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England–Germany football rivalry
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England–Germany football rivalry
Friendly match between England and Germany at Wembley Stadium
Locale
Europe (UEFA)
Teams
England
Germany
First meeting
20 May 1930
Friendly
England 3–3 Germany
Latest meeting
10 November 2017
Friendly
England 0–0 Germany
Statistics
Meetings total
32
Most wins
Germany (15 wins)
Largest victory
Germany 1–5 England
(1 September 2001)
Largest goal scoring
England 6–3 Germany
(14 May 1938)
The England–Germany football rivalry is considered to be mainly an English phenomenon—in the run-up to any competition match between the two teams, many UK newspapers will print articles detailing results of previous encounters, such as those in 1966 and 1990. Football fans in England often consider Germany to be their main sporting rivals and care more about this rivalry than those with other nations, such as Argentina or Scotland. Most German fans consider the Netherlands or Italy to be their traditional footballing rivals, and as such, usually the rivalry is not taken quite as seriously there as it is in England.
The English and German national football teams have played each other since the end of the 19th century, and officially since 1930. The teams met for the first time in November 1899, when England beat Germany in four straight matches. Notable matches between England and Germany (or West Germany) include the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, and the semi-finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1996.
As of 2016, Germany has won four World Cups and three European Championships, and has played in a total of fourteen finals in those two tournaments. England has won one World Cup in the only final they ever reached in either tournament. The most recent encounter ended as a draw, the two sides drawing 0-0 in a friendly at Wembley Stadium.
Football is a simple game; 22 men chase a ball for 90 minutes and at the end, the Germans win.
—  Gary Lineker[1]
In this article, references to the German football team include the former West Germany football team before German reunification.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early encounters
1.2 1966–69: 1966 FIFA World Cup
1.3 1970–89: 1970 FIFA World Cup
1.4 1990–99: 1990 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1996
1.5 2000–09: 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier
1.6 2010–present: 2010 FIFA World Cup
2 Comparison of England and Germany in major international tournaments
3 Women's football
3.1 Club football
3.2 National teams
4 Media and public reactions
4.1 English
4.2 Germany
5 List of matches
6 East Germany's team
7 Club level
8 Players
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Early encounters[edit]
England and Germany have played 30 official matches against each other since 1930.
The Football Association instigated a four-game tour of Germany and Austria by a representative England team in November 1899. The England team played a representative German team in Berlin on 23 November 1899. The German side lost 13–2. Two days later a slightly altered German side lost 10–2. The third and fourth matches were played in Prague and Karlsruhe against a combined Austrian and German side, and England won 6–0 and 7–0. Those games cannot be considered as "official" because the German federation (DFB) was not founded until 28 January 1900.
The first ever full international between the two teams was a friendly match played on Saturday 10 May 1930, in Berlin. England were 1–0 and 2–1 up in the game, but after losing a player to injury went behind 3–2, before a late goal from David Jack brought the score to 3–3, which was how the game finished.[2]
The next match between the two teams was played on 4 December 1935, at White Hart Lane in London, the first full international to take place between the teams in England and the first since the rise to power of Hitler and the Nazis in 1933. It was also the first match to stir up particular controversy, as The Observer newspaper reported protests by the British Trades Union Congress that the game could be used as a propaganda event by the Nazi regime. "No recent sporting event has been treated with such high seriousness in Germany as this match ... Between 7,500 and 8,000 Germans will travel via Dover, and special trains will bring them to London. A description broadcast throughout Germany ... Sir Walter Citrine, General Secretary of the TUC, in a further letter to Sir John Simon, the Home Secretary, said that 'such a large and carefully organised Nazi contingent coming to London might confirm the impression among people in this country that the event is being regarded as of some political importance by the visitors'."[3]
Of the match itself, however, which England won 3–0, the same newspaper reported the following week that: "So chivalrous in heart and so fair in tackling were the English and German teams who played at Tottenham in mid-week that even the oldest of veterans failed to recall an international engagement played with such good manners by everybody."[4]
