text:
Income in the United Kingdom
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UK median household disposable income by income group for 2008-2016, indexed to 2008[1]
In terms of global poverty criteria, the United Kingdom is a wealthy country, with virtually no people living on less than £4 a day. In 2012-13, median personal income was approximately £21,000 a year but varies considerably by age, location, data source and occupation.[2] There is both significant income redistribution and income inequality; for instance, in 2013/14 income in the top and bottom fifth of households was £80,800 and £5,500, respectively, before taxes and benefits (15:1). After tax and benefits, household income disparities are significantly reduced to £60,000 and £15,500 (4:1).[3]
The UK Gini coefficient for 2013/14 estimated at 0.34.[4] There were 720,000 net worth Sterling millionaires in the United Kingdom in 2015 (1 in 65 adults).[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Data sources
2 Taxable income
2.1 Income by location
2.2 Income by age and gender
2.3 Income by occupation
3 Post tax household income
4 Wealth
5 High income
6 Sources of income
7 See also
8 References
Data sources[edit]
There are a number of different sources of data on income which results in different estimates of income due to different sample sizes, population types (e.g. whether the population sample includes the self-employed, pensioners, individuals not liable to tax), definitions of income (e.g. gross earnings vs original income vs gross income vs net income vs post tax income).[6]
The Survey of Personal Incomes (SPI) is a dataset from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) based on individuals who could be liable to tax. HMRC does not hold information on individuals whose income is below the personal allowance (£8,105 in 2012/13).[7] Furthermore, SPI does not include income from non taxable benefits such as housing benefits or job seekers allowance.[2][6]
The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) is a dataset from an annual survey of approximately 50,000 businesses by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and covers annual earnings, public and private sector pay differential and the gender pay gap. ASHE does not cover individuals who are self-employed.[6][8]
The Households Below Average Income (HBAI) dataset is based on the Family Resources Survey (FRS) from the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). It includes information on equalised household disposable income and can be used to represent the distribution of household income and income inequality (Gini coefficient).[4][6]
Other data sources include Average Weekly Earnings, Labour Force Survey, Index of Labour Cost per Hour, Unit Labour Costs, Effects of Taxes and Benefits on Household Income / Living Costs and Food Survey, European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, Pensioners Income Series, Wealth and Assets Survey, National Accounts Estimates of Gross Disposable Household Income, and Small Area Income Estimates.[6]
Taxable income[edit]
Annual income percentiles for taxpayers in the UK, before and after income tax. In the SVG file, hover over a graph to highlight it.
The most recent SPI report (2012/13) gave annual median income as £21,000 before tax and £18,700 after tax.[2] The 2013/14 HBAI report gave median household income (2 adults) as £23,556.[4] The provisional results from the April 2014 ASHE report gives median gross annual earnings of £22,044 for all employees and £27,195 for full-time employees.[8]
According to the OECD the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is $27,029 a year (in USD, ranked 14/36 OECD countries), the average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at $60,778 (in USD, ranked 8/36), and the average net-adjusted disposable income of the top 20% of the population is an estimated $57,010 a year, whereas the bottom 20% live on an estimated $10,195 a year giving a ratio of 5.6 (in USD, ranked 25/36).[9]
The 2013/14 HBAI reported that 15% of people had a relative low income (below 60% of median threshold) before housing costs.[4]
Data from HMRC 2012-13; incomes are before tax for individuals. The personal allowance or income tax threshold was £8,105 (people with incomes below this level did not pay income tax).[7]
Income by location[edit]
Median Income by location on the island of Great Britain
Income can vary considerably by location. For example, the locations (local administrative unit) with the highest incomes were the City of London, Kensington and Chelsea, and Westminster with median annual incomes of £58,300, £37,800 and £35,200 respectively. The locations with the lowest incomes were Hyndburn, Torbay, and West Somerset with median annual incomes of £17,000, £16,900 and £16,000 respectively.
Income by age and gender[edit]
Data from the Survey of Personal Incomes 2012/13.
