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Nucleic acid
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The Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids (DNA) in 1869.[notes 1] Later, he raised the idea that they could be involved in heredity.[1]
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules. They are found in abundance in all living things, where they function to create and encode and then store information in the nucleus of every living cell of every life-form organism on Earth. In turn, they function to transmit and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus—to the interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living organism. The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence, which provides the 'ladder-step' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA.
Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form helical backbones—typically, one for RNA, two for DNA—and assembled into chains of base-pairs selected from the five primary, or canonical, nucleobases, which are: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil; note, thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA. Using amino acids and the process known as protein synthesis,[2] the specific sequencing in DNA of these nucleobase-pairs enables storing and transmitting coded instructions as genes. In RNA, base-pair sequencing provides for manufacturing new proteins that determine the frames and parts and most chemical processes of all life forms.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Occurrence and nomenclature
3 Molecular composition and size
4 Topology
5 Sequences
6 Types
6.1 Deoxyribonucleic acid
6.2 Ribonucleic acid
6.3 Artificial nucleic acid
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Nuclein were discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869.[3]
In 1889 Richard Altmann discovered that nuclein has acidic properties, and it became called nucleic acid
In 1938 Astbury and Bell published the first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.[4]
In 1953 Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA.[5]
Experimental studies of nucleic acids constitute a major part of modern biological and medical research, and form a foundation for genome and forensic science, and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.[6][7][8]
Occurrence and nomenclature[edit]
The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers,[9] and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid).[10] Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses, and viroids.[11] (note: there is debate as to whether viruses are living or non-living). All living cells contain both DNA and RNA (except some cells such as mature red blood cells), while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both.[12] The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide, each of which contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase.[13] Nucleic acids are also generated within the laboratory, through the use of enzymes[14] (DNA and RNA polymerases) and by solid-phase chemical synthesis. The chemical methods also enable the generation of altered nucleic acids that are not found in nature,[15] for example peptide nucleic acids.
Molecular composition and size[edit]
Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known. Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides (small interfering RNA) to large chromosomes (human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million base pairs[16]).
In most cases, naturally occurring DNA molecules are double-stranded and RNA molecules are single-stranded.[17] There are numerous exceptions, however—some viruses have genomes made of double-stranded RNA and other viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes,[18] and, in some circumstances, nucleic acid structures with three or four strands can form.[19]
Nucleic acids are linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides–DNA contains 2'-deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose (where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group). Also, the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different: adenine, cytosine, and guanine are found in both RNA and DNA, while thymine occurs in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA.
The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected to each other in an alternating chain (sugar-phosphate backbone) through phosphodiester linkages.[20] In conventional nomenclature, the carbons to which the phosphate groups attach are the 3'-end and the 5'-end carbons of the sugar. This gives nucleic acids directionality, and the ends of nucleic acid molecules are referred to as 5'-end and 3'-end. The nucleobases are joined to the sugars via an N-glycosidic linkage involving a nucleobase ring nitrogen (N-1 for pyrimidines and N-9 for purines) and the 1' carbon of the pentose sugar ring.
Non-standard nucleosides are also found in both RNA and DNA and usually arise from modification of the standard nucleosides within the DNA molecule or the primary (initial) RNA transcript. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain a particularly large number of modified nucleosides.[21]
Topology[edit]
Double-stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences, in which extensive Watson-Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform double-helical three-dimensional structure.[22] In contrast, single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix, and can adopt highly complex three-dimensional structures that are based on short stretches of intramolecular base-paired sequences including both Watson-Crick and noncanonical base pairs, and a wide range of complex tertiary interactions.[23]
Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules.[12] Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions.[24] The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about 20A.
Sequences[edit]
Main article: Nucleic acid sequence
One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior (see Genetics). Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules,[25][26] and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide. In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site.[27]
Types[edit]
Deoxyribonucleic acid[edit]
Main article: DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are, therefore, anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.
Ribonucleic acid[edit]
Main article: RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Messenger RNA acts to carry genetic sequence information between DNA and ribosomes, directing protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA is a major component of the ribosome, and catalyzes peptide bond formation. Transfer RNA serves as the carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis, and is responsible for decoding the mRNA. In addition, many other classes of RNA are now known.
Artificial nucleic acid[edit]
Main article: Nucleic acid analogue
Artificial nucleic acid analogues have been designed and synthesized by chemists, and include peptide nucleic acid, morpholino- and locked nucleic acid, glycol nucleic acid, and threose nucleic acid. Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecules.
