text:
9-1-1 (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
9-1-1
Genre
Procedural drama
Action
Created by
Ryan Murphy
Brad Falchuk
Tim Minear
Starring
Angela Bassett
Peter Krause
Oliver Stark
Aisha Hinds
Kenneth Choi
Rockmond Dunbar
Connie Britton
Narrated by
Connie Britton
Composer(s)
Mac Quayle
Todd Haberman
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Ryan Murphy
Brad Falchuk
Tim Minear
Alexis Martin Woodall
Bradley Buecker
Producer(s)
Lou Eyrich
Eryn Krueger Mekash
Adam Penn
Erica L. Anderson
Matt Hodgson
Robert M. Williams Jr.
Location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Editor(s)
Tom Costantino
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Reamworks
Brad Falchuk Teley-Vision[1]
Ryan Murphy Television
20th Century Fox Television
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03) – present (present)
External links
Website
9-1-1 is an American procedural drama television series created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Tim Minear which follows the lives of Los Angeles first responders: cops, paramedics, firefighters and dispatchers. The series premiered on January 3, 2018, on the Fox network, during the 2017–18 television season.[2][1] The series is produced by 20th Century Fox Television, with Murphy, Falchuck, Minear and Bradley Buecker as executive producers. Minear also serves as showrunner and Buecker directed the premiere episode.[3] On January 16, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixteen-episode second season.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Notable guests
2 Production
2.1 Casting
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2018)
4 Reception
4.1 Ratings
4.2 Season 1 (2018)
4.3 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Angela Bassett as Athena Grant, LAPD patrol sergeant
Peter Krause as Bobby Nash, Captain, LAFD
Oliver Stark as Evan "Buck" Buckley, firefighter
Aisha Hinds as Henrietta "Hen" Wilson, firefighter/paramedic
Kenneth Choi as Howie "Chimney" Han, firefighter/paramedic
Rockmond Dunbar as Michael Grant, Athena's husband
Connie Britton as Abby Clark, 911 operator (Season 1)
Recurring[edit]
Mariette Hartley as Patricia Clark, Abby's mother[5][6]
Corinne Massiah as May Grant[6]
Marcanthonnee Reis as Harry Grant[6]
Cocoa Brown as Carla Price, Abby's mother's nurse[6]
Tracie Thoms as Karen Wilson, Hen's wife[7]
Notable guests[edit]
John Marshall Jones as Dave Morrisey[5]
Genneya Walton as Laila Creedy[6]
Gavin Stenhouse as Priest[5]
Jee Young Han as Liz
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
In October 2017, Angela Bassett, Connie Britton, and Peter Krause joined the main cast.[3] Later that month, it was announced that Oliver Stark, Aisha Hinds, Kenneth Choi, and Rockmond Dunbar had been cast in regular roles.[8]
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2018)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Pilot" Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk & Tim Minear January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03) 1LAY01 6.83[9]
Los Angeles emergency dispatchers and first responders must balance the pressures of their respective jobs with their personal lives: from 9-1-1 operator Abby Clark's mother having dementia to police sergeant Athena Grant's husband deciding to reveal to his children that he's gay.
2
"Let Go" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk & Tim Minear January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10) 1LAY02 5.55[10]
A roller coaster accident leaves Buck in a traumatic situation. Athena and Hen respond to a devil dog attack, which Athena later discovers is a home invasion. Abby makes an on-the-phone connection with Buck. Athena arrives home and finds that her daughter has overdosed.
3
"Next of Kin" Barbara Brown John J. Gray January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17) 1LAY03 6.21[11]
The team is tested when Chimney is critically injured in a car accident after a discussion with Nash. Athena deals with the consequences of her daughter's suicide attempt.
4
"Worst Day Ever" Bradley Buecker Zachary Reiter January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24) 1LAY04 6.57[12]
A plane crash in Los Angeles calls out the entire team. Athena takes drastic actions for the protection of her daughter and in doing so is confined to desk duty. Bobby relapses into his alcoholism. Abby deals with a serious crisis with her mother.
5
"Point of Origin" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Erica L. Anderson January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31) 1LAY05 6.21[13]
A building collapses during a big Hindu wedding. Henrietta's convict ex-girlfriend, Eve, asks for her help getting parole, which upsets her wife. Abby tries to find her wayward mother with Buck's help, finally finding her thanks to some unlikely help. Bobby tells his confessor how he accidentally killed his family five years before, when, under the effects of oxycodone and alcohol, he forgot a burning stove, which burned his building down.
6
"Heartbreaker" Bradley Buecker Matthew Hodgson February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07) 1LAY06 6.64[14]
A surprise marriage proposal on a Cessna goes awry. Buck invites Abby to Chimney's welcome back firehouse party. On Valentine's Day, Bobby and Chimney pull holiday duty so Buck can go on his first date with Abby. But the date goes awry when he chokes on some bread and she has to ask for help doing an emergency tracheotomy. After she races to deliver an organ for a transplant, Athena has to deal with an unhinged woman who has killed her double cheating boyfriend after a disastrous date.
7
"Full Moon (Creepy AF)" Maggie Kiley Adam Penn February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28) 1LAY07 5.95[15]
A full moon looms over Los Angeles which has everyone on high alert. Hen gets closer with her ex-wife, while Abby helps solve a mystery after a 911 call turns deadly.
8
"Karma's a Bitch" Barbara Brown Kristen Reidel March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07) 1LAY08 6.05[16]
The firefighting team is dealt with several calls that leads to backfiring results. Meanwhile, Bobby donates blood to a blood drive, only to find out that he has superior blood that could save lives. Grant moves forward with her divorce following a heart-to-heart with her children. Also, Abby and Buck take their relationship to the next level.
9
"Trapped" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Story by : Adam Glass
Teleplay by : Aristotle Kousakis March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14) 1LAY09 6.55[17]
The team is dealt with at a call when a homeless, sleeping in a dumpster, gets caught in a garbage truck and a mother and a son trapped inside a elevator as is begins the flood. Meanwhile, Buck begins to have doubts with his relationship with Abby, Henrietta continues to deal with a custody battle with her ex-wife. Also, Grant gets into a situation while on a date.
10
"A Whole New You" Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk & Tim Minear March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21) 1LAY10 6.63[18]