Income by occupation[edit]
The tables below shows the ten highest and ten lowest paid occupations in the UK respectively, as at April 2014.[10]
Occupation
Median full-time gross weekly pay (£)
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 1,746.6
Air traffic controllers 1,549.4
Chief executives and senior officials 1,533.3
Marketing and sales directors 1,298.7
Advertising and public relations directors 1,289.5
Information technology and telecommunications directors 1,226.7
Legal professionals (not included elsewhere) 1,217.3
Medical practitioners 1,167.1
Brokers 1,149.9
Financial managers and directors 1,143.0
Occupation
Median full-time gross weekly pay (£)
Cleaners and domestics 285.5
Nursery nurses and assistants 285.2
Other elementary services occupations (not included elsewhere) 279.9
Retail cashiers and check-out operators 278.7
Leisure and theme park attendants 272.7
Kitchen and catering assistants 268.4
Hairdressers and barbers 267.8
Launderers, dry cleaners and pressers 259.3
Waiters and waitresses 257.6
Bar staff 253.6
Post tax household income[edit]
Data from the Households Below Average Income (HBAI) report from the Department of Work and Pensions 2013/14:
Data from HMRC – Percentile points of the income distribution as estimated from the Survey of Personal Incomes, note this only includes individuals who pay some income tax:
Wealth[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2015)
The net worth information is based on data from HMRC for 2004–2005[11] and includes marketable assets including house equity, cash, shares, bonds and investment trusts. These values do not include personal possessions.
Percentile point
Wealth to qualify
Percentage of total wealth owned
by people at and above this level
Top 1% £688,228 21% of total UK wealth
2% £460,179 28% of total UK wealth
5% £270,164 40% of total UK wealth
10% £176,221 53% of total UK wealth
25% £76,098 72% of total UK wealth
50% £35,807 93% of total UK wealth
High income[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2015)
The Institute for Fiscal Studies issued a report on the UK's highest earners in January 2008. There are 42 million adults in the UK of whom 29 million are income tax payers. (The remainder are pensioners, students, homemakers, the unemployed, those earning under the personal allowance, and other unwaged.) A summary of key findings is shown in the table below:
All taxpayers
Top 10% to 1% (adults)
Top 1% to 0.1% (adults)
Top 0.1% (adults)
Number 29.5 million 4.21 million 421,000 42,000
Entry level for group £5,093 £35,345 £99,727 £351,137
Mean value for group £24,769 £49,960 £155,832 £780,043
Average income tax paid £4,415 £10,550 £49,477 £274,482
Percentage of national personal income 100% 27.6% 8.6% 4.2%
The top 0.1% are 90% male and 50% of these people are in the 45 to 54 year age group. 31% of these people live in London and 21% in South East England. 33% of these people are company directors (as reported to HMRC). 30% work in finance and 38% in general business (includes law). The very richest rely on earnings (salary and bonuses) for 58% of income. Income from self-employment (such as partnerships in law or accountancy firms) accounts for 23% of income and about 18% from investment income (interest and share dividends).
Sources of income[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2015)
The Family Resources Survey is a document produced by the Department for Work and Pensions. This details income amongst a representative sample of the British population. This report tabulates sources of income as a percentage of total income.[12]
Region
Employment (salaries & wages)
Self employed
Investment income
Working tax credit
State pensions
Occupational pensions
Disability benefits
Other social security benefits
Other income sources
UK 64% 11% 2% 1% 6% 7% 2% 5% 2%
Northern Ireland 60% 11% 1% 2% 7% 5% 4% 7% 3%
Scotland 66% 7% 2% 2% 7% 7% 3% 5% 2%
Wales 60% 8% 2% 2% 8% 8% 4% 6% 1%
England 64% 11% 2% 1% 6% 7% 2% 5% 2%
North East England 64% 5% 2% 2% 8% 6% 4% 7% 2%
North West England 59% 13% 2% 2% 7% 7% 3% 6% 2%
Yorkshire 64% 7% 2% 2% 7% 7% 2% 5% 3%
East Midlands 65% 9% 2% 1% 7% 6% 2% 5% 3%
West Midlands 62% 8% 3% 2% 8% 6% 2% 5% 3%
Eastern England 56% 22% 2% 1% 5% 7% 1% 3% 2%
London 71% 10% 2% 1% 4% 4% 1% 5% 3%
South East 66% 9% 4% 1% 7% 8% 1% 4% 2%
South West England 60% 9% 4% 1% 7% 10% 2% 4% 2%
Other social security benefits include: Housing Benefit, Income Support and Jobseeker's Allowance
See also[edit]
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Taxation in the United Kingdom
Pension provision in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom labour law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/bulletins/householddisposableincomeandinequality/financialyearending2016
^ Jump up to: a b c "Personal income by tax year". HM Revenue and Customs. 2014-01-31. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ "The Effects of Taxes and Benefits on Household Income, Financial Year Ending 2014". Office for National Statistics. 2015-06-29. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Households below average income (HBAI) statistics". Department for Work and Pensions. 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ "One in 65 UK adults now a millionaire, figures show". The Guardian. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2015-09-15. >
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A Guide to Sources of Data on Earnings and Income" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Income Tax rates and allowances: current and past". HM Revenue & Customs. 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings". Office for National Statistics. 2014-11-19. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ "OECD Better Life Index". OECD Better Life Index. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 2014 Provisional Results, Selected Estimates, Table 11". Officer for National Statistics. 2014-11-19. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ HMRC Distribution among the adult population of marketable wealth (Series C) (Table 13.5)
Jump up ^ Family Resources Survey 2005-06
HMRC statistics – [1]
IFS – [2]

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text:
Death of Joy Gardner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Death of Joy Gardner
Joy Gardner
Date
1 August 1993 (1993-08-01)
Location
Crouch End, north London
Cause
Cerebral hypoxia, cardiac arrest
Burial
Lavender Hill Cemetery, Enfield, north London.
