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FIFA World Player of the Year
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This article is about the men's player of the year award from 1991–2009, and the women's player of the year award from 2001–2015. For the men's player of the year award from 2010–2015, see FIFA Ballon d'Or. For the men's award since 2016, see The Best FIFA Men's Player. For the women's award since 2016, see The Best FIFA Women's Player.
Brazilians Ronaldo and Marta, the youngest recipients at age 20, won three and five awards respectively.
The FIFA World Player of the Year was an association football award presented annually by the sport's governing body, FIFA, between 1991 and 2015. Coaches and captains of international teams and media representatives selected the player they deem to have performed the best in the previous calendar year.
Originally a single award for the world's best men's player, parallels awards for men and women were awarded from 2001–2009. The men's award was subsumed into the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2010 while the women's award remained until 2015. After 2015 both men's and women's awards became part of The Best FIFA Football Awards.
During the men's era, Brazilian players won 8 out of 19 years, compared to three wins – the second most – for French players. In terms of individual players, Brazil again led with five, followed by Italy and Portugal with two each.[1][2] The youngest winner was Ronaldo, who won at 20 years old in 1996, and the oldest winner was Fabio Cannavaro, who won aged 33 in 2006.[3][4] Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane each won the award three times, while Ronaldo and Ronaldinho were the only players to win in successive years. From 2010 to 2015, the equivalent men's award was the FIFA Ballon d'Or, following a merging of the FIFA World Player of the Year and the France Football Ballon d'Or awards.[5][6] Since 2016, the awards have been replaced by the Best FIFA Men's Player and the Best FIFA Women's Player awards.[7]
Eight women's footballers – three Germans, three Americans, one Brazilian, and one Japanese – have won the award. Marta, the youngest recipient at age 20 in 2006, has won five successive awards, the most of any player. Birgit Prinz won three times in a row and Mia Hamm won twice in a row. The oldest winner is Nadine Angerer, who was 35 when she won in 2013; she is also the only goalkeeper of either sex to win.
Contents
[hide]
1 Voting and selection process
2 FIFA World Player of the Year
2.1 Wins by player
2.2 Wins by country
2.3 Wins by club
3 FIFA Women's World Player of the Year
3.1 Wins by player
3.2 Wins by country
3.3 Wins by club
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Voting and selection process[edit]
The winners are chosen by the coaches and captains of national teams as well as by international media representatives invited by FIFA.[8] In a voting system based on positional voting, each voter is allotted three votes, worth five points, three points and one point, and the three finalists are ordered based on total number of points. Following criticism from some sections of the media over nominations in previous years, FIFA has since 2004 provided shortlists from which its voters can select their choices.[9]
FIFA World Player of the Year[edit]
Year
Rank
Player
Team
1991 1st Lothar Matthäus Internazionale
2nd Jean-Pierre Papin Marseille
3rd Gary Lineker Tottenham Hotspur
1992 1st Marco van Basten Milan
2nd Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona
3rd Thomas Häßler Roma
1993 1st Roberto Baggio Juventus
2nd Romário Barcelona
3rd Dennis Bergkamp Internazionale
1994 1st Romário Barcelona
2nd Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona
3rd Roberto Baggio Juventus
1995 1st George Weah[note 1] Milan
2nd Paolo Maldini Milan
3rd Jürgen Klinsmann[note 2] Bayern Munich
1996 1st Ronaldo[note 3] Barcelona
2nd George Weah Milan
3rd Alan Shearer[note 4] Newcastle United
1997 1st Ronaldo Internazionale
2nd Roberto Carlos Real Madrid
3rd Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal
Zinedine Zidane Juventus
1998 1st Zinedine Zidane Juventus
2nd Ronaldo Internazionale
3rd Davor Šuker Real Madrid
1999 1st Rivaldo Barcelona
2nd David Beckham Manchester United
3rd Gabriel Batistuta Fiorentina
2000 1st Zinedine Zidane Juventus
2nd Luís Figo[note 5] Real Madrid
3rd Rivaldo Barcelona
2001 1st Luís Figo Real Madrid
2nd David Beckham Manchester United
3rd Raúl Real Madrid
2002 1st Ronaldo[note 6] Real Madrid
2nd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich
3rd Zinedine Zidane Real Madrid
2003 1st Zinedine Zidane Real Madrid
2nd Thierry Henry Arsenal
3rd Ronaldo Real Madrid
2004 1st Ronaldinho Barcelona
2nd Thierry Henry Arsenal
3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan
2005 1st Ronaldinho Barcelona
2nd Frank Lampard Chelsea
3rd Samuel Eto'o Barcelona
2006 1st Fabio Cannavaro[note 7] Real Madrid
2nd Zinedine Zidane Real Madrid
3rd Ronaldinho Barcelona
2007 1st Kaká Milan
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona
3rd Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United
2008 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona
3rd Fernando Torres Liverpool
2009 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo[note 8] Real Madrid
3rd Xavi Barcelona
Source:[1]
From 2010 to 2015, the world's best player was awarded the FIFA Ballon d'Or. In 2016, FIFA created The Best FIFA Men's Player to honour the best player around the world.