The next game between the two teams, and the last to be played before the Second World War, was again in Germany, a friendly at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 14 May 1938, played in front of a crowd of 110,000 people. It was the last time England played against a unified German team until the 1990s. This was the most controversial of all the early encounters between the two teams, as before kick-off the English players were ordered by the Foreign Office to line up and perform a Nazi salute in respect to their hosts. How compliant the players were with this situation has been a matter of debate, with a feature in The Observer in 2001 speculating that they were "perhaps merely indifferent players (who had undoubtedly become more reluctant, to the point of mutiny, by the time the post-war memoirs were published)."[5]
A BBC News Online report published in 2003 reported that the salute was calculated to show: "that Germany, which two months earlier had annexed Austria, was not a pariah state. The friendly game effectively helped clear the way for Chamberlain's "Peace for our time" deal with Hitler, which, in turn, led to Germany's invasion of Czechoslovakia."[6] England won the match 6–3, but according to German writer Ulrich Linder, author of the book Strikers for Hitler: "To lose to England at the time was nothing unusual because basically everybody lost to [them] at the time. For Hitler the propaganda effect of that game was more important than anything else."[6]
The two countries did not meet again on a football pitch for sixteen years. Two German states had been founded in 1949, with the Germany national football team continuing its tradition, based in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1990. The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) fielded a separate national football team; although the English did play some matches against them, the rivalry never developed the same edge or high-profile.
In a friendly at Wembley Stadium on 1 December 1954, England won 3–1 against an under-strength West German side, who were at the time the champions of the world, having won the 1954 FIFA World Cup. England won further friendlies against West Germany in 1956 (3–1 at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin) and 1965 (1–0 in Nuremberg).
1966–69: 1966 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Final
England and Germany met at Wembley again on 23 February 1966, as part of their preparations for the 1966 FIFA World Cup, which was to be held in England. England again won 1–0, with a goal from Nobby Stiles, and the match also saw the first appearance for England of West Ham United striker Geoff Hurst.
Both countries had a successful World Cup in 1966, and met in the final played at Wembley on Saturday, 30 July 1966. This was and still is regarded by many as the most important match ever played between the two teams, and it was also the first time they had ever met in a competitive game, as opposed to the friendly matches they had played before. It was also a highly eventful and in some respects controversial game, which created[citation needed] the modern rivalry between the teams.
England led 2–1 until the very end of normal time, when a German goal levelled the scores and took the match into extra time. In the first period of extra time, England striker Geoff Hurst had a shot on goal which bounced down from the crossbar and then out of the goal, before being cleared away by the German defenders.[7] The England players celebrated a goal, but the referee was unsure as to whether or not the ball had crossed the line when it hit the ground. After consulting with a linesman, Tofiq Bahramov, the referee awarded a goal to England. Bahramov, from the USSR, became famous and celebrated in English popular culture as "the Russian linesman", although he was actually from Azerbaijan. When England played the Azerbaijan national team in a World Cup qualifier in October 2004—in a stadium named after Bahramov—many England fans travelling to the game asked to be shown the grave of the official, who had died in 1993, so that they could place flowers on it, and before the game a ceremony honouring him was attended by Hurst and other footballing celebrities.[8]
Germany, however, did not believe that the ball had crossed the line, with commentators such as Robert Becker of Kicker magazine accusing the linesman of bias because the German team had eliminated the USSR in the semi-final.[9] Modern studies using film analysis and computer simulation have suggested the ball never crossed the line – both Duncan Gillies of the Visual Information Processing Group at Imperial College London and Ian Reid and Andrew Zisserman of the Department of Engineering Science at University of Oxford agree that the ball would have needed to travel a further 2.5–6 cm to fully cross the line, and that therefore this was not a fair goal.[10] In Germany it led to the creation of the expression "Wembley-Tor", or "Wembley-Goal", a phrase used to describe any goal scored in a similar fashion to Hurst's.
England, however, scored another controversial goal at the end of extra time, winning 4–2. This goal came after fans began to spill onto the field, thinking the game was over, which should have stopped play. The goal, a third for Hurst (making him the only man ever to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final), was described by BBC Television commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme in a now-famous piece of commentary, "They think it's all over... it is now!", referring to the English fans who had spilled onto the field. The expression has become a celebrated part of English popular culture, indelibly linked with the game in the minds of the English public.