The team is dealt with a call of a “death” at a psychic facility. The victim later awakens at the morgue and reveals that he is suffering from a disease in which he is paralyzed awake. At another call, a scene at a motorcycle accident in which the victims body is severed in two. Meanwhile, following her mother’s death, Abby makes a decision to leave Los Angeles and travel to Ireland to fulfill her mother’s goals. Hen reaches out to her wife to try to make amends, Bobby goes on a first date. Also, Buck’s identity gets stolen through a series of social media accounts.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Season 1 (2018)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Pilot" January 3, 2018 1.8/6 6.83[9] 1.2 3.87 3.0 10.69[19]
2 "Let Go" January 10, 2018 1.5/6 5.55[10] 1.5 4.44 3.0 9.99[20]
3 "Next of Kin" January 17, 2018 1.8/6 6.21[11] 1.2 4.00 3.0 10.21[21]
4 "Worst Day Ever" January 24, 2018 1.6/6 6.57[12] 1.5 4.70 3.1 11.27[22]
5 "Point of Origin" January 31, 2018 1.6/6 6.21[13] 1.5 4.37 3.1 10.58[23]
6 "Heartbreaker" February 7, 2018 1.7/6 6.64[14] 1.5 4.76 3.2 11.40[24]
7 "Full Moon (Creepy AF)" February 28, 2018 1.5/6 5.95[15] 1.5 4.67 3.0 10.62[25]
8 "Karma's A Bitch" March 7, 2018 1.6/6 6.05[16] 1.4 4.60 3.0 10.65[26]
9 "Trapped" March 14, 2018 1.6/7 6.55[17] 1.4 4.42 3.0 10.86[27]
10 "A Whole New You" March 21, 2018 1.7/7 6.63[18] 1.4 4.54 3.1 11.17[28]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator web site Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.19/10 based on 26 reviews, with this consensus:
"9-1-1 occasionally veers into melodrama, but is redeemed with a top-tier cast, adrenaline-pumping action, and a dash of trashy camp that pushes the show into addictive guilty pleasure territory."[29]
Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 60 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[30]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (May 15, 2017). "Fox Fall 2017 Schedule: 'Empire' Shifts To 8 PM, 'Gotham' Moves To Thursday, 'Lethal Weapon' To Tuesday". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Evans, Greg (November 15, 2017). "'The X-Files' & New Drama '9-1-1' Get Premiere Dates On Fox". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (October 3, 2017). "'9-1-1': Connie Britton To Star In Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk's Fox Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (January 16, 2018). "9-1-1 Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". TVLine. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "(#NIN-101) "Pilot"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved December 27, 2017. />
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "(#NIN-103) "Next of Kin"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved December 27, 2017. />
Jump up ^ "(#NIN-107) "Full Moon (Creepy AF)"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (October 12, 2017). "Ryan Murphy's '9-1-1' Adds Four to Cast, Including Rockmond Dunbar, Aisha Hinds". Variety. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 5, 2018). "'Chicago PD' adjusts up, 'The X-Files' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 11, 2018). "'Speechless' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 19, 2018). "'Riverdale,' 'X-Files' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 25, 2018). "'Match Game' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). "'The Amazing Race' adjusts up, 'The Blacklist' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). "'Riverdale' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 1, 2018). "'Speechless' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 8, 2018). "'The Goldbergs' and Riverdale' adjust up, 'Chicago PD' and 'Life Sentence' down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). "'The X-Files' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'Survivor,' 'The Goldbergs' and 'Modern Family' adjust up, 'Speechless' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (January 22, 2018). "Delayed Viewing Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong". Variety. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). "'The Brave' goes from low to... less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). "'This Is Us,' 'The Good Doctor' both double in week 17 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). "'This Is Us' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2018). "Closing the book on the Super Bowl 'This Is Us': Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' and 'This Is Us' on top again: Week 20 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings – by quite a bit". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). "'This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "9-1-1: Season 1 (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ "9-1-1: Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
External links[edit]
Official website
9-1-1 on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Fox programming (current and upcoming)
Primetime
9-1-1 (since 2018)
American Grit (since 2016)
Bob's Burgers (since 2011)
Beat Shazam (since 2017)
Brooklyn Nine-Nine (since 2013)
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (since 2014)
Empire (since 2015)
The Exorcist (since 2016)
The F Word (since 2017)
Family Guy (1999–2002; since 2005)
The Four: Battle For Stardom (since 2018)
Ghosted (since 2017)
The Gifted (since 2017)
Gotham (since 2014)
Hell's Kitchen (since 2005)
Hotel Hell (since 2012)
LA to Vegas (since 2018)
The Last Man on Earth (since 2015)
Lethal Weapon (since 2016)
Love Connection (since 2017)
Lucifer (since 2016)
MasterChef (since 2010)
MasterChef Junior (since 2013)
The Mick (since 2017)
Miss Universe (since 2015)
Miss USA (since 2016)
New Girl (since 2011)
The Orville (since 2017)
Prison Break (2005–2009; since 2017)
The Resident (since 2018)
Showtime at the Apollo (since 2018)
The Simpsons (since 1989)
So You Think You Can Dance (since 2005)
Star (since 2016)
The X-Files (1993–2002; since 2016)
News
Fox News Sunday (since 1996)
Sports
Fox College Football (since 1999)
MLB on Fox (since 1996)
Fox NASCAR (since 2001)
Fox NFL/Fox NFL Sunday (since 1994)
The OT (since 2005)
Fox USGA (since 2014)
Fox UFC (since 2011)
Upcoming
Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell & Back (2018)
See also
4Kids TV
Animation Domination
Animation Domination High-Def
Fox Kids
Speed on Fox
Weekend Marketplace
[show]
v
t
e
Ryan Murphy
Television series
Popular (1999–2001)
Nip/Tuck (2003–10)
Glee (2009–15)
American Horror Story (2011–present)
The New Normal (2012–13)
Scream Queens (2015–16)
American Crime Story (2016–present)
Feud (2017–present)
9-1-1 (2018–present)
Pose (2018)
Ratched (TBA)
The Politician (TBA)
Television pilots
Pretty/Handsome (2008)
Films directed
Running with Scissors (2006)
Eat Pray Love (2010)
The Normal Heart (2014)
Films produced
The Town That Dreaded Sundown (2014)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9-1-1_(TV_series)&oldid=835627134"
Categories:
2010s American drama television series
2018 American television series debuts
American action television series
English-language television programs
Fox network shows
Police procedural television series
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television series created by Ryan Murphy (writer)
Television series created by Brad Falchuk
Thriller television series
Hidden categories:
Use American English from June 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from June 2017
Pages using infobox television with editor parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 20:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: href class