Wins by player[edit]
Player
1st
2nd
3rd
Zinedine Zidane
3 (1998, 2000, 2003) 1 (2006) 2 (1997, 2002)
Ronaldo
3 (1996, 1997, 2002) 1 (1998) 1 (2003)
Ronaldinho
2 (2004, 2005) — 1 (2006)
Lionel Messi
1 (2009) 2 (2007, 2008) —
Cristiano Ronaldo
1 (2008) 1 (2009) 1 (2007)
Luís Figo
1 (2001) 1 (2000) —
Romário
1 (1994) 1 (1993) —
George Weah
1 (1995) 1 (1996) —
Roberto Baggio
1 (1993) — 1 (1994)
Rivaldo
1 (1999) — 1 (2000)
Lothar Matthäus
1 (1991) — —
Marco van Basten
1 (1992) — —
Fabio Cannavaro
1 (2006) — —
Kaká
1 (2007) — —
Wins by country[edit]
Country
Players
Total
Brazil
5 8
Italy
2 2
Portugal
2 2
France
1 3
Germany
1 1
Netherlands
1 1
Liberia
1 1
Argentina
1 1
Wins by club[edit]
Club
Players
Total
Barcelona
5 6
Real Madrid
4 4
Milan
3 3
Juventus
2 3
Internazionale
2 2
Manchester United
1 1
FIFA Women's World Player of the Year[edit]
Year
Rank
Player
Team
2001 1st Mia Hamm Washington Freedom
2nd Sun Wen Atlanta Beat
3rd Tiffeny Milbrett New York Power
2002 1st Mia Hamm Washington Freedom
2nd Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
3rd Sun Wen Atlanta Beat
2003 1st Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
2nd Mia Hamm Washington Freedom
3rd Hanna Ljungberg Umeå IK
2004 1st Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
2nd Mia Hamm Washington Freedom
3rd Marta Umeå IK
2005 1st Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
2nd Marta Umeå IK
3rd Shannon Boxx Unattached
2006 1st Marta Umeå IK
2nd Kristine Lilly KIF Örebro DFF
3rd Renate Lingor 1. FFC Frankfurt
2007 1st Marta Umeå IK
2nd Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
3rd Cristiane VfL Wolfsburg
2008 1st Marta Umeå IK
2nd Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
3rd Cristiane[note 9] Corinthians
2009 1st Marta[note 10] Santos
2nd Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
3rd Kelly Smith[note 11] Boston Breakers
2010 1st Marta Santos
2nd Birgit Prinz 1. FFC Frankfurt
3rd Fatmire Bajramaj 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam
2011 1st Homare Sawa INAC Kobe Leonessa
2nd Marta[note 12] Western New York Flash
3rd Abby Wambach magicJack
2012 1st Abby Wambach Unattached
2nd Marta Tyresö FF
3rd Alex Morgan Seattle Sounders Women
2013 1st Nadine Angerer[note 13] Brisbane Roar
2nd Abby Wambach Western New York Flash
3rd Marta Tyresö FF
2014 1st Nadine Keßler VfL Wolfsburg
2nd Marta[note 14] FC Rosengård
3rd Abby Wambach Western New York Flash
2015 1st Carli Lloyd Houston Dash
2nd Célia Šašić 1. FFC Frankfurt
3rd Aya Miyama Okayama Yunogo Belle
Source:[1]
In 2016, FIFA created The Best FIFA Women's Player award instead.
Wins by player[edit]
Player
1st
2nd
3rd
Marta
5 (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010) 4 (2005, 2011, 2012, 2014) 2 (2004, 2013)
Birgit Prinz
3 (2003, 2004, 2005) 5 (2002, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010) —
Mia Hamm
2 (2001, 2002) 2 (2003, 2004) —
Abby Wambach
1 (2012) 1 (2013) 2 (2011, 2014)
Homare Sawa
1 (2011) — —
Nadine Angerer
1 (2013) — —
Nadine Keßler
1 (2014) — —
Carli Lloyd
1 (2015) — —
Wins by country[edit]
Country
Players
Total
Germany
3 5
Brazil
1 5
United States
3 4
Japan
1 1
Wins by club[edit]
Club
Players
Total
1. FFC Frankfurt
1 3
Umeå IK
1 3
Washington Freedom
1 2
Santos
1 2
INAC Kobe Leonessa
1 1
Brisbane Roar
1 1
VfL Wolfsburg
1 1
Houston Dash
1 1
See also[edit]
Women's association football portal
Ballon d'Or
FIFA Ballon d'Or
The Best FIFA Football Awards
FIFPro World XI
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Weah was signed by Milan from Paris Saint-Germain midway through 1995.
