text:
Hélio Castroneves
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Castro and the second or paternal family name is Neves.
Hélio Castroneves
Castroneves at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for Carb Day for the 2009 Indianapolis 500.
Nationality
Brazilian
Born
Hélio Castro Neves
(1975-05-10) 10 May 1975 (age 43)
Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
IndyCar Series career
252 races run over 17 years
Team(s)
No. 3 (Team Penske)
2017 position
4th
Best finish
2nd (2002, 2008, 2013, 2014)
First race
2001 Pennzoil Copper World Indy 200 (Phoenix)
Last race
2018 ABC Supply 500 (Long Pond)
First win
2001 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
Last win
2017 Iowa Corn 300 (Iowa)
Wins
Podiums
Poles
24 81 50
Champ Car career
79 races run over 4 years
Years active
1998–2001
Team(s)
Bettenhausen Racing
Hogan Racing
Team Penske
Best finish
4th (2001)
First race
1998 Marlboro Grand Prix of Miami (Homestead)
Last race
2001 Marlboro 500 (Fontana)
First win
2000 Tenneco Automotive Grand Prix of Detroit (Detroit)
Last win
2001 Miller Lite 200 (Mid-Ohio)
Wins
Podiums
Poles
6 10 7
Previous series
1993–1994
1995
1996–1997
Formula 3 Sudamericana
British Formula Three Championship
Indy Lights
Championship titles
2001-2002, 2009
2001
Indianapolis 500 Winner

Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year
Hélio Castro-Neves (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛlju ˈkastɾu ˈnɛvis]; born 10 May 1975), better known as Hélio Castroneves, is a Brazilian auto racing driver competing in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Prior to IMSA, Castroneves competed in the IndyCar Series, gaining 23 wins and 38 poles, and placed second in the season standings four times, third three times, and fourth five times. Castroneves also competed in the CART championship, with a highest championship points finish of fourth; he recorded six wins and seven pole positions in the series.
Castroneves won the Indianapolis 500 in 2001, 2002, and 2009, making him one of only nine drivers, and the only active driver, to have won at least three times. He also finished second at Indy in 2003, 2014, and 2017. Castroneves has won four pole positions for the Indy 500, including back-to-back poles in 2009 and 2010, the first driver to do so since Scott Brayton in 1996. He is also one of only five drivers – along with Wilbur Shaw, Mauri Rose, Bill Vukovich, and Al Unser being the other four – and the only active driver to win the Indy 500 in back-to-back races.
Contents
1 Racing career
1.1 Records
2 Other appearances
3 Personal life
4 Legal issues
5 Motorsports career results
5.1 American open–wheel racing results
5.1.1 Indy Lights
5.1.2 CART results
5.1.3 IndyCar Series
5.1.4 Indianapolis 500
5.2 Touring/Sports Cars
5.2.1 Complete American Le Mans Series results
5.2.2 V8 Supercar results
5.2.3 Complete Stock Car Brasil results
5.3 WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
6 References
7 External links
Racing career[edit]
Born in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, South America, Castroneves started his career in karting, and later raced for the Paul Stewart Racing team, and finished third in the 1995 British Formula 3 Championship.[1]
Castroneves driving for Paul Stewart Racing at Silverstone during the 1995 British Formula 3 season.
Castroneves during a practice session at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
After being occasionally misidentified by US media as "Hélio Neves" he at first changed the spelling to Hélio Castro-Neves and then to Hélio Castroneves. He has one sister, Katiucia. Castroneves was first recognised while driving for Steve Horne's Tasman Racing team in Indy Lights, as teammate to fellow Brazilian and future IndyCar champion Tony Kanaan.
After showing potential but lacking reliability while with the Bettenhausen and Hogan teams, Castroneves was signed by Penske Racing in CART in 2000 following the deaths of Greg Moore and Gonzalo Rodríguez during the last races of the 1999 season. Moore had signed on with Penske but never had the opportunity to race with the team. Castroneves immediately became a regular front-runner winning the Indianapolis 500 in 2001, the first of three wins where he again performed the crowd pleasing act of climbing the fence at the start finish line in celebration, something he would continue to do after winning races. He switched with the team to the rival IRL for 2002, and remained with Penske, teamed with Gil de Ferran, Sam Hornish Jr., and Ryan Briscoe during his tenure through the 2008 season. During the 2002 season, Castroneves tested with Formula One team Toyota Racing at Circuit Paul Ricard.[2] In January 2009, Team Penske temporarily replaced him with Will Power, citing the difficulties of remaining competitive while Castroneves prepared for trial on federal tax evasion charges.[3] Castroneves missed the first race of the 2009 season while the trial was ongoing, but returned to racing at the Long Beach Grand Prix.
Racing fans have given Castroneves the nickname "Spider-Man" because of his victory celebration, in which he climbs the trackside debris fence.
On 24 May 2009, Castroneves became Indy's 9th (and first foreign-born) three-time winner, by taking the checkered flag for the 93rd running of the Indianapolis 500.[4][5]
Castroneves is widely considered to be the greatest IndyCar driver never to have won the championship.
Records[edit]
Castroneves currently holds IRL IndyCar Series records for most top-ten finishes (167); Poles (38); and most consecutive seasons with a race win (10; 2001–2010). In 2009 he reset the all-time record for most wins (22) and starts (209) by a driver who has not won the National Championship, taking these records from Bill Holland at Indianapolis and compatriot Raul Boesel at Richmond respectively.[6] His 23rd career win, at Barber Motorsports Park in 2010, broke a tie with his former manager Emerson Fittipaldi for most IndyCar wins by a Brazilian driver.
Other appearances[edit]
Aside from success in racing, Castroneves won the fifth season of the American reality TV show Dancing with the Stars with partner Julianne Hough. He has also appeared on truTV's The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest... as a frequent commentator—mainly on episodes that feature the "World's Dumbest Drivers". He currently lives in Ft. Lauderdale.[7] Castroneves returned to Dancing with the Stars for its 15th season for a chance to win another mirrorball trophy.[8] This time he was partnered with Chelsie Hightower.[9] They were voted off in the third week of the competition during a double elimination.
Personal life[edit]
Castroneves has one daughter with his wife, Adriana Henao. The girl was born on 28 December 2009, and is named Mikaella.[10] Castroneves lives in Fort Lauderdale.[11]
Legal issues[edit]
Castroneves in May 2010.
On 2 October 2008, Castroneves was charged with conspiracy and six counts of tax evasion by a grand jury for purportedly failing to report to the IRS about $5.5 million in income between 1999 and 2004, according to court documents. Each count carried a maximum five-year prison sentence. His business manager and sister Kati, and his lawyer Alan Miller were charged with assisting Castroneves in the supposed scheme. All three defendants surrendered to authorities in Florida on Friday, 3 October 2008. Castroneves pleaded not guilty to these charges on 3 October, and was ordered released on $10 million bail.[12][13] Castroneves was replaced by Will Power during the duration of his tax evasion court case.[14] The IRS claimed that Castroneves owed $2.3 million in taxes.[15] A guilty verdict would have likely ended Castroneves' racing career.
This issue was related to the initial contract signed by Castroneves with Penske Racing in the fall of 1999. Greg Moore had already signed on to join Penske Racing for 2000, but was killed during the Marlboro 500 at California Speedway on 31 October 1999. During the trial, it was revealed that Castroneves' first contract with Penske (2000–2004) was signed with Moore's existing contract - with Moore's name simply scratched out and Castroneves' name handwritten in ink. The deal was signed by Moore's agent, Alan Miller, who signed Castroneves' deal just days after Moore's funeral as pressure from Penske sponsors forced a quick resolution to filling the vacated seat.
Central to the case was the ownership of a Panamanian company called Seven Promotions. Prosecutors called it a shell corporation set up primarily so Castroneves could dodge U.S. income taxes. Hélio Castroneves Sr., Hélio's father, however, testified that he created Seven to boost his son's image in Brazil. Furthermore, Hélio Sr. said his son never owned it. Prosecutors called that a lie, showing jurors numerous documents in which Castroneves claimed Seven as his own. If it was, an IRS agent testified that Castroneves owed U.S. taxes on the full $5 million from Penske even though he had never actually received the money. Instead, the Penske payments were eventually invested in a deferred compensation deal with the Dutch firm Fintage Licensing B.V. Castroneves' attorney Roy Black told jurors in closing arguments that such deals are common – and perfectly legal – for athletes who have relatively short careers and face injury or worse at any moment.[16]
The trial ended on 10 April 2009, with closing arguments and the jury deliberated until 17 April, when it acquitted Castroneves of all six counts of tax evasion but hung on a count of conspiracy. About a month later on 22 May, prosecutors dropped the remaining conspiracy charge.[17]
Motorsports career results[edit]
American open–wheel racing results[edit]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Indy Lights[edit]
Year
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Rank
Points
1996
Tasman Motorsports
MIA
DNS LBH
4 NAZ
17 MIS
5 MIL
11 DET
17 POR
8 CLE
3 TOR
23 TRO
1 VAN
10 LS
2 7th 84
1997
Tasman Motorsports
MIA
14 LBH
1 NAZ
4 SAV
1 STL
3 MIL
12 DET
2 POR
2 TOR
1 TRO
20 VAN
19 LS
3 FON
5 2nd 152
CART results[edit]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Rank
Points
1998
Bettenhausen Racing
MIA
24 MOT
11 LBH
9 NAZ
23 RIO
23 GAT
7 MIL
2 DET
12 POR
13 CLE
27 TOR
10 MCH
12 MDO
17 ROA
26 VAN
24 LAG
23 HOU
24 SRF
21 FON
10 17th 36
1999
Hogan Racing
MIA
17 MOT
9 LBH
19 NAZ
21 RIO
25 GAT
2 MIL
26 POR
26 CLE
26 ROA
16 TOR
27 MCH
25 DET
7 MDO
7 CHI
5 VAN
8 LAG
26 HOU
26 SRF
21 FON
20 15th 48
2000
Team Penske
MIA
25 LBH
2 RIO
24 MOT
13 NAZ
16 MIL
16 DET
1 POR
7 CLE
21 TOR
16 MCH
5 CHI
21 MDO
1 ROA
9 VAN
20 LAG
1 GAT
9 HOU
5 SRF
6 FON
9 7th 129
2001
Team Penske
MTY
8 LBH
1 NAZ
11 MOT
2 MIL
26 DET
1 POR
17 CLE
12 TOR
19 MCH
8 CHI
7 MDO
1 ROA
7 VAN
18 LAU
12 ROC
4 HOU
5 LAG
6 SRF
20 FON
22 4th 141
IndyCar Series[edit]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year
Team
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Rank
Points
2001
Marlboro Team Penske
Dallara
Oldsmobile
PHX
18 HMS ATL INDY
1 TXS PPIR RIR KAN NSH KTY GTW CHI TXS
24th
64
2002
Chevrolet
HMS
3 PHX
1 FON
5 NAZ
5 INDY
1 TXS
4 PPIR
2 RIR
17 KAN
3 NSH
9 MIS
6 KTY
5 GTW
2 CHI
4 TXS
2
2nd
511
2003
Toyota
HMS
3 PHX
2 MOT
22 INDY
2 TXS
7 PPIR
12 RIR
2 KAN
2 NSH
3 MIS
17 GTW
1 KTY
5 NAZ
1 CHI
20 FON
6 TXS
13
3rd
484
2004
HMS
2 PHX
6 MOT
3 INDY
9 TXS
12 RIR
3 KAN
7 NSH
3 MIL
12 MIS
10 KTY
12 PPIR
6 NAZ
5 CHI
10 FON
7 TXS
1
4th
446
2005
HMS
5 PHX
2 STP
20 MOT
11 INDY
9 TXS
5 RIR
1 KAN
8 NSH
5 MIL
16 MIS
21 KTY
5 PPIR
4 SNM
21 CHI
2 WGL
12 FON
9
6th
440
2006
Honda
HMS
2 STP
1 MOT
1 INDY
25 WGL
7 TXS
1 RIR
10 KAN
6 NSH
5 MIL
14 MIS
1 KTY
3 SNM
5 CHI
4
3rd
473
2007
Team Penske
HMS
9 STP
1 MOT
7 KAN
3 INDY
3 MIL
16 TXS
16 IOW
8 RIR
11 WGL
18 NSH
6 MDO
3 MIS
17 KTY
9 SNM
2 DET
14 CHI
4
6th
446
2008
HMS
4 STP
2 MOT1
2 LBH1 KAN
4 INDY
4 MIL
5 TXS
2 IOW
14 RIR
2 WGL
16 NSH
3 MDO
2 EDM
2 KTY
2 SNM
1 DET
2 CHI
1 SRF2
7
2nd
629
2009
Penske Racing
STP LBH
7 KAN
2 INDY
1 MIL
11 TXS
1 IOW
7 RIR
17 WGL
4 TOR
18 EDM
2 KTY
4 MDO
12 SNM
18 CHI
20 MOT
10 HMS
5
4th
433
2010
Team Penske
SAO
9 STP
4 ALA
1 LBH
7 KAN
4 INDY
9 TXS
20 IOW
2 WGL
9 TOR
24 EDM
10 MDO
3 SNM
5 CHI
6 KTY
1 MOT
1 HMS
5
4th
531
2011
STP
20 ALA
7 LBH
12 SAO
21 INDY
17 TXS
10 TXS
4 MIL
9 IOW
7 TOR
17 EDM
2 MDO
19 NHM
17 SNM
2 BAL
17 MOT
22 KTY
29 LVS3
C
11th
312
2012
Dallara DW12
Chevrolet
STP
1 ALA
3 LBH
13 SAO
4 INDY
10 DET
17 TXS
7 MIL
6 IOW
6 TOR
6 EDM
1 MDO
16 SNM
6 BAL
10 FON
5
4th
431
2013
STP
2 ALA
3 LBH
10 SAO
13 INDY
6 DET
5 DET
8 TXS
1 MIL
2 IOW
8 POC
8 TOR
6 TOR
2 MDO
6 SNM
7 BAL
9 HOU
18 HOU
23 FON
6
2nd
550
2014
STP
3 LBH
11 ALA
19 IMS
3 INDY
2 DET
5 DET
1 TXS
8 HOU
9 HOU
21 POC
2 IOW
8 TOR
2 TOR
12 MDO
19 MIL
11 SNM
18 FON
14
2nd
609
2015
STP
4 NLA
2 LBH
2 ALA
15 IMS
6 INDY
7 DET
6 DET
19 TXS
3 TOR
3 FON
23 MIL
2 IOW
11 MDO
15 POC
16 SNM
15
5th
453
2016
STP
4 PHX
11 LBH
3 ALA
7 IMS
2 INDY
11 DET
5 DET
14 ROA
5 IOW
13 TOR
2 MDO
15 POC
19 TXS
5 WGL
3 SNM
7
3rd
504
2017
STP
6 LBH
9 ALA
4 PHX
4 IMS
5 INDY
2 DET
7 DET
9 TXS
20 ROA
3 IOW
1 TOR
8 MDO
7 POC
7 GTW
4 WGL
4 SNM
5
4th
598
2018
STP PHX LBH ALA IMS
6 INDY
27 DET DET TXS ROA IOW TOR MDO POC GTW POR SNM
30th*
40*
* Season still in progress.
1 Run on same day
2 Non-points paying, exhibition race
3 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11.
Years
Teams
Races
Poles
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Indianapolis 500
Wins
Championships
16 1 234 39 23 111 169 3 (2001, 2002, 2009) 0
Indianapolis 500[edit]
Practicing for the 2007 Indianapolis 500.
Year
Chassis
Engine
Start
Finish
Team
2001 Dallara Oldsmobile 11 1 Team Penske
2002 Dallara Chevrolet 13 1 Team Penske
2003 Dallara Toyota 1 2 Team Penske
2004 Dallara Toyota 8 9 Team Penske
2005 Dallara Toyota 5 9 Team Penske
2006 Dallara Honda 2 25 Team Penske
2007 Dallara Honda 1 3 Team Penske