value: ul

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
nofollow
https://www.fox.com/9-1-1/
external text

values:
/wiki/Television_series
mw-redirect
Television series

values:
/wiki/Radio_dispatcher
mw-redirect
Radio dispatcher

values: 2017–18 United States network television schedule

values:
description
7
border-bottom:solid 3px #B7DFCD

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.metacritic.com/tv/9-1-1

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7235466/
external text

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Template:FOXNetwork Shows (current and upcoming)

values: Template talk:FOXNetwork Shows (current and upcoming)

values: So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: The Town That Dreaded Sundown (2014 film)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:2010s American drama television series

values: Category:2018 American television series debuts

values: Category:American action television series

values: Category:Police procedural television series

values: Category:Television series by 20th Century Fox Television

values: Category:Television shows set in Los Angeles

values: Category:Television series created by Ryan Murphy (writer)

values: Category:Television series created by Brad Falchuk

values: Category:Use American English from June 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Pages using infobox television with editor parameter

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/9-1-1_(TV_series)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1
9-1-1 – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1
9-1-1 – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1
9-1-1 – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-9-1-1_TV_series rootpage-9-1-1_TV_series skin-vector action-view


text:
Authorship of Luke–Acts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The authorship of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, collectively known as Luke–Acts, is an important issue for biblical exegetes who are attempting to produce critical scholarship on the origins of the New Testament. Traditionally, the text is believed to have been written by Luke the companion of Paul (named in Colossians 4:14). However, the earliest manuscripts are anonymous, and the traditional view has been challenged by many modern scholars.[1]
Contents
1 Common authorship of Luke and Acts
2 Views on authorship
2.1 Traditional view - Luke the physician as author
2.2 Critical view - Authentic letters of Paul do not refer to Luke as a physician
2.3 Critical view - the "we" passages as fragments of earlier source
3 Interpretation of the "we" passages in authorship discussions
3.1 Historical eyewitness
3.2 Redactor
3.3 Stylistic convention
3.4 Forgery
4 See also
5 References
Common authorship of Luke and Acts[edit]
See also: Luke-Acts
Ministry of the Apostles. Russian icon by Fyodor Zubov, 1660.
There is substantial evidence to indicate that the author of The Gospel of Luke also wrote the Book of Acts. These hypothetical connections are dependent upon repeating themes that both of these books share. The most direct evidence comes from the prefaces of each book. Both prefaces are addressed to Theophilus, the author's patron—and perhaps a label for a Christian community as a whole as the name means "Beloved of God". Furthermore, the preface of Acts explicitly references "my former book" about the life of Jesus—almost certainly the work we know as The Gospel of Luke.
Furthermore, there are linguistic and theological similarities between the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts. As one scholar writes, "the extensive linguistic and theological agreements and cross-references between the Gospel of Luke and the Acts indicate that both works derive from the same author".[2] Because of their common authorship, the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles are often jointly referred to simply as Luke-Acts. Similarly, the author of Luke-Acts is often known as "Luke"—even among scholars who doubt that the author was actually named Luke.
Views on authorship[edit]
Views concerning the author of Luke-Acts typically take the following forms:
Traditional view - Luke the physician as author: the traditional view that both works were written by Luke, physician and companion of Paul.
Critical views - Anonymous non-eyewitness: the view that both works were written by an anonymous writer who was not an eyewitness of any of the events he described, and who had no eyewitness sources. Or Redaction authorship: the view that Acts in particular was written (either by an anonymous writer or the traditional Luke), using existing written sources such as a travelogue by an eyewitness.
Traditional view - Luke the physician as author[edit]
The traditional view is that the Gospel of Luke and Acts were written by the physician Luke, a companion of Paul. Many scholars believe him to be a Gentile Christian, though some scholars think Luke was a Hellenic Jew.[3][4] This Luke is mentioned in Paul's Epistle to Philemon (v.24), and in two other epistles which are traditionally ascribed to Paul (Colossians 4:14 and 2 Timothy 4:11).
The view that Luke-Acts was written by the physician Luke was nearly unanimous in the early Christian church. The Papyrus Bodmer XIV, which is the oldest known manuscript containing the ending of the gospel (dating to around 200 AD), uses the subscription "The Gospel According to Luke". Nearly all ancient sources also shared this theory of authorship—Irenaeus,[5] Tertullian,[6] Clement of Alexandria,[7] Origen, and the Muratorian Canon all regarded Luke as the author of the Luke-Acts. Neither Eusebius of Caesarea nor any other ancient writer mentions another tradition about authorship.[8]
In addition to the authorship evidence provided by the ancient sources, some feel the text of Luke-Acts supports the conclusion that its author was a companion of Paul. First among such internal evidence are portions of the book which have come to be called the "we" passages (Acts 16:10–17; 20:5–15; 21:1–18; 27:1–37; 28:1-16). Although the bulk of Acts is written in the third person, several brief sections of the book are written from a first-person perspective.[9] These "we" sections are written from the point of view of a traveling companion of Paul: e.g. "After Paul had seen the vision, we got ready at once to leave for Macedonia", "We put out to sea and sailed straight for Samothrace"[10] Such passages would appear to have been written by someone who traveled with Paul during some portions of his ministry. Accordingly, some have used this evidence to support the conclusion that these passages, and therefore the entire text of the Luke-Acts, were written by a traveling companion of Paul's. The physician Luke would be one such person.
It has also been argued that level of detail used in the narrative describing Paul's travels suggests an eyewitness source. In 1882 Hobart claimed that the vocabulary used in Luke-Acts suggests its author may have had medical training, but this assertion was challenged by an influential study by Cadbury in 1926 that argued Luke's medical terminology was no different than terminology used by other non physician authors such as Plutarch.[11][12][13]
