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Bed size
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Single size bed
Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes, which vary from country to country. Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame. Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world, with most countries having their own standards and terminology. In addition, two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions, due to manufacturing tolerances, amount of padding, and support type. In almost all territories, standard beds are rectangular but other shapes, notably circular, may be obtained by special order.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table of common sizes
2 Canada and United States
2.1 Standard sizes
2.2 Other sizes
3 Europe
3.1 UK and Ireland
3.2 France
3.3 Italy
3.4 Northern Europe
3.5 Portugal
3.6 Spain
3.7 Switzerland
4 Oceania
4.1 Australia
4.2 New Zealand
5 Africa
5.1 South Africa
6 Asia
6.1 China
6.2 Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Table of common sizes[edit]
See also: Bedding § Bedding sizes
Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes. Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below. These dimensions are for the mattress – actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress. Mattress thickness varies considerably.
Mattress size (width × length)
US and Canada
Australia
Ireland and UK
New Zealand
Continental Europe
Scandinavia
Japan
China
Thailand
Singapore
Brazil
Small single
or Cot
30 in × 75 in
76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm
24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm
31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm
33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in
Single, Twin,
or Bunk
38[1] in × 75 in
97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm
35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm
35 in × 79 in 90 cm × 200 cm
35 in × 79 in
97 cm × 195 cm
38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm
42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm
42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm
36 in × 75 in 88 cm x 188 cm
35 in x 74 in
Twin extra long
38[1] in × 80 in
97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm
36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm
35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm
38 in × 81 in
King single
or Super single
107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm
47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm
43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm
42 in × 75 in 96 cm x 203 cm
38 in x 80 in
Small double
or Three-quarter
48 in × 75 in
122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm
47 in × 75 in 140 cm × 200 cm
55 in × 79 in
122 cm × 195 cm
48 in × 77 in
Full or Double
54 in × 75 in
137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm
53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm
55 in × 79 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in
140 cm × 195 cm
55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm
60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm
48 in × 78 in 138 cm x 188 cm
54 in x 74 in
Double extra long
54 in × 80 in
137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm
55 in × 81 in
Queen
60 in × 80 in
152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm
61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm
72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm
60 in × 75 in 158 cm x 198 cm
62 in x 78 in
Expanded, Super,
or Olympic queen
66 in × 80 in
168 cm × 203 cm
King
76 in × 80 in
193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in
198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm
66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm
63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm
67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm
72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm
72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm
72 in × 75 in 193 cm x 203 cm
76 in x 80 in
California king
or King long
72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in
203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm
67 in × 81 in
Grand king,
Super king,
Athletic King
or Texas king
80 in × 98 in
203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm
80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in
194 cm × 205 cm
76 in × 81 in
Canada and United States[edit]
Standard North American sizes
A pillowtop queen-size mattress.
Standard sizes[edit]
Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are:
Twin or single
38 in × 75 in (97 cm × 191 cm)
It is common misconception that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin.[2]
Full / Double
54 in × 75 in (137 cm × 191 cm)
Queen
60 in × 80 in (152 cm × 203 cm)
King
76 in × 80 in (193 cm × 203 cm)
Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL.
California king
72 in × 84 in (183 cm × 213 cm)
Other sizes[edit]
Single L or twin XL
39 in × 80 in (99 cm × 203 cm)[3]
Three-quarters
48 in × 75 in (122 cm × 191 cm)[4]
Full XL
54 in × 80 in (137 cm × 203 cm)
Texas (or athletic) king
80 in × 98 in (203 cm × 249 cm)
California queen waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size.
58 in × 82 in (147 cm × 208 cm)
California king waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size.
70 in × 82 in (178 cm × 208 cm)
Europe[edit]
UK and Ireland[edit]
Most modern beds/mattresses available in the UK and Ireland are sold using metric dimensions,[5] as required by law.[which?][citation needed] The names of standard mattress sizes were, however, originally attributed to specific imperial dimensions which remain in common use as a point of reference.
Size
Dimensions
Notes
Small Single 75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[5] Common UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a short king bed.[6] Equivalent to previous 2'6" x 6'3"
Single 90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[5] Also a standard hospitality sized twin bed in Ireland,[citation needed] two mattresses can be zip linked to make a short Superking bed. Equivalent to previous 3' x 6'3"
European single 90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in)[7]
Small Double 120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[5] Equivalent to previous 4' x 6'3"
Double 135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[5] Equivalent to previous 4'6" x 6'3"
European Double 140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)[7]
King 150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in)[5] Equivalent to previous 5' x 6'6"
European King 160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in)[7]
Superking 180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[5] Equivalent to previous 6' x 6'6"
Emperor 200 cm × 202 cm (79 in × 80 in)[5] Equivalent to previous 6'6 x 6'8"
Large Emperor 215 cm × 217 cm (85 in × 85 in)[5] Equivalent to previous 7' x 7'
It is worth noting that "bed size" in the UK generally refers to mattress size. This is because mattresses have a standard size grading, whereas bed frames do not. While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services, most mass-produced bed linens,[5] bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above. A Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world. At 120cm in width, however, it is smaller than a UK double. Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress.
France[edit]
Single size beds are usually 90 centimetres (35 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long.
Most common sizes for double beds are:
140 centimetres (55 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long
160 centimetres (63 in) wide by 200 centimetres (79 in) long
180 centimetres (71 in) wide by 200 centimetres (79 in) long (less common, but increasing popularity).
