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Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
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Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
theatrical release poster
Directed by
Frank Capra
Produced by
Frank Capra
Screenplay by
Sidney Buchman
Myles Connolly (uncredited contributor to script construction and dialogue)[1]
Story by
"The Gentleman from Montana" (unpub. story)[1] by Lewis R. Foster[2]
Starring
Jean Arthur
James Stewart
Narrated by
Colin James Mackey
Music by
Dimitri Tiomkin
Cinematography
Joseph Walker
Edited by
Gene Havlick
Al Clark
Production
company
Columbia Pictures
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
October 17, 1939 (1939-10-17) (DC premiere)
Running time
125-126 or 130 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1.5 million
Box office
$9,000,000[3]
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington is a 1939 American political comedy-drama film directed by Frank Capra, starring Jean Arthur and James Stewart, and featuring Claude Rains and Edward Arnold. The film is about a newly appointed United States Senator who fights against a corrupt political system, and was written by Sidney Buchman, based on Lewis R. Foster's unpublished story "The Gentleman from Montana".[4] The film was controversial when it was first released, but was also successful at the box office, and made Stewart a major movie star.[5]
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, winning for Best Original Story.[6] Considered to be one of the greatest films of all time, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1989, deeming it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Impact
5 Awards and honors
5.1 Academy Awards
5.2 Other honors
6 Remakes
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
The governor of an unnamed western state, Hubert "Happy" Hopper (Guy Kibbee), has to pick a replacement for recently deceased U.S. Senator Sam Foley. His corrupt political boss, Jim Taylor (Edward Arnold), pressures Hopper to choose his handpicked stooge, while popular committees want a reformer, Henry Hill. The governor's children want him to select Jefferson Smith (James Stewart), the head of the Boy Rangers. Unable to make up his mind between Taylor's stooge and the reformer, Hopper decides to flip a coin. When it lands on edge – and next to a newspaper story on one of Smith's accomplishments – he chooses Smith, calculating that his wholesome image will please the people while his naïveté will make him easy to manipulate.
Junior Senator Smith is taken under the wing of the publicly esteemed, but secretly crooked, Senator Joseph Paine (Claude Rains), who was Smith's late father's friend. Smith develops an immediate attraction to the senator's daughter, Susan (Astrid Allwyn). At Senator Paine's home, Smith has a conversation with Susan, fidgeting and bumbling, entranced by the young socialite. Smith's naïve and honest nature allows the unforgiving Washington press to take advantage of him, quickly tarnishing Smith's reputation with ridiculous front page pictures and headlines branding him a bumpkin.
To keep Smith busy, Paine suggests he propose a bill. With the help of his secretary, Clarissa Saunders (Jean Arthur), who was the aide to Smith's predecessor and had been around Washington and politics for years, Smith comes up with a bill to authorize a federal government loan to buy some land in his home state for a national boys' camp, to be paid back by youngsters across America. Donations pour in immediately. However, the proposed campsite is already part of a dam-building graft scheme included in an appropriations bill framed by the Taylor political machine and supported by Senator Paine.
Unwilling to crucify the worshipful Smith so that their graft plan will go through, Paine tells Taylor he wants out, but Taylor reminds him that Paine is in power primarily through Taylor's influence. Through Paine, the machine in his state accuses Smith of trying to profit from his bill by producing fraudulent evidence that Smith already owns the land in question. Smith is too shocked by Paine's betrayal to defend himself, and runs away.
Saunders, who looked down on Smith at first, but has come to believe in him, talks him into launching a filibuster to postpone the appropriations bill and prove his innocence on the Senate floor just before the vote to expel him. In his last chance to prove his innocence, he talks non-stop for about 24 hours, reaffirming the American ideals of freedom and disclosing the true motives of the dam scheme. Yet none of the Senators are convinced.
The constituents try to rally around him, but the entrenched opposition is too powerful, and all attempts are crushed. Owing to the influence of Taylor's machine, newspapers and radio stations in Smith's home state, on Taylor's orders, refuse to report what Smith has to say and even distort the facts against the senator. An effort by the Boy Rangers to spread the news in support of Smith results in vicious attacks on the children by Taylor's minions.
Although all hope seems lost, the senators begin to pay attention as Smith approaches utter exhaustion. Paine has one last card up his sleeve: he brings in bins of letters and telegrams from Smith's home state, purportedly from average people demanding his expulsion. Nearly broken by the news, Smith finds a small ray of hope in a friendly smile from the President of the Senate (Harry Carey). Smith vows to press on until people believe him, but immediately collapses in a faint. Overcome with guilt, Paine leaves the Senate chamber and attempts to commit suicide by gunshot, but is stopped by onlooking senators. He then bursts back into the Senate chamber, shouting a confession to the whole scheme; Paine further insists that he should be expelled from the Senate and affirms Smith's innocence, to the delight of Clarissa. The President of the Senate observes the ensuing chaos with amusement.
