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Sheldon Cooper
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Sheldon Lee Cooper
The Big Bang Theory / Young Sheldon character
Jim Parsons as adult Sheldon Cooper (left) and Iain Armitage as 9-year-old Sheldon Cooper (right)
First appearance
"Pilot"
Created by
Chuck Lorre
Bill Prady
Portrayed by
Jim Parsons (in The Big Bang Theory, voice in Young Sheldon)
Iain Armitage (in Young Sheldon)[1]
Information
Full name
Sheldon Lee Cooper
Gender
Male
Occupation
Theoretical physicist (The Big Bang Theory)
Student (Young Sheldon)
Title
Doctor
Family
Mary Cooper (mother)
George Cooper, Sr. (father) (deceased in The Big Bang Theory)
Missy Cooper (twin sister)
George Cooper, Jr. (older brother)
Unnamed Nephew (nephew)
Constance[2] (AKA "Meemaw") (maternal grandmother)
"Pop Pop" (maternal grandfather, deceased)
Significant other(s)
Amy Farrah Fowler (fiancée) (The Big Bang Theory)
Nationality
American
Sheldon Lee Cooper,[3] Ph.D., Sc.D., is a fictional character in the CBS television series The Big Bang Theory and Young Sheldon, portrayed by actor Jim Parsons in The Big Bang Theory and Iain Armitage in Young Sheldon.[4] For his portrayal, Parsons has won four Primetime Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, a TCA Award, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards. The character's childhood is the focus of Young Sheldon; the series is set in 1989 when 9-year-old prodigy Sheldon has skipped ahead five grades, to start high school alongside his older brother.
Sheldon is a senior theoretical physicist at Caltech and did share an apartment with his colleague and best friend, Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki), until Sheldon moves across the hall with his fiancée Amy, in the former apartment of Leonard's wife Penny.[5] He is a former child prodigy with genius level IQ, but displays an almost total lack of social skills, a tenuous understanding of humor, and difficulty recognizing irony and sarcasm in other people, although he himself often employs them. He exhibits highly idiosyncratic behavior and a general lack of humility or empathy. He also lacks toleration. These characteristics provide the majority of the humor involving him, which has caused him to be described as the show's breakout character.[6][7][8][9] Despite speculation that Sheldon's personality traits may be consistent with Asperger syndrome, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, and borderline asexuality,[8][10] co-creator Bill Prady has repeatedly stated that Sheldon's character was neither conceived nor developed with regard to any of these traits.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation and casting
2 Characterization
2.1 Early life
2.2 Personality
2.3 Family
2.4 Relationships
3 Reception and legacy
3.1 General
3.2 Asperger syndrome
4 References
Creation and casting[edit]
The character of Sheldon Cooper was inspired by a computer programmer personally known to series co-creator Bill Prady.[11] He is named in honor of actor/producer Sheldon Leonard[12] and Nobel Prize Laureate Leon Cooper.[13] Chuck Lorre originally intended Johnny Galecki to play the role, but Galecki thought he would be "better suited" for the character of Leonard.[14] Lorre said that when Jim Parsons auditioned for the role, he was "so startlingly good" that he was asked to reaudition "to make sure he hadn't gotten lucky".[15] Sheldon is one of four characters to appear in every episode of the series, along with Leonard, Howard, and Raj.
Characterization[edit]
Early life[edit]
Sheldon was raised in Galveston, Texas[16] along with his elder brother (George Jr.) and fraternal twin sister (Missy) by his mother, Mary Cooper, an overtly devout Evangelical Christian; and George Cooper, an alcoholic who was rarely around. Sheldon once got his father fired when he told Mr. Hinckley, the store owner, that George was stealing from the cash register. (Sheldon was rewarded with a fudgsicle.) [17] In Young Sheldon, this is retconned: his father is a football coach who was fired from his coaching position in Galveston because he disclosed that other coaches were illegally recruiting players to their school, forcing the family to return to Medford. He does drink, but is a loving father who is trying to understand his intellectually gifted son. The only member of his family to have actively encouraged his work in science was his grandfather, whom he cherished and affectionately called "Pop-Pop", and who died when Sheldon was five years old. Pop-Pop's loss is what caused Sheldon to despise Christmas when his Christmas wish to bring Pop-Pop back didn't come true. Sheldon's closest relative is his maternal grandmother who he affectionately calls "Meemaw", and who in turn calls him "Moon Pie". His aunt also encouraged Sheldon by giving him medical equipment, "in case his work in physics failed, he'd have a 'trade' to fall back on".
Sheldon was interested in science from an early age, and was a child prodigy,[18] although due to his behavioral quirks and his lack of humility about his superior intellect, he was bullied by classmates and neighbors. (This has been semi-retconned on Young Sheldon, as most of his high school classmates hardly ever interact with him, and the only neighbor kid shown so far, Billy Sparks, hardly ever does anything to Sheldon, other than scare him with a rooster in the pilot episode - although Young Sheldon begins when Sheldon is 9, so it is possible that Sheldon was bullied before the age of 9.) Sheldon entered college at the age of eleven,[19] and at age fourteen he graduated from college summa cum laude.[20] (To this day, the college he went to for undergraduate studies has yet to be revealed, but he feels it is superior to his fellow Big Bang Theory colleagues' alma maters.) From then, he worked on his doctorate, was a visiting professor at the University of Heidelberg in Germany, was the youngest person at the time to receive the Stevenson Award,[3] and has appeared on the cover of Journal of Physical Chemistry A.[21] Sheldon is now a theoretical physicist doing research at Caltech.
