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Come and Get Your Love
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This article is about the Redbone song. For the song by Roger Daltrey, see Ride a Rock Horse.
"Come and Get Your Love"
Cover of the 1974 Netherlands single
Single by Redbone
from the album Wovoka
B-side
"Day to Day Life"
Released
January 1974 (1974-01)
Format
7"
Genre
Pop rock
swamp pop
funk rock
Length
3:27
5:02 (Album Version)
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Lolly Vegas
Producer(s)
Lolly Vegas
Pat Vegas
Redbone singles chronology
"When You Got Trouble"
(1972) "Come and Get Your Love"
(1974) "Wovoka"
(1974)
"When You Got Trouble"
(1972) "Come and Get Your Love"
(1974) "Wovoka"
(1974)
"Come and Get Your Love" is a 1974 hit single by the Native American rock band Redbone. The song was written by band member Lolly Vegas and produced by Lolly and his brother Pat Vegas, who was also a band member. One of their most successful singles, the song was originally featured on Redbone's 1973 album, Wovoka; later the song appeared on many "greatest hits" albums released by the band, as well as on numerous compilation albums of the 1970s.
The song peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in April 1974. It spent 18 weeks in the Top 40 and landed as the 4th most popular song on the Hot 100 for 1974. The single was certified gold by the RIAA on April 22, 1974, which indicates that it had shipped over a million copies in the United States. The song is Redbone's highest charting single and one of two Top 40 hits by the band (an earlier recording, "The Witch Queen of New Orleans", peaked at number 21 in 1972).
"Come and Get Your Love" also exists in a longer version, with an introductory slow part, plus a longer repeated coda. However, most radio stations rarely play it on the air. The song features a prominent part for electric sitar.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly singles charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Real McCoy version
2.1 Charts
3 Cover versions
4 In popular culture
5 Personnel
6 References
7 Bibliography
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[1] 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
U.S. Billboard[1] 4
Real McCoy version[edit]
"Come and Get Your Love"
Single by Real McCoy
from the album Another Night
Released
June 29, 1995
Format
CD
Genre
Euro disco
R&B
Length
3:14
Label
Arista
Songwriter(s)
Lolly Vegas
Producer(s)
Douglas Carr
Per Adebratt
Tommy Ekman
David Brunner
Real McCoy singles chronology
"Love & Devotion"
(1995) "Come and Get Your Love"
(1995) "Sleeping with an Angel/Ooh Boy"
(1995)
"Love & Devotion"
(1995) "Come and Get Your Love"
(1995) "Sleeping with an Angel/Ooh Boy"
(1995)
Music video
"Come and Get Your Love" on YouTube
In 1995, the German eurodance group Real McCoy released a cover version of the song, which peaked at number 19 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. This version also went to number-one on the American dance chart in August 1995.
Charts[edit]
Charts (1995)
Peak
position
Australian ARIA Singles Chart[2] 18
Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart[2] 39
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[2] 39
Canada (RPM)[3] 42
Canada Dance (RPM)[4] 4
Dutch Singles Chart[2] 37
Finnish Singles Chart[2] 9
German Singles Chart 53
Irish Singles Chart[5] 22
New Zealand Singles Chart[2] 8
UK Singles Chart 19
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 19
U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40 8
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play 1
Cover versions[edit]
Boys Town Gang, on their 1981 album Disc Charge
Carol Jiani, on her 1995 album Superstar
The Temprees, on their 1974 album Temprees 3
John Coinman, on 1997 soundtrack album to The Postman
Real McCoy, on their 1995 maxi-single Come and Get Your Love[6]
Cyndi Lauper sampled the main hook for her remix of "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" on the soundtrack to the film To Wong Foo, Thanks For Everything, Julie Newmar. It reached #87 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1995.
Derek Miller, cover from the Rumble album was listed as the 3rd most popular indigenous single of 2015 by the Canadian Aboriginal Music Countdown.[7]
In popular culture[edit]
The song appears in the debut episode of the 2008 TV series Swingtown.
The song is featured in the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy. In the film intro the character Star-Lord (Chris Pratt) dances to it while exploring alien ruins.
The song is featured in the 1994 film Dance Me Outside.
The song is featured in the 1999 film Dick.
The song's melody is featured in the Bob's Burgers episode titled "The Kids Run the Restaurant", sung by Gene and his girl group The Cutie Patooties.
Comedian Jimmy Pardo performed the song using his "air bass" on The Bob & Tom Show.
Alltel and Dick's Sporting Goods used the song for their advertisements.
The song is used as the opening theme for Netflix's animated-comedy series F Is for Family.
The song served as intro theme for Costa Rica's TV show Corte y Vamonos that was aired during 2014-2016 on Canal 9.
The song is featured in Sky UK's advertisement for their superfast fibre broadband and stars X-Men character Quicksilver (Evan Peters).
Personnel[edit]
Lolly Vegas – lead guitar, electric sitar, vocals
Tony Bellamy – rhythm guitar, vocals
Pat Vegas – bass, vocals
Butch Rillera – drums, background vocals
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard Top 100 - 1974". Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Steffen Hung. "Real McCoy - Come And Get Your Love". Lescharts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Real McCoy - Come And Get Your Love (CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2015 - Aboriginal Music Countdown". aboriginalmusiccountdown.ca.