Jump up ^ Klinsmann was signed by Bayern Munich from Tottenham Hotspur midway through 1995.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1996.
Jump up ^ Shearer was signed by Newcastle United from Blackburn Rovers midway through 1996.
Jump up ^ Figo was signed by Real Madrid from Barcelona midway through 2000.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Internazionale midway through 2002.
Jump up ^ Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006.
Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Manchester United midway through 2009.
Jump up ^ Cristiane was signed by Corinthians from Linköpings F.C. midway through 2008.
Jump up ^ Marta was signed by Santos from Los Angeles Sol midway through 2009.
Jump up ^ Smith was signed by Boston Breakers from Arsenal Ladies midway through 2009.
Jump up ^ Marta was signed by Western New York Flash from Santos midway through 2011.
Jump up ^ Angerer was signed by Brisbane Roar from 1. FFC Frankfurt midway through 2013.
Jump up ^ Marta was signed by FC Rosengård from Tyresö FF midway through 2014.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "FACTSheet FIFA awards" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Awards". RSSSF.com. Retrieved 1 April 2013
Jump up ^ "Brazil legend Ronaldo retires from football". BBC. Retrieved 17 November 2013
Jump up ^ "Cannavaro discusses highs and lows" Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine.. Football Federation Australia. Retrieved 18 November 2013
Jump up ^ "The FIFA Ballon d'Or is born". FIFA.com. Retrieved 12 January 2016
Jump up ^ "FIFA Ballon d'Or World Player of the Year: Award History". FIFA.com. Retrieved 12 January 2016
Jump up ^ "The birth of The Best FIFA Football Awards". FIFA.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Messi, Lloyd, Luis Enrique and Ellis triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2015". FIFA. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ FIFA.com - Thirty-five stars make Zurich shortlist
show
v
t
e
FIFA Player of the Year
FIFA World Player of the Year
1991: Matthäus
1992: Van Basten
1993: Baggio
1994: Romário
1995: Weah
1996: Ronaldo
1997: Ronaldo
1998: Zidane
1999: Rivaldo
2000: Zidane
2001: Figo
2002: Ronaldo
2003: Zidane
2004: Ronaldinho
2005: Ronaldinho
2006: Cannavaro
2007: Kaká
2008: C. Ronaldo
2009: Messi
FIFA Ballon d'Or
2010: Messi
2011: Messi
2012: Messi
2013: C. Ronaldo
2014: C. Ronaldo
2015: Messi
The Best FIFA Men's Player
2016: C. Ronaldo
2017: C. Ronaldo
See also: Ballon d'Or
show
v
t
e
FIFA Women's Player of the Year
FIFA Women's World Player of the Year
2001: Hamm
2002: Hamm
2003: Prinz
2004: Prinz
2005: Prinz
2006: Marta
2007: Marta
2008: Marta
2009: Marta
2010: Marta
2011: Sawa
2012: Wambach
2013: Angerer
2014: Keßler
2015: Lloyd
The Best FIFA Women's Player
2016: Lloyd
2017: Martens
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Red blood cell distribution width
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Human red blood cells
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW or RDW-CV or RCDW and RDW-SD) is a measure of the range of variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6-8 μm in diameter. Certain disorders, however, cause a significant variation in cell size. Higher RDW values indicate greater variation in size. Normal reference range of RDW-CV in human red blood cells is 11.5-14.5%.[1] If anemia is observed, RDW test results are often used together with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) results to determine the possible causes of the anemia. It is mainly used to differentiate an anemia of mixed causes from an anemia of a single cause.
Deficiencies of Vitamin B12 or folate produce a macrocytic anemia (large cell anemia) in which the RDW is elevated in roughly two-thirds of all cases. However, a varied size distribution of red blood cells is a hallmark of iron deficiency anemia, and as such shows an increased RDW in virtually all cases. In the case of both iron and B12 deficiencies, there will normally be a mix of both large cells and small cells, causing the RDW to be elevated. An elevated RDW (red blood cells of unequal sizes) is known as anisocytosis.[2]
An elevation in the RDW is not characteristic of all anemias. Anemia of chronic disease, hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, aplastic anemia (anemia resulting from an inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells), and certain hereditary hemoglobinopathies (including some cases of thalassemia minor) may all present with a normal RDW.[3]
Contents
1 Calculations
2 Pathological Implications
2.1 Normal RDW
2.2 High RDW
3 References
Calculations[edit]
The "width" in RDW-CV is sometimes thought to be "misleading," since it in fact is a measure of deviation of the volume of RBCs, and not directly the diameter. However, "width" refers to the width of the volume curve (distribution width, here presented as the Coefficient of Variation, or CV), not the width of the cells. Thus, it is a reasonably accurate term.[4][5]
Mathematically, the RDW-CV is calculated with the following formula:
RDW-CV = (Standard deviation of MCV ÷ MCV) × 100.[6]
Pathological Implications[edit]
Normal RDW[edit]
Anemia in the presence of a normal RDW may suggest thalassemia. A low Mentzer Index, calculated from CBC data, may suggest this disorder but a hemoglobin electrophoresis would be diagnostic.
