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Zero-based budgeting
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Zero-based budgeting originated in the 1970s, and it is not a very complex process. Many businesses will budget and plan out things to maintain financials. In the past, businesses would only look at specific things and would assume that everything is already in place and does not need to be double-checked. However, in zero-based budgeting, everything that is to be budgeted needs to be approved. Since zero-based budgeting requires an approval for budgeting, this means that budgets are started from a zero-base, with a fresh decision on everything being made every year.
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) can also be used as a personal way to budget money. The point of a zero-based budget is to make income minus the outgo equal zero spent. This means that money not only needs to be budgeted, but also that one must not spend money that is not there to spend.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creator and Definition
2 Misconceptions
3 Advantages
4 Disadvantages
5 Use in Public and Private Sectors
5.1 Background
5.2 Components of a public sector ZBB analysis
5.3 Importance of performance measures
5.4 Impact on government operations
5.5 Use in the Chinese Public Sector
5.6 Use in Private Sector
5.7 Impact of ZBB on stockholders
6 See also
7 References
Creator and Definition[edit]
As an accounting manager for Texas Instruments, Pete Pyhrr created zero-based budgeting. In an interview by People magazine, he stated that many line items were historically and traditionally budgeted regardless of the need for the item. Mr. Pyhrr was subsequently asked by Georgia governor Jimmy Carter to manage the Georgia budget process. Pyhrr authored "Zero Based Budgeting: A Practical Management Tool for Evaluating Expenses".[1]
According to Peter Sarant, former director of management analysis training for the United States Civil Service Commission, ZBB is "a technique which complements and links to existing planning, budgeting and review processes. It identifies alternative and efficient methods of utilizing limited resources. It is a flexible management approach which provides a credible rationale for reallocating resources by focusing on a systematic review and justification of the funding and performance levels of current programs."
Zero-based budgeting is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. Zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base" and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one.
ZBB allows top-level strategic goals to be implemented into the budgeting process by tying them to specific functional areas of the organization. Costs can be first grouped, then measured against previous results and current expectations.
Misconceptions[edit]
There are five misconceptions about Zero-Based Budgeting that can make financial advisers shy away from using this type of budgeting.
1. The idea that zero-based budgeting is just starting your budget from a zero sum.
The reality is that zero-based budgeting uses an approach that can facilitate cost viability, cost governance, and cost accountability. Using zero based budgeting correctly can lead to better cost management.
2. Using zero-based budgeting is cutting a budget to ribbons.
The reality is that the amount of budget cutting depends on what the company/government body wants to do. This type of budget cutting also depends on the bodies top-down savings target.
3. Zero-based budgeting can bog down a business and stop it from doing anything else.
The reality is that yes, introducing a new cost management culture within a new business/government body can take some time, it does not always have to create stops. Having a team to implement this type of change can help make the transition easier.
4. Zero-based budgeting only focuses on Selling, General, and Administrative Costs (SG&A)
The reality is that this type of budgeting tool can be used in any type of cost. The main purposes of zero based budgeting is accountability, viability, aligned incentives, and a rigorous process and all of these can be important to any type of costs.
5. Zero-based budgeting was not created for growth oriented companies.
The reality is that zero-based budgeting can be used at any company/government body whether it is being used for cost saving or growth. Zero-based budgeting is not a full slash and burn budgeting technique it can be used in situations to provide strong visibility within a body to create more success.[2]
Advantages[edit]
Accuracy: This type of budgeting requires companies to look over every department to make sure they are getting the correct amount of money.
Efficiency: It helps judge actual need by focusing on current numbers instead of past budgets.
Reduction in wasteful spending: It can remove redundant spending by reexamining potentially unnecessary expenditures.
Coordination and Communication: It allows for better communication within departments by involving employees in decision-making and budget prioritization.
[3]
Disadvantages[edit]
Bureaucracy: Creating ZBB within a company can take enormous amounts of time, effort, and analysis that would require extra staff. This could cause the process to be counter productive in cutting costs.
Corruption: In using ZBB, managers could attempt to skew numbers to make expenditures into vital activities, thus creating a "need" for them. This would cause companies to continue wasting money on things they don't need.
Intangible Justifications: This type of budgeting requires departments to justify their budget, which can be difficult on many levels. Departments such as advertising and marketing have to justify expenses they may or may not use in the next year due to the fluctuation of the market. This could cost them profits in the future due to not being able to justify a certain amount.
Managerial Time: ZBB comes at the cost of time and extra training for managers. This means extra time every year to do the budget, make adjustments, and receive the proper training to understand how to do ZBB.
Slower Response Time: Due to the amount of time and training is required to do ZBB, managerial staff could be less likely to revise the budget in response to a changing market. This means that it will take longer for a company to move money into departments that need it the most at the time. ZBB could potentially leave gaps in a company because the budget might not react to departments' sudden needs.
[4]
Use in Public and Private Sectors[edit]
Background[edit]
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) in the public sector versus the private sector is a different process. "The use of ZBB in the private sector has been limited primarily to administrative overhead activities (i.e. administrative expenses needed to maintain the organization.:51 In the United States Zero-based budgeting was developed in 1969 at Texas Instrument Inc. Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, was the first to adopt the process of zero-base into the government for the preparation of the fiscal of 1973 budget. Three years later, sponsored by the President and Congress the federal government for the first time implemented zero-base budgeting in The Government Economy and Spending Reform act of 1976.[5]
President Carter later required the adoption of ZBB by the federal government during the late 1970s. "Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB) was an executive branch budget formulation process introduced into the federal government in 1977. Its main focus was on optimizing accomplishments available at alternative budgetary levels. Under ZBB agencies were expected to set priorities based on the program results that could be achieved at alternative spending levels, one of which was to be below current funding."[6]
For the most part in government, the main users of ZBB are the legislative, executive, and the agency. The legislative includes the congress, state legislature, and city council, and they require more summarization and focusing on public priorities and objectives. Agencies include the agency director and department managers and they require more detailed information and focus on program implementation and efficiency. Lastly, the executive includes the President, governors, mayor/city manager and they focus on the needs of the legislature and agency.[5] Although the legislative, the agency, and the executive have different focuses they all have to address two standard questions:
Are the current activities efficient and effective?