Cast[edit]
Jean Arthur as Clarissa Saunders
James Stewart as Jefferson "Jeff" Smith
Claude Rains as Senator Joseph Harrison "Joe" Paine
Edward Arnold as Jim Taylor
Guy Kibbee as Governor Hubert "Happy" Hopper
Thomas Mitchell as "Diz" Moore
Eugene Pallette as Chick McGann
Beulah Bondi as Ma Smith
H. B. Warner as Senate Majority Leader
Harry Carey as President of the Senate
Astrid Allwyn as Susan Paine
Ruth Donnelly as Mrs. Hopper
Grant Mitchell as Senator MacPherson
Porter Hall as Senator Monroe
Pierre Watkin as Senate Minority Leader
Charles Lane as "Nosey", reporter
William Demarest as Bill Griffith
Dick Elliott as Carl Cook
The Hopper Boys:
Billy Watson
Delmar Watson
John Russell
Harry Watson
Gary Watson
Baby Dumpling (Larry Simms)
H. V. Kaltenborn as himself
Uncredited
Russell Simpson as Kenneth Allen
Dick Jones as Richard "Dickie" Jones, Senate Page Boy
Nick Copeland as Senate Reporter
Anne Cornwall as Senate Reporter
Gino Corrado as Barber
Maurice Costello as Diggs - Newsman
Alec Craig as Speaker
Beatrice Curtis as Paine's Secretary
Lew Davis as Senate Clerk
Dulcie Day as Senate Reporter
Wally Dean as Paine's Friend
Vernon Dent as Senate Reporter
Harry Depp as Hat Salesman / Secretary
Robert Middlemass as 2nd Radio Announcer
Gladys Gale as Committee Woman
Stanley Andrews as Senator Hodges
Harlan Briggs as Mr. Edwards, howling citizen
Cast notes:
Among the unbilled veteran character actors seen in the film are Guy Kibbee's brother, Milton Kibbee, who has a bit as a reporter; Lafe McKee; and Matt McHugh of the McHugh acting family. Also in the film in minor roles are Dub Taylor and Jack Carson, later well-known actors. Silent film star Hank Mann played a photographer.
Production[edit]
James Stewart and Jean Arthur in a taxicab
Columbia Pictures originally purchased Lewis R. Foster's unpublished story, variously called "The Gentleman from Montana" and "The Gentleman from Wyoming", as a vehicle for Ralph Bellamy, but once Frank Capra came on board as director – after Rouben Mamoulian had expressed interest – the film was to be a sequel to his Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, called Mr. Deeds Goes to Washington, with Gary Cooper reprising his role as Longfellow Deeds.[N 1] Because Cooper was unavailable, Capra then "saw it immediately as a vehicle for Jimmy Stewart and Jean Arthur",[7] and Stewart was borrowed from MGM.[4] Capra said of Stewart: "I knew he would make a hell of a Mr. Smith ... He looked like the country kid, the idealist. It was very close to him."[8]
Although a youth group is featured in the story, the Boy Scouts of America refused to allow their name to be used in the film and instead the fanciful "Boy Rangers" was used.[4]
In January 1938, both Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Paramount Pictures submitted Foster's story to the censors at the Hays Office, likely indicating that both studios had an interest in the project before Columbia purchased it. Joseph Breen, the head of that office, warned the studios: "[W]e would urge most earnestly that you take serious counsel before embarking on the production of any motion picture based on this story. It looks to us like one that might well be loaded with dynamite, both for the motion picture industry, and for the country at large." Breen specifically objected to "the generally unflattering portrayal of our system of Government, which might well lead to such a picture being considered, both here, and more particularly abroad, as a covert attack on the Democratic form of government", and warned that the film should make clear that "the Senate is made up of a group of fine, upstanding citizens, who labor long and tirelessly for the best interests of the nation ..."
James Stewart
Later, after the screenplay had been written and submitted, Breen reversed course, saying of the film, "It is a grand yarn that will do a great deal of good for all those who see it and, in my judgment, it is particularly fortunate that this kind of story is to be made at this time. Out of all Senator Jeff's difficulties there has been evolved the importance of a democracy and there is splendidly emphasized the rich and glorious heritage which is ours and which comes when you have a government 'of the people, by the people, and for the people'".[4]
The film was in production from April 3, 1939, to July 7 of that year.[9] Some location shooting took place in Washington, D.C., at Union Station and at the United States Capitol, as well as other locations for background use.[10][11]
In the studio, to ensure authenticity, an elaborate set was created, consisting of Senate committee rooms, cloak rooms, and hotel suites, as well as specific Washington, D.C., monuments, all based on a trip Capra and his crew made to the capital. Even the Press Club of Washington was reproduced in minute detail,[4][12] but the major effort went into a faithful reproduction of the Senate Chamber on the Columbia lot. James D. Preston, a former superintendent of the Senate gallery, acted as technical director for the Senate set, as well as advising on political protocol. The production also utilized the "New York street set" on the Warner Bros. lot, using 1,000 extras when that scene was shot.[4]
The ending of the film was apparently changed at some point, as the original program describes Stewart and Arthur returning to Smith's hometown, where they are met by a big parade, with the implication that they are married and starting a family.[4] In addition, the Taylor political machine is shown being crushed; Smith, riding a motorcycle, visits Senator Paine and forgives him; and a visit to Smith's mother is included. Some of this footage can be seen in the film's trailer.[13]
Impact[edit]
The film premiered in Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., on October 17, 1939, sponsored by the National Press Club, an event to which 4,000 guests were invited, including 45 senators.[8] Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was attacked by the Washington press, and politicians in the U.S. Congress, as anti-American and pro-Communist for its portrayal of corruption in the American government.[14] While Capra claims in his autobiography that some senators walked out of the premiere, contemporary press accounts are unclear about whether this occurred or not, or whether senators yelled back at the screen during the film.[15]
Senator Jefferson Smith addresses inattentive Senators
It is known that Alben W. Barkley, a Democrat and the Senate Majority Leader, called the film "silly and stupid", and said it "makes the Senate look like a bunch of crooks".[16] He also remarked that the film was "a grotesque distortion" of the Senate, "as grotesque as anything ever seen! Imagine the Vice President of the United States winking at a pretty girl in the gallery in order to encourage a filibuster!" Barkley thought the film "... showed the Senate as the biggest aggregation of nincompoops on record!"[16]