The traditional view recognizes that Luke was not an eyewitness of the events in the Gospel, nor of the events prior to Paul's arrival in Troas in Acts 16:8, and the first "we" passage is Acts 16:10.[14] In the preface to Luke, the author refers to having eyewitness testimony of events in the Gospel "handed down to us" and to having undertaken a "careful investigation", but the author does not mention his own name or explicitly claim to be an eyewitness to any of the events, except for the we passages.
Critical view - Authentic letters of Paul do not refer to Luke as a physician[edit]
The epistle of Philemon, almost universally accepted as an authentic letter of Paul, merely includes the name "Luke" among other "co-workers" of Paul who are sending greetings to the letter's recipients (Philemon, verse 24). The identification of Luke as a physician comes from Colossians 4:14, but Colossians is believed by many New Testament scholars to be pseudonymous (i.e. written under a false name), although just as many believe it an authentic writing of Paul, likely by means of an amanuensis.[15] 2 Timothy 4:11 also mentions a "Luke" and refers to him being "with me" but most modern scholars do not accept 2 Timothy as an authentic letter of Paul either.[16]
Critical view - the "we" passages as fragments of earlier source[edit]
See also: Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles
In the "we" passages, the narrative is written in the first person plural but the author never refers to himself as "I" or "me". Some[who?] regard the "we" passages as fragments of a second document, part of some earlier account, which was later incorporated into Acts by the later author of Luke-Acts.[citation needed] Many modern scholars have expressed doubt that the author of Luke-Acts was the physician Luke, and critical opinion on the subject was assessed to be roughly evenly divided near the end of the 20th century.[17] Instead, they believe Luke-Acts was written by an anonymous Christian author who may not have been an eyewitness to any of the events recorded within the text. The author of Acts "wanted his readers to understand that he was for a time a traveling companion of Paul, even though he was not."[18] Alternatively Vernon Robbins (1978) regards the "we" passages as a Greek rhetorical device used for sea voyages.[19] However, more recent scholars have since written on the incoherence of Robbins' sea voyages literary device theory by arguing that contemporary first-person accounts were the exception rather than the rule, that Robbins' cited literature is too broad in both linguistic range (Egyptian, Greek, and Latin) and its temporal extent (1800 BC to third century AD), many of the literary sea voyages cited represented the author's actual presence and were not literary devices at all, many of his examples use the third-person throughout and not just during sea voyages, etc.[20]
Interpretation of the "we" passages in authorship discussions[edit]
The "we" passages—a number of verses in Acts are written in the first person plural ("we") apparently indicating that the writer is participating in the events he is describing—were first interpreted by Irenaeus as evidence that the writer was a personal eyewitness of these events, and a companion of Paul on his travels; the traditional Luke.[21] This interpretation had come under sustained criticism by the middle of the twentieth century.[22]
Although there currently exists no scholarly consensus on the "we" passages,[23] three interpretations in particular have become dominant: a) the writer was a genuine historical eyewitness, b), the writer was redacting existing written material or oral sources, whether by genuine eyewitnesses or not, c) use of the first person plural is a deliberate stylistic device which was common to the genre of the work, but which was not intended to indicate a historical eyewitness.[24][25] New Testament scholar Bart Ehrman goes beyond the theory of stylistic insertions to propose that the "we" passages are deliberate deceptions, designed to convince readers that the author was a travelling companion of Paul, even though he was not.[26]
Historical eyewitness[edit]
The interpretation of the "we" passages as indicative that the writer was a historical eyewitness (whether Luke the evangelist or not), remains the most influential in current biblical studies.[27] Objections to this viewpoint mainly take the form of the following two interpretations, but also include the claim that Luke-Acts contains differences in theology and historical narrative which are irreconcilable with the authentic letters of Paul the apostle.[28]
Redactor[edit]
The interpretation of the "we" passages as an earlier written source incorporated into Acts by a later redactor (whether Luke the evangelist or not), acknowledges the apparent historicity of these texts whilst viewing them as distinct from the main work.[29][30][31][32][33] This view has been criticized for failing to provide sufficient evidence of a distinction between the source text and the document into which it was incorporated.[34]
Stylistic convention[edit]
Noting the use of the "we" passages in the context of travel by ship, some scholars have viewed the "we" passages as a literary convention typical to shipboard voyages in travel romance literature of this period.[35][36][37] This view has been criticized for failing to find appropriate parallels,[38][39][40][41][42][43] and for failing to establish the existence of such a stylistic convention.[44] Distinctive differences between Acts and the works of a fictional genre have also been noted, indicating that Acts does not belong to this genre.[45][46][47]
Forgery[edit]
According to Bart D. Ehrman, the "we" passages are written by someone falsely claiming to have been a travelling companion of Paul, in order to present the untrue idea that the author had firsthand knowledge of Paul's views and activities. Ehrman holds that The Acts of the Apostles is thereby shown to be a forgery.[48]
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Acts of the Apostles – Wikipedia book
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce; Coogan, Michael (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 'Acts of the Apostles'; "Luke, The Gospel According to".
Jump up ^ (Udo Schnelle, The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings, p. 259).
Jump up ^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "The Gospels" pp. 266–268
Jump up ^ Strelan, Rick - Luke the Priest - the Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel - Was Luke a Jew or Gentile? Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., May 1, 2013, pages 102-110.
Jump up ^ (Haer. 3.1.1, 3.14.1)
Jump up ^ (Marc. 4.2.2)
Jump up ^ (Paedagogus 2.1.15 and Stromata 5.12.82)
Jump up ^ It should however be noted that the same church fathers unanimously insisted that the Gospel of Matthew was the source for the Gospel of Mark. Today, there is scholarly consensus of just the opposite.