Personality[edit]
"Bazinga" redirects here. For the jellyfish genus, see Bazinga (genus).
Sheldon is often described as a stereotypical "geek". He is usually characterized as being extremely intelligent, detail-oriented, eccentric, and occasionally disturbing. Despite his intelligence, he often displays childlike qualities, such as being extremely stubborn and a lack of common sense. It is claimed by Bernadette that the reason Sheldon is sometimes unpleasant is because the part of his brain that tells him it is wrong to be nasty is "getting a wedgie from the rest of his brain", although, in season 8's "The Space Probe Disintegration", Sheldon tearfully admits to Leonard that he is aware of his peculiarities and how his behavior comes across. The first four episodes of The Big Bang Theory portray Sheldon slightly inconsistently with respect to his later characterization, in which he is depicted as rather witty and sarcastic, and slightly flirtatious towards Penny in the pilot episode: according to Prady, the character "began to evolve after episode five or so and became his own thing".[22]
Sheldon possesses an eidetic memory and an IQ of 187,[23] although he claims his IQ cannot be accurately measured by normal tests.[24] He originally claimed to have a master's degree and two doctoral degrees, but this list has increased.[25][26] Sheldon has an extensive general knowledge in many subjects including physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, cosmology, algebra, calculus, economics, computers, vexillology, engineering, history, geography, linguistics, football, trains, and in addition to being fluent in Klingon, has some knowledge of Finnish, Hindi and Mandarin.[27] He also shows great talent in music, knowing how to play the piano (as does Parsons in real life), the bongos, the recorder, theremin (which Jim Parsons learned to play in real life), showing some skill in Tuvan throat singing and also having perfect pitch.[28] Although his friends have similar intellects to him, his eccentricities, stubbornness, and lack of empathy often frustrate them. Sheldon occasionally uses slang (in a very unnatural fashion), and follows jokes with his catchphrase "Bazinga!" which is now an officially registered trademark of Warner Bros.[29][30] He is uncomfortable with human physical contact and has germophobia, which makes his exceptionally rare hugs extremely awkward and painful-looking. He also has hemophobia.[31] Sheldon has difficulty coping when asked to keep a secret, when he is interrupted, or when he hears arguing.[32][33][34] He is also a notary public and uses his knowledge in law and contracts usually for his own advantage and is always distressed when challenged in a legal aspect that he cannot logically defend. In his mannerisms, Sheldon also shows symptoms associated with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Whenever approaching a person's home, he must knock three times, then say the person's name, and must repeat this at least three times (where "The first one is traditional, but two and three are for people to get their pants on"), as a result of him walking in on his father with another woman when he was thirteen.[35] Upon entering a person's home, he must select the proper seat before sitting down. When it is suggested by Penny that he "just sit anywhere", his response is "Oh, no, if only it were that simple!" This extends to his inability to accept change. His rigidity in maintaining homeostasis often causes him frustration. Because of his rigidity and stubbornness, only his mother and Bernadette[36] – both possessing strong maternal instincts – are able to control him.
Like his friends, Sheldon is fond of comic books (especially the DC Universe), costumes, video games, roleplaying games, tabletop games, collectible card games, and action figures. Sheldon has restraining orders from his heroes Leonard Nimoy, Carl Sagan, and Stan Lee,[37][38][39][40] as well as television scientist Bill Nye.[41] Sheldon often wears vintage T-shirts adorned with superhero logos. One of his shirts is emblazoned with the number 73, and in the episode "The Alien Parasite Hypothesis" he explains that 73 is the 21st prime number, its mirror, 37, is the 12th prime number and its mirror (21) is the product of multiplying 7 and 3, also in binary, 73 is a palindrome, 1001001 which backwards is 1001001. The boys use video games like bowling and archery for "exercise" and use the traditional sport rules.