Pete Harrison, a respected journalist and publisher of the motion picture trade journal Harrison's Reports, suggested that the Senate pass a bill allowing theater owners to refuse to show films that "were not in the best interest of our country". That did not happen, but one of the ways that some senators attempted to retaliate for the damage they felt the film had done to the reputation of their institution was by pushing the passage of the Neely Anti-Block Booking Bill, which eventually led to the breakup of the studio-owned theater chains in the late 1940s. Columbia responded by distributing a program which put forward the film’s patriotism and support of democracy and publicized the film’s many positive reviews.[17]
Other objections were voiced as well. Joseph P. Kennedy, the American Ambassador to Great Britain, wrote to Capra and Columbia head Harry Cohn to say that he feared the film would damage "America’s prestige in Europe", and because of this urged that it be withdrawn from European release. Capra and Cohn responded, citing the film’s review, which mollified Kennedy to the extent that he never followed up, although he privately still had doubts about the film.[18]
The film was banned in Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy, Franco's Spain and Stalin's USSR.[19] According to Capra, the film was also dubbed in certain European countries to alter the message of the film so it conformed with official ideology.[19]
When a ban on American films was imposed in German occupied France in 1942, some theaters chose to show Mr. Smith Goes to Washington as the last movie before the ban went into effect. One theater owner in Paris reportedly screened the film nonstop for 30 days after the ban was announced.[20]
The critical response to the film was more measured than the reaction by politicians, domestic and foreign. The critic for The New York Times, for instance, Frank S. Nugent, wrote that "[Capra] is operating, of course, under the protection of that unwritten clause in the Bill of Rights entitling every voting citizen to at least one free swing at the Senate. Mr. Capra’s swing is from the floor and in the best of humor; if it fails to rock the august body to its heels – from laughter as much as from injured dignity – it won’t be his fault but the Senate's, and we should really begin to worry about the upper house."[21]
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington has been called one of the quintessential whistleblower films in American history. Dr. James Murtagh and Dr. Jeffrey Wigand cited this film as a seminal event in U.S. history at the first "Whistleblower Week in Washington" (May 13–19, 2007).[22][23]
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington has often been listed as among Capra’s best, but it has been noted that it "marked a turning point in Capra’s vision of the world, from nervous optimism to a darker, more pessimistic tone. Beginning with American Madness (1932), such Capra films as Lady for a Day (1933), It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and You Can’t Take It With You (1938) had trumpeted their belief in the decency of the common man. In Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, however, the decent common man is surrounded by a venal, petty and thuggish group of crooks. Everyone in the film – except for Jefferson Smith and his tiny cadre of believers – is either in the pay of the political machine run by Edward Arnold’s James Taylor or complicit in Taylor’s corruption through their silence, and they all sit by as innocent people, including children, are brutalized and intimidated, rights are violated, and the government is brought to a halt".[24]
Nevertheless, Smith’s filibuster and the tacit encouragement of the Senate President are both emblematic of the director's belief in the difference that one individual can make. This theme would be expanded further in Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and other films.
Awards and honors[edit]
Academy Awards[edit]
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was nominated for 11 Academy Awards but won only one.[25]
Award
Result
Winner
Outstanding Production Nominated Columbia Pictures (Frank Capra)
Winner was David O. Selznick - Gone with the Wind
Best Director Nominated Frank Capra
Winner was Victor Fleming - Gone with the Wind
Best Actor Nominated James Stewart
Winner was Robert Donat - Goodbye, Mr. Chips
Best Writing, Screenplay Nominated Sidney Buchman
Winner was Sidney Howard - Gone with the Wind
Best Writing, Original Story Won Lewis R. Foster
Best Supporting Actor Nominated Claude Rains*
Harry Carey*
*Winner was Thomas Mitchell - Stagecoach
Best Art Direction Nominated Lionel Banks
Winner was Lyle R. Wheeler - Gone with the Wind
Best Film Editing Nominated Gene Havlick, Al Clark
Winner was Hal C. Kern, James E. Newcom - Gone with the Wind
Best Music, Scoring Nominated Dimitri Tiomkin
Winner was Herbert Stothart - The Wizard of Oz
Best Sound Recording Nominated John P. Livadary
Winner was Bernard B. Brown - When Tomorrow Comes
Other honors[edit]
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was named as one of the best films of 1939 by The New York Times and Film Daily, and was nominated for Best Film by the National Board of Review.
James Stewart won the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor.
In 1989, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[26]
American Film Institute recognition
1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies #29
2003 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
Jefferson Smith, Hero #11
Senator Joseph Paine, Villain - Nominated
2006 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers #5
2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) #26
Sandra Warner and Fess Parker in the 1962 TV series
Remakes[edit]
In 1949, Columbia planned, but never actually produced, a sequel to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, called Mr. Smith Starts a Riot. They also considered doing a gender-reversed remake in 1952, with Jane Wyman playing the lead role.[4]
A television series of the same name, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, ran on ABC during the 1962–1963 season, starring Fess Parker, Sandra Warner and Red Foley.
Producer Frank Capra, Jr. remade the film as part of Tom Laughlin's Billy Jack series, Billy Jack Goes to Washington (1977).[citation needed]
The film was also loosely remade as The Distinguished Gentleman (1992), starring Eddie Murphy.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
The March 10, 1940 broadcast of Jack Benny's NBC radio show featured a parody entitled "Mr. Benny Goes to Washington."[27]
The short-lived NBC political drama Mister Sterling (2003) was described as "a Mr. Smith Goes to Washington for the 21st century", with the show centering on an idealistic young senator from California, coming to grips with Washington and appointed by a scheming, underhanded governor.[4]
The VHS release of Ernest Rides Again featured the opening Saturday Night Live-based short "Mr. Bill Goes to Washington", a spoof of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.