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 centimetres (79 in) length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Italy[edit]
In Italy, beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in "one place" Standard sizes are:[citation needed]
Una piazza or singolo ("single")
80 centimetres (31 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long.
Una piazza e mezza (1½)
120 centimetres (47 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long.
Due piazze or letto matrimoniale
160 centimetres (63 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long long
Less common:[citation needed]
Piazza francese or "Piazza e Mezza francese"
140 centimetres (55 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 centimetres (79 in) length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Northern Europe[edit]
These sizes are for Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations, but these are the most common sizes:
Single:
80 cm × 190 cm (31 in × 75 in), traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany
90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in), traditional standard in Germany
75 cm × 200 cm (30 in × 79 in), standard in Norway[citation needed]
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), standard single bed in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Germany.
90 cm × 210 cm (35 in × 83 in)
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common variant in The Netherlands
90 cm × 220 cm (35 in × 87 in), extra large variant in The Netherlands
100 cm × 200 cm (39 in × 79 in), now very common in Germany
105 cm × 200 cm (41 in × 79 in)
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)[citation needed]
Three-Quarter:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), less common in Scandinavia
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), very common three-quarters in Scandinavia
Double:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), referred to as a "doubter" in the Netherlands, somewhat common for younger people
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in), common
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), very common[citation needed], common variant in Finland[citation needed]
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), very common double bed in current Danish, Swedish and Norwegian standards[citation needed]
180 cm × 210 cm (71 in × 83 in)
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in) (very wide)
Most beds are 200 cm (79 in) cm long. Extra long beds are usually 220 cm (87 in), but they are rare.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are:
Solteiro (single) 80 centimetres (31 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long (can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long)
Casal (double) 140 centimetres (55 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in), 195 or 200 cm long
Queen Size 160 centimetres (63 in) or 180 centimetres (71 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
King Size 180 centimetres (71 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
Super King Size 200 centimetres (79 in) wide by 200 cm long
Spain[edit]
In Spain the most common sizes are:
180/190/200 cm long
80/90/105/120/135/150 cm wide, the most common:
"Individual" (single) = 90 cm wide
"Matrimonio" (marital) = 135/150 cm wide
Switzerland[edit]
Single:
70 cm × 200 cm (28 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common single bed
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), uncommon, mainly available as European-style futon beds that are sold with mattress, slats and frame
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), common, especially among young people
Double:
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), common
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), common
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in), proposed when enough space is available
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Australia
Single
92cm x 188cm[8] (36in x 74in)
Long Single
92cm x 204cm (36in x 80in)
Three-quarter (obsolete, but still present)
120 cm × 188 cm (47in x 74in)
King Single
107cm x 203cm (42in x 80in)
Double
138cm x 188cm (54in x 74in)
Queen
153cm x 203cm (60in x 80in - Same as American Queen)
King
183cm x 203cm (72in x 80in)
California King
183cm x 213cm (72in x 82in)
Super King
204 cm x 204cm (80in x 80in)
New Zealand[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand
Single
91cm x 188cm
Single XL
91cm x 203cm
Three-quarter (uncommon)
120 cm × 188 cm
King Single
107cm x 203cm
Double
137cm x 188cm
Queen
153cm x 203cm
King
167cm x 203cm
Super King
183cm x 203cm
Californian King
203cm x 203cm
Water Bed King
213cm x 203cm
Africa[edit]
South Africa[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in South Africa:
Single
92 cm × 188 cm
Three-quarter
107 cm × 188 cm
Double
137 cm × 188 cm
Queen
152 cm × 188 cm
King
183 cm × 188 cm (equals two single mattresses)
Beds are also available in extra length, which is 200 cm.
Asia[edit]
China[edit]
In China, the regulation standard has following sizes available:[9]
Length: 1900 mm, 1950 mm, 2000 mm, 2100 mm;
Width: Single: 800 mm, 900 mm, 1000 mm, 1100 mm, 1200 mm;
Width: Double: 1350 mm, 1400 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm.
In practice, bed sizes are usually categorized by the width. The length is typically two metres, but may vary. The most common sizes are:
1.2 m
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)
1.5 m
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in)
1.8 m
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)
There are also extra size beds available, but they are less common.
Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia:
Single
36 in × 75 in (91 cm x 191 cm)
Twin size
39 in × 75 in (99 cm × 191 cm)
Super single
42 in × 75 in (106 cm x 191 cm)
Queen (double)
60 in × 75 in (152 cm × 191 cm)
King (double)
72 in × 75 in (183 cm × 191 cm)
See also[edit]
Design portal
Infant bed
Bed sheet
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Mattress Sizes". Better Sleep. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Apodaca, Frank (25 March 2017). "Single vs Twin Bed Size". The Sleep Judge. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Auer, Joe (22 December 2016). "Mattress Sizes And Dimensions- A Comprehensive Overview". Mattress Clarity. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "What size is a three-quarter bed?". Reference. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Buying guide: Choosing a mattress John Lewis Partnership
Jump up ^ Buying guide: Choosing a small baby mattress
^ Jump up to: a b c Bed buyer's guide IKEA UK
Jump up ^ "Single Bed Size & Mattress Dimensions — Standard". www.standardbedsizes.com. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
Jump up ^ "中华人民共和国轻工业标准 QB/T1952.2—99 -- 弹 簧 软 床 垫". 国家轻工业局. 1999-07-12. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
External links[edit]
Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Unconditional Surrender (sculpture)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The sculpture in Times Square, August 2015
The photograph by Victor Jorgensen of the same scene as Eisenstaedt's V–J day in Times Square
Unconditional Surrender is a series of sculptures by Seward Johnson resembling a photograph by Alfred Eisenstaedt, V–J day in Times Square, but said by Johnson to be based on a similar, less well known, photograph by Victor Jorgensen. The original statue was first installed in Sarasota, Florida, then was moved to San Diego, California and New York City. Other versions have been installed in Hamilton, New Jersey; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; and Normandy, France.
