molly Hardcastle (Jacqueline Kingston), a nurse he meets through his friend, Martin Platt (Sean Wilson), whom he helps reconsider committing suicide when he learns that she is financial trouble. He ends the relationship when he realises that he is still in love with Sally and disrupts her wedding to Danny Hargreaves, telling him that he and Sally had a one night stand the night before he married Alison. Danny is disgusted and jilts Sally at the altar, leaving her devastated. As 2002 approaches, Kevin is determined to win Sally back and eventually convinces her to marry him again, although she warns him that it is only for their daughters' sakes. However, while engaged to Kevin, Sally has a brief fling with Alex, a painter and decorator, which is revealed on their wedding day. Sally has to decide who she wants to be with and chooses Kevin, who has already forgiven her for her fling with Alex, and they remarry on 9 December 2002. During the following years, Kevin continues to work at the garage and becomes a brotherly figure to employee Tyrone Dobbs (Alan Halsall). He also becomes good friends with his employee Tommy Harris (Thomas Craig), and they save Gail Hillman (Helen Worth) and her children, Sarah and David (Jack P. Shepherd) when her husband Richard Hillman (Brian Capron) tries to kill them in the Weatherfield canal in March 2003. Kevin is distraught when he discovers Tommy's body in the garage in March 2005 after he has been murdered by his daughter, Katy (Lucy-Jo Hudson). That same year sees Sally become a pushy parent, much to Kevin and Rosie's distress. She enrols Rosie into the prestigious Oakhill School after Rosie shows good potential at maths and forces Kevin to work longer hours so they can keep her there. Sally also starts working for car dealer Ian Davenport (Philip Bretherton), whose daughter, Gemma, is one of Rosie's friends at Oakhill. Sally and Ian have an affair later in 2005, which Rosie discovers when she walks in on them. When Kevin finds out, he is devastated and decides to end the marriage but Rosie persuades him not to, convincing him that Sally does love him and is only having the affair so that she can pay her tuition fees.
In 2007, Kevin is worried that Sally is having another affair, this time with teacher John Stape (Graeme Hawley). This transpires as John is tutoring Sally in A-level English. John's girlfriend Fiz Brown (Jennie McAlpine) thinks the same but when she confronts Sally on Christmas Day 2007, Kevin, Sally and Fiz are stunned to learn hat John is in fact having an affair with Rosie. Kevin severely beats John and is subsequently arrested for assault, being sentenced to 28 days imprisonment. However, he only serves 14 days for good behaviour.
Kevin begins feuding with businessman Tony Gordon (Gray O'Brien) during July 2008, who manipulates Rosie into helping him persuade Kevin to sell him the garage. Kevin refuses but Tony invests in Kevin again, this time with Jimmy Dockerson (Robert Beck), Kevin responds angrily but forgets about Jimmy until he realises he is losing clients. He confronts the specific garage mechanic alone with Jimmy before confronting Tony about the situation, although Sally and Rosie deny Kevin's proof. Kevin later discovers that his tow truck has been stolen whilst helping a woman fix her car on a call-out. Although he has no proof, he knows that Tony is responsible and finds out that Rosie is giving Tony business documents from the garage. He is furious that she has betrayed him like that, even though she thought she was actually helping him with his ailing business. He gives half the business to Tyrone as an incentive to help him rebuild the business. As a result of his ploy to stop Tony from gaining control of it, Kevin is now a co-owner.
Rosie later disappears leaving Sally and Kevin distraught. They initially think that she has run off with Lottery winnings from the Underworld syndicate until Janice Battersby (Vicky Entwistle) admits that she stole Rosie's identity and used it to claim the money. Sally and Kevin receive a postcard from Rosie, which leads them to believe that she is in Holyhead and Sally goes there, searching for her to no avail. Kevin and Sally are reunited with Rosie on 5 November 2008, when Fiz discovers that John Stape had abducted her. Kevin threatens John but is restrained by a detective.
In 2009, Kevin becomes attracted to Molly Dobbs (Vicky Binns), wife of his business partner and best friend, Tyrone. Molly begins to help Sally with the book-keeping and spends more time with Kevin. Eventually he tells Molly that he has feelings for her but she is initially horrified and slaps Kevin but later admits that she is flattered. They begin an affair, first sleeping together when Kevin sneaks away from Sally's birthday party in July 2009. Afterwards, Kevin feels guilty and decides to end the fling by persuading Tyrone to take Molly on holiday but it resumes in August. They soon admit that they love each other and plan to start a new life together. However, Kevin keeps finding reasons not to tell Sally, including Sophie's baptism and her GCSEs. On Christmas Day, Kevin and Molly agree that they will tell their respective partners then but Sally drops a bombshell of her own - she has breast cancer. Kevin makes it to Molly's house before she tells Tyrone, telling her that Sally has cancer and that he intends to support her, ending their relationship. However, he has to talk to Molly as she discovers that she is four months pregnant and isn't sure who the father is. Kevin, however, refuses to have anything to do with her and suggests she have a termination but Tyrone is thrilled and convinces Molly to let him look after her. Hurt by Kevin's behaviour, Molly agrees.
In August 2010 at Roy and Hayley's wedding, Claire Peacock (Julia Haworth) tells the Street that she caught Sophie and her best friend, Sian Powers (Sacha Parkinson), kissing a few days before but Kevin and Sally don't believe her. Sophie admits the truth to her shocked father that night, that she and Sian are in love. Kevin is supportive but the girls decide to run away together, much to Kevin and Sally's devastation. They are later reunited with her after Rosie tracks her down to Sheffield and brings them home. On 6 December, Kevin is knocked down by the explosion in the Joinery and derails a tram that smashes into the corner shop, crushing Molly, who is inside with baby Jack and Sunita Alahan (Shobna Gulati). He and Tyrone try to free Molly but they are pulled away by the emergency services. Sally sits with Molly to comfort her as she is dying and she tells Sally that Kevin is baby Jack's father. Sally is devastated and Kevin admits it so she throws him out and he returns to the hospital to see how Jack is doing. When Jack is discharged, Tyrone asks for Kevin and Sally for help to look after him. However, Sally goes out, unable to face Jack but Kevin finds her and tries to convince her that he still loves her. Sally tells him that she wants him to leave for good. Later, in the Rovers, he meets Bill and Pam. Pam expresses her grief at Molly's death and makes it clear she blames Kevin as she does not know how to tell Molly's father, Diggory Compton (Eric Potts). The funeral is arranged for 17 December 2010 and during the service, Tyrone breaks down while giving his eulogy and Kevin takes over but Sally leaves the church, disgusted. Unfortunately, this and seeing Kevin and Sally argue arouses Tyrone's suspicions. At the graveside, Tyrone realises that Kevin is Jack's father and attacks him at the graveside, making him fall into the grave on top of Molly's coffin. Later, Sally, Rosie and Sophie insist that Kevin leave, despite his pleas for forgiveness. Kevin spends the night in the garage and goes home the next day, barging in and refuses to leave until Sally threatens to call the police and have him arrested. Sophie begs her not to and Sally agrees to let Kevin stay that night, providing that he stay away from her. The next day, Tyrone gives baby Jack to Kevin, much to Sally and Rosie's disgust and Rosie moves out. On Christmas Eve, Sally tells Kevin that watching him with Jack makes her hate him even more and she wants them out. He asks Tyrone to take Jack back but he refuses so Kevin moves out, but after a desperate plea from Sophie, Sally allows Kevin to stay for Christmas Day.
On New Year's Eve, Kevin accepts the fact that Jack is his son and that his family don't want him around. He leaves Coronation Street, returning a week later only to find Tyrone leaving his house and confronts him. Sally tells Kevin that her life is no longer his business, making Kevin and Tyrone fight. Kevin tells Sally that he is filing for divorce and is putting the house on the market. Kevin and Sally agree a truce but when Kevin suggests they reconcile and raise Jack together, Sally refuses and this leads to a feud between them as he shows buyers around the house but Sally and neighbour, Eddie Windass (Steve Huison) put them off. That week, Rosie tells Kevin that she wants to get to know Jack better and offers to babysit but actually uses him for a modelling audition but brings the wrong baby home, angering Kevin. He returns the other child and collects Jack from the studio, telling Rosie to stay away and ignores her until her boss, Alfie, Sally's new boyfriend, Jeff Cullen, fires her. Kevin supports her and offers to punch Alfie but the arguing upsets Sophie so she gets drunk and believing that her life is falling apart, falls off the church roof. Sally blames Kevin and they argue again until Sian interrupts, telling them that they are both responsible for Sophie's accident. Although unhappy at what Sian has said, they accept this and call a truce. Sally invites him to the house for the evening and allows Kevin to hug her but he gets the wrong impression and tries to kiss her so she asks him to leave.
On the day that Kevin and Sally meet to finalise their divorce, Kevin wins £200,000 on a scratch card but keeps it secret. Tyrone, however, tells Sally just as she is about to sign. On hearing this, Sally refuses to sign and demands £100,000. The following week, Sally receives some flowers from Kevin and he also buys Sally a new car but she sells it and keeps the money before getting the lottery money frozen until a court hearing can be arranged. However, the judge rules in Kevin's favour as Sally loses her temper when Kevin's lawyer reminds her of her affair with Ian Davenport but he later gives the entire £200,000 to Sally, after Bill encourages him to do whatever is necessary to win Sally back. After talking to Gail, she returns half of the winnings to him for Jack and they call a truce. When Jeff reveals he is taking Sally to Paris for a fortnight and gloats in front of Kevin, Sally apologises for Jeff's attitude and they remember their wedding anniversary trip to Paris five years before. Kevin bids Sally farewell and they part on good terms.
In May 2011, Kevin and Tyrone's feuding at the garage turns violent after Tyrone, in a fit of rage, damages a new hydraulic lift that Kevin has bought. Kevin is crushed under a car he is working on when it gives way and is saved by Tyrone and Tommy Duckworth (Chris Fountain). When Tyrone admits he damaged the lift, Kevin forgives him and they call a truce so they can work together. Sally returns from Paris that day and aks Kevin and Jack to stay with her until his injuries heal and he agrees. One day in June, he isn't happy to see Sophie and Sian giving money to Ken Barlow's (William Roache) grandson, James Cunningham (James Roache), when the soup kitchen is reportedly burgled. He bans them from the kitchen and is surprised when Sally backs him up but Sophie ignores them and starts working there as a manager. Kevin softens and supports the charity auction held at the bistro. The following day, Kevin gets the all-clear about his collarbone and is shocked when Sophie asks him to loan her £20,000 so the charity can buy the house they've been renting. After Kevin refuses, Sophie hacks into his bank account and transfers £20,000 to the charity. Meanwhile, Sally and Kevin's relationship is improving as Sally doesn't ask Kevin to return to his flat and they have stopped arguing. However, the next day, Sophie and Sian are horrified to learn that the charity never bid for the house and that the soup kitchen is being demolished, with builders insisting it hasn't been occupied for months. Failing to find the charity leaders, Rob and Janet, Sophie and Sian realise that they've lost £20,000. Forced to confess, she tells Kevin, who angrily confronts James, who insists he knows nothing about the scam and is supported by the Barlow family, except Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford), who has suspicions. Kevin calls the police but tells them that he transferred the cash, ending the tension in the Webster home. A few days later, Kevin learns that the two con artists behind the charity scam have been arrested and tells Sally. James panics, realising that the truth will come out; he attacks Ken and flees Weatherfield. Ken tells the Websters what has happened and Kevin tells the police. In September, Kevin learns that Tyrone has a new girlfriend, Kirsty Soames (Natalie Gumede), a police officer he met in a bar. Tommy admits to Kevin he paid Kirsty to flirt with Tyrone and Kevin insists Tommy tell Tyrone the truth.
During September, Kevin learns that his sister Debbie has bought a villa in Turkey and plans to take Jack there. However, he learns that to change Jack's birth certificate, he'll have to apply for parental responsibility. Ken, who has experience of adoption, warns him that he should discuss it with Tyrone. Tyrone angrily tells Kevin to do whatever he wants. Next day, Bill and Pam visit Kevin and tell him that they are engaged but Pam is appalled to learn that Kevin is still living with Sally and plans to change Jack's surname. This prompts Sally, to ask Kevin to leave and he reluctantly agrees. Kevin and Pam argue and she bans him from the wedding whilst he bans her from seeing Jack. Bill collapses, suffering a heart attack, and is taken to hospital, but the arguing continues until Sally stops them. Sally ends the relationship next day after she hears Kevin telling Sophie that they are back together. Wanting to prove Kevin wrong, she resumes her relationship with Jeff, much to Rosie and Sophie's disgust. Over the coming weeks, Kevin accepts Sally has moved on and decides to stop trying to win her back and in October, they are back on good terms as proved when Sophie announces she and Sian are engaged. Kevin refuses to give his permission for their marriage and Sally agrees, but next day, Kevin and Rosie's boyfriend Jason Grimshaw (Ryan Thomas) are concerned when Rosie goes missing again after viewing a flat and learn that it is next to The Kabin. They kick the door down and find Rosie tied up, John having kidnapped her again because he is coaching her to be a witness for Fiz at her trial. John escapes but Kevin goes after him, leaving Jason to look after Rosie. As he tells a horrified Sally, John races past them in his car and Kevin chases him, resulting in a car chase that ends when John crashes his car into a truck trailer. Next day, as Rosie gives her statement, she thanks her dad for rescuing her and Kevin is the hero of the Webster family. When John dies, Kevin has to stop Sally going to see Fiz being sentenced, because she belittles Fiz's friends and family for supporting a murderer. He defends her in The Rovers when Julie Carp (Katy Cavanagh) attacks Sally for her comments. Later in the week, Sophie celebrates her 17th birthday. However, this is overshadowed when Kevin reads an article in the Gazette about Rosie's second kidnapping, as well as insensitive comments about Sally's cancer, Kevin's affair, baby Jack and about Sophie's sexuality. Kevin and Sally are furious with Rosie, and they throw Jeff out when they learn he convinced Rosie to write the article. Sophie's birthday is celebrated by Kevin with a firework display. In personal terms, Kev and Sal are on good terms again.
Towards the end of 2011, Sophie and Sian announce their intention to have a civil partnership. Kevin and Sally come round to the idea and a date is set for late December. However, Kevin learns from Sunita that Sophie has been having doubts, and he tries unsuccessfully to talk her out of it. Later, during the ceremony, Kevin feels his fears are well-founded when Sophie stumbles through her vows, and tells her that she didn't have to go through with it, causing a massive row between Sophie and Sian; the ceremony is abandoned. That evening Sian leaves Sophie for good and Kevin is guilt-stricken over his part in the break-up. Sophie tells him that she will never speak to him again. Sally and Rosie are sympathetic, knowing Kevin didn't do it out of spite. Soon Kevin learns that Sally is dating Frank Foster (Andrew Lancel), who is awaiting trial for raping Carla Connor (Alison King). Kevin had doubts about Frank's past and wanting the truth from Sally, he is forced to tell Sophie but Sally accuses Kevin of trying to interfere in their relationship and retaliates by telling him that she will file for divorce the next day. Sophie rejects him again when she asks Dennis Tanner (Philip Lowrie) to fix a leak in the kitchen - stating that she would "much rather drown than speak to my dad again", though Rita suggests Kevin give it time and Sophie will realise that she was wrong but she adopts Frank as father figure, to Kevin's growing disgust. However, he did achieve one good thing: he started repairing his friendship with Tyrone as Kirsty had just learned that she was pregnant and Tyrone wasn't sure if he wanted to be with her. Upon learning on Kirsty's pregnancy, Kevin congratulated Tyrone and the two shook hands. This persuaded Tyrone to stay with her and started Kevin and Tyrone's healing relationship.
After Frank was cleared of raping Carla, he made plans for Underworld's future and cheated on Sally with business associate, Jenny Sumner (Niky Wardley). When Sally confronted him, Frank admitted raping Carla and threatened Sally. This infuriated Kevin, who vowed to kill Frank. When Sally finds Frank dead and becomes a suspect, Frank's mother, Anne (Gwen Taylor), is revealed to be responsible. Horrified, Sally tries to escape but trips, hits her head and is knocked unconscious. She is rushed to hospital following a tense standoff between Anne, Kevin and Carla. At the hospital, whilst waiting for Sally to emerge from her coma, Sophie thanks Kevin for stopping the civil partnership. A few days later, Sally returns from hospital and admits she is grateful to Kevin. In February 2013, Kevin helps Tyrone escape with his daughter behind Kirsty Soames' back. Kevin is later questioned by the police. In late March, Sally tells neighbours that Kevin has had to leave because his father is ill and Pam cannot cope on her own.
On Monday 17 March, Sally announces that Bill has recovered and that Kevin will be returning later in the week, with his son Jack. The following day, he phones his house tenants Stella Price (Michelle Collins), Eva Price (Catherine Tyldesley) and Leanne Battersby (Jane Danson). Eva moves out to live with her boyfriend Jason, leaving a spare bedroom for Kevin and Jack. Kevin arrives in a taxi, while Rita Sullivan (Barbara Knox) invites him into The Kabin for a cup of tea and a chat. When Kevin and Jack are inside Rita's flat, Sophie's friend Maddie Heath (Amy James-Kelly) steals one of their bags with their iPod, camera and Jack's clothes inside. Kevin later spots a man in Sally's house, who turns out to be her boyfriend Tim Metcalfe (Joe Duttine). Mistaking Tim for a burglar, Kevin attacks him, but Sally turns up and reveals who he is. Kevin later goes to visit Tyrone and invites him and Jack to stay at his house until Stella and Leanne find somewhere else. Kevin then returns to work full-time at the garage.
In 2015, Kevin embarks on a romantic relationship with old friend Jenny Bradley (Sally Ann Matthews). They go on a few dates and Kevin invites her back to his for a nightcap but Jenny is reluctant to return to Coronation Street for fear of seeing her former foster mother, Rita. Jenny eventually returns to the Street. Rita struggles to forgive Jenny but they begin to get along. Eventually, Jenny moves into Kevin's house and the pair engage in a serious relationship. Kevin's daughter, Sophie, disapproves of the relationship and suspects Jenny of plotting something. Jenny starts to bond with Kevin's son Jack. In May 2015, it is discovered that Jenny previously had a son, who died when he drowned in a paddling pool; Jenny blames herself for the accident. Jenny plans to leave Kevin, taking Jack with her. She calls for a taxi and puts on a wig, using the name of "Melanie Davies", arranging to rent a flat in Hull. Jenny is discovered by Sophie's girlfriend, Maddie, but leaves for Hull with Jack. When Kevin and Sophie realise that Jack is missing, they travel to Hull, with Rita, to find Jenny is on the balcony with Jack. Rita talks Jenny down and she is taken away by the police and sectioned.
In August 2015, Kevin decides to expand his garage business. Kevin's ex-wife, Sally is impressed with his entrepreneurial spirit and encourages him. When the factory where Sally works comes up for sale, she persuades Kevin to help her buy it. Kevin and Sally later kiss, but Sally is engaged to Tim Metcalfe, and they agree to keep it between them. Kevin and Sally's daughter, Sophie, senses an atmosphere, and Sally eventually confesses that she kissed Kevin but says it was a mistake. Sally's next-door neighbour, Anna Windass (Debbie Rush) overhears Sally and Sophie discussing the matter. A few weeks later, when Anna is drunk at The Rovers Return Inn, she tells Tim that Kevin and Sally recently kissed. As a result, Sally and Tim split up, putting Kevin and Tim's friendship in jeopardy. Kevin and Tim are reconciled but Tim at first refuses to forgive Sally; they eventually marry. A few months later, Kevin is devastated to learn that his best mate Tyrone's step-daughter has cancer. He tries his best to support Tyrone and says he can take as much time off as he needs. Kevin also decides to give his daughter Sophie 21% of his new business for her 21st birthday.
Kevin meets a woman called Joanne (Martha Cope) on a singles night and they start dating. However Kevin has doubts about her and it soon becomes clear that he has feelings for Anna and the pair kiss. Anna then helps Kevin separate from Joanne by pretending to get pregnant by him. Kevin and Anna start dating but agree to wait before going public. Tim sees them together in the back of a taxi, and Sally and Sophie soon find out. Kevin gets a job with Pat Phelan (Connor McIntyre), but Anna is unhappy as Phelan had previously blackmailed her into sleeping with him. Anna warns Kevin, but Phelan lies to him. Anna refuses to let Phelan affect their relationship. After she smashes Phelan's van Kevin breaks up with her, but catches Phelan threatening her. She tells him about how Phelan blackmailed her. Anna and Kevin go out for tea and meet Phelan and his new girlfriend Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver). Kevin tricks Phelan by ordering a bottle of wine.
On 16 May 2016 Tim goes to Blackpool with Kevin and Jack. Sally and Sophie follow and see Tim and Kevin through a café window. Sally confronts them while Jack disappears. Jenny, who is also in Blackpool, sees Jack and runs after him. Kevin sees Jack run out in front of a tram, but Jenny pushes him out of the way just in time. Although Sally and Sophie make accusations, Kevin thanks Jenny for saving Jack's life. In October 2016, Kevin and Anna decide to move in together. However, after helping in freeing Gary and Lily Platt from under David's crashed car, Anna is engulfed in flames when a fireball from the car strikes her. Kevin and Nick Tilsley are able to extinguish the flames, before Anna is taken to hospital. Later, when Anna is made homeless, she moves in with Kevin.
Creation[edit]
Casting[edit]
Actor Michael Le Vell auditioned for the role and successfully landed the part after he had previously played another character called Neil Grimshaw, a newspaper delivery boy who worked at The Kabin.[9]
Kevin Webster as he appeared in 1983.
Characterisation[edit]
Kevin is very much a family man and looks out for them. ITV publicity say of the character: "A no-nonsense garage mechanic who likes an uncomplicated life and his tea on the table when he comes home from work.".[1] In the book 'Life in The Street' by Graeme Kay, Kevin is described as a very cheerful yet cautious character.
Development[edit]
Background[edit]
Kevin is the son of Bill (Peter Armitage) and Alison Webster. Kevin's mother died of cancer when he was just 15 years old and this experience traumatised him. He first appears in 1983, as an apprentice mechanic working for Brian Tilsley (Chris Quinten). His father Bill and his younger sister, Debbie (Sue Devaney), later join him. Initially his life consists of working by day and drinking with friends Terry Duckworth (Nigel Pivaro) and Curly Watts (Kevin Kennedy) in the evening. He dates Mandie Whitworth, a friend of Terry's girlfriend and Michelle Robinson and meets his long term love interest, Sally Seddon (Sally Dynevor), in 1986 and they later marry. The Websters buy Number 13 from Hilda Ogden (Jean Alexander) after she leaves to work as a doctor's housekeeper.
Relationship with Sally Seddon[edit]
The characters of Kevin and Sally had a lack of storylines in their first years on the show but received a boost when Brian Park became executive producer. The Independent reports him as saying "Kevin and Sally Webster had years of washing their hands and eating baked beans on toast. Michael Le Vell and Sally Dynevor (then Whittaker) were then given great storylines, including his affair with Natalie, Sally's catfight with her when she found out and the subsequent divorce".[10]
Kevin spends his early years in the show with Sally Seddon. They marry and have two daughters, Rosie (Helen Flanagan) and Sophie (Brooke Vincent). While Sally is away nursing her sick mother, Kevin has an affair with Natalie Horrocks (Denise Welch) mother of his business partner. Natalie has no compunction about seducing a married man. Sally angrily confronts Natalie when she learns of the affair. Kevin and Sally divorce, due to the affair, and Kevin moves in with Natalie. However, he is unhappy and ends the relationship to return to Sally.
Sally and Kevin reconcile, partly for the girls' sake. However, Sally is seduced by Greg Kelly (Stephen Billington). Kevin throws her out when he learns of the affair. Greg uses Sally's money (inherited from her mother) and abuses her. The affair ends but Kevin refuses to take her back, marrying Alison Wakefield (Naomi Radcliffe) instead. The night before the wedding, Kevin and Sally sleep together for old times' sake. This secret assignation comes out, on the day Sally is to marry Danny Hargreaves (Richard Standing). Danny calls their wedding off, angry that she had cheated on him and then lied about it.
Kevin's marriage to Alison is fraught. It is learned she had a traumatic childhood after her sibling drowned and Alison is suspected of intentionally killing her. When Alison is late returning Rosie and Sophie after an outing, Sally and Kevin, perhaps believing Alison really did murder her sibling, fear that Alison might have harmed them. Alison and the girls soon return - Alison had actually taken the girls to a photographer for portraits as a gift to Kevin. Alison is traumatised when she learns Kevin and Sally feared she might have harmed the girls. Alison later commits suicide after the death of her newborn son.
Kevin asks Sally to marry him again and she agrees, for the sake of their daughters. Sally has another affair with new boss, Ian Davenport (Philip Bretherton), in 2005. Kevin overlooks it, pretending to believe Sally's denial. In 2009, Kevin develops an attraction to Molly Dobbs (Vicky Binns), wife of his business partner and friend Tyrone Dobbs (Alan Halsall) and has an affair with her lasting until Christmas 2009.
Temporary departures[edit]
In February 2013 Michael Le Vell was charged with sexual allegations and Kevin was written out of the series with the explanation he was taking care of his father Bill Webster to explain his absence. Le Vell was found not guilty in September of the same year, and entered talks to return. Kevin returned briefly in March 2014, 13 months since his last appearance,[11] before taking another temporary break from the show after it was revealed that Le Vell had taken cocaine during his absence.[12]
Reception[edit]
Le Vell was nominated in the category of "Best Actor" at the 2011 British Soap Awards.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Webmaster (22 May 2007). "Coronation Street: Cast & Characters: Kevin Webster". ITV. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Michael Le Vell charged with child rape". Digital Spy. 2013-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Michael Le Vell: 'I will fight charges'". Digital Spy. 2013-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Jump up ^ 'Coronation Street': Michael Le Vell scenes dropped after charges
Jump up ^ "Michael Le Vell found not guilty". Digital Spy. 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Jump up ^ Coronation Street: Michael Le Vell to return as Kevin Webster in early 2014 | Radio Times
Jump up ^ 'Coronation Street': Michael Le Vell to return in spring, says producer
Jump up ^ "Coronation Street: Jenny kidnaps Jack and holds him hostage over a high balcony – first-look pics". RadioTimes. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Jump up ^ Life in the Street. Boxtree Limited. 1991. p. 58. ISBN 1-85283-161-8.
Jump up ^ Veronica Lee (13 May 2002). "Serial Killers". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (15 March 2014). "Coronation Street: Kevin Webster returns - video preview - Coronation Street News - Soaps - Digital Spy". Digital Spy. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Coronation Street: Michael Le Vell to take break after drug confession
Jump up ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (7 March 2011). "British Soap Awards 2011 voting opens". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
External links[edit]
Kevin Webster at itv.com
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Coronation Street characters
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Present and future characters
Ken Barlow
Emily Bishop
Rita Sullivan
Peter Barlow
Gail McIntyre
Tracy Barlow
Audrey Roberts
Kevin Webster
Jenny Bradley
Sally Webster
Gina Seddon
Sarah Platt
Liz McDonald
Steve McDonald
Rosie Webster
David Platt
Norris Cole
Sophie Webster
Daniel Osbourne
Roy Cropper
Robert Preston
Leanne Battersby
Toyah Battersby
Tyrone Dobbs
Dev Alahan
Eileen Grimshaw
Maria Connor
Kirk Sutherland
Bethany Platt
Adam Barlow
Todd Grimshaw
Fiz Brown
Simon Barlow
Sean Tully
Chesney Brown
Amy Barlow
Aadi Alahan
Asha Alahan
Michelle Connor
Carla Connor
Anna Windass
Gary Windass
Mary Taylor
Liam Connor Jr.
Izzy Armstrong
Max Turner
Jack Webster
Hope Stape
Faye Windass
Eva Price
Beth Tinker
Craig Tinker
Ruby Dobbs
Tim Metcalfe
Sinead Tinker
Jake Windass
Lily Platt
Pat Phelan
Luke Britton
Alya Nazir
Yasmeen Nazir
Dr. Susan Gaddas
Zeedan Nazir
Gemma Winter
Andy Carver
Billy Mayhew
Cathy Matthews
Aidan Connor
Alex Warner
Johnny Connor
Kate Connor
Rana Habeeb
Harry Platt
Seb Franklin
Shona Ramsey
Jude Appleton
Oliver Battersby
Nicola Rubinstein
Summer Spellman
Moira Pollock
Angie Appleton
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Past characters
Sunita Alahan
Christine Appleby
Lewis Archer
Shirley Armitage
Katy Armstrong
Owen Armstrong
Danny Baldwin
Frankie Baldwin
Jamie Baldwin
Mike Baldwin
Deirdre Barlow
Frank Barlow
Ida Barlow
Susan Barlow
Des Barnes
Natalie Barnes
Janice Battersby
Les Battersby
Cilla Battersby-Brown
Sheila Birtles
Natasha Blakeman
Alan Bradley
Renee Bradshaw
Teresa Bryant
Julie Carp
Casey Carswell
Matt Carter
Paul Clayton
Liam Connor
Paul Connor
Ryan Connor
Kelly Crabtree
Hayley Cropper
Trevor Dean
Marcus Dent
Jackie Dobbs
Molly Dobbs
Rob Donovan
Jack Duckworth
Terry Duckworth
Tommy Duckworth
Vera Duckworth
Fred Elliott
Anne Foster
Frank Foster
Alec Gilroy
Tony Gordon
Cheryl Gray
Jason Grimshaw
Alma Halliwell
Richard Hillman
Charlotte Hoyle
Blanche Hunt
Mel Hutchwright
Amber Kalirai
Ray Langton
Bet Lynch
Tara Mandal
Ciaran McCarthy
Becky McDonald
Jim McDonald
Karen McDonald
Joe McIntyre
Tina McIntyre
Darryl Morton
Jerry Morton
Kayleigh Morton
Mel Morton
Lloyd Mullaney
Karl Munro
Hilda Ogden
Stan Ogden
Denise Osbourne
Ashley Peacock
Claire Peacock
Kylie Platt
Martin Platt
Sian Powers
Stella Price
Graeme Proctor
Mark Redman
Alf Roberts
Maya Sharma
Ena Sharples
Kirsty Soames
John Stape
Jed Stone
Candice Stowe
Luke Strong
Charlie Stubbs
Percy Sugden
Leonard Swindley
Dennis Tanner
Elsie Tanner
Albert Tatlock
Ivy Tilsley
Nick Tilsley
Vernon Tomlin
Shelley Unwin
Annie Walker
Curly Watts
Raquel Watts
Bill Webster
Betty Williams
Violet Wilson
Derek Wilton
Mavis Wilton
Eddie Windass
Eddie Yeats
[show]
Lists of characters
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1983
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Original characters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Webster&oldid=799969695"
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