The Simpsons episode "Beyond Blunderdome" includes a parodistic, fake remake of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, authored by a fictional Mel Gibson with Homer Simpson's help. The fictional remake follows the same plot of the original (save for being set in the 21st century) until the final iconic "filibuster scene", replaced with a stock action scene in which a nearly exhausted Mr. Smith suddenly stands up and viciously slaughters every single senator, impaling Senator Payne with an American flag, destroying the Senate and beheading the President of the United States, mockingly quoting Marilyn Monroe's "Happy Birthday, Mr. President".
The Simpsons episode "Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington" is inspired by, and contains several references to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. The episode deals with Lisa Simpson's disillusionment with Washington government, following her winning a trip to Washington as a prize in an essay contest.
The Simpsons episode "Mr. Spritz Goes to Washington" is also inspired by this film. In it, the Simpsons help Krusty the Clown get elected to Congress in exchange for his help in passing a bill that would move the airport flight path away from their neighborhood. Once in Washington, they find their plans blocked by a corrupt and lazy Congress, until Walter Mondale (who is now a janitor) shows them the tricks to get their bill passed.
See also[edit]
Filibuster
Machine politics
Patriotism
Political corruption
Politics of the United States
References[edit]
Informational notes
Jump up ^ Lewis Foster later testified during a lawsuit that he had written the story specifically with Gary Cooper in mind.[4]
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b c Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at the American Film Institute Catalog
Jump up ^ McNamer, Deidre (January 7, 2007). "They Came From Montana". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Information for Mr. Smith Goes to Washington." The Numbers. Retrieved: April 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Notes." TCM. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Brenner, Paul. "Overview." Allmovie. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Nugent, Frank (October 20, 1939) " Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)." The New York Times. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sennett 1989, p. 173.
^ Jump up to: a b Tatara, Paul. "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington." TCM article. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Overview." TCM. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rosales 2003, pp. 102, 117, 124.
Jump up ^ "Filming locations." IMDB. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sennett 1989, p. 175.
Jump up ^ "Trivia." TCM. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Capra 1971, pp. 254–266.
Jump up ^ McBride 1992, pp. 419–420.
^ Jump up to: a b Capra 1971, p. 287.
Jump up ^ Capra 1971, p. 289.
Jump up ^ Capra 1971, p. 292.
^ Jump up to: a b Mr. Smith Goes to Washington on IMDb
Jump up ^ “Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939).” ReelClassics.com. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Capra 1971, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Miles, Adam and Devine, Tom (2007) “Washington Whistleblower Week Starts Monday.” Archived 2007-07-02 at the Wayback Machine. whistleblower.org. Retrieved: January 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Blaylock, Dylan (May 2007) C-SPAN Highlights GAP Event in “Podcast of the Week”. whistleblower.typepad.com. Retrieved: January 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. “Mr. Smith Goes to Washington” Allmovie review. Retrieved: June 26, 2009. Archived October 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners." oscars.org. Retrieved: October 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Brenner, Paul. "Awards." Allmovie. Retrieved: June 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "IIS Windows Server". Archived from the original on 2014-08-11.
Bibliography
Capra, Frank (1971) Frank Capra, The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography. New York: The Macmillan Company. ISBN 0-306-80771-8.
Jones, Ken D., Arthur F. McClure and Alfred E. Twomey (1970) The Films of James Stewart. New York: Castle Books.
McBride, Joseph (1992) Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success. New York: Touchstone Books. ISBN 0-671-79788-3.
Michael, Paul, ed. (1980) The Great Movie Book: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference Guide to the Best-loved Films of the Sound Era. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. ISBN 0-13-363663-1.
Rosales, Jean (2003) DC Goes To The Movies: A Unique Guide To The Reel Washington. Bloomington, Indiana: IUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-26797-2.
Sennett, Ted (1989) Hollywood's Golden Year, 1939: A Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-03361-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at the American Film Institute Catalog
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington on IMDb
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at the TCM Movie Database
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington at AllMovie
Five speeches from the film (text and audio) at AmericanRhetoric.com
Script (Archived)
Full length review
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Fultah Fisher's Boarding House
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You Can't Take It with You
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Meet John Doe
Arsenic and Old Lace
It's a Wonderful Life
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Here Comes the Groom
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Two Down and One to Go
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The Bell Laboratory Science Series
Our Mr. Sun
Hemo the Magnificent
Rendezvous in Space
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Five Came Back (2017 documentary)
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Levittown
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania circa 1959
Levittown is the name of seven large suburban housing developments created in the United States of America by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. Built after World War II for returning veterans and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. The Veterans Administration and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) guaranteed builders that qualified veterans could buy housing for a fraction of rental costs.
Production was modeled on assembly lines in 27 steps with construction workers trained to perform one step. A house could be built in one day when effectively scheduled. This enabled quick and economical production of similar or identical homes with rapid recovery of costs. Standard Levittown houses included a white picket fence, green lawns, and modern appliances. Sales in the original Levittown began in March 1947. 1,400 homes were purchased during the first three hours.