Contents
[hide]
1 2005 - original Sarasota installation
2 2007 - San Diego original installation
3 2009 - return to Sarasota
4 2010 - Hamilton, New Jersey
5 2011 - Pearl Harbor
6 2012 - Civitavecchia, Italy
7 2013 - San Diego re-installation
8 2014 - Caen, France
9 2015 - New York City
10 Other locations
10.1 Civitavecchia (Rome) Italy
10.2 Sarasota, Florida
10.3 Royal Oak, Michigan
10.4 Key West, Florida
10.5 Mémorial du Mardasson, Bastenaken, Belgium
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
2005 - original Sarasota installation[edit]
Seward Johnson first built a life-size bronze precursor to the huge statues of Unconditional Surrender using computer technology. A 25-foot (7.6 m)-tall styrofoam version of the work was part of a temporary exhibition in Sarasota, Florida in 2005, at its bay front.[1]
Johnson proceeded with the manufacture of aluminum versions of the 25-feet-tall statue, marketing them through a foundation he had created. He offered copies ranging from $542,500 for styrofoam, $980,000 for aluminum, and $1,140,000 for bronze.[1] Johnson established the Sculpture Foundation to disseminate his work.[citation needed]
2007 - San Diego original installation[edit]
After being exhibited in Florida, the statue was moved to San Diego, California, on a flatbed truck.[2] The second place to exhibit Unconditional Surrender was in Tuna Harbor Park (formerly G Street Mole Park) where the Port of San Diego installed one temporarily in 2007.[3][4] The statue, made of a foam core with a urethane outer layer, was scheduled to be on loan through August 2010; however, it remained installed until May 2012, when it was dismantled and shipped to New Jersey for restoration.[5]
The statue's placement was criticized by multiple people. Robert L. Pincus, art critic of The San Diego Union Tribune, said that according to "theme-park logic" the statue suited the site, in front of the Midway Aircraft Museum, and that it pleased couples who mimicked the pose, but that it was kitsch and "The figures look like something from a cheap souvenir factory, blown up beyond any reason."[3] Other critics stated that the statue "was not artistically or [a]esthetically pleasing."[2][6]
2009 - return to Sarasota[edit]
Interest in a revisit to Sarasota in 2009 was cultivated by a director of a bayfront biannual show and an aluminum copy was placed at the bayfront, again temporarily. An "88-year-old donor, who served in the U.S. Navy during World War II" offered to pay half a million dollars for it against an initial asking price of $680,000.[7]
While some members of the community supported the statue, others felt the statue was not good enough to be displayed on the bay front. The Chairwoman of the Public Art Committee at the time said that "it doesn't even qualify as kitsch...It is like a giant cartoon image drafted by a computer emulating a famous photograph. It's not the creation of an artist. It's an artist copying a famous image."[7] The statue was immediately controversial, with some people calling for its removal[8] for various reasons, including the fact that it may constistute copyright infringement.[9]
Joel May, a Sarasota architect and a member of the city's public art committee, raised an issue of possible copyright infringement, because of the similarity of the sculpture to V–J day in Times Square, published in Life in 1945 and still protected by copyright. Johnson said he was aware of this issue, and had used another photograph of the kissing couple taken by Victor Jorgensen, which is in the public domain.[10] The attorney for the municipal government said that the attorneys for Johnson and the donor had fulfilled the requirements set by the city commission, making way for exhibition of the statue for at least ten years.[11]
An automobile crash occurred on April 26, 2012[12] during which the Sarasota copy of the statue was struck by a vehicle and was damaged. The impact knocked about a 3-foot-wide hole out of the sailor's foot and added more hairline cracks to its frame. This led to the statue being taken down by the city,[13] which laid the statue onto its side, close to the site, while insurance companies negotiate over liability and repair issues. The minimum distance for a road hazard established by the state of Florida is fourteen feet, but barely met that standard because it was erected near one of the busiest and most complex intersections in the city.[citation needed] The statue attracted visitors who gathered around the base and often backed up to the curb to take photographs. No one was present when the automobile jumped the curb and careened into the statue. Debate about returning the statue to that location has begun, with an editorial calling for moving the statue to a safer location, as had been advocated by critics before the statue was placed for the controversial ten-year display.[14] The statue was re-erected near the Sarasota shoreline in December 2012.[15]
In March 2012, the San Diego Unified Port District voted to purchase a permanent bronze replacement for the loaner. This controversial move resulted in the resignation of three board members.[6][16] Despite the controversy, construction of the new weather-resistant bronze statue proceeded,[17][18] in part due to a fundraising campaign by the Midway Museum that raised US$1 million.[19]
2010 - Hamilton, New Jersey[edit]
A 25' styrofoam Unconditional Surrender sculpture, built in 2005 and on loan from Seward Johnson's Sculpture Foundation was installed at the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture (GFS) in Hamilton, New Jersey as part of a retrospective honoring Johnson which ran from May 4, 2014 through July 1, 2015.[20][21][22] Writing up this event, a staff writer for The Trentonian described Unconditional Surrender as a "masterpiece".[22]
2011 - Pearl Harbor[edit]
In August 2011, a life-size version of the statue was unveiled in Waikiki, Hawaii, and later taken to the USS Missouri in Pearl Harbor, where it was to stay to commemorate the 66th anniversary of the end of World War II.[23]
2012 - Civitavecchia, Italy[edit]
In 2012, a monumental statue of Unconditional Surrender could be seen in Civitavecchia Marina.