Jump up ^ Acts 16:10–17, 20:5–15, 21:1–18, and 27:1–28:16
Jump up ^ Acts 16:10
Jump up ^ "Efforts to argue that the Third Gospel demonstrates that its author was a doctor have been abandoned today. Hobart argued that the sheer number of healing stories and the vocabulary demonstrated that Luke was a physician.10 However, Cadbury later refuted these claims by proving that Luke showed no more “medical” language than other educated writers of his day.11 Of course, the healing stories and “medical” vocabulary are consistent with authorship by a physician. They simply do not prove it.", Black, M. C. (1996). Luke. College Press NIV commentary. Joplin, Mo.: College Press Pub.
Jump up ^ "Colossians 4:14 refers to Luke as a doctor. In 1882, Hobart tried to bolster this connection by indicating all the technical verbal evidence for Luke’s vocation. Despite the wealth of references Hobart gathered, the case was rendered ambiguous by the work of Cadbury (1926), who showed that almost all of the alleged technical medical vocabulary appeared in everyday Greek documents such as the LXX, Josephus, Lucian, and Plutarch. This meant that the language could have come from a literate person within any vocation. Cadbury’s work does not, however, deny that Luke could have been a doctor, but only that the vocabulary of these books does not guarantee that he was one.", Bock, D. L. (1994). Luke Volume 1: 1:1-9:50. Baker exegetical commentary on the New Testament (7). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books
Jump up ^ Attempts have been made to strengthen the argument for authorship by a physician by finding examples of medical phraseology in Luke-Acts; these are too few to be made the basis of an argument, but there is perhaps just sufficient evidence to corroborate a view more firmly based on other considerations.", Marshall, I. H. (1978). The Gospel of Luke : A commentary on the Greek text. The New international Greek testament commentary (33–34). Exeter [Eng.: Paternoster Press.]
Jump up ^ The First Christian Historian: Writing the "Acts of the Apostles" - Page 24 Daniel Marguerat - 2002 It is necessary to investigate more fully Luke's orchestration of the convergence of Greek culture and ancient Jewish tradition, Rome and Jerusalem.76 The 'we-passages' The 'we-passages' (16. 10–17; 20. 5–15; 21. 1–18; 27. 1– 28.
Jump up ^ "The cumulative weight of the many differences from the undisputed Pauline epistles has persuaded most modern [also some XVI century] scholars that Paul did not write Colossians ... Those who defend the authenticity of the letter include Martin, Caird, Houlden, Cannon and Moule. Some... describe the letter as Pauline but say that it was heavily interpolated or edited. Schweizer suggests that Col was jointly written by Paul and Timothy. The position taken here is that Col is Deutero-Pauline; it was composed after Paul’s lifetime, between AD 70 (Gnilka) and AD 80 (Lohse) by someone who knew the Pauline tradition. Lohse regards Col as the product of a Pauline school tradition, probably located in Ephesus." [TNJBC 1990 p. 877]
Jump up ^ Collins, Raymond F. 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. 2004. p. 4 ISBN 0-664-22247-1
"By the end of the twentieth century New Testament scholarship was virtually unanimous in affirming that the Pastoral Epistles were written some time after Paul's death."
Jump up ^ Brown, Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. pp. 267–8. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
Jump up ^ Ehrman B. Forgery and Counterforgery pp264-5
Jump up ^ Robbins, Vernon. "Perspectives on Luke-Acts", http://www.christianorigins.com/bylandbysea.html. Originally appeared in: Perspectives on Luke-Acts. C. H. Talbert, ed. Perspectives in Religious Studies, Special Studies Series, No. 5. Macon, Ga: Mercer Univ. Press and Edinburgh: T.& T. Clark, 1978: 215-242.
Jump up ^ Witherington, Ben. The Acts of the Apostles. Wm. B. Erdmans Publishing Co., 1997: 483-484. http://www.christiancadre.org/member_contrib/cp_wepassages.html.
Jump up ^ "Irenaeus's understanding of the "we" passages was for many centuries the accepted interpretation of them. Indeed, there was no serious challenge to the author-as-eyewitness solution until the beginning of the modern period a millennium and a half later.", Campbell, "The "we" passages in the Acts of the Apostles: the narrator as narrative", p.3 (2007). Society of Biblical Literature.
Jump up ^ "By the second decade of the twentieth century, most Acts scholars were in agreement that the author had fashioned the narrative out of a variety of written sources. A number of them, however, did not accept the source-as-eyewitness solution to the "we" question.", Campbell, "The "we" passages in the Acts of the Apostles: the narrator as narrative", p. 6 (2007). Society of Biblical Literature.
Jump up ^ "Present scholarship still struggles to make sense of the so-called "we-passages" in Acts 16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; 27:1-28:16.", Rothschild, "Luke-Acts and the rhetoric of history", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen testament 2. Reihe 175, p. 264 (2004). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany.
Jump up ^ "Three interpretations dominate: 1) the author offers a perspective from his own life experience; 2) the author is in possession of an itinerarium source; and 3) first person plural pronouns represent stylistic insertions.", Rothschild, "Luke-Acts and the rhetoric of history", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen testament 2. Reihe 175, p. 265 (2004). Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen, Germany.
Jump up ^ "Representing the first view are Johannes Munck, The Acts of the Apostles (AB 31; Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1967) xxix-xxxv; Robert Jewett, A chronology of Paul's Life (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) 12-17; Martin Hengel, Acts and the History of Early Christianity, trans. John Bowden (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980); German: Zur urchristlichen Geschichtsschreibung (Stuttgart: Calwer, 1979); Clause-Jurgen Thornton, Der Zeuge des Zeugen als Historiker der Paulureisen. (WUNT 56; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1991) 192ff. Representing the second are F.D.E Scheleirmacher, W.M.L. de Wette, and W. Bindemann ("Verkundigter Verkungdiger. Das Paulusbild der Wir-Stucke in der Apostelgeschichte: seine Aufnahme und Bearbeitung durch Lukas," ThLZ 114 [1989] 705-20). Dibelius accepted the hypothesis of an itinerary source: "It must certainly be assumed that Luke had available as a source for Paul's Journeys an itinerary of the stations on the journey" ("The Acts of the Apostles as an Historical Source," p. 104); however, Dibelius was never clear about the relationship between the we-passages and this source: "I shall not deal with the questions as to whether the itinerary was the work of the same author and whether the 'we' was already in the text of this source or added when the Acts was written, since the answers to these questions do not affect my examination" ("Paul on the Areopagus," p. 73, n. 27).", Rothschild, "Luke-Acts and the rhetoric of history", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen testament 2. Reihe 175, p. 265 (2004). Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen, Germany.
Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2011). Forged. New York: HarperOne HarperCollins. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-06-201261-6.
Jump up ^ "A glance at recent extended treatments of the "we" passages and commentaries demonstrates that, within biblical scholarship, solutions in the historical eyewitness traditions continue to be the most influential explanations for the first-person plural style in Acts. Of the two latest full-length studies on the "we" passages, for example, one argues that the first-person accounts came from Silas, a companion of Paul but not the author, and the other proposes that first-person narration was Luke's (Paul's companion and the author of Acts) method of communicating his participation in the events narrated.17 17. Jurgen Wehnert, Die Wir-Passegen der Apostelgeschitchte: Ein lukanisches Stilmittel aus judischer Tradition (GTA 40; Gottingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989); Claus-Jurgen Thornton, Der Zeuge des Zeugen: Lukas als Historiker der Paulus reisen (WUNT 56; Tugingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1991). See also, Barrett, Acts of the Apostles, and Fitzmyer, Acts of the Apostles.", Campbell, "The "we" passages in the Acts of the Apostles: the narrator as narrative", p. 8 (2007). Society of Biblical Literature.
Jump up ^ "The principle essay in this regard is P. Vielhauer, 'On the "Paulinism" of Acts', in L.E. Keck and J. L. Martyn (eds.), Studies in Luke-Acts (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1975), 33-50, who suggests that Luke's presentation of Paul was, on several fronts, a contradiction of Paul's own letters (e.g. attitudes on natural theology, Jewish law, christology, eschatology). This has become the standard position in German scholarship, e.g., Conzelmann, Acts; J. Roloff, Die Apostelgeschichte (NTD; Berlin: Evangelische, 1981) 2-5; Schille, Apostelgeschichte des Lukas, 48-52. This position has been challenged most recently by Porter, "The Paul of Acts and the Paul of the Letters: Some Common Misconceptions', in his Paul of Acts, 187-206. See also I.H. Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles (TNTC; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Leister: InterVarsity Press, 1980) 42-44; E.E. Ellis, The Gospel of Luke (NCB; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; London: Marshall, Morgan and Scott, 2nd edn, 1974) 45-47.", Pearson, "Corresponding sense: Paul, dialectic, and Gadamer", Biblical Interpretation Series, p. 101 (2001). Brill.
Jump up ^ "The "we" passages appear so unobtrusively that the most natural way to read them is still the quiet presence of the author or a source.", Sterling, "Historiography and self-definition: Josephos, Luke-Acts, and Apologetic Historiography", p. 326 (1992). Brill.
Jump up ^ "Dibelius accepted the hypothesis of an intinerary source: "It must certainly be assumed that Luke had available as a source for Paul's Journeys an intinerary of the stations on the journey" ("The Acts of the Apostles as an Historical Source," p. 104); however, Dibelius was never clear about the relationship between the we-passages and this source: "I shall not deal with the questions as to whether the intinerary was the work of the same author and whether the 'we' was already in the text of this source or added when the Acts was written, since the answers to these questions do not affect my examination" ("Paul on the Areopagus," p. 73, n. 27).", Rothschild, "Luke-Acts and the rhetoric of history", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen testament 2. Reihe 175, p. 265 (2004). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany.
Jump up ^ "We are on terra firma to recognize that Paul had a companion named Luke. We also know that this Luke came to be associated with the authorship of Luke-Acts on the basis of the "we" passages from Acts. It is possible that Luke, Paul's companion, is the source for the "we" passages in Acts and perhaps for more of the material in Acts 13-28. This Luke would be a second generation Christian. (Paul must be considered a first generation Christian.) towards the end of the first century (see below) a third generation Christian - who had not accompanied Paul - using Luke as his authority for the latter hallf of Acts composed Luke-Acts. It is impossible to say whether the author knew Luke personally or had a written source, although the unanimity of the tradition suggests a strong (and therefore personal) connection between the author and Paul's traveling companion.", Sterling, "Historiography and self-definition: Josephos, Luke-Acts, and Apologetic Historiography", p. 326 (1992). Brill.
Jump up ^ "Porter argues that the "we" sections were a source document that the author of Acts used, preserving its first-person form. S. Porter, "The 'We' Passages," in The Book of Acts in its Greco-Roman Setting, ed. D.W.J. Gill and C.H. Gemph (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994), 545-574.", Allen, "Lukan Authorship of Hebrews", p. 125 (2010). B&H Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ "I conclude that the "we" passages were a previously written source used by the author of Acts, probably not originating with him.", Porter, "The Paul of Acts: essays in literary criticism, rhetoric, and theology", p. 11 (1999). Mohr Siebeck.
Jump up ^ "Although Porter's argument is certainly possible, it is not sufficient in my view to overturn the traditional view that the author of the "we" passages was Luke himself. Schmidt concluded from his study of the style of the "we" sections that no basis exists for isolating this material from the rest of Acts. He found insufficient evidence to suggest that the "we" sections were either added to a source or retained from a source, even a source from the same author. D. Schmidt, "Syntactical Style in the 'We'-Sections of Acts: How Lukan is it?" SBLSP, ed. D. Lull (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), 300-8. Edmundson's point is well-taken: "There are few passages in ancient historical literature more clearly the work not merely of a contemporary writer but of an observant eyewitness in than is the narrative contained in the last seven chapters of Acts" (The Church in Rome in the First Century [London: Longmans, 1913], 87).", Allen, "Lukan Authorship of Hebrews", p. 125 (2010). B&H Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ Plumacher, Eckhard, "Lukas als hellenistischer Schriftsteller: Studien zur Apostelgeschichte", SUNT 9; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.1972.
Jump up ^ Pervo, Richard I., "Profit with Delight: The Literary Genre of the Acts of the Apostles". Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1987
Jump up ^ Robbins, VK "By Land and by Sea: The We-Passages and Ancient Sea Voyages." Perspectives in Luke-Acts. Ed. CH Talbert. Danville, Va. : Association of Baptist Professors of Religion, 1978, 215-242.