Places[edit]
Levittown, New York - the first Levittown (built 1947–1951)
Levittown, Pennsylvania - the second Levittown (1952–1958)
Willingboro Township, New Jersey - originally and colloquially known as Levittown (started 1958)
Levittown, Puerto Rico (1963)
Bowie, Maryland (1964)
Crofton, Maryland (1970)
Largo, Maryland (1963)
References[edit]
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Spam (food)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Spam
A can of Spam
Course
Main course
Place of origin
United States
Created by
Hormel Foods Corporation
Serving temperature
Hot or cold
Main ingredients
pork and ham
Other information
A canned precooked meat product
Cookbook: Spam Media: Spam
Sliced Spam
Spam (stylized SPAM) is a brand of canned cooked meat made by Hormel Foods Corporation. It was first introduced in 1937 and gained popularity worldwide after its use during World War II.[1] By 2003, Spam was sold in 41 countries on six continents and trademarked in over 100 countries (except in the Middle East and North Africa).[2] In 2007, the seven billionth can of Spam was sold.[3]
According to its label, Spam's basic ingredients are pork, with ham meat added, salt, water, modified potato starch as a binder, sugar, and sodium nitrite as a preservative. Natural gelatin is formed during cooking in its tins on the production line.[4] Many have raised concerns over Spam's nutritional attributes, in large part due to its high content of fat, sodium, and preservatives.[citation needed]
By the early 1970s the name "Spam" became a genericized trademark, used to describe any canned meat product containing pork, such as pork luncheon meat. With expansion in communications technology, it became the subject of urban legends about mystery meat and other appearances in pop culture.[5] Most notable was a Monty Python sketch which led to its name being borrowed for unsolicited electronic messages, especially spam email.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 International usage
2.1 United States and territories
2.1.1 Hawaii
2.1.2 Guam and the Northern Marianas
2.1.3 Puerto Rico
2.2 United Kingdom
2.3 Asia
2.4 Middle East
2.4.1 Israel
3 In popular culture
3.1 Spam celebrations
4 Nutritional data
5 Varieties
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Spam was introduced by Hormel in 1937. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America states that the product was intended to increase the sale of pork shoulder which was not a very popular cut.[7] Ken Daigneau, brother of a company executive, won a $100 prize that year in a competition to name the new item.[3] Hormel claims that the meaning of the name "is known by only a small circle of former Hormel Foods executives", but popular beliefs are that the name is an abbreviation of "spiced ham",[7] "spare meat", or "shoulders of pork and ham".[8] Another popular explanation is that Spam is an acronym standing for "Specially Processed American Meat" or "Specially Processed Army Meat".[9]
The difficulty of delivering fresh meat to the front during World War II saw Spam become a ubiquitous part of the U.S. soldier's diet. It became variously referred to as "ham that didn't pass its physical", "meatloaf without basic training",[1] and "Special Army Meat". Over 150 million pounds of Spam were purchased by the military before the war's end.[10]
During World War II and the occupations which followed, Spam was introduced into Guam, Hawaii, Okinawa, the Philippines, and other islands in the Pacific. Immediately absorbed into native diets, it has become a unique part of the history and effects of U.S. influence in the Pacific.[11]
As a consequence of World War II rationing and the Lend-Lease Act, Spam also gained prominence in the United Kingdom. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher later referred to it as a "wartime delicacy".[12][13] In addition to increasing production for the U.K., Hormel expanded Spam output as part of Allied aid to the similarly beleaguered Soviet Union.[14] Nikita Khrushchev declared: "Without Spam we wouldn't have been able to feed our army".[15] Throughout the war, countries ravaged by the conflict and faced with strict food rations came to appreciate Spam.[16]
International usage[edit]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Unclear language Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
United States and territories[edit]
Domestically, Spam's chief advantages were affordability, accessibility, and extended shelf life.[10] At the time it was introduced, it was the only canned meat product on the market that needed no refrigeration.[17] Statistics from the 1990s say that 3.8 cans of Spam are consumed every second in the United States, totaling nearly 122 million cans annually. It became part of the diet of almost 30% of American households, it is perceived differently in various regions of the country.[18] It is also sometimes associated with economic hardship because of its relatively low cost.[1]
Spam that is sold in North America, South America, and Australia is produced in Austin, Minnesota (also known as "Spam Town USA") and in Fremont, Nebraska. Austin, Minnesota also has a restaurant with a menu devoted exclusively to Spam, called "Johnny's SPAMarama Menu".[19]
In 1963, Spam was introduced to various private and public schools in South Florida as cheap food and even for art sculptures.[citation needed] Due to the success of the introduction, Hormel Foods also introduced school "color-themed" spam, the first being a blue and green variety which is still traditionally used in some private schools of South Florida.[20]
Hawaii[edit]
Spam musubi is a popular snack and lunch food in Hawaii
Spam is especially popular in the state of Hawaii, where residents have the highest per capita consumption in the United States. Its perception there is very different from on the mainland.[21]
A popular native sushi dish in Hawaii is Spam musubi, where cooked Spam is placed atop rice and wrapped in a band of nori, a form of onigiri.[22] Varieties of Spam are found in Hawaii that are unavailable in other markets, including Honey Spam, Spam with Bacon, and Hot and Spicy Spam.[23]
Hawaiian Burger King restaurants began serving Spam in 2007 to compete with the local McDonald's chains.[11][24] In Hawaii, Spam is so popular that it is sometimes referred to as "The Hawaiian Steak".[25] There is even an annual Spam-themed festival on the island of Oahu that takes place every spring, known as the "Waikiki Spam Jam.[26] Local chefs and restaurants compete to create new Spam-themed dishes, which are then sold in a massive street fair on Kalakaua Avenue in Waikiki.
