text:
American crocodile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American crocodile
Temporal range: Pleistocene - Recent, 1.9–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Conservation status

Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Crocodylidae
Genus: Crocodylus
Species: C. acutus
Binomial name
Crocodylus acutus
Cuvier, 1807
Approximate terrestrial range (green)
Synonyms
Crocodylus americanus?
Laurenti, 1768
Lacerta alligator?
Blumenbach, 1779
Crocodylus caudiverbera?
Bonnaterre, 1789
Crocodylus floridanus
Hornaday, 1875
Not to be confused with the American alligator.
The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is a species of crocodilian found in the Neotropics. It is the most widespread of the four extant species of crocodiles from the Americas. Populations occur from southern Florida and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of southern Mexico to South America as far south as Peru and Venezuela. It also lives on many of the Caribbean islands such as Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Grand Cayman.
Within the United States, the American crocodile's distribution is limited to the southern tip of Florida, though at least two have been found as far north as the Tampa Bay area.[2] The current US population, estimated at 2,000, represents a significant recovery from a few hundred in the 1970s.
The habitat of the American crocodile consists largely of coastal areas.[3] It is also found in river systems, but has a tendency to prefer, not merely to tolerate, some level of salinity, resulting in the species congregating in brackish lakes, mangrove swamps, lagoons, cays, and small islands. Other crocodiles also have tolerance to salt water due to salt glands underneath the tongue, but the American crocodile is the only species other than the saltwater crocodile (C. porosus) to commonly live and thrive in salt water.[4] They can be found on beaches and small island formations without any freshwater source, such as some of the many cays and islets across the Bahamas and the Caribbean. They are also found in hypersaline lakes; one of the largest known populations inhabits the Lago Enriquillo.[5]
The American is one of the larger crocodile species. Males can reach lengths of 6.1 m (20 ft), weighing up to 907 kg (2,000 lb).[5] On average, mature males are more in the range of 4.1 m (13.5 ft) to 4.8 m (15.7 ft) in length weighing about 400 kg (880 lb).[6] As with other crocodile species, females are smaller; rarely exceeding 3.8 m (12.5 ft) in length.[7]
This species has a more V-shaped snout, compared to other large crocodiles, which usually have a slightly wider snout. Adults have a uniform grayish-green coloration with white or yellow undersides, while juveniles have dark cross-banding on the tail and back. Despite their large size, American crocodiles do not regularly attack large animals, as most large crocodilians do. Fish, reptiles, birds and small mammals make up the majority of their diet. On occasion, large mammals such as deer and cattle are taken. Their dietary habits in coastal regions are not well studied. Like any other large crocodilian, the American crocodile is potentially dangerous to humans, though it tends not to be as aggressive as some other species.[8]
Contents
1 Taxonomy and etymology
2 Characteristics
2.1 Size
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Biology and behavior
4.1 Hunting and diet
4.1.1 Interspecies predatory relations
4.2 Reproduction
5 Conservation status
6 Relationship with humans
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
9.1 Media
Taxonomy and etymology[edit]
Cuvier originally described the species as Crocodylus acutus in 1807.[9] Over time, it commonly became known as the "sharp-snout alligator". In 1822, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque postulated that the species was in fact a crocodile.[10]
The species was redescribed as Crocodylus floridanus by William T. Hornaday in 1875,[11][12] when Hornaday and C.E. Jackson were sent from Washington, DC to Florida to collect alligator hides. Upon hearing of a "big old gator" in Arch Creek at the head of Biscayne Bay, Hornaday and his companions searched for it and reported:
In a few hours we got sight of him, out on the bank in a saw-grass wallow. He was a monster for size—a perfect whale of a saurian, gray in color—and by all the powers, he was a genuine crocodile![13]
Crocodylus floridanus is now considered an invalid junior synonym of C. acutus.[14][15]
Characteristics[edit]
Large American crocodile skull
Adult American crocodile
Like all true crocodilians, the American crocodile is a quadruped, with four short, stocky legs, a long, powerful tail and a scaly hide with rows of ossified scutes running down its back and tail.[16] Its snout is elongated and includes a strong pair of jaws. Its eyes have nictitating membranes for protection along with lacrimal glands, which produce tears.
The nostrils, eyes, and ears are situated on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be concealed underwater for surprise attacks.[16] Camouflage also helps it prey on food. The snout is relatively longer and narrower than that of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), although broader on average than that of the Orinoco crocodile (C. intermedius). American crocodiles are also paler and more grayish than the relatively dark-hued American alligator. This crocodile species normally crawls on its belly, but it can also "high walk".[17] Larger specimens can charge up to nearly 10 mph (16 km/h).[18] They can swim at as much as 20 mph (32 km/h) by moving their bodies and tails in a sinuous fashion, but they cannot sustain this speed.[19]
American crocodile
The American crocodile is sometimes confused with the smaller, Central American Morelet's crocodile, a smaller species that is native to Mexico.
Size[edit]
New hatchlings are about 27 cm (10.6 in) in length and about 60 g (2.1 oz) in mass.[20][21] The average adult in the continental rivers can range from 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long and weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb) in males, while females can range from 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb), the lower total length representing their average size at sexual maturity, the upper representing the expected upper size limit for the respective sex in most known populations.[22][23][24]
In the Tárcoles River in Costa Rica, dozens of 4 m (13 ft 1 in) and a few 5 m (16 ft 5 in) individuals frequent bridge crossings (where they are fed daily, which may have helped them reach such consistently large sizes) and are a popular tourist attraction. This species is said to grow largest in the South American river basins, but rarely exceed 5 m (16 ft 5 in) or reach 6 m (19 ft 8 in) even there.[25][26] American crocodiles on the islands or coasts are usually much smaller in size. Adult weight in coastal Belize averaged 77.8 kg (172 lb) per one study.[27] In their Florida range, adult length has been recorded as high as 5.2 m (17 ft 1 in), but adult males on average measure 3.35 m (11 ft 0 in) long, perhaps slightly smaller than mature males from other continental populations.[28][29] A skull of this species was found to measure 72.6 cm (28.6 in) and is estimated to have belonged to an American crocodile of 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) in length.[29] Large, mature males regularly weigh about 400–500 kg (880–1100 lb), with the individuals of six or more meters surpassing 1000 kg (2,200 lb).[30] Two biologists working with the History Channel series MonsterQuest spotted and filmed an American crocodile they estimated to be 5 to 5.5 m (16 ft 5 in to 18 ft 1 in), deep within Everglades National Park in Florida.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
American crocodiles (left) and American alligators (right) are usually tolerant of one another in places where they co-exist, such as this sand pond in Florida. However, they sometimes compete with each other for food and other resources
C. acutus is the most widespread of the four extant species of crocodiles from the Americas.[1] It inhabits waters such as mangrove swamps, river mouths, fresh waters, and salt lakes, and can even be found at sea, hence its wide distribution throughout the Caribbean islands, southern Florida, the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, Central America, and the South American countries of Colombia and Ecuador.[20][31] The American crocodile is especially plentiful in Costa Rica.[32] One of its largest documented populations is in Lago Enriquillo, a hypersaline lake in the Dominican Republic.[23] The species has also been recorded from Jamaica.[33] American crocodiles have recently been sighted in Grand Cayman, leading experts to believe the species may be swimming from Cuba (which is home to a massive American crocodile population) and slowly repopulating Grand Cayman. In addition, an American crocodile/Cuban crocodile hybrid was recently discovered in the Cancun area. The crocodile likely originated in the Zapata Swamp of Cuba (the only place where these wild hybrids exist) and swam to the Yucatán Peninsula. Their saline tolerance also allowed the American crocodile to colonize limited portions of the United States (extreme southern Florida). Contrary to popular misinformation, the presence of the American alligator is not the reason the American crocodile was unable to populate brackish waters north of Florida, but rather the climate.
American crocodile found in Jamaica's Black River
American crocodiles, unlike American alligators, are extremely susceptible to cold temperatures and live exclusively within tropical waters. During 2009, unusually cold weather in southern Florida resulted in the deaths of about 150 wild American crocodiles, including a well-known crocodile which inhabited Sanibel Island far north of their natural range.[34]