2008 Dallara Honda 4 4 Team Penske
2009 Dallara Honda 1 1 Team Penske
2010 Dallara Honda 1 9 Team Penske
2011 Dallara Honda 16 17 Team Penske
2012 Dallara Chevrolet 6 10 Team Penske
2013 Dallara Chevrolet 8 6 Team Penske
2014 Dallara Chevrolet 4 2 Team Penske
2015 Dallara Chevrolet 5 7 Team Penske
2016 Dallara Chevrolet 9 11 Team Penske
2017 Dallara Chevrolet 19 2 Team Penske
2018 Dallara Chevrolet 8 27 Team Penske
Castroneves' finishes for 2001 to 2003 is currently the best 3 race finishing streak in Indianapolis history. It is equal to the streak posted by Al Unser from 1970 through 1972.
Touring/Sports Cars[edit]
Complete American Le Mans Series results[edit]
Year
Entrant
Class
Chassis
Engine
Tyres
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rank
Points
2007
DHL Team Penske
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder Evo Porsche MR6 3.4L V8 M SEB
5/3 STP LNB TEX UTA LIM MID AME MOS DET PET MON
23rd
19
2008
DHL Team Penske
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder Evo Porsche MR6 3.4L V8 M SEB STP LNB UTA LIM MID AME MOS DET PET
4/1 MON
6/4
19th
45
V8 Supercar results[edit]
Year
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Final Pos
Points
2010
James Rosenberg Racing
YMC
R1 YMC
R2 BHR
R3 BHR
R4 ADE
R5 ADE
R6 HAM
R7 HAM
R8 QLD
R9 QLD
R10 WIN
R11 WIN
R12 HDV
R13 HDV
R14 TOW
R15 TOW
R16 PHI
R17 BAT
R18 SUR
R19
18 SUR
R20
19 SYM
R21 SYM
R22 SAN
R23 SAN
R24 SYD
R25 SYD
R26
NC
0 +
2011
James Rosenberg Racing
YMC
R1 YMC
R2 ADE
R3 ADE
R4 HAM
R5 HAM
R6 PER
R7 PER
R8 PER
R9 WIN
R10 WIN
R11 HDV
R12 HDV
R13 TOW
R14 TOW
R15 QLD
R16 QLD
R17 QLD
R18 PHI
R19 BAT
R20 SUR
R21
12 SUR
R22
10 SYM
R23 SYM
R24 SAN
R25 SAN
R26 SYD
R27 SYD
R28
63rd
147
+ Not Eligible for points
Complete Stock Car Brasil results[edit]
Year
Team
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rank
Points
2012
Shell Racing
Peugeot 408
Peugeot 5.7 L V8
INT CTB VEL RBP LON RIO SAL CAS TAR CTB BSB INT
14
NC†
0†
2013
Shell Racing
Peugeot 408
Peugeot 5.7 L V8
INT CUR TAR SAL BRA CAS RBP
DNS BRA VEL CUR GOI INT
NC†
0†
† Ineligible for championship points.
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship[edit]
Year
Entrant
Class
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rank
Points
2017
Team Penske
P
Oreca 07
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
DAY SEB LBH COA DET WGL MOS ELK LGA PET
3
30th
30
2018
Acura Team Penske
P
Acura ARX-05
Acura AR35TT 3.5 L Turbo V6
DAY
9 SEB
15 LBH
6 MDO
1 DET
2 WGL MOS ELK LGA PET
3rd*
130*
* Season still in progress.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cart's European refugees". BBC News. 20 September 2001.
Jump up ^ "Castroneves impresses in F1 test". BBC Sport. 21 September 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Power replaced Castroneves at Penske during tax evasion case USAToday.com, 13 January 2009
Jump up ^ Graves, Gary (25 May 2009). "Castroneves ascends to new heights at Indy". USA Today. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Castroneves claims third Indy 500". BBC Sport. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Helio Castroneves – champcarstats.com
Jump up ^ "Official Web Page". Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars All-Star Cast Revealed
Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars: Pairs Revealed for All-Stars Season
Jump up ^ Ritti, Missy (29 December 2009). Dancing Star Helio Castroneves Welcomes a Daughter. People, 29 December 2009. Retrieved from http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20333469,00.html.
Jump up ^ "PICTURE GALLERY: At Home with Helio Castroneves". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Castroneves indicted on tax evasion – Yahoo News Story".
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Power replaced Castroneves at Penske during tax evasion case. Retrieved on 13 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Castroneves owes .3 million in taxes Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hélio Castroneves.
Official website
Hélio Castroneves driver statistics at Racing-Reference
IndyCar Driver Page
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Dancing with the Stars (US) winners
Season 5
(Fall 2007 with Julianne Hough) Succeeded by
Kristi Yamaguchi and Mark Ballas
show
v
t
e
Team Penske
Personnel
Roger Penske
Tim Cindric
Walter Czarnecki
Travis Geisler
Michael Kranefuss
IndyCar Series
Drivers
(1) Josef Newgarden
(3) Hélio Castroneves
(12) Will Power
(22) Simon Pagenaud
Race engineers
(3) Ron Ruzewski
(12) David Faustino
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Drivers
(2) Brad Keselowski
(12) Ryan Blaney
(22) Joey Logano
Crew chiefs
(2) Paul Wolfe
(12) Jeremy Bullins
(22) Todd Gordon
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Drivers
(12) Austin Cindric
(22) Brad Keselowski / Joey Logano / Ryan Blaney / Paul Menard / Austin Cindric
Crew chiefs
(12) Matt Swiderski
(22) Brian Wilson
IMSA SportsCar Championship
Drivers
(6) Juan Pablo Montoya / Dane Cameron / Simon Pagenaud
(7) Hélio Castroneves / Ricky Taylor / Graham Rahal
Personnel
Tim Cindric
Supercars (DJR Team Penske)
Drivers
(12) Fabian Coulthard
(17) Scott McLaughlin
Personnel
Dick Johnson
Ludo Lacroix
Former drivers
Formula One
Mark Donohue
John Watson
IndyCar
Bobby Allison
A. J. Allmendinger
Bill Alsup
Mario Andretti
Alex Barron
Gary Bettenhausen
Geoff Brabham
Ryan Briscoe
Kevin Cogan
Mark Donohue
Gil de Ferran
Emerson Fittipaldi
David Hobbs
Sam Hornish Jr.
Gordon Johncock
Jan Magnussen
Tarso Marques
Rick Mears
Juan Pablo Montoya
Max Papis
André Ribeiro
Gonzalo Rodríguez
Johnny Rutherford
Oriol Servià
Tom Sneva
Danny Sullivan
Mike Thackwell
Paul Tracy
Al Unser
Al Unser Jr.
Bobby Unser
NASCAR
Justin Allgaier
Bobby Allison
A. J. Allmendinger
Kurt Busch
Mark Donohue
Brendan Gaughan
Sam Hornish Jr.
Parker Kligerman
Travis Kvapil
Dave Marcis
Jeremy Mayfield
Michael McDowell
Juan Pablo Montoya
Ryan Newman
David Stremme
Alex Tagliani
Jacques Villeneuve
Rusty Wallace
Sports cars
Timo Bernhard
Mark Donohue
Romain Dumas
Patrick Long
Lucas Luhr
Sascha Maassen
Ryan Briscoe
Supercars
Marcos Ambrose
Scott Pye
Indianapolis 500 wins
1972 (Donohue)
1979 (Mears)
1981 (B. Unser)
1984 (Mears)
1985 (Sullivan)
1987 (A. Unser)
1988 (Mears)
1991 (Mears)
1993 (Fittipaldi)
1994 (Unser Jr.)
2001 (Castroneves)
2002 (Castroneves)
2003 (de Ferran)
2006 (Hornish)
2009 (Castroneves)
2015 (Montoya)
2018 (Power)
National Championships (IndyCar)
1977 (Sneva)
1978 (Sneva)
1979 (Mears)
1981 (Mears)
1982 (Mears)
1983 (A. Unser)
1985 (A. Unser)
1988 (Sullivan)
1994 (Unser Jr.)
2000 (de Ferran)
2001 (de Ferran)
2006 (Hornish)
2014 (Power)
2016 (Pagenaud)
2017 (Newgarden)
Premier Championships (NASCAR)
2012 (Keselowski)
Daytona 500 wins
2008 (Newman)
2015 (Logano)
All-Star Race wins
2002 (Newman)
2010 (Busch)
2016 (Logano)
Partnerships and affiliations
Roush-Yates Engines
Wood Brothers Racing (NASCAR)
Ilmor (IndyCar)
Honda Performance Development (IMSA)
Related
Penske Corporation
Greg Moore
show
v
t
e
2018 IndyCar Series
Teams
Andretti Autosport Penske Carlin Carpenter Coyne
26 Veach
27 Rossi 28 Hunter-Reay
98 Andretti 1 Newgarden
12 Power 22 Pagenaud 23 Kimball
59 Chilton 20 Carpenter / King
21 Pigot 18 Bourdais
19 Claman DeMelo / Fittipaldi
Foyt Ganassi RLL Schmidt Peterson Harding Juncos Meyer Shank
4 Leist
14 Kanaan 9 Dixon
10 Jones 15 Rahal
30 Sato 5 Hinchcliffe
6 Wickens / Muñoz 88 Chaves / Daly 32 Binder / Kaiser / Celis (part-time) 60 Harvey (part-time)
Other drivers
Castroneves (Penske), Daly (Coyne), Davison (Foyt), Ferrucci (Coyne), Hildebrand (D&R), Howard (Schmidt Peterson), Karam (D&R), Mann (Coyne), Muñoz (Andretti Autosport), Patrick (Carpenter), Servià (RLL), Wilson (Andretti Autosport)
Races
St. Petersburg
Phoenix
Long Beach
Barber
Indianapolis GP
Indianapolis 500
Detroit
Texas
Road America
Iowa
Toronto
Mid-Ohio
Pocono
Gateway
Portland
Sonoma
Road to Indy
Indy Lights
Pro Mazda
U.S. F2000
show
Hélio Castroneves sporting positions and awards
Sporting positions
Preceded by
Juan Pablo Montoya
Scott Dixon Indianapolis 500 Winner
2001, 2002
2009 Succeeded by
Gil de Ferran
Dario Franchitti
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Juan Pablo Montoya Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year
2001 Succeeded by
Alex Barron
Tomas Scheckter
Preceded by
Buddy Lazier Scott Brayton Award
2004 Succeeded by
Kenny Bräck
show
v
t
e
Indianapolis 500 winners
Drivers
Four-time
A. J. Foyt
Rick Mears
Al Unser, Sr.
Three-time
Hélio Castroneves
Dario Franchitti
Louis Meyer
Mauri Rose
Johnny Rutherford
Wilbur Shaw
Bobby Unser
Two-time
Emerson Fittipaldi
Gordon Johncock
Arie Luyendyk
Tommy Milton
Juan Pablo Montoya
Al Unser, Jr.
Bill Vukovich
Rodger Ward
Dan Wheldon
One-time
Mario Andretti
Billy Arnold
Joe Boyer
Kenny Bräck
Jimmy Bryan
Eddie Cheever
Gaston Chevrolet
Jim Clark
Lora L. Corum
Bill Cummings
Floyd Davis
Joe Dawson
Gil de Ferran
Pat Flaherty
Fred Frame
Ralph DePalma
Pete DePaolo
Scott Dixon
Mark Donohue
Jules Goux
Sam Hanks
Ray Harroun
Graham Hill
Bill Holland
Sam Hornish, Jr.
Ryan Hunter-Reay
Parnelli Jones
Tony Kanaan
Ray Keech
Buddy Lazier
Frank Lockhart
Jimmy Murphy
Johnnie Parsons
Kelly Petillo
Will Power
Bobby Rahal
Jim Rathmann
Dario Resta
Buddy Rice
Floyd Roberts
George Robson
Alexander Rossi
Troy Ruttman
Takuma Sato
Louis Schneider
Tom Sneva
George Souders
Danny Sullivan
Bob Sweikert
René Thomas
Jacques Villeneuve
Lee Wallard
Howdy Wilcox
Owners
J. C. Agajanian
Michael Andretti
Eddie Cheever
Louis Chevrolet
A. J. Foyt
Chip Ganassi
Kim Green
Andy Granatelli
Dan Gurney
Jim Hall
Ron Hemelgarn
Bryan Herta
Parnelli Jones
Kevin Kalkhoven
Howard Keck
Frank Kurtis
David Letterman
Louis Meyer
Lou Moore
Jimmy Murphy
Pat Patrick
Roger Penske
Kelly Petillo
Bobby Rahal
Wilbur Shaw
Doug Shierson
Fred Treadway
Jim Trueman
Jimmy Vasser
Teams
A. J. Foyt Enterprises
All American Racers
Andretti-Green Racing/Andretti Autosport
Bryan Herta Autosport
Chaparral Cars
Cheever Racing
Chip Ganassi Racing
Doug Shierson Racing
Galles/KRACO Racing
Hemelgarn Racing
KV Racing Technology
McLaren Racing Limited
Mecom Racing Team
Patrick Racing
Penske Racing
Rahal Letterman Racing
Team Green
Team Lotus
Treadway Racing
Truesports
Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing
show
Hélio Castroneves in entertainment
show
v
t
e
Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15: All-Stars
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26: Athletes
27
Participants
List of competitors
Winners
Celebrity
Kelly Monaco
Drew Lachey
Emmitt Smith
Apolo Anton Ohno
Hélio Castroneves
Kristi Yamaguchi
Brooke Burke
Shawn Johnson
Donny Osmond
Nicole Scherzinger
Jennifer Grey
Hines Ward
J.R. Martinez
Donald Driver
Melissa Rycroft
Kellie Pickler
Amber Riley
Meryl Davis
Alfonso Ribeiro
Rumer Willis
Bindi Irwin
Nyle DiMarco
Laurie Hernandez
Rashad Jennings
Jordan Fisher
Adam Rippon
Professional
Alec Mazo
Cheryl Burke
Julianne Hough
Mark Ballas
Derek Hough
Kym Johnson
Karina Smirnoff
Peta Murgatroyd
Tony Dovolani
Maksim Chmerkovskiy
Witney Carson
Valentin Chmerkovskiy
Emma Slater
Lindsay Arnold
Jenna Johnson
Games
Dancing with the Stars
We Dance!
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 7760 7709
LCCN: n2010013885
VIAF: 107936072
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hélio_Castroneves&oldid=856724807"
Categories:
1975 births
American Le Mans Series drivers
Brazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Brazilian expatriates in the United States
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Brazilian racing drivers
Champ Car drivers
Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) winners
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year
Indianapolis 500 polesitters
Indianapolis 500 winners
Indy Lights drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Brazilian IndyCar Series drivers
International Race of Champions drivers
Team Penske
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Sportspeople from São Paulo
Supercars Championship drivers
Stock Car Brasil drivers
United SportsCar Championship drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
12 Hours of Sebring drivers
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from May 2015
Use dmy dates from May 2017
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Brezhoneg
Deutsch
Español
Français
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
10 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 August 2018, at 05:00 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Helio Castroneves 2009 Indy 500 Carb Day.JPG