In 2017, Hawaii was plagued by a rash of thefts of Spam.[27] Spam had long been a target of thieves in Hawaii, but the magnitude of the thefts ramped up, with incidents in which multiple cases of Spam were stolen at once. Local retailers believe organized crime was involved.[27] This came alongside increases in thefts of some other retail goods, such as corned beef and liquor. The president of the retail merchants of Hawaii attributed the rise in retail thefts to a recent change in criminal law, which raised the threshold at which a theft would lead to felony charges by approximately $400.[27]
Guam and the Northern Marianas[edit]
In Guam, average per capita consumption is 16 tins per year. It is also found on McDonald's menus there.[28]
In the Northern Mariana Islands, lawyers from Hormel have threatened legal action against the local press for running articles alleging ill-effects of high Spam consumption on the health of the local population.[29][30]
Puerto Rico[edit]
Sandwich de Mezcla is a party staple in Puerto Rico containing Spam, Velveeta, and pimientos between two slices of sandwich bread.[31]
United Kingdom[edit]
After World War II, Newforge Foods, part of the Fitch Lovell group, was awarded the license to produce the product in the UK at its Gateacre factory, Liverpool,[32] where it stayed until production switched to the Danish Crown Group (owners of the Tulip Food Company) in 1998.[33]
The United Kingdom has adopted Spam into various recipes. For example, recipes include Spam Yorkshire Breakfast, Spamish Omelette, and Spam Hash.[34] Spam can also be sliced, battered and deep-fried into Spam fritters.[35]
Asia[edit]
Spam is often served with rice in Asia.
In China, Hormel decided to adopt a different strategy to market Spam, promoting it as a foreign, premium food product and changing the Spam formula to be meatier in order to accommodate local Chinese tastes.[36]
In Okinawa, Japan, the product is added into onigiri alongside eggs and used as a staple ingredient in the traditional Okinawan dish chanpurū, and a Spam burger is sold by local fast food chain Jef. For the 70th anniversary of Spam in 2007, cans with special designs were sold in Japan due to its popularity, primarily in Okinawa.[37] Following the March 2011 earthquake, Spam sales in Japan declined and Hormel shifted its focus to China[36] although Hormel did pledge to donate $100,000 along with cans of Spam for relief efforts.[38] In the summer of 2011, Burger King introduced its own version of a burger made of Spam, called 'BK Shot' Spam Burgers. These small burgers are filled with slices of the canned meat and were an attempt by Burger King to capitalize on Spam's popularity in Japan.[39] In early 2014, Burger King also introduced the Spam and Cheese burger as a breakfast menu item.[40]
In Hong Kong after World War II, meat was scarce and expensive, so Spam was an accessible, affordable alternative. The luncheon meat has been incorporated into dishes such as macaroni with fried egg and spam in chicken soup, as well as ramen.[41]
In the Philippines, Spam is a popular food item and seen as a cultural symbol. It is prepared and used in a variety of ways, including being fried, served alongside condiments, or used in sandwiches. The canned meat's popularity transcends economic class, and Spam gift sets are even used as homecoming gifts. There are more than 9 different varieties of Spam currently available in the country and an estimated 1.25 million kilos of the meat is sold every year in the Philippines.[42] During the rescue efforts after Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) in 2009, Hormel Foods donated over 30,000 pounds of Spam to the Philippine National Red Cross.[43]
In later years, the surfeit of Spam in both North and South Korea during the Korean War led to the establishment of the Spam kimbap (rice and vegetable filled seaweed roll). Because of a scarcity of fish and other traditional kimbap products such as kimchi or fermented cabbage, Spam was added to a rice roll with kimchi and cucumber and wrapped in seaweed. Spam was also used by US soldiers in Korea as a means of trading for items, services or information around their bases.[44]
In South Korea, Spam (Hangul: 스팸; RR: seupaem, licensed from Hormel by CJ CheilJedang[45]) is popular with a majority of the population, and outranks Coca-Cola and KFC in status as a foodstuff. Today, South Korea produces and consumes more Spam than any other country except the United States.[46][47]
Spam is also an original ingredient in budae jjigae ("army base stew"), a spicy stew with different types of preserved meat.[48]
Middle East[edit]
Israel[edit]
In Mandatory Palestine, demand for kosher canned meats increased as Spam became more popular during World War II. Canned meat was briefly mentioned during wartime from 1939–43, but the true boom in kosher canned meat came in 1945. This is when kosher canned meat became the key item in Europe's Jewish war victim relief packages. Then in 1946, the Chicago Kosher Sausage Manufacturing Company registered a patent for a kosher canned meat product called Breef. Made of beef, Breef has a similar texture to Spam but tastes like corned beef.[49] Also, a kosher variant of Spam, known as Loof (Hebrew: לוף, a Hebrew linguistic play on meatloaf), was produced by Richard Levi, and mostly used as part of field rations by the Israel Defense Forces. A Glatt kosher version was also produced. It was phased out of field rations during the early 2000s and was finally removed from rations when production ceased in 2009.[50]
In popular culture[edit]
Beginning in 1940, Spam sponsored George Burns and Gracie Allen on their radio program.[51]
During WWII, Spam was not only eaten but was also incorporated into many other aspects of the war (grease for guns, can for scrap metal, etc.); it was so prominent that Uncle Sam was nicknamed "Uncle Spam".[52] Other terms influenced by the product’s name include the European invasion fleet, or the "Spam Fleet". Furthermore, the United Service Organizations (USO) toured the "Spam Circuit".[10]
In the United States in the aftermath of World War II, a troupe of former servicewomen was assembled by Hormel Foods to promote Spam from coast to coast. The group was known as the Hormel Girls and associated the food with being patriotic. In 1948, two years after its formation, the troupe had grown to 60 women with 16 forming an orchestra. The show went on to become a radio program where the main selling point was Spam. The Hormel Girls were disbanded in 1953.[53]
Spam gained a reputation in the United Kingdom and the United States as a poverty food. The image of Spam as a low cost meat product gave rise to the Scottish colloquial term "Spam valley" to describe certain affluent housing areas where residents appear to be wealthy but in reality may be living at poverty levels.[54]
Spam was featured in an iconic 1970 Monty Python sketch called "Spam".[7] Set in a café which only served dishes containing Spam, including "egg and Spam, egg bacon and Spam, Spam egg sausage and Spam, Spam tomato and Spam",[55] the piece also featured a companion song. By the 1990s, Spam's perceived ubiquity led to its name being adopted for unsolicited electronic messages, especially spam email.[56] Because of its use in a line of a song in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the title of the musical version of the film became Spamalot.