Large group of American crocodiles in Cuba
American crocodiles in the United States coexist with the American alligator, and are primarily found south of the latitude of Miami, in Everglades National Park, Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, and the Florida Keys.[21][35] A sizable population occurs near Homestead, Florida, at the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station.[21][36][37] Some individuals wander northward to warm summer waters and have been sighted in Sarasota County and Palm Beach County.[20] In the summer of 2008, a crocodile was captured in the surf on Isle of Palms, South Carolina. In 2013, a 700-pound crocodile was captured in Tarpon Springs, Florida.[38] Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission program staff note that the crocodile was not weighed to be 700 lbs. The weight was estimated by the nuisance alligator trapper who inadvertently caught the animal using a baited hook. American crocodiles of similar lengths have been accurately weighed at 450–500 lbs.
The American crocodile is saltwater-tolerant and have thus been capable of colonizing a multitude of islands within the Caribbean islands and on some coastal Pacific islands as well. They coexist with the rather smaller spectacled caiman within Central America. The only other crocodiles present within the American crocodile's range are two species smaller than this species on average: the critically endangered Cuban crocodile, along with the Morelet's crocodile in southern Mexico and Guatemala.
Biology and behavior[edit]
American crocodiles are more susceptible to cold than American alligators.[35] While an American alligator can survive in water of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) for some time, an American crocodile in that environment would become helpless and drown.[16] American crocodiles, however, have a faster growth rate than alligators, and are much more tolerant of salt water.[16]
American Crocodile, Costa Rica
Cleaning symbiosis involving the American crocodile as client has been described. Unlike the Old World crocodiles, which are sometimes cleared of parasites by birds, the American crocodile relies more on fish for parasite removal.[16]
Hunting and diet[edit]
Adult male C. acutus
American crocodiles are apex predators, and any aquatic or terrestrial animal they encounter in freshwater, riparian and coastal saltwater habitats is potential prey. Their only threat is the American alligator, which are seen killing and eating American crocodiles. For a long time, primary prey throughout their lifetime was thought to be fish; due to the relatively narrow snout as indicative of this piscivorous preference. However new studies shed light into the dietary preference of this species. The snout of the American crocodile is broader than some specialized fish-eating crocodilians (i.e. gharials (Gavialis gangeticus), freshwater crocodile (C. johnsoni), etc.), allowing it to supplement its diet with a wider variety of prey. In addition the snout gets even broader and bulkier as the animal matures, a sign for a shift in prey items. Prey species have ranged in size from the insects taken by young American crocodiles to full-grown cattle taken by large adults, and can include various birds, mammals, turtles, crabs, snails, frogs, and occasionally carrion.[23][31] In Haiti, hatchling and juvenile American crocodiles lived primarily off of fiddler crabs (Uca ssp.), making up 33.8% and 62.3% of the diet by weight, respectively.[39] Elsewhere, aquatic insects and their larvae and snails are near the top of the food list for American crocodiles at this very early age. Immature and subadult American crocodiles, per a study in Mexico, have a more diverse diet that can include insects, fish, frogs, small turtles, birds and small mammals. One specimen of 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) had a catfish, a mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) and a bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander) in its stomach.[40] In Florida, bass, tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and especially mullet, large crabs, snakes, mammals that habit the riparian and coastal regions of the Everglades, such as opossums and raccoons appeared to be the primary prey of subadult and adult American crocodiles.[41] In Haiti, adults appeared to live largely off of various birds (many of which are breeding large waders and other water birds such as heron, storks, flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber), pelicans (Pelecanus ssp.), grebes, coots (Fulica americana) and moorhens (Gallinula chloropus)), followed by concentrations of marine fish including Tilapia and Cichlasoma, at times being seen to capture turtles, dogs and goats.[39] One 3 m (9 ft 10 in) adult from Honduras had stomach contents consisting of a 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) crocodile of its own species, a turtle shell and peccary hooves.[42] It was noted that historically in Mexico that, among several local farmers, the capturing of livestock by American crocodiles has been a source of some conflict between humans and American crocodiles and large adults occasionally can become habitual predators of goats, dogs, pigs and cattle.[40] In Quintana Roo, Mexico, most prey that could be determined was fish for sub-adults and adults with sub-adults having a broader prey base than either younger or adult crocodiles.[43] In Costa Rica, American crocodiles have been recorded hunting and killing adult female olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) when they come to nest around beaches.[44] Reportedly, these American crocodiles hunt primarily in the first few hours after nightfall, especially on moonless nights, although they will feed at any time.[41] It hunts in the typical way for most crocodilian, ambushing terrestrial prey when it comes to edge of the water or is sitting in shallows and dragging it down to be drowned or attempting to ambush aquatic prey from near the surface of the water.[24]
Interspecies predatory relations[edit]
Adult American crocodiles have no natural predators and almost any terrestrial or riparian animal they encounter is potential prey. American crocodiles are known predators of lemon sharks, and sharks avoid areas with American crocodiles.[45][46] Usually American crocodiles are dominant over American alligators. However, on one occasion, an American crocodile in a Florida zoo escaped its cage and started a fight with a large male American alligator in a bordering pen and was killed by the American alligator.[29] Conversely, there is one confirmed case of an American crocodile preying on a sub-adult American alligator in the wild in Florida.[47] American alligators and American crocodiles do not often come into conflict in the wild normally, due largely to habitat partitioning and largely separate distributions.[48] There are several records of American crocodiles killing and eating spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus) in South America as well as additional records of cannibalism there. Areas with healthy American crocodile populations often hold only limited numbers of spectacled caimans, while conversely areas that formerly held American crocodiles but where they are now heavily depleted or are locally extinct show a growth of caiman numbers, due to less competition as well as predation.[47] In areas where the two species coexist, the smaller but more aggressive Cuban crocodile is behaviorally dominant over the larger American crocodile.[49] In Mexico some Morelet's crocodile individuals have escaped from captivity, establishing feral populations and creating a problem for the populations of American crocodile, which must compete with this invasive species.[50]
Reproduction[edit]
American crocodiles breed in late fall or early winter, engaging in drawn-out mating ceremonies in which males emit very low frequency bellows to attract females. Body size is more important than age in determining reproductive capabilities, and females reach sexual maturity at a length of about 2.8 m (9.2 ft). In February or March, gravid females will begin to create nests of sand, mud, and dead vegetation along the water's edge. Nest location is crucial, and with the correct amount of vegetation, the eggs will develop within a small temperature range. Because sex determination is temperature-dependent in crocodilians, slight aberrations in temperature may result in all-male or all-female clutches, which would possibly harm the health of the population. About one month later, when it is time to lay, the female will dig a wide hole diagonally into the side of the nest and lay 30 to 70 eggs in it, depending on her size. After laying, the female may cover the eggs with debris or leave them uncovered. The white, elongated eggs are 8 cm (3.1 in) long and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide and have a number of pores in the brittle shell. During the 75- to 80-day incubation period, the parents will guard the nest, often inhabiting a hole in the bank nearby. Females especially have been known to guard their nests with ferocity. But in spite of these precautions, American crocodile eggs sometimes fall prey to raccoons (Procyon sp.) (arguably the most virulent natural predator of crocodilian nests in the Americas), coatis, foxes, skunks or other scavenging mammals (even coyotes (Canis latrans) in Mexico and American black bears (Ursus americanus)) in south Florida), as well as large predatory ants, crabs and vultures.[47] In Panama, green iguana (Iguana iguana) were seen to dig up and prey on American crocodile eggs occasionally, although in several cases were caught by the mother American crocodile and subsequently consumed.[51] Crocodilian eggs are somewhat brittle, but softer than bird eggs. Young of this species hatch after 75–80 days.
