text:
Frank Albertson
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Frank Albertson
Publicity still with Albertson (left) for The Brat (1931)
Born
Francis Healey Albertson
(1909-02-02)February 2, 1909
Fergus Falls, Minnesota, U.S.
Died
February 29, 1964(1964-02-29) (aged 55)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1923–1964
Spouse(s)
Virginia Shelley (m. 1931; div. 1943)
Grace Gillern (m. 1943; his death 1964)
Children
5
Frank Albertson (February 2, 1909 – February 29, 1964) was an American character actor who made his debut in a minor part in Hollywood at age thirteen. He had supporting roles in classics such as It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Psycho (1960).
His last appearance was on The Andy Griffith Show, in which he played a Marine commander completing an inspection. The episode aired on May 19, 1964, three months after Albertson died.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
3 Death
4 Recognition
5 Filmography
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Early years[edit]
Born Francis Healey Albertson, he was a native of Fergus Falls, Minnesota,[1] the first child of Frank B. and Mary (née Healey) Albertson. He spent his childhood first in nearby Frazee,[2] and later in Puyallup, Washington.[3] As a young man in Los Angeles, he worked as a laboratory assistant in a photographic shop, which resulted in contacts leading to his acting career.[4]
Career[edit]
Albertson made well over 100 appearances (1923–1964) in movies and television. In his early career he often sang and danced in such films as Just Imagine (1930) and A Connecticut Yankee (1931). He was featured in Alice Adams (1935) as the title character's brother, and in Room Service (1938) he played opposite the Marx Brothers. He served in the U.S. Army Air Forces' First Motion Picture Unit making training films during World War II. As he aged he moved from featured roles to supporting and character parts—in his later career he can be seen as Sam Wainwright, the businessman fond of saying "Hee-Haw" in the movie It's a Wonderful Life (1946).
Albertson portrayed future U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in the 1956 episode "Rough Rider" of the CBS western television series My Friend Flicka. He guest starred in the early NBC western series The Californians and twice in the David Janssen crime drama Richard Diamond, Private Detective.
He was cast in 1959 and 1962 in different roles on Walter Brennan's sitcom The Real McCoys. In 1960, he appeared as General Devery in the episode "Strange Encounter" of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series Colt .45.[5]
In 1960, he played the wealthy rancher Tom Cassidy at the beginning of Psycho (1960) who provides the $40,000 in cash that Janet Leigh's character later steals. In the 1960-61 television season, he played the character Mr. Cooper in five episodes of the CBS sitcom Bringing Up Buddy, starring Frank Aletter. In 1964, Albertson was cast as Jim O'Neal in the episode "The Death of a Teacher" of the NBC education drama Mr. Novak. One of his final screen appearances was as "Sam," the bewildered mayor of Sweet Apple, Ohio, in the 1963 film musical Bye Bye Birdie.[6]
Death[edit]
Albertson died in his sleep at his home in Santa Monica, California, on February 29, 1964, aged 55. Cause of death was an apparent heart attack. He was survived by his second wife, Grace Gillern Albertson, and his five children[note 1][7] from his two marriages.[4] He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California.[8]
Recognition[edit]
For his contributions to the film industry, Albertson received a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6754 Hollywood Boulevard. The star was dedicated on February 8, 1960.[9]
Filmography[edit]
The Covered Wagon (1923) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Farmer's Daughter (1928) as Allan Boardman Jr
Prep and Pep (1928) as Bunk Hill
Blue Skies (1929) as Richard Lewis (episode 2)
Words and Music (1929) as Skeet Mulroy
Salute (1929) as Midshipman Albert Edward Price
Happy Days (1929) as Frankie Albertson
Men Without Women (1930) as Ensign Albert Edward Price
The Big Party (1930) as Jack Hunter
Son of the Gods (1930) as Kicker
Spring Is Here (1930) as Stacy Adams
Born Reckless (1930) as Frank Sheldon
So This Is London (1930) as Junior Draper
Wild Company (1930) as Larry Grayson
Just Imagine (1930) as RT-42
A Connecticut Yankee (1931) as Emile le Poulet / Clarence
Big Business Girl (1931) as Johnny Saunders
Traveling Husbands (1931) as Barry Greene
The Brat (1931) as Stephen Forester
Way Back Home (1931) as David Clark
The Tiger's Son (1931)
The Cohens and Kellys in Hollywood (1932) as Frank Albertson (uncredited)
Racing Youth (1932) as Teddy Blue
Huddle (1932) as Larry
Air Mail (1932) as Tommy Bogan
The Lost Special (1932 serial) as Tom Hood
The Billion Dollar Scandal (1933) as Babe Partos
The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble (1933) as Bob Graham
Ann Carver's Profession (1933) as Jim Thompson
Dangerous Crossroads (1933)
Midshipman Jack (1933) as Russell H. Burns
Ever in My Heart (1933) as Sam Archer
Rainbow Over Broadway (1933) as Don Hayes
King for a Night (1933) as Dick Morris
The Last Gentleman (1934) as Allan Blaine, Augusta's adopted son
The Life of Vergie Winters (1934) as Ranny Truesdale
Hollywood Hoodlum (1934) as Daniel Patrick Ryan
Bachelor of Arts (1934) as Pete Illings