Sheldon has sometimes showed empathy, including lending money to Penny without expecting it back quickly (although that may just have been his logical Spock-like response to a problem to be solved; it was, after all, money he was not using and would not miss[42]) and driving her to a hospital when her shoulder was dislocated.[43] Sheldon admits he is overly fond of koalas munching on eucalyptus so much that he has a facial expression that he refers to as his koala face.[44] He dislikes gifts, because the "social contract" in his view creates either a debt or burden on the receiver of the gift which will not stop until one of the two involved in the "gift-relationship" dies leaving the other either in debt or with an undue surplus.[45] Sheldon also does not take drugs, not even legal ones such as caffeine, due to a promise to his mother, and is hypersensitive when he accidentally consumes them.[46][32] It has been shown, however, that alcohol often causes Sheldon to loosen up significantly,[3] although it will also cloud his judgment – on occasion, after drinking alcoholic drinks (both deliberately and accidentally), he has done things that he would never do while sober, such as singing out loud,[47]mooning an audience full of people,[20]confronting Wil Wheaton [48] and affectionately slapping Amy's rear.[49]
In response to criticism from his friends that he is mentally ill, Sheldon often retorts, "I'm not crazy; my mother had me tested" – which his mother has confirmed to be true (once while wishing she had gone through with a follow-up examination).[50][51][52]
Family[edit]
Sheldon contrasts strongly with his family, who are neither scientists nor intellectuals. His father George died before the start of The Big Bang Theory, when Sheldon was 14,[53] while his mother Mary is a devout born-again Christian and loving parent. Sheldon has two siblings: a twin sister, Missy, who is a tall, attractive brunette as an adult; and an older brother, George Jr., seen thus far only on Young Sheldon.[54] Both Missy and George Jr. beat up Sheldon during their childhoods (again, something yet to be shown on Young Sheldon, as they mostly try to disassociate with him there, with the exception of Sheldon twice telling his father that Georgie “breaks wind on my head”), and their mother describes them to be "dumb as soup".[55] In the pilot episode of The Big Bang Theory, Sheldon tells Leonard that DNA is not a guarantee of an intelligent offspring as he himself is a theoretical physicist and his twin sister is a hostess at Fuddruckers. Sheldon is very fond of his maternal grandmother, whom he calls "Meemaw" and who calls him "Moon Pie".[56] He called his grandfather, who died when Sheldon was five, "Pop Pop".[57] Sheldon was also very close to his grandfather, stating once that his grandfather is the only relative he had who encouraged him to become involved in science.
Sheldon has a maternal uncle, Edward, who is called "Stumpy" as the result of a time when he cleaned a wood chipper by hand. He also has a maternal aunt, Charlene, which was revealed in Young Sheldon when his mother told Meemaw that she made dinner for “Charlene and Edward” more times than her. Sheldon had another uncle, named Carl Cooper, who was killed by a badger while cleaning a chimney and another uncle that may have done things to children that were legal in Oklahoma per "The Clean Room Infiltration".
Sheldon had an uncle, Roger and aunt, Ruth. In "The Engagement Reaction", Sheldon mentions Ruth died in a hospital when she went to visit Roger, caught something and bit the dust a week later and the two of them now share a coffee can on Sheldon's mother’s mantle.
Relationships[edit]
Sheldon's closest friends are Leonard Hofstadter, Howard Wolowitz, and Raj Koothrappali. Of the three, Sheldon is openly dismissive of Howard and constantly opines that a master's degree in engineering demonstrates a lesser intellect than that of the others, who all possess science doctorates. Despite that, Sheldon has referred to Howard as a "treasured acquaintance"[58] and later his friend[59] at various points. Sheldon considers Leonard his best friend, as they used to live together and can tolerate each other: in "The Space Probe Disintegration", Sheldon admits to Leonard that he is aware of how difficult he can be, and tearfully expresses his gratitude for having Leonard in his life in spite of himself, causing Leonard to break down beside him. Prady stated that "the fact that, despite everything, Leonard considers Sheldon his best friend reminds us of Sheldon's essential humanity".[60] Sheldon can only handle having a limited number of friends in his life at a time, but later shows flexibility when he accepts Bernadette and Amy as part of the social group. In season 6, the guys ask if comic book store owner Stuart can be part of the group while Howard is in space.[citation needed]
Despite Penny's neither being a scientist nor sharing many of the group's interests,[61] and having constant fights with Sheldon in the early episodes, they became close friends.[62] While some fans support a romantic relationship between Sheldon and Penny,[63][64] Lorre has stated his opposition to it by saying: "We've stumbled into creating a character who has chosen a lifestyle for himself that is unique. And I don't see any reason to modify it."[65]
It has been speculated that Sheldon may be asexual or aromantic. Series co-creator Chuck Lorre said: "Part of what's wonderful and unique about [Sheldon] is he has chosen not to play in the relationship game either way – heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, any sexuality."[65] This is referenced in "The Cooper-Nowitzki Theorem", when Sheldon unknowingly attracts the attention of grad student Ramona Nowitzki, and Penny, seeing this, asks his friends what his "deal" (i.e., sexual orientation) is, to which Leonard responds, "Honestly, we've been operating under the assumption that he has no 'deal'."