Bibliography[edit]
The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 9th Edition, 2010, ISBN 978-0823085545
The Billboard Book of #1 Hits, 5th Edition, 2003, ISBN 978-0823076772
Preceded by
"My Love Is for Real" by Paula Abdul Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one single (Real McCoy version)
August 26, 1995 Succeeded by
"No More I Love You's" by Annie Lennox
[show]
v
t
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Redbone
Patrick Vasquez
Fernando Verdialez
Vini Mars
Carlos Perez
Lee Wilson
Lolly Vegas
Tony Bellamy
Peter DePoe
Robert Howard
Arturo Perez
George Spanos
Butch Rillera
Jack White
Aloisio Aguiar
Eddie Summers
Joe Gonzales
Garrett Saracho
Raven Hernandez
Robert Lame Bull McDonald
Studio albums
Redbone
Potlatch
Message from a Drum/The Witch Queen of New Orleans
Already Here
Wovoka
Beaded Dreams Through Turquoise Eyes
Cycles
One World/Peace Pipe
Live albums
Redbone Live
Compilation albums
Come & Get Your Redbone
The Best of Redbone
The Very Best of Redbone
Great Songs (Come and Get Your Love)
Golden Classics
To the Bone
Take Two
The Essential Redbone
Singles
"Come and Get Your Love"
Related articles
Epic Records
The red road
Jimi Hendrix
[show]
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O-Jay
Karin Kasar
Shampro
Patricia Petersen
Yvonne "Sunday" Parker
Robert Kirby
Vanessa Mason
Lisa Cork
Gabriele "Geby" Koopmans
Ginger Maria Kamphuis
Jason Ammon
Gemma Sampson
Studio albums
Another Night (1995)
One More Time (1997)
Notable singles
"Pump Up the Jam"
"It's on You"
"Another Night"
"Automatic Lover (Call for Love)"
"Run Away"
"Love & Devotion"
"Come and Get Your Love"
"Sleeping with an Angel/Ooh Boy"
"One More Time"
"(If You're Not in it for Love) I'm Outta Here"
"Follow My Heart" Ich Troje feat. Real McCoy
"People Are Still Having Sex"
Record labels
Arista Records
BMG Records
SME Records
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October Revolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Red October" redirects here. For other uses, see Red October (disambiguation) and October Revolution (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
October Revolution
Part of the Russian Revolution, Revolutions of 1917–23

Red Guards at Vulkan factory in 1917
Date
25 October (7 November, NS) 1917
Location
Petrograd, Russian Republic
Result
End of Russian Provisional Government, Russian Republic and dual power
Creation of Soviet Russia
The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets becomes the supreme governing body
Belligerents
Bolshevik Party
Red Guards Russian Provisional Government
Commanders and leaders
Vladimir Lenin
Leon Trotsky
Pavel Dybenko Alexander Kerensky
Pyotr Krasnov
Strength
10,000 red sailors, 20,000–30,000 red guard soldiers 500–1,000 volunteer soldiers, 1,000 soldiers of women's battalion
Casualties and losses
Few wounded red guard soldiers[citation needed] All imprisoned or deserted
[show]
v
t
e
Russian Revolution
February Revolution
July Days
Kornilov affair
October Revolution
Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
Russian Civil War
[show]
v
t
e
Theaters of the Russian Civil War
October Revolution
Left-wing uprisings
Allied Intervention (Siberia, North Russia)
Northern
Vaga River
Bolshie Ozerki
Western
Finland
Heimosodat
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Southern
Ukraine
West Ukraine
Poland
Ossetia
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Armenia and Azerbaijan
Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan
Tambov
Eastern
Yakutia
Central Asian
Basmachi
Bolshevik (1920), by Boris Kustodiev
New York Times headline from 9 November 1917
The October Revolution (Russian: Октя́брьская револю́ция, tr. Oktyabr'skaya revolyutsiya; IPA: [ɐkˈtʲabrʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə]), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция, Velikaya Oktyabr'skaya sotsialističeskaya revolyutsiya), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution,[1] or Bolshevik Coup was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd on the 25th of October (7 November, New Style) 1917.
It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year, which overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and resulted in a provisional government after a transfer of power proclaimed by Grand Duke Michael, brother of Tsar Nicolas II, who declined to take power after the Tsar stepped down. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils (Russian: Soviet) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. After the Congress of Soviets, now the governing body, had its second session, it elected members of the Bolsheviks and other leftist groups such as the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to important positions within the new state of affairs. This immediately initiated the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first self-proclaimed socialist state. On 17 July 1918, the Tsar and his family were brutally executed with Lenin's approval.
The revolution was led by the Bolsheviks, who used their influence in the Petrograd Soviet to organize the armed forces. Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military Revolutionary Committee began the occupation of government buildings on 7 November 1917 (New Style). The following day, the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia), was captured.