values:
/wiki/2017_IndyCar_Series_season
mw-redirect
2017 IndyCar Series season

values:
/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway
mw-redirect
Phoenix International Raceway

values: width: 33.3%; text-align: center; font-size: larger

values:
/wiki/American_Championship_car_racing
mw-redirect
American Championship car racing

values:
/wiki/1998_CART_season
mw-redirect
1998 CART season

values:
/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway
mw-redirect
Homestead-Miami Speedway

values: 2000 Tenneco Automotive Grand Prix of Detroit

values:
/wiki/Chevrolet_Dual_in_Detroit
mw-redirect
Chevrolet Dual in Detroit

values:
infobox biography vcard
width:22em;width: 24em

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/1995_British_Formula_3_season
mw-redirect
1995 British Formula 3 season

values:
/wiki/Tasman_Racing
mw-redirect
Tasman Racing

values:
/wiki/Toyota_Racing
mw-redirect
Toyota Racing

values: The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest...

values: Edit section: Motorsports career results

values: Edit section: American open–wheel racing results

values: Template:American Open Wheel driver results legend

values:
/wiki/Detroit_Belle_Isle_Grand_Prix
mw-redirect
Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix

values:
/wiki/Emerson_Indy_250
mw-redirect
Emerson Indy 250

values:
/wiki/2001_Toyota_Long_Beach_Grand_Prix
mw-redirect
2001 Toyota Long Beach Grand Prix

values: 2001 Tenneco Automotive Grand Prix of Detroit

values:
/wiki/2001_Freightliner/G.I._Joes_200
mw-redirect
2001 Freightliner/G.I. Joes 200

values:
/wiki/2001_Target_Grand_Prix
mw-redirect
2001 Target Grand Prix

values: 2001 Texaco/Havoline Grand Prix of Houston

values:
/wiki/2001_Indy_Racing_League_season
mw-redirect
2001 Indy Racing League season

values:
/wiki/2002_Indy_Racing_League_season
mw-redirect
2002 Indy Racing League season

values:
/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_St._Petersburg
mw-redirect
Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

values: 2007 Camping World Watkins Glen Grand Prix

values: 2008 Camping World Indy Grand Prix at the Glen

values: 2009 Camping World Grand Prix at the Glen

values: 2009 Peak Antifreeze & Motor Oil Indy 300

values: 2010 Camping World Grand Prix at The Glen

values: 2010 Peak Antifreeze & Motor Oil Indy 300

values: 2012 Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix

values: 2012 MAVTV 500 IndyCar World Championships

values: 2013 Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix

values: 2013 Shell-Pennzoil Grand Prix of Houston

values: 2013 MAVTV 500 IndyCar World Championships

values: 2014 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

values: 2014 Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix

values: 2014 MAVTV 500 IndyCar World Championships

values: 2015 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

values: 2015 Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix

values:
/wiki/2015_ABC_Supply_Wisconsin_250
mw-redirect
2015 ABC Supply Wisconsin 250

values:
/wiki/2015_Iowa_Corn_Indy_300
mw-redirect
2015 Iowa Corn Indy 300

values:
/wiki/2015_Honda_Indy_200
mw-redirect
2015 Honda Indy 200

values:
/wiki/2015_GoPro_Grand_Prix_of_Sonoma
mw-redirect
2015 GoPro Grand Prix of Sonoma

values: 2016 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

values: 2016 Desert Diamond West Valley Phoenix Grand Prix

values: 2016 Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix

values: 2017 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

values: 2017 Desert Diamond West Valley Phoenix Grand Prix

values: 2018 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

values: 2018 Desert Diamond West Valley Phoenix Grand Prix

values:
/wiki/Rainguard_Water_Sealers_600
mw-redirect
Rainguard Water Sealers 600

values: Edit section: Complete American Le Mans Series results

values: padding:1px 3px; color:white; background-color:#00008b;

values: 2007 Sports Car Challenge of St. Petersburg

values: 2008 Sports Car Challenge of St. Petersburg

values: 2008 American Le Mans Series at Long Beach

values: 2011 International V8 Supercars Championship

values: Edit section: Complete Stock Car Brasil results

values: Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)

values: Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)

values: Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Goiânia)

values: Edit section: WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

values:
/wiki/Mazda_Raceway_Laguna_Seca
mw-redirect
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca

values:
/wiki/Sports_Car_Challenge_of_Mid-Ohio
mw-redirect
Sports Car Challenge of Mid-Ohio

values:
nofollow
http://heliocastroneves.com/bio/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.heliocastroneves.com

values: ;background:black; color:white; border:2px solid #cc0000;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;

values: Walter Czarnecki (executive) (page does not exist)

values: David Faustino (auto racing) (page does not exist)

values: Todd Gordon (auto racing) (page does not exist)

values: Brian Wilson (NASCAR) (page does not exist)

values: List of American open-wheel racing national champions

values:
/wiki/1979_IndyCar_season
mw-redirect
1979 IndyCar season

values:
/wiki/1981_IndyCar_season
mw-redirect
1981 IndyCar season

values:
/wiki/1982_IndyCar_season
mw-redirect
1982 IndyCar season

values:
/wiki/1983_IndyCar_season
mw-redirect
1983 IndyCar season

values:
/wiki/1985_IndyCar_season
mw-redirect
1985 IndyCar season

values:
/wiki/1988_IndyCar_season
mw-redirect
1988 IndyCar season

values:
/wiki/1994_IndyCar_season
mw-redirect
1994 IndyCar season

values:
/wiki/2006_IndyCar_Series_season
mw-redirect
2006 IndyCar Series season

values:
/wiki/2014_IndyCar_Series_season
mw-redirect
2014 IndyCar Series season

values:
/wiki/2016_IndyCar_Series_season
mw-redirect
2016 IndyCar Series season

values: List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: 2018 ABC Supply 500 (page does not exist)

values: 2018 Bommarito Automotive Group 500 (page does not exist)

values: 2018 Grand Prix of Portland (page does not exist)

values: 2018 GoPro Grand Prix of Sonoma (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Alex_Barron_(driver)
mw-redirect
Alex Barron (driver)

values:
/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford_(driver)
mw-redirect
Johnny Rutherford (driver)

values:
/wiki/Al_Unser,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Al Unser, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Joe_Dawson_(racecar_driver)
mw-redirect
Joe Dawson (racecar driver)

values:
/wiki/Sam_Hornish,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Sam Hornish, Jr.

values:
/wiki/James_Anthony_Murphy
mw-redirect
James Anthony Murphy

values:
/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thomas_(auto_racing)
mw-redirect
René Thomas (auto racing)

values:
/wiki/Howard_B._Keck
mw-redirect
Howard B. Keck

values:
/wiki/Penske_Racing
mw-redirect
Penske Racing

values: Template:Dancing with the Stars (United States)

values: Template talk:Dancing with the Stars (United States)

values: List of Dancing with the Stars (U.S.) competitors

values:
/wiki/Kym_Johnson-Herjavec
mw-redirect
Kym Johnson-Herjavec

values:
padding:0px; padding:3px
navigation
navbox
Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000077607709

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/107936072

values: Category:American Le Mans Series drivers

values: Category:Brazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Brazilian expatriates in the United States

values: Category:British Formula Three Championship drivers

values: Category:Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) winners

values: Category:Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year

values: Category:Brazilian IndyCar Series drivers

values: Category:International Race of Champions drivers

values: Category:Participants in American reality television series

values: Category:United SportsCar Championship drivers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Castroneves
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: هيليو كاسترو نيفيز – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: エリオ・カストロネベス – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Кастроневес, Элио – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hélio_Castroneves rootpage-Hélio_Castroneves skin-vector action-view