2013 - San Diego re-installation[edit]
The bronze replacement Unconditional Surrender statue arrived to its new home on February 11, 2013.[24] On February 14, 2013, the replacement was bolted into place near its original location.[25]
2014 - Caen, France[edit]
In September 2014, the statue was removed from Civitavecchia and installed at the Caen Memorial in Normandy.[26] In Civitavecchia, hundreds of demonstrators protesting against the dismantling.
It was precisely this installation in Caen, which was conversely also controversial. In October 2014, French feminist group Osez La Feminisme (fr) petitioned to have the statue removed and sent back to the United States, stating, "the sailor could have laughed with these women, embraced them, asked if he could kiss them with joy. No, he chose to grab them, with clenched fists, to kiss them. It was an assault."[27] Following this incident, the Caen memorial placed a plaque under the sculpture to explain the nurse's identity.[28]
2015 - New York City[edit]
On August 12, 2015, the original sculpture was temporarily installed in Times Square, New York City, near where the original photo was taken. It was to be displayed through August 16 for a "Times Square Kiss-In" event.[28]
Other locations[edit]
Civitavecchia (Rome) Italy[edit]
The statue can be found in other places around the world. The popular Roman cruise terminal of Civitavecchia in Italy has one that's very tall and overlooks the sea. It's a short walk from the cruise ships on the way to the train to Rome.[29]
Sarasota, Florida[edit]
A copy of the statue is a popular photo spot in Sarasota Florida according to photos on Trip Advisor as of March 2016. It is located at the corner of Bayfront and Gulf Stream and was donated by Jack Curran, a World War II veteran who had brought it there. Through the help of several Sarasota County veteran's organizations, it was finally donated to the county, according to a plaque on display at the base of the statue.[30]
Royal Oak, Michigan[edit]
The statue arrived in Royal Oak, Michigan on June 18, 2016, and was installed in the city's Memorial Park on June 20. The city manager expected that the sculpture would increase tourism, and help raise money for The Michigan WWII Legacy Memorial, a permanent World War II memorial in the park.[31] It was removed six months later, on December 20.[32]
Key West, Florida[edit]
A copy of the statue was placed in Key West, Florida on January 10, 2017. it is located in Downtown Key West, in the Mallory Square area. In front of the Custom House Museum and across from the Mel Fisher Museum.[33]
Mémorial du Mardasson, Bastenaken, Belgium[edit]
Located outside the museum on the grounds between the museum and the pentastar Memorial.
See also[edit]
List of public art in San Diego
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Sarasotaseasonofsculpture.org". Web.archive.org. March 24, 2009. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b A. Pawlowski (February 21, 2013). "Love it or hate it? 'Kissing Statue' returns to San Diego, ignites debate". today.com. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert L. Pincus, "Port surrenders in the battle against kitsch", San Diego Union-Tribune, March 11, 2007. Accessed June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Pincus, "Public enemy", Sign On San Diego, November 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Unconditional surrender by Seward J Johnson", Port of San Diego.
^ Jump up to: a b Roger Showley (March 15, 2012). "Two art board members resign over 'Kiss'". San Diego Tribune. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Drouin, Roger (June 20, 2009). "Veteran Puts up Big Money to Keep Statue Put". The Ledger. Lakeland, FL. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ SNN: Unconditional Surrender sparks debate, Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Video; requires plug-in.
Jump up ^ Ralph Graves, "Reject 'copycat' sailor statue", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, August 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mike Saewitz, "Sculptor at center of copyright infringement case", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, May 9, 2006. Accessed June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jacob Ogles, "Unconditional Surrender Deal to Be Finalized Today", SRQ Daily, June 11, 2010
Jump up ^ Smoak, Brenda & Schelle, Charles (April 26, 2012). "Unconditional Surrender Removed For Repairs (with video)". Sarasota Patch.
Jump up ^ Eckhart, Robert (April 28, 2012). "Unconditional Surrender statue comes down after crash". Sarasota Herald Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Surrender some ground for statue (Editorial)". Sarasota Herald Tribune. April 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "PHOTOS: Unconditional Surrender Statue Returns To Sarasota". Sarasota Patch. Open Post. December 5, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Menken, Walter, Schmart, San Diego Reader, March 19, 2012". Sandiegoreader.com. March 19, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ R. Stickney (February 11, 2013). "Unconditional Surrender Statue to Return | NBC 7 San Diego". Nbcsandiego.com. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Unconditional Surrender' Will Become Permanent Artwork On San Diego's Waterfront". Port of San Diego. May 19, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SAN DIEGO "SAVES THE KISS" BY DONATING $1 MILLION". USS Midway Museum. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Seward Johnson: The Retrospective". web.archive.org. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Retrospective Site Map (See: Icons Revisited Series)" (PDF). Groundsforsculpture.org. Grounds for Sculpture. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sulaiman Abdur-Rahman, "Seward Johnson's towering sculpture of iconic kiss installed in Hamilton", Trentonian, April 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "http://ulocal.kitv.com/_Vanita-Rae-Smith-After-Unveiling-Kiss-Statue/photo/14729759/62911.html?as=62911 Vanita Rae Smith After Unveiling Kiss Statue"
Jump up ^ "Replica 'kissing statue' bolted into place Wednesday". CBS8. February 13, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Statue of the famous moment a sailor kissed a stranger in Times Square at the end of World War II to be installed". The Daily Mail. February 10, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ ASSOCIATED PRESS. "WWII kissing statue lands in Normandy". Las Vegas Review-Journal.