The long-awaited Constituent Assembly elections were held on 12 November 1917. In contrast to their majority in the Soviets, the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715-seat legislative body, coming in second behind the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which won 370 seats, although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time, as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918. The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November 1917, but its convocation was delayed until 5 January 1918 by the Bolsheviks. On its first and only day in session, the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets, and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets.[2]
As the revolution was not universally recognized, there followed the struggles of the Russian Civil War (1917–22) and the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Background
2.1 February Revolution
2.2 Unrest by workers, peasants and soldiers
2.3 Antiwar demonstrations
2.4 July days
2.5 Kornilov affair
3 Insurrection
3.1 Planning
3.2 Onset
3.3 Assault on the Winter Palace
3.4 Soviet propaganda
3.5 Dybenko's memoirs
4 Outcome
5 Historiography
5.1 Soviet historiography
5.2 Western historiography
5.3 Effect of the dissolution of the USSR on historical research
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
At first, the event was referred to as the October coup (Октябрьский переворот) or the Uprising of 3rd, as seen in contemporary documents (for example, in the first editions of Lenin's complete works). In Russian, however, "переворот" has a similar meaning to "revolution" and also means "upheaval" or "overturn", so "coup" is not necessarily the correct translation. With time, the term October Revolution (Октябрьская революция) came into use. It is also known as the "November Revolution" having occurred in November according to the Gregorian Calendar.[3]
The Great October Socialist Revolution (Russian: Вели́кая Октя́брьская Социалисти́ческая Революция, Velikaya Oktyabr'skaya sotsialisticheskaya revolyutsiya) was the official name for the October Revolution in the Soviet Union after the 10th anniversary of the Revolution in 1927.[citation needed]
Background[edit]
February Revolution[edit]
Main article: February Revolution
The February Revolution had toppled Tsar Nicolas II of Russia, and replaced his government with the Russian Provisional Government. However, the provisional government was weak and riven by internal dissension. It continued to wage World War I, which became increasingly unpopular. A nationwide crisis developed in Russia, affecting social, economic, and political relations. Disorder in industry and transport had intensified, and difficulties in obtaining provisions had increased. Gross industrial production in 1917 had decreased by over 36% from what it had been in 1914. In the autumn, as much as 50% of all enterprises were closed down in the Urals, the Donbas, and other industrial centers, leading to mass unemployment. At the same time, the cost of living increased sharply. Real wages fell about 50% from what they had been in 1913. Russia's national debt in October 1917 had risen to 50 billion rubles. Of this, debts to foreign governments constituted more than 11 billion rubles. The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy.
Unrest by workers, peasants and soldiers[edit]
In September and October 1917, there were mass strike actions by the Moscow and Petrograd workers, miners in Donbas, metalworkers in the Urals, oil workers in Baku, textile workers in the Central Industrial Region, and railroad workers on 44 railway lines. In these months alone, more than a million workers took part in strikes. Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a social revolution.[4]
By October 1917, there had been over 4,000 peasant uprisings against landowners. When the Provisional Government sent punitive detachments, it only enraged the peasants. The garrisons in Petrograd, Moscow, and other cities, the Northern and Western fronts, and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet in September declared through their elected representative body Tsentrobalt that they did not recognize the authority of the Provisional Government and would not carry out any of its commands.
Antiwar demonstrations[edit]
In a diplomatic note of 1 May, the minister of foreign affairs, Pavel Milyukov, expressed the Provisional Government's desire to continue the war against the Central Powers "to a victorious conclusion", arousing broad indignation. On 1–4 May, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd, and after them the workers and soldiers of other cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" and "all power to the soviets!" The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government.[5] 1 July saw more demonstrations, as about 500,000 workers and soldiers in Petrograd demonstrated, again demanding "all power to the soviets", "down with the war", and "down with the ten capitalist ministers". The Provisional Government opened an offensive against the Central Powers on 1 July, which soon collapsed. The news of the offensive and its collapse intensified the struggle of the workers and the soldiers. A new crisis in the Provisional Government began on 15 July.
July days[edit]
Main article: July Days
A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters.
On 16 July, spontaneous demonstrations of workers and soldiers began in Petrograd, demanding that power be turned over to the soviets. The Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party provided leadership to the spontaneous movements. On 17 July, over 500,000 people participated in what was intended to be a peaceful demonstration in Petrograd, the so-called July Days. The Provisional Government, with the support of Socialist-Revolutionary Party-Menshevik leaders of the All-Russian Executive Committee of the Soviets, ordered an armed attack against the demonstrators, killing hundreds.[6]
A period of repression followed. On 5–6 July, attacks were made on the editorial offices and printing presses of Pravda and on the Palace of Kshesinskaya, where the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolsheviks were located. On 7 July, the government ordered the arrest and trial of Vladimir Lenin. He was forced to go underground, as he had been under the Tsarist regime. Bolsheviks were arrested, workers were disarmed, and revolutionary military units in Petrograd were disbanded or sent to the war front. On 12 July, the Provisional Government published a law introducing the death penalty at the front. The second coalition government was formed on 24 July, chaired by Alexander Kerensky.[7]
Another problem for the government centered on General Lavr Kornilov, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July. In response to a Bolshevik appeal, Moscow’s working class began a protest strike of 400,000 workers. They were supported by strikes and protest rallies by workers in Kiev, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, and other cities.
Kornilov affair[edit]
Main article: Kornilov affair
In what became known as the Kornilov affair, Kornilov directed an army under Aleksandr Krymov to march toward Petrograd to restore order to Russia, with Kerensky's agreement.[8] Details remain sketchy, but Kerensky appeared to become frightened by the possibility the army would stage a coup, and reversed the order. By contrast, historian Richard Pipes has argued that the episode was engineered by Kerensky.[9] On 27 August, feeling betrayed by the government, Kornilov pushed on towards Petrograd. With few troops to spare on the front, Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for help. Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries confronted the army and convinced them to stand down.[10] The Bolsheviks' influence over railroad and telegraph workers also proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. Right-wingers felt betrayed, and the left wing was resurgent.