Mayim Bialik (who portrays Amy Farrah Fowler) and Jim Parsons at PaleyFest 2013 for the TV show "Big Bang Theory"
In the season 3 finale, Howard and Raj blackmail Sheldon into meeting Amy Farrah Fowler, with whom they matched him on a dating website. After some obnoxious comments about the dating website, Sheldon finds that Amy agrees with him, and he grows fond of her when she says that "Any or all physical contact up to and including coitus is off the table". Their relationship continues in season 4, although Sheldon often points out that they are not in a romantic relationship. The two enjoy intellectual games they create, and Amy and Sheldon openly express the same type of intellectual superiority.[66]
In season 5, when Leonard inadvertently implies that he and Amy may have had sex after a wedding reception that they both attended, Sheldon unexpectetdly reacts violently, karate-chopping Leonard's neck while telling Leonard "She is not for you... not for you!"[67] Later, Sheldon formally asks Amy to be his girlfriend in "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition". During their relationship, Amy begins a campaign to give Sheldon more attention to increase his feelings for her by embracing his interests.[68] As they watch Howard being launched into space in its season finale, Amy is surprised when Sheldon takes her hand for emotional support.[69]
During the first half of season 6, in "The Parking Spot Escalation" and "The Fish Guts Displacement", Sheldon is pushed further after seeing Amy partially exposed and taking care of her while she is ill respectively. In "The Cooper/Kripke Inversion", after being directly asked by Penny if he would ever have sex with Amy, Sheldon admits to Penny and Leonard that a physical relationship with Amy is a possibility, and being touched is something he is working on. While upset about Kripke, Amy does give him a consoling hug that Sheldon seems to need, and want. Even so, Amy has offered other romantic physical contact, and was very uncomfortable when they had to cuddle. In "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation", Leonard temporarily moves out and Amy proposes that she would be his perfect roommate and tries to move in, though Sheldon is uncomfortable with this change in their relationship. While playing Dungeons and Dragons during "The Love Spell Potential", Sheldon's and Amy's characters are commanded to have sex within the game. A very upset Amy asks Sheldon if they are ever going to be intimate and he again admits that it is a possibility.
In season 7, Sheldon passionately kisses Amy on the lips for the first time. Initially to prove a point, he later prolonged it, implying he enjoyed the feeling.[70] Later episodes showed him willingly kissing Amy, implying he has gotten more comfortable in such a position of physical intimacy.
The ultimate proof of Sheldon having feelings for Amy is given in the season 8 episode "The Prom Equivalency", when he finally admits being in love with her: "I love you too. There's no denying I have feelings for you that can't be explained in any other way. I briefly considered I had a brain parasite, but that seems even more far-fetched. The only conclusion was love." In the season 8 finale, "The Commitment Determination", Sheldon and Amy get into a fight over their definition of "commitment". Sheldon feels his relationship with Amy is going fast on its own, but Amy argues he is taking things too slowly and does not properly bestow on her unlimited affection. By the episode's end she has decided to take a break from their relationship while Sheldon is left numb from Amy's revelation. He glumly turns to his Gollum figurine and asks it, "Well, Gollum, you're an expert on rings, what do I do with this one?", while simultaneously taking his grandmother's ring, a family heirloom, out of this desk drawer.
In the season 9 premiere, Sheldon keeps pushing Amy to make up her mind about their relationship, but goes too far and insults her to her face and she angrily breaks up with him for good, thus officially ending their relationship. In "The Platonic Permutation" Amy offers Sheldon to get back together with her after spending time together in an aquarium at Thanksgiving, but sadly learns that he simply just wants to be her friend, with him revealing to her that "I excel at many things, but getting over you wasn't one of them". In "The Earworm Reverberation", Sheldon can't get a song out his head, but after suddenly remembering the title and the lyrics, he realizes that the song was about Amy and that she changed his life for the better, which prompts him to go to her apartment to profess his love. He finds Amy on a date with Dave, who has a great adoration for Sheldon because of his intellect. Seeing how much they love each other, Dave gleefully urges Sheldon to kiss Amy, leading to their reunion. In the following episode, "The Opening Night Excitation" Leonard, Howard and Raj go to see Star Wars: The Force Awakens without Sheldon as while he was initially reluctant, ultimately opted to celebrate Amy's birthday with her instead. To make Amy's birthday enjoyable and memorable, Sheldon seeks out Penny and Bernadette as he respects their opinions regarding all things socially appropriate. He reveals to them that he has narrowed things down to three options, the first being a chance to play the harp with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the second being an all-expense paid trip to the Wisconsin Sheep and Wool Festival (though Amy would have to go alone because Sheldon's ornithophobia is nothing compares to his ovinaphobia), and the third being the two of them engaging in coitus, at which point Penny squeezes and shatters the wine glass in her hand due to disbelief and/or shock. After Penny and Bernadette convince him that finally being intimate with her is the most beautiful gift that he could give to her, Sheldon and Amy have sex for the first time on the latter's birthday.
In season 10, Sheldon and Amy move in together for a five-week experiment to test out their compatibility,[71] and after its successful run, decide to move in together permanently.[5] In its season finale, Sheldon unexpectedly proposes to Amy after being hit on by Ramona Nowitzki; the eleventh season premiere was basically a continuation of this, and Amy accepts his proposal.