High RDW[edit]
Iron-deficiency anemia usually presents with high RDW and low MCV.
Folate- and vitamin B12-deficiency anemia usually present with high RDW and high MCV.
Mixed-deficiency (iron + B12 or folate) anemia usually presents with high RDW and variable MCV.
Recent hemorrhages typically present with high RDW and normal MCV.
A false high RDW reading can occur if EDTA anticoagulated blood is used instead of citrated blood. See Pseudothrombocytopenia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Red Cell Distribution Width". Family Practice Notebook. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Evans TC, Jehle D (1991). "The red blood cell distribution width". J Emerg Med. 9 Suppl 1: 71–4. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(91)90592-4. PMID 1955687.
Jump up ^ Table 1.4 in: Kjeldsberg, Carl R.; Perkins, Sherrie L.. Practical Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders. American Society for Clinical Pathology. 5th edition. Archived 2013-07-25 at the Wayback Machine.. ISBN 089189571X
Jump up ^ Pomeranian Medical University > Red blood cell indices (indexes)[permanent dead link] Retrieved on 5 April 2009
Jump up ^ Cornell University, Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences > Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Last Updated: June 2000. Retrieved on 5 April 2009
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers Red blood cell indices Retrieved on 5 April 2009
 7. http://rdwbloodtest.com Red Blood Cell Distribution Width

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Rise of the Guardians
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the film. For the video game, see Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game.
Rise of the Guardians
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Peter Ramsey
Produced by
Christina Steinberg
Nancy Bernstein
Screenplay by
David Lindsay-Abaire
Based on
The Guardians of Childhood
by William Joyce
Starring
Chris Pine
Alec Baldwin
Hugh Jackman
Isla Fisher
Jude Law
Music by
Alexandre Desplat
Edited by
Joyce Arrastia
Production
company
DreamWorks Animation
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures1
Release date
October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10) (Mill Valley Film Festival)[1]
November 21, 2012 (2012-11-21) (United States)
Running time
97 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$145 million[3]
Box office
$306.9 million[4]
Rise of the Guardians is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated fantasy film based on William Joyce's The Guardians of Childhood book series and The Man in the Moon short film by Joyce and Reel FX Creative Studios. Peter Ramsey directed the film, while Joyce and Guillermo del Toro were executive producers with voice acting by Chris Pine, Alec Baldwin, Hugh Jackman, Isla Fisher, and Jude Law. Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures,1 it was released on November 21, 2012.
Set about 300 years after the book series, the film tells a story about Guardians Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, the Easter Bunny, and the Sandman, who enlist Jack Frost to stop Pitch Black from engulfing the world in darkness. The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film.[5] This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
6.3 Accolades
7 Video game
8 Possible sequels
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Jack Frost awakens from a frozen pond with amnesia. Upon realizing no one can see or hear him, he disappears. Three hundred years later Jack, as the spirit of Winter, enjoys delivering snow days to school kids, but resents that they don't believe in him. At the North Pole, the Man in the Moon warns Nicholas St. North that Pitch Black is threatening the children of the world with his nightmares. He calls E. Aster Bunnymund, Sandy, and Tooth, to arms. They are then told that Jack Frost has been chosen to be a new Guardian. Jack is unimpressed by this position, as he still resents not being believed in, but North convinces him to aid them.
Visiting Tooth's world, Jack learns that baby teeth contain childhood memories of the children who lost them; Jack's teeth are included, but tells Tooth he doesn't remember. However, Pitch raids Tooth's home in order to kidnap all of her subordinate tooth fairies except Baby Tooth, whom Jack saved, so that the children's teeth can't be collected and steals all the teeth, thus preventing Tooth from sharing Jack's memories and causing children to not believe in Tooth. In order to thwart Pitch's plan, the group decides to collect children's teeth. During their journey, a quarrel between North and Bunnymund awakens a boy, Jamie. Since he still believes, he can see everybody except for Jack. Pitch's nightmares then attack, provoking Sandy as the Guardian of Dreams. Jack aids, but Sandy is killed by Pitch.