See also[edit]
Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
History of biochemistry
History of molecular biology
History of RNA biology
Molecular biology
Nucleic acid methods
Nucleic acid structure
Nucleic acid thermodynamics
Oligonucleotide synthesis
Quantification of nucleic acids
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ He called them nuclein.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, Broadway Books, 2015.p. 500.
Jump up ^ "What is DNA". What is DNA. Linda Clarks. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Dahm, R (January 2008). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research". Human Genetics. 122 (6): 565–81. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 17901982.
Jump up ^ Cox, Michael; Nelson, David (2008). Principles of Biochemistry. Susan Winslow. p. 288. ISBN 9781464163074.
Jump up ^ "DNA Structure". What is DNA. Linda Clarks. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..860L. doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011.
Jump up ^ Venter, JC; et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome" (PDF). Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
Jump up ^ Budowle B, van Daal A (April 2009). "Extracting evidence from forensic DNA analyses: future molecular biology directions". BioTechniques. 46 (5): 339–40, 342–50. doi:10.2144/000113136. PMID 19480629.
Jump up ^ Elson D (1965). "Metabolism of nucleic acids (macromolecular DNA and RNA)". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 34: 449–86. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.34.070165.002313. PMID 14321176.
Jump up ^ National Institute of Health (September 28, 2007). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research". Hum. Genet. nih.gov. 122 (6): 565–81. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0. PMID 17901982.
Jump up ^ Aparadh, V. T. & B. A. Karadge (2012). "Infrared Spectroscopic Studies in Some Cleome species" (PDF). ISSN 2319-8877.
^ Jump up to: a b Brock, Thomas D.; Madigan, Michael T. (2009). Brock biology of microorganisms. Pearson / Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-321-53615-0.
Jump up ^ Hardinger, Steven; University of California, Los Angeles (2011). "Knowing Nucleic Acids" (PDF). ucla.edu.
Jump up ^ Mullis, Kary B. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nobel Lecture). 1993. (retrieved December 1, 2010) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/mullis-lecture.html
Jump up ^ Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). "Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 99–134. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99. PMID 9759484.
Jump up ^ Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, et al. (May 2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..315G. doi:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414.
Jump up ^ Todorov TI, Morris MD (April 23, 2002). National Institutes of Health. "Comparison of RNA, single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA behavior during capillary electrophoresis in semidilute polymer solutions". Electrophoresis. nih.gov. 23 (7–8): 1033–44. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200204)23:7/8<1033::AID-ELPS1033>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 11981850.
Jump up ^ Margaret Hunt; University of South Carolina (2010). "RN Virus Replication Strategies". sc.edu.
Jump up ^ McGlynn Peter; Robert G. Lloyd (June 10, 1999). "RecG helicase activity at three- and four-strand DNA structures". oxfordjournals.org. ISSN 1362-4962.
Jump up ^ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6766-X.
Jump up ^ Rich A, RajBhandary UL (1976). "Transfer RNA: molecular structure, sequence, and properties". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45: 805–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.45.070176.004105. PMID 60910.
Jump up ^ Watson JD, Crick FH (April 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid". Nature. 171 (4356): 737–8. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..737W. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692.
Jump up ^ Ferré-D'Amaré AR, Doudna JA (1999). "RNA folds: insights from recent crystal structures". Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 28: 57–73. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.57. PMID 10410795.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce (2008). Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4105-9.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Walter G. 1980. DNA Sequencing and Gene Structure (Nobel Lecture) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html
Jump up ^ Sanger, Frederick. 1980. Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA (Nobel Lecture) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.html
Jump up ^ "Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D7–17. 2014. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1146. PMC 3965057  . PMID 24259429.
Bibliography[edit]
Wolfram Saenger, Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, 1984, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8153-4105-5. Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link
Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry 5th edition, 2002, W H Freeman. Available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link
Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel, eds. (2012). Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 10. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2. ISBN 978-94-007-2171-5. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Further reading[edit]
Palou-Mir, Joana; Barceló-Oliver, Miquel; Sigel, Roland K.O. (2017). "Chapter 12. The Role of Lead(II) in Nucleic Acids". In Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 403–434. doi:10.1515/9783110434330-012.
External links[edit]
Interview with Aaron Klug, Nobel Laureate for structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic-acid protein complexes provided by the Vega Science Trust.