Spam is the subject of the "Weird Al" Yankovic song "Spam", which is a parody of the R.E.M. song "Stand".[57]
Other offshoots of Spam in popular culture include a book of haikus about spam titled Spam-Ku: Tranquil Reflections on Luncheon Loaf. There is also a mock Church of Spam, and a Spam Cam which is a webcam trained on a can of decaying spam.[58]
In the 1982 film Sophie's Choice, the character Stingo brings a carton of Spam to his newly-rented room.[59]
Spam is referenced in Island of the Sequined Love Nun by Christopher Moore, where SPAM is explained as Shaped Pork Approximating Man, which was used to explain its popularity amongst Pacific Island Cannibals.[60]
Spam has also been mentioned in the online point and click game "Escape from Plastic Beach" from 2010 on gorillaz.com. In the game it's used as bait for a talking fish.
Spam celebrations[edit]
Former Spam Museum in Austin, Minnesota
Facade of new Spam Museum
Spam is celebrated in Austin, Minnesota, home to the Spam Museum. The museum tells the history of the Hormel company, the origin of Spam, and its place in world culture, including Hawaii where Spam is eaten daily by locals.
Austin is also the location of final judging in the national Spam recipe competition. Competing recipes are collected from winning submissions at the top 40 state fairs in the nation. The Spamettes are a quartet from Austin who only sing about Spam in parodies of popular songs. They first performed at the first Spam Jam in 1990 and continue to perform at various events.[61]
Hawaii holds an annual Spam Jam in Waikiki during the last week of April.[62] The small town of Shady Cove, Oregon is home to the annual Spam Parade and Festival, with the city allocating US$1,500 for it.[63]
Spamarama was a yearly festival held around April Fool's Day in Austin, Texas. The theme of Spamarama was a gentle parody of Spam, rather than a straightforward celebration: the event at the heart of the festival was a Spam cook-off that originated as a challenge to produce the most appetizing recipe for the meat. A rule of the event was that contestants had to be prepared to eat the Spam dish if requested by a judge. The festival included light sporting activities and musical acts, in addition to the cook-off.[64]
Nutritional data[edit]
A can of low-salt Spam
Nutritional label for Spam Less Sodium
The ingredients of Spam vary according to variety and market; those of variety "Spam Classic" are: pork, ham, salt, water, potato starch, sugar, and sodium nitrite.[65]
Nutritional Information for Original Spam[66]
Net weight per package: 340 grams (12 oz.)
Serving size: 100g
Quantity per 100g
Energy 1,300 kJ (310 Calories or kilocalories)
Protein 13g (26% Daily Value or DV)
Total Fat 27g (41% DV)
– saturated fat 10g (49% DV)
Carbohydrates 3g (1% DV)
Sodium 1369 mg (57% DV)
Cholesterol 70 mg (23% DV)
Vitamins and Minerals (% DV) 1% Vitamin C, 1% Calcium, 5% Iron,
3% Magnesium, 9% Potassium, 12% Zinc,
and 5% Copper
Varieties[edit]
As listed on the official Spam website, there are numerous different flavors of Spam products, including:
Spam Classic – original flavor
Spam Hot & Spicy – with Tabasco flavor
Jalapeño Spam
Spam with Black Pepper
Spam Low Sodium – "25% less sodium"
Spam Lite – "33% fewer calories, 25% less sodium, and 50% less fat" – made from pork with ham, and mechanically separated chicken
Spam Oven Roasted Turkey
Spam Hickory Smoked
Spam Spread – "if you're a spreader, not a slicer ... just like Spam Classic, but in a spreadable form"
Spam Bacon
Spam Cheese
Spam Garlic
Spam Teriyaki
Spam Chorizo
Spam Boricua – seasoned Puerto Rican-style flavor
Spam Macadamia Nuts – Partnered with Hamakua Plantation
Spam Turkey
Spam Tocino
Spam Portuguese Sausage
In addition to the variety of flavors, Spam is sold in tins smaller than the twelve-ounce standard size. Spam Singles are also available, which are single sandwich-sized slices of Spam Classic or Lite, sealed in retort pouches.[67]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Bologna sausage
Breakfast food
Corned beef
Loco moco – a Hawaiian dish that uses Spam in some versions
Potted meat food product
Treet
Tushonka – a canned, stewed meat
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, Andrew (November 15, 2008). "Spam Turns Serious and Hormel Turns Out More". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Spam – Postwar Popularity". Hormel Foods. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spam Brand History". Spam. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Belinda; Clapton, Barbara; Tipton, Catherine (2002). Food Technology. Heinemann. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Jones, Lisa (October 2006). Men's Health. Rodale Inc. p. 132.