Should current activities be eliminated or reduced to fund higher-priority new programs? Or to reduce the current budget?[5]
According to Peter Sarant, the former director of management analysis training for the US Civil Service Commission during the Carter ZBB implementation effort, "ZBB means 'different things to different people'." Some definitions imply that zero-based budgeting is the act of starting budgets from scratch or requiring each program or activity to be justified from the ground up. This is not true; the acronym ZBB is a misnomer. ZBB is a misnomer because in many large agencies a complete zero-base review of all program elements during one budget period is not feasible; it would result in excessive paperwork and be an almost impossible task if implemented."[7]:3 In many respects the "common misunderstanding" of ZBB noted above resembles a "sunset review" process more than a traditional public sector ZBB process.
Components of a public sector ZBB analysis[edit]
In an overview of zero-based budgeting, there are a total of three elements that make up the concept:
Decision Unit Determination
This is the building process of the formulation of a budget structure.
Decision Package Formulation
When compiling and packaging a budget request, this mechanism is utilized.
Ranking
This process requires the most attention as it requires a company's manager(s) to prioritize out of a group of decision packages that are laid out to them.
In general there are three components that make up public sector ZBB:
Identify three alternate funding levels for each decision unit (Traditionally, this has been a zero-base level, a current funding level and an enhanced service level.);
Determine the impact of these funding levels on program (decision unit) operations using program performance metrics; and
Rank the program "decision packages" for the three funding levels.
In many cases, program staffers were asked to look for alternative service delivery models that could deliver services more efficiently at lower funding level.
The US General Accounting Office (GAO) reviewed past performance budgeting initiatives in 1997 and found that ZBBs "main focus was on optimizing accomplishments available at alternative budgetary levels:
Set priorities based on the program results that could be achieved at alternative spending levels, one of which was to be below current funding.
In developing budget forms, these were to be ranked against each other sequentially from the lowest level organizations up through the department and without reference to a past base.
In concept, ZBB sought a precise link between budgetary resources and program results."[6]:6
Further, "ZBB illustrated the usefulness of:
Defining and presenting alternative funding levels; and
Expanded participation of program managers in the budget process."
The federal ZBB budgeting system had the following components: "Budget requests for each decision unit were to be prepared by their managers, who would (1) identify alternative approaches to achieving the unit's objectives, (2) identify several alternative funding levels, including a "minimum" level normally below current funding, (3) prepare "decision packages" according to a prescribed format for each unit, including budget and performance information, and (4) rank the decision packages against each other."[6]:6
ZBB was officially eliminated in federal budgeting on August 7, 1981. "Some participants in the budget process as well as other observers attributed certain program efficiencies, arising from the consideration of alternatives, to ZBB. Interestingly, ZBB established within federal budgeting a requirement to:
Present alternative levels of funding; and
Link (them) to alternative results."[6]:6
This element of the ZBB budgeting process remained in effect through the Reagan, Bush and early Clinton administrations before being eliminated in 1994.
→Defining the government program zero-base:
As noted earlier, there is often considerable confusion over the meaning of zero-base budgeting. There is no evidence that public sector ZBB has ever included "building budgets from the bottom up" and "reviewing every invoice" as part of the analysis. In discussions of ZBB, there is often confusion between a ZBB process and a sunset review process. In a sunset review the entire function is eliminated unless evidence is provided of program effectiveness. This confusion ultimately leads to the question: what is a zero-base?
Sarant's definition of the zero-base based on the federal training experience is: "A minimum level is actually the grass roots funding level necessary to keep a program alive. Therefore, the minimal level is the "program or funding level below which it is not feasible to continue a program... because no constructive contribution can be made toward fulfilling its objective."[7]:73 Identifying this level of program funding has been subjective and problematic.
Consequently, "some states have selected arbitrary percentages to ensure that an amount smaller than last year's request in considered. They do this by stipulating that one alternative must be 50, 80, or 90 percent of last year's request."[8]:52 This equates to analyzing the impact on program operations of a 10, 20 or 50 percent reduction in funding as the "zero base" funding level.
Importance of performance measures[edit]
Performance measures are a key component of the ZBB process. At the core, ZBB requires quality measures that can be used to analyze the impact of alternative funding scenarios on program operations and outcomes. Without quality measures ZBB simply will not work because decision packages cannot be ranked. To perform a ZBB analysis "alternative decision packages are prepared and ranked, thus allowing marginal utility and comparative analysis."[8]:52
Traditionally, a ZBB analysis focused on three types of measures. "They (federal agency program staff) were to identify the key indicators to be used in measuring performance and results. These should be "measures of:
effectiveness,
efficiency, and
workload for each decision unit.
Indirect or proxy indicators could be used if these systems did not exist or were under development."[6]:6
Impact on government operations[edit]
According to the GAO:
"Agencies believed that inadequate time had been allowed to implement the new initiative. The requirement to compress planning and budgeting functions within the time frames of the budget cycle had proven especially difficult, affecting program managers' ability to identify alternative approaches to accomplishing agency objectives. Some agency officials also believed that the performance information needed for ZBB analysis was lacking."[6]:50–51
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures:[9]
"In its original sense, ZBB meant that no past decisions are taken for granted. Every previous budget decision is up for review. Existing and proposed programs are on an equal footing, and the traditional state practice of altering almost all existing budget lines by small amounts every year or two would be swept away. No state government has ever found this feasible. Even Georgia, where Governor Jimmy Carter introduced ZBB to state budgeting in 1971, employed a much modified form.
State programs are not, in practice, amenable to such a radical annual re-examination. Statutes, obligations to local governments, requirements of the federal government, and other past decisions have many times created state funding commitments that are almost impossible to change very much in the short run. Education funding levels are determined in many states partly by state and federal judicial decisions and state constitutional provisions, as well as by statutes. Federal mandates require that state Medicaid funding meet a specific minimum level if Medicaid is to exist at all in a state. Federal law affects environmental program spending, and both state and federal courts help determine state spending on prisons. Much state spending, therefore, cannot usefully be subjected to the kind of fundamental re-examination that ZBB in its original form envisions.
To the extent that ZBB has encouraged governors and legislators to take a hard look at the impact of incremental changes in state spending, it produced a significant improvement in state budgeting. But in its classic form – begin all budget evaluations from zero – ZBB is as unworkable as it ever was."