With Kornilov defeated, the Bolsheviks' popularity in the soviets grew significantly, both in the central and local areas. On 31 August, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies, and on 5 September, the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of power. The Bolsheviks won a majority in the Soviets of Briansk, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Minsk, Kiev, Tashkent, and other cities.
Insurrection[edit]
Planning[edit]
Cruiser Aurora
Forward gun of Aurora that fired the signal shot
On 23 October 1917, the Bolsheviks' Central Committee voted 10–2 for a resolution saying that "an armed uprising is inevitable, and that the time for it is fully ripe".[11][dubious – discuss]
The Bolsheviks created a revolutionary military committee within the Petrograd soviet, led by the soviet's president, Trotsky. The committee included armed workers, sailors and soldiers, and assured the support or neutrality of the capital's garrison. The committee methodically planned to occupy strategic locations through the city, almost without concealing their preparations: the Provisional Government's president Kerensky was himself aware of them, and some details, leaked by Kamenev and Zinoviev, were published in newspapers.[12][13]
Onset[edit]
On 25 October 1917, Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (modern day Saint Petersburg), then capital of Russia, against the Kerensky Provisional Government. The event coincided with the arrival of a flotilla of pro-Bolshevik marines, primarily five destroyers and their crew, into the St. Petersburg harbor. At Kronstadt, sailors also announced their allegiance to the Bolshevik insurrection. In the early morning, the military-revolutionary committee planned the last of the locations to be assaulted or seized from its heavily guarded and picketed center in Smolny palace. The Red Guards systematically captured major government facilities, key communication, installations and vantage points with little opposition. The Petrograd Garrison and most of the city's military units joined the insurrection against the Provisional Government.[13]
Kerensky and the provisional government were virtually helpless to offer significant resistance. Railways and rail stations had been controlled by Soviet workers and soldiers for days, making rail travel to and from Petrograd, for Provisional Government officials, impossible. The Provisional Government was also unable to locate any serviceable vehicles. On the morning of the insurrection, Kerensky desperately searched for a means of reaching military forces he hoped would be friendly to the Provisional government outside the city, and ultimately borrowed a Renault car from the American Embassy, which he drove from the Winter Palace alongside a Pierce Arrow. Kerensky was able to evade the pickets going up around the palace and drive to meet oncoming soldiers.[14]
As Kerensky left Petrograd, Lenin penned a proclamation "To the Citizens of Russia" stating that the Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Military Revolutionary Committee. The proclamation was sent via telegram all throughout Russia, even as the pro-Soviet soldiers were seizing important control centers throughout the city. One of Lenin's intentions was to present members of the Soviet congress, who would assemble that afternoon, with a fait accompli and therefore forestall further debate on the wisdom or legitimacy of taking power.[14]
Assault on the Winter Palace[edit]
The insurrection was mostly bloodless, with a final assault being launched against the Winter Palace, poorly defended by 3,000 cadets, officers, cossacks and female soldiers.[14][15] The assault was delayed throughout the day, both because functioning artillery could not be found, and because the Bolsheviks feared violence when the insurrection had so far been peaceful. At 6:15 p.m., a large group of artillery cadets abandoned the palace, taking their artillery with them; at 8:00 p.m., 200 cossacks also left the palace and returned to their barracks.[14] While the cabinet of the provisional government within the palace debated what action to take, the Bolsheviks issued an ultimatum to surrender. Workers and soldiers occupied the last of the telegraph stations, cutting off the cabinet's communications with loyal military forces outside the city. As the night progressed, crowds of insurgents surrounded the palace, and many infiltrated it.[14] While soviet historians and officials tended to depict the event in heroic terms, the insurrection and even the seizure of the Winter Palace happened almost without resistance.[13] At 9:45 p.m, the cruiser Aurora fired a blank shot from the harbor. By 2:00 a.m on 26 October Bolshevik forces entered the palace, and after sporadic gunfire throughout the building, the cabinet of the provisional government surrendered.[14]
Soviet propaganda[edit]
Later official accounts of the revolution from the Soviet Union would depict the events in October as being far more dramatic than they actually had been.[16] (See firsthand account by British General Knox.) This was helped by the historical reenactment, entitled The Storming of the Winter Palace, which was staged in 1920. This reenactment, watched by 100,000 spectators, provided the model for official films made much later, which showed a huge storming of the Winter Palace and fierce fighting (See Sergei Eisenstein's October: Ten Days That Shook the World).[citation needed] In reality, the Bolshevik insurgents faced little opposition.[15] The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which began on 25 October. After a single day of revolution, 18 people had been arrested and two killed.