The 1966 final's influence on the culture surrounding the England team would not end there, however. Despite playing on their home soil, England wore their away kit of red shirts, white shorts and red socks, and since then England fans have had a special affinity for their team's away kit, with retro 1966 shirts selling well in recent years.
The game is often held as having been the height of English sporting achievement, but it also created some less favourable legacies; a common chant among England supporters at Germany games is "Two World Wars and One World Cup" to the tune of "Camptown Races".[11]
Two years after the World Cup, on 1 June 1968, the two teams met again in another friendly match, this time in West Germany, in which the Germans won their first victory over an English team, 38 years after they had first played. The scoreline was 1–0, Franz Beckenbauer scoring for West Germany, but as Hugh McIlvanney wrote in his match report for The Observer: "Comparing this miserable hour and a half (in which fouls far outnumbered examples of creative football) with the last great meeting between the countries is entirely fatuous. But that will not prevent the Germans from doing it. Their celebrations will not be inhibited by the knowledge that today's losers were almost a reserve team, and even the agonies of boredom they shared with us will now seem worthwhile. They have beaten England, and that is enough."[12]
1970–89: 1970 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Far more noted and remembered, however, was the next competitive meeting between the two teams, in the quarter-finals of the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. England were 2–0 up, but Beckenbauer and Uwe Seeler equalised at 2–2 in the second half. In extra time, Geoff Hurst had a goal mysteriously ruled out[13] and then Gerd Müller scored in extra time to win 3–2. England had been weakened by losing their goalkeeper Gordon Banks to illness, and also substituted Bobby Charlton, one of their leading players, while the Germans were in the midst of their comeback. As McIlvanney put it when reflecting on the loss five days later, "Sir Alf Ramsey's team are out because the best goalkeeper most people have ever seen turned sick, and one who is only slightly less gifted was overwhelmed by the suddenness of his promotion. In sport disaster often feeds upon itself but this was a sickeningly gluttonous example."[14]
The result was psychologically damaging for English morale—as The Guardian newspaper described in a 2006 feature: "Four days later Harold Wilson blamed Labour's loss in the general election on the defeat. This marked the start of two decades of German footballing dominance and England's decline."[15]
Two years later the teams met once more, in the quarter-finals of the European Championship, which were at the time held on a home-and-away basis. England lost 3–1 at Wembley on 29 April 1972 in the home leg, and on 13 May could only draw 0–0 in West Germany, being knocked out of the competition. Said The Observer in 2001: "England may have been robbed of the chance in Mexico ... but there were no shortage of excuses – the heat, the hostile crowd, the food which had felled Banks, the errors of Bonnetti ... It was a conspiracy of fate more than a footballing defeat. In 1972, there were no excuses at all. West Germany did not just knock England out of the European Championships, they came to Wembley and comprehensively outclassed England."[5] McIlvanney wrote in his match report for The Observer: "No Englishman can ever again warm himself with the old assumption that, on the football field if nowhere else, the Germans are an inferior race."[16]
1990–99: 1990 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1996[edit]
There were several friendly games played in the 1970s and 1980s, with wins for both nations, but the next competitive match—a second round group game at the 1982 FIFA World Cup—ended in a disappointing 0–0 draw. England were later eliminated from that competition after drawing Spain 0-0. However, when the teams next met competitively, at the 1990 FIFA World Cup, it was a rather more dramatic and eventful clash in the semi-finals, the first time England had reached that far in the competition since their win in 1966.
In summer 1990, the process of German reunification had advanced far, with the Deutsche Mark being introduced in the East two days before the semifinals on 3 July. Unlike in previous decades, East German fans could openly support the German team of the DFB which by then had an 80+ year tradition.