Enter Madame (1935) as John Fitzgerald
College Scandal (1935) as Student (scenes deleted)
Doubting Thomas (1935) as Jimmy Brown
Alice Adams (1935) as Walter Adams
Waterfront Lady (1935) as Ronny Hillyer aka Bill
Personal Maid's Secret (1935) as Kent Fletcher
East of Java (1935) as Larry Page
Kind Lady (1935) as Peter Santard
Ah, Wilderness! (1935) as Arthur
The Farmer in the Dell (1936) as Davy Davenport
Fury (1936) as Charlie
The Plainsman (1936) as A Young Trooper
Navy Blue and Gold (1937) as Weeks
Hold That Kiss (1938) as Steve Evans
Mother Carey's Chickens (1938) as Tom Hamilton Jr.
Fugitives for a Night (1938) as Matt Ryan
Room Service (1938) as Leo Davis
Spring Madness (1938) as Hat
The Shining Hour (1938) as Benny Collins
Bachelor Mother (1939) as Freddie Miller
Framed (1940) as Henry T. 'Hank' Parker
The Ghost Comes Home (1940) as Ernest
When the Daltons Rode (1940) as Emmett Dalton
Dr. Christian Meets the Women (1940) as Bill Ferris
Behind the News (1940) as Jeff Flavin
Ellery Queen's Penthouse Mystery (1941) as Sanders
Man Made Monster (1941) as Mark Adams
Father Steps Out (1941) as Jimmy Dugan
Citadel of Crime (1941) as Jim Rogers
Burma Convoy (1941) as Mike Weldon
Flying Cadets (1941) as Bob Ames
Louisiana Purchase (1941) as Robert Davis, Jr.
Man from Headquarters (1942) as Larry Doyle
Shepherd of the Ozarks (1942) as Lieutenant James J. 'Jimmy' Maloney, Jr.
Junior G-Men of the Air (1942 serial) as Jerry Markham
Wake Island (1942) as Johnny Rudd
City of Silent Men (1942) as Gil Davis
Underground Agent (1942) as Johnny Davis
Silent Witness (1943) as Bruce L. Strong - Attorney
Keep 'Em Slugging (1943) as Frank Moulton
Here Comes Elmer (1943) as Joe Maxwell
Mystery Broadcast (1943) as Michael Jerome
O, My Darling Clementine (1943) as 'Dapper' Dan Franklin
Rosie the Riveter (1944) as Charlie Doran
And the Angels Sing (1944) as Oliver
I Love a Soldier (1944) as Little Soldier (uncredited)
Arson Squad (1945) as Tom Mitchell
How Doooo You Do!!! (1945) as Tom Brandon
Gay Blades (1946) as Frankie Dowell
They Made Me a Killer (1946) as Patrolman Al Wilson
Ginger (1946) as Barney O'Hara
It's a Wonderful Life (1946) as Sam Wainwright
The Hucksters (1947) as Max Herman
Killer Dill (1947) as William T. Allen
Shed No Tears (1948) as Lt. Hutton - Police Detective
Main Street to Broadway (1953) as Frank Albertson (uncredited)
Girl on the Run (1953) as Hank
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) as Worker at the Taxidermist's (uncredited)
Nightfall (1957) as Dr. Edward Gurston
The Enemy Below (1957) as Lt. Crain
The Last Hurrah (1958) as Jack Mangan
Official Detective "Muggers" (1958) as Detective David 'King' Cassidy
Psycho (1960) as Tom Cassidy
Man-Trap (1961) as Paul Snavely
Don't Knock the Twist (1962) as Herbert 'Herb' Walcott
Papa's Delicate Condition (1963) as Gambler (uncredited)
Bye Bye Birdie (1963) as Sam - The Mayor
Johnny Cool (1963) as Bill Blakely
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Albertson's obituary in The New York Times lists four children ("two sons, Frank Jr. and Tony, and two daughters, Mrs. Gretchen Olberg and Juliet A1bertson") as survivors, along with his wife.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Albertson.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Geoff (2017). Encyclopedia of American Film Serials. McFarland. ISBN 9781476627199. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ 1910 United States Census; Census Place: Frazee, Becker, Minnesota; Roll: T624_689; Page: 17A; Enumeration District: 0003; Image: 728; FHL Number: 1374702.
Jump up ^ 1920 United States Census;Census Place: Puyallup, Pierce, Washington; Roll: T625_1937; Page: 2A; Enumeration District: 226; Image: 1048.
^ Jump up to: a b Pasadena Star-News, March 3, 1964, p. 16
Jump up ^ "Frank Albertson". IMDb. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Full Cast of Bye Bye Birdie at the Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ "Frank Albertson Is Dead at 55". The New York Times. March 4, 1964. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland. p. 158. ISBN 9780786409839. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Frank Albertson". walkoffame.com. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Minnesota portal
Washington portal
Los Angeles portal
California portal
Film portal
Television portal
Frank Albertson on IMDb
Frank Albertson at AllMovie
Frank Albertson at the Internet Broadway Database
Frank Albertson at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 22339041
LCCN: n79019988
ISNI: 0000 0000 2064 4138
GND: 1023976358
SUDOC: 143487485
BNF: cb14006035t (data)
SNAC: w6pd6tgn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Albertson&oldid=828117978"
Categories:
1909 births
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American male television actors
Male actors from Minnesota
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
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People from Puyallup, Washington
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
20th-century American male actors
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text:
Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Australian National Memorial, Villers–Bretonneux
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
View of the memorial tower (left) and Cross of Sacrifice (right)
For Australian Imperial Force
Unveiled
22 July 1938
Location