Jump up ^ "RFC 2635 – DON\x27T SPEW A Set of Guidelines for Mass Unsolicited Mailings and Postings (spam*):". Retrieved September 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Waxman, Olivia B. (2017-07-05). "Spam Turns 80: History and Origins of Canned Meat". Time.com. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "What does the SPAM brand name mean?", SPAM® Brand FAQ, Spam
Jump up ^ "Why is Spam (that revolting tinned luncheon meat) called Spam? It sounds like it has something to do with ham, but why the sp-?". The Guardian. 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Andrew (May 1, 2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford University Press. pp. 559–60. ISBN 978-0-19988576-3.
^ Jump up to: a b "Burger King to Serve Spam in Hawaii". Yahoo! News. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Howard Yoon (July 4, 2007). "Spam: More than Junk Mail or Junk Meat" (npr.org).
Jump up ^ Stranska, Hana (July 24, 1994). "About Spam". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Atkins, Annette (2008). Creating Minnesota: A History From the Inside Out. Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-87351-633-4. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2012). The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Food and Drink in America. Oxford University Press. p. 343. ISBN 0199734968.
Jump up ^ Heydt, Bruce. "Spam Again" . America in WWII, June 2006.
Jump up ^ Ruvio, Ayalla A. (2 July 2017). "How Spam became one of the most iconic American brands of all time". The Conversation (website). Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Sojin; Livengood, Mark (1995). “Ramen Noodles and Spam: Popular Foods, Significant Tastes”, pp. 2–11. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Spam Turns Serious and Hormel Turns Out More". The New York Times. November 14, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hormel Foundation History". Thehormelfoundation.com. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lovegren, Sylvia (2005). Fashionable food: seven decades of food fads. United States: University of Chicago Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-226-49407-4. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Spam – Hawaiian Spam Musubi". Whatscookingamerica.net. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Song, Jaymes (June 11, 2007). "Burger giants wage Spam war". The Star. Toronto.
Jump up ^ Huppert, Boyd (May 17, 2007). "Land of 10,000 Stories – Spam in Paradise". KARE11 News.
Jump up ^ "The Spam That Isn't Via E-Mail". The New York Times. April 7, 2003. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Welcome - Waikiki Spam Jam". Welcome. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Singh, Lakshmi (22 October 2017). "Hawaii's Spate Of Spam Heists". NPR. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why is Spam Brand a Household Name?". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Organic smoke (and mirrors)". Saipan Tribune. July 21, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "A junkie waiting to happen". Saipan Tribune. July 14, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Receta: Sandwichitos para fiestas". August 12, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ The story of Fitch Lovell Ambrose Keevil Phillimore Press 1972 ISBN 978-0-85033-074-8
Jump up ^ "Tulip Food Company". english.tulip.dk. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Spam—UK". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Spam Fritters" (PDF). Retrieved October 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spam's Long March in China". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. August 4, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sieg, Linda (March 12, 2008). "Okinawa cuisine: tofu, Spam and root beer". Reuters. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hormel Foods Pledges to Relief Efforts in Japan". Reuters. March 17, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Forget Spam fritters, now Burger King is selling Spam burgers… for women". Daily Mail. June 15, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bleier, Evan (May 1, 2014). "Burger King introduces Spam and cheese burger in Japan, for breakfast". United Press International. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Why is Spam served in Hong Kong diners on top of macaroni noodles?". HK Magazine. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matejowsky, Ty (March 1, 2007). "SPAM and Fast-food "Glocalization" in the Philippines". Food, Culture and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 10 (1): 23–41. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Hormel Foods Announces Donation to Philippines". Web wire. October 8, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "In Korea, It's Spam Time of Year".
Jump up ^ "스팸 (SPAM)". CJ CheilJedang. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewis, George H. (2004). "From Minnesota Fat to Seoul Food: Spam in America and the Pacific Rim". The Journal of Popular Culture, volume 34, issue 2. , [1]
Jump up ^ "In South Korea, Spam Is the Stuff Gifts Are Made Of". The New York Times. January 26, 2014. >
Jump up ^ Walraven, Boudewijn; Breuker, Remco E. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies : essays in honour of Boudewijn Walraven. Leiden: CNWS Publications. pp. 255–257. ISBN 978-90-5789-153-3. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kosher Spam: A Breef History". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "הצדעה ללוף, שייצורו הופסק באחרונה בישראל" [Salute for Loof, production of which was recently ceased in Israel]. mouse.co.il. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brown, Ray Broadus (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 762.
Jump up ^ Civitello, Linda (March 29, 2011). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. John Wiley & Sons. p. 347. ISBN 9780470403716.
Jump up ^ Danelle D. Keck, Jill M. Sullivan (2007). "The Hormel Girls, American Music, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Fall, 2007), pp. 282–311". University of Illinois Press. JSTOR 40071663.
Jump up ^ Hardill, Irene; Graham, David; Kofman, Eleonore (2001). Human geography of the UK: an introduction. London: Routledge. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-415-21426-1. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Spam". Monty Python. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Merriam Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.
Jump up ^ "WEIRD AL YANKOVIC – SPAM LYRICS". Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TNR Film Classics: ‘Sophie’s Choice’ (January 10, 1983)". newrepublic.com. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The magical, mystical world of SPAM - AOL Finance". Aol.com. 2008-12-29. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Singing Spam's praises". July 7, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hormel Foods (2010). "Spam Jam Waikiki 2010". Hormel Foods Corporation. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pitto, Christy (December 7, 2010). "Shady Cove issues- riparian, event insurance and liability". Upper Rogue Independent. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Spamarama website". Retrieved August 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ "What is Spam Classic?". spam.com. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nutritional Facts and Analysis for Spam". Nutritiondata.com. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "SPAM© Products". Store.spam.com. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spam (food).
Look up spam in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Official website – United States
Collection of mid-twentieth century advertising featuring Spam from The TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spam_(food)&oldid=807792264"
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