The England team had started the event poorly and had not been expected to reach that stage of the competition, but in the game they could match the stronger German team, managed by Franz Beckenbauer. The Germans took the lead in the 59th minute when a free-kick from Andreas Brehme deflected off Paul Parker and over goalkeeper Peter Shilton. Gary Lineker equalised in the 80th minute, and then David Platt had a goal ruled out in extra time. The result was thus decided by a penalty shoot-out—the England team's first—which West Germany won 4–3 after misses from Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle. West Germany went on to beat Argentina in the final.
Manager Franz Beckenbauer led the German football team to victory against England in 1990.
The match stayed heavily in the English popular consciousness — not simply for the football and the dramatic manner of the defeat, but also for the reaction of star player Paul Gascoigne to receiving a yellow card. His second of the tournament, his realisation that this would see him suspended for the final should England make it prompted him to burst into tears on the pitch. Said The Observer in 2004, "There are half a dozen images that define this decade of change, which help to show why football widened its appeal. First, and most important, is the sight of Paul Gascoigne crying into his England shirt after being booked in the 1990 World Cup semi-final against West Germany. Unaggressive and emotional, a billboard image that helped to start an apparently unstoppable surge in popularity for the national team."[17]
Despite this rehabilitation of the image of football aided by the English national team's success in the 1990 tournament, the narrow defeat by Germany helped to increase the antipathy felt towards the German team and the German nation in general. Mark Perryman wrote in 2006: "How could we expect to beat mighty (West) Germany, who had only narrowly lost the final four years previously? To my mind it is the fact that we so nearly did, then lost in the penalty shoot-out that explains the past 16 years of an increasingly bitter rivalry."[18]
Germany was reunited in October 1990. For the DFB team, few things changed apart from players previously capped for East Germany becoming eligible for the united German team. This made little difference to the tone and emotion of the rivalry.
England's first match against the unified Germany since 1938 was a friendly in 1991 at Wembley, which the Germans won 1–0. Five years later, at the 1996 European Championships, England played a unified German team for the first time in a competitive fixture, when they met in the semi-finals. Like the 1966 World Cup, the tournament was being held in England, and the semi-final was played at Wembley Stadium. England's fans and team were confident, particularly after wins in the group stage over Scotland (2–0) and the Netherlands (4–1) and their first ever penalty shoot-out victory, over Spain, in the quarter-finals. So vivid were the memories of 1966 for England fans that a media clamour ensued for England to wear red jerseys, instead of the unfamiliar-looking grey away kit that had been launched earlier that year (as England had not submitted details of any red kit to UEFA before the tournament, this was never going to be permitted, and England did wear grey).[19]
The build-up to the game was soured, however, by headlines in English tabloid newspapers which were regarded by many as overly nationalistic, and even racist in tone, as they had also been before the previous match against Spain. Particularly controversial was the Daily Mirror's headline "Achtung! Surrender! For You Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship is over", accompanied by a mock article aping a report of the declaration of war between the two nations in 1939. The editor of the paper, Piers Morgan, subsequently apologised for the headline, particularly as it was at least partially blamed for violence following England's defeat, including a riot in Trafalgar Square.[20]
England took the lead in only the third minute, through tournament top scorer Alan Shearer, but in the 16th minute Stefan Kuntz equalised, and despite many close shots and a disallowed goal from the Germans, the score remained level at 1–1 until the end of extra time. The match was settled by another penalty shoot-out, as in 1990, and although this time all five of England's initial penalty-takers were successful, so were all five German players. The shoot-out carried on to "sudden death" kicks, with Gareth Southgate missing for England and Andreas Möller scoring for Germany to put the hosts out. As in 1990, Germany went on to win the tournament.
2000–09: 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier[edit]
England and Germany were drawn to meet each other in the first round group stage of the 2000 European Championship, held jointly by Belgium and the Netherlands, with the England–Germany game taking place in Charleroi in Belgium. Before the game, played on 17 June 2000, there were violent incidents involving England fans in the town centre, although these were mostly brief and there were no violent confrontations with German fans. Nonetheless, reporting of the violence did to a degree overshadow the match result in some media coverage.[21]
The match itself was a scrappy affair that lacked the drama of many of the previous encounters, with England sneaking a 1–0 win thanks to a second-half header by striker Alan Shearer. There was enthusiastic celebration of this result in England, particularly as this was the first time that England had won a competitive match against Germany since the 1966 World Cup final. The German reaction was more pessimistic. Rounding up the German media coverage, The Guardian reported: "'0–1! Germany weeps. Is it all over?' asked the mass circulation Bild newspaper in a front-page banner headline. 'Shearer tells us to pack our bags,' wrote Berlin's Der Tagesspiegel."[22]
In the event, both England and Germany lost their final group matches and both were knocked out in the first round, finishing third and fourth respectively in their group.