Use in the Chinese Public Sector[edit]
The concept of ZBB was first introduced to China in the beginning of the 1990s and was primarily focused in the Hubei Province area of China. Just as the United States encountered many problems and failures with ZBB, China too ran into them as well. But even with the numerous amount of problems and failures along the way, they have gradually adjusted appropriately since then to become more effective on using ZBB as a budget reform. Western influence on budgeting was non-existent in China before 1993. It was during the 1990s that China began looking out for a new and modern form of budgeting for their country’s nationwide budget reform. They ended up settling on ZBB. A new policy was set in place to put ZBB into action, known as the DBR, or the Departmental Budgeting Reform. The DBR and ZBB were first implemented in the Hubei province of China. According to Jun Ma, a professor at the university of Nebraska, the beginning years of ZBB in Hubei were a bit rocky as the DBR had not yet been implemented into all the state departments in Hubei. Only a few departments implemented the budgeting system and the results of multiple departments using multiple budgeting systems were not good. It slowly became clear that using ZBB in a traditional sense would not work out. Officials in the Hubei province and the DBR began looking for ways to incorporate the best parts of ZBB and form a new budgeting system that would work for their needs. The result of this change was a Chinese-styled Target-Based Budgeting system. This form of budgeting required bureaucracies and agencies to submit a simple budget within a pre-set time limit. TBB, as a modified form of ZBB, has worked out moderately okay for the Chinese government in Hubei over the years, but many problems still face the budgeting system.
Some number of issues ranging from the absence of a unified budget and certain expenditures that are somehow exempt from the ZBB process, to the influence or effects of political factors have been widely noted.
Absence of a Budget Unification- Though the Hubei Province has developed a thorough budget by combining expenditures and off-budget revenues into the budget, there yet remains certain types of expenses that are still under the control of certain individuals other than the government Finance Department. Because of this, the difficulty of prioritizing all the possible government programs becomes confusing.
Political Factor Influences- No matter what the term or whose term it is, political officials have always had a certain plan or change that they would like to implement that would greatly influence the prioritizing process of ZBB. Certain political officials could say they greatly support a certain program and would like the Finance Department to focus more money into that particular program whilst other political officials would think otherwise. Therefore, any real changes or improvements made will always face opposition unless you have a unified political support.
Expenditure exemptions- Ranging from operating and personnel expenses to central government policies that are unfunded that start after the budget year, these are just to name a few things that are excluded from the ZBB process. By not including a large portion of spending into the ZBB process, the effectiveness potential of these reforms becomes greatly reduced.
Two notable reforms to the ZBB process include having departments submit budget requests and the use of sunset legislation.
Budget requests- These requests are to reflect (1) a cut of a certain percentage, (2) current level of spending, and (3) an increase of a certain percentage. This allows the opportunity of trading between departments of the funding of a lower priority of one department to a higher priority of another.
Sunset legislation- This process places a sense of urgency on certain programs implemented or that are currently being funded as that program shall be placed under review to determine efficiency & effectiveness ,and see whether the public or government really need this program. (Bunch) [10]
Use in Private Sector[edit]
3G Capital has become successful using ZBB within their company. Their merger with Kraft Foods in 2015 no doubt helped in making its use successful. This use of ZBB might have continued the misconception that this budgeting style was only for businesses trying to lighten the load of a new company.[11] However, this merger did trigger the use of ZBB within the company and made Kraft Foods review and shave down things like cutting hundreds of management jobs, jettisoning corporate jets, to requiring employees to ask to make photocopies.[12]
Impact of ZBB on stockholders[edit]
The use of ZBB within 3G Capital has been profitable for stockholders. When 3G Capital quickly cut costs within Kraft, their stock prices increased 36% as a direct result. This type of budgeting enabled companies like Kraft to compete again on price with some of the leaner competition, that had previously undercut Kraft's prices. Zero-based budgeting helps more money to flow to stockholders than into unused departments, over-funded programs, and wasteful spending habits.[12]
See also[edit]
Envelope system
Participatory budgeting
Personal budget
Programme budgeting
Zero deficit budget
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kesmodel, David (27 March 2015). "Meet the Father of Zero-Based Budgeting" – via Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Shaun Callaghan; Kyle Hawke; Carey Mignerey (October 2014). "Five myths (and realities) about zero-based budgeting". Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ https://efinancemanagement.com/budgeting/zero-based-budgeting-meaning-advantages-disadvantages
Jump up ^ http://www.accountingtools.com/zero-based-budgeting
^ Jump up to: a b c Pyhrr, Peter A. "The Zero-Base Approach To Government Budgeting." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Jan. 1977.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f GAO, Performance Budgeting: Past Initiatives Offer Insights for GPRA Implementation (March 1997).
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Sarant, Zero-base Budgeting in the Public Sector, A Pragmatic Approach (Addison-Wesley 1978).
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas D. Lynch, Public Budgeting in America (Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition, 1990).
Jump up ^ National Conference of State Legislatures, Fundamentals of Sound Budgeting Practices, June 1995 http://www.ncsl.org/IssuesResearch/BudgetTax/FundamentalsofSoundStateBudgetingPractices/tabid/12653/Default.aspx
Jump up ^ http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c3a1dffa-07f1-40ee-bdd6-9b8d214840cd@sessionmgr4007&vid=1&hid=4203
Jump up ^ https://hbr.org/2016/06/zero-based-budgeting-is-not-a-wonder-diet-for-companies
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.wsj.com/articles/from-heinz-to-kraft-zero-based-budgeting-sweeps-across-america-1427308494
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List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Barry Bonds holds the record for most career home runs, hitting 762 over his 22-year career.
This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit. In the sport of baseball, a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play, without the benefit of a fielding error. This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory (a conventional home run), or by an inside-the-park home run.
Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762. He passed Hank Aaron, who is currently second with 755, on August 7, 2007. The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714. Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Albert Pujols (633), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more.
Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 215 or more home runs hit during an official regular season (i.e., excluding playoffs or exhibition games). Players in bold face are active as of the 2018 Major League Baseball season (including free agents), with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2018 season. The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on September 30, 2017, when Carlos González hit his 215th career home run, displacing Jeff Conine and José Guillén.