Accused
Detective Sergeant Linda Evans
Detective Constable John Burrell
Detective Constable Colin Whitby
Charges
Manslaughter
Verdict
DC Burrell cleared on the orders of the judge.
DS Evans and DC Whitby found not guilty.
Joy Angelia Gardner (née Burke, 29 May 1953 – 1 August 1993) was a 40-year-old Jamaican mature student living as an undocumented migrant in London, England.[1] She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation.[2][3]
During a police raid on her home in Crouch End, London, she was restrained with handcuffs and leather straps and gagged with a 13-foot length of adhesive "Elastoplast" tape wrapped around her head.[4] Unable to breathe, she collapsed and suffered brain damage due to asphyxia.[5] She was placed on life support but died following a cardiac arrest four days later.[6] In 1995, three of the police officers involved stood trial for Gardner's manslaughter, but were acquitted.[7]
The case became a cause célèbre for civil rights and justice campaigners, and for the first time brought wide public attention to what the Modern Law Review called "the inhumanity of the methods used routinely in the execution of deportation orders".[8][9] Despite continuing pressure by campaigners, no coroner's inquest or public inquiry into the circumstances of Gardner's death has been held.[10]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Joy Gardner
1.2 Immigration status
1.3 Aliens Deportation Group
2 Police raid
3 Cause of death
4 Manslaughter trial
5 Aftermath
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External media
Background[edit]
Joy Gardner[edit]
Joy Gardner was born in Long Bay Beach, Jamaica, in May 1953.[11] Her mother, Myrna Simpson, emigrated to Britain from Jamaica – then still a British colony – in 1961, with the intention of sending for her child once she had achieved some financial stability, a common and accepted practice at the time.[1][11] Simpson subsequently became a British citizen.[1] Prior to 1981, Gardner would have had the right to British citizenship through her mother, but changes to immigration legislation in the British Nationality Act 1981 meant this was no longer possible.[12] As well as her mother, Gardner's half-brother, three uncles and two aunts were also living in England at the time.[13]
Immigration status[edit]
Gardner first travelled to England in 1987, leaving an adult daughter behind in Jamaica.[11][14] She entered the country legally using a six-month visitor's visa, but overstayed when the visa elapsed.[15] She was pregnant at the time of her arrival, and subsequently gave birth to a son. In September 1990 she married Briton John Gardner, who applied to the Home Office for his new wife to be granted permanent residence. Five weeks later they separated and he withdrew the request.
In October 1990, Gardner was advised by the Home Office that she should leave the country voluntarily or risk deportation. In December 1990 she applied for a judicial review of her case which was turned down in April 1991. A notice of intention to deport was served on her in October 1991, which she subsequently appealed. During the appeal process a restriction order was applied requiring her to report regularly to local police.[16] The Immigration Appeals Tribunal denied the appeal and a deportation order was issued in April 1992.[14][15][16] Gardner was interviewed by immigration officials again in early June 1992, and reported to Stoke Newington police station later that month.[17] A flight to Jamaica was arranged for Gardner in the summer of 1992, but she failed to attend at the airport, stating later that she had not received notification to do so, and her solicitor Djemal Dervish lodged a further appeal, citing "compelling compassionate circumstances."[16][18]
While living in the UK Gardner moved home several times, but remained in contact with the police, her mother's local MP Bernie Grant and immigration services. By the summer of 1993 she was studying Media Studies at London Metropolitan University and living in a housing association home in Topsfield Close, Crouch End.[17][18] On 28 July 1993 — the day the police raided Gardner's home — Dervish received 2 letters from the Home Office, dated 26 and 27 July. The first letter informed him that arrangements to deport his client would be made "shortly". The second stated that arrangements would be made "now".[18] Charles Wardle, the immigration minister, later admitted that the letters were held back and timed to arrive after the raid to prevent any further judicial appeals being made and to avoid giving Gardner any notice of her deportation, which was to take place at 3.00pm the same day from Heathrow Airport.[6][17][19]
Aliens Deportation Group[edit]