Before the 2000 European Championship, England and Germany had already been drawn together in the same qualifying group for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. England's home match against Germany was played on Saturday 7 October 2000, and was significant as it was the last international fixture ever to be played at the old Wembley Stadium, before it was demolished and rebuilt. England lost 1–0 to a German free kick scored by Dietmar Hamann. "It was the last refuge of the inadequate. Half-time neared, England were a goal down and a sizeable section of the crowd sullied the ever-dampening occasion. 'Stand up if you won the War,' they sang", wrote journalist Ian Ridley in his match report for The Observer.[23]
English striker Michael Owen scored a hat-trick against Germany in 2001.
The result prompted the immediate resignation of England manager Kevin Keegan, and by the time the return match was played at the Olympic Stadium in Munich on 1 September 2001, England were now managed by their first ever foreign coach, Sven-Göran Eriksson. Expectations on the English side were low, but they surprisingly won the game 5–1 with a hat-trick from striker Michael Owen, and eventually qualified for the World Cup as the winners of their group. During the game the father of German coach Rudi Völler suffered a heart attack inside the stadium, but was successfully resuscitated.[24]
Some Germans were shocked by the scale of the defeat, with former striker Karl-Heinz Rummenigge stating that "I have never seen such a terrible defeat ... This is a new Waterloo for us."[25]
At the 2002 World Cup finals in Japan and South Korea, it was Germany who enjoyed more success, finishing second. England only reached the quarter-finals. Both teams were defeated by the competition winners, Brazil.
The two teams did not meet in the next major contests, UEFA Euro 2004 and 2006 FIFA World Cup (England avoided a showdown with Germany in the last 16 by holding Sweden to a draw and finishing at the top of their group), and England did not qualify for Euro 2008.
England and Germany next played on 22 August 2007, in a friendly at the newly-rebuilt Wembley Stadium. England lost the match 2–1, their first defeat at the new Wembley.[26] Then in an international friendly held on 19 November 2008, England inflicted Germany's first defeat in Berlin in thirty five years with a victory of 2–1.
2010–present: 2010 FIFA World Cup[edit]
In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the two teams met in the second round on Sunday, 27 June, after Germany won Group D and England finished second in Group C.
Germany won the match 4–1, knocking England out and advancing into the quarter-finals. This was the greatest defeat England ever suffered in their World Cup history. In the 38th minute, a shot by Frank Lampard controversially bounced off the crossbar well into the goal and back out again with Germany leading only 2–1. However, neither the referee Jorge Larrionda nor the linesman saw it pass over the line.
The decision drew immediate comparisons with Geoff Hurst's goal during the 1966 World Cup Final.[27][28] However, in the 2010 case there was no dispute about whether the ball had crossed the goal line, because the ball had clearly touched the grass well within the goal, and the television replay immediately showed this.
Comparison of England and Germany in major international tournaments[edit]
Tournament
England
Germany
Notes
1930 World Cup DNP DNP
1934 World Cup DNP 3
1938 World Cup DNP 9–16 German team included Austrian players as a result of the Anschluss.
1950 World Cup 5–13 DNP German teams were still banned as a result of World War II.
1954 World Cup 5–8 1 First tournament where only West Germany was represented.
1958 World Cup 9–16 4
1960 Euros DNP DNP
1962 World Cup 5–8 5–8
1964 Euros FTQ DNP
1966 World Cup 1 2 In the Final, England defeated West Germany 4–2 after extra time.
1968 Euros 3 FTQ
1970 World Cup 5–8 3 In the quarter-finals, West Germany defeated England 3–2 after extra time.
1972 Euros FTQ (5–8) 1 In the final qualifying round (effectively a quarter final) West Germany defeated England 3–1 on aggregate.