He once idolized fictional prodigy Wesley Crusher from Star Trek: The Next Generation, portrayed by Wil Wheaton, until Wheaton did not show up at a convention attended by Sheldon in 1995. Sheldon had spent 15 hours on a bus travelling to the convention during which time he was forced to break his rule about urinating in a moving vehicle. After this moment Wil Wheaton became number six on Sheldon's mortal enemy list (a list he started when he was 9 on a 5¼-inch floppy disk). Wheaton was one of Sheldon's mortal enemies, along with his coworkers Barry Kripke and Leslie Winkle. Later, Wheaton managed to patch things up with Sheldon, only to inadvertently pass the enemy list spot to Brent Spiner.[72] Sheldon would later resume his enmity with Wheaton in season 11's "The Proton Regeneration" when they compete for the lead role in a reboot of Sheldon's childhood favorite science TV show and Wheaton gets the part: however, this ends when he sees how good Wheaton is in the role and on the advice of Howard, he apologizes to him.
Reception and legacy[edit]
General[edit]
Sheldon Cooper doing the Vulcan salute, stencil graffiti on a wall in Volgograd, Russia
Jim Parsons' portrayal of Sheldon has received widespread acclaim, and is often cited as the main reason for the program's success by critics and fans alike.[73][74][75] James Chamberlin of IGN wrote: "It's hard to imagine what The Big Bang Theory would be if it weren't for Jim Parsons' great portrayal of Sheldon Cooper".[76] Matt Roush of TV Guide stated that "there's a spark of divine inspiration in Jim Parsons' uproarious Sheldon Cooper".[77] Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote that: "Parsons is doing something rare on network TV: making intellectualism admirable, even heroic".[9]
On July 16, 2009, Jim Parsons was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.[78] He was nominated again for the same award on July 8, 2010, and eventually won the award on August 29, 2010.[79] On August 1, 2009, he won the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy, with the show itself winning the award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy for season two.[80] He was nominated again for the same award in 2010 and 2012. Parsons was also nominated for the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor[81] and a Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2009, 2010, and 2012.[82] On January 16, 2011, Parsons won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy, presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco, for his work on seasons 3 and 4. On June 20, 2011, he won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series at the 1st Critics' Choice Television Awards for his work on season 4, and was nominated again for the same award in 2012. On September 18, 2011, he won his second consecutive Primetime Emmy Award - Lead Actor in Comedy, and was nominated again for the same award on July 19, 2012. In 2013, Parsons was nominated once again for the Golden Globe and received his first nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series. In 2013 & 2014, Jim was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award - Lead Actor in Comedy for the 5th and 6th time, respectively, both of which he won for his 3rd and 4th Primetime Emmy Awards - Lead Actor in a Comedy Series meaning that Parsons had won this award 4 times in the last 5 years, including back-to-back in 2010/2011and 2013/2014. No actor, in the history of this award has won back-to-back awards on two separate occasions, and his total of 4 awards puts Parsons in a four-way tie at the top with comedy legends Carroll O'Connor, Kelsey Grammer, and Michael J. Fox.
The asteroid 246247 Sheldoncooper was named after Sheldon.[83] In 2012, a newly discovered species of bee was named Euglossa bazinga, after the character's noted catch phrase, "Bazinga!"[84]
In March 2013, the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium named a black-and-white colobus after Sheldon.[85] In 2015, a new echinocaridid phyllocaridan from the Lower Devonian of central-eastern Poland, was named Ptychocaris sheldoni after Sheldon.[86]
Asperger syndrome[edit]
Some viewers have asserted that Sheldon's behavior is consistent with Asperger syndrome.[8][10][87][88] The writers have stated that they did not use Asperger syndrome as a basis for the character, but instead thought of his actions as "Sheldony".[87] Series co-creator Bill Prady stated: "We write the character as the character. A lot of people see various things in him and make the connections. Our feeling is that Sheldon's mother never got a diagnosis, so we don't have one."[22] Prady also told Alan Sepinwall of the New Jersey Star-Ledger that while Sheldon shares traits with people with Asperger's, he was uncomfortable labeling Sheldon as having Asperger's.[89]
In an interview, Jim Parsons noted the writers' response, but added that, in his opinion, Sheldon "couldn't display more traits" of Asperger's.[87][90] Parsons, who plays Sheldon, has read John Elder Robison's memoir Look Me in the Eye about his life with Asperger syndrome, and said that: "A majority of what I read in that book touched on aspects of Sheldon." He also stated that "the way his brain works, it's so focused on the intellectual topics at hand that thinking he's autistic is an easy leap for people watching the show to make".[91]
When another actor on the series, Mayim Bialik, who plays Amy and has a Ph.D. in Neuroscience, was being interviewed about Sheldon having Asperger's with Neil deGrasse Tyson on StarTalk, she stated, "All of our characters are in theory on the neuropsychiatric spectrum, I would say. Sheldon often gets talked about in terms of Asperger’s or OCD. He has a thing with germs, he has a thing with numbers, he’s got a lot of that precision that we see in OCD. There’s a lot of interesting features to all of our characters that make them technically unconventional socially.... And what we’re trying to show with our show is that this is a group of people who likely were teased, mocked, told that they will never be appreciated or loved, and we have a group of people who have successful careers, active social lives (that involve things like Dungeons and Dragons and video games), but they also have relationships, and that’s a fulfilling and satisfying life.”[92]
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Jump up ^ "The Guitarist Amplification". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 7. November 9, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Hot Tub Contamination". The Big Bang Theory. Season 10. Episode 5. October 16, 2016. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Einstein Approximation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 14. February 1, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Large Hadron Collision". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 15. February 8, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Excelsior Acquisition". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 16. March 1, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Vacation Solution". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 16. February 9, 2012. 12:55 minutes in. CBS.