An American crocodile hatchling in Colombia
This species exists mostly in tropical areas with distinct rainy seasons, and the young hatch near the time of the first rains of the summer (July–August), after the preceding dry season and before the bodies of water where they live flood. In this stage of development of their young, mother American crocodiles exhibit a unique mode of parental care. During the hatching process, when the young American crocodiles are most vulnerable to predation, they will instinctively call out in soft, grunt-like croaks. These sounds trigger the female to attend to the nest, uncovering the eggs if they have been covered. Then she will aid the hatchlings in escaping their eggs and scoop them up with her mouth, carrying them to the closest water source.
The hatchlings, which are 24 to 27 cm (9.4 to 10.6 in) in length, have been reported to actively hunt prey within a few days of hatching. It is not uncommon for the mother to care for her young even weeks after they have hatched, remaining attentive to their calls and continuing to provide transportation. About five weeks after hatching, the young American crocodiles disband in search of their own independent lives. Most of them, of course, will not survive, being preyed upon by several types of raptorial birds and larger fishes (e.g. barred catfish (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), Atlantic tarpons (Megalops atlanticus), common snook (Centropomis undecimalis) and lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris)), boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis), spectacled caimans, as well as raccoons.[47] Those that do survive the early stages of life will grow rapidly, feeding on insects, fish and frogs. Additionally, some young American crocodiles reportedly will feed on each other.[41]
Conservation status[edit]
Crocodylus acutus in La Manzanilla, Jalisco, Mexico
Due to hide hunting, pollution, loss of habitat, and removal of adults for commercial farming, the American crocodile is endangered in parts of its range.[21] In 1972, Venezuela banned commercial crocodile skin harvesting for a decade, as a result of 1950s and 1960s overhunting.[52]
One thousand to 2,000 American crocodiles live in Mexico and Central and South America, but populations are data deficient.[23] The American crocodile is considered a vulnerable species, but has not been assessed since 1996.[1] It has an estimated wild population of 500 to 1,200 in southern Florida.[53] On March 20, 2007, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service declassified the American crocodile as an endangered species, downgrading its status to "threatened"; the reptile remains protected from illegal harassing, poaching, or killing under the federal Endangered Species Act.[54][55] In southern Florida, 67.8% of American crocodile mortality was attributed most likely to road collisions (found dead by the road), 10.5% were due to intentional killing and only 4.9% could be contributed to natural causes (the remaining balance were causes unknown).[56]
Relationship with humans[edit]
See also: Crocodile attacks
American crocodiles are dangerous to humans; attacks in Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama are not unprecedented. These attacks rarely make international news, so this species is not as well-documented as a man-eater, as are its relatives.[16] The species is often reportedly timid, and seemingly lacks the propensity to attack people as regularly as Old World crocodiles do.[10] Crocodiles are, as a general rule, more aggressive than alligators, at least towards humans. The American crocodile rates, temperamentally somewhere in the middle of all crocodilians.[41] A study by the IUCN found that the American crocodile has the highest incidence of reported attacks on humans of any of the crocodilians from the Americas, but fatalities were rare. The estimated number of attacks is considerably smaller than those by the saltwater and Nile crocodiles (C. niloticus). The saltwater and Nile crocodiles are considered to be the most aggressive and dangerous species towards humans, with their large sizes and aggressive behavior combined with low-income socio-economic situations of local people in Africa and Asia resulting in frequent unsafe encounters and high numbers of fatal attacks that may annually range into the hundreds.[57] Reportedly, the Cuban crocodile (C. rhombifer) is rather more aggressive in interspecies interactions than the American crocodile and apparently attacks and displaces American crocodiles when they are kept in mixed species enclosures at zoos or at crocodile farms together, even though it is smaller than the American species. However, attacks on humans are rarely reportedly in Cuban crocodiles, undoubtedly due its much more limited habitat and range.[24][57] In May 2007, two instances occurred within one week of children being attacked and killed by this species—one in Mexico just south of Puerto Vallarta and one in Costa Rica.[58][59] On August 24, 2014, a man and a woman were swimming in a canal in Gables by the Sea, a community in Coral Gables, Florida, at 2:00 AM, in a canal where crocodiles were known to occur, when they were bitten in the shoulder and the hand by an American crocodile. Although the crocodile was 12' 1" in length, and weighed an estimated 550 lbs, it did not press the attack, but released and moved away from its victims. (Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Crocodile Response Program) This was the first documented wild crocodile attack on humans in Florida since records of human-crocodile conflict have been kept.[60] On May 19, 2015, a seven-year-old boy was attacked and killed by an American Crocodile in the Barra Santa Ana estuary near the city of Lazaro Cardenas, Mexico.[61] This was reportedly the eighth crocodile attack in the Barra Santa Ana estuary in the last two years.[61] There have reportedly been 36 American crocodile attacks on humans from 1995 to 2017 in the Cancun area of southeastern Mexico.[62]
See also[edit]
Reptiles portal
Animals portal
Biology portal
Alligator
Alligatoridae
American alligator
Crocodile
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Ponce-Campos, P.; Thorbjarnarson, J.; Velasco, A. & IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group (2012). "Crocodylus acutus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2012: e.T5659A3043244. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T5659A3043244.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018. Listed as Vulnerable (VU 3.1)
Jump up ^ "Trappers catch crocodile in Lake Tarpon", Tampa Bay Times, July 12, 2013
Jump up ^ "American Crocodile". People.wcsu.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ Ellis, T. M. (1981). "Tolerance of sea water by the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus". Journal of Herpetology. 15 (2): 187. doi:10.2307/1563379. JSTOR 1563379.
^ Jump up to: a b "American Crocodiles, American Crocodile Pictures, American Crocodile Facts – National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL BYTES – American Crocodile". Seaworld.org. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ "WEC 38/UW157: American Crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Florida". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Crocodilian Species – American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Crocodylus acutus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Levin, Ted (2004). Liquid Land: A Journey Through the Florida Everglades. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-2672-0.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, William T. (1875). "The crocodile in Florida". The American Naturalist. 9 (9): 498. doi:10.1086/271534.
Jump up ^ "A New Day Dawns in the Everglades". Audubon Magazine. July–August 2001. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, William T. (1925). A Wild-animal Round-up. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 147.
Jump up ^ "Crocodylus floridanus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Stejneger, Leonhard (1933-10-15). "Crocodilian Nomenclature". Copeia. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 1933 (3): 117–120. doi:10.2307/1436233. JSTOR 1436233.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195. ISBN 0-7153-5272-5.
Jump up ^ Gregg, Gordon; Gans, Carl. "Morphology & Physiology of the Crocodylia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-07-20.
Jump up ^ Swiman, Elizabeth; Hostetler, Mark; Main, Martin; Miller, Sarah Webb (August 2005). "Living with Alligators: A Florida Reality". UF/IFAS Extension Service. Retrieved October 4, 2014. When alligators walk on land, they can move very quickly and are capable of running at speeds of 7.5 to 9 mph for short distances.
Jump up ^ "American Crocodile". Everglades. Miami Science Museum. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph T. (1998). Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern-Central North America. Illustrated by Isabelle Hunt Conant and Tom R. Johnson (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 142–3. ISBN 0-395-90452-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Moller, Michelle P.; Cherkiss, Michael S.; Mazzotti, Frank J. "The American Crocodile: A Story of Recovery". The Croc Docs. Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
Jump up ^ Savage, Jay M.; Fogden, Michael; Fogden, Patricia (2005). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73538-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "American Crocodile". Animals. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thorbjarnarson, J. B. (1986). "Ecology of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus", p. 228 in Crocodiles: Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Caracas, Venezuela, 21 to 28 October 1984. IUCN.