text:
Climate of the Arctic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A map of the Arctic. The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border, and the white area shows the average minimum extent of sea ice in summer as of 1975.CIA World Factbook
The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice (sea ice, glacial ice, or snow) year-round, and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface. Average January temperatures range from about −34 °C to 0 °C (−29 to +32 °F), and winter temperatures can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) over large parts of the Arctic. Average July temperatures range from about −10 to +10 °C (14 to 50 °F), with some land areas occasionally exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in summer.
The Arctic consists of ocean that is largely surrounded by land. As such, the climate of much of the Arctic is moderated by the ocean water, which can never have a temperature below −2 °C (28 °F). In winter, this relatively warm water, even though covered by the polar ice pack, keeps the North Pole from being the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, and it is also part of the reason that Antarctica is so much colder than the Arctic. In summer, the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview of the Arctic
2 History of Arctic climate observation
2.1 Early European exploration
2.2 Early European observing efforts
2.3 Cold-War era observations
2.4 Satellite era
3 Solar radiation
3.1 Winter
3.2 Spring
3.3 Summer
3.4 Autumn
4 Temperature
4.1 Arctic Basin
4.2 Canadian Archipelago
4.3 Greenland
4.4 Ice-free seas
5 Precipitation
5.1 Arctic Basin
5.2 Canadian Archipelago
5.3 Greenland
5.4 Ice-free seas
6 Sea ice
7 Wind
8 Climate change
9 Global warming
10 See also
11 Notes
12 Bibliography
13 External links
14 Further reading
Overview of the Arctic[edit]
Main article: Arctic
There are different definitions of the Arctic. The most widely used definition, the area north of the Arctic Circle, where, on the June solstice, the sun does not set is used in astronomical and some geographical contexts. However, in a context of climate, the two most widely used definitions in this context are the area north of the northern tree line, and the area in which the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 10 °C (50 °F), which are nearly coincident over most land areas (NSIDC).
The nations which comprise the Arctic region.
This definition of the Arctic can be further divided into four different regions:
The Arctic Basin includes the Arctic Ocean within the average minimum extent of sea ice.
The Canadian Arctic Archipelago includes the large and small islands, except Greenland, on the Canadian side of the Arctic, and the waters between them.
The entire island of Greenland, although its ice sheet and ice-free coastal regions have different climatic conditions.
The Arctic waters that are not sea ice in late summer, including Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay, Ungava Bay, the Davis, Denmark, Hudson and Bering Straits, and the Labrador, Norwegian, (ice-free all year), Greenland, Baltic, Barents (southern part ice-free all year), Kara, Laptev, Chukchi, Okhotsk, sometimes Beaufort and Bering Seas.
Moving inland from the coast over mainland North America and Eurasia, the moderating influence of the Arctic Ocean quickly diminishes, and the climate transitions from Arctic to subarctic, generally in less than 500 kilometres (310 miles), and often over a much shorter distance.
History of Arctic climate observation[edit]
See also: Arctic exploration
Due to the lack of major population centres in the Arctic, weather and climate observations from the region tend to be widely spaced and of short duration compared to the midlatitudes and tropics. Though the Vikings explored parts of the Arctic over a millennium ago, and small numbers of people have been living along the Arctic coast for much longer, scientific knowledge about the region was slow to develop; the large islands of Severnaya Zemlya, just north of the Taymyr Peninsula on the Russian mainland, were not discovered until 1913, and not mapped until the early 1930s (Serreze and Barry, 2005).
Early European exploration[edit]
Much of the historical exploration of the Arctic was motivated by the search for the Northwest and Northeast Passages. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century expeditions were largely driven by traders in search of these shortcuts between the Atlantic and the Pacific. These forays into the Arctic did not venture far from the North American and Eurasian coasts, and were unsuccessful at finding a navigable route through either passage.
National and commercial expeditions continued to expand the detail on maps of the Arctic through the eighteenth century, but largely neglected other scientific observations. Expeditions from the 1760s to the middle of the 19th century were also led astray by attempts to sail north because of the belief by many at the time that the ocean surrounding the North Pole was ice-free. These early explorations did provide a sense of the sea ice conditions in the Arctic and occasionally some other climate-related information.
By the early 19th century some expeditions were making a point of collecting more detailed meteorological, oceanographic, and geomagnetic observations, but they remained sporadic. Beginning in the 1850s regular meteorological observations became more common in many countries, and the British navy implemented a system of detailed observation (Serreze and Barry, 2005). As a result, expeditions from the second half of the nineteenth century began to provide a picture of the Arctic climate.
Early European observing efforts[edit]
A photograph of the first-IPY station at the Kara Sea site in winter
The first major effort by Europeans to study the meteorology of the Arctic was the First International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882 to 1883. Eleven nations provided support to establish twelve observing stations around the Arctic. The observations were not as widespread or long-lasting as would be needed to describe the climate in detail, but they provided the first cohesive look at the Arctic weather.
In 1884 the wreckage of the Jeanette, a ship abandoned three years earlier off Russia's eastern Arctic coast, was found on the coast of Greenland. This caused Fridtjof Nansen to realize that the sea ice was moving from the Siberian side of the Arctic to the Atlantic side. He decided to use this motion by freezing a specially designed ship, the Fram, into the sea ice and allowing it to be carried across the ocean. Meteorological observations were collected from the ship during its crossing from September 1893 to August 1896. This expedition also provided valuable insight into the circulation of the ice surface of the Arctic Ocean.
In the early 1930s the first significant meteorological studies were carried out on the interior of the Greenland ice sheet. These provided knowledge of perhaps the most extreme climate of the Arctic, and also the first suggestion that the ice sheet lies in a depression of the bedrock below (now known to be caused by the weight of the ice itself).
Fifty years after the first IPY, in 1932 to 1933, a second IPY was organized. This one was larger than the first, with 94 meteorological stations, but World War II delayed or prevented the publication of much of the data collected during it (Serreze and Barry 2005). Another significant moment in Arctic observing before World War II occurred in 1937 when the USSR established the first of over 30 North-Pole drifting stations. This station, like the later ones, was established on a thick ice floe and drifted for almost a year, its crew observing the atmosphere and ocean along the way.
Cold-War era observations[edit]
Following World War II, the Arctic, lying between the USSR and North America, became a front line of the Cold War, inadvertently and significantly furthering our understanding of its climate. Between 1947 and 1957, the United States and Canadian governments established a chain of stations along the Arctic coast known as the Distant Early Warning Line (DEWLINE) to provide warning of a Soviet nuclear attack. Many of these stations also collected meteorological data.
The DEWLINE site at Point Lay, Alaska
The Soviet Union was also interested in the Arctic and established a significant presence there by continuing the North-Pole drifting stations. This program operated continuously, with 30 stations in the Arctic from 1950 to 1991. These stations collected data that are valuable to this day for understanding the climate of the Arctic Basin. This map shows the location of Arctic research facilities during the mid-1970s and the tracks of drifting stations between 1958 and 1975.
Another benefit from the Cold War was the acquisition of observations from United States and Soviet naval voyages into the Arctic. In 1958 an American nuclear submarine, the Nautilus was the first ship to reach the North Pole. In the decades that followed submarines regularly roamed under the Arctic sea ice, collecting sonar observations of the ice thickness and extent as they went. These data became available after the Cold War, and have provided evidence of thinning of the Arctic sea ice. The Soviet navy also operated in the Arctic, including a sailing of the nuclear-powered ice breaker Arktika to the North Pole in 1977, the first time a surface ship reached the pole.
Scientific expeditions to the Arctic also became more common during the Cold-War decades, sometimes benefiting logistically or financially from the military interest. In 1966 the first deep ice core in Greenland was drilled at Camp Century, providing a glimpse of climate through the last ice age. This record was lengthened in the early 1990s when two deeper cores were taken from near the center of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Beginning in 1979 the Arctic Ocean Buoy Program (the International Arctic Buoy Program since 1991) has been collecting meteorological and ice-drift data across the Arctic Ocean with a network of 20 to 30 buoys.
Satellite era[edit]
The end of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a dramatic decrease in regular observations from the Arctic. The Russian government ended the system of drifting North Pole stations, and closed many of the surface stations in the Russian Arctic. Likewise the United States and Canadian governments cut back on spending for Arctic observing as the perceived need for the DEWLINE declined. As a result, the most complete collection of surface observations from the Arctic is for the period 1960 to 1990 (Serreze and Barry, 2005).
The extensive array of satellite-based remote-sensing instruments now in orbit has helped to replace some of the observations that were lost after the Cold War, and has provided coverage that was impossible without them. Routine satellite observations of the Arctic began in the early 1970s, expanding and improving ever since. A result of these observations is a thorough record of sea-ice extent in the Arctic since 1979; the decreasing extent seen in this record (NASA, NSIDC), and its possible link to anthropogenic global warming, has helped increase interest in the Arctic in recent years. Today's satellite instruments provide routine views of not only cloud, snow, and sea-ice conditions in the Arctic, but also of other, perhaps less-expected, variables, including surface and atmospheric temperatures, atmospheric moisture content, winds, and ozone concentration.
Civilian scientific research on the ground has certainly continued in the Arctic, and it is getting a boost from 2007 to 2009 as nations around the world increase spending on polar research as part of the third International Polar Year. During these two years thousands of scientists from over 60 nations will co-operate to carry out over 200 projects to learn about physical, biological, and social aspects of the Arctic and Antarctic (IPY).
Modern researchers in the Arctic also benefit from computer models. These pieces of software are sometimes relatively simple, but often become highly complex as scientists try to include more and more elements of the environment to make the results more realistic. The models, though imperfect, often provide valuable insight into climate-related questions that cannot be tested in the real world. They are also used to try to predict future climate and the effect that changes to the atmosphere caused by humans may have on the Arctic and beyond. Another interesting use of models has been to use them, along with historical data, to produce a best estimate of the weather conditions over the entire globe during the last 50 years, filling in regions where no observations were made (ECMWF). These reanalysis datasets help compensate for the lack of observations over the Arctic.
Solar radiation[edit]
Variations in the length of the day with latitude and time of year. Atmospheric refraction makes the sun appear higher in the sky than it is geometrically, and therefore causes the extent of 24-hour day or night to differ slightly from the polar circles.
Variations in the duration of daylight with latitude and time of year. The smaller angle with which the sun intersects the horizon in the Polar regions, compared to the Tropics, leads to longer periods of twilight in the Polar regions, and accounts for the asymmetry of the plot.
Almost all of the energy available to the Earth's surface and atmosphere comes from the sun in the form of solar radiation (light from the sun, including invisible ultraviolet and infrared light). Variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching different parts of the Earth are a principal driver of global and regional climate. Averaged over a year, latitude is the most important factor determining the amount of solar radiation reaching the top of the atmosphere; the incident solar radiation decreases smoothly from the Equator to the poles. This variation leads to the most obvious observation of regional climate: temperature tends to decrease with increasing latitude.
In addition the length of each day, which is determined by the season, has a significant impact on the climate. The 24-hour days found near the poles in summer result in a large daily-average solar flux reaching the top of the atmosphere in these regions. On the June solstice 36% more solar radiation reaches the top of the atmosphere over the course of the day at the North Pole than at the Equator (Serreze and Barry, 2005). However, in the six months from the September equinox to March equinox the North Pole receives no sunlight. Images from the NOAA's North Pole Web Cam illustrate Arctic daylight, darkness and the changing of the seasons.
The climate of the Arctic also depends on the amount of sunlight reaching the surface, and the amount that the surface absorbs are also important. Variations in the frequency of cloud cover can cause significant variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface at locations with the same latitude. Changes in surface conditions, such as the appearance or disappearance of snow or sea ice, can cause large changes in the surface albedo, the fraction of the solar radiation reaching the surface that is reflected rather than absorbed.
Winter[edit]
In the Arctic, during the winter months of November through February, the sun remains very low in the sky or does not rise at all. Where it does rise, the days are short, and the sun's low position in the sky means that, even at noon, not much energy is reaching the surface. Furthermore, most of the small amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface is reflected away by the bright snow cover. Cold snow reflects between 70% and 90% of the solar radiation that reaches it (Serreze and Barry, 2005), and most of the Arctic, with the exception of the ice-free parts of the sea, have snow covering the land or ice surface in winter. These factors result in a negligible input of solar energy to the Arctic in winter; the only things keeping the Arctic from continuously cooling all winter are the transport of warmer air and ocean water into the Arctic from the south and the transfer of heat from the subsurface land and ocean (both of which gain heat in summer and release it in winter) to the surface and atmosphere.
Spring[edit]
Arctic days lengthen rapidly in March and April, and the sun rises higher in the sky during this time as well. Both of these changes bring more solar radiation to the Arctic during this period. During these early months of Northern Hemisphere spring most of the Arctic is still experiencing winter conditions, but with the addition of sunlight. The continued low temperatures, and the persisting white snow cover, mean that this additional energy reaching the Arctic from the sun is slow to have a significant impact because it is mostly reflected away without warming the surface. By May, temperatures are rising, as 24-hour daylight reaches many areas, but most of the Arctic is still snow-covered, so the Arctic surface reflects more than 70% of the sun's energy that reaches it over all areas but the Norwegian Sea and southern Bering Sea, where the ocean is ice free, and some of the land areas adjacent to these seas, where the moderating influence of the open water helps melt the snow early (Serreze and Barry, 2005).
In most of the Arctic the significant snow melt begins in late May or sometime in June. This begins a feedback, as melting snow reflects less solar radiation (50% to 60%) than dry snow, allowing more energy to be absorbed and the melting to take place faster. As the snow disappears on land, the underlying surfaces absorb even more energy, and begin to warm rapidly.
The interior of Greenland differs from the rest of the Arctic. The low springtime cloud frequency there and the high elevation, which reduces the amount of solar radiation absorbed or scattered by the atmosphere, combine to give this region the highest surface flux of solar radiation anywhere in the Arctic. However, the high elevation, and corresponding lower temperatures, help keep the bright snow from melting, limiting the warming effect of all this solar radiation.