49°53′12.76″N 02°30′45.97″E / 49.8868778°N 2.5127694°E / 49.8868778; 2.5127694Coordinates: 49°53′12.76″N 02°30′45.97″E / 49.8868778°N 2.5127694°E / 49.8868778; 2.5127694 France
Designed by
Sir Edwin Lutyens
To the Glory of God and in memory of the Australian Imperial Force in France and Flanders 1916–1918 and of eleven thousand who fell in France and have no known grave
Statistics source: Cemetery details. Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
The Australian National Memorial, Villers–Bretonneux is the main memorial to Australian military personnel killed on the Western Front during World War I. It is located on the Route Villiers-Bretonneux (D 23), between the towns of Fouilloy and Villers-Bretonneux, in the Somme département, France. The memorial lists 10,773 names of soldiers of the Australian Imperial Force with no known grave who were killed between 1916, when Australian forces arrived in France and Belgium, and the end of the war. The location was chosen to commemorate the role played by Australian soldiers in the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux (24–27 April 1918).
Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the memorial consists of a tower within the Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery, which also includes a Cross of Sacrifice. The tower is surrounded by walls and panels on which the names of the missing dead are listed. The main inscription is in both French and English, on either side of the entrance to the tower. The memorial and cemetery are maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the memorial
2 Notable Commemoratees
3 Footnotes and references
4 External links
History of the memorial[edit]
Following the war, the commander of the Australian Corps, Lieutenant General Sir Talbot Hobbs chose the sites of several Australian memorials in Europe and proposed that a memorial to all of the Australian dead on the Western Front be built in France, in the Villers-Bretonneux area. The proposal was approved by the Australian government – still led by wartime Prime Minister Billy Hughes – in 1923. A competition to design the memorial was held in 1925. It was open only to Australian veterans and their parents; their entries were required to use only stone quarried in Australia. The competition was won by the Melbourne architect William Lucas. In 1929, the French government gave its approval to the project.
The Scullin government suspended the project in 1930, due to the Great Depression and the projected cost, as well as dissatisfaction with aesthetic elements of Lucas's design.[1] Following a 1935 visit to Australia by the head of the Imperial War Graves Commission, Sir Fabian Ware, a cheaper design was sought, using French stone, from Sir Edwin Lutyens.
Construction of the memorial took place in 1936 and 1937. It was unveiled on 22 July 1938 by King George VI, whose words were broadcast directly to Australia. Other dignitaries present included the French President Albert Lebrun, who also gave a speech, and the Australian deputy prime minister Earle Page. Accompanying the King was his wife Queen Elizabeth, whose brother was killed at the Battle of Loos. This memorial was the last of the great memorials to the missing of World War I to be built, and the Second World War broke out just over a year after its unveiling.[2] During the unveiling ceremony, the King closed his speech with the words: "They rest in peace, while over them all Australia's tower keeps watch and ward."[2]
Every year on 25 April, an Anzac Day Dawn Service is conducted at the memorial by the Australian Government Department of Veterans’ Affairs. The service commences at 5.30am and is followed by community services in Villers-Bretonneux and Bullecourt.
The cemetery originally included 60 hornbeam trees, planted in 1928. These were removed in 2009 as they reached the end of their lives, and were replaced by new trees as part of plans for the centenary commemorations in 2018.[3]
Notable Commemoratees[edit]
Private Thomas Cooke - New Zealand-born Australian Army VC recipient.[4]
Southern entrance pavilion to the cemetery
The Stone of Remembrance at the cemetery entrance
The Cross of Sacrifice and the tower in October 2007
The Cross of Sacrifice and the tower in May 2014[5]
Shelter forming the left wing of the memorial
Some of the 11,000 names of the missing dead on the memorial
The inscriptions in English and French either side of the memorial tower entrance
Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery viewed from the top of the tower in July 2008
Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery viewed from the top of the tower in April 2012[5]
Footnotes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme (Gavin Stamp, 2007), page 94
^ Jump up to: a b Villers–Bretonneux, Australian National Memorial, Australians on the Western Front 1914-1918, Department of Veterans' Affairs and Board of Studies NSW - accessed 31 December 2009
Jump up ^ Day, Mark (14 December 2009). "Villers-Bretonneux plots stripped bare". The Australian. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Jump up ^ [1] CWGC casualty record, Thomas Cooke.
^ Jump up to: a b The original hornbeam trees planted in 1928 were removed in 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian National Memorial.
Commonwealth War Graves Commission details of the Villers–Bretonneux Memorial