Soviet government archives show that parties of Bolshevik operatives sent from the Smolny by Lenin took over all critical centers of power in Petrograd in the early hours of the first night without a shot being fired. This was completed so efficiently that the takeover resembled the changing of the guard. The capture of the Winter Palace was more dramatic, with the Red Guards storming it at 2:10 a.m. on 26 October 1917. The Cossacks deserted when the Red Guard approached, and the Cadets and the 140 volunteers of the Women's Battalion surrendered rather than resist the 40,000 strong army. The Aurora was commandeered to then fire blanks at the palace in a symbolic act of rejection of the government. The effectively unoccupied Winter Palace fell not because of acts of courage or a military barrage, but because the back door was left open, allowing the Red Guard to enter. A Red Guard named Adamovich remembered gasping as he burst into the palace, as he had never before seen such luxury and splendour. A small group broke in, got lost in the cavernous interior, and accidentally ran into the remnants of Kerensky's provisional government in the imperial family's breakfast room. The illiterate revolutionaries then compelled those arrested to write up their own arrest papers. The Provisional Government was arrested and imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress after the ministers resigned to fate and surrendered without a fight, and officially overthrown.
Later stories of the heroic "Storming of the Winter Palace" and "defense of the Winter Palace" were later propaganda by Bolshevik publicists. Grandiose paintings depicting the "Women's Battalion" and photo stills taken from Sergei Eisenstein's staged film depicting the "politically correct" version of the October events in Petrograd came to be taken as truth.[17]
With the Petrograd Soviet now in control of government, garrison and proletariat, the Second All Russian Congress of Soviets held its opening session on the day, while Trotsky dismissed the opposing Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) from Congress.
Dybenko's memoirs[edit]
Some sources contend that as the leader of Tsentrobalt, Pavlo Dybenko played an enormous role in the revolt. It is said that the ten warships that entered the city with ten thousand Baltic fleet mariners was the force that actually took the power in Petrograd and put down the Provisional Government. The same mariners then dispersed by force the elected parliament of Russia,[18] and used machine-gun fire against protesting demonstrators in Petrograd. About 100 demonstrators were killed, and several hundreds wounded. Dybenko in his memoirs mentioned this event as "several shots in the air". Later, during the first hours after the taking of the Winter Palace, Dybenko personally entered the Ministry of Justice and destroyed there the documents about the financing of the Bolshevik party by Germany.[19] These are disputed by various sources such as Louise Bryant,[20] who claims that news outlets in the West at the time reported that the unfortunate loss of life occurred in Moscow, not Petrograd, and the number was much less than suggested above. As for the "several shots in the air", there is little evidence suggesting otherwise. The alleged action of Dybenko entering the Ministry of Justice to destroy documents as recalled by Savchenko can also be challenged. According to reports, Pavel Dybenko was in Helsingfors organizing the sailors' departures for Petrograd. In the book Radio October...On the "Krechet" in Helsingfors, radio operator Makarov hands a telegram to Pavel Dybenko with the report of the "Samson" commissar, Grigoriy Borisov: "To Tsentrobalt. Everything is calm in Petrograd. The power is in the hands of the revolutionary committee. You have to immediately get in touch with the front committee of the Northern Army in order to preserve unity of forces and stability."
Outcome[edit]
See also: Russian Revolution and Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
Petrograd Milrevcom proclamation about the deposing of the Russian Provisional Government
The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 670 elected delegates; 300 were Bolshevik and nearly a hundred were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Alexander Kerensky Government.[21] When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution.
The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and Right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries as well as the Mensheviks believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had illegally seized power and they walked out before the resolution was passed. As they exited, they were taunted by Leon Trotsky who told them "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on — into the dustbin of history!"[22]
The following day, 26 October, the Congress elected a Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) with Lenin as leader as the basis of a new Soviet Government, pending the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, and passed the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land. This new government was also officially called "provisional" until the Assembly was dissolved. Posters were pinned on walls and fences by the Right SRs, describing the takeover as a "crime against the motherland and revolution".
On 27 October 1917, the Mensheviks seized power in Georgia and declared it an independent republic. The Don Cossacks also claimed control of their own government. The biggest Bolshevik strongholds were in the cities, particularly Petrograd, with support much more mixed in rural areas. The peasant dominated Left SR Party was in coalition with the Bolsheviks. There are reports that the Provisional Government has not conceded defeat and are meeting with the army at the Front.
On 28 October 1917, some posters and newspapers started criticizing the actions of the Bolsheviks and refuted their authority. The Executive Committee of Peasants Soviets "refutes with indignation all participation of the organised peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of the working class".[22]
On 29 October 1917, opposition to the Bolsheviks develops into major counter-revolutionary action. Cossacks enter Tsarskoye Selo on outskirts of Petrograd with Kerensky riding on a white horse welcomed by church bells. Kerensky gave an ultimatum to the rifle garrison to lay down weapons, which was promptly refused. They were then fired upon by Kerensky’s Cossacks, which resulted in 8 deaths. This turned soldiers in Petrograd against Kerensky because he was just like the Tsarist regime. Kerensky’s failure to assume authority over troops was described by John Reed as a ‘fatal blunder’ that signalled the final death of the government.[22]
On 30 October 1917, the battle against the anti-Bolsheviks continued. The Red Guard fought against Cossacks at Tsarskoye Selo, with the Cossacks breaking rank and fleeing, leaving their artillery behind.
On 31 October 1917, the Bolsheviks gain control of Moscow after a week of bitter street-fighting. Artillery had been freely used with an estimated 700 casualties. However, there is still continued support for Kerensky in some of the provinces.
On 1 November 1917, there is an appeal to anti-Bolsheviks throughout Russia to join the new government of the people, with the Bolsheviks winning even more support from the Russian people.