1974 World Cup FTQ 1 East Germany also qualified for this tournament.
1976 Euros FTQ 2
1978 World Cup FTQ 5–8
1980 Euros 5–8 1
1982 World Cup 5–12 2 In the second group stage, West Germany drew 0–0 with England.
1984 Euros FTQ 5–8
1986 World Cup 5–8 2
1988 Euros 5–8 3–4
1990 World Cup 4 1 In the semi-finals, West Germany defeated England in a penalty shootout.
1992 Euros 5–8 2 First tournament since World War II where all of Germany was represented by one team
1994 World Cup FTQ 5–8
1996 Euros 3–4 1 In the semi finals, Germany defeated England on a penalty shootout.
1998 World Cup 9–16 5–8
2000 Euros 9–16 9–16 England and Germany were placed in the same first round group. Both were eliminated, with England finishing third and Germany fourth. England defeated Germany 1–0, in the match between the two teams.
2002 World Cup 5–8 2 England and Germany were placed in the same qualifying group. Germany won 1–0 at Wembley, while England won 5–1 in Munich.
2004 Euros 5–8 9–16
2006 World Cup 5–8 3
2008 Euros FTQ 2
2010 World Cup 9–16 3 In the Round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1.
2012 Euros 5–8 3
2014 World Cup 17–32 1
2016 Euros 9–16 3–4 England famously lost in the Round of 16 to Iceland.
Women's football[edit]
Club football[edit]
The German women's league is considered one of the strongest in the world, until the end of the 2013–14 season out of a possible 13 Champions League titles, German clubs have won eight. England's Arsenal has won the title in 2007 and is so far the only club to win a European club title with the men's and the women's team.[29]
National teams[edit]
The German women's team is more popular in Germany than the English women's team is in England. Germany matches are televised on national television and attract millions of viewers. The World Cup 2011 quarterfinal between Germany and Japan attracted over 17 million viewers,[30] while England women's matches struggle to even make it into television schedules.
England's group games in the World Cup 2011 were watched by up to four million viewers on German television, but less than a million on BBC, which means even with no German involvement, England games are at this point more popular in Germany than in the country the England team actually represents.[31] Observers do not lead this gap in popularity back to a lack of gender equality in England, but to the simple fact, that the German women's team is far more successful, and therefore women's football is in the focus of media coverage in Germany.
As of 2012, in nineteen matches between the two teams, they have drawn twice, Germany has won seventeen times, England's side has yet to win.[32] Consequently, England has not won a major title, their best result being Euro runners up in women's Euro 1984 and in Euro 2009.
Meanwhile, Germany's women have won two World Cups, 2003 and 2007,[33] and a total of eight European Championships in the years of 1989, 1991, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2013.[34]
Germany is the only nation to win the FIFA World Cup with their male and their female athletes. Together with the three Euro wins and the four World Cup wins of the men's team, Germany counts 17 major tournament titles, while England has one major tournament title so far. On 4 July 2015, England upset Germany 1–0 in the third place match at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup; this was their first ever victory against Germany in 21 matches.[35]
Media and public reactions[edit]
English[edit]
“ Germany may beat us at our national sport today, but that would be only fair. We beat them twice at theirs. ”
— Vincent Mulchrone of The Daily Mail, before the 1966 World Cup final.[36]
Since World War II, Britain has considered itself a rival to Germany in many areas, such as automobile production, naval forces, trade and economy[37]—this rivalry has also permeated into football.