Jump up ^ Behler JL, King FW. (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. LCCCN 79-2217. ISBN 0-394-50824-6.
Jump up ^ "American Crocodiles, American Crocodile Pictures, American Crocodile Facts – National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
Jump up ^ Platt, S. G.; T. R. Rainwater; J. B. Thorbjarnarson & D. Martin (2009). "Size estimation, morphometrics, sex ratio, sexual size dimorphism, and biomass of Crocodylus acutus in the coastal zone of Belize". Caribbean Journal of Science. 45: 80. doi:10.18475/cjos.v45i1.a12.
Jump up ^ Gaby, R.; McMahon, M. P.; Mazzotti, F. J.; Gillies, W. N. & Wilcox, J. R. (1985). "Ecology of a population of Crocodylus acutus at a power plant site in Florida". Journal of Herpetology. 19 (2): 189. doi:10.2307/1564172. JSTOR 1564172.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL BYTES – American Crocodile". Seaworld.org. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)". Crocodilians: Natural History & Conservation. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
Jump up ^ "8 Crocodiles kill man in Mexico". Sindh Today. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
Jump up ^ Ahrenfeldt, Robert H. (1954-05-05). "Identification of the Amphibia and Reptilia Recorded in Jamaica growing rapidly by Hans Sloane (1688–89)". Copeia. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 1954 (2): 105–111. doi:10.2307/1440328. JSTOR 1440328.
Jump up ^ "Crocodilians: Natural History and Conservation – Crocodiles, Caimans, Alligators, Gharials". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Kushlan, J. A.; Mazotti, F. (1989). "Historic and present distribution of the American crocodile in Florida". Journal of Herpetology. 23 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/1564309. JSTOR 1564309.
Jump up ^ "Providing a home for the American crocodile" (PDF). Florida Power & Light. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-24.
Jump up ^ Allen, Greg (21 April 2007). "American Crocodiles Make a Comeback". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
Jump up ^ Pittman, Craig (August 5, 2013). "Croc found in Lake Tarpon traveled 350 miles from South Florida home". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Thorbjarnarson, J. B. (1988). The status and ecology of the American crocodile in Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences (USA).
^ Jump up to: a b Alvarez del Toro, M. (1974). Los Crocodylia de México (estudio comparativo). Smith III.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "American Crocodile". People.wcsu.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, K. P. (1924). Notes on Central American crocodiles. Publs. Field Mus. Nat.
Jump up ^ Villegas, A. & Soto, J. J. S. (2008). "Feeding habits of the american crocodile, Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) (reptilia: crocodylidae) in the southern coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico". Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie). 24 (3): 117–124.
Jump up ^ Ortiz, R. M.; Plotkin, P. T. & Owens, D. W. (1997). "Predation upon olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) by the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) at Playa Nancite, Costa Rica" (PDF). Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 2: 585–586.
Jump up ^ Surfactants as chemical shark repellents: past, present, and future. Joseph A. Sisneros & Donald R. Nelson.
Jump up ^ Carrier, Jeffrey C.; Musick, John A.; Heithaus, Michael R. (2012-04-09). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781439839263.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Somaweera, Ruchira; Brien, Matthew; Shine, Richard (2013). "The Role of Predation in Shaping Crocodilian Natural History". Herpetological Monographs. 27: 23. doi:10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-11-00001.
Jump up ^ Ogden, J. C. (1978). "Status and nesting biology of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, (Reptilia, Crocodilidae) in Florida". Journal of Herpetology. 12 (2): 183. doi:10.2307/1563406. JSTOR 1563406.
Jump up ^ Ramos Targarona, Roberto; Rodríguez Soberón, Roberto; Tabet, Manuel Alonso and Thorbjarnarson, John B. Cuban Crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer. iucncsg.org.
Jump up ^ Hurley, Brigid-Catherine. "Crocodylus moreletii (Morelets Crocodile)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
Jump up ^ Dugan, Beverly A.; Rand, A. Stanley; Burghardt, Gordon M.; Bock, Brian C. (1981). "Interactions between Nesting Crocodiles and Iguanas". Journal of Herpetology. 15 (4): 409. doi:10.2307/1563530. JSTOR 1563530.
Jump up ^ Pough, F. Harvey; Andrews, Robin M.; Cadle, John E.; Crump, Martha L.; Savitsky, Alan H.; Wells, Kentwood D. (2004). Herpetology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 628–9. ISBN 0-13-100849-8.
Jump up ^ "American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)". National Parks Conservation Association. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Crocodiles Shed "Endangered" Status". National Geographic Society. 21 March 2007. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
Jump up ^ "American Crocodile No Longer Near Extinction. March 21, 2007". Newsmax.com. 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ Brien, M. L., Cherkiss, M. S., & Mazzotti, F. J. (2008). American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, mortalities in southern Florida. Florida Field Naturalist, 36(3), 55–59.
^ Jump up to: a b Sideleau, B., & Britton, A. R. C. (2012). "A preliminary analysis of worldwide crocodilian attacks", pp. 111–114 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, Manila, Philippines. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland, Manila, Philippines.
Jump up ^ "Boy killed in crocodile attack in Mexico". msnbc.com. Associated Press. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Crocodile makes off with boy". Television New Zealand. Reuters. 5 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
Jump up ^ D'Oench, Peter (2014-08-25). "Gables Croc Attack, First Time In Florida « CBS Miami". Miami.cbslocal.com. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Dunn, James (2015-05-20). "Seven-year-old boy eaten alive by crocodile in Mexico while father looked on | Daily Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/american-tourist-urinating-cancun-lagoon-loses-arm-crocodil-article-1.3300764
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Crocodylus acutus
American crocodile.
Wikispecies has information related to Crocodylus acutus
American Crocodile at Crocodilian Species List
University of Florida's crocodile research in Southwest Florida
American crocodile at the Encyclopedia of Life
Media[edit]
Crocodylus acutus at CalPhotos
ARKive images and movies of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)
show
v
t
e
Extant Crocodilian species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
(unranked): Archosauria
Superorder: Crocodylomorpha
show
Family Gavialidae
Gavialis
Gharial (G. gangeticus)
Tomistoma
False gharial (T. schlegelii)
show
Family Alligatoridae
Alligatorinae
(Alligators)
Alligator
American alligator (A. mississippiensis)
Chinese alligator (A. sinensis)
Caimaninae
(Caimans)
Caiman
Broad-snouted caiman (C. latirostris)
Spectacled caiman (C. crocodilus)
Yacare caiman (C. yacare)
Melanosuchus
Black caiman (M. niger)
Paleosuchus
Cuvier's dwarf caiman (P. palpebrosus)
Smooth-fronted caiman (P. trigonatus)
hide
Family Crocodylidae (Crocodiles)
Crocodylinae
Crocodylus
American crocodile (C. acutus)
Slender-snouted crocodile (C. cataphractus)
Orinoco crocodile (C. intermedius)
Freshwater crocodile (C. johnsoni)
Philippine crocodile (C. mindorensis)
Morelet's crocodile (C. moreletii)
Nile crocodile (C. niloticus)
New Guinea crocodile (C. novaeguineae)
Mugger crocodile (C. palustris)
Saltwater crocodile (C. porosus)
Cuban crocodile (C. rhombifer)
Siamese crocodile (C. siamensis)
West African crocodile (C. suchus)
Osteolaemus
Dwarf crocodile (O. tetraspis)
show
v
t
e
Related articles on alligators, caimans, crocodiles and gharials
Topics
Crocodilian armor
Foramen of Panizza
Gastralium
List of crurotarsan genera
Madras Crocodile Bank Trust
The Croc Festival
Human
interaction
Fatal alligator attacks
Crocodile attacks
Crocodile farm
Crocodile tears
Famous crocodiles and alligators
Sewer alligator
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q207836
Wikispecies: Crocodylus acutus
ADW: Crocodylus_acutus
ARKive: crocodylus-acutus
EoL: 1056415
Fossilworks: 96382
GBIF: 2441329
iNaturalist: 26085
IRMNG: 10640073
ITIS: 174361
IUCN: 5659
NCBI: 48399
Species+: 6436
WoRMS: 422566
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_crocodile&oldid=856792912"
Categories:
IUCN Red List vulnerable species
Crocodylidae
Marine crocodylomorphs
Natural history of Florida
Reptiles of Belize
Reptiles of Colombia
Reptiles of Costa Rica
Reptiles of Cuba
Reptiles of the Dominican Republic
Reptiles of Ecuador
Reptiles of El Salvador
Reptiles of Guatemala
Reptiles of Haiti
Reptiles of Honduras
Reptiles of Jamaica
Reptiles of Mexico
Reptiles of Nicaragua
Reptiles of North America
Reptiles of Panama
Reptiles of Peru
Reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago
Reptiles of Venezuela
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable fauna of the United States
ESA threatened species
Apex predators
Reptiles described in 1807
Crocodilians of South America
Crocodilians of North America
Hidden categories:
Articles with 'species' microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
العربية
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Kaszëbsczi
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Монгол
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
日本語
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
32 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 August 2018, at 15:31 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Megaannum mw-redirect Megaannum