Villers–Bretonneux, Australian National Memorial - history and description of the memorial and pictures of the unveiling ceremony and of details of the memorial (Department of Veteran Affairs, Australia)
British-Pathé Newsreel report that includes the unveiling of the memorial, unveiling is at 2:14 to 2:51 (Adobe Flash)
Australian National War Memorial, Villers-Bretonneux, France (William Lucas, 1930, Argonaut Press) - book by Lucas on his rejected plans for the memorial (catalogue entry from the National Library of Australia)
Anzac Day Dawn Service at the Australian National Memorial, Villers-Bretonneux
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Reginald Blomfield
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Edgar-Henri Boutry
Lucien Brasseur
Robert Coin
William Harrison Cowlishaw
Camille Debert
Louis Dejean
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[show]
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Pupil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Pupil (disambiguation).
Pupil
The pupil is the central transparent area, appearing as black. The grey/blue area surrounding it is the iris. The white outer area is the sclera, the central transparent part of which is the cornea.
Cross-section of the human eye, showing the position of the pupil.
Details
Part of
Eye
System
Visual system
Identifiers
Latin
Pupilla (Plural: Pupillae)
MeSH
D011680
TA
A15.2.03.028
FMA
58252
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina.[1] It appears black because light rays entering the pupil are either absorbed by the tissues inside the eye directly, or absorbed after diffuse reflections within the eye that mostly miss exiting the narrow pupil.
In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have vertical slit pupils, goats have horizontally oriented pupils, and some catfish have annular types.[2] In optical terms, the anatomical pupil is the eye's aperture and the iris is the aperture stop. The image of the pupil as seen from outside the eye is the entrance pupil, which does not exactly correspond to the location and size of the physical pupil because it is magnified by the cornea. On the inner edge lies a prominent structure, the collarette, marking the junction of the embryonic pupillary membrane covering the embryonic pupil.
Contents
1 Structure
2 Function
2.1 Effect of light
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Effect of drugs
3.2 Diseases
3.3 Size of pupil
4 Other animals
5 Society and culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The pupil is a hole located in the centre of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina.[1] It appears black because light rays entering the pupil are either absorbed by the tissues inside the eye directly, or absorbed after diffuse reflections within the eye that mostly miss exiting the narrow pupil.
Function[edit]
See also: Iris (anatomy)
The iris is a contractile structure, consisting mainly of smooth muscle, surrounding the pupil. Light enters the eye through the pupil, and the iris regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the pupil.
The iris contains two groups of smooth muscles; a circular group called the sphincter pupillae, and a radial group called the dilator pupillae. When the sphincter pupillae contract, the iris decreases or constricts the size of the pupil. The dilator pupillae, innervated by sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, cause the pupil to dilate when they contract. These muscles are sometimes referred to as intrinsic eye muscles.
The sensory pathway (rod or cone, bipolar, ganglion) is linked with its counterpart in the other eye by a partial crossover of each eye's fibers. This causes the effect in one eye to carry over to the other.
Effect of light[edit]
The pupil gets wider in the dark and narrower in light. When narrow, the diameter is 2 to 4 millimeters. In the dark it will be the same at first, but will approach the maximum distance for a wide pupil 3 to 8 mm. In any human age group there is however considerable variation in maximal pupil size. For example, at the peak age of 15, the dark-adapted pupil can vary from 4 mm to 9 mm with different individuals. After 25 years of age the average pupil size decreases, though not at a steady rate.[3][4] At this stage the pupils do not remain completely still, therefore may lead to oscillation, which may intensify and become known as hippus. The constriction of the pupil and near vision are closely tied. In bright light, the pupils constrict to prevent aberrations of light rays and thus attain their expected acuity; in the dark this is not necessary, so it is chiefly concerned with admitting sufficient light into the eye.[5]
When bright light is shone on the eye, light sensitive cells in the retina, including rod and cone photoreceptors and melanopsin ganglion cells, will send signals to the oculomotor nerve, specifically the parasympathetic part coming from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, which terminates on the circular iris sphincter muscle. When this muscle contracts, it reduces the size of the pupil. This is the pupillary light reflex, which is an important test of brainstem function. Furthermore, the pupil will dilate if a person sees an object of interest.
Clinical significance[edit]
Effect of drugs[edit]
Iris dilated for retina examination
If the drug pilocarpine is administered, the pupils will constrict and accommodation is increased due to the parasympathetic action on the circular muscle fibers, conversely, atropine will cause paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia) and dilation of the pupil.