As Easter approaches, the dejected Guardians gather in Bunnymund's home. With the unexpected aid of Jamie's little sister, Sophie, they begin the process of painting eggs for Easter. After Jack takes Sophie home, he is lured to Pitch's lair by a voice. Pitch taunts him with his memories and fear of non-belief, distracting him long enough for Pitch to destroy the eggs, causing children to stop believing in Easter and Bunnymund. Losing his trust in the Guardians, Jack isolates himself in Antarctica, where Pitch tries to convince him to join his side. When Jack refuses, Pitch threatens to kill Baby Tooth unless Jack gives him his staff. He agrees, but Pitch breaks Jack's staff and throws him down a chasm. Unlocking his memories, he learns that he was a mortal teenager who fell into ice while saving his younger sister. Inspired, Jack fixes his staff and returns to the lair to rescue the kidnapped baby fairies.
Due to Pitch, every child in the world except Jamie disbelieves, weakening the Guardians. Finding Jamie's belief wavering, Jack makes it snow in his room, renewing belief and causing Jack to be seen and heard for the first time. Jack and Jamie gather the boy's friends, whose renewed belief bolsters their fight against Pitch. Pitch threatens them, but their dreams prove stronger than his nightmares, resulting in Sandy's resurrection. Defeated and disbelieved in, Pitch tries to retreat, but his nightmares, sensing his fear, turn on him and trap him in his lair. Afterward, Jamie and his friends bid goodbye to the Guardians as Jack accepts his place as the Guardian of Fun.
Cast[edit]
Chris Pine as Jack Frost, the spirit of winter.[7] Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations; he just wants to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun, but also wants to be believed in. At the end of the film, Jack becomes the Guardian of Fun.
Jude Law as Pitch Black (The Boogeyman), the essence of fear and the Nightmare King.[7]
Alec Baldwin as North (Santa Claus), the leader of the guardians,[7] and the Guardian of Wonder. He lives at the North Pole in his Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives, the Yetis (who built the castle and workshop) and the Christmas Elves. He carries a Russian accent/culture persona.[8]
Hugh Jackman as Bunnymund (Easter Bunny), the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope. He has an Australian accent.[7]
Isla Fisher as Tooth Fairy or Tooth for short, the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories.[7] Tooth is part human and part hummingbird. Assisted by mini fairies that are split-off extensions of herself, she collects the children's teeth, which hold their most precious memories. Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most."[9]
The Sandman, or Sandy for short, the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians[10] and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon.[11] He does not speak, but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head.[12]
Dakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett, a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians.[13]
Georgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett, Jamie's little sister
Dominique Grund as Cupcake
Olivia Mattingly as Pippa
Production[edit]
In 2005, William Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture, Aimesworth Amusements,[14] to produce CG-animated feature films,[15] one of which was set to be The Guardians of Childhood, based on Joyce's idea.[16] The film was not realized, but they did create a short animated film, The Man in the Moon, directed by Joyce, which introduced the Guardians idea,[16] and served as an inspiration for the film.[2]
Early in 2008, Joyce sold the film rights to DreamWorks Animation,[17] after the studio assured him it would respect his vision for the characters and that he would be involved with the creative process.[18] In November 2009, it was revealed that DreamWorks had hired Peter Ramsey to make his feature debut as director of what was then titled The Guardians, and playwright David Lindsay-Abaire to script.[19] Joyce acted as a co-director for the first few years, but left this position after the death of his daughter Mary Katherine,[17] who died of a brain tumor.[18] Joyce continued to assist as an executive producer, while Ramsey took over full directing, making him the first African American to direct a big-budget CG animated film.[20] As with some previous DreamWorks films, Guillermo del Toro came on board as an executive producer. Present almost from the beginning,[21] he was able to help shape the story, character design, theme and structure of the film.[22] He said he was proud that the filmmakers were making parts of the film "dark and moody and poetic," and expressed hope this might "set a different tone for family movies, for entertainment movies."[21] The final title, Rise of the Guardians was announced in early 2011, along with the first cast.[7]
Roger Deakins, the cinematographer who had already worked on the previous DreamWorks' film, How to Train Your Dragon, advised on the lighting to achieve its real look. He selected photographic references for color keys, and during the production gave notes on contrast, saturation, depth of field and light intensity.[23] The film contains a lot of special effects, particularly the volumetric particles for depicting Sandman and Pitch.[24] For this, DreamWorks Animation developed OpenVDB, a more efficient tool and format for manipulating and storing volume data, like smoke and other amorphous materials. OpenVDB had been already used on Puss in Boots and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, and was released in August 2012 for free as an open source project with a hope to become an industry standard.[25]
Although the film is based on the Joyce's book series, it contains differences from the books. The book series, begun in 2011, explains the origins of the characters, while the film takes place about 300 years after the books, and shows how the characters function in present time. Joyce explained, "Because I don't want people to read the book and then go see the movie and go, 'Oh, I like the book better,' and I also didn't want them to know what happens in the movie. And I also knew that during the progress of film production, a lot of things can change. So I wanted to have a sort of distance, so we were able to invoke the books and use them to help us figure out the world of the movie, but I didn't want them to be openly competitive to each other."[17] The idea for the Guardians came from Joyce's daughter, who asked him "if he thought Santa Claus had ever met the Easter Bunny." The film includes a dedication to her,[18] as well a song, "Still Dream," sung over the end credits.[26]
Originally, the film was set to be released on November 2, 2012, but DreamWorks Animation pushed the film to November 21, 2012 to avoid competition with Pixar's upcoming film Monsters University, which in turn had been pushed to November 2, 2012 to avoid competition with The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2.[27] Monsters University was then pushed to June 21, 2013, with Disney's Wreck-It Ralph taking its place.[28]
Soundtrack[edit]
French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film, which was released on November 13, 2012 by Varèse Sarabande. The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, with a choral contribution by London Voices. David Lindsay-Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end-credit song, "Still Dream," which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming.[29] Stravinsky's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears. This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers (mainly John Powell, Henry Jackman, Harry Gregson-Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson-Williams).