The Metropolitan Police Service's (MPS) Aliens Deportation Group (ADG) was a specialist squad of uniformed police officers belonging to Scotland Yard's SO1(3), part of the Specialist Operations branch.[20] The squad was composed of a Detective Inspector, a Detective Sergeant, and seven Detective Constables.[21] They were tasked with accompanying immigration officers - who had no power of arrest - who were serving deportation orders where violent resistance by the deportee was considered probable. The squad operated in groups of three, with two officers then accompanying the deportee on their flights out of the country.[21]
Police raid[edit]
At 7.40 am on 28 July 1993, three officers from the ADG, accompanied by two officers from Hornsey police station and an official from the UK Immigration Service, raided Gardner's home with orders to "detain and remove" her and her 5-year-old son for immediate deportation to Jamaica.[21][19][22][18] The officers had with them a 4-inch wide restraint belt with attached handcuffs, and leather straps and rolls of adhesive tape to restrain her thighs and ankles.[23] When Gardner resisted the officers' attempts to place her in the restraint belt, she was overpowered, shackled, gagged, and adhesive tape was also wrapped around her head and face.[4][24][25] She suffered respiratory failure almost immediately and was taken to the Whittington Hospital, North London.[14][26] She died on 1 August 1993 due to cerebral hypoxia and cardiac arrest, without regaining consciousness.[25][27]
Cause of death[edit]
Gardner was examined by four forensic pathologists who concluded that the cause of death was cerebral hypoxia. As she had suffered a minor head injury during the struggle samples of brain tissue were subsequently examined by an independent neuropathologist to establish whether brain injury may have caused the hypoxia rather than asphyxiation as a direct result of the gag and tape. Two further tests were then conducted by independent neuropathologists who both dismissed the head injury as a factor.[28]
Manslaughter trial[edit]
On 15 May 1995, three police officers from the ADG stood trial accused of Gardner's manslaughter.[29] A key part of the defence case was that Gardner's death was caused by head trauma sustained as she violently resisted the officers and not as a direct result of the tape used to gag her.[5][30] Paula Lannas, a forensic pathologist, testified: "There were bruises on the scalp that indicates the head had struck a hard surface. The lack of oxygen was secondary to the head injury. The brain was injured. That led to deprivation of oxygen and death. Such a swelling would lead to cardiac arrest and the deprivation of oxygen."[30] Experts for the prosecution and other pathologists disputed Lannas' findings.[5]
On 2 June 1995, Detective Constable John Burrell was acquitted on the directions of the judge, Mr Justice Mantell.[31] Detective Sergeant Linda Evans and Detective Constable Colin Whitby were found not guilty by the jury on 14 June 1995.[32] Following the trial, the Police Complaints Authority announced that there would be no internal disciplinary inquiry.[29][33] The PCA said that "a disciplinary charge of authority would in substance be the same as the criminal charge of which the officers have been acquitted" and "an officer cannot be tried on both criminal and discipline charges for the same offence".[5]
Aftermath[edit]
As a result of Gardner's death, the use of mouth gags was suspended by the Commissioner of the MPS in August 1993 and banned by Michael Howard, the Home Secretary, in January 1994.[34][35]
In 1996, questions were raised about the work of Paula Lannas, the defence pathologist.[36] During a trial at the Old Bailey in June 1998 she testified that bruising on the neck of a 16-month-old child "resulted from strangulation by the mother's boyfriend." The defendant was acquitted when forensic pathologist Iain West testified that the post mortem examination had been so "cack-handed" that the bruising may have been inflicted by Lannas, and the prosecution informed the jury that her conclusions were "suspect" and could not be relied on as evidence.[37][38] In May 2000, two men had their convictions for manslaughter quashed when it was disclosed that Lannas had testified at their trial that the victim had been killed by a stab wound and had no other injuries. Subsequent examination found a potentially fatal skull fracture.[39] A 2001 disciplinary tribunal alleged that Lannas's pathology work "consistently fell substantially short" of expected standards and there were "substantive deficiencies" in "her technical approach and medical knowledge."[40]
In February 1999 Gardner's family brought a civil suit against the police for compensation.[29][41]
In popular culture[edit]
The incident has been the subject of a number of poems including:
The Death of Joy Gardner by Benjamin Zephaniah[42]
Teeth by Jackie Kay[43]
See also[edit]
Death of Jimmy Mubenga
Death of Cynthia Jarrett
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c Mills, Heather (7 March 1999). "A life without Joy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Bowling & Phillips 2001, p. 131.