Summer[edit]
At the North Pole on the June solstice, around 21 June, the sun circles overhead at 23.5° above the horizon. This marks noon in the Pole's year-long day; from then until the September equinox, the sun will slowly approach nearer and nearer the horizon, offering less and less solar radiation to the Pole. This period of setting sun also roughly corresponds to summer in the Arctic. The rest of the Arctic will have the sun get lower in the sky and receive progressively shorter days.
This photograph, from a plane, shows a section of sea ice. The lighter blue areas are melt ponds, and the darkest areas are open water.
As the Arctic continues receiving energy from the sun during this time, the land, which is mostly free of snow by now, can warm up on clear days when the wind is not coming from the cold ocean. Over the Arctic Ocean the snow cover on the sea ice disappears and ponds of melt water start to form on the sea ice, further reducing the amount of sunlight the ice reflects and helping more ice melt. Around the edges of the Arctic Ocean the ice will melt and break up, exposing the ocean water, which absorbs almost all of the solar radiation that reaches it, storing the energy in the water column. By July and August, most of the land is bare and absorbs more than 80% of the sun's energy that reaches the surface. Where sea ice remains, in the central Arctic Basin and the straits between the islands in the Canadian Archipelago, the many melt ponds and lack of snow cause about half of the sun's energy to be absorbed (Serreze and Barry, 2005), but this mostly goes toward melting ice since the ice surface cannot warm above freezing.
Frequent cloud cover, exceeding 80% frequency over much of the Arctic Ocean in July (Serreze and Barry, 2005), reduces the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface by reflecting much of it before it gets to the surface. Unusual clear periods can lead to increased sea-ice melt or higher temperatures (NSIDC). The interior of Greenland continues to have less cloud cover than most of the Arctic, so during the summer period, like in spring, this area receives more solar radiation at the surface than any other part of the Arctic. Again though, interior Greenland's permanent snow cover reflects over 80% of this energy away from the surface.
Autumn[edit]
In September and October the days get rapidly shorter, and in northern areas the sun disappears from the sky entirely. As the amount of solar radiation available to the surface rapidly decreases, the temperatures follow suit. The sea ice begins to refreeze, and eventually gets a fresh snow cover, causing it to reflect even more of the dwindling amount of sunlight reaching it. Likewise, in the beginning of September both the northern and southern land areas receive their winter snow cover, which combined with the reduced solar radiation at the surface, ensures an end to the warm days those areas may experience in summer. By November, winter is in full swing in most of the Arctic, and the small amount of solar radiation still reaching the region does not play a significant role in its climate.
Temperature[edit]
Average January temperature in the Arctic
Average July temperature in the Arctic
The Arctic is often perceived as a region stuck in a permanent deep freeze. While much of the region does experience very low temperatures, there is considerable variability with both location and season. Winter temperatures average below freezing over all of the Arctic except for small regions in the southern Norwegian and Bering Seas, which remain ice free throughout the winter. Average temperatures in summer are above freezing over all regions except the central Arctic Basin, where sea ice survives through the summer, and interior Greenland.
The maps at right show the average temperature over the Arctic in January and July, generally the coldest and warmest months. These maps were made with data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, which incorporates available data into a computer model to create a consistent global data set. Neither the models nor the data are perfect, so these maps may differ from other estimates of surface temperatures; in particular, most Arctic climatologies show temperatures over the central Arctic Ocean in July averaging just below freezing, a few degrees lower than these maps show (Serreze and Barry, 2005; USSR, 1985; CIA, 1978). An earlier climatology of temperatures in the Arctic, based entirely on available data, is shown in this map from the CIA Polar Regions Atlas (1978).
The coldest location in the Northern Hemisphere is not in the Arctic, but rather in the interior of Russia's Far East, in the upper-right quadrant of the maps. This is due to the region's continental climate, far from the moderating influence of the ocean, and to the valleys in the region that can trap cold, dense air and create strong temperature inversions, where the temperature increases, rather than decreases, with height (Serreze and Barry, 2005). The lowest officially recorded temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is the subject of controversy, due to the type of instrumentation used. These temperatures were measured by spirit thermometer, which is less accurate than a mercury thermometer. Measurement by spirit (alcohol) thermometers must be corrected (usually the correction is positive, being about 0.2 °C, but it is not so simple). According to "Climate of the USSR, issue 24, part I, Leningrad, 1956," the coldest temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) occurred in Oymyakon on 6 February 1933, as well as in Verkhoyansk on 5 and 7 February 1892, respectively. However, this region is not part of the Arctic because its continental climate also allows it to have warm summers, with an average July temperature of 15 °C (59 °F). In the figure below showing station climatologies, the plot for Yakutsk is representative of this part of the Far East; Yakutsk has a slightly less extreme climate than Verkhoyansk.
Monthly and annual climatologies of eight locations in the Arctic and sub-Arctic
Arctic Basin[edit]
Main article: Arctic Basin
The Arctic Basin is typically covered by sea ice year round, which strongly influences its summer temperatures. It also experiences the longest period without sunlight of any part of the Arctic, and the longest period of continuous sunlight, though the frequent cloudiness in summer reduces the importance of this solar radiation.
Despite its location centered on the North Pole, and the long period of darkness this brings, this is not the coldest part of the Arctic. In winter, the heat transferred from the −2 °C (28 °F) water through cracks in the ice and areas of open water helps to moderate the climate some, keeping average winter temperatures around −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F). Minimum temperatures in this region in winter are around −50 °C (−58 °F).
In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing. Sea ice is mostly fresh water since the salt is rejected by the ice as it forms, so the melting ice has a temperature of 0 °C (32 °F), and any extra energy from the sun goes to melting more ice, not to warming the surface. Air temperatures, at the standard measuring height of about 2 meters above the surface, can rise a few degrees above freezing between late May and September, though they tend to be within a degree of freezing, with very little variability during the height of the melt season.
In the figure above showing station climatologies, the lower-left plot, for NP 7–8, is representative of conditions over the Arctic Basin. This plot shows data from the Soviet North Pole drifting stations, numbers 7 and 8. It shows the average temperature in the coldest months is in the −30s, and the temperature rises rapidly from April to May; July is the warmest month, and the narrowing of the maximum and minimum temperature lines shows the temperature does not vary far from freezing in the middle of summer; from August through December the temperature drops steadily. The small daily temperature range (the length of the vertical bars) results from the fact that the sun's elevation above the horizon does not change much or at all in this region during one day.
Much of the winter variability in this region is due to clouds. Since there is no sunlight, the thermal radiation emitted by the atmosphere is one of this region's main sources of energy in winter. A cloudy sky can emit much more energy toward the surface than a clear sky, so when it is cloudy in winter, this region tends to be warm, and when it is clear, this region cools quickly (Serreze and Barry, 2005).
Canadian Archipelago[edit]
In winter, the Canadian Archipelago experiences temperatures similar to those in the Arctic Basin, but in the summer months of June to August, the presence of so much land in this region allows it to warm more than the ice-covered Arctic Basin. In the station-climatology figure above, the plot for Resolute is typical of this region. The presence of the islands, most of which lose their snow cover in summer, allows the summer temperatures to rise well above freezing. The average high temperature in summer approaches 10 °C (50 °F), and the average low temperature in July is above freezing, though temperatures below freezing are observed every month of the year.
The straits between these islands often remain covered by sea ice throughout the summer. This ice acts to keep the surface temperature at freezing, just as it does over the Arctic Basin, so a location on a strait would likely have a summer climate more like the Arctic Basin, but with higher maximum temperatures because of winds off of the nearby warm islands.
Greenland[edit]
Greenland's ice sheet thickness. Note that much of the area in green has permanent snow cover, it's just less than 10 m (33 ft) thick.
Climatically, Greenland is divided into two very separate regions: the coastal region, much of which is ice free, and the inland ice sheet. The Greenland Ice Sheet covers about 80% of Greenland, extending to the coast in places, and has an average elevation of 2,100 m (6,900 ft) and a maximum elevation of 3,200 m (10,500 ft). Much of the ice sheet remains below freezing all year, and it has the coldest climate of any part of the Arctic. Coastal areas can be affected by nearby open water, or by heat transfer through sea ice from the ocean, and many parts lose their snow cover in summer, allowing them to absorb more solar radiation and warm more than the interior.
Coastal regions on the northern half of Greenland experience winter temperatures similar to or slightly warmer than the Canadian Archipelago, with average January temperatures of −30 to −25 °C (−22 to −13 °F). These regions are slightly warmer than the Archipelago because of their closer proximity to areas of thin, first-year sea ice cover or to open ocean in the Baffin Bay and Greenland Sea.
The coastal regions in the southern part of the island are influenced more by open ocean water and by frequent passage of cyclones, both of which help to keep the temperature there from being as low as in the north. As a result of these influences, the average temperature in these areas in January is considerably higher, between about −20 °C and −4 °C (25 °F) and +25 °F).
The interior ice sheet escapes much of the influence of heat transfer from the ocean or from cyclones, and its high elevation also acts to give it a colder climate since temperatures tend to decrease with elevation. The result is winter temperatures that are lower than anywhere else in the Arctic, with average January temperatures of −45 to −30 °C (−49 to −22 °F), depending on location and on which data set is viewed. Minimum temperatures in winter over the higher parts of the ice sheet can drop below −60 °C (−76 °F); CIA, 1978). In the station climatology figure above, the Centrale plot is representative of the high Greenland Ice Sheet.
In summer, the coastal regions of Greenland experience temperatures similar to the islands in the Canadian Archipelago, averaging just a few degrees above freezing in July, with slightly higher temperatures in the south and west than in the north and east. The interior ice sheet remains snow-covered throughout the summer, though significant portions do experience some snow melt (Serreze and Barry, 2005). This snow cover, combined with the ice sheet's elevation, help to keep temperatures here lower, with July averages between −12 and 0 °C (10 and 32 °F). Along the coast, temperatures are kept from varying too much by the moderating influence of the nearby water or melting sea ice. In the interior, temperatures are kept from rising much above freezing because of the snow-covered surface but can drop to −30 °C (−22 °F) even in July. Temperatures above 20 °C are rare but do sometimes occur in the far south and south-west coastal areas.
Ice-free seas[edit]
Most of the ice-free seas are covered by ice for part of the year (see the map in the sea-ice section below). The exceptions are the southern part of the Barents Sea and most of the Norwegian Sea. These regions that remain ice-free throughout the year have very small annual temperature variations; average winter temperatures are kept near or above the freezing point of sea water (about −2 °C (28 °F)]) since the unfrozen ocean cannot have a temperature below that, and summer temperatures in the parts of these regions that are considered part of the Arctic average less than 10 °C (50 °F). During the 46-year period when weather records were kept on Shemya Island, in the southern Bering Sea, the average temperature of the coldest month (February) was −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) and that of the warmest month (August) was 9.7 °C (49.5 °F); temperatures never dropped below −17 °C (1 °F) or rose above 18 °C (64 °F); Western Regional Climate Center)
The rest of the ice-free seas have ice cover for some part of the winter and spring, but lose that ice during the summer. These regions have summer temperatures between about 0 and 8 °C (32 and 46 °F). The winter ice cover allows temperatures to drop much lower in these regions than in the regions that are ice-free all year. Over most of the seas that are ice-covered seasonally, winter temperatures average between about −30 °C and −15 °C (5 °F) and +5 °F). Those areas near the sea-ice edge will remain somewhat warmer due to the moderating influence of the nearby open water. In the station-climatology figure above, the plots for Point Barrow, Tiksi, Murmansk, and Isfjord are typical of land areas adjacent to seas that are ice-covered seasonally. The presence of the land allows temperatures to reach slightly more extreme values than the seas themselves.
An essentially ice-free Arctic may be a reality in the month of September, anywhere from 2050 to 2100 [1]
Precipitation[edit]
Precipitation in most of the Arctic falls only as rain and snow. Over most areas snow is the dominant, or only, form of precipitation in winter, while both rain and snow fall in summer (Serreze and Barry 2005). The main exception to this general description is the high part of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which receives all of its precipitation as snow, in all seasons.
Accurate climatologies of precipitation amount are more difficult to compile for the Arctic than climatologies of other variables such as temperature and pressure. All variables are measured at relatively few stations in the Arctic, but precipitation observations are made more uncertain due to the difficulty in catching in a gauge all of the snow that falls. Typically some falling snow is kept from entering precipitation gauges by winds, causing an underreporting of precipitation amounts in regions that receive a large fraction of their precipitation as snowfall. Corrections are made to data to account for this uncaught precipitation, but they are not perfect and introduce some error into the climatologies (Serreze and Barry 2005).
The observations that are available show that precipitation amounts vary by about a factor of 10 across the Arctic, with some parts of the Arctic Basin and Canadian Archipelago receiving less than 150 mm (5.9 in) of precipitation annually, and parts of southeast Greenland receiving over 1,200 mm (47 in) annually. Most regions receive less than 500 mm (20 in) annually (Serreze and Hurst 2000, USSR 1985). For comparison, annual precipitation averaged over the whole planet is about 1,000 mm (39 in); see Precipitation). Unless otherwise noted, all precipitation amounts given in this article are liquid-equivalent amounts, meaning that frozen precipitation is melted before it is measured.
Arctic Basin[edit]
The Arctic Basin is one of the driest parts of the Arctic. Most of the Basin receives less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation per year, qualifying it as a desert. Smaller regions of the Arctic Basin just north of Svalbard and the Taymyr Peninsula receive up to about 400 mm (16 in) per year (Serreze and Hurst 2000).
Monthly precipitation totals over most of the Arctic Basin average about 15 mm (0.59 in) from November through May, and rise to 20 to 30 mm (0.79 to 1.18 in) in July, August, and September (Serreze and Hurst 2000). The dry winters result from the low frequency of cyclones in the region during that time, and the region's distance from warm open water that could provide a source of moisture (Serreze and Barry 2005). Despite the low precipitation totals in winter, precipitation frequency is higher in January, when 25% to 35% of observations reported precipitation, than in July, when 20% to 25% of observations reported precipitation (Serreze and Barry 2005). Much of the precipitation reported in winter is very light, possibly diamond dust. The number of days with measurable precipitation (more than 0.1 mm [0.004 in] in a day) is slightly greater in July than in January (USSR 1985). Of January observations reporting precipitation, 95% to 99% of them indicate it was frozen. In July, 40% to 60% of observations reporting precipitation indicate it was frozen (Serreze and Barry 2005).