Certain drugs cause constriction of the pupils, such as opioids.[6] Other drugs, such as atropine, LSD, MDMA, mescaline, psilocybin mushrooms, cocaine and amphetamines may cause pupil dilation.[7][citation needed]
The sphincter muscle has a parasympathetic innervation, and the dilator has a sympathetic innervation. In pupillary constriction induced by pilocarpine, not only is the sphincter nerve supply activated but that of the dilator is inhibited. The reverse is true, so control of pupil size is controlled by differences in contraction intensity of each muscle.
Another term for the constriction of the pupil is miosis. Substances that cause miosis are described as miotic. Dilation of the pupil is mydriasis. Dilation can be caused by mydriatic substances such as an eye drop solution containing tropicamide.
Diseases[edit]
A condition called bene dilitatism occurs when the optic nerves are partially damaged. This condition is typified by chronically widened pupils due to the decreased ability of the optic nerves to respond to light. In normal lighting, people afflicted with this condition normally have dilated pupils, and bright lighting can cause pain. At the other end of the spectrum, people with this condition have trouble seeing in darkness. It is necessary for these people to be especially careful when driving at night due to their inability to see objects in their full perspective. This condition is not otherwise dangerous.
Size of pupil[edit]
Main articles: Mydriasis and Miosis
The size of the pupil can be a symptom of an underlying disease. Dilation of the pupil is known as mydriasis and contraction as miosis.
Not all variations in size are indicative of disease however. In addition to dilation and contraction caused by light and darkness, it has been shown that solving simple multiplication problems affects the size of the pupil.[8] The simple act of recollection can dilate the size of the pupil,[9] however when the brain is required to process at a rate above its maximum capacity, the pupils contract.[10]
Other animals[edit]
Play media
The W-shaped pupil of the cuttlefish expanding when the lights are turned off.
Not all animals have circular pupils. Some have slits or ovals which may be oriented vertically, as in crocodiles, vipers, cats and foxes, or horizontally as in some rays, flying frogs, mongooses and artiodactyls such as sheep, elk, red deer, reindeer and hippopotamus, as well as the domestic horse. Goats, toads and octopus pupils tend to be horizontal and rectangular with rounded corners. Some skates and rays have crescent shaped pupils,[11] gecko pupils range from circular, to a slit, to a series of pinholes[12], and the cuttlefish pupil is a smoothly curving W shape. There are rare cases of humans with very unusually shaped pupils, such as peanut-shell-shaped pupils, as if the sides of the pupils are pinched together in the middle, like a vertical peanut shell, being wide at the top and bottom of the pupil, but narrow in the middle.[citation needed]
There may be differences in pupil shape even between closely related animals. In felids, there are differences between small- and large eyed species. The domestic cat (Felis sylvestris domesticus) has vertical slit pupils, its large relative the Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) has circular pupils and the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is intermediate between those of the domestic cat and the Siberian tiger. A similar difference between small and large species may be present in canines. The small European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has vertical slit pupils whereas their large relatives, the gray wolf (Canis lupus lupus) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) have round pupils.
One explanation for the evolution of slit pupils is that they can exclude light more effectively than a circular pupil.[citation needed] This would explain why slit pupils tend to be found in the eyes of animals with a crepuscular or nocturnal lifestyle that need to protect their eyes during daylight. Constriction of a circular pupil (by a ring-shaped muscle) is less complete than closure of a slit pupil, which uses two additional muscles that laterally compress the pupil.[13] For example, the cat's slit pupil can change the light intensity on the retina 135-fold compared to 10-fold in humans.[14] However, this explanation does not account for circular pupils that can be closed to a very small size (e.g., 0.5 mm in the tarsier) and the rectangular pupils of many ungulates which do not close to a narrow slit in bright light.[15] An alternative explanation is that a partially constricted circular pupil shades the peripheral zones of the lens which would lead to poorly focused images at relevant wavelengths. The vertical slit pupil allows for use of all wavelengths across the full diameter of the lens, even in bright light.[2] It has also been suggested that in ambush predators such as some snakes, vertical slit pupils may aid in camouflage, breaking up the circular outline of the eye.[16]