Jump up ^ "Iconic 'kiss' sculpture depicts sexual assault says French feminist group". Telegraph.co.uk. October 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Alanna Martinez (August 12, 2015). "Monumental—and Controversial—'Kissing Sailor' Sculpture Comes to Times Square". The Observer. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.aswesawit.com/civitavecchia-attractions/
Jump up ^ http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g34618-d6401028-Reviews-Unconditional_Surrender_Sculpture-Sarasota_Florida.html#photos;geo=34618&detail=6401028&ff=175880796&albumViewMode=hero&albumid=103&baseMediaId=175880796&thumbnailMinWidth=50&cnt=3&offset=-1&filter=7
Jump up ^ Proxmire, Crystal A. (June 18, 2016) "Royal Oaka;s 25 ft. 'Unconditional Surrender' statue has arrived" Oakland County One-Fifteen News
Jump up ^ "Giant 25-foot WWII 'kissing' statue removed from Royal Oak". ClickOnDetroit.com. Graham Media Group. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ CBS Miami, Statue Of Iconic Kiss On Display In Key West, CBS Miami, January 10, 2017
External links[edit]
Media related to Unconditional Surrender (sculpture) at Wikimedia Commons
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John Seward Johnson II
Sculptures
The Awakening (1980)
Double Check (1982)
Allow Me (Portland, Oregon, 1983)
Unconditional Surrender (2005)
Forever Marilyn (2011)
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Dauphin of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Dauphin (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Coat of arms of the Dauphin of France.
Arms of the Dauphin of France, depicting the fleur-de-lis and the dolphin.
The Dauphin of France (UK: /ˈdoʊfæ̃, ˈdɔː-, -fɪn/, US: /ˈdɔːfən, dɔːˈfɪn, doʊˈfæn/; French: Dauphin de France [dofɛ̃ də fʁɑ̃s])—strictly The Dauphin of Viennois (Dauphin de Viennois)—was the dynastic title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830.[1] The word is French for dolphin, as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Gallery of Arms
3 List of Dauphins
4 In literature
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Guigues IV, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed le Dauphin. The title of Dauphin de Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his seigneury, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assume the title of le Dauphin. The wife of the Dauphin was known as la Dauphine.
The first French prince called le Dauphin was Charles the Wise, later to become Charles V of France. The title was roughly equivalent to the English (thence British) Prince of Wales, the Scottish Duke of Rothesay, the Portuguese Prince of Brazil, the Brazilian Prince of Grão-Pará and the Spanish Prince of Asturias. The official style of a Dauphin of France, prior to 1461, was par la grâce de Dieu, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois ("By the Grace of God, Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois"). A Dauphin of France united the coat of arms of the Dauphiné, which featured Dolphins, with the French fleurs-de-lis, and might, where appropriate, further unite that with other arms (e.g. Francis, son of Francis I, was ruling Duke of Brittany, so united the arms of that province with the typical arms of a Dauphin; Francis II, while Dauphin, was also King of Scots by marriage to Mary I, and added the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland to those of the Dauphin).
Originally the Dauphin was personally responsible for the rule of the Dauphiné, which was legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, and which the Emperors, in giving the rule of the province to the French heirs, had stipulated must never be united with France. Because of this, the Dauphiné suffered from anarchy in the 14th and 15th centuries, since the Dauphins were frequently minors or concerned with other matters.
During his period as Dauphin, Louis, son of Charles VII, defied his father by remaining in the province longer than the King permitted and by engaging in personal politics more beneficial to the Dauphiné than to France. For example, he married Charlotte of Savoy against his father's wishes. Savoy was a traditional ally of the Dauphiné, and Louis wished to reaffirm that alliance to stamp out rebels and robbers in the province. Louis was driven out of the Dauphiné by Charles VII's soldiers in 1456, leaving the region to fall back into disorder. After his succession as Louis XI of France in 1461, Louis united the Dauphiné with France, bringing it under royal control.
The title was automatically conferred upon the next heir apparent to the throne in the direct line upon birth, accession of the parent to the throne or death of the previous Dauphin, unlike the British title Prince of Wales, which has always been in the gift of the monarch.
The sons of the King of France hold the style and rank of fils de France (son of France), while male-line grandsons hold the style and rank of petits-enfants de France (Grandson of France). The sons and grandsons of the Dauphin ranked higher than their cousins, being treated as the king's children and grandchildren respectively. The sons of the Dauphin, though grandsons of the king, are ranked as Sons of France, and the grandsons of the Dauphin ranked as Grandsons of France; other great-grandsons of the king ranked merely as Princes of the Blood.
The title was abolished by the Constitution of 1791, which made France a constitutional monarchy. Under the constitution the heir-apparent to the throne (Dauphin Louis-Charles at that time) was restyled Prince Royal (a Prince of the Blood retitled prince français), taking effect from the inception of the Legislative Assembly on 1 October 1791. The title was restored in potentia under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII, but there would not be another Dauphin until after his death. With the accession of his brother Charles X, Charles' son and heir Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême automatically became Dauphin.