Rise of the Guardians
Film score by Alexandre Desplat
Released
November 13, 2012
Recorded
2012
Genre
Score
Length
67:47
Label
Varèse Sarabande
Producer
Alexandre Desplat
Alexandre Desplat film scores chronology
Argo
(2012)Argo2012 Rise of the Guardians
(2012) Zero Dark Thirty
(2012)Zero Dark Thirty2012
Track listing:[30]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Still Dream" (performed by Renée Fleming) 3:12
2. "Calling the Guardians" 2:06
3. "Alone in the World" 2:04
4. "Fanfare of the Elves" 0:53
5. "Wind Take Me Home!" 1:28
6. "Dreamsand" 2:03
7. "Pitch on the Globe" 0:57
8. "The Moon" 1:32
9. "Snowballs" 1:31
10. "Busy Workshop" 1:33
11. "Sleigh Launch" 1:45
12. "Nightmares Attack" 7:17
13. "Tooth Collection" 2:22
14. "Jamie's Bedroom" 2:31
15. "Jack & Sandman" 4:18
16. "Memorial" 1:21
17. "Guardians Regroup" 0:58
18. "Easter" 3:39
19. "Jack Betrays" 3:20
20. "Kids Stop Believing" 2:35
21. "Jack's Memories" 2:24
22. "Pitch at North Pole" 2:00
23. "Jamie Believes" 3:01
24. "Jack's Center" 4:52
25. "Sandman Returns" 2:36
26. "Dreamsand Miracles" 2:18
27. "Oath of the Guardians" 3:11
Total length: 67:47
Release[edit]
Rise of the Guardians premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival: Christina Steinberg, producer; Peter Ramsey, director; Jeffrey Katzenberg, DreamWorks Animation's CEO; Nancy Bernstein, producer; Bill Damaschke, DreamWorks Animation's Chief Creative Officer
Rise of the Guardians had its premiere on October 10, 2012, at The Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley, California,[1] followed by the international premiere at The International Rome Film Festival on November 13, 2012.[31][32] Under distribution by Paramount Pictures, the film was released on November 21, 2012, in American theaters.[27] Digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, it was shown in limited international and domestic IMAX theaters.[33] It was the second film released in the firm Barco's Auro 11.1 3D audio format, after Red Tails.[34] The film was also shown in Dolby Atmos, a surround sound technology introduced in 2012.[35] Rise of the Guardians was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by Paramount, as DreamWorks has signed a five-year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox, which started in 2013 with The Croods.[6]
Home media[edit]
Rise of the Guardians was released on Blu-ray Disc (2D and 3D) and DVD on March 12, 2013.[36]
That was the last DreamWorks Animation home media release to be distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment, since 20th Century Fox announced its distribution agreement with DreamWorks Animation a few months before the theatrical release.[6] The film was more successful at home media sales than at the box office, having at the end of the second quarter of 2013 "the highest box office to DVD conversion ratio among major releases."[37] In the first quarter of 2013, it sold 3.2 million home entertainment units worldwide,[38] and in the second quarter 0.9 million units, for a total of 4.1 million units.[39] As of August 2013, 2 million DVDs were sold domestically.[40]
It was re-released on DVD on November 5, 2013 and comes with a wind-up marching elf toy.[41]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Based on 148 reviews, the film holds a rating of 74% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 6.5/10, based on 149 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "A sort of Avengers for the elementary school set, Rise of the Guardians is wonderfully animated and briskly paced, but it's only so-so in the storytelling department."[42] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 57 based on 34 reviews, or "Mixed or average."[43] The film earned an "A" from audiences polled by CinemaScore.[44]
Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and found the film's characters to have "a primal familiarity, as though they were developed by a tag team of Maurice Sendak and Walt Disney."[45] Olly Richards of Empire wrote, "It's gorgeously designed, deftly written and frequently laugh-out-loud funny. For child or adult, this is a fantasy to get lost in."[46] The Washington Post's Michael O'Sullivan also gave the film a positive review and said, "Thoughts become things. That's the message of Rise of the Guardians, a charming if slightly dark and cobwebbed animated feature about how believing in something makes it real, or real enough."[47] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and wrote in his review, "There's an audience for this film. It's not me. I gather younger children will like the breakneck action, the magical ability to fly and the young hero who has tired of only being a name." Though he did say, "Their parents and older siblings may find the 89-minute running time quite long enough."[48]
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "a lively but derivative 3D storybook spree for some unlikely action heroes."[2] Conversely, Justin Chang in Variety said, "Even tots may emerge feeling slightly browbeaten by this colorful, strenuous and hyperactive fantasy, which has moments of charm and beauty but often resembles an exploding toy factory rather than a work of honest enchantment."[49] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found that the film "lacks a resonant center," and that the script, "seems to have been written by committee, with members lobbying for each major character, and the action, set in vast environments all over the map, spreads itself so thin that a surfeit of motion vitiates emotion."[50]
Box office[edit]