In a study of Australian snakes, pupil shapes correlated both with diel activity times and with foraging behaviour. Most snake species with vertical pupils were nocturnal and also ambush foragers, and most snakes with circular pupils were diurnal and active foragers. Overall, foraging behaviour predicted pupil shape accurately in more cases than did diel time of activity, because many active-foraging snakes with circular pupils were not diurnal. It has been suggested that there may be a similar link between foraging behaviour and pupil shape amongst the felidae and canidae discussed above.[16]
A 2015 study[17] confirmed the hypothesis that elongated pupils have increased dynamic range, and furthered the correlations with diel activity. However it noted that other hypotheses could not explain the orientation of the pupils. They showed that vertical pupils enable ambush predators to optimise their depth perception, and horizontal pupils to optimise the field of view and image quality of horizontal contours. They further explained why elongated pupils are correlated with the animal's height.
Animals with non-circular pupils
A goat with horizontal rectangular pupils
A stingray with crescent pupils
A crocodile with thin vertical slit pupils
A cuttlefish with W-shaped pupils
A gecko with 'thin string of pearls' pupils
A cat with thick vertical slit pupils
Society and culture[edit]
An anomaly of etymology is that in a surprising number of unrelated languages the meaning of the term for pupil is little person[18]. This may be because the reflection of one's image in the pupil is a minuscule version of one's self[19]
See also[edit]
Biology portal
Pupillary response
Pupil function
Dilated fundus examination
Eye contact
Horner's syndrome
Mydriasis
Synechia (eye)
Anisocoria
Adie's pupil
Argyll Robertson pupil
Light-near dissociation
Marcus Gunn Pupil
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. (1990) Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company.
^ Jump up to: a b Malmström T, Kröger RH (January 2006). "Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates". J. Exp. Biol. 209 (Pt 1): 18–25. doi:10.1242/jeb.01959. PMID 16354774.
Jump up ^ "Aging Eyes and Pupil Size". Amateurastronomy.org. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Factors Affecting Light-Adapted Pupil Size in Normal Human Subjects" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and Function of the Eye" Encyclopædia Brtiannicam Chicago, 1987
Jump up ^ Larson, Merlin D. (2008-06-01). "Mechanism of opioid-induced pupillary effects". Clinical Neurophysiology. 119 (6): 1358–1364. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.01.106. ISSN 1388-2457. PMID 18397839.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Michael D. (October 1, 1999). "How to spot illicit drug abuse in your patients" (PDF). California Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hess, Eckhard H.; Polt, James M. (1964-03-13). "Pupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving". Science. 143 (3611): 1190–1192. doi:10.1126/science.143.3611.1190. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17833905.
Jump up ^ L. Andreassi, John (2006). Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response (Psychophysiology: Human Behavior & Physiological Response); 5 edition. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0805849516.
Jump up ^ "My Brain is Overloaded". prezi.com. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
Jump up ^ Murphy, C.J. & Howland, H.C. (1990). "The functional significance of crescent-shaped pupils and multiple pupillary apertures". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 256: 22. doi:10.1002/jez.1402560505.
Jump up ^ Roth, Lina S. V.; Lundström, Linda; Kelber, Almut; Kröger, Ronald H. H.; Unsbo, Peter (2009-03-01). "The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes". Journal of Vision. 9 (3): 27–27. doi:10.1167/9.3.27. ISSN 1534-7362.
Jump up ^ Walls, G.L., (1942). The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. The Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomington Hills, Michigan.
Jump up ^ Hughes, A. (1977). "The topography of vision in mammals of contrasting life style: comparative optics and retinal organisation", pp. 613–756 in F. Crescitelli (Ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology VII/5., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Jump up ^ Land, M.F. (2006). "Visual optics: the shapes of pupils". Current Biology. 16 (5): R167–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.046. PMID 16527734.
^ Jump up to: a b Brischoux, F., Pizzatto, L. and Shine, R. (2010). "Insights into the adaptive significance of vertical pupil shape in snakes". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 23 (9): 1878–85. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02046.x. PMID 20629855. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Banks et al. (2015) "Why do animal eyes have pupils of different shapes?" url=http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/7/e1500391/tab-article-info
Jump up ^ Toward a Theory of Cultural Linguistics, by Gary B. Palmer, p102
Jump up ^ Human Universals and Human Culture, p4
External links[edit]
Atlas image: eye_1 at the University of Michigan Health System — "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"
Atlas image: eye_2 at the University of Michigan Health System — "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"
A pupil examination simulator, demonstrating the changes in pupil reactions for various nerve lesions.
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values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