Jump up ^ Season 2, episode 11: The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis
Jump up ^ "The Proton Displacement". The Big Bang Theory. Season 7. Episode 7. November 7, 2013. 16:23 minutes in. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Financial Permeability". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 14. February 2, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Adhesive Duck Deficiency". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 9. November 16, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Tiny Trinket Maneuver". The Big Bang Theory.Season 5. episode 12. January 12, 2012. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 11. December 15, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Work Song Nanocluster". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 18.
Jump up ^ "The Grasshopper Experiment". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 8. November 12, 2007. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Habitation Configuration". The Big Bang Theory. Season 6. Episode 7. November 8, 2012. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Thanksgiving Decoupling". The Big Bang Theory. Season 7. Episode 9. November 21, 2013. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Cushion Saturation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 16. March 2, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Griffin Equivalency". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 7. October 13, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Rhinitis Revelation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 6. October 20, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Proton Transmogrification". The Big Bang Theory. Season 7. Episode 22. May 1, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Jiminy Conjecture". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 2. April 27, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Luminous Fish Effect". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 4. October 15, 2007. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Terminator Decoupling". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 17. March 9, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Santa Simulation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 6. Episode 11. December 13, 2012. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Bozeman Reaction". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 13. January 18, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Friendship Turbulence". The Big Bang Theory. Season 7. Episode 17. March 6, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Having 'Big' fun on a hit comedy: A chat with 'Big Bang Theory's' Johnny Galecki". Chicago Tribune. January 10, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bazinga! Sheldon Speaks". IGN. January 29, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Pancake Batter Anomaly". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 11. March 31, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ Jon Weisman (December 8, 2009). "'The Big Bang Theory': Why Penny and Sheldon will hook up". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Big Bang' video: Jim Parsons tackles Sheldon-Penny romance, the virginity thing, and more!". The Ausiello Files. April 27, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Bang scoop: Romance for Penny and Sheldon?". IGN. January 9, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Zazzy Substitution". The Big Bang Theory. Season 4. Episode 03. October 7, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Pulled Groin Extrapolation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 03. September 29, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Launch Acceleration". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 23. May 3, 2012. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Countdown Reflection". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 24. May 10, 2012. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Locomotive Manipulation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 7. Episode 15. February 6, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Cohabitation Experimentation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 10. Episode 4. October 10, 2016. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Russian Rocket Reaction". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 5. October 13, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". The Toronto Star. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ ""The Friendship Algorithm" Review". IGN. January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "What a Year!". TV Guide. December 14, 2009. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "61st Primetime Emmy® Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Cdn.emmys.tv. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Complete Emmy lisitngs" (PDF). Emmy Award. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "TCA Awards hail 'True Blood' and (finally) 'Battlestar Galactica'". Los Angeles Times. August 2, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards Nominees & Winners:2010". peoplschoice.com. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2009 14th Annual Satellite Awards". pressacademy.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "JPL Small-Body Database". Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eveleth, Rose (December 17, 2012). "A Brand New Bee Was Just Named After Sheldon From 'The Big Bang Theory'". Smithsonion.com. Smart News. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Zoo names monkey after TV character". 3 News NZ. April 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mazurek, Dawid; Dec, Marek; Łukowiak, Magdalena (2015-11-01). "A New Echinocaridid Phyllocaridan from the Lower Devonian of Central-Eastern Poland". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 35 (6): 785–788. doi:10.1163/1937240x-00002384. ISSN 0278-0372.
^ Jump up to: a b c Collins, Paul (February 6, 2009). "Must-Geek TV: Is the world ready for an Asperger's sitcom?". Slate. www.slate.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Soraya, Lynne. "Sheldony or Aspergery?: The Big Bang Theory". Asperger's Diary (Author's Note (08/16/2009)). Psychology Today. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (August 13, 2009). "Does Sheldon from 'Big Bang Theory' have Asperger's?". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lyford, Kathy (November 13, 2008). "'Big Bang Theory': Jim Parsons – 'Everybody has a little Sheldon in them'". Season Pass. Variety. Retrieved April 14, 2009. Specific video is Jim Parsons interview, part 5. Question is from 03:18–3:31. Answer is from 4:36–6:00. Specific quote is from 5:15–5:20.
Jump up ^ "Jim Parsons". The A.V. Club. May 1, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gill, Jim (15 June 2015). "'Is Sheldon autistic? The Big Bang Theory actress Mayim Bialik gives this brilliant response'". Immediate Media Company. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
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Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791.[1] It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.
The amendment was proposed by Congress in 1789 during its first term following the Constitutional Convention and ratification of the Constitution. It was considered by many members as a prerequisite of such ratification[2] particularly to satisfy demands by the Anti-Federalism movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government.