Contents
1 Key
2 List
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Key[edit]
Rank Rank amongst leaders in career home runs. A blank field indicates a tie.
Player (2018 HRs) Number of home runs hit during the 2018 Major League Baseball season.
HR Total career home runs hit.
*
denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Bold
denotes active player.[a]
List[edit]
Stats updated as of the 2018 season.
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
1 Barry Bonds 762
2 Hank Aaron * 755
3 Babe Ruth * 714
4 Alex Rodriguez 696
5 Willie Mays * 660
6 Albert Pujols (19) 633
7 Ken Griffey, Jr. * 630
8 Jim Thome* 612
9 Sammy Sosa 609
10 Frank Robinson * 586
11 Mark McGwire 583
12 Harmon Killebrew * 573
13 Rafael Palmeiro 569
14 Reggie Jackson * 563
15 Manny Ramirez 555
16 Mike Schmidt * 548
17 David Ortiz 541
18 Mickey Mantle * 536
19 Jimmie Foxx * 534
20 Willie McCovey * 521
Frank Thomas * 521
Ted Williams * 521
23 Ernie Banks * 512
Eddie Mathews * 512
25 Mel Ott * 511
26 Gary Sheffield 509
27 Eddie Murray * 504
28 Lou Gehrig * 493
Fred McGriff 493
30 Adrian Beltre (15) 477
31 Stan Musial * 475
Willie Stargell * 475
33 Carlos Delgado 473
34 Chipper Jones* 468
35 Miguel Cabrera (3) 465
Dave Winfield * 465
37 José Canseco 462
Adam Dunn 462
39 Carl Yastrzemski * 452
40 Jeff Bagwell * 449
Vladimir Guerrero* 449
42 Dave Kingman 442
43 Jason Giambi 440
44 Paul Konerko 439
45 Andre Dawson * 438
46 Carlos Beltrán 435
47 Juan González 434
Andruw Jones 434
49 Cal Ripken, Jr. * 431
50 Mike Piazza * 427
51 Billy Williams * 426
52 Darrell Evans 414
53 Alfonso Soriano 412
54 Mark Teixeira 409
55 Duke Snider * 407
56 Andrés Galarraga 399
Al Kaline * 399
58 Dale Murphy 398
59 Joe Carter 396
60 Jim Edmonds 393
61 Graig Nettles 390
62 Johnny Bench * 389
63 Aramis Ramírez 386
64 Dwight Evans 385
65 Harold Baines 384
66 Larry Walker 383
67 Frank Howard 382
Ryan Howard 382
Jim Rice * 382
70 Albert Belle 381
71 Edwin Encarnación (32) 380
72 Orlando Cepeda * 379
Tony Pérez * 379
74 Matt Williams 378
75 Norm Cash 377
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
Jeff Kent 377
77 Carlton Fisk * 376
78 Rocky Colavito 374
79 Gil Hodges 370
80 Todd Helton 369
Ralph Kiner * 369
82 Lance Berkman 366
83 Joe DiMaggio * 361
84 Nelson Cruz (37) 360
Gary Gaetti 360
86 Johnny Mize * 359
87 Yogi Berra * 358
Carlos Lee 358
89 Greg Vaughn 355
90 Luis Gonzalez 354
Lee May 354
92 Torii Hunter 353
93 Ellis Burks 352
94 Dick Allen 351
95 Chili Davis 350
96 George Foster 348
97 José Bautista (13) 344
98 Ron Santo * 342
99 Jack Clark 340
100 Tino Martinez 339
Dave Parker 339
Boog Powell 339
103 Don Baylor 338
104 Joe Adcock 336
105 Darryl Strawberry 335
106 Moisés Alou 332
Bobby Bonds 332
Curtis Granderson (13) 332
109 Hank Greenberg * 331
Derrek Lee 331
111 Shawn Green 328
Mo Vaughn 328
113 Jermaine Dye 325
Willie Horton 325
115 Gary Carter * 324
Lance Parrish 324
117 Ryan Braun (20) 322
118 Ron Gant 321
119 Vinny Castilla 320
Troy Glaus 320
121 Cecil Fielder 319
Prince Fielder 319
123 Roy Sievers 318
124 Adrian Gonzalez (6) 317
George Brett * 317
126 Ron Cey 316
Matt Holliday (2) 316
Scott Rolen 316
129 Jeromy Burnitz 315
130 Reggie Smith 314
131 Robinson Canó (10) 311
Iván Rodríguez * 311
133 Jay Buhner 310
134 Edgar Martínez 309
135 Greg Luzinski 307
Al Simmons * 307
Miguel Tejada 307
138 Fred Lynn 306
Richie Sexson 306
Rubén Sierra 306
141 Raúl Ibañez 305
David Justice 305
Reggie Sanders 305
Giancarlo Stanton (38) 305
145 Steve Finley 304
146 Rogers Hornsby * 301
147 Chuck Klein * 300
148 Tim Salmon 299
149 Rickey Henderson * 297
150 Magglio Ordóñez 294
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
Mark Reynolds (13) 294
Robin Ventura 294
153 Kent Hrbek 293
154 Pat Burrell 292
Rusty Staub 292
156 Craig Biggio * 291
Jimmy Wynn 291
158 Bobby Abreu 288
Del Ennis 288
Bob Johnson 288
Hank Sauer 288
162 Garret Anderson 287
Bobby Bonilla 287
Brian Giles 287
Bernie Williams 287
166 Jay Bruce (9) 286
Carlos Peña 286
Frank Thomas 286
Justin Upton (30) 286
170 Will Clark 284
Eric Karros 284
172 Chris Davis (16) 283
173 Ken Boyer 282
Eric Davis 282
Ryne Sandberg * 282
176 Paul O'Neill 281
177 Matt Kemp (21) 280
178 Ted Kluszewski 279
179 Mike Cameron 278
Ryan Klesko 278
181 Evan Longoria (16) 277
Rudy York 277
183 Brian Downing 275
Roger Maris 275
Dean Palmer 275
Jorge Posada 275
187 Dante Bichette 274
188 Steve Garvey 272
189 Tom Brunansky 271
Raúl Mondesí 271
George Scott 271
192 Brian McCann (7) 270
Vernon Wells 270
194 Hanley Ramírez (6) 269
Joey Votto (12) 269
196 Joe Morgan * 268
Brooks Robinson * 268
Gorman Thomas 268
199 George Hendrick 267
Mike Napoli (0) 267
201 Adam Jones (15) 266
Vic Wertz 266
203 George Bell 265
Matt Stairs 265
205 Bobby Thomson 264
Ryan Zimmerman (13) 264
207 Danny Tartabull 262
208 Eric Chavez 260