With the removal of the Bourbons the title fell into disuse, the heirs of Louis-Philippe being titled Prince Royal. After the death of Henri, comte de Chambord, Carlos, Duke of Madrid, the heir of the legitimist claimant, Juan, Count of Montizón, made use of the title in pretense, as have the Spanish legitimist claimants since.
Gallery of Arms[edit]
Arms of the Dauphiné
Arms of Dauphin François, Duke of Brittany.
Arms of Dauphin Francis, King-consort of Scots.
Heraldic Crown of the Dauphin of France.
List of Dauphins[edit]
See also: List of Counts of Albon and Dauphins of Viennois
Picture
Name
Heir of
Birth
Became Dauphin
Ceased to be Dauphin
Death
Other Titles before/while Dauphin
Regnal Name
Dauphine
Charles, 1st Dauphin of France John II 21 January 1338 22 August 1350 8 April 1364
became King 16 September 1380 Duke of Normandy Charles V Joanna of Bourbon
Charles, 2nd Dauphin of France Charles V 3 December 1368 16 September 1380
became King 21 October 1422 Charles VI –
Charles, 3rd Dauphin of France Charles VI 26 September 1386 28 December 1386 – –
Charles, 4th Dauphin of France 6 February 1392 13 January 1401 Duke of Guyenne – –
Louis, 5th Dauphin of France 22 January 1397 13 January 1401 18 December 1415 Duke of Guyenne – Margaret of Burgundy
John, 6th Dauphin of France 31 August 1398 18 December 1415 5 April 1417 Duke of Touraine – Jacqueline of Hainaut
Charles, 7th Dauphin of France 22 February 1403 5 April 1417 21 October 1422
became King 22 July 1461 Count of Ponthieu Charles VII –
Louis, 8th Dauphin of France Charles VII 3 July 1423 22 July 1461
became King 30 August 1483 Louis XI Margaret of Scotland;
Charlotte of Savoy
François, 9th Dauphin of France Louis XI 4 December 1466 – –
Charles, 10th Dauphin of France 30 June 1470 30 August 1483
became King 7 April 1498 Charles VIII –
Charles-Orland, 11th Dauphin of France Charles VIII 11 October 1492 16 December 1495 – –
Charles, 12th Dauphin of France 8 September 1496 2 October 1496 – –
François, 13th Dauphin of France July 1497 – –
François, 14th Dauphin of France Francis I 28 February 1518 10 August 1536 Duke of Brittany – –
Henry, 15th Dauphin of France 31 March 1519 10 August 1536 31 March 1547
became King 10 July 1559 Duke of Orléans, Duke of Brittany Henry II Catherine de' Medici
Francis, 16th Dauphin of France Henry II 19 January 1544 31 March 1547 10 July 1559
became King 5 December 1560 King-consort of Scotland Francis II Mary, Queen of Scots
Louis, 17th Dauphin of France Henry IV 27 September 1601 14 May 1610
became King 14 May 1643 Louis XIII –
Louis-Dieudonné, 18th Dauphin of France Louis XIII 5 September 1638 14 May 1643
became King 1 September 1715 Louis XIV –
Louis, le Grand Dauphin, 19th Dauphin of France Louis XIV 1 November 1661 14 April 1711 – Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
Louis, le Petit Dauphin, 20th Dauphin of France 16 August 1682 14 April 1711 18 February 1712 Duke of Burgundy – Princess Maria Adelaide of Savoy
Louis, 21st Dauphin of France 8 January 1707 18 February 1712 8 March 1712 Duke of Brittany – –
Louis, 22nd Dauphin of France 15 February 1710 8 March 1712 1 September 1715
became King 10 May 1774 Duke of Anjou Louis XV –
Louis, 23rd Dauphin of France[2] Louis XV 4 September 1729 20 December 1765 – Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain;
Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony
Louis-Auguste, 24th Dauphin of France 23 August 1754 20 December 1765 10 May 1774
became King guillotined/executed 21 January 1793 French Revolution Duke of Berry Louis XVI Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
Louis-Joseph, 25th Dauphin of France Louis XVI 22 October 1781 4 June 1789 – –
Louis-Charles, 26th Dauphin of France 27 March 1785 4 June 1789 1 October 1791
retitled as Prince-royal 8 June 1795 Duke of Normandy Louis XVII –
Louis-Antoine, 27th Dauphin of France Charles X 6 August 1775 16 September 1824 2 August 1830
became King/deposed Revolution of 1830 3 June 1844 Duke of Angoulême Louis XIX Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France
In literature[edit]
A lineographic representation of the arms of the Dauphin. Designed by Jean de Beaugrand in 1604.
In Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck encounters two odd characters who turn out to be professional con men. One of them claims that he should be treated with deference, since he is "really" an impoverished English duke, and the other, not to be outdone, reveals that he is "really" the Dauphin ("Looy the Seventeen, son of Looy the Sixteen and Marie Antoinette").
Is a character in Shakespeare's Henry V.
In Baronness Emma Orczy's Eldorado, the Scarlet Pimpernel rescues the Dauphin from prison and helps spirit him from France.
Alphonse Daudet wrote a short story called "The Death of the Dauphin", about a young Dauphin who wants to stop Death from approaching him.
It is also mentioned in Cormac McCarthy's Blood Meridian.
See also[edit]
Kingdom of France portal
Dauphine of France
List of heirs to the French throne
Prince of Wales
Prince of Asturias
Prince of Beira
Duke of Braganza
Crown Prince
Tsarevich
Dauphins of Viennois
Dauphins of Auvergne
King of Rome
Madame Royale
Monsieur
Madame
Fils de France
Petit-Fils de France
Prince du Sang
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "dauphin | French political history". Retrieved 2016-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Louis, Dauphin of France Biography". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. April 2, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dauphin_of_France&oldid=846557416"
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text:
Letter from Birmingham Jail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Recreation of Martin Luther King's cell in Birmingham Jail at the National Civil Rights Museum
The Letter from Birmingham Jail, also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother, is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
The letter, written during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, was widely published, and became an important text for the American Civil Rights Movement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Summary and themes
3 Publication
4 Notes
5 References
5.1 Footnotes
5.2 Bibliography
6 Further reading
7 External links
Background[edit]
The Birmingham campaign began on April 3, 1963, with coordinated marches and sit-ins against racism and racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. The nonviolent campaign was coordinated by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) and King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). On April 10, Circuit Judge W. A. Jenkins issued a blanket injunction against "parading, demonstrating, boycotting, trespassing and picketing." Leaders of the campaign announced they would disobey the ruling.[1] On April 12, King was roughly arrested with SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy, ACMHR and SCLC official Fred Shuttlesworth and other marchers, while thousands of African Americans dressed for Good Friday looked on.[2]
King was met with unusually harsh conditions in the Birmingham jail.[3] An ally smuggled in a newspaper from April 12, which contained A Call for Unity, a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen against King and his methods.[2] The letter provoked King, and he began to write a response on the newspaper itself. King writes in Why We Can't Wait: "Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement appeared while I was in jail, the letter was continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by a friendly black trusty, and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to leave me."[4]
Summary and themes[edit]
The letter responded to several criticisms made by the "A Call for Unity" clergymen, who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not the streets. As a minister, King responded to these criticisms on religious grounds. As an activist challenging an entrenched social system, he argued on legal, political, and historical grounds. As an African American, he spoke of the country's oppression of black people, including himself. As an orator, he used many persuasive techniques to reach the hearts and minds of his audience. Altogether, King's letter was a powerful defense of the motivations, tactics, and goals of the Birmingham campaign and the Civil Rights Movement more generally.
King began the letter by responding to the criticism that he and his fellow activists were "outsiders" causing trouble in the streets of Birmingham. To this, King referred to his responsibility as the leader of the SCLC, which had numerous affiliated organizations throughout the South. "I was invited" by our Birmingham affiliate "because injustice is here", in what is probably the most racially divided city in the country, with its brutal police, unjust courts, and many "unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches."[5] Referring to his belief that all communities and states were interrelated, King wrote, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds."[6] King also warned that if white people successfully rejected his nonviolent activists as rabble-rousing outside agitators, this could encourage millions of African Americans to "seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies, a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare."[7]
The clergymen also disapproved of tensions created by public actions such as sit-ins and marches. To this, King confirmed that he and his fellow demonstrators were indeed using nonviolent direct action in order to create "constructive" tension.[8] This tension was intended to compel meaningful negotiation with the white power structure, without which true civil rights could never be achieved. Citing previous failed negotiations, King wrote that the black community was left with "no alternative."[8] "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed."[9]
The clergymen also disapproved of the timing of public actions. In response, King said that recent decisions by the SCLC to delay its efforts for tactical reasons showed they were behaving responsibly. He also referred to the broader scope of history, when "'Wait' has almost always meant 'Never.'"[6] Declaring that African Americans had waited for these God-given and constitutional rights long enough, King quoted Chief Justice Earl Warren, who said in 1958 that "justice too long delayed is justice denied."[6] Listing numerous ongoing injustices toward black people, including himself, King said, "Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, 'Wait.'"[10] Along similar lines, King also lamented the "myth concerning time," by which white moderates assumed that progress toward equal rights was inevitable, so assertive activism was unnecessary.[11] King called it a "tragic misconception of time" to assume that its mere passage "will inevitably cure all ills."[11] Progress takes time as well as the "tireless efforts" of dedicated people of good will.[11]
Against the clergymen's assertion that demonstrations could be illegal, King argued that not only was civil disobedience justified in the face of unjust laws, but it was necessary and even patriotic. "I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law."[12] King stated that an unjust law was a law that degraded a human personality. Citing Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Martin Buber, and Paul Tillich—and examples from the past and present—King described what makes laws just or unjust. For example, "A law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law."[13] In terms of obedience to the law, King stated that citizens have "not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws," and at the same time "to disobey unjust laws." [13] King stated that it is not morally wrong to disobey a law that pertains to one group of people differently than another. Alabama has used "all sorts of devious methods" to deny its black citizens their right to vote and thus preserve its unjust laws and broader system of white supremacy.[13] Segregation laws are immoral and unjust "because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority."[14] Even some just laws, such as permit requirements for public marches, are unjust when used to uphold an unjust system.