Rise of the Guardians grossed $103,412,758 in North America, and $203,528,912 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $306,941,670.[4]
In North America, the film opened to $32.3 million over its extended five-day weekend, and with $23.8 million over the three-day weekend, it reached fourth place behind The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, Skyfall, and Lincoln. The film's opening was the lowest debut for a DreamWorks Animation film since Flushed Away.[44] While the film did gross more than double of its $145 million budget, it still did not turn a profit for DreamWorks Animation due to its high production and marketing costs, forcing the studio to take an $83 million write-down.[51] This marked the first time that the studio had lost money on an animated film since Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas.[51][52] As a result of this combined with other factors, in February 2013, the studio announced it was laying off 350 employees as part of a company-wide restructuring.[52]
Accolades[edit]
The Rome Film Festival and Vanity Fair magazine awarded the new Vanity Fair International Award for Cinematic Excellence in November 2012 to Rise of the Guardians.[31] The film also received the Hollywood Animation Award at the 16th Annual Hollywood Film Festival, held on October 22, 2012.[53]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
African-American Film Critics Association Best Animation Won
Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Isla Fisher (Tooth) Nominated
American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film Joyce Arrastia
Annie Awards[54][55] Best Animated Feature
Animated Effects in an Animated Production Andy Hayes, Carl Hooper, David Lipton Won
Character Animation in a Feature Production David Pate Nominated
Phillppe LeBrun
Pierre Perifel
Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat
Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Patrick Hanenberger, Max Boas, Jayee Borcar
Woonyoung Jung, Perry Maple, Peter Maynez
Stan Seo, Felix Yoon
Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Johanne Matte Won
Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jude Law Nominated
Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Joyce Arrastia
Critics Choice Awards[56] Best Animated Feature
Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Animated
Golden Globe Awards[57] Best Animated Feature Film
Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film
Hollywood Film Festival[53] Best Animated Feature Peter Ramsey Won
International Film Music Critics Association Awards Film Composer of the Year Alexandre Desplat, also for Argo, Moonrise Kingdom, Rust and Bone, and Zero Dark Thirty Nominated
Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Alexandre Desplat Won
Mill Valley Film Festival[58] Audience Favorite Children's Film Peter Ramsey
Producers Guild of America Outstanding Producer of An Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein, Christina Steinberg Nominated
Satellite Awards 2012[59] Best Animated or Mixed Media Won
Visual Effects Society[60][61] Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein, David Prescott, Peter Ramsey, Christina Steinberg Nominated
Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture The North Pole: Eric Bouffard, Sonja Burchard, Andy Harbeck, Peter Maynez Nominated
Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Last Stand: Andy Hayes, Carl Hooper, Andrew Wheeler, Stephen Wood Nominated
Women Film Critics Circle[62] Best Family Film Rise of the Guardians – tied with Life of Pi Won
Video game[edit]
Main article: Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game
A video game based on the film was released by D3 Publisher on November 20, 2012 in North America,[63] and released on November 23, 2012 in Europe.[64] It allows gamers to lead the Guardians in their battle against Pitch. The game is a 3D beat-em-up, where the player travels through each of the worlds: Burgess, North Pole, Bunnymund Valley, Tooth Palace, and Sandman's Ship, to fight Pitch's army of Nightmares. The player can switch between all five guardians at any time, and freely customize their powers, and they learn new special abilities as they level up. All the game versions support up to 4 player gameplay.[65] It is available on the Wii, Wii U, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS.[66]
Possible sequels[edit]
After the release of the film, the creators of Rise of the Guardians expressed hope that the strong A- Cinemascore average for the film and an enthusiastic word-of-mouth would gather support for the "chance to make a sequel or two."[67] Author and co-producer of the series, William Joyce, also mentioned in March 2013 that he was still in talks about a sequel with DreamWorks Animation: "There is something that we are proposing that we hope they will want to do."[68]
Notes[edit]
^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures.[69]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Rise of the Guardians (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Feinberg, Scott (October 15, 2012). "'Rise of the Guardians' Unveiled, Rises to Top Tier of Animated Contenders (Analysis)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "E3 2012 : Rise of the Guardians annoncé". JeuxVideo.com. June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012. 'Les versions PS3, Xbox 360, Wii, DS et 3DS sont attendues pour cet automne, et la déclinaison Wii U est déjà confirmée. / The PS3, Xbox 360, Wii, DS and 3DS are expected this autumn and the ... Wii U is already confirmed.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rise of the Guardians.