Derek Jeter 260
Javy López 260
Tim Wallach 260
212 Chase Utley (1) 259
213 Bob Allison 256
Larry Parrish 256
Vada Pinson 256
216 Kirk Gibson 255
Adam LaRoche 255
John Mayberry 255
John Olerud 255
220 Larry Doby * 253
Joe Gordon * 253
Andre Thornton 253
Todd Zeile 253
224 Bret Boone 252
Bobby Murcer 252
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
Joe Torre * 252
226 Tony Armas 251
Tony Clark 251
Cy Williams 251
Robin Yount * 251
231 José Valentín 249
232 Goose Goslin * 248
Ian Kinsler (14) 248
Ted Simmons 248
235 Justin Morneau 247
Vern Stephens 247
237 Víctor Martínez (9) 246
Ken Singleton 246
239 Deron Johnson 245
Nick Swisher 245
Mickey Tettleton 245
242 Lou Whitaker 244
Hack Wilson * 244
244 Dusty Baker 242
Sal Bando 242
Wally Berger 242
Roy Campanella * 242
J. D. Drew 242
Aubrey Huff 242
David Wright 242
251 Jesse Barfield 241
Cecil Cooper 241
Rick Monday 241
254 Jeff Burroughs 240
Roberto Clemente * 240
Mike Trout (39) 240
257 Dolph Camilli 239
Ken Caminiti 239
259 Earl Averill * 238
Ray Lankford 238
261 Doug DeCinces 237
Gus Zernial 237
263 Gabby Hartnett * 236
264 Johnny Damon 235
Bill Nicholson 235
Ben Oglivie 235
Dan Uggla 235
268 Gary Matthews 234
Kevin Mitchell 234
Paul Molitor * 234
271 Cliff Floyd 233
272 Carlos González (16) 231
Jimmy Rollins 231
274 Rob Deer 230
275 Nomar Garciaparra 229
Jayson Werth 229
277 Howard Johnson 228
Dick Stuart 228
Hal Trosky 228
280 Marquis Grissom 227
281 Johnny Callison 226
282 Bobby Grich 224
Hunter Pence (4) 224
Troy Tulowitzki (0) 224
285 Bobby Doerr * 223
Travis Fryman 223
Mike Lowell 223
Andrew McCutchen (20) 223
289 Jason Bay 222
Don Mattingly 222
291 Tony Batista 221
Geoff Jenkins 221
293 Tony Oliva 220
294 Jim Bottomley * 219
Al Oliver 219
Joe Pepitone 219
297 Bob Horner 218
Mark Trumbo (17) 218
299 Benito Santiago 217
300 Ron Fairly 215
Pedro Guerrero 215
Chet Lemon 215
Mike Sweeney 215
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
500 home run club
List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season.
References[edit]
MLB Official Career Home Run List
Active Leaders & Records for Home Runs
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text:
List of countries by steel production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the company-oriented account, see List of steel producers.
This article summarizes the world steel production by country.
In 2017, total world crude steel production was 1,691.2 million tonnes (Mt). The biggest steel producing country is currently China, which accounted for 49.2% of world steel production in 2017.[1] In 2008, 2009 and 2015 output fell in the majority of steel-producing countries as a result of the global recession. In 2010 and 2016, it started to rise again.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of countries by steel production
2 Exports
3 Imports
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
List of countries by steel production[edit]
This is a list of countries by steel production in 1967, 1980, 1990, 2000 and from 2007 to 2017, based on data provided by the World Steel Association.[2][3][4][5][6][7] All countries with annual production of crude steel at least 2 million metric tons are listed.
Crude steel production (million metric tons):
Rank (2017)
Country/Region
2017[1][8]
2016[1][9]
2015[10]
2014[11]
2013[12]
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2000
1990
1980
1967
— World 1691.2 1606.3 1620.4 1670.1 1649.3 1552.9 1490.1 1413.6 1219.7 1326.5 1351.3 850.1 770.4 716.4 497.2
1 People's Republic of China 831.7 786.9 803.8 822.7 779.0 724.7 683.3 626.7 573.6 500.3 494.9 128.5 66.4 37.1 14.0
- European Union[13] 168.7 162.3 166.2 169.3 166.4 168.6 177.7 172.8 139.3 198.2 210.2 193.5 191.8 208.0 n/a
2 Japan 104.7 104.8 105.2 110.7 110.6 107.2 107.6 109.6 87.5 118.7 120.2 106.4 110.3 111.4 62.0
3 India 101.4 95.5 89.6 87.3 81.2 77.3 72.2 68.3 62.8 57.8 53.5 26.9 15.0 9.5 6.3
4 United States 81.6 78.5 78.9 88.2 87.0 88.6 86.2 80.6 58.2 91.4 98.1 101.8 89.7 101.4 115.0
5 Russia 71.3 70.5 71.1 71.5 69.4 70.6 68.7 66.9 60.0 68.5 72.4 59.1 n/a[14] n/a[14] n/a[14]
6 South Korea 71.1 68.6 69.7 71.5 66.0 69.3 68.5 58.5 48.6 53.6 51.5 43.1 23.1 8.5 0.3
7 Germany 43.6 42.1 42.7 42.9 42.6 42.7 44.3 43.8 32.7 45.8 48.6 46.4 44.0 51.1 41.3
8 Turkey 37.5 33.2 31.5 34.0 34.7 35.9 34.1 29.0 25.3 26.8 25.8 14.3 9.4 2.5 1.0
9 Brazil 34.4 30.2 33.3 33.9 34.2 34.7 35.2 32.8 26.5 33.7 33.8 27.9 20.6 15.3 3.6
10 Italy 24.0 23.3 22.0 23.7 24.1 27.2 28.7 25.8 19.7 30.6 31.6 26.8 25.5 26.5 15.9
11 Taiwan 23.2 21.8 21.4 23.1 22.3 20.7 20.2 19.8 15.8 19.9 20.9
12 Ukraine 22.7 24.2 22.9 27.2 32.8 32.9 35.3 33.6 29.9 37.3 42.8 31.8 54.6[14] 52.3[14] n/a[14]
13 Iran 21.8 17.9 16.1 16.3 15.4 14.5 13.0 12.0 10.9 10.0 10.1 6.6 1.4 0.5 -