King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights Movement was "extreme", first disputing the label but then accepting it. Compared to other movements at the time, King finds himself as a moderate. However, in his devotion to his cause, King refers to himself as an extremist. Jesus and other great reformers were extremists: "So the question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be. Will we be extremists for hate or for love?"[15] King's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous "moderate" objections to the ongoing movement, such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the Ku Klux Klan.[16]
King expressed general frustration with both white moderates and certain "opposing forces in the Negro community."[17] He wrote that white moderates, including clergymen, posed a challenge comparable to that of white supremacists, in the sense that, "Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection."[18] King asserted that the white church needed to take a principled stand or risk being "dismissed as an irrelevant social club."[19] Regarding the black community, King wrote that we need not follow "the 'do-nothingism' of the complacent nor the hatred and despair of the black nationalist."[17]
In closing the letter, King criticized the clergy's praise of the Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently. Recent public displays of nonviolence by the police were in stark contrast to their typical treatment of black people, and, as public relations, helped "to preserve the evil system of segregation."[19] Not only is it wrong to use immoral means to achieve moral ends, but also "to use moral means to preserve immoral ends."[20] Instead of the police, King praised the nonviolent demonstrators in Birmingham, "for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation. One day the South will recognize its real heroes."[21]
Publication[edit]
King promotes Why We Can't Wait
King wrote the letter on the margins of a newspaper, which was the only paper available to him, and then gave bits and pieces of the letter to his lawyers to take back to movement headquarters, where the pastor Wyatt Tee Walker and his secretary Willie Pearl Mackey began compiling and editing the literary jigsaw puzzle.[22]
An editor at The New York Times Magazine, Harvey Shapiro, asked King to write his letter for publication in the magazine, but the Times chose not to publish it.[23] Extensive excerpts from the letter were published, without King's consent, on May 19, 1963, in the New York Post Sunday Magazine.[24] The letter was first published as "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in the June 1963 issue of Liberation,[25] the June 12, 1963, edition of The Christian Century,[26] and in the June 24, 1963, issue of The New Leader. The letter gained more popularity as summer went on, and was reprinted in the July Atlantic Monthly as "The Negro Is Your Brother".[27] King included a version of the full text in his 1964 book Why We Can't Wait.[a]
The essay was highly anthologized, and was reprinted 50 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1964 and 1996 that were intended for use in college-level composition courses.[28]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In a footnote introducing this chapter of the book, King wrote, "Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged in the author's prerogative of polishing it."[4]
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Negroes To Defy Ban". The Tuscaloosa News. 145 (101). April 11, 1963. p. 21. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rieder 2013, ch. "Meet Me in Galilee".
Jump up ^ Rieder 2013, ch. "Meet Me in Galilee": "King was placed alone in a dark cell, with no mattress, and denied a phone call. Was Connor's aim, as some thought, to break him?"
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 64.
Jump up ^ King 1964, pp. 65–66.
^ Jump up to: a b c King, Martin Luther. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail". Retrieved May 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 76.
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 65.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 68.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 69.
^ Jump up to: a b c King 1964, p. 74.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b c King 1964, p. 71.
Jump up ^ King 1964, pp. 70–71.
Jump up ^ " "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963)", The King Center, accessed October 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCarthy 2010, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 75.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 73.
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 80.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 82.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Wyatt Walker interview by Andrew Manis at New Caanan Baptist Church, New York City, April 20, 1989, p. 24. Transcription held at Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, Alabama.
Jump up ^ Fox, Margalit (January 7, 2013). "Harvey Shapiro, Poet and Editor, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bass 2001, p. 140.
Jump up ^ King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1963). "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Liberation: An Independent Monthly. Vol. 8 no. 4. pp. 10–16, 23. ISSN 0024-189X.
Jump up ^ Reprinted in Reporting Civil Rights, Part One - (pp. 777–794) - American Journalism 1941 - 1963. The Library of America
Jump up ^ Rieder 2013, ch. "Free at Last?".
Jump up ^ Bloom 1999.
Bibliography[edit]
Bass, S. Jonathan (2001). Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King, Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2655-4.
Bloom, Lynn Z. (1999). "The Essay Canon" (PDF). College English. 61 (4): 401–430. doi:10.2307/378920. ISSN 0010-0994. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
Fulkerson, Richard P. (1979). "The Public Letter as a Rhetorical Form: Structure, Logic, and Style in King's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail'". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 65 (2): 121–136. doi:10.1080/00335637909383465.
Gilbreath, Edward (2013). Birmingham Revolution: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Epic Challenge to the Church. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-3769-4.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1964). Why We Can't Wait. New York: Signet Classic (published 2000). ISBN 978-0-451-52753-0.
McCarthy, Anna (2010). The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-498-4.
Oppenheimer, David Benjamin (1993). "Martin Luther King, Walker v. City of Birmingham, and the Letter from Birmingham Jail" (PDF). U.C. Davis Law Review. 26 (4): 791–833. ISSN 0197-4564. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Rieder, Jonathan (2013). Gospel of Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter From Birmingham Jail. New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-62040-058-6.
Snow, Malinda (1985). "Martin Luther King's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' as Pauline Epistle". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 71 (3): 318–334. doi:10.1080/00335638509383739. ISSN 1479-5779.
Further reading[edit]
Bass, S. Jonathan (2014). "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Carpenter, C. C. J.; Durick, Joseph Aloysius; Grafman, Milton L.; Hardin, Paul; Harmon, Nolan Bailey; Murray, George M.; Ramage, Edward V.; Stallings, Earl (1963). Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen (PDF). Retrieved October 12, 2017 – via Quia.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail (PDF). Stanford, California: The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
"Letter from Birmingham Jail". Bhamwiki. 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
"Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolent Resistance". EDSITEment!. National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Walker v. Birmingham , 388 U.S. 307 (1967).
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Letter from Birmingham Jail at Wikiquote
Letter Birmingham Jail
A Reading of the Letter from Birmingham Jail on YouTube, from The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity
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"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
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Writings
Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (1958)
The Measure of a Man (1959)
"What Is Man?"
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Strength to Love (1963)
Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)
Why We Can't Wait (1964)
Conscience for Change (1967)
Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967)
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Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail&oldid=840086307"
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