The parts of the Basin just north of Svalbard and the Taymyr Peninsula are exceptions to the general description just given. These regions receive many weakening cyclones from the North-Atlantic storm track, which is most active in winter. As a result, precipitation amounts over these parts of the basin are larger in winter than those given above. The warm air transported into these regions also mean that liquid precipitation is more common than over the rest of the Arctic Basin in both winter and summer.
Canadian Archipelago[edit]
Annual precipitation totals in the Canadian Archipelago increase dramatically from north to south. The northern islands receive similar amounts, with a similar annual cycle, to the central Arctic Basin. Over Baffin Island and the smaller islands around it, annual totals increase from just over 200 mm (7.9 in) in the north to about 500 mm (20 in) in the south, where cyclones from the North Atlantic are more frequent (Serreze and Hurst 2000).
Greenland[edit]
Annual precipitation amounts given below for Greenland are from Figure 6.5 in Serreze and Barry (2005). Due to the scarcity of long-term weather records in Greenland, especially in the interior, this precipitation climatology was developed by analyzing the annual layers in the snow to determine annual snow accumulation (in liquid equivalent) and was modified on the coast with a model to account for the effects of the terrain on precipitation amounts.
The southern third of Greenland protrudes into the North-Atlantic storm track, a region frequently influenced by cyclones. These frequent cyclones lead to larger annual precipitation totals than over most of the Arctic. This is especially true near the coast, where the terrain rises from sea level to over 2,500 m (8,200 ft), enhancing precipitation due to orographic lift. The result is annual precipitation totals of 400 mm (16 in) over the southern interior to over 1,200 mm (47 in) near the southern and southeastern coasts. Some locations near these coasts where the terrain is particularly conducive to causing orographic lift receive up 2,200 mm (87 in) of precipitation per year. More precipitation falls in winter, when the storm track is most active, than in summer.
The west coast of the central third of Greenland is also influenced by some cyclones and orographic lift, and precipitation totals over the ice sheet slope near this coast are up to 600 mm (24 in) per year. The east coast of the central third of the island receives between 200 and 600 mm (7.9 and 23.6 in) of precipitation per year, with increasing amounts from north to south. Precipitation over the north coast is similar to that over the central Arctic Basin.
The interior of the central and northern Greenland Ice Sheet is the driest part of the Arctic. Annual totals here range from less than 100 to about 200 mm (4 to 8 in). This region is continuously below freezing, so all precipitation falls as snow, with more in summer than in the winter time. (USSR 1985).
Ice-free seas[edit]
The Chukchi, Laptev, and Kara Seas and Baffin Bay receive somewhat more precipitation than the Arctic Basin, with annual totals between 200 and 400 mm (7.9 and 15.7 in); annual cycles in the Chukchi and Laptev Seas and Baffin Bay are similar to those in the Arctic Basin, with more precipitation falling in summer than in winter, while the Kara Sea has a smaller annual cycle due to enhanced winter precipitation caused by cyclones from the North Atlantic storm track (Serreze and Hurst 2000; Serreze and Barry 2005).
The Labrador, Norwegian, Greenland, and Barents Seas and Denmark and Davis Straits are strongly influenced by the cyclones in the North Atlantic storm track, which is most active in winter. As a result, these regions receive more precipitation in winter than in summer. Annual precipitation totals increase quickly from about 400 mm (16 in) in the northern to about 1,400 mm (55 in) in the southern part of the region (Serreze and Hurst 2000). Precipitation is frequent in winter, with measurable totals falling on an average of 20 days each January in the Norwegian Sea (USSR 1985). The Bering Sea is influenced by the North Pacific storm track, and has annual precipitation totals between 400 and 800 mm (16 and 31 in), also with a winter maximum.
Sea ice[edit]
Estimates of the absolute and average minimum and maximum extent of sea ice in the Arctic as of the mid-1970s
Sea ice is frozen sea water that floats on the ocean's surface. It is the dominant surface type throughout the year in the Arctic Basin, and covers much of the ocean surface in the Arctic at some point during the year. The ice may be bare ice, or it may be covered by snow or ponds of melt water, depending on location and time of year. Sea ice is relatively thin, generally less than about 4 m (13 ft), with thicker ridges (NSIDC). NOAA's North Pole Web Cams having been tracking the Arctic summer sea ice transitions through spring thaw, summer melt ponds, and autumn freeze-up since the first webcam was deployed in 2002–present.
Sea ice is important to the climate and the ocean in a variety of ways. It reduces the transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere; it causes less solar energy to be absorbed at the surface, and provides a surface on which snow can accumulate, which further decreases the absorption of solar energy; since salt is rejected from the ice as it forms, the ice increases the salinity of the ocean's surface water where it forms and decreases the salinity where it melts, both of which can affect the ocean's circulation (NSIDC).
The map at right shows the areas covered by sea ice when it is at its maximum extent (March) and its minimum extent (September). This map was made in the 1970s, and the extent of sea ice has decreased since then (see below), but this still gives a reasonable overview. At its maximum extent, in March, sea ice covers about 15 million km² (5.8 million sq mi) of the Northern Hemisphere, nearly as much area as the largest country, Russia (UNEP 2007).
Winds and ocean currents cause the sea ice to move. The typical pattern of ice motion is shown on the map at right. On average, these motions carry sea ice from the Russian side of the Arctic Ocean into the Atlantic Ocean through the area east of Greenland, while they cause the ice on the North American side to rotate clockwise, sometimes for many years.
Wind[edit]
Wind speeds over the Arctic Basin and the western Canadian Archipelago average between 4 and 6 metres per second (14 and 22 kilometres per hour, 9 and 13 miles per hour) in all seasons. Stronger winds do occur in storms, often causing whiteout conditions, but they rarely exceed 25 m/s (90 km/h (56 mph) in these areas (Przybylak 2003).
During all seasons, the strongest average winds are found in the North-Atlantic seas, Baffin Bay, and Bering and Chukchi Seas, where cyclone activity is most common. On the Atlantic side, the winds are strongest in winter, averaging 7 to 12 m/s (25 to 43 km/h (16 to 27 mph), and weakest in summer, averaging 5 to 7 m/s (18 to 25 km/h (11 to 16 mph). On the Pacific side they average 6 to 9 m/s (22 to 32 km/h (14 to 20 mph) year round. Maximum wind speeds in the Atlantic region can approach 50 m/s (180 km/h (110 mph) in winter (Przybylak 2003).
Climate change[edit]
Main article: Geologic temperature record
As with the rest of the planet, the climate in the Arctic has changed throughout time. About 55 million years ago it is thought that parts of the Arctic supported subtropical ecosystems (Serreze and Barry 2005) and that Arctic sea-surface temperatures rose to about 23 °C (73 °F) during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. In the more recent past, the planet has experienced a series of ice ages and interglacial periods over about the last 2 million years, with the last ice age reaching its maximum extent about 18,000 years ago and ending by about 10,000 years ago. During these ice ages, large areas of northern North America and Eurasia were covered by ice sheets similar to the one found today on Greenland; Arctic climate conditions would have extended much further south, and conditions in the present-day Arctic region were likely colder. Temperature proxies suggest that over the last 8000 years the climate has been stable, with globally averaged temperature variations of less than about 1 °C (34 °F); see Paleoclimate).
Global warming[edit]
Main articles: Climate change in the Arctic and Effects of global warming
The image above shows where average air temperatures (October 2010 – September 2011) were up to 3 degrees Celsius above (red) or below (blue) the long-term average (1981–2010).
The map shows the 10-year average (2000–2009) global mean temperature anomaly relative to the 1951–1980 mean. The largest temperature increases are in the Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula. Source: NASA Earth Observatory [2]
There are several reasons to expect that climate changes, from whatever cause, may be enhanced in the Arctic, relative to the mid-latitudes and tropics. First, is the ice-albedo feedback, whereby an initial warming causes snow and ice to melt, exposing darker surfaces that absorb more sunlight, leading to more warming. Second, because colder air holds less water vapour than warmer air, in the Arctic, a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming the atmosphere, whereas in the tropics, a greater fraction goes into evaporation. Third, because the Arctic temperature structure inhibits vertical air motions, the depth of the atmospheric layer that has to warm in order to cause warming of near-surface air is much shallower in the Arctic than in the tropics. Fourth, a reduction in sea-ice extent will lead to more energy being transferred from the warm ocean to the atmosphere, enhancing the warming. Finally, changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns caused by a global temperature change may cause more heat to be transferred to the Arctic, enhancing Arctic warming (ACIA 2004).
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "warming of the climate system is unequivocal", and the global-mean temperature has increased by 0.6 to 0.9 °C (33.1 to 33.6 °F) over the last century. This report also states that "most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely [greater than 90% chance] due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations." The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has. In 2009, NASA reported that 45 percent or more of the observed warming in the Arctic since 1976 was likely a result of changes in tiny airborne particles called aerosols.
Climate models predict that the temperature increase in the Arctic over the next century will continue to be about twice the global average temperature increase. By the end of the 21st century, the annual average temperature in the Arctic is predicted to increase by 2.8 to 7.8 °C (37.0 to 46.0 °F), with more warming in winter (4.3 to 11.4 °C (39.7 to 52.5 °F) than in summer (IPCC 2007). Decreases in sea-ice extent and thickness are expected to continue over the next century, with some models predicting the Arctic Ocean will be free of sea ice in late summer by the mid to late part of the century (IPCC 2007).
A study published in the journal Science in September 2009 determined that temperatures in the Arctic are higher presently than they have been at any time in the previous 2,000 years.[3] Samples from ice cores, tree rings and lake sediments from 23 sites were used by the team, led by Darrell Kaufman of Northern Arizona University, to provide snapshots of the changing climate.[4] Geologists were able to track the summer Arctic temperatures as far back as the time of the Romans by studying natural signals in the landscape.[5] The results highlighted that for around 1,900 years temperatures steadily dropped, caused by precession of earth's orbit that caused the planet to be slightly farther away from the sun during summer in the Northern Hemisphere.[3][4] These orbital changes led to a cold period known as the little ice age during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.[3][4] However, during the last 100 years temperatures have been rising, despite the fact that the continued changes in earth's orbit would have driven further cooling.[3][4][6] The largest rises have occurred since 1950, with four of the five warmest decades in the last 2,000 years occurring between 1950 and 2000.[3] The last decade was the warmest in the record.[7]
See also[edit]
Global warming portal
Alaska Current
Aleutian Low
Arctic dipole anomaly
Arctic front
Arctic haze
Arctic methane release
Arctic oscillation
Arctic Report Card
Arctic sea ice decline
Arctic sea ice ecology and history
Beaufort Gyre
Beringia
Climate of the Nordic countries
East Greenland Current
Ellesmere Ice Shelf
European windstorm
Greenland
Icelandic Low
Labrador Current
Midnight sun
North Atlantic Current
Oyashio Current
Permafrost
Petermann Glacier
Polar climate
Polar easterlies
Polar high
Polar low
Polar meteorology
Polar vortex
Siberian High
Squamish (wind)
Subarctic climate
Taiga and tundra
West Greenland Current
Antarctica
Antarctica cooling controversy
Climate of Antarctica
Global warming in Antarctica
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Stroeve, J., Holland, M.M., Meier, W., Scambos, T. and Serreze, M., 2007. Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecasted. Geophysical research letters, 34(9).
Jump up ^ 2009 Ends Warmest Decade on Record. NASA Earth Observatory Image of the Day, January 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kaufman, Darrell S.; Schneider, David P.; McKay, Nicholas P.; Ammann, Caspar M.; Bradley, Raymond S.; Briffa, Keith R.; Miller, Gifford H.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Vinther, Bo M. (2009). "Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling". Science. 325 (5945): 1236–1239. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1236K. doi:10.1126/science.1173983. PMID 19729653.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Arctic 'warmest in 2000 years'". BBC News. September 3, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Derbyshire, David (2009-09-04). "Arctic ice reveals last decade was hottest in 2,000 years". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Bryan (2009-09-05). "Studies of the Arctic Suggest a Dire Situation". Time. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Natural cooling trend reversed". Financial Times. 2009-09-04. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
Bibliography[edit]
ACIA, 2004 Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press.
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp.
NOAA's annually updated Arctic Report Card tracks recent environmental changes.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Arctic Sea Ice Continues to Decline, Arctic Temperatures Continue to Rise In 2005. Accessed September 6, 2007.
National Snow and Ice Data Center. All About Sea Ice. Accessed October 19, 2007.
National Snow and Ice Data Center. Cryospheric Climate Indicators: Sea Ice Index. Accessed September 6, 2007.
National Snow and Ice Data Center. NSIDC Arctic Climatology and Meteorology Primer. Accessed August 19, 2007.
Przybylak, Rajmund, 2003: The Climate of the Arctic, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA, 270 pp.
Serreze, Mark C.; Hurst, Ciaran M. (2000). "Representation of Mean Arctic Precipitation from NCEP–NCAR and ERA Reanalyses". Journal of Climate. 13 (1): 182–201. Bibcode:2000JCli...13..182S. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0182:ROMAPF>2.0.CO;2.
Serreze, Mark C. and Roger Graham Barry, 2005: The Arctic Climate System, Cambridge University Press, New York, 385 pp.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2007: Global Outlook for Ice & Snow, Chapter 5.
United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1978: Polar Regions Atlas, National Foreign Assessment Center, Washington, DC, 66 pp.
USSR State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environment, and The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (chief editor A.F. Treshnikov), 1985: Atlas Arktiki (Atlas of the Arctic), Central Administrative Board of Geodesy and Cartography of the Ministerial Council of the USSR, Moscow, 204 pp (in Russian with some English summaries). [Государственный Комитет СССР по Гидрометеорологии и Контролю Природной Среды, и Ордена Ленина Арктический и Антарктический Научно-Исследовательский Институт (главный редактор Трешников А.Ф.), 1985: Атлас Арктики, Главное Управление Геодезии и Картографии при Совете Министров СССР, Москва, 204 стр.]
External links[edit]
DAMOCLES, Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland European Union
Video on Climate Research in the Bering Sea
Arctic Theme Page – A comprehensive resource focused on the Arctic from NOAA
Arctic Change Detection – A near-realtime Arctic Change Indicator website NOAA
The Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts from NOAA
Collapsing Coastlines July 16, 2011; Vol.180 #2 Science News
How Climate Change Is Growing Forests in the Arctic June 4, 2012 Time (magazine)
Video of Ilulissat Glacier, Greenland – frontline retreats faster than before (4min 20s)
Further reading[edit]
Arctic Ice Caps May Be More Prone to Melt; A new core pulled from Siberia reveals a 2.8-million-year history of warming and cooling June 22, 2012 Scientific American
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_Arctic&oldid=843948854"
Categories:
Climate
Environment of the Arctic
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from November 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Беларуская
Eesti
Esperanto
فارسی
Nederlands
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 June 2018, at 15:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