English football fans often deem Germany to be their traditional football rival and care more about this rivalry than those with other countries, such as Scotland or Argentina. In the run-up to any football match against Germany, many English tabloids publish articles that contain references to the Second World War, such as calling their opposition derogatory terms such as "krauts" or "hun".[38]
Two days before the UEFA Euro 1996 semifinal, The Daily Mirror published an article on its front page that ran with the headline "Achtung! Surrender!": another reference to the war.[39] After the 5–1 victory over Germany in 2001, the English news media were ecstatic. The Sunday Mirror drew more comparisons to World War II, by running an article about the game on the front page under the headline "BLITZED".[40]
Similarly, News of the World also referenced World War II in their front page's headline, which read "Don't mention the score!"[41] In January 2010, the British tabloid The Daily Star compared Germany's new away kit to "Nazi-style black shirts", warning that they would "conjure up memories of the notorious SS".[42]
England's defeat of Germany in the 1966 World Cup has been often voted by the English as their greatest ever sporting moment,[43] and the 5–1 victory in 2001 has also regularly placed highly.[44] England's Manchester United defeating Germany's Bayern Munich at the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final is also highly regarded by English football fans as a high point in their perceived rivalry.[45] The rivalry has also made its way into various aspects of English popular culture. For example, in the BBC television series Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?, the character Terry remarks that 14 June 1970, the day that England lost 3–2 to West Germany, should be "indelibly printed on every true Englishman's mind".[46][47]
Germany[edit]
As far back as the 1960s, the footballing rivalry between England and Germany has been considered mainly an English phenomenon; this has been observed by several commentators of both English and German origin. In June 2009, British comedian Stephen Fry stated on the BBC show QI that, unlike the English, German football fans do not care about their team's loss at the 1966 World Cup final and may not even remember that they had made it that far. Instead, German fans consider their rivalry with the Netherlands to be their traditional footballing rivalry and care more about the matches against them, such as the 1974 FIFA World Cup final.[48]
Following their 5–1 loss in 2001, many German fans were not particularly concerned, instead revelling in the Netherlands' defeat by the Republic of Ireland the same day. Some sang directly after the loss to England: "We're going to the World Cup without Holland!"[49]
In 2010, during the lead-up to 2010 World Cup match, journalist Marina Hyde remarked in The Guardian that the rivalry between the England and Germany football teams was "quite obviously an illusion, existing only in the minds of those wishful to the point of insanity – which is to say, the English". She added: "In a world that has changed bewilderingly in recent decades, England losing to Germany in major tournaments is one of the few certainties."[50] Similarly, professor Peter J. Beck described Germany's ambivalence to the rivalry, saying that "as far as the Germans are concerned, Sunday's game is nothing more than another sporting contest".[51]
However, it would (of course) also be false to say that there is no rivalry at all between Germany and England; for one thing, the very fact that the English perceive it to be such cannot go unnoticed, for another, there is the long-standing quarrel about the "Wembley goal" (only somewhat silenced since a clear goal was not arwarded to the English in 2010). Germany vs. English matches, even friendlies, are always considered highly important sporting events (though of course, the tradition and usually the quality of both the teams may account for most of that), going so far that a popular radioplay series mocks people in love as "looking deep into each other's eyes even if a Germany vs. England match is on TV".[52] However, it is clear that any feeling of rivalry towards England, if existent, is entirely dwarfed by the German-Dutch rivalry.
List of matches[edit]
Overview:
Type
Matches
England win
Draw
Germany win
Euros* 4 1 1 2 (incl. 1 PSO)
World Cup* 7 2 1 4 (incl 1 PSO)
All Competitive 11 3 2 6
Friendly 20 10 2 9
Total 31 13 4 15
* Euro and World Cup matchups include qualifiers.