14 Mexico 20.0 19.0 18.3 19.0 18.2 18.1 18.1 17.0 14.2 17.2 17.6 15.6 8.7 7.1 3.0
15 France 15.5 14.6 15.0 16.1 15.7 15.6 15.8 15.4 12.8 17.9 19.3 21.0 19.0 23.1 19.6
16 Spain 14.5 13.6 14.9 14.3 13.7 13.6 15.6 16.3 14.3 18.6 19.0 15.8 12.9 12.8 4.5
17 Canada 13.7 12.7 12.5 12.7 12.4 13.5 13.1 13.0 9.0 14.8 15.6 16.6 12.3 15.9 8.8
18 Poland 10.3 8.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 8.4 8.8 8.0 7.2 9.7 10.6 10.5 13.6 19.5 10.4
19 Vietnam 10.3[15] 7.8[15] 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.3 4.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 -
20 Austria 8.1 7.4 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.4 7.5 7.2 5.7 7.6 7.6 5.7 4.3 4.6 3.0
21 Belgium 7.7 7.7 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.4 8.1 8.1 5.6 10.7 10.7 11.6 11.5 12.3 9.7
22 United Kingdom 7.5 7.6 10.8 12.1 11.9 9.6 9.5 9.7 10.1 13.5 14.3 15.2 17.8 11.3 24.3
23 Egypt 6.8 5.0 5.5 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.7 5.5 6.2 6.2 2.8 2.2 1.0 0.4
24 Netherlands 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.7 5.2 6.8 7.4 5.7 5.4 5.3 3.4
25 South Africa 6.3 6.1 7.6 6.6 7.2 7.1 6.7 8.5 7.5 8.3 9.1 8.5 8.7 9.1 3.7
26 Australia 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.9 6.4 7.3 5.2 7.6 7.9 7.1 6.6 7.6 6.3
27 Slovakia 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.6 3.7 4.5 5.1 3.7 5.1[16] n/a[16] n/a[16]
28 Pakistan 5.0 3.6 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.0 0.8 - -
29 Saudi Arabia 4.8[15] 5.5 5.7 6.3 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.6 3.0 1.8 0.1 -
30 Indonesia 4.8[15] 4.8 4.9 4.4 2.6 2.3 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.9 4.1 2.9 2.8 0.5 -
31 Sweden 4.7 4.62 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.9 4.8 2.8 5.2 5.7 5.2 4.5 4.2 4.7
32 Argentina 4.6 4.1 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.0 5.7 5.1 4.0 5.5 5.4 4.5 3.6 2.7 1.3
33 Czech Republic 4.6 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.6 5.2 4.6 6.4 7.1 6.2 9.7[16] n/a[16] n/a[16]
34 Thailand 4.5 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.6 3.3 4.2 3.7 3.6 5.2 5.6 2.1 0.7 0.5 -
35 Kazakhstan 4.4 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.9 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.8 4.7 7.4[14] n/a[14] n/a[14]
36 Finland 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.1 4.4 4.4 4.1 2.9 2.5 0.4
37 Romania 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.9 2.7 5.0 6.3 4.7 9.7 13.2 4.1
38 United Arab Emirates 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.9 2.4 2.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 - - n/a
39 Malaysia 2.8 2.8 3.8 4.3 4.7 5.6 5.9 4.1 4.0 6.4 6.9 3.7 1.1 0.2 0.1
40 Qatar 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 -
41 Belarus 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.4 1.5 1.5[14] - -
42 Luxembourg 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.9 2.6 3.6 4.6 4.5
Portugal n/a 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.3
Soviet Union - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96.9[17]
— Others[18] n/a n/a n/a n/a 28.4 29.5 29.9 26.5 (est.) 23.3 (est.) 28.6 (est.) 30.7 (est.) n/a n/a n/a n/a
Exports[edit]
net: exports - imports
Top steel exporters in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Mt
1 China 61.5
2 Japan 42.5
- European Union[20] 38.7
3 South Korea 50.7
4 Ukraine 24.7
4 Germany 24.3
6 Russia 23.6
7 Turkey 17.3
8 Italy 16.9
9 France 14.2
10 Belgium 13.9
11 United States 12.5
12 Taiwan 11.6
13 India 10.1
14 Spain 9.3
15 Netherlands 8.8
Top steel net exporters in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Mt
1 China 46.8
2 Japan 37.1
3 Ukraine 23.0
4 Russia 17.1
5 South Korea 9.9
- European Union[20] 7.9
6 Brazil 4.4
7 Taiwan 3.8
7 Belgium 3.8
9 Austria 3.7
10 Turkey 2.8
11 Netherlands 2.6
11 Slovakia 2.6
13 India 2.3
Imports[edit]
net: imports - exports
Top steel importers in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Volume
- European Union[20] 30.8
1 United States 30.3
2 Germany 22.1
3 South Korea 19.0
4 Thailand 15.9
5 Italy 15.6
6 China 14.8
7 Turkey 14.5
8 France 13.2
9 Indonesia 12.3
10 Belgium 10.1
11 Vietnam 10.0
12 Canada 8.9
13 Poland 8.1
14 Taiwan 7.8
15 Mexico 7.7
Top steel net importers in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Volume
1 United States 17.8
2 Thailand 14.4
3 Indonesia 11.6
4 Vietnam 8.6
5 Saudi Arabia 6.4
6 United Arab Emirates 5.3
7 Algeria 5.1
8 Philippines 4.8
9 Iraq 4.5
10 Egypt 3.9
10 Singapore 3.9
12 Hong Kong 3.2
13 Canada 3.1
13 Poland 3.1
15 Iran 2.7
See also[edit]
Steel industry
Global steel industry trends
List of steel producers
List of countries by iron ore production
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "World crude steel output increases by 5.3% in 2017". Retrieved 2018-02-27.