Nucleic Acids Research journal
Nucleic Acids Book (free online book on the chemistry and biology of nucleic acids)
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text:
List of India national cricket captains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The list includes all Indian captains of individual, women's and youth cricket. India became a full member of the Imperial Cricket Conference (now the International Cricket Council) on 31 May 1926. On 25 June 1932 it became the sixth Test nation after England, Australia, South Africa, the West Indies and New Zealand when they took on England at Lord's. They played only seven tests, which were all against England, before the Second World War, losing five matches and drawing twice. Their first game against other opposition came in 1947–48 when they played against Sir Donald Bradman's Invincibles (a name given to the Australia national cricket team of that time).
Contents
1 International cricket
1.1 Test match captains
1.2 One Day International captains
1.3 Twenty-20 International captains
2 Women's cricket
2.1 Test match captains
2.2 Women's One-Day International captains
2.3 Women's Twenty-20 International captains
3 Youth cricket
3.1 Test match captains
3.2 Youth One-Day International captains
4 Bibliography
5 References
6 External links
International cricket[edit]
Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained @ least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a serIndia cricket team captains
ies.
Test match captains[edit]
This is the list of the 33 cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Test match. Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful Indian test captain with 27 wins.
The table of results is complete as of 22 August 2018.
Indian Test match captains[1]
Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn
1
CK Nayudu 1932 England England 1 0 1 0
1933/4 England India 3 0 2 1
Total 4 0 3 1
2 Maharajkumar of Vizianagram 1936 England England 3 0 2 1
Total 3 0 2 1
3 Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi 1946 England England 3 0 1 2
Total 3 0 1 2
4 Lala Amarnath 1947/8 Australia Australia 5 0 4 1
1948/9 West Indies India 5 0 1 4
1952/3 Pakistan India 5 2 1 2
Total 15 2 6 7
5 Vijay Hazare 1951/2 England India 5 1 1 3
1952 England England 4 0 3 1
1952/3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1 4
Total 14 1 5 8
6 Vinoo Mankad 1954/5 Pakistan Pakistan 5 0 0 5
1958/9† West Indies India 1 0 1 0
Total 6 0 1 5
7 Ghulam Ahmed 1955/6† New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
1958/9 West Indies India 2 0 2 0
Total 3 0 2 1
8 Polly Umrigar 1955/6 New Zealand India 4 2 0 2
1956/7 Australia India 3 0 2 1
1958/9† West Indies India 1 0 0 1
Total 8 2 2 4
9 Hemu Adhikari 1958/9† West Indian India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
10 Datta Gaekwad 1959 England England 4 0 4 0
Total 4 0 4 0
11 Pankaj Roy 1959† England England 1 0 1 0
Total 1 0 1 0
12 Gulabrai Ramchand 1959/60 Australia India 5 1 2 2
Total 5 1 2 2
13 Nari Contractor 1960/1 Pakistan India 5 0 0 5
1961/2 England India 5 2 0 3
1961/2† West Indies West Indies 2 0 2 0
Total 12 2 2 8
14 Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 1961/2 West Indies West Indies 3 0 3 0
1963/4 England India 5 0 0 5
1964/5 Australia India 3 1 1 1
1964/5 New Zealand India 4 1 0 3
1966/7 West Indies India 3 0 2 1
1967 England England 3 0 3 0
1967/8 Australia Australia 3 0 3 0
1967/8 New Zealand New Zealand 4 3 1 0
1969/70 New Zealand India 3 1 1 1
1969/70 Australia India 5 1 3 1
1974/5 West Indies India 4 2 2 0
Total 40 9 19 12
15 Chandu Borde 1967/8† Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
Total 1 0 1 0
16 Ajit Wadekar 1970/1 West Indies West Indies 5 1 0 4
1971 England England 3 1 0 2
1972/3 England India 5 2 1 2
1974 England England 3 0 3 0
Total 16 4 4 8
17 Srinivas Venkataraghavan 1974/5† West Indies India 1 0 1 0
1979 England England 4 0 1 3
Total 5 0 2 3
18 Sunil Gavaskar 1975/6† New Zealand New Zealand 1 1 0 0