attrs: rel class href

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Solar_radiation
mw-redirect
Solar radiation

values: Edit section: History of Arctic climate observation

values: Edit section: Early European exploration

values: Edit section: Early European observing efforts

values: Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations

values:
/wiki/Arktika_(1972_nuclear_icebreaker)
mw-redirect
Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker)

values:
nofollow
http://nsidc.org/data/seaice_index/
external text

values:
/wiki/Computer_models
mw-redirect
Computer models

values:
/wiki/Temperature_inversion
mw-redirect
Temperature inversion

values:
/wiki/Spirit_thermometer
mw-redirect
Spirit thermometer

values:
/wiki/Greenland_Ice_Sheet
mw-redirect
Greenland Ice Sheet

values:
/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)
mw-redirect
Precipitation (meteorology)

values:
/wiki/Temperature_record#Paleoclimate
mw-redirect
Temperature record

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
http://www.acia.uaf.edu/
external text

values:
/wiki/Little_ice_age
mw-redirect
Little ice age

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Arctic_methane_release
mw-redirect
Arctic methane release

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1173983

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729653

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo_ice/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.damocles-eu.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/
external text

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Арктычны клімат – Belarusian

values: آب‌وهوای شمالگان – Persian

values: Северный Ледовитый океан – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Climate_of_the_Arctic rootpage-Climate_of_the_Arctic skin-vector action-view