Jump up ^ World Steel Association Archived 2010-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. World Crude Steel Production 2009
Jump up ^ World Crude Steel Production 2010 Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ World Crude Steel Production 2011[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2014-07-27. World Crude Steel Production 2012
Jump up ^ "World Steel Production 1980-2013" (PDF). World Steel Association. Nov 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Handbook of World Steel Statistics" (PDF). 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Monthly crude steel production - 2017" (PDF). World Steel Assoctiation. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Monthly crude steel production" (PDF). World Steel Association. 24 Apr 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steel Statistical Yearbook 2016" (PDF). World Steel Association. 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steel Statistical Yearbook 2015" (PDF). World Steel Association. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "World Steel Statistics data 2013" (PDF). World Steel Association. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ EEC until 1993
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Was part of USSR until 1992
^ Jump up to: a b c d partial data
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Was part of Czechoslovakia until 1993
Jump up ^ Hermann, Haack (1 January 1967). "Zahlen und Tatsachen zur Entwicklung der Sowjetunion, 50 Jahre Sowjetmacht".
Jump up ^ composition of other countries vary year to year, thus is not comparable
^ Jump up to: a b c d World Steel Association: WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2014 Archived 2014-07-03 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c excluding intra-regional trade
External links[edit]
World Steel Association
American Iron and Steel Institute
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List of Olympic Games host cities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics.
In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924, and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948, and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984, and 2028 Summer Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo summer games of 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics, and Beijing, summer games of 2008 and 2022 Winter Olympics. In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games.
The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe (36 editions) and North America (12 editions); eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city, while the African continent has yet to hold the Games. Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
Host cities are selected by the IOC membership, usually seven years in advance.[2] The selection process lasts approximately two years. In the first stage, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city. After 10 months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications. In a second stage, the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission, which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection. The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session, a general meeting of IOC members.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Olympic Games host cities
1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games
1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country
1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent
1.4 Unsuccessful cities
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
Olympic Games host cities[edit]
For individual summer and winter lists, see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games.
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony
Athens Greece Europe S005I — 1896 000000002018-04-06-0000April 6 000000002018-04-15-0000April 15
Paris France Europe S005II — 1900 000000002018-05-14-0000May 14 000000002018-10-28-0000October 28
St. Louis[a] United States North America S005III — 1904 000000002018-07-01-0000July 1 000000002018-11-23-0000November 23
London[c] United Kingdom Europe S005IV — 1908 000000002018-04-27-0000April 27 000000002018-10-31-0000October 31
Stockholm Sweden Europe S005V — 1912 000000002018-05-05-0000May 5 000000002018-07-22-0000July 22
Berlin Germany Europe S006VI — 1916 Cancelled due to WWI[4]
Antwerp[d] Belgium Europe S007VII — 1920 000000002018-04-20-0000April 20 000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]
Chamonix France Europe — W001I 1924 000000002018-01-25-0000January 25 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]
Paris France Europe S008VIII — 000000002018-05-04-0000May 4 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W002II 1928 000000002018-02-11-0000February 11 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]
Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009IX — 000000002018-05-17-0000May 17 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]
Lake Placid United States North America — W003III 1932 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]
Los Angeles United States North America S010X — 000000002018-07-30-0000July 30 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe — W004IV 1936 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]
Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011XI — 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1 000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]
Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e] Empire of Japan
Nazi Germany Asia
Europe — W005aV 1940 Cancelled due to WWII[4]
Tokyo
Helsinki[f] Empire of Japan
Finland Asia
Europe S012XII —
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W005bV 1944
London United Kingdom Europe S013XIII —
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W005cV 1948 000000002018-01-30-0000January 30 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
London United Kingdom Europe S014XIV — 000000002018-07-29-0000July 29 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14
Oslo Norway Europe — W006VI 1952 000000002018-02-14-0000February 14 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Helsinki Finland Europe S015XV — 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W007VII 1956 000000002018-01-26-0000January 26 000000002018-02-05-0000February 5
Melbourne
Stockholm[g] Australia
Sweden Oceania
Europe S016XVI — 000000002018-11-22-0000November 22
000000002018-06-10-0000June 10 000000002018-12-08-0000December 8
000000002018-06-17-0000June 17
Squaw Valley United States North America — W008VIII 1960 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Rome Italy Europe S017XVII — 000000002018-08-25-0000August 25 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W009IX 1964 000000002018-01-29-0000January 29 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9
Tokyo Japan Asia S018XVIII — 000000002018-10-10-0000October 10 000000002018-10-24-0000October 24
Grenoble France Europe — W010X 1968 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18
Mexico City Mexico North America S019XIX — 000000002018-10-12-0000October 12 000000002018-10-27-0000October 27
Sapporo Japan Asia — W011XI 1972 000000002018-02-03-0000February 3 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13
Munich West Germany Europe S020XX — 000000002018-08-26-0000August 26 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W012XII 1976 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15
Montreal Canada North America S021XXI — 000000002018-07-17-0000July 17 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1
Lake Placid United States North America — W013XIII 1980 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Moscow Soviet Union Europe[h] S022XXII — 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe — W014XIV 1984 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19
Los Angeles United States North America S023XXIII — 000000002018-07-28-0000July 28 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Calgary Canada North America — W015XV 1988 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Seoul South Korea Asia S024XXIV — 000000002018-09-17-0000September 17 000000002018-10-02-0000October 2
Albertville France Europe — W016XVI 1992 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Barcelona Spain Europe S025XXV — 000000002018-07-25-0000July 25 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Lillehammer Norway Europe — W017XVII 1994 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-27-0000February 27
Atlanta United States North America S026XXVI — 1996 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-04-0000August 4
Nagano Japan Asia — W018XVIII 1998 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-22-0000February 22
Sydney Australia Oceania S027XXVII — 2000 000000002018-09-15-0000September 15 000000002018-10-01-0000October 1
Salt Lake City United States North America — W019XIX 2002 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Athens Greece Europe S028XXVIII — 2004 000000002018-08-13-0000August 13 000000002018-08-29-0000August 29
Torino Italy Europe — W020XX 2006 000000002018-02-10-0000February 10 000000002018-02-26-0000February 26
Beijing[i] China Asia S029XXIX — 2008 000000002018-08-08-0000August 8 000000002018-08-24-0000August 24
Vancouver Canada North America — W021XXI 2010 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
London United Kingdom Europe S030XXX — 2012 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Sochi Russia Europe[h] — W022XXII 2014 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031XXXI — 2016 000000002018-08-05-0000August 5 000000002018-08-21-0000August 21
Pyeongchang South Korea Asia — W023XXIII 2018 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Tokyo Japan Asia S032XXXII — 2020 000000002018-07-24-0000July 24 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Beijing China Asia — W024XXIV 2022 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-20-0000February 20
Paris France Europe S033XXXIII — 2024 000000002018-07-26-0000July 26 000000002018-08-11-0000August 11
TBD TBD — W025XXV 2026 (TBD)
Los Angeles United States North America S034XXXIV — 2028 000000002018-07-21-0000July 21 000000002018-08-06-0000August 6
TBD TBD — W026XXVI 2030 (TBD)
Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games
City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
London United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Paris France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 0
Los Angeles United States North America 3 (1932, 1984, 2028) 0
Athens Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0 2
Tokyo Japan Asia 2 (1964, 2020) 0
Beijing China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022)
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1948)
Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 (1932, 1980)
The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.
Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]
Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics
5 times
4 times (no entry)
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics
4 times or more
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games
Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 United States North America 5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028) 4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002) 9
2 France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 3 (1924, 1968, 1992) 6
3 Japan Asia 2 (1940, 1964, 2020) 2 (1940, 1972, 1998) 4
4 United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Canada North America 1 (1976) 2 (1988, 2010)
Italy Europe 1 (1960) 2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
German Empire/ Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany Europe 2 (1916, 1936, 1972) 1 (1936, 1940)
8 China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022) 2
South Korea Asia 1 (1988) 1 (2018)
Soviet Union/ Russia Europe 1 (1980) 1 (2014)
Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0
Australia Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0
Norway Europe 0 2 (1952, 1994)
Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
16 Brazil South America 1 (2016) 0 1
Spain Europe 1 (1992) 0
SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 (1984)
Mexico North America 1 (1968) 0
Finland Europe 1 (1940, 1952) 0
Netherlands Europe 1 (1928) 0
Belgium Europe 1 (1920) 0
Sweden Europe 1 (1912) 0
Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 Europe 17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024) 13 (1924, 1928, <1952,s>1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014) 30
2 North America 7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028) 6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010) 13
3 Asia 4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020) 4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022) 8
4 Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0 2
5 South America 1 (2016) 0 1
6 Africa 0 0 0
Unsuccessful cities[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Country
City
Bids
United States Detroit 7
Hungary Budapest 6
Turkey Istanbul 5
Spain Madrid 4
Argentina Buenos Aires 4
Switzerland Lausanne 4
United States Philadelphia 5
United States Chicago 4
United States Minneapolis 3
Cuba Havana 3
Belgium Brussels 3
Azerbaijan Baku 2
Qatar Doha 2
Spain Seville 2
Yugoslavia Belgrade 2
Puerto Rico San Juan 1
Australia Brisbane 1
Slovakia Poprad 1
United States Boston 1
Notes[edit]
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-313-32278-5.
Jump up ^ Group, Taylor Francis (2003). The Europa World Yearbook. Taylor and Francis Group. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-85743-227-5.
Jump up ^ "Choice of the Host City". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Durántez, Conrado (April–May 1997). "The Olympic Movement, a twentieth-century phenomenon" (PDF). Olympic Review. XXVI (14): 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Antwerp 1920". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chamonix 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Paris 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St. Moritz 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lake Placid 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Berlin 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "St. Louis gets Olympic Games; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World's Fair in 1904" (PDF). The New York Times. 1903-02-12. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906, Karl Lennartz, Journal of Olympic History, Dec. 2001/Jan. 2002
Jump up ^ "Rome Games moved to London". realclearsports.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stockholm/Melbourne 1956". Swedish Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ Tim Pile (June 25, 2008). "Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "2008 Beijing Olympic home page". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
External links[edit]
"The Olympic Games". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
[show]
v
t
e
Summer Olympic Games host cities
1896: Athens
1900: Paris
1904: St. Louis
1908: London
1912: Stockholm
1916: None[c1]
1920: Antwerp
1924: Paris
1928: Amsterdam
1932: Los Angeles
1936: Berlin
1940: None[c2]
1944: None[c2]
1948: London
1952: Helsinki
1956: Melbourne
1960: Rome
1964: Tokyo
1968: Mexico City
1972: Munich
1976: Montreal
1980: Moscow
1984: Los Angeles
1988: Seoul
1992: Barcelona
1996: Atlanta
2000: Sydney
2004: Athens
2008: Beijing
2012: London
2016: Rio de Janeiro
2020: Tokyo
2024: Paris
2028: Los Angeles
[c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II
[show]
v
t
e
Winter Olympic Games host cities
1924: Chamonix
1928: St. Moritz
1932: Lake Placid
1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940: Cancelled due to World War II
1944: Cancelled due to World War II
1948: St. Moritz
1952: Oslo
1956: Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960: Squaw Valley
1964: Innsbruck
1968: Grenoble
1972: Sapporo
1976: Innsbruck
1980: Lake Placid
1984: Sarajevo
1988: Calgary
1992: Albertville
1994: Lillehammer
1998: Nagano
2002: Salt Lake City
2006: Turin
2010: Vancouver
2014: Sochi
2018: Pyeongchang
2022: Beijing
2026: TBD
2030: TBD
[show]
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1896 Athens
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1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
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2012 London
2016 Rio de Janeiro
2020 Tokyo
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2028 Los Angeles
2032 TBD
Winter Games
1924 Chamonix
1928 St. Moritz
1932 Lake Placid
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940 Sapporo
1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1948 St. Moritz
1952 Oslo
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960 Squaw Valley
1964 Innsbruck
1968 Grenoble
1972 Sapporo
1976 Innsbruck
1980 Lake Placid
1984 Sarajevo
1988 Calgary
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1998 Nagano
2002 Salt Lake City
2006 Turin
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2014 Sochi
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2026 TBD
2030 TBD
Ancient Olympic Games
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