1978/9 West Indies India 6 1 0 5
1979/80 Australia India 6 2 0 4
1979/80 Pakistan India 5 2 0 3
1980/1 Australia Australia 3 1 1 1
1980/1 New Zealand New Zealand 3 0 1 2
1981/2 England India 6 1 0 5
1982 England England 3 0 1 2
1982/3 Sri Lanka India 1 0 0 1
1982/3 Pakistan Pakistan 6 0 3 3
1984/5 Pakistan Pakistan 2 0 0 2
1984/5 England India 5 1 2 2
Total 47 9 8 30
19 Bishan Singh Bedi 1975/6 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 1 1
1975/6 West Indies West Indies 4 1 2 1
1976/7 New Zealand India 3 2 0 1
1976/7 England India 5 1 3 1
1977/8 Australia Australia 5 2 3 0
1978/9 Pakistan Pakistan 3 0 2 1
Total 22 6 11 5
20 Gundappa Viswanath 1979/80† Pakistan India 1 0 0 1
1979/1980 England India 1 0 1 0
Total 2 0 1 1
21 Kapil Dev 1982/3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 2 3
1983/4 Pakistan India 3 0 0 3
1983/4 West Indies India 6 0 3 3
1985 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 0 1 2
1985/6 Australia Australia 3 0 0 3
1986 England England 3 2 0 1
1986/7 Australia India 3 0 0 2[2]
1986/7 Sri Lanka India 3 2 0 1
1986/7 Pakistan India 5 0 1 4
Total 34 4 7 23[2]
22 Dilip Vengsarkar 1987/8 West Indies India 3 0 1 2
1988/9 New Zealand India 3 2 1 0
1988/9 West Indies West Indies 4 0 3 1
Total 10 2 5 3
23 Ravi Shastri 1987/8† West Indies India 1 1 0 0
Total 1 1 0 0
24 Krishnamachari Srikkanth 1989/90 Pakistan Pakistan 4 0 0 4
Total 4 0 0 4
25
Mohammad Azharuddin 1989/90 New Zealand New Zealand 3 0 1 2
1990 England England 3 0 1 2
1990/1 Sri Lanka India 1 1 0 0
1991/2 Australia Australia 5 0 4 1
1992/3 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 1 0 0 1
1992/3 South Africa South Africa 4 0 1 3
1992/3 England India 3 3 0 0
1992/3 Zimbabwe India 1 1 0 0
1993 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 0 2
1993/4 Sri Lanka India 3 3 0 0
1993/4 New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 0 1
1994/5 West Indies India 3 1 1 1
1995/6 New Zealand India 3 1 0 2
1996 England England 3 0 1 2
1997/8 Australia India 3 2 1 0
1998/9 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 1 0 1 0
1998/9 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 1 1
1998/9 Pakistan India 2 1 1 0
1998/9[3] Pakistan India 1 0 1 0
1998/9[3] Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1 0 0 1
Total 47 14 14 19[4][5][6][7]
26 Sachin Tendulkar 1996/7 Australia India 1 1 0 0
1996/7 South Africa India 3 2 1 0
1996/7 South Africa South Africa 3 0 2 1
1996/7 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1 4
1997 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 0 0 2
1997/8 Sri Lanka India 3 0 0 3
1999/2000 New Zealand India 3 1 0 2
1999/2000 Australia Australia 3 0 3 0
1999/2000 South Africa India 2 0 2 0
Total 25 4 9 12
27 Sourav Ganguly 2000/1 Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 1 0 0
2000/1 Zimbabwe India 2 1 0 1
2000/1 Australia India 3 2 1 0
2001 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 2 1 1 0
2001 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 2 0
2001/2 South Africa South Africa 2 0 1 1
2001/2 England India 3 1 0 2
2001/2 Zimbabwe India 2 2 0 0
2001/2 West Indies West Indies 5 1 2 2
2002 England England 4 1 1 2
2002/3 West Indies India 3 2 0 1
2002/3 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 2 0
2003/4 New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
2003/4 Australia Australia 4 1 1 2
2003/4 Pakistan Pakistan 1 1 0 0
2004/5 Australia India 2 0 1 1
2004/5 South Africa India 2 1 0 1
2004/5 Bangladesh Bangladesh 2 2 0 0
2004/5 Pakistan India 3 1 1 1
2005/6 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 2 2 0 0
Total 49 21 13 15
28 Rahul Dravid 2003/4† New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
2003/4† Pakistan Pakistan 2 1 1 0
2004/5† Australia India 2 1 1 0
2005/6 Sri Lanka India 2 1 0 1
2005/6 Pakistan Pakistan 3 0 1 2
2005/6 England India 3 1 1 1
2005/6 West Indies West Indies 4 1 0 3
2006/7 South Africa South Africa 3 1 2 0
2007 Bangladesh Bangladesh 2 1 0 1