In drafting this amendment, its framers had two purposes in mind: first, as a necessary rule of construction; and second, as a reaffirmation of the nature of the federal system of freedom.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Drafting and adoption
3 Judicial interpretation
3.1 Forced participation or commandeering
3.2 Commerce clause
3.3 Federal funding
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Text[edit]
The full text of the amendment reads as follows:
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.[5]
The Bill of Rights in the National Archives
The hand-written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights, 1789, cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Tenth Amendment
Drafting and adoption[edit]
The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled."[6] After the Constitution was ratified, South Carolina Representative Thomas Tudor Tucker and Massachusetts Representative Elbridge Gerry separately proposed similar amendments limiting the federal government to powers "expressly" delegated, which would have denied implied powers.[7] James Madison opposed the amendments, stating that "it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia."[7] When a vote on this version of the amendment with "expressly delegated" was defeated, Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form, omitting "expressly."[8] Sherman's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause.[8][9]
When he introduced the Tenth Amendment in Congress, James Madison explained that many states were eager to ratify this amendment, despite critics who deemed the amendment superfluous or unnecessary:
I find, from looking into the amendments proposed by the State conventions, that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the Constitution, that the powers not therein delegated should be reserved to the several States. Perhaps words which may define this more precisely than the whole of the instrument now does, may be considered as superfluous. I admit they may be deemed unnecessary: but there can be no harm in making such a declaration, if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated. I am sure I understand it so, and do therefore propose it.[10]
The states decided to ratify the Tenth Amendment, and thus declined to signal that there are unenumerated powers in addition to unenumerated rights.[11][12] The amendment rendered unambiguous what had previously been at most a mere suggestion or implication.
The phrase "..., or to the people." was appended in handwriting by the clerk of the Senate as the Bill of Rights circulated between the two Houses of Congress.[13][14]
Judicial interpretation[edit]
The Tenth Amendment, which makes explicit the idea that the federal government is limited to only the powers granted in the Constitution, has been declared to be a truism by the Supreme Court. In United States v. Sprague (1931) the Supreme Court asserted that the amendment "added nothing to the [Constitution] as originally ratified."
States and local governments have occasionally attempted to assert exemption from various federal regulations, especially in the areas of labor and environmental controls, using the Tenth Amendment as a basis for their claim. An often-repeated quote, from United States v. Darby Lumber, 312 U.S. 100, 124 (1941), reads as follows:
The amendment states but a truism that all is retained which has not been surrendered. There is nothing in the history of its adoption to suggest that it was more than declaratory of the relationship between the national and state governments as it had been established by the Constitution before the amendment or that its purpose was other than to allay fears that the new national government might seek to exercise powers not granted, and that the states might not be able to exercise fully their reserved powers.
Forced participation or commandeering[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Supreme Court rarely declares laws unconstitutional for violating the Tenth Amendment. In the modern era, the Court has only done so where the federal government compels the states to enforce federal statutes. In 1992, in New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992), for only the second time in 55 years, the Supreme Court invalidated a portion of a federal law for violating the Tenth Amendment. The case challenged a portion of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985. The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste. The first two incentives were monetary. The third, which was challenged in the case, obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1, 1996, and made each state liable for all damages directly related to the waste. The Court, in a 6–3 decision, ruled that the imposition of that obligation on the states violated the Tenth Amendment. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power (e.g. by attaching conditions to the receipt of federal funds, see South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203 (1987), or through the commerce power (by directly pre-empting state law). However, Congress cannot directly compel states to enforce federal regulations.
In 1998, the Court again ruled that the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the Tenth Amendment (Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997). The act required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on people attempting to purchase handguns. Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority, applied New York v. United States to show that the law violated the Tenth Amendment. Since the act "forced participation of the State's executive in the actual administration of a federal program", it was unconstitutional.
In 2012, in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (132 S.Ct. 2566 (2011)), Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the Court, held that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly referred to as the ACA or Obamacare) improperly coerced the States to expand Medicaid. He classified the ACA's language as coercive because it effectively forced States to join the federal program by conditioning the continued provision of Medicaid funds on States agreeing to materially alter Medicaid eligibility to include all individuals who fell below 133% of the poverty line.
Commerce clause[edit]
In modern times, the Commerce Clause has become one of the most frequently-used sources of Congress's power, and thus its interpretation is very important in determining the allowable scope of federal government.[15]
In the 20th century, complex economic challenges arising from the Great Depression triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy.[16]
In Wickard v. Filburn (1942), in the context of World War II, the Court ruled that federal regulations of wheat production could constitutionally be applied to wheat grown for "home consumption" on a farm – that is, wheat grown to be fed to farm animals or otherwise consumed on the farm. The rationale was that a farmer's growing "his own wheat" can have a substantial cumulative effect on interstate commerce, because if all farmers were to exceed their production quotas, a significant amount of wheat would either not be sold on the market or would be bought from other producers. Hence, in the aggregate, if farmers were allowed to consume their own wheat, it would affect the interstate market in wheat.
In Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985), the Court changed the analytic framework to be applied in Tenth Amendment cases. Prior to the Garcia decision, the determination of whether there was state immunity from federal regulation turned on whether the state activity was "traditional" for or "integral" to the state government. The Court noted that this analysis was "unsound in principle and unworkable in practice", and rejected it without providing a replacement. The Court's holding declined to set any formula to provide guidance in future cases. Instead, it simply held "...we need go no further than to state that we perceive nothing in the overtime and minimum-wage requirements of the FLSA ... that is destructive of state sovereignty or violative of any constitutional provision." It left to future courts how best to determine when a particular federal regulation may be "destructive of state sovereignty or violative of any constitutional provision."
In United States v. Lopez 514 U.S. 549 (1995), a federal law mandating a "gun-free zone" on and around public school campuses was struck down because, the Supreme Court ruled, there was no clause in the Constitution authorizing it. This was the first modern Supreme Court opinion to limit the government's power under the Commerce Clause. The opinion did not mention the Tenth Amendment, and the Court's 1985 Garcia opinion remains the controlling authority on that subject.
Most recently, the Commerce Clause was cited in the 2005 decision Gonzales v. Raich. In this case, a California woman sued the Drug Enforcement Administration after her medical cannabis crop was seized and destroyed by federal agents. Medical cannabis was explicitly made legal under California state law by Proposition 215; however, cannabis is prohibited at the federal level by the Controlled Substances Act. Even though the woman grew cannabis strictly for her own consumption and never sold any, the Supreme Court stated that growing one's own cannabis affects the interstate market of cannabis. The theory was that the cannabis could enter the stream of interstate commerce, even if it clearly wasn't grown for that purpose and that was unlikely ever to happen (the same reasoning as in the Wickard v. Filburn decision). It therefore ruled that this practice may be regulated by the federal government under the authority of the Commerce Clause.
Federal funding[edit]
The federal system limits the ability of the federal government to use state governments as an instrument of the national government, as held in Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997). However, where Congress or the Executive has the power to implement programs, or otherwise regulate, there are, arguably, certain incentives in the national government encouraging States to become the instruments of such national policy, rather than to implement the program directly. One incentive is that state implementation of national programs places implementation in the hands of local officials who are closer to local circumstances. Another incentive is that implementation of federal programs at the state level would in principle limit the growth of the national bureaucracy.[citation needed]
For this reason, Congress often seeks to exercise its powers by offering or encouraging States to implement national programs consistent with national minimum standards; a system known as cooperative federalism. One example of the exercise of this device was to condition allocation of federal funding where certain state laws do not conform to federal guidelines. For example, federal educational funds may not be accepted without implementation of special education programs in compliance with IDEA. Similarly, the nationwide state 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit, .08 legal blood alcohol limit, and the nationwide state 21-year drinking age were imposed through this method; the states would lose highway funding if they refused to pass such laws (though the national speed limit has since been repealed). See e.g. South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203 (1987).
See also[edit]
State legislation in protest of federal law in the United States
States' rights
Tenther movement
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Bill of Rights: A Transcription". United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
Jump up ^ National Archives. "Bill of Rights". Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Charles. "Essay on the Tenth Amendment:Reserved Powers of the States". Retrieved September 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Justice Robert F. Utter (2010-07-18). ""Freedom and Diversity in a Federal System: Perspectives on State Constitutions and the Washington Declaration of Rights" by Justice Robert F. Utter". Digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office. "Tenth Amendment – Reserved Powers – Contents" (PDF). GPO.gov.
Jump up ^ "Articles of Confederation from Yale University". Yale Law School Avalon Project. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution". University of Chicago. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government. New York City, NY: Simon and Schuster. p. 130. ISBN 978-1451691931.
Jump up ^ Epps, Garrett. "Constitutional Myth #7: The 10th Amendment Protects 'States' Rights'". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Bill of Rights Documents: Document 11: House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution". The Founders' Constitution. University of Chicago. 8 June; 21 July; 13, 18–19 August 1789. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Gibson v. Matthews, 926 F.2d 532, 537 (6th Cir. 1991): "The ninth amendment was added to the Bill of Rights to ensure that the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius would not be used at a later time...."
Jump up ^ Calabresi, Steven; Prakash, Saikrishna (1994). "The President's Power to Execute the Laws". Yale Law Journal. 104. The message of the Tenth Amendment is that expressio unius est exclusio alterius applies to lists of governmental powers.
Jump up ^ Rollins, Henry Lawrence. "Henry Speaks On His Consciousness-Expanding Trip to the Library of Congress With Ian MacKaye". Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Jump up ^ Draft of Bill of Rights, September 9, 1789, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, The Center for Legislative Archives, Senate Revisions to House-passed Amendments to the Constitution
Jump up ^ Epstein, Richard A. (2014). The Classical Liberal Constitution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-674-72489-1.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Richard A. (2014). The Classical Liberal Constitution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-674-72489-1.
External links[edit]
CRS Annotated Constitution: Tenth Amendment, Cornell's Annotated Constitution
Tenth Amendment Center – works to preserve and protect Tenth Amendment freedoms through information and education.
Lindner, Doug. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts – explores some of the issues and controversies that surround the US Constitution
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