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px

values: margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100; position:absolute; left:219.35692307692px; font-size:50% position:relative; left:-0.42em

values: margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Nicolai_Laurenti
mw-redirect
Joseph Nicolai Laurenti

values:
/wiki/William_T._Hornaday
mw-redirect
William T. Hornaday

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Extant_taxon
mw-redirect
Extant taxon

values:
/wiki/Caribbean_islands
mw-redirect
Caribbean islands

values:
/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area
mw-redirect
Tampa Bay area

values:
/wiki/River_systems
mw-redirect
River systems

values:
/wiki/Brackish_lake
mw-redirect
Brackish lake

values:
/wiki/Salt_glands
mw-redirect
Salt glands

values:
/wiki/Lago_Enriquillo
mw-redirect
Lago Enriquillo

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Washington,_DC
mw-redirect
Washington, DC

values:
/wiki/Junior_synonym
mw-redirect
Junior synonym

values:
/wiki/Scale_(zoology)
mw-redirect
Scale (zoology)

values:
/wiki/Ability_to_swim
mw-redirect
Ability to swim

values:
/wiki/Phoenicopterus_ruber
mw-redirect
Phoenicopterus ruber

values:
/wiki/Fulica_americana
mw-redirect
Fulica americana

values:
/wiki/Gallinula_chloropus
mw-redirect
Gallinula chloropus

values: Edit section: Interspecies predatory relations

values:
/wiki/Black_spiny-tailed_iguana
mw-redirect
Black spiny-tailed iguana

values:
/wiki/La_Manzanilla,_Jalisco
mw-redirect
La Manzanilla, Jalisco

values:
/wiki/Crocodile_attacks
mw-redirect
Crocodile attacks

values:
/wiki/Lazaro_Cardenas
mw-redirect
Lazaro Cardenas

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1563379

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1563379

values:
nofollow
external text
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw157

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086/271534

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1436233

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1436233

values:
/wiki/David_%26_Charles
mw-redirect
David & Charles

values:
nofollow
external text
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw230

values:
/wiki/Miami_Science_Museum
mw-redirect
Miami Science Museum

values:
/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin
mw-redirect
Houghton Mifflin

values:
/wiki/University_Of_Chicago_Press
mw-redirect
University Of Chicago Press

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v45i1.a12

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1564172

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1564172

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1440328

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1440328

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.crocodilian.com

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1564309

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1564309

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1563406

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1563406

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1563530

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1563530

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18474361

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.eol.org/pages/1056415

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
*_Kingdom:_Animalia
*_Phylum:_Chordata
*_Class:_Reptilia
*_(unranked):_Archosauria
*_Superorder:_Crocodylomorpha

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Alligator row navbox-group width:9em;height:4em;

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
Taxon_identifiers
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/1056415

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/2441329

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/26085

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values: Category:IUCN Red List vulnerable species

values: Category:Reptiles of the Dominican Republic

values: Category:Reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago

values: Category:Vulnerable fauna of the United States

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/American_crocodile
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: تمساح أمريكي – Arabic

values: Американски остромуцунест крокодил – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کروکودیل آمریکایی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 아메리카악어 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: תנין אמריקני – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Американски крокодил – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: Америк матар – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Острорылый крокодил – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Амерички крокодил – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: จระเข้อเมริกา – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Гостромордий крокодил – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-American_crocodile rootpage-American_crocodile skin-vector action-view