Jump up ^ "The conventional eyewitness proposals advocating a sea-voyage genre (Robbins) or the customary practices of historiography (Plumacher) have been shown to lack sufficient clear parallels in ancient literature on which the arguments for them rely, a weakness that Plumacher himself acknowledges.", Campbell, "The "we" passages in the Acts of the Apostles: the narrator as narrative", p. 11 (2007). Society of Biblical Literature.
Jump up ^ "Likewise, the theory that Luke is simply employing a common literary convention characteristic of sea-voyage narratives has proven an inadequate explanation for the full range of "we" passages in Acts.", Bonz, "The past as legacy: Luke-Acts and ancient epic", p. 10(2000). Fortress Press.
Jump up ^ "Some have cited passages from Achilles Tatius (2.31.6; 3.1.1; 4.9.6) and Heliodorus (5.17) as illustrating the use of the first person sea-voyage convention in the ancient novelists. Pervo is probably wise in not suggesting these as parallels, however, since they are not the kind of sustained usage of the 'we' convention in narrative that the hypothesis requires or that is found in the book of Acts. Furthermore, the sea-voyage convention is not established by usage in the Odyssey, including the passage cited by Pervo above, as well as Vergil's Aeneid (3.5) or any number of other writers sometimes mentioned (see section III below for further discussion).", Porter, "The 'We' Passages", in Gill & Gempf (eds.), "The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting", p. 553 (1994). Eerdmans.
Jump up ^ "The literary genres are not similar enough to constitute parallels, the instances of first person usage are often incomparable because they are too brief or are first-hand accounts by the actual authors or clearly reflect a flashback technique, and there is not the kind of straightforward equation with the sea voyage that would be necessary to establish this as an ancient literary type.", Porter, "The 'We' Passages", in Gill & Gempf (eds.), "The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting", p. 558 (1994). Eerdmans.
Jump up ^ "In her study, Praeder, after comparison of ancient sea voyage accounts, concludes that these accounts are quite varied in style and approach, with none of them a true parallel with the accounts in Acts 27-28. She concludes: "Thus the fact that Acts 27:1-8 and 28:11-16 are travelogues is no guarantee of their literary genre, reliability or unreliability, or purpose in Acts 27:1-28:16."25 25 S.M. Praeder, 'Acts 27:1-1:28:16: Sea Voyages in Ancient Literature and the Theology of Luke-Acts," CBQ 46 (1984) 688.", Porter, "The Paul of Acts: essays in literary criticism, rhetoric, and theology", p. 18 (1999). Mohr Siebeck.
Jump up ^ "Whatever the function of the first person in the 'we-passage', it is not used in the Herodotean fashion to provide comment on the narrated from the perspective of a detached observer. On the contrary, this author projects himself as a participant in the action who explicitly shares the religious perspective of his characters: cf. 16.10, where the narrator identifies himself with the group which shares both in the theological interpretation of Paul's vision and in the commission which it implies.", Alexander, "Acts in its ancient literary context: a classicist looks at the Acts of the Apostles", Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement, p. 158 (2007). Continuum Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ "For example, not only does Pervo overstate the importance and significance of the shipwreck motif, present in part in the "we" passages, but he gives a distorted view of its relationship to Acts in the ancient novels. He claims to show that the major features of the convention of the shipwreck appear in Acts. In the parallels that he cites from the ancient novelists, however, not one of the sources he cites has all of the features that Acts does. His model of the shipwreck is apparently his own reconstruction of this type, and not one found in ancient literature in the kind of detail that he claims, or that is necessary to establish the validity of the parallel.", Porter, "The Paul of Acts: essays in literary criticism, rhetoric, and theology", p. 18 (1999). Mohr Siebeck.
Jump up ^ "All of this suggests that, from the perspective of at least one group of ancient readers (readers, that is, attuned to this Greek literary debate), Acts might well be classed at first sight as fiction. Nevertheless, there are disturbing features about the construction of Luke's narrative which make it difficult to sustain this classification. The exotic setting does not quite live up to the expectations of the novel-reader. Syria-Palestine turns out to be neither bandit-infested wilderness nor pastoral countryside, but a network of cities and streets which exhibit much the same humdrum features as the rest of the Mediterranean world. Travel takes place not in the archaic fantasy landscape of Greek romance but in the real, contemporary world of the Roman empire, and it is described in intensely (even boringly) realistic terms; unlike the novelists, this narrator takes the trouble to find out about winds and harbours, cargoes and ports of call. The shipwreck (and there is only one, as against Paul's three: 2 Cor. 11.25) is described in dramatic but realistic terms - and there is no divine intervention, only a private vision to reassure the hero that the ship's passengers, will survive. The miracles which punctuate the narrative also have unusual features for the Greek reader. Unlike the 'marvels' of the Greek novels, they are presented as real events of supernatural origin, not coincidences or dramatic fakes.", Alexander, "Acts in its ancient literary context: a classicist looks at the Acts of the Apostles", Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement, pp. 158-159 (2007). Continuum Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ "Unlike the novels, however, Acts provides no final resolution for its characters' pathe. It has an open-ended character which dissipates any feel of romantic fantasy: suffering and conflict are part of the agenda for the foreseeable future (Acts 20.29-30, 14.22), and Paul's trial narrative has no happy ending.", Alexander, "Acts in its ancient literary context: a classicist looks at the Acts of the Apostles", Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement, p. 159 (2007). Continuum Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ Witherington B., The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Carlisle: Paternoster Press 1998, 22-23, 53-54, 480ff
Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2011). Forged. New York: HarperOne HarperCollins. pp. 206–208. ISBN 978-0-06-201261-6.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_Luke–Acts&oldid=857071561"
Categories:
Biblical authorship debates
Acts of the Apostles
Gospel of Luke
Hidden categories:
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 11:11 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Colossians mw-redirect Colossians

attrs: rel class href

value: sup

value: p

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: toctogglelabel toctogglecheckbox

values: Edit section: Common authorship of Luke and Acts

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Theophilus_(Biblical)
mw-redirect
Theophilus (Biblical)

values: Edit section: Traditional view - Luke the physician as author

values:
/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus
mw-redirect
Paul of Tarsus

values:
/wiki/Muratorian_Canon
mw-redirect
Muratorian Canon

values:
/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea
mw-redirect
Eusebius of Caesarea

values: Edit section: Critical view - Authentic letters of Paul do not refer to Luke as a physician

values:
/wiki/Philemon_(New_Testament_person)
mw-redirect
Philemon (New Testament person)

values: Edit section: Critical view - the "we" passages as fragments of earlier source

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2012)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Vernon_Robbins
mw-redirect
Vernon Robbins

values: Edit section: Interpretation of the "we" passages in authorship discussions

values:
/wiki/Bart_Ehrman
mw-redirect
Bart Ehrman

values:
/wiki/Paul_the_apostle
mw-redirect
Paul the apostle

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris
mw-redirect
Stephen L Harris

values:
/wiki/Continuum_Publishing
mw-redirect
Continuum Publishing

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2012

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: Autoria do Evangelho segundo Lucas e dos Atos dos Apóstolos – Portuguese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Authorship_of_Luke–Acts rootpage-Authorship_of_Luke–Acts skin-vector action-view