2007 England England 3 1 0 2
Total 25 8 6 11
29 Virender Sehwag 2005/6† Sri Lanka India 1 1 0 0
2009† New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 0 1
2010† Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 1 0 0
2012† Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
Total 4 2 1 1
30 Anil Kumble 2007 Pakistan India 3 1 0 2
2007/8 Australia Australia 4 1 2 1
2008 South Africa India 2 0 1 1
2008 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 2 0
2008 Australia India 2 0 0 2
Total 14 3 5 6
31 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 2008† South Africa India 1 1 0 0
2008† Australia India 2 2 0 0
2008 England India 2 1 0 1
2009 New Zealand New Zealand 2 1 0 1
2009 Sri Lanka India 3 2 0 1
2010 Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 1 0 0
2010 South Africa India 2 1 1 0
2010 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 1 1
2010 Australia India 2 2 0 0
2010 New Zealand India 3 1 0 2
2010 South Africa South Africa 3 1 1 1
2011 West Indies West Indies 3 1 0 2
2011 England England 4 0 4 0
2011 West Indies India 3 2 0 1
2011/12 Australia Australia 3 0 3 0
2012 New Zealand India 2 2 0 0
2012/13 England India 4 1 2 1
2012/13 Australia India 4 4 0 0
2013/14 West Indies India 2 2 0 0
2013/14 South Africa South Africa 2 0 1 1
2013/14 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 1 1
2014 England England 5 1 3 1
2014/15 Australia Australia 2 0 1 1
Total 60 27 18 15
32 Virat Kohli
2014/15† Australia Australia 2 0 1 1
2015 Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 0 0 1
2015 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 2 1 0
2015/16 South Africa India 4 3 0 1
2016 West Indies West Indies 4 2 0 2
2016/17 New Zealand India 3 3 0 0
2016/17 England India 5 4 0 1
2017 Bangladesh India 1 1 0 0
2017 Australia India 3 1 1 1
2017 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 3 0 0
2017 Sri Lanka India 3 1 0 2
2018 South Africa South Africa 3 1 2 0
2018 England England 3 1 2 0
Total 38 22 7 9
33 Ajinkya Rahane
2017† Australia India 1 1 0 0
2018 Afghanistan India 1 1 0 0
Total 2 2 0 0
Grand Total (1932-2018) 523 146 160 217[2]
One Day International captains[edit]
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one One Day International. Total 24 players have captained India in ODIs out of which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful captain with 110 wins. He also hold record of highest loss with 74 match.
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]
1 Ajit Wadekar 1974 2 0 2 0 0 0.00
2 Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan 1975–1979 7 1 6 0 0 14.28
3 Bishen Singh Bedi 1975-1978 4 1 3 0 0 25.00
4 Sunil Gavaskar 1980-1985 37 14 21 0 2 40.00
5 Gundappa Viswanath 1980 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
6 Kapil Dev 1982-1992 74 39 33 0 2 54.16
7 Syed Kirmani 1983 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
8 Mohinder Amarnath 1984 1 0 0 0 1 NA
9 Ravi Shastri 1986-1991 11 4 7 0 0 36.36
10 Dilip Vengsarkar 1987-1988 18 8 10 0 0 44.44
11 Krishnamachari Srikkanth 1989 13 4 8 0 1 33.33
12 Mohammad Azharuddin 1989-1999 174 90 76 2 6 53.57
13 Sachin Tendulkar 1996-1999 73 23 43 1 6 34.33
14 Ajay Jadeja 1997-1999 13 8 5 0 0 61.53
15 Sourav Ganguly 1999–2005 146[9] 76 65[9] 0 5 53.90
16 Rahul Dravid 2000-2007 79 42 33 0 4 56.00
17 Anil Kumble 2001 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
18 Virender Sehwag 2003-2011 12 7 5 0 0 58.33
19 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 2007–2017 199 110 74 4 11 58.51
20 Suresh Raina 2010 12 6 5 0 1 54.54
21 Gautam Gambhir 2010 6 6 0 0 0 100.00
22 Virat Kohli 2013- present 49 38 10 0 1 79.16
23 Ajinkya Rahane 2015 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
24 Rohit Sharma 2017 3 3 0 0 0 66.66
Twenty-20 International captains[edit]
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.Only six players captained in T20I for India. From which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is most successful with 41 wins.