text:
Niger River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 November 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
"Quorra" redirects here. For the Tron: Legacy character, see List of Tron characters § Quorra.
This article is about the river. For the play or movie, see The River Niger.
Niger River
Fleuve Niger (Joliba, Orimiri, Isa Ber, Oya, gher n gheren)
The Niger at Koulikoro, Mali.
Name origin: Unknown. Likely from Berber for River gher
Countries
Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, Nigeria
Tributaries
- left Sokoto River, Kaduna River, Benue River, Anambra River
- right Bani River
Cities
Tembakounda, Bamako, Timbuktu, Niamey, Lokoja, Onitsha
Source
Guinea Highlands
Mouth
Atlantic Ocean
- location Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria
Length
4,180 km (2,597 mi)
Basin
2,117,700 km2 (817,649 sq mi)
Discharge
for Niger Delta
- average 5,589 m3/s (197,374 cu ft/s) [1]
- max 27,600 m3/s (974,685 cu ft/s) [2]
- min 500 m3/s (17,657 cu ft/s)
The Niger River (/ˈnaɪdʒər/; French: (le) fleuve Niger, pronounced [(lə) flœv niʒɛʁ]) is the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4,180 km (2,600 mi). Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 (817,600 sq mi) in area.[3] Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. It runs in a crescent through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta or the Oil Rivers, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River (also known as the Zaïre River). Its main tributary is the Benue River.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 Unusual route
4 European exploration
5 Management and development
5.1 Niger Basin Charta and Investment Plan
5.2 Funding
5.3 River transport and dredging
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
10.1 International law and the River Niger
Etymology[edit]
The Niger has different names in the different languages of the region:
Manding: Jeliba or Joliba "great river"
Igbo: Orimiri or Orimili "great water"
Tuareg: Egerew n-Igerewen "river of rivers"
Songhay: Isa Ber "big river", or simply Isa "the river" in Zarma
Hausa: Kwara
Yoruba: Oya
The earliest use of the name "Niger" for the river is by Leo Africanus in his Della descrittione dell’Africa et delle cose notabili che iui sono published in Italian in 1550. The name may come from Berber phrase ger-n-ger meaning "river of rivers".[4] As Timbuktu was the southern end of the principal Trans-Saharan trade route to the western Mediterranean, it was the source of most European knowledge of the region.
Medieval European maps applied the name Niger to the middle reaches of the river, in modern Mali, but Quorra (Kworra) to the lower reaches in modern Nigeria, as these were not recognized at the time as being the same river. When European colonial powers began to send ships along the West coast of Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Senegal River was often postulated to be seaward end of the Niger. The Niger Delta, pouring into the Atlantic through mangrove swamps and thousands of distributaries along more than 160 kilometres (100 miles), was thought to be no more than coastal wetlands. It was only with the 18th-century visits of Mungo Park, who travelled down the Niger River and visited the great Sahelian empires of his day, that Europeans correctly identified the course of the Niger and extended the name to its entire course.
The modern nations of Nigeria and Niger take their names from the river, marking contesting national claims by colonial powers of the "Upper", "Lower" and "Middle" Niger river basin during the Scramble for Africa at the end of the 19th century.
Geography[edit]
The great bend of the Niger River, seen from space, creates a green arc through the brown of the Sahel and Savanna. The green mass on the left is the Inner Niger Delta, and on the far left are tributaries of the Senegal River.
Mud houses on the center island at Lake Debo, a wide section of the Niger River.
The Niger River is a relatively "clear" river, carrying only a tenth as much sediment as the Nile because the Niger's headwaters lie in ancient rocks that provide little silt.[5] Like the Nile, the Niger floods yearly; this begins in September, peaks in November, and finishes by May.[5]
An unusual feature of the river is the Inner Niger Delta, which forms where its gradient suddenly decreases.[5] The result is a region of braided streams, marshes, and lakes the size of Belgium; the seasonal floods make the Delta extremely productive for both fishing and agriculture.[6]
The river loses nearly two-thirds of its potential flow in the Inner Delta between Ségou and Timbuktu to seepage and evaporation. All the water from the Bani River, which flows into the Delta at Mopti, does not compensate for the 'losses'. The average 'loss' is estimated at 31 km3/year, but varies considerably between years.[7] The river is then joined by various tributaries, but also loses more water to evaporation. The quantity of water entering Nigeria measured in Yola was estimated at 25 km3/year before the 1980s and at 13.5 km3/year during the 1980s. The most important tributary of the Niger in Nigeria is the Benue River which merges with the river at Lokoja in Nigeria. The total volume of tributaries in Nigeria is six times higher than the inflow into Nigeria, with a flow near the mouth of the river standing at 177.0 km3/year before the 1980s and 147.3 km3/year during the 1980s.[7]
Unusual route[edit]
The Niger takes one of the most unusual routes of any major river, a boomerang shape that baffled geographers for two centuries. Its source is just 240 km (150 mi) inland from the Atlantic Ocean, but the river runs directly away from the sea into the Sahara Desert, then takes a sharp right turn near the ancient city of Timbuktu (Tombouctou) and heads southeast to the Gulf of Guinea.
This strange geography apparently came about because the Niger River is two ancient rivers joined together. The upper Niger, from the source west of Timbuktu to the bend in the current river near Timbuktu, once emptied into a now dry lake to the east northeast of Timbuktu, while the lower Niger started to the south of Timbuktu and flowed south into the Gulf of Guinea. Over time upstream erosion by the lower Niger resulted in stream capture of the upper Niger by the lower Niger.[8]
The northern part of the river, known as the Niger bend, is an important area because it is the major river and source of water in that part of the Sahara desert. This made it the focal point of trade across the western Sahara, and the centre of the Sahelian kingdoms of Mali and Gao.
The surrounding Niger River Basin is one of the distinct physiographic sections of the Sudan province, which in turn is part of the larger African massive physiographic division.
European exploration[edit]
A reconstruction of the Ravenna Cosmography placed on a Ptolemaic map. The River Ger is visible at bottom. Note it is placed, following Ptolemy, as just south of the land of the Garamantes, in modern Libya, constricting the continent to the land from the central Sahara north.
1561 map of West Africa by Girolamo Ruscelli, from Italian translation of Ptolemy's Atlas "La Geograpfia Di Claudio Tolomeo Alessandrino, Nouvamente Tradatta Di Greco in Italiano". The writer was attempting to square information gleaned from Portuguese trade along the coast with Ptolemy's world map. The mouths of the Senegal River and Gambia River are postulated to flow into a lake, which also feeds the "Ger"/Niger River, which in turn feeds the "Nile Lake" and Nile River.
The origin of the river's name remains unclear. What is clear is that "Niger" was an appellation applied in the Mediterranean world from at least the Classical era, when knowledge of the area by Europeans was slightly better than fable. A careful study of Classical writings on the interior of the Sahara begins with Ptolemy, who mentions two rivers in the desert: the "Gir" and farther south, the "Ni-Gir".[9][10] The first has been since identified as the Wadi Ghir on the north western edge of the Tuat, along the borders of modern Morocco and Algeria.[9][11] This would likely have been as far as Ptolemy would have had consistent records. The Ni-Ger was likely speculation, although the name stuck as that of a river south of the Mediterranean's "known world". Suetonius reports Romans traveling to the "Ger", although in reporting any river's name derived from a Berber language, in which "gher" means "watercourse", confusion could easily arise.[12] Pliny connected these two rivers as one long watercourse which flowed (via lakes and underground sections) into the Nile,[13] a notion which persisted in the Arab and European worlds – and further added the Senegal River as the "Ger" – until the 19th century. The connection to the Nile River was made not simply because this was then known as the great river of "Aethiopia" (by which all lands south of the desert were called by Classical writers), but because the Nile flooded every summer. In Europe and Western Asia, floods are expected in the Spring, following snow melt. Classical authors explained the summer flood by calculating the time it took for flood waters to move down a river, and calculating how long the Nile must have been for the waters to travel from a mountain range in the spring. However the cycle of the Nile is influenced by tropical rain patterns instead of by melting snow, a characteristic unknown to the Classical Mediterranean world.[14] Through the descriptions of Leo Africanus and even Ibn Battuta – despite his visit to the river – the myth connecting the Niger to the Nile persisted.
While the true course of the Niger was presumably known to locals, it was a mystery to the outside world until the late 18th century. Ancient Romans such as Pliny (N.H. 5.10) thought that the river near Timbuktu was part of the Nile River, a belief also held by Ibn Battuta, while early European explorers thought that it flowed west and joined the Senegal River.
Many European expeditions to plot the river were unsuccessful. In 1788 the African Association was formed in England to promote the exploration of Africa in the hopes of locating the Niger, and in June 1796 the Scottish explorer Mungo Park was the first European to lay eyes on the middle portion of the river since antiquity (and perhaps ever). The true course was established in his book Travels in the Interior of Africa, which appeared in 1799.[15] The African Association failed in assaults from the north (Tripoli), the east (Cairo), and the west (Gambia). The membership now proposed that an effort be made from the south. The site chosen in 1804 from which to strike inland was a British trading post in the Gulf of Guinea. Unbeknownst to him, the river mouth that emptied into the Gulf, whence Henry Nicholls was to set out in search of the Niger, was precisely the end of the Niger itself—only the Europeans did not know it yet. The starting point of the expedition was in fact its destination.[16]