Jump up ^ Scraton & McCulloch 2006, p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Chigwada-Bailey 2008, p. 126.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Death in Police Custody of Joy Gardner" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1 August 1995. EUR/45/05/95. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Young 1996, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Evans 2011, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Michael (Summer 2000). "Straw in the wind". Socialist Lawyer (32): 16–21.
Jump up ^ Harlow 1994, p. 624.
Jump up ^ "Unlawful Killing verdicts and prosecutions: 1995". Inquest. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Young 1996, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Young 1996, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Malik 1996, p. 38.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Joy Gardner: Case History". The Times (64713). London. 3 August 1993. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Torode, John (3 August 1993). "When deportation means death: Joy Gardner died after police raided her home". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Richard (15 June 1995). "Long search for a better life that ended in death". The Times (65294). London. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Victor, Peter (20 March 1994). "Labour puts on the pressure for inquiry into death of Joy Gardner: Investigation of deportee case stalled by disputes". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cohen, Nick (8 August 1993). "Why did Joy Gardner die?". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Young 1996, p. 69.
Jump up ^ Leppard, David (8 August 1993). "A question of restraint: Joy Gardner". The Sunday Times. London. p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Richard (3 August 1993). "Focus turns on aliens squad". The Times (64713). London. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Duce, Richard (16 May 1995). "Police used 13ft of sticky tape to gag woman, court told". The Times (65268). London. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Frost, Bill; Ford, Richard (4 August 1993). "Police suspended after deportation death". The Times (64714). London. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Alibhai-Brown, Yasmin (9 January 2012). "We will repeat the past if we don't remember it". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ford, Richard (11 August 1993). "Joy Gardner died 'after form of suffocation'". The Times (64720). London. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Johnstone, Helen (5 August 1993). "Mother claims police taped deportee's mouth". The Times (64715). London. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Jamaican dies after deportation collapse". The Times (64712). London. 2 August 1993. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Kirby, Terry (12 December 1993). "Doubts delay inquiry into Joy Gardner's death". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilson, Jamie (15 February 1999). "Joy Gardner's son issues writ over immigration case death". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Joy Gardner 'was not killed by gag'". The Times (65274). London. 23 May 1995. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Duce, Richard (3 June 1995). "Policeman cleared of suffocating Gardner". The Times (65284). London. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Duce, Richard; Tendler, Stewart (15 June 1995). "Joy Gardner case police cleared of manslaughter". The Times (65294). London. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Gardner police in clear". The Times (65318). London. 13 July 1995. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Haacke 1997, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Tendler, Stewart (13 January 1994). "Gardner death ends gagging of deportees". The Times (64851). London. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Verkaik, Robert (31 January 2003). "Second pathologist under scrutiny after Clark case". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Summers, Chris (25 January 2003). "Hopes grow for 'Rettendon Two'". BBC News. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Morris, Steven (25 April 2001). "Pathologist disciplinary case collapses". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pathologist's integrity dealt fatal blow". Inside Time (39). 2000. Retrieved 22 December 2015 – via Miscarriages of Justice UK.
Jump up ^ Morris, Steven (20 March 2001). "Expert witness's work 'deficient'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Joy Gardner's family sues police". BBC News. 15 February 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Persoon, James; Watson, Robert R. (2013). Encyclopedia of British Poetry. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-438-14074-2.
Jump up ^ Lindsay, Maurice; Duncan, Lesley, eds. (2005). The Edinburgh Book of Twentieth-century Scottish Poetry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-62015-9.
Bibliography
Bowling, Ben; Phillips, Coretta (2001). Race, Crime and Criminal Justice. Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-582-29966-5.
Chigwada-Bailey, Ruth (2008). "Black women and the criminal justice system". In Evans, Karen; Jamieson, Janet. Gender and Crime: A Reader. Maidenhead: Open University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-335-22523-1.
Evans, Karen (2011). Crime Prevention: A Critical Introduction. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-1-847-87067-4.
Haacke, Carl (1997). Cartner, Holly; PoKempner, Dinah; Laber, Jeri, eds. Racist Violence in the United Kingdom. New York City: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-564-32202-9.
Harlow, Carol (1994). "Accidental Loss of an Asylum Seeker". Modern Law Review. 57 (4): 620–626. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1994.tb01963.x.
Malik, Kenan (1996). The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society. New York City: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-814-75552-5.
Scraton, Phil; McCulloch, Jude (2006). "Deaths in Custody and Detention". Social Justice. 33 (4): 1–14.
Young, Alison (1996). Imagining Crime. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-803-98623-7.
External media[edit]
"Justice Denied". Migrant Media. 1995. (50 minutes) Documentary about the case. Directed by Ken Fero. Retrieved 23 July 2015 – via Vimeo.
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