On 2 November 1917, there is only minor public anti-Bolshevik sentiment; for example, the newspaper Novaya Zhizn criticises the lack of manpower and organisation of the Bolsheviks to run a party, let alone a government. Lenin confidently claims that there is "not a shadow of hesitation in the masses of Petrograd, Moscow and the rest of Russia" towards Bolshevik rule.[22]
On 12 November, a Constitutent Assembly was elected, giving a majority to the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which no longer existed as a full party by that time, with the Left SR Party in coalition with the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks dissolved the Constituent Assembly in January 1918, when it came into conflict with the Soviets.
On 20 December 1917, the Cheka was created by the decree of Vladimir Lenin.[23] These were the beginnings of the Bolsheviks' consolidation of power over their political opponents. The Red Terror was started in September 1918, following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin's life. The Jacobin Terror was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks. Leon Trotsky had compared Lenin to Maximilien Robespierre as early as 1904.[24]
The Decree on Land ratified the actions of the peasants who throughout Russia gained private land and redistributed it among themselves. The Bolsheviks viewed themselves as representing an alliance of workers and peasants and memorialized that understanding with the Hammer and Sickle on the flag and coat of arms of the Soviet Union. Other decrees:
All private property was nationalized by the government.
All Russian banks were nationalized.
Private bank accounts were expropriated.
The properties of the Church (including bank accounts) were expropriated.
All foreign debts were repudiated.
Control of the factories was given to the soviets.
Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war, and a shorter, eight-hour working day was introduced.
Bolshevik-led attempts to gain power in other parts of the Russian Empire were largely successful in Russia proper — although the fighting in Moscow lasted for two weeks — but they were less successful in ethnically non-Russian parts of the Empire, which had been clamoring for independence since the February Revolution. For example, the Ukrainian Rada, which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the Ukrainian People's Republic on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. This led to an armed conflict with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd and, eventually, a Ukrainian declaration of independence from Russia on 25 January 1918.[25] In Estonia, two rival governments emerged: the Estonian Provincial Assembly proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia on 28 November 1917 and issued the Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918, while an Estonian Bolshevik sympathizer, Jaan Anvelt, was recognized by Lenin's government as Estonia's leader on 8 December, although forces loyal to Anvelt controlled only the capital and a few other towns.[26]
The success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state into a soviet republic. A coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1922.
In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks' separate peace with the Central Powers, the Allied powers (United Kingdom, France, Italy, United States and Japan) occupied parts of the Soviet Union for over two years before finally withdrawing[citation needed]. The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933. The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented.
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Few events in historical research have been as conditioned by political influences as the October Revolution.[27] The historiography of the Revolution generally divides into three camps: the Soviet-Marxist view, the Western-Totalitarian view, and the Revisionist view.[28]
Soviet historiography[edit]
Soviet historiography of the October Revolution is intertwined with Soviet historical development. Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries.[29] After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives, Soviet historians worked within "narrow guidelines" defined by the Soviet government. The rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Joseph Stalin.[30]
Soviet historians of the October Revolution interpreted the Revolution with regard to establishing the legitimacy of Marxist ideology, and also the Bolshevik government. To establish the accuracy of Marxist ideology, Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of class struggle. They maintained that the Revolution was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws. The Bolshevik Party is placed at the center of the Revolution, exposing the errors of both the moderate Provisional Government and the spurious "socialist" Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet. Guided by Vladimir Lenin's leadership and his firm grasp of scientific Marxist theory, the Party led the "logically predetermined" events of the October Revolution from beginning to end. The events were, according to these historians, logically predetermined because of the socio-economic development of Russia, where the monopoly industrial capitalism alienated the masses. In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first socialist state.[31]
Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991, it did undergo some changes. Following Stalin’s death, historians such as E. N. Burdzhalov and P. V. Volobuev published historical research that deviated significantly from the party line in refining the doctrine that the Bolshevik victory "was predetermined by the state of Russia’s socio-economic development".[32] These historians, who constituted the "New Directions Group", posited that the complex nature of the October Revolution "could only be explained by a multi-causal analysis, not by recourse to the mono-causality of monopoly capitalism".[33] For them, the central actor is still the Bolshevik party, but this party triumphed "because it alone could solve the preponderance of ‘general democratic’ tasks the country faced" (such as the struggle for peace, the exploitation of landlords, and so on.)[34]
During the late Soviet period, the opening of select Soviet archives during glasnost sparked innovative research that broke away from some aspects of Marxism–Leninism, though the key features of the orthodox Soviet view remained intact.[30]
Western historiography[edit]
During the Cold War, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view. The Soviet version of the October Revolution conditioned historical interpretations in the United States and the West. As a result, these Western historians exposed what they believed were flaws in the Soviet view, thereby undermining the Bolsheviks' original legitimacy, as well as the precepts of Marxism.[35]
These Western historians described the revolution as the result of a chain of contingent accidents. Examples of these accidental and contingent factors they say precipitated the Revolution included World War I's timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as liberal and moderate socialists.[30] According to Western historians, it was not popular support, but rather manipulation of the masses, ruthlessness, and the superior structure of the Bolsheviks that enabled it to survive. For these historians, the Bolsheviks’ defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks’ coup, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War.[36]
Western historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto-totalitarian. Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a proto-totalitarian party reinforced to them the idea that totalitarianism was an inherent part of Soviet history. For them, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party’s tactics and organization.[37]
Effect of the dissolution of the USSR on historical research[edit]
The dissolution of the USSR affected historical interpretations of the October Revolution. Since 1991, increasing access to large amounts of Soviet archival materials made it possible to re‑examine the October Revolution.[38] Though both Western and Russian historians now have access to many of these archives, the effect of the dissolution of the USSR can be seen most clearly in the work of historians in the former USSR. While the disintegration essentially helped solidify the Western and Revisionist views, post-USSR Russian historians largely repudiated the former Soviet historical interpretation of the Revolution.[39] As Stephen Kotkin argues, 1991 prompted "a return to political history and the apparent resurrection of totalitarianism, the interpretive view that, in different ways…revisionists sought to bury".[40] There has additionally been the revival among some historians[who?] of the "continuity thesis", the idea that there was an uncomplicated, natural evolution from the October Revolution’s organizational structure to Gulag camps during Stalin's period.[41]
Legacy[edit]
The term "Red October" (Красный Октябрь, Krasnyy Oktyabr) has also been used to describe the events of the month. This name has in turn been lent to a steel factory made notable by the Battle of Stalingrad,[citation needed] a Moscow sweets factory that is well known in Russia, and a fictional Soviet submarine.