PSO = penalty shoot outs
Key
^ – FIFA World Cup competition match
– FIFA World Cup qualifier
– UEFA European Football Championship competition match
* – UEFA European Football Championship qualifier
Date
Venue
Result
Competition
Location
Winner
10 May 1930 Deutsches Stadion, Berlin 3–3 Friendly Draw
4 December 1935 White Hart Lane, Middlesex 3–0 Friendly
14 May 1938 Olympiastadion, Berlin 6–3 Friendly
1 December 1954 Wembley Stadium, Middlesex 3–1 Friendly
26 May 1956 Olympiastadion, Berlin 3–1 Friendly
12 May 1965 Frankenstadion, Nuremberg 1–0 Friendly
23 February 1966 Wembley Stadium, London 1–0 Friendly
30 July 1966 Wembley Stadium, London^ 4–2 aet 1966 FIFA World Cup
1 June 1968 Niedersachsenstadion, Hanover 0–1 Friendly
14 June 1970 Estadio León, León^ 2–3 aet 1970 FIFA World Cup
29 April 1972 Wembley Stadium, London* 1–3 Euro 1972 qualifier
13 May 1972 Olympiastadion, Berlin* 0–0 Euro 1972 qualifier Draw
12 March 1975 Wembley Stadium, London 2–0 Friendly
22 February 1978 Olympiastadion, Munich 1–2 Friendly
29 June 1982 Estadio Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid^ 0–0 1982 FIFA World Cup Draw
13 October 1982 Wembley Stadium, London 1–2 Friendly
12 June 1985 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City 3–0 Azteca 2000 Tournament
9 September 1987 Rheinstadion, Düsseldorf 1–3 Friendly
4 July 1990 Stadio delle Alpi, Turin^ 1–1 aet
(pen. 3–4) 1990 FIFA World Cup
11 September 1991 Wembley Stadium, London 0–1 Friendly
19 June 1993 Pontiac Silverdome, Detroit 1–2 U.S. Cup
26 June 1996 Wembley Stadium, London 1–1 aet
(pen. 5–6) UEFA Euro 1996
17 June 2000 Stade du Pays de Charleroi, Charleroi 0–1 UEFA Euro 2000
7 October 2000 Wembley Stadium, London 0–1 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
1 September 2001 Olympiastadion, Munich 1–5 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
22 August 2007 Wembley Stadium, London 1–2 Friendly
19 November 2008 Olympiastadion, Berlin 1–2 Friendly
27 June 2010 Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein^ 1–4 2010 FIFA World Cup
19 November 2013 Wembley Stadium, London 0–1 Friendly
26 March 2016 Olympiastadion, Berlin 2–3 Friendly
22 March 2017 Westfalenstadion, Dortmund 1–0 Friendly
10 November 2017 Wembley Stadium, London 0–0 Friendly Draw
Note: Since 1908, Germany is represented by the German Football Association (DFB) which fields the Germany national football team. During German division (1949–1990), the team of the German Football Association based in Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany was colloquially called West Germany. Also, different flags were applied:
Germany (Kaiserreich) (until 1919)
Germany (Weimar Republic) (1919–1933)
Germany (Third Reich) (1933–1945)
Germany (since 1949, called until 1990 by some West Germany)
East Germany's team[edit]
England played four Friendly matches against the East Germany national football team which was fielded by the DFV in the German Democratic Republic which existed from 1949 to 1990:
Date
Venue
Result
Winner
2 July 1963 Zentralstadion, Leipzig 2–1
25 November 1970 Wembley Stadium, London 3–1
29 May 1974 Zentralstadion, Leipzig 1–1 Draw
12 September 1984 Wembley Stadium, London 1–0
Club level[edit]
As well as the rivalry between the national sides, English and German club teams have also met on numerous occasions in the various European club competitions.
19 May 2012 saw the most recent encounter between two top level clubs from both nations where Bayern Munich met Chelsea in the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final. Having recently missed out on the Bundesliga title to their rivals Borussia Dortmund, Bayern Munich suffered defeat at the Allianz Arena; a game dubbed "Finale dahoam" (Bavarian for "final at home") as it marked the second time that any team played the tournament's final at their home ground. The game[53] ended as a 1–1 draw after added extra time (aet) before being decided 4–3 on penalties. Bayern Munich seemed like the more dominant of the two sides throughout, but a criticised[54][55] Chelsea defence "parked the bus", preventing many chances which eventually lead to their first Champions League win.
Perhaps the most noteworthy encounter was the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich, during which the English club were trailing 1–0 until injury time, then scoring two goals to win 2–1. This result was celebrated by many in England who were not United fans as being another English victory over Germany.[56] Other memorable matches were the controversial 1975 European Cup Final in which Bayern beat Leeds United after the latter had penalty claims turned down by a French referee who also disallowed a goal scored by Peter Lorimer with a shot from outside the area. Leeds would eventually eliminate a German team (VfB Stuttgