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Toyota Land Cruiser
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Not to be confused with Toyota Land Cruiser Prado or Studebaker Land Cruiser.
Toyota Land Cruiser
Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
Overview
Manufacturer
Toyota
Production
1951–present
Body and chassis
Class
Off-road vehicle/Full-size SUV
The Toyota Land Cruiser (Japanese: トヨタ ランドクルーザー, Toyota Rando-kurūzā) is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series.[1]
Production of the first generation Land Cruiser began in 1951 (90 units) as Toyota's version of a Jeep-like vehicle.[2][3] The Land Cruiser has been produced in convertible, hardtop, station wagon and cab chassis versions. The Land Cruiser's reliability and longevity has led to huge popularity, especially in Australia where it is the best-selling body-on-frame, four-wheel drive vehicle.[4] Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback – considered to be one of the toughest operating environments in both temperature and terrain.[5][6][7] In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store.
As of 2016[update], the Land Cruiser J200 is available in most markets. Exceptions include Canada, Hong Kong, Malaysia (of whose markets have the Lexus LX available), North Korea, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and large parts of Europe. In Europe, the only countries that officially sell the Land Cruiser 200 are: Andorra, Gibraltar, Iceland, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Off-road oriented models
2.1 BJ and FJ (1951–1955)
2.2 J20, J30 (1955–1960)
2.3 J40 (1960–1984)
2.4 J70 (1984–present)
3 Comfort oriented models
3.1 J50 (1967–1980)
3.2 J60 (1980–1989)
3.3 J80 (1990–1997)
3.4 J100 (1998–2007)
3.5 J200 (2007–present)
4 Sales
5 Use by militant groups
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Origin[edit]
When the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the Philippines in 1941 they found an old Bantam Mk II and promptly sent it to Japan. The Japanese military authorities ordered Toyota to produce a similar vehicle but to alter the appearance. The resulting Model AK prototype led to the Yon-Shiki Kogata Kamotsu-Sha (四式小型 貨物 車 type 4 compact cargo-truck).
Later in 1941 the Japanese government instructed Toyota to produce a light truck for Japan's military. In 1942, Toyota developed the AK10 prototype by reverse-engineering a Bantam GP . The half-ton truck features an upright front grille, flat front wheel arches that angled down and back like the FJ40, headlights mounted above the wheel arches on either side of the radiator, and a folding windshield. The AK10 is powered by the 2259 cc, 4-cylinder Type C engine from the Toyota Model AE sedan coupled to a three-speed manual transmission and two-speed transfer gearbox. Unlike the U.S. Jeep, few AK10's were ever used and photographs of them in the battlefield are rare.
In June 1954, responding to claims of trademark violation by the Willys Company that produced the original Jeep, then Director of Technology Hanji Umehara renamed this 4-wheeled vehicle as the Land Cruiser.
The postwar Toyota "Jeep" BJ is completely different from the AK10 and inherits no mechanical parts from it.
Off-road oriented models[edit]
BJ and FJ (1951–1955)[edit]
BJ and FJ
Overview
Production
1951–1955
Assembly
Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door softtop
Layout
FR layout
Powertrain
Engine
3.4 L B I6
3.9 L F I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,650 mm (104.3 in)
1950 – The Korean War created demand for a military light utility vehicle. The war put a Jeep on Japan's doorstep. The United States government ordered 100 vehicles with the new Willys specs and Toyota was asked to build them.
1951 – The Toyota "Jeep" BJ prototype was developed in January 1951. This came from the demand for military-type utility vehicles, much like the British Land Rover Series 1 that appeared in 1948. The Jeep BJ was larger than the original U.S. Jeep and more powerful thanks to its Type B 3.4 L six-cylinder OHV Gasoline engine which generated 63 kW (86 PS; 84 hp) at 3600 rpm and 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) torque at 1600 rpm. It had a part-time four-wheel drive system like the Jeep. Unlike the Jeep, however, the Jeep BJ had no low-range transfer case.
1951 – In July 1951, Toyota's test driver Ichiro Taira drove the next generation of the Jeep BJ prototype up to the sixth stage of Mount Fuji, the first vehicle to climb that high. The test was overseen by the National Police Agency (NPA). Impressed by this feat, the NPA quickly placed an order for 289 of these offroad vehicles, making the Jeep BJ their official patrol car.[8]
1953 – Regular production of the "Toyota Jeep BJ" began at Toyota Honsya Plant (Rolling chassis assembly), and body assembly and painting was done at Arakawa Bankin Kogyo KK, later known as ARACO (now an affiliate of Toyota Auto Body Co.).[8] The "Toyota Jeep BJ" Series was introduced alongside the following:
BJ-T (Touring),
BJ-R (Radio),
BJ-J (Cowl-chassis for a fire-engine).
1954 — The name "Land Cruiser" was created by the technical director Hanji Umehara. "In England we had another competitor — Land Rover. I had to come up with a name for our car that would not sound less dignified than those of our competitors. That is why I decided to call it 'Land Cruiser'," he recalls.[8] The name had already been used on the US Studebaker Land Cruiser car from 1934 to 1954.
1954 – The 93 kW (126 PS; 125 hp), 3.9 L Type F gasoline engine added for the fire-engine chassis. Models are renamed as:
BJ-T (Touring),
BJ-R (Radio),
BJ-J (Cowl-chassis for a fire-engine),
FJ-J (Cowl-chassis for a fire-engine).
J20, J30 (1955–1960)[edit]
J20/J30
Overview
Also called
Toyota Bandeirante (Brazil)
Production
1955–1960
Assembly
Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
São Bernardo, Brazil (Toyota do Brasil)
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door softtop
2-door hardtop
2-door pickup truck
5-door station wagon
Layout
FR layout
Powertrain
Engine
3.4 L B I6
3.9 L F I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,285 mm (90.0 in)
2,430 mm (95.7 in)
2,650 mm (104.3 in)
1955 – The Second generation, 20 Series was introduced. It was designed to have more civilian appeal than the BJ for export reasons. It also had more stylish bodywork and a better ride thanks to longer four-plate leaf springs which had been adapted from the Toyota Light Truck. It had a more powerful 135 PS (99 kW) 3.9 L six-cylinder Type F gasoline engine, but still only had a three speed gearbox. The interior of the vehicles were made more comfortable by moving the engine 120 mm (4.7 in) forward. The 20 Series still had no low range, but it had synchronism on the third and fourth gears.[citation needed]
1957 – A 4-door Station Wagon was added as the FJ35V on a 2,650 mm (104.3 in) wheelbase. Land Cruisers were first imported into Australia by B&D Motors as FJ25/28 cab chassis with Australian made bodies.[9] They were the first Japanese cars to be regularly exported to the country[10] and a few were initially used in the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme, by sub contractor Theiss Constructions.[11]
1958 – FJ25 production commenced in Brazil; this being the first Toyota vehicle built outside Japan. These were sold as the "Toyota Bandeirante" from January 1962 when the Toyota petrol engine was replaced with a Mercedes-Benz diesel engine. The FJ25 models were buiilt until August 1968 in Brazil.[12] Production numbers were fairly low; in 1965 the total came to 961 vehicles.[13]
Bandeirante timeline
1959:
FJ25 - Short open (topless) bushdrive car - motor Toyota F (May 1959 to 1960/61) - new in 1959 (also referred to as FJ251)
1960/1961:
FJ25L - Short soft top bushdrive car - motor Toyota F (1960/1961 to 1960/1961) - new in 1960/1961 (also referred to as FJ251L)
FJ151L - Short soft top bushdrive car - motor Toyota 2F (1960/1961 to December 1961) - replaces the FJ25/FJ251 and the FJ25L/FJ251L (there are few mentions in literature and no preserved ones known; it could be even doubted if it's ever been actually built)
1962:
TB25L - Short soft top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (January 1962 to - 1966?) - replaces the FJ151L (or FJ25L/FJ251L?)
TB25L - Short hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (January 1962 to - 1966?) - new in 1962
TB41L - Long hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1962 to July 1968) - new in 1962
TB51L - Short pickup with native bed - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1962 to January 1966)
1965:
TB51L3 - Short 3-door double cabin pickup with native bed and steel bed cover - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (1965 to ?) - new in 1965; possibly only one unit was built
1966? (between 1962 and 1968):
OJ32L - Short soft top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (1966? - to August 1968) - replaces the soft top TB25L
OJ31L - Short hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (1966? - to August 1968) - replaces the hard top TB25L
TB81L - Short pickup with native bed - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (February 1966 to August 1968) - replaces the TB51L
J40 (1960–1984)[edit]
J40
Overview
Also called
Toyota Bandeirante (Brazil)
Toyota Macho (Venezuela)
Production
1960–1984
Assembly
Toyota City, Japan
São Bernardo, Brazil (Toyota do Brasil)
Cumana, Venezuela
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door softtop
2-door hardtop
2-door pickup truck
4-door station wagon
Layout
Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
3.9 L F I6[14]
4.2 L 2F I6[14]
3.0 L B diesel I4[14]
3.2 L 2B diesel I4
3.4 L 3B diesel I4
3.6 L H diesel I6[14]
4.0 L 2H diesel I6
Transmission
3-speed manual
4-speed manual (from 1974)
5-speed manual (from 1984)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,285 mm (90.0 in)
2,430 mm (95.7 in)
2,650 mm (104.3 in)
2,950 mm (116.1 in)
Length
3,840.5 mm (151.2 in)
Width
1,666.2 mm (65.6 in)
Height
1,950.7 mm (76.8 in) (softtop)
2,000 mm (78.8 in) (hardtop)
Curb weight
1,480 kg (3,263 lb) (softtop)
1,554 kg (3,427 lb) (hardtop)
Main article: Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)
1960 – The 20 Series was upgraded to the now classic 40. Toyota made many production changes by buying new steel presses. Mechanically, the FJ40 was given a new 93 kW (126 PS; 125 hp), 3.9 L F engine and the Land Cruiser finally received low-range gearing, but continued the three speed main gearbox.
1965 – Global production surpassed 50,000 vehicles.
The Land Cruiser was the best selling Toyota in the United States.
1968 – The 100,000th Land Cruiser was sold worldwide. Brazilian J40 production, as the Bandeirante, commenced in September. This received a Mercedes-Benz-built diesel engine generating 58 kW (79 PS; 78 hp).
1972 – The 200,000th Land Cruiser was sold worldwide.
1973 – The 300,000th Land Cruiser was sold worldwide.
The first diesel Land Cruiser was introduced for export on long wheelbase models with a six-cylinder H engine[citation needed].
1974 – A four-cylinder 3.0 L B diesel was offered. The introduction of this engine boosted sales in Japan by putting the Land Cruiser in a lower tax compact freight-car category than its 3.9 L gasoline version. Note: the new B diesel engine was different from the B gasoline engine used in the original BJ.
1975 – The 3.9 L gasoline engine was replaced by a larger, more powerful 4.2 L 2F unit.
The FJ55 received front disc brakes.
The 3.6 L H diesel engine was optional in some markets in the HJ45.[14]
1976 – United States-version FJ40 Land Cruisers received front disc brakes like the FJ55. The Toyota Land Cruiser Association was founded in California.
1977 – The Irish Army took delivery of the first of 77 FJ45 Land Cruisers. Although fast, reliable and with good off-road performance the type tended to rust excessively in the wet Irish climate. A few which did not succumb to the effects of weather were repainted in gloss olive green and survive as ceremonial gun tractors at military funerals.
1978 – The first BJ / FJ40 and FJ55 models were officially sold in West Germany with both diesel (BJ40) and petrol engines (FJ40 /55).
1979 – United States-version FJ40s were updated this year with a new wider, square bezel surrounding the headlights.
Power steering and cooler were offered in FJ40s for the first time The diesel engine was improved, evolving into the 3.2 L 2B only in Japan.
1980 – The H diesel engine (HJ45) was replaced by the 4.0 L 2H engine (now with chassis code HJ47).[14]
1981 – the Diesel version received front disc brakes and the more powerful 3.4 L 3B engine, and added LWB BJ45 with 3B.
1983 – the last FJ40s imported to the U.S. were 1983 models (mid-1982 to mid-1983). It is unknown how many were imported by Toyota, but many guess the number to be around 300. 1983 FJ40s typically bring a premium for their rarity, though they are not much different from 1982 models (mid-1981 to mid-1982).
1984 – the North American market was limited to Canada with the BJ42, which had a 5-speed (overdrive) transmission that was widely sought. Originally around CA$14,000.
1963 Toyota Land Cruiser Station Wagon (FJ45)
J70 (1984–present)[edit]
Main article: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)
J70
Overview
Also called
Toyota Machito (Venezuela)
Zo Reken (Haiti)
Production
1984–present
Assembly
Japan: Toyota, Aichi (Yoshiwara plant)[15]
Venezuela: Cumana
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door pickup truck
2-door hardtop
2-door softtop
4-door wagon
4-door van
Layout
Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
2.4 L 22R I4 (gasoline)
2.4 L 2L I4 (diesel)
2.4 L 2L-T I4-T (diesel)
2.5 L VM HR588 I5-T (Italy)[16]
3.0 L 1KZ-T I4-T (diesel)
3.4 L 13B-T I4-T (diesel)
3.4 L PZ I5 (diesel)
4.0 L 1GR-FE V6 (gasoline)
4.0 L 2H I6 (diesel)
4.0 L 3F I6 (gasoline)
4.2 L 1HD-FTE I6-T (diesel)
4.2 L 1HZ I6 (diesel)
4.5 L 1FZ-FE I6 (gasoline)
4.5 L 1VD-FTV V8-T (diesel)
Transmission
5-speed manual
4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,310 mm (90.9 in)
2,600 mm (102.4 in)
2,730 mm (107.5 in)
2,980 mm (117.3 in)
3,180 mm (125.2 in)
Length
4,995 mm (196.7 in)
Width
1,870 mm (73.6 in)
Height
2,070 mm (81.5 in)
1984 – J70 was introduced as a soft-top, hard-top, FRP top, utility, cab-chassis, and Troop Carrier (inward facing rear seats).The petrol engine was replaced with a 4.0 L 3F engine. The 70 Light had a four-wheel coil spring solid-axle suspension for better ride quality. This lighter duty version of the Land Cruiser had the 22R 2.4 L gasoline engine, 2L and 2L-T (turbo) 2.4 L diesel engines commonly found in the Toyota Hilux. The 70 Light was sold in some markets as the Bundera or the Landcruiser II, later called 70 Prado. The 70 Prado eventually became popular and evolved into the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado (J90). An automatic transmission (A440F) was introduced making it the first four-wheel drive Japanese vehicle with an automatic transmission.
1990 – New-generation diesel engines were introduced including a 3.4 L five-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated motor (1PZ), and a 4.2 L six-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated motor (1 HZ).
1993 to 1996 – the KZ 3.0 L turbocharged diesel engine replaced the LJ in the 70 series in European markets where this model was known as the KZJ70.
1993 – An advanced 24-valve, 4.5 L six-cylinder petrol engine, 1FZ-FE was introduced.
1999 – Toyota updated the 70 series in several ways. The solid front axle received coil-spring suspension. The rear leaf springs were lengthened for increased ride comfort and wheel travel. The six-bolt wheels were replaced with five-bolt wheels. Several smaller modifications to the drivetrain provided increased durability. The long-wheel-base models received new designations: 78 for the troop carrier, and 79 for the pick-up.
2002 — HDJ79 is introduced to Australia with the 1HD-FTE 4.2 L six-cylinder 24-valve turbodiesel EFI engine.
2007 – Toyota's first turbodiesel V8 engine, the 1VD-FTV was released in some countries for the 70 Series Land Cruiser. Other modifications include the addition of a 4-door medium-wheel-base model (the 76) and an altered front look on all models.
2012 – Addition of the 79 Double Cab pickup, in South Africa (4.2 L Diesel or 4.0 L Petrol) and Australia (4.5 L V8 Diesel).
The Sixth and Seventh generations of the Land Cruiser are still being produced and sold in African and Latin American regions. Production in Venezuela ended in 2008.
The 70 series is also still marketed in Australia as 4-door wagon, 2-door 'Troop Carrier', 2 door cab-chassis and 4 door cab-chassis.
The 2014-15 30th Anniversary Series 70 sold in Japan as a 4-door wagon or 4-door pickup with the 1GR-FE V6 petrol engine and 5 speed manual transmission.[17]
BJ74 Mid wheelbase FRP-top 3.4D-T LX (Japan)
VDJ78R Troop Carrier
HZJ75RV 3-door wagon
VDJ76R GXL 5-door wagon
Comfort oriented models[edit]
J50 (1967–1980)[edit]
J50
1979 FJ55 (US)
Overview
Production
1967–1980
Assembly
Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
Body and chassis
Body style
4-door station wagon
Layout
Front engine, four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
3.9 L F I6[14]
4.2 L 2F I6[14]
Transmission
3- or 4-speed manual (J30, H41 or H42)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length
4,675 mm (184.1 in)
Width
1,735 mm (68.3 in)
Height
1,865 mm (73.4 in)
The Land Cruiser 55 was produced from 1967 to 1980. Toyota refers to the FJ55G and FJ55V as the first "real" station wagon in the Land Cruiser series, thus marking the beginning of the station wagon branch. It was the first Land Cruiser to have fully enclosed box frame members. Of all the Land Cruiser wagons sold in the U.S., including the FJ45, it is the only one to not have hatch and tailgate in the rear, but rather a tailgate only with an electrically operated window that can be retracted into the tailgate.[18]
1967 – Production of the FJ55 began. The FJ55 was a 4-door station wagon version based on the FJ40's Drive-train, replacing the 4-Door FJ45V (I). It was colloquially known as the "Moose". It has also been referred to as a "pig" or an "iron pig". The FJ55 had a longer wheelbase 2700 mm and was designed to be sold in North America and Australia.
Jan 1975 saw the F engine replaced by the 2F engine.[14] Unusual for Toyota, the model (e.g. FJ55) did not change.
Model 56 is in Japan only, with 2F engine (January 1975 – July 1980).
J60 (1980–1989)[edit]
J60
Overview
Also called
Toyota Samurai (Venezuela)
Production
1980–1989
Assembly
Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
Cumana, Venezuela
Body and chassis
Body style
Full size SUV, 4-door station wagon
Layout
Front engine, four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
4.2 L 2F I6 (FJ60)
4.0 L 3F I6 (FJ62)
4.0 L 3F-E I6 (FJ62 from 1988)
3.4 L 3B I4 diesel (BJ60)
4.0 L 2H I6 diesel (HJ60)
4.0 L 12H-T I6 turbo diesel (HJ61)
Transmission
4-speed H41F or H42F manual
4-speed A440F automatic
5-speed H55F manual (non-US)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,730 mm (107.5 in)
Length
4,675 mm (184.1 in)
Width
1,800 mm (70.9 in)
Height
1,750 mm (68.9 in)
The Land Cruiser 60 series was produced from 1980 through 1990 for most markets but the Cumana Plant in Venezuela continued until 1992 for their local market. It is a front engine, four door wagon which can seat five to eight[citation needed] people. Like all Land Cruiser generations, it is well known in the off-road world for its off-road abilities but was somewhat limited by its awkward departure angles.[citation needed] The 60 series was available in the following solid exterior colors: Alpine White, Brown, Desert Beige, Freeborn Red, Royal Blue; and in the following metallic exterior colors: Charcoal Gray, Cognac, Gray-Blue, Rootbeer, Sky Blue, Stardust Silver.
1980 — The 60 series was introduced. While still retaining the rugged off-road characteristics of previous Land Cruisers, the 60 was designed to better compete in the emerging sport utility vehicle market. The 60 was given a variety of comforts like air conditioning, a rear heater and an upgraded interior. The FJ60's "2F" petrol engine was left unchanged from the "40" series while six-cylinder 4.0 L 2H and four-cylinder 3.4 L 3B diesel engines were added to the product line.
1981 – Land Cruiser sales surpassed 1 million and a high-roof version was introduced. The 60 series was introduced to South Africa when a stock Land Cruiser competed in the Toyota 1000 km Desert Race in the punishing wilds of Botswana.
1984 – This was the final year for the 40 series.
1984 – Alongside the 60 series, the 70 series was introduced.
1985 – The Direct-injection 12H-T turbodiesel engine was introduced.
1988 – The petrol engine was upgraded to a 4.0 L 3F-E EFI engine. The FJ62G VX-Series was introduced allowing the Land Cruiser to be sold in Japan as a passenger vehicle.
Toyota Land Cruiser post-facelift (US)
1981–1987 Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ60; Australia)
1987–1990 Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ62RG) GX (Australia)
J80 (1990–1997)[edit]
J80
Overview
Also called
Toyota Land Cruiser Autana (Colombia and Venezuela)
Production
January 1990 – December 1997
1992–2008 (Venezuela)
[19]
Assembly
Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
Cumaná, Venezuela
Body and chassis
Body style
4-door SUV
Layout
Front engine / four-wheel drive
Related
Lexus LX 450
Powertrain
Engine
4.0 L 3F-E I6
4.5 L 1FZ-FE I6
4.2 L 1HZ I6 diesel
4.2 L 1HD-T I6 turbo diesel
Transmission
4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length
4,780 mm (188.2 in) (1990–94)
4,820 mm (189.8 in) (1995–97)
Width
1,830 mm (72.0 in) (1990–91)
1,930 mm (76.0 in) (1992–97)
Height
1,785 mm (70.3 in) (1990–91)
1,860 mm (73.2 in) (1992–94)
1,870 mm (73.6 in) (1995–97)
Curb weight
2,084 kg (4,594 lb) (1990–92)
2,159 kg (4,760 lb) (1993–97)
The Land Cruiser 80 series was unveiled in October 1989 at the Tokyo Motor Show and launched in early 1990. It had swing-out back doors, which were replaced by a tailgate and hatch in 1994. The Land Cruiser was nicknamed the Burbuja (Bubble) in Colombia and Venezuela due to its roundness. The J80 was initially offered in two versions in these countries: the fully loaded VX and an entry level model that included a vinyl interior with optional air conditioning. In 1996, the entry model was upgraded to a medium equipped model named Autana, including cloth upholstery, standard air conditioning and power driver seat. The name is a reference to the Tepui mesa Autana, a spectacular plateau and cave system along the Guiana Shield craton. Land Cruiser sales reached 2 million vehicles.
1990 – The 80 series station wagon was introduced, replacing the 60 series. All 80s sold in North America and Europe now have a full-time four-wheel drive system. In Japan, Africa, and Australia, a part-time system was still available. 80s produced between 1990 and 1991 had an open centre differential which was lockable in 4HI and automatically locked in 4LO. From 1992 onward, vehicles with anti-lock brakes had a viscous coupling that sent a maximum of 30% torque to the non-slipping axle. The differential was lockable in 4HI and automatically locked in 4LO.
1990 – A new generation of diesel engines were introduced, adding to the engines available in the 80 series. The 80 series came with either a (3F-E) six-cylinder naturally aspirated petrol engine, a six-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated diesel engine, (1HZ), or a 1HD-T direct injection turbo diesel.
1991 – By mid-1991 the (3F-E) was introduced to the Australian market, a fuel injected version of the 3F.
1993 – An advanced 24-valve, 4.5 L six-cylinder petrol engine, 1FZ-FE was introduced. Larger brakes were added from October 1992 and the total wheelbase was made slightly longer. Front and rear axle lockers (code k294) appeared as an option. The High Pinion Electric Locking front differential become available in US models. In May 1993 Toyota began using R134 refrigerant in the air conditioning system. Serial numbers lower than JT3DJ81xxxxx38947 use R12 refrigerant.
1994 – A limited edition Land Cruiser Blue Marlin (FZJ80R) was introduced into the Australian market. They have 4.5 L straight 6 petrol motors with double-overhead cams, automatic or manual transmission and 158 kW (215 PS; 212 hp) at 4600 rpm. The car is blue from the Blue Marlin fish and they have the Blue Marlin logo throughout the car. Some of the features that the Blue Marlin included were altimeters, power windows, disk brakes, leather gear knob and steering wheel, central locking, leather trim, chrome handles and sidesteps, 16" alloy wheels, limited-slip differential, anti-lock brakes (ABS), power steering, CD and cassette players, flares, and a limited edition bull bar. Only 500 were made.
1995 – Driver and passenger airbags were introduced as were adjustable shoulder-belt anchors and an anti-lock braking system. The "T O Y O T A" badge was replaced with the modern Toyota logo[20] (which is sometimes described as a "bean with a hat" aka "the sombrero").
1996 – In the Dakar Rally, a pair of Land Cruisers finished first and second in the unmodified production class. All American and British 80s adopted anti-lock brakes and airbags as standard equipment. The Land Cruiser was withdrawn from Canada this year and was replaced by the Lexus LX 450.
1997 – A limited run of Land Cruiser 80s was built specifically for collectors and therefore called the Land Cruiser Collector's Edition. The Collectors Edition sported Collectors Edition badging, "Collector's Edition" embroidered floor mats, automatic climate control, wheels with the "D" windows painted dark grey and special grey side moldings, and black pearl badging. The Collectors Edition was only available for the 1997 model year and the package was added to many of the available body colors.
1997 – 4744 FZJ80 Land Cruisers were sold in the United States as "40th Anniversary Limited Edition" models. They were available in 2 colours; Antique Sage Pearl (often referred to as Riverrock, Pewter, or Grey) and Emerald Green. The 40th Anniversary models included apron badges, a serial number badge on the centre console, black pearl exterior badges, "40th Anniversary Limited Edition" embroidered floor mats, automatic climate control, two-tone tan and brown leather interiors, and wheels with the "D" windows painted dark gray. Many were manufactured with the optional electric front and rear locking differentials, keyless entry, port-installed roof racks, and running boards. There are some examples that did not have many of these extras. This is the last year for the electric locking front differentials.
2008 – Last 80-Series vehicle was built in Venezuela which was the only country producing the vehicles after production ended in Japan in 1997.
Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ80R) GXL, Australia
Facelift Toyota Land Cruiser, US
Facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (FZJ80R) GXL, Australia
Facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (HZJ80R) 40th Anniversary, Australia
Land Cruiser with swing-out back-doors, Europe
Interior
Designation
Engine
Power
Torque
Availability
FJ80R/L 3F-E 4.0 L petrol I6 112 kW (152 PS; 150 hp) at 4,000 rpm 290 N⋅m (214 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpm Australia, North America
FZJ80R/L 1FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6 158 kW (215 PS; 212 hp) at 4,600 rpm 373 N⋅m (275 lb⋅ft) at 3,200 rpm Australia, Gulf Cooperation Council states, North Africa, North America
HDJ80R 1HD-T 4.2 L turbodiesel I6 115 kW (156 PS; 154 hp) at 3,600 rpm 357 N⋅m (263 lb⋅ft) at 1,800 rpm Australia
HZJ80R 1HZ 4.2 L diesel I6 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) at 4,000 rpm 271 N⋅m (200 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm Australia
R means Right hand drive version, excluding Japanese domestic market.
J100 (1998–2007)[edit]
J100
Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (US)
Overview
Also called
Lexus LX 470
Production
January 1998–2007
Assembly
Japan: Toyota City (ARACO)
China: Changchun City (Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor)
Designer
Takeo Kondo (1993)
Body and chassis
Body style
4-door wagon
Powertrain
Engine
4.5 L 1FZ-FE I6
4.7 L 2UZ-FE V8
4.2 L 1HZ I6 diesel
4.2 L 1HD-T I6 turbo diesel
4.2 L 1HD-FTE I6 turbo diesel
Transmission
4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length
4,890 mm (192.5 in)
Width
1,941 mm (76.4 in)
Height
1,849 mm (72.8 in)
Curb weight
2,320 kg (5,115 lb)
In January 1998, the 100 series Land Cruiser was introduced to replace the 8-year-old 80 series. The 100 series was previewed in October 1997 as the "Grand Cruiser" at the 32nd Tokyo Motor Show. Development began in 1991 under program code 404T, with the final design being frozen in mid-1994.[21][22]
Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (FZJ105; Australia)
There are two distinct versions of the 100-series, the 100 and the 105. The two versions look very similar, but there are significant differences under the bodywork. Despite these differences and official model names, both the 100 and 105 are collectively known as the 100 series.
The 105 carried over the majority of its chassis and powertrain from the 80-series with coil suspended solid axles front and rear, and straight-6 petrol and diesel engines. These models were only sold in African, Australian, Russian, and South American markets.
In 1998, it introduced a suspension system combining Active Height Control (AHC) and Skyhook TEMS Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension on the Land Cruiser J100[23]
In 2002 Toyota introduced Night View, the first worldwide series production active automotive night vision system, on the Toyota Landcruiser Cygnus or Lexus LX470. This system uses the headlight projectors emitting near infrared light aimed like the car's highbeam headlights and a CCD camera then captures that reflected radiation, this signal is then processed by computer which produces a black-and-white image which is projected on the lower section of the windshield.[24] It was also the first Toyota with roll-over sensor and control logic[25]
The 100 models were fitted with a slightly wider chassis, independent front suspension (IFS) and two new engines. The change to IFS was a first for a Land Cruiser, and was made (in combination with rack-and-pinion steering) to improve on-road handling. However it also limited the vehicle's off-road capability and durability, hence the decision to offer the solid axle 105 models alongside the IFS 100 models in some markets. The table below identifies the range of 100 and 105 models and their worldwide availability.
Despite the 100 and 105 bodies being very similar, there are some exterior visual indications between both models. The most obvious is the front end of the vehicle often appearing lower than the rear on the 100 models, due to the IFS. The other indicator is the design of the wheels. The 100 models have almost flat wheel designs, while the 105 models have dished wheels. This difference allows both versions to retain similar wheel tracks, despite the 100 having a relatively wider axle track to allow for the IFS system.
The introduction of a V8 engine was also a first for a Land Cruiser, and was specifically intended to improve sales in the North-American market, where it was the only engine available. In Australia, the 100 V8 was initially only available in the range-topping GXV model, while entry and mid-range models were the 105 powered by the 1FZ-FE I6 petrol, or 1HZ diesel engines. The new 1HD-FTE turbo-diesel 100 was added to the Australian range in October 2000 after being available in Europe and the UK since launch in 1998. The 4WD media in Australia were critical of Toyota's decision to offer the acclaimed 1HD-FTE engine only in combination with IFS. Australian 4WD Monthly magazine said "We will never forgive Toyota for going independent at the front with the mighty 4.2 turbo-diesel".
The 100 series formed the basis for the Lexus LX 470, which was also sold in Japan as the Toyota Cygnus.
The 100 series was called the Toyota Land Cruiser Amazon in the UK and Ireland from 1998 to 2007.
In 2000, Toyota celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Land Cruiser with commemorative models offered in several countries. Total global production to date was 3.72 million vehicles.
The 100 series remained in production until late 2007, with several minor facelifts such as headlights, taillights, front grille, rear spoiler and specification changes introduced over the years.
Designation
Engine
Power
Torque
Availability
HZJ105 1HZ 4.2 L diesel I6 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) at 3,800 rpm 271 N⋅m (200 lb⋅ft) at 2,200 rpm Africa, Asia, Australia, Middle East, South America
FZJ105 1FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6 180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp) at 4,600 rpm 410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm Africa, Asia, Australia, Middle East, South America
FZJ100 1FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6 180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp) at 4,600 rpm 410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm Middle East, China
UZJ100 2UZ-FE 4.7 L petrol V8 170 kW (231 PS; 228 hp) at 4,800 rpm 410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft) at 3,400 rpm Africa, Asia, Australia, China, Europe, Japan, Middle East, North America, UK
HDJ1001 1HD-T 4.2 L turbodiesel I6 123 kW (167 PS; 165 hp) at 3,600 rpm 352 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm Africa, South America
HDJ1002 1HD-FTE 4.2 L turbodiesel I6 150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp) at 3,400 rpm 430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 1,400 rpm Australia*, Europe, Japan, Middle East, New Zealand, UK
*This engine not released in Australia until 2000.
The 100-series is generally considered a durable and reliable vehicle, however there have been three known issues identified, generally for vehicles operating in harsh conditions:
The IFS 100-series gained a reputation for front suspension failures in operating conditions where the front suspension was prone to hitting the bump stops. Several companies produce strengthened lower wishbones to prevent cracks from developing.[26]
Both IFS 100 and Live-axle 105 models have been reported as suffering from broken front differential centres when driven in harsh conditions.[27] The most common front differential failures in IFS models are reported in vehicles produced between mid-1997 and mid-1999 (i.e. the model years 1998 and 1999), when Toyota fitted the 100 Series IFS with a 2-pinion front differential (the pinion gear would flex away from the ring gear under shock loads). In 1999 (model year 2000) the IFS Landcruiser received a 4-pinion front differential that was more robust – fewer failures were reported.[28][29]
First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (UZJ100; Australia)
First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (HDJ100; Australia)
Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser VX (UZJ100; Australia)
J200 (2007–present)[edit]
J200
Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
Overview
Also called
Toyota Roraima (Venezuela)
Toyota Land Cruiser V8 (Europe)
Lexus LX570
Production
September 2007–present
Model years
2008–present
Assembly
Japan: Toyota, Aichi (Yoshiwara plant)[15]
Japan: Tahara, Aichi (Tahara plant)[30]
China: Sichuan, (Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor)
Designer
Takanori Ito (2004)
Tetsu Endō (2012 facelift: 2010)
Matsuno Keisuke (2015 facelift: 2013)
Body and chassis
Body style
5-door SUV
Layout
Front engine / four-wheel drive
Related
Lexus LX
Toyota Tundra (2021)
Powertrain
Engine
4.0 L 1GR-FE V6
4.6 L 1UR-FE V8[31]
4.7 L 2UZ-FE V8[32]
5.7 L 3UR-FE V8[33]
4.5 L 1VD-FTV V8 turbo diesel
Transmission
6-speed automatic
8-speed automatic
5-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length
4,950 mm (194.9 in)
Width
1,970 mm (77.6 in)
Height
1,880 mm (74.0 in)
Curb weight
2,405–2,725 kg (5,302–6,008 lb)
In 2002, a 5-year development plan on a successor to the 100-series platform commenced under Sadayoshi Koyari and Tetsuya Tada. By 2004, 10 years after the design selection of its predecessor in 1994, a final production design was settled on for the 2008 J200. Prototype related tests were conducted for over 2 years between 2004 and early 2007. The redesigned Toyota Land Cruiser was introduced in late 2007. Known as the 200 Series, it shares the Lexus LX 570's platform and overall design. The frame was new, derived from the second-generation Tundra[citation needed] but shortened and strengthened by 20 percent. Bigger brake rotors and calipers were added and the front suspension was made heavier duty than the Land Cruiser's first effort at IFS in the 100-series and this underbelly is also protected by skid plates. Also, the roof pillars were redesigned to better protect occupants in a rollover.
Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
Interior
The 200 Series encountered some criticism due to its bland body restyling, with some[who?] claiming that Toyota has 'overdeveloped' the classic trademarked Land Cruiser identity in its efforts to fit the Land Cruiser into modern 21st century motoring and vehicle design. Nonetheless, the Land Cruiser remains the NATO vehicle of choice[citation needed] and remains a competent off-road vehicle.
The vehicle entered production in September 2007 and was available for sale from September or November, depending on country. It became available in Venezuela for sale early in November under the local nickname of "Roraima" (taken from Mount Roraima). Early reliability has proven to be excellent.
The 200 Series, offered numerous features and upgrades over its predecessor not limited to the cosmetic changes made to the body and interior, including:
Smart Entry — A sensor is triggered when the remote is brought near the vehicle, allowing the user to simply touch the door handle to open it.
Smart Start — Start/Stop push button for ignition; a key is not required.
4-zone climate control on Sahara models, with outlet vents increased from 18 to 28
10 airbags (VX & Sahara)
Stronger and lighter frame
Various driver assist technologies not offered on previous models, including:
CRAWL, a four-wheel drive control system that operates like an off-road cruise control, automatically maintaining a low uniform vehicle speed using brakes and throttle
Downhill Assist Control
Multi-terrain anti-lock braking system (ABS)
Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS), allows for greater wheel articulation
An optional rear-view camera (VX)
Leather seats are available in full option (VX)
Engine and transmission improvements include:
An all new optional V8 diesel engine, the Toyota VD engine (a twin-turbo version of the engine used in the 70 Series since 2007).
Automatic transmission standard across all levels of trim of the 200 Series, five-speed manual transmission is offered only with the 4.0 L GX models (in selected regions). A five-speed automatic gearbox is assigned to the 4.7 L petrol models, while the 4.5 L diesel models receive a six-speed automatic.
In Japan, the Land Cruiser had a minor change in 2009 when it received the 4.6 L V8 1UR-FE engine and the gearbox was replaced with a 6-speed automatic.[34] Although the new 4608 cc 1UR-FE is smaller than the old 4663 cc 2UZ-FE engine, the power has been increased from 212 to 234 kW (288 to 318 PS; 284 to 314 hp), torque increased from 448 to 460 N⋅m (330 to 339 lb⋅ft) and fuel consumption improved from 6.6 to 7.1 km/L (19 to 20 mpg‑imp; 16 to 17 mpg‑US) (Japan 10·15 mode measurement).
In the Middle East, the Land Cruiser 200 series was introduced in late 2007 as a 2008 model, for 2008 to 2010 there was three engine choices, 179 kW (240 hp) 4.0L 1GR-FE petrol, 202 kW (271 hp) 2UZ-FE petrol and 162–173 kW (217–232 hp) 1VD-FTV 4.5 L turbo diesel.[35] Starting in 2011, the 270 kW (362 hp) 3UR-FE was offered along with the previous engines.[36] For 2012, the 1GR-FE gained dual VVT-i increased power to 202 kW (271 hp), the 4.7 L 2UZ-FE was dropped in favour of the new 227 kW (304 hp) 4.6 L 1UR-FE, and the 5.7 L and 4.5 L diesel were unchanged, although the latter was dropped in some markets.[37]
In North America, the Land Cruiser 200 series is offered with one trim level and engine, the 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 petrol engine producing 284 kW (386 PS; 381 hp) and 544 N⋅m (401 lb⋅ft) of torque channeled through a six-speed automatic. Towing is rated at 3,700 kg (8,200 lb). Beige or black leather is standard along with a 14 speaker JBL sound system. The only wheel choice is 18 in (460 mm) allowing a lot of sidewall so the vehicle can be driven off-road without modification though a more aggressive tread pattern is advised for deep mud.
For the 2013 model year, Toyota added all previously optional safety and luxury options as standard. The Land Cruiser now gets pushbutton start, HID headlights with beam level adjustment, a power moonroof, automatic rain sensing windshield wipers, heated and ventilated (perforated leather) front and only heated rear seats, a rear-seat DVD entertainment system, bluetooth, rearview camera with parking sensors, navigation system, HD radio and Entune. Another new feature is the Multi-terrain Select system which helps control wheelspin and brake lockup giving the selectable choices of: Rock, Rock & Dirt, Mogul, Loose Rock, and Mud & Sand and with an addition to the Multi-terrain Select system a feature known as adaptive Anti-lock Braking system which adapts to the condition of the road like mud or sand and efficiently uses the ABS to reduce braking distance on any type of terrain.[38]
In Oceania, the 200 Series is offered in four different levels of trim: GX, GXL, VX, and Sahara.
In August 2015, Toyota launched an updated, face lifted version of the J200 Land Cruiser in Japan, which was rolled out globally. The face lifted version includes a new 8-speed electronically controlled automatic transmission (ECT-i) for the 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 petrol engine while other engine option's and transmission remains unchanged. There were also updates to the front fascia, grill, headlamps (with daylight running lamps), rear tail lamps and bumpers.
Toyota dropped the Land Cruiser 200 series from United Kingdom lineup with this face lift. Previous to the face lift, the UK market received the Land Cruiser with the 4.5 L 1VD-FTV V8 turbo diesel as the only engine option.
In China, the Land Cruiser 200 was produced from 2008 to 2016 by Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor. The 4.0 L 1GR-FE V6 and 4.7 L 2UZ-FE V8 were the available engine choices – both paired to a 5 speed automatic gearbox. Trim levels were the 4.0 GX-R, 4.0 VX, 4.7 VX and 4.7 VX-R.[39]
Sales[edit]
Calendar year
United States
2000 15,509[40]
2001 7,591
2002 6,752[41]
2003 6,671
2004 6,778[42]
2005 4,870
2006 3,376[43]
2007 3,251
2008 3,801[44]
2009 2,261
2010 1,807[45]
2011 1,662[46]
2012 2,895[47]
2013 3,082[48]
2014 3,158[48]
2015 2,687[49]
2016 3,705[50]
2017 3,100[51]
Use by militant groups[edit]
See also: Toyota War
Owing to its durability and reliability, the Land Cruiser, along with the smaller Toyota Hilux, has become popular among militant groups in war-torn regions.[52] U.S. counter-terror officials enquired of Toyota how the extremist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had apparently acquired large numbers of Toyota Land Cruisers and Hiluxes. Mark Wallace, the CEO of the Counter Extremism Project said, "Regrettably, the Toyota Land Cruiser and Hilux have effectively become almost part of the ISIS brand."[53]
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Further reading[edit]
Wohlfarth, Alexander (2012). The Land Cruiser Legend. Heel-Verlag. ISBN 978-3868526592.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Land Cruiser.
Toyota Land Cruiser 200 global site
Toyota Land Cruiser data Library
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Bible Diet
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This article is about a modern diet using principles derived from the Bible. For information about diet during Biblical times, see Ancient Israelite cuisine.
This article is about a commercially developed weight-reduction program, often promoted in health-food stores. For information about Christian vegetarians, see Christian vegetarianism.
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The Bible Diet (or the Maker's Diet) is a food diet promoted on radio and in books by writer and motivational speaker Jordan S. Rubin. Rubin presents the diet as based on teachings from the Book of Leviticus, Deuteronomy, and other books of the Bible. He characterizes certain foods as either forbidden ("unclean") or acceptable ("clean") to God. Rubin also markets supplements associated with the diet through his two companies: Garden of Life, Inc. and Beyond Organic. It is believed by many that in Mark 7:17-19 that Jesus states all foods are clean to eat and there are no restrictions. There are arguments over what those words truly mean, however.
Rubin sees the diet as responsible for his recovery from Crohn's disease at the age of 19.[1][2] As of 2008[update] no peer-reviewed scientific-journal articles had evaluated this diet. In 2004 the United States Food and Drug Administration ordered Rubin's company, Garden of Life, Inc., to stop making unsubstantiated claims about eight of its products and supplements.[2]
The Bible Diet classifies food according to certain factors, such as:
how the food was raised, cooked or cleaned
how a particular animal lived
whether the food comes from a so-called "creeping" animal or not
the physical form of the source animal, such as whether a certain fish had fins and scales or not
While largely influenced by Jewish dietary law, the Bible Diet derives rules for determining clean and unclean foods derive from certain passages from the Bible in the books of Genesis, Proverbs, Luke, Exodus, Peter, Leviticus, Judges, Deuteronomy, Isaiah, 1 Corinthians, Habakkuk, and Daniel.[1]
Short features (based on Rubin's book The Maker's Diet) that aired on Christian radio in the United States previously promoted Rubin as a "Biblical Health Coach". As of September 2009[update] these features, titled "Take a Moment for Your Health", describe Rubin as an author giving "lifestyle advice" based on his book.
Some[quantify] fundamentalist Christians follow Mosaic dietary rules.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Permitted foods
2 Prohibited foods
3 Phases of the Diet
3.1 Prayer, Purpose and "Partial-fast" days
3.2 Daily regimens
3.3 Phase One
3.4 Phase Two
3.5 Phase Three
4 Claimed benefits
5 Scientific acceptance and criticism
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Permitted foods[edit]
The foods incorporated in this diet are organic vegetables, fruits and legumes. The diet also encourages the removal of unclean and unacceptable foods from the individual's diet. This natural, organic approach to eating suggests that one should only eat things created by God in the way they were intended. That means no processed foods or those produced with contact to hormones, pesticides or fertilizers. Rubin takes two of his main dietary laws from Leviticus. Leviticus (11:9-10) states that one should eat "whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters" but not to eat "all that have not fins and scales in the seas."[2] Rubin says that this means that fish with scales are intended to be eaten, such as salmon and trout, but smooth fish such as catfish and eels should not be eaten. It also means that crustaceans with hard shells such as lobsters, crabs, and clams are not to be eaten. The other main dietary law taken from The Bible is also taken from Leviticus (11:3 and 11:7-8). Here The Bible says that man should eat "whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud". Man should not eat "the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be cloven footed, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you."[2] This means that the animals that can be eaten would need to have hooves in which each has two parts, cleft down the middle, and which also chew their cud, such as cows, goats, and sheep. The dietary laws that Rubin derives from these passages are generally the same as the Kosher laws followed by Jewish people. In addition to the dietary laws taken directly from The Bible, Rubin believes in eating a variety of whole foods that have not been processed, or that have not been greatly processed. This generally means choosing foods like brown rice, which has not been processed much, over white rice, which is significantly processed. Rubin also believes that organic foods and meat from animals that were raised eating grass instead of wild grain is more in line with the foods man was intended to eat. Snacks are not mandated in this diet, but it is advised to feel free to snack on the foods listed as acceptable.[1]
The types of foods that can be eaten include:
Grains - barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye, wheat
Seeds - sunflower, sesame, flax, pumpkin
Legumes - soybeans, lentils, peas, peanuts, other beans
Succulent foods containing seed - bell peppers, cucumbers, eggplant, green beans, melons, okra, pumpkins, squash, tomatoes, strawberries, and other berries.
Fruits - citrus fruits such as lemons and limes, palm fruits, sweet fruits
Nuts - almonds, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pecans, walnuts
Herbs (vegetables): beet greens, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, globe artichoke, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, beets, potatoes, turnips
The types of animals that can be eaten include:
Livestock - cow, deer, lamb, caribou, buffalo, elk, goat, moose
Fish - bass, bluefish, crappie, perch, pike, salmon, sunfish, trout
Birds - chicken, turkey, pheasant, grouse, quail
Insects - locusts, crickets, grasshoppers
Prohibited foods[edit]
Phase One of the Bible diet restricts foods high in carbohydrates such as grains, pastas, breads, sugar, potatoes, corn, beans, and legumes. Although the people on the diet consumed foods containing carbohydrates, they were of high quality and less processed.[3]
Phase One restricts meats such as pork, bacon, ostrich, ham, sausages, emu and imitation meat. Fish and sea foods such as fried fish, breaded fish, eel, shark, crab, clams, oyster, mussels, lobster, scallops, and crawfish are prohibited. Poultry such as fried chicken and breaded chicken is restricted. Phase One inhibits luncheon meats such as ham, roast beef, and corned beef. Imitation eggs are restricted. Fats and oils such as lard, shortening, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, margarine, soy oil, corn oil, and any partially hydrogenated oil may not be consumed. Nuts and seeds such as honey-roasted nuts, or seeds dry or roasted in oil are prohibited. Condiments and seasonings such as all spices that contain added sugar, commercial ketchup with sugar and barbecue sauce with sugar may not be consumed. All fruits except berries, grapefruit, limes, and lemons must be avoided. Beverages such as alcohol, fruit juices, sodas, chlorinated tap water, and pre-ground commercial coffee are not allowed. All grains and starchy foods including pasta cereal, pastries, and baked goods must be avoided. Sweeteners such as sugar, heated honey and all artificial sweeteners are forbidden.
Phases of the Diet[edit]
The diet is divided into three phases over a 40-day period and broken into three levels: basic, intermediate, and advanced. According to Rubin, the dieter should choose a beginning phase based on their overall starting health and their desired improvements. The chief purpose of the diet is to achieve optimal health by means of nutrition and spirituality.[3]
Prayer, Purpose and "Partial-fast" days[edit]
The diet begins and ends each day with prayers of thanksgiving, healing, and petition. The individual should perform exercises of "Life Purpose" for two to five minutes before the day gets too stressful. The exercise should be used as a time of alignment and reflection with realignment cycles taking place every ninety minutes.[1] Rubin recommends that one day per week in each phase, a partial fast day is taken to allow the body to cleanse and rebuild. On these partial fast days, breakfast and lunch should not be consumed, although, if supplements are being taken, they should still be consumed. Fluid consumption is crucial during these days, especially raw vegetable juices and pure water. To achieve the utmost spiritual benefits from the partial fast days, it is suggested to pray each time hunger is experienced.[4]
Daily regimens[edit]
The daily regimens help the dieter keep track of their diet while concurrently providing guidelines to achieve optimum results. It consists of morning and evening prayers, regular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner, morning and evening exercise, good hygiene practices and the consumption of cleansing drinks. The hygiene factor involves eliminating germs and aromatherapy practices in the morning and evening. The cleansing drink is a mixture of two tablespoons of a whole-food fiber blend and 1-2 tablespoons of a green vegetable blend in 8 to 12 ounces of purified water or diluted vegetable juice, shaken vigorously and consumed immediately. The regimen also insists that the dieter be in bed before 10:30 p.m. every night.[4]
Phase One[edit]
The diet begins with Phase One, which encompasses the first two weeks of the diet (days 1-14). Phase One is designed to stabilize insulin and blood sugar while reducing inflammation and infection, enhancing digestion and helping to balance the hormones in the body.[1] This phase restricts disaccharide-rich carbohydrate foods such as grains, pastas, breads, sugar, potatoes, corn, beans, and legumes. The object of this, according to Rubin, is to achieve a detoxifying effect while simultaneously improving the overall health and helping to manage the individual's weight in a healthy manner. This phase should greatly reduce the risk of incurring disease by effectively helping the body reduce insulin sensitivity and balancing the omega-3/omega-6 ratio.[1] Since Phase One is designed to correct harmful imbalances, it must temporally limit healthy, high sugar foods such as fruits, whole grains, and honey while allowing for the liberal consumption of protein foods, vegetables, and healthy oils. Phase One is considered the most difficult phase of the diet due to the commitment factors. Water intake should be increased and rest should be taken when necessary.[5]
Phase Two[edit]
Phase Two consists of weeks three to four (days 15-28). According to Rubin, digestion should have improved along with energy level. Weight loss will continue during this phase, but at a slower pace than Phase One.[6]
Phase Three[edit]
The final phase of the diet begins in the fifth week and continues for the duration that the individual maintains the diet (days 29-40 and beyond). It is considered to be the maintenance phase of the diet and is specifically designed to allow and encourage healthful eating of foods from each of the permitted groups.[1] In this phase, healthy grains and foods higher in sugars and starches, such as potatoes, are reintroduced. Weight should stabilize in this phase and only key areas of the health scheme, such as overall body health, continue to improve. If one deviates from the diet, it is advised to go back to Phase One or Two for a week or two to get back into the flow of the diet.[7]
Claimed benefits[edit]
Rubin claims that his recommendations will enable dieters to concentrate better, and will enhance their moods. He also says that his diet can reduce arthritis pain and inflammation, and can reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease. He also says that it can reverse the "accelerated aging" caused by the way people eat and live today.[2]
Scientific acceptance and criticism[edit]
Jordan Rubin has been criticized because his education in nutrition is a degree in naturopathy from the Peoples University of the Americas, which is not accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education nor licensed by the North American Board of Naturopathic Examiners, and a Ph.D. in Nutrition from the Academy of Natural Therapies, which is not accredited by the American Dietetic Association or other mainstream nutrition organizations.[2]
As of 2008, there are no peer-reviewed scientific journal articles that evaluate the claims made by Rubin. In line with the general knowledge that exercise is beneficial for health, The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets praised the Bible Diet for this aspect. It found, however, that the emphasis on organic foods is not directly supported by scientific evidence.[2]
Another area of concern have been the supplements that are required or recommended for the Bible Diet's program. These supplements are made by Rubin's company Garden of Life, Inc. In a letter dated May 11, 2004 the United States Food and Drug Administration ordered the company to stop making unsubstantiated claims about eight of its products and supplements. The claims were made in brochures, on labels, and in Rubin's book Patient Heal Thyself.[2]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Christian dietary laws
Christian vegetarianism
Daniel Fast
Kashrut
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rubin, Jordan S. The Maker's Diet. New York: Penguin, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Helen Davidson (2008). "Maker's Diet". In Jacqueline L. Longe. The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health and Nutrition. Thomson Gale. pp. 643–46. ISBN 1-4144-2991-6. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) .
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Jordan S. The Maker's Diet. New York: Penguin, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Jordan S. The Maker's Diet. New York: Penguin, 2004.
Jump up ^ Phase 1: Correcting Harmful Imbalances" Makersdiet 17 October 2008
Jump up ^ Phase 2: Returning to Optimal Health" Makersdiet 17 October 2008
Jump up ^ Phase 3: Claiming Health for Life" Makersdiet 17 October 2008
External links[edit]
"An Explanation of the Phases and Levels of the Maker's Diet" 19 October 2008
Ministries 9 September 2008
Jordan's Story at jordanrubin.com
"Jordan Rubin and Garden of Life Ordered to Stop Making Unsubstantiated Advertising Claims" at Quackwatch
"The Maker’s Diet Revolution" Latest book by Jordan Rubin 4 May 2013
Beyond Organic 1 January 2014
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