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Official website
Rise of the Guardians on IMDb
Rise of the Guardians at The Big Cartoon DataBase
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Rise of the Guardians at Box Office Mojo
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Sanctions (law)
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For other uses, see Sanctions.
Sanctions, in law and legal definition, are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and regulations.[1] Criminal sanctions can take the form of serious punishment, such as corporal or capital punishment, incarceration, or severe fines. Within the civil law context, sanctions are usually monetary fines, levied against a party to a lawsuit or his/her attorney, for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process. The most severe sanction in a civil lawsuit is the involuntary dismissal, with prejudice, of a complaining party's cause of action, or of the responding party's answer. This has the effect of deciding the entire action against the sanctioned party without recourse, except to the degree that an appeal or trial de novo may be allowed because of reversible error.
As a noun, the term is usually used in the plural form, even if it only refers to a single event: if a judge fines a party, it is not said that he or she imposed a sanction, but that he or she imposed sanctions.
A judge may sanction a party during a legal proceeding, by which it is implied that he or she imposes penalties. In the United States federal court system, certain types of conduct are sanctionable under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Conversely and sometimes confusingly, the word may be used to imply "approve of," especially in an official sense. "The law sanctions such behavior" would imply that the behavior spoken of enjoys the specific approval of law.
To sanction implies make a legal agreement. The word is derived from sanctus, to make holy. A legal agreement or sanction imposes approvals, rules, guidelines and penalties on conduct.
The Sanction is defined as an element associated with an accountability and which corresponds to the consequence resulting from the justification of the realisation (or not) of this accountability..[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Black, Henry Campbell (1990). Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed. St. Paul, MN.: West Publishing. p. 1341. ISBN 0-314-76271-X.
Jump up ^ Feltus C. (2014). Aligning Access Rights to Governance Needs with the Responsibility MetaModel (ReMMo) in the Frame of Enterprise Architecture (PDF).
Bibliography[edit]
Herbert L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law, Oxford University Press, London, 1961;
Gerd Spittler, Norm und Sanktion. Untersuchungen zum Sanktionsmechanismus, Walter, Olten-Freiburg, 1967;
Norberto Bobbio, Sanzione, Novissimo Digesto, UTET, Torino, XVI, Torino, 1969, 530-540;
Niklas Luhmann, Rechtssoziologie, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1972;
Ota Weinberger, Der Sanktionsbegriff und die pragmatische Auswirkung gesellschaftlicher Normen, in H. Lenk, Hrsg., Normenlogik, Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach bei München, 1974, 89-111;
Lawrence M. Friedman, The Legal System. A Social Science Perspective, Russel Sage Foundation, New York, 1975;
Norberto Bobbio, Dalla struttura alla funzione. Nuovi studi di teoria del diritto, Comunità, Milano, 1977;
Vilhelm Aubert, On Sanctions, in “European Yearbook in Law and Sociology”, 1977, 1-19;
H. Kelsen, Allgemeine Theorie der Normen, Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, Wien, 1979;
F. D’Agnostino, Sanzione, "Enciclopedia del diritto", XLI, Giuffrè, Milano, 1989, 303-328;
Ota Weinbeger, Rechtslogik, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1989;
Charles-Albert Morand, Sanction, “Archives de Philosophie du droit”, XXXV, 1990, 293-312;
Heike Jung, Sanktionensysteme und Menschenrechte, Haupt, Bern-Stuttgart-Wien, 1992;
Juan Carlos Bayon, Sanction, Dictionnaire encyclopédique de théorie et de sociologie du droit, L.G.D.J., Paris, 1993, 536-540;
Realino Marra, Sanzione, "Digesto delle discipline privatistiche. Sezione civile", UTET, Torino, XVIII, 1998, 153-61.
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