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values:
/wiki/Adie%27s_pupil
mw-redirect
Adie's pupil

values:
/wiki/Light-near_dissociation
mw-redirect
Light-near dissociation

values:
/wiki/Marcus_Gunn_Pupil
mw-redirect
Marcus Gunn Pupil

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01959

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354774

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.01.106

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1388-2457

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18397839

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126/science.143.3611.1190

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833905

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402560505

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1167/9.3.27

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1534-7362

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.046

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527734

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20629855

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

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attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: 1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea  27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina

values: margin-left: 180px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

values:
/wiki/Fibrous_tunic
mw-redirect
Fibrous tunic

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4176387-7

values: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Pupil
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Pupil&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values: Ясбер – Avaric

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-av
display: none;

values: পিউপিল – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjenica
Zjenica – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zornice
Zornice – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil
Pupil – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupille
Pupille – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: ލޮލުގެ ކޮއި – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmaava
Silmaava – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Κόρη (ανατομία) – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Сельме ава – Erzya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-myv
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupila
Pupila – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupilo
Pupilo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begi-nini
Begi-nini – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupille
Pupille – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupila
Pupila – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjenica
Zjenica – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupilo
Pupilo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil
Pupil – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupilla
Pupilla – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil
Pupil – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: Қарашық – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Янил жавгьар – Lak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupilla
Pupilla – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyzdys
Vyzdys – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoeu
Popoeu – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupilla
Pupilla – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: डोळ्यातील बाहुली – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak_mata
Anak mata – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: कनीनिका – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupill
Pupill – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupill
Pupill – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupilha
Pupilha – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupila
Pupila – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Зрачок – Russian

values: कनीनिका – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: اک جي ماڻڪي – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrenica
Zrenica – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenica
Zenica – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjenica
Zjenica – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupilli
Pupilli – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupill
Pupill – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: Күз карасы – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: కంటిపాప – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: שווארצאפל – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pupil rootpage-Pupil skin-vector action-view