On October 24, 1946 three Frenchmen, Jean Sauvy, Pierre Ponty and movie maker Jean Rouch, former civil servants in the African French colonies, set out to travel the entire length of the river, as no one else seemed to have done previously. They travelled from the very beginning of the river near Kissidougou in Guinea, walking at first till a raft could be used, then changing to various local crafts as the river broadened and changed. Two of them reached the ocean on March 25, 1947, with Pierre Ponty having had to leave the expedition at Niamey, somewhat past the halfway mark. They carried a 16mm movie camera, the resulting footage giving Jean Rouch his first two ethnographic documentaries: "Au pays des mages noirs", and "La chasse à l’hippopotame". A camera was used to illustrate Jean Rouch's subsequent book "Le Niger En Pirogue" (Fernand Nathan, 1954), as well as Jean Sauvy’s “Descente du Niger” (L'Harmattan 2001). A typewriter was brought as well, on which Pierre Ponty produced newspaper articles he mailed out whenever possible.[17]
More recently, Norwegian adventurer Helge Hjelland made another journey through the entire length of the Niger River starting in Guinea-Bissau in 2005. The trip was filmed by the adventurer himself and made into a documentary titled "The Cruellest Journey".[18]
Management and development[edit]
The water in the Niger River basin is partially regulated through dams. In Mali the Sélingué Dam on the Sankarani River is mainly used for hydropower, but also permits irrigation. Two diversion dams, one at Sotuba just downstream of Bamako, and one at Markala, just downstream of Ségou, are used to irrigate about 54,000 hectares.[7] In Nigeria the Kainji Dam and the Jebba dam are used to generate hydropower.
The water resources of the Niger River are under pressure due to increased water abstraction for irrigation and due to the impact of climate change. The construction of dams for hydropower generation is underway or envisaged in order to alleviate chronic power shortages in the countries of the Niger basin.[19]
The FAO estimates the irrigation potential of all countries in the Niger river basin at 2.8 million hectares. Only 0.93m hectares (ha) were under irrigation in the late 1980s. The irrigation potential was estimated at 1.68m ha in Nigeria 0.56m ha in Mali, and the actual irrigated area was 0.67m ha and 0.19m ha.[7]
Niger Basin Charta and Investment Plan[edit]
In order to further coordinate their efforts, in April 2008 the riparian countries which form the Niger Basin Authority adopted a Niger Basin Water Charta, a basin-wide 30-year investment plan and a 5-year priority investment plan. The Charta promotes Integrated Water Resources Management, defines procedures for the examination and approval of new projects, provides a framework for the allocation of water resources between sectors, commits to maintain the integrity of aquatic ecosystems and defines mechanisms for the settlement of disputes between countries and for user participation. Investments include the expansion of irrigated agriculture to improve food security, the construction of the Taoussa (or Tossaye) dam in Mali and the Kandadji Dam in Niger (the latter has been under construction since August 2008), as well as the rehabilitation of the Kainji dam and Jebba dam in Nigeria.[a]
Funding[edit]
Most of the investments are funded or are expected to be funded through aid. For example, the Kandadji Dam is financed by the Islamic Development Bank, the African Development Bank and the OPEC Development Fund. The World Bank approved a US$500 million soft loan in July 2007 to finance projects in the basin over a 12-year period. Funding will be awarded in two phases. The initial $185 million credit will go to Nigeria, Guinea, Benin, Mali and Niger. The second, $315 million investment, is slated for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad and Ivory Coast.[22] Besides financing the rehabilitation of dams in Nigeria, the loan will also fund the "sustainable management of selected degraded ecosystems and rehabilitation of small water infrastructure" and capacity building.[23]
River transport and dredging[edit]
In September 2009, the Nigerian government commenced a 36 billion naira dredging of the Niger River from Baro to Warri, a move which will see silt removed from several hundred kilometres.[24] The dredging is intended to make it easier for goods to be transported to isolated settlements located deep within from the Atlantic Ocean.[24] Estimated to be completed within six to eight months, it had first been proposed and then postponed for 43 years previously by the then government.[24][25] Speaking in Lokoja, Nigerian President Umaru Yar'Adua stated that the project would lead to "all-year-round navigability" on the River Niger and that he hoped that, by 2020, Nigeria would have become one of the twenty most industrialised nations in the world.[24][25] Alhaji Ibrahim Bio, the Nigerian Minister of Transport, said his ministry would work to make certain the project would be completed within its designated timeframe.[25] Some activists have, however, opposed the project in the past, claiming it may have negative effects on waterside villagers.[24]
In late March 2010 the dredging project was 50% complete.[26]
See also[edit]
Africa portal
Geography portal
Azawagh
Niger Basin Authority
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Niger Basin Authority (NBA), Executive Secretariat, "8th Summit of the Heads of State and Government", Final communique ,[20] quoted in the Newsletter No. 47 of ECLAC because the website of the Niger Basin Authority is not working.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Accessed 2010-10-22.
Jump up ^ Accessed 2010-10-22.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter H. (2000), The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater, Island Press, p. 33, ISBN 1-55963-792-7 ; online at Google Books
Jump up ^ Hunwick, John O. (2003) [1999]. Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents. Leiden: Brill. p. 275 Fn 22. ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Reader 2001, p. 191.
Jump up ^ Reader 2001, pp. 191–192.
^ Jump up to: a b c d FAO:Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach, The Niger Basin, 1997
Jump up ^ Tom L. McKnight; Darrel Hess (2005). "16, "The Fluvial Processes"". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson, Prentice Hall. p. 462. ISBN 0-13-145139-1.
^ Jump up to: a b C. K. Meek, The Niger and the Classics: The History of a Name. The Journal of African History. Vol. 1, No. 1 (1960), pp. 1-17
Jump up ^ Law, R. C. C. (1967), "The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times", The Journal of African History, 8 (2): 181–200, doi:10.1017/S0021853700007015 . Law carefully ties together the classical sources on this, and explains the mix of third hand reports and mythology that was current in both the European and Arab worlds.
Jump up ^ Edward Herbert Bunbury, William H. Stahl. A History of Ancient Geography Among the Greeks and Romans: From the Earliest Ages Till the Fall of the Roman Empire J. Murray, London (1879) pp.626–627
Jump up ^ Thomson 1948, pp. 258–259.
Jump up ^ Thomson 1948, p. 258.
Jump up ^ Law (1967) pp.182–4
Jump up ^ de Gramonte, Sanche (1991), The Strong Brown God: Story of the Niger River, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-56756-4
Jump up ^ Frank T. Kryza, The Race for Timbuktu: In Search of Africa’s City of Gold, New York: HarperCollins, 2006, p. 46. ISBN 0060560657.
Jump up ^ Baugh, Brenda, About Jean Rouch, Documentary Education Resources, retrieved 27 Jan 2010
Jump up ^ Bergen International Film Festival - The Cruelest Journey https://amehn.wordpress.com/the-cruellest-journey/
Jump up ^ "In the Niger Basin, Countries Collaborate on Hydropower, Irrigation and Improved Water Resource Management". World Bank. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.abn.ne/index.php/eng/News/Publi-INFO/Final-communique-8-th-Head-of-States-Summit
Jump up ^ http://www.eclac.org/drni/noticias/circulares/1/35841/irl_47.pdf
Jump up ^ Voice of America: RSS Feed World Bank Sending $500 Million Funding for Niger Basin Development, July 4, 2007
Jump up ^ World Bank:Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Project, accessed on January 9, 2010 Archived June 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Nigeria begins vast river dredge". BBC. 2009-09-10. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wole Ayodele (2009-09-09). "Yar'Adua Flags off Dredging of River Niger". This Day Online. Archived from the original on 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2009-09-11. http://allafrica.com/stories/200909110317.html
Jump up ^ "N36bn River Niger dredging project 50% completed – FG". Punch on the web. 2010-03-25. Retrieved 2010-05-11. [permanent dead link]http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/03/n36bn-dredging-of-river-niger-not-cancelled-presidency/
Sources[edit]
Reader, John (2001), Africa, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, ISBN 0-620-25506-4
Thomson, J. Oliver (1948), History of Ancient Geography, Biblo & Tannen Publishers, ISBN 0-8196-0143-8
Welcomme, R.L. (1986), "The Niger River System", in Davies, Bryan Robert; Walker, Keith F., The Ecology of River Systems, Springer, pp. 9–60, ISBN 90-6193-540-7
External links[edit]
Find more aboutNiger Riverat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Data from Wikidata
Information and a map of the Niger's watershed http://www.wri.org/resources
Map of the Niger River basin at Water Resources eAtlas (link broken)
Niger Currents: Exploring life and technology along the Niger River
Pierre Maas and Geert Mommersteeg, Fishing in the Pondo, 1990, Saudi Aramco World
International law and the River Niger[edit]
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
Fabio Spadi, "The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle", Leiden Journal of International Law https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/13541(2005) 4, pp. 777–794.
Coordinates: 13°51′37″N 3°20′00″W / 13.86014°N 3.33328°W / 13.86014; -3.33328
[hide]
v
t
e
Niger River
Countries
Guinea
Mali
Niger
Benin
Nigeria
Sections
Source of the Niger
Middle Niger
Inner Niger Delta
Lower Niger
Niger Delta
Tributaries (list) and
distributaries
Tinkisso River
Sankarani River
Milo River
Bani River
Mekrou River
Alibori River
Sola River
Sokoto River
Sota River
Kaduna River
Benue River
Anambra River
Forcados River
Nun River
Brass River
Cities
Siguiri
Bamako
Segou
Mopti
Timbuktu
Gao
Niamey
Lokoja
Onitsha
Lakes
Kainji Lake
Lac Debo
Dams and bridges
King Fahd Bridge
Martyrs Bridge
Markala Dam
Gao Bridge
Kennedy Bridge
Kainji Dam
Jebba Dam
River Niger Bridge (Onitsha)
Protected Areas
Niger Basin Authority
National Park of Upper Niger
W National Park
Kainji National Park
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 312565176
GND: 4042299-9
NDL: 00628857
BNE: XX453549
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger_River&oldid=812454494"
Categories:
Niger River
Benin–Niger border
International rivers of Africa
Niger Inland Delta
Physiographic sections
Rivers of Benin
Rivers of Guinea
Rivers of Mali
Rivers of Niger
Rivers of Nigeria
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (level 1)
Geobox usage tracking for river type
Articles containing French-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bamanankan
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Chi-Chewa
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Frysk
Fulfulde
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Hausa
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Igbo
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lingála
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Tarandíne
ไทย
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 November 2017, at 22:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Page protected with pending changes level 1