Ten Days That Shook the World, a book written by American journalist John Reed and first published in 1919, gives a firsthand exposition of the events. Reed died in 1920, shortly after the book was finished.
Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his Symphony No. 2 in B major, Op. 14 and subtitled To October, for the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution. The choral finale of the work, "To October", is set to a text by Alexander Bezymensky, which praises Lenin and the revolution. The Symphony No. 2 was first performed by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra and the Academy Capella Choir under the direction of Nikolai Malko, on 5 November 1927.
Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov's film October: Ten Days That Shook the World, first released on 20 January 1928 in the USSR and on 2 November 1928 in New York City, describes and glorifies the revolution and was commissioned to commemorate the event.
7 November, the anniversary of the October Revolution, was the official national day of the Soviet Union from 1918 onward and still is a public holiday in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and the breakaway territory of Transnistria.
The October revolution of 1917 also marks the inception of the first communist government in Russia, and thus the first large-scale socialist state in world history. After this Russia became the Russian SFSR and later part of the USSR, which dissolved in late 1991.
See also[edit]
February Revolution
Ten Days That Shook the World
Revolutions of 1917–23
Russian Civil War
Russian Revolution (1917)
Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
Dissolution of the Soviet Union, 74 years later (1991)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Samaan, A.E. (2 February 2013). From a "Race of Masters" to a "Master Race": 1948 to 1848. A.E. Samaan. p. 346. ISBN 0615747884. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Llewellyn, John Rae and Steve Thompson (2014). "The Constituent Assembly". Alpha History.
Jump up ^ Bunyan & Fisher 1934, p. 385.
Jump up ^ David Mandel, The Petrograd workers and the seizure of soviet power, London, 1984
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes (1990). The Russian Revolution. Knopf Doubleday. p. 407.
Jump up ^ The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath. Michael Kort. p. 104
Jump up ^ Michael C. Hickey (2010). Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words: Fighting Words. ABC-CLIO. p. 559.
Jump up ^ Beckett 2007, p. 526
Jump up ^ Pipes, 1997. p. 51. "There is no evidence of a Kornilov plot, but there is plenty of evidence of Kerensky's duplicity."
Jump up ^ Service 2005, p. 54
Jump up ^ "Central Committee Meeting—10 Oct 1917".
Jump up ^ "1917 – La Revolution Russe". Arte TV. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Suny, Ronald (2011). The Soviet Experiment. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–67. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rabinowitch, Alexander (2004). The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. Pluto Press. pp. 273–305. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Beckett, p. 528
Jump up ^ Jonathan Schell, 2003. 'The Mass Minority in Action: France and Russia'. In The Unconquerable World. London: Penguin, pp. 167–185.
Jump up ^ Argumenty i Fakty newspaper
Jump up ^ "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Мемуары ]-- Дыбенко П.Е. Из недр царского флота к Великому Октябрю".
Jump up ^ "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Биографии ]-- Савченко В. А. Авантюристы гражданской войны".
Jump up ^ Louise Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia, pg 60–61
Jump up ^ Service, 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b c d John Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World
Jump up ^ Figes, 1996.
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes: The Russian Revolution
Jump up ^ See Encyclopedia of Ukraine online
Jump up ^ See the article on Estonian independence in the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia online
Jump up ^ Edward Acton, Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 5.
Jump up ^ Acton, Critical Companion, 5–7.
Jump up ^ Stephen Kotkin, "1991 and the Russian Revolution: Sources, Conceptual Categories, Analytical Frameworks," The Journal of Modern History 70 (October 1998): 392.
^ Jump up to: a b c Acton, Critical Companion, 7.
Jump up ^ Acton, Critical Companion, 8.
Jump up ^ Alter Litvin, Writing History in Twentieth-Century Russia, (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 49–50.
Jump up ^ Roger Markwick, Rewriting History in Soviet Russia: The Politics of Revisionist Historiography, (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 97.
Jump up ^ Markwick, Rewriting History, 102.
Jump up ^ Acton, Critical Companion, 6–7.
Jump up ^ Acton, Critical Companion, 7–9.
Jump up ^ Stephen E. Hanson (1997). Time and Revolution: Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions. U of North Carolina Press. p. 130.
Jump up ^ Kotkin, "1991 and the Russian Revolution," 385-86.
Jump up ^ Litvin, Writing History, 47.
Jump up ^ Kotkin, "1991 and the Russian Revolution," 385.
Jump up ^ Kevin Murphy, "Can we write the history of the Russian Revolution?," http://www.isreview.org/issues/57/feat-russianrev.shtml (May 2011).
References[edit]
Acton, Edward (1997). Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution.
Ascher, Abraham (2014). The Russian Revolution: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications.
Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). The Great war (2 ed.). Longman. ISBN 1-4058-1252-4.
Bone, Ann (trans.) (1974). The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution: Central Committee Minutes of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) August 1917-February 1918. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-902818546.
Bunyan, James; Fisher, Harold Henry (1934). The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1918: Documents and Materials. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. OCLC 253483096.
Chamberlin, William Henry (1935). The Russian Revolution. I: 1917–1918: From the Overthrow of the Tsar to the Assumption of Power by the Bolsheviks. Old Classic.
Figes, Orlando (1996). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924. Pimlico.
Guerman, Mikhail (1979). Art of the October Revolution.
Kollontai, Alexandra (1971). "The Years of Revolution". The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman. New York: Herder and Herder. OCLC 577690073.
Krupskaya, Nadezhda (1930). "The October Days". Reminiscences of Lenin. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. OCLC 847091253.
Luxemburg, Rosa (1940) [1918]. The Russian Revolution. Translated by Bertram Wolfe. New York City: Workers Age. OCLC 579589928.
Mandel, David (1984). The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet seizure of power. London: MacMillan.
Pipes, Richard (1997). Three "whys" of the Russian Revolution. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-77646-8.
Radek, Karl (1995) [First published 1922 as "Wege der Russischen Revolution"]. "The Paths of the Russian Revolution". In Bukharin, Nikolai; Richardson, Al. In Defence of the Russian Revolution: A Selection of Bolshevik Writings, 1917–1923. London: Porcupine Press. pp. 35–75. ISBN 1899438017. OCLC 33294798.
Read, Christopher (1996). From Tsars to Soviets.
Serge, Victor (1972) [1930]. Year One of the Russian Revolution. London: Penguin Press. OCLC 15612072.
Service, Robert (1998). A history of twentieth-century Russia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-40347-9.
Shukman, Harold, ed. (1998). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution. articles by over 40 specialists CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Swain, Geoffrey (2014). Trotsky and the Russian Revolution. Routledge.
Trotsky, Leon (1930). "XXVI: FROM JULY TO OCTOBER". My Life. London: Thornton Butterworth. OCLC 181719733.
Trotsky, Leon (1932). The History of the Russian Revolution. III. Translated by Max Eastman. London: Gollancz. OCLC 605191028.
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Let History Judge Russia’s Revolutions, commentary by Roy Medvedev, Project Syndicate, 2007
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Lunar day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A lunar day is the period of time for Earth's Moon to complete one rotation on its axis with respect to the Sun. Due to tidal locking, it is also the time the Moon takes to complete one orbit around Earth and return to the same phase. A lunar month is the period between two new moons and lasts about 29.5 days.
Relative to the fixed stars on the celestial sphere, the Moon takes 27 Earth days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, and 12 seconds to complete one orbit;[1] however, since the Earth–Moon system advances around the Sun at the same time, the Moon must travel further to return to the same phase. On average, this synodic period lasts 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 3 seconds.[1] This is the mean figure since the speed of the Earth–Moon system around the Sun varies slightly during a year due to the eccentricity of its elliptical orbit, variances in orbital velocity, and a number of other periodic and evolving variations about its observed, relative, mean values, which are influenced by the gravitational perturbations of the Sun and other bodies in the Solar System.
As a result, daylight at a given point on the Moon would last approximately two weeks from beginning to end, followed by approximately two weeks of night.
Contents
[hide]
1 Alternate usage
1.1 Lunar calendars
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Alternate usage[edit]
The term lunar day may also refer to the period between moonrises or high moon in a particular location on Earth. This period is typically about 50 minutes longer than a 24-hour Earth day, as the Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth's axial rotation.[2]
The term lunar day is also used in the context of night and day, i.e., opposite to the lunar night. This is is common in discussions of the huge difference in temperatures, such as discussion about the Lunar rovers "Soviet Union’s Luna missions, were designed to survive one lunar day (two Earth weeks).[3]
Lunar calendars[edit]
In some lunar calendars, such as the Hindu calendar, a lunar day, or tithi, is defined as 1/30th of a lunar month, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12 degrees. By this definition, lunar days generally vary in duration.
See also[edit]
Lunisolar calendar
Sol, the name for a Martian solar day
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Month". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Animation of a lunar day". NOAA. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151218-how-to-survive-the-freezing-lunar-night
External links[edit]
Lunar days and other lunar data for many different cities. Lunarium.co.uk.
Lunar Standard Time (LST) lunarclock.org.
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This page was last edited on 16 February 2018, at 16:22.
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