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]
1 Virender Sehwag 2006 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
2 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 2007–2016 73 42 28 1 2 59.85
3 Suresh Raina 2010 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
4 Ajinkya Rahane 2015 2 1 1 0 0 50.00
5 Virat Kohli 2017 - present 15 10 5 0 0 66.66
6 Rohit Sharma 2017-2018 9 8 1 0 0 88.88
Total 103 65 35 1 2 63.10
Women's cricket[edit]
Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.
Test match captains[edit]
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match.
The table of results is updated as 11 September 2014.
Indian women's Test match captains
Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn
1 Shantha Rangaswamy 1976/7 West Indies India 6 1 1 4
1976/7 New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 0 1
1976/7 Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
1983/4 Australia India 4 0 0 4
Total 12 1 2 9
2 Nilima Jogalekar 1984/1985† New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
3 Diana Edulji 1984/5 New Zealand India 2 0 0 2
1986 England England 2 0 0 2
Total 4 0 0 4
4 Shubhangi Kulkarni 1986† England England 1 0 0 1
1990/1 Australia Australia 2 0 1 1
Total 3 0 1 2
5 Sandhya Agarwal 1990/1† Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
Total 1 0 1 0
6 Purnima Rau 1994/5 New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 0 1
1995/6 England India 2 0 1 1
Total 3 0 1 2
7 Pramila Bhatt 1995/6† England India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
8 Chanderkanta Kaul 1999 England England 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
9 Anjum Chopra 2001/2 England India 1 0 0 1
2001/2 South Africa South Africa 1 1 0 0
2002 England England 1 0 0 1
Total 3 1 0 2
10 Mamatha Maben 2003/4 New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
11 Mithali Raj 2005/6 England India 1 0 0 1
2005/6 Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
2006 England England 2 1 0 1
2014 England England 1 1 0 0
Total 5 2 1 2
Total 35 4 6 25
Women's One-Day International captains[edit]
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. The World Cup Final appearance against Australia in 2004/5 represents India's best performance in a Women's World Cup.
Indian women's ODI captains
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]
1 Diana Edulji 1977/8, 1984/5 – 1993 18 7 11 0 0[10] 38.88
2 Shantha Rangaswamy 1981/2-1983/4 16 4 12 0 0 25.00
3 Shubhangi Kulkarni 1986 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
4 Purnima Rau 1994/5-1995/6 8 5 3 0 0[11] 62.50
5 Pramila Bhatt 1995/6-1997/8 7 5 1 1[12] 0[13] 78.57
6 Chanderkanta Kaul 1999 4 3 1 0 0 75.00
7 Anju Jain 2000/1 8 5 3 0 0 62.50
8 Anjum Chopra 2001/2[14]-2002/3-2011/2012 28 10 17 0 1[15] 37.03
9 Mamatha Maben 2003/4-2004/5 19 14 5 0 0 73.68
10 Mithali Raj 2003 – present 81 45 33 0 3 55.55
11 Jhulan Goswami 2008-2011 25 12 13 0 0 48.00
12 Rumeli Dhar 2008-2008 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
13 Harmanpreet Kaur 2013–2013 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
Total 219 113 101 1 4 51.59
Women's Twenty-20 International captains[edit]
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.[16]
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]
1 Mithali Raj 2006–present 32 17 15 0 0 53.12
2 Jhulan Goswami 2008-2011 18 8 10 0 0 41.17
3 Anjum Chopra 2012-2012 10 3 7 0 0 30.00
4 Harmanpreet Kaur 2012-2016 13 9 4 0 0 69.23
Total 66 33 33 0 0 50.00
Youth cricket[edit]
Test match captains[edit]
This is a list of cricketers whose have captained the Indian Under-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match. The very nature of Under-19 cricket means that in practice no youth captains the side for more than one year. Four men, Srikkanth, Shastri, Dravid and Virat have gone on to captain the senior side.
The table of results is complete as of August 2014.
* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match or ODI match).
Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn
1 Krishnamachari Srikkanth* 1978/9† Pakistan India 2 0 0 2
2 Vedraj Chauhan 1978/9 Pakistan India 3 0 0 3
3 Ravi Shastri* 1981 England England 3 0 0 3
4 Saba Karim* 1984/5 Australia India 2 0 1 1
5 Anju Mudkavi 1984/5† Australia India 1 0 0 1
6 Amikar Dayal 1986/7 Australia Australia 3 0 2 1
7 Myluahanan Senthilnathan 1987/8 New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 1 0
8 Janardhanan Ramdas 1988/9 Pakistan Pakistan 4 1 0 3
9 Ranjib Biswal 1989/90 Pakistan India 4 1 0 3
10 Rahul Dravid* 1991/2 New Zealand India 2 1 0 1
11 Manoj Joglekar 1992/3 England India 3 1 1 1
12 Sridharan Sriram* 1993/4 Australia India 3 1 1 1
13 Amit Sharma 1994 England England 3 1 0 2
14 Kiran Powar 1994/5 Australia Australia 3 0 2 1
15 Sanjay Raul 1995/6 South Africa India 3 1 1 1
16 Ajit Agarkar* 1996/7† Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1 1 0 0
17 Jyoti Yadav 1996/7 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 1 0 1
18 Reetinder Sodhi* 1998/9 Sri Lanka India 1 0 0 1
19 Ajay Ratra* 2003/4 England India 3 1 0 2
20 Manvinder Bisla 2002† England England 1 0 0 1
21 Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao 2002 England England 2 0 1 1
22 Ambati Rayudu* 2004/5 England India 3 3 0 0
23 Tanmay Srivastava 2006 England England 3 1 0 2
2007 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 1 0 1
Total 5 2 0 3
24 Piyush Chawla* 2006 Pakistan India 2 2 0 0
2007 New Zealand India 3 1 1 1
Total 5 3 1 1
25 Virat Kohli* 2008 South Africa South Africa 2 1 0 1
26 Ashok Menaria 2009 Australia Australia 2 1 1 0
27 Vijay Zol 2014 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 0 0 2
Total 69 20 12 37
Youth One-Day International captains[edit]
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. India's first great success in Under-19 ODI cricket was in 1999/2000, when they won the Under-19 World Cup under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif. The feat was repeated in 2008/9 and 2012 under the captaincy of Virat Kohli and Unmukt Chand.
The table of results is complete as of 16 August 2014.
* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match, ODI or T20 match).
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]
1 Ravi Shastri 1981 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
2 Saba Karim 1985 3 0 3 0 0 0.00
3 Anju Mudkavi 1985 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
4 Amikar Dayal 1986 3 1 2 0 0 33.33
5 M. Senthilnathan 1988 8 5 3 0 0 62.50
6 Arjan Kripal Singh 1988 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
7 Ranjib Biswal 1989/90 5 4 1 0 0 80.00
8 Rahul Dravid 1992 3 2 1 0 0 66.66
9 Manoj Joglekar 1993 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
10 Amit Sharma 1994 5 2 3 0 0 40.00
11 Kiran Powar 1995 3 1 2 0 0 33.33
12 Sanjay Raul 1996 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
13 Jyoti Yadav 1997/8 3 1 2 0 0 33.33
14 Amit Pagnis 1997 6 4 2 0 0 66.66
15 Reetinder Sodhi 1999 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
16 Mohammad Kaif 1999/00 9 9 0 0 0 100.00
17 Ajay Ratra 2001 3 2 1 0 0 66.66
18 Parthiv Patel 2002 7 4 3 0 0 57.14
19 Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao 2002 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
20 Ambati Rayudu 2003/04 10 8 2 0 0 80.00
21 Dinesh Karthik 2004 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
22 Manoj Tiwary 2005 5 4 1 0 0 80.00
23 Ravikant Shukla 2005/06 17 15 2 0 0 88.23
24 Tanmay Srivastava 2006/07 7 7 0 0 0 100.00
25 Piyush Chawla 2006/07 12 11 1 0 0 91.66
26 Ravindra Jadeja 2007 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
27 Virat Kohli 2008 11 11 0 0 0 100.00
28 Ashok Menaria 2009/10 12 8 4 0 0 66.66
29 Unmukt Chand 2011/12 21 15 5 1 0 73.80
30 Vijay Zol 2013/14 22 18 3 0 1 85.71
31 Sanju Samson 2014 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
32 Ricky Bhui 2015 4 4 0 0 0 100.00
33 Virat Singh 2015 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
34 Rishabh Pant 2015 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
35 Ishan Kishan 2015 8 7 1 0 0 87.50
36 Abhishek Sharma 2016 5 5 0 0 00 100.00
Bibliography[edit]
Surya Prakash Chaturvedi,Humaare Kaptaan: Naidu se Dhoni Tak, Rajkamal Prakashan,2010
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "India – Tests". Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Includes one Tied Test Match
^ Jump up to: a b Asian Test Championship
Jump up ^ "Results | Global | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Results | Global | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Results | Global | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Mohammed Azharuddin vs Sourav Ganguly vs MS Dhoni - Who is India's best captain in recent times?". 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Win% = (matches won+0.5*matches tied)/(matches played-matches abandoned) and is rounded to the nearest number as percentage
^ Jump up to: a b Sourav Ganguly also captained the ACC Asian XI in the ODI against the ICC World XI held on 10 January 2005 for the World Cricket Tsunami Appeal. The ACC Asian XI lost that ODI
Jump up ^ Match against Australia Women's team during 1990/1 season in Manuka Oval (Canberra) was abandoned.(Source: "Australia Women v India Women – India Women in Australia 1990/91(Only ODI)". Cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 May 2007. ) However the match is not recorded in the game books.
Jump up ^ Match against Australia Women's team during 1994/5 season in Smallbone Park (Rotorua) abandoned. (Source: "Australia Women v India Women – New Zealand Women's Centenary Tournament 1994/95". Cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 May 2007. ) However the match is not recorded in the game books.</
Jump up ^ The match between Indian women's team and New Zealand women's team in the 1997/98 Hero Honda Women's Cricket World Cup at Nehru Stadium, Indore ended in a tie when India were dismissed for 176. This is the only tied ODI game in Indian Women's cricket. (Source: "India Women v New Zealand Women, Group B – Hero Honda Women's World Cup, 1997/98, 21st Match". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 May 2007. )
Jump up ^ Match against Sri Lankan Women's team during 1997/98 Hero Honda Women's World Cup in Feroz Shah Kotla(New Delhi) abandoned. "India Women v Sri Lanka Women – Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98 (Group B)". Cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 May 2007. However the match is not recorded in the game books.
Jump up ^ New Zealand Women's tour of India was cancelled. The tour was scheduled to have 5 ODI matches
Jump up ^ Two of India's matches in the 2002 Women's Tri-Series involving England Women's team and Ireland Women's team were abandoned. The game at Riverside Ground (Chester-le-Street) is reflected in the rule books while another game at Fox Lodge Cricket Club (Strabane) is not reflected in the official records.
Jump up ^ "Indian women's cricket team - Twenty 20 International". Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 Sep 2012.
http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?captain_involve=7593;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=won;result=1;result=2;result=3;result=4;team=6;template=results;type=team
http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=1;id=6;type=team
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India Test cricket captains
1932–1933/34: Nayudu
1936: Vizianagaram
1946: Pataudi, Sr.
1947/48–1952/53: Amarnath
1951/52–1952/53: Hazare
1954/55; 1958/59: Mankad
1955/56; 1958/59: Ahmed
1955/56–1956/57; 1958/59: Umrigar
1958/59: Adhikari
1959: Gaekwad
1959: Roy
1959/60: Ramchand
1960/61–1961/62; 1961/62: Contractor
1961/62–1974/75: Pataudi, Jr.
1967/68: Borde
1970/71–1974: Wadekar
1974/75; 1979: Venkataraghavan
1975/76; 1978/79–1984/85: Gavaskar
1975/75–1978/79: Bedi
1979/80; 1979/80: Viswanath
1982/83–1986/87: Kapil Dev
1987/88–1988/89: Vengsarkar
1987/88: Shastri
1989/90: Srikkanth
1989/90–1998/99: Azhar
1996/97–1999/00: Tendulkar
2000/01–2005/06: Ganguly
2003/04; 2004/05; 2005/06–2007: Dravid
2005/06; 2009; 2010; 2012: Sehwag
2007–2008: Kumble
2008–2014: Dhoni
2014/15; 2015–: Kohli
2016/17: Rahane
Italics denote deputised captaincy
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1980/81–1985/86: Gavaskar
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1982/83–1992/93: Kapil Dev
1983/84: Kirmani
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1996–1999/00: Tendulkar
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2000/01–2007: Dravid
2001/02: Kumble
2003–2011: Sehwag
2007–2016: Dhoni
2010–2014: Raina
2011: Gambhir
2013–present: Kohli
2015: Rahane
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2010–2011: Raina
2015: Rahane
2016-: Kohli
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