attrs: href title

values: All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class src alt title

values: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attrs: id class src style alt

value: i

attrs: id style class

values: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; background-color: #b3cce4;

values:
/wiki/Berber_language
mw-redirect
Berber language

values:
mergedtoprow
Etymology (origin) of the name

values: Country/Countries in which the site lies

values: Major tributaries observed as the river flows

values: Major left tributaries observed as the river flows

values: Major right tributaries observed as the river flows

values:
mergedrow
Major settlements which lie in the site

values:
mergedrow
Drainage basin/catchment area/watershed

values: width: 256px; padding: 0; font-size: 89%;

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Braided_stream
mw-redirect
Braided stream

values:
/wiki/Sahara_Desert
mw-redirect
Sahara Desert

values:
/wiki/Aethiopia_(Classical_Greek_term)
mw-redirect
Aethiopia (Classical Greek term)

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Romans
mw-redirect
Ancient Romans

values: Travels in the Interior of Africa (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Management and development

values: Edit section: Niger Basin Charta and Investment Plan

values:
/wiki/Jebba_Power_Station
mw-redirect
Jebba Power Station

values: Edit section: River transport and dredging

values:
/wiki/Umaru_Yar%27Adua
mw-redirect
Umaru Yar'Adua

values: Alhaji Ibrahim Bio (page does not exist)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/179702

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.wri.org/resources

values:
nofollow
http://www.nigercurrents.ca/
external text

values: Edit section: International law and the River Niger

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/File:Niger_river_map.svg
image
Niger River

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Mekrou_River
mw-redirect
Mekrou River

values:
/wiki/Forcados_River
mw-redirect
Forcados River

values:
/wiki/King_Fahd_Bridge_(Bamako)
mw-redirect
King Fahd Bridge (Bamako)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/312565176

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042299-9

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (level 1)

values: Category:Geobox usage tracking for river type

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Niger_River
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ኒጄር ወንዝ – Amharic

values: نهر النيجر – Arabic

values: নাইজাৰ নদী – Assamese

values:
https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeliba
Jeliba – Bambara
bm
bm
interlanguage-link-target

values: নাইজার নদী – Bangla

values: Нигер (йылға) – Bashkir

values: Нігер (рака) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: नाइजर नदी – Bhojpuri

values: Нигер (юханшыв) – Chuvash

values: Νίγηρας ποταμός – Greek

values: رودخانه نیجر – Persian

values: नाइजर नदी – Hindi

values: ნიგერი (მდინარე) – Georgian

values: Нигер (өзен) – Kazakh

values: Нигер (дарыя) – Kyrgyz

values: नायजर नदी – Marathi

values: ნიგერი (წყარმალუ) – Mingrelian

values: Нигер мөрөн – Mongolian

values: နိုင်ဂျာမြစ် – Burmese

values: नाइजर खुसि – Newari

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerelva
Nigerelva – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਨਾਈਜਰ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi

values: Ніґер (ріка) – Rusyn

values: Нигер (река) – Russian

values: Нигер (река) – Serbian

values: நைஜர் ஆறு – Tamil

values: แม่น้ำไนเจอร์ – Thai

values: Нігер (річка) – Ukrainian

values: دریائے نائجر – Urdu

values: ניזשער טייך – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Niger_River rootpage-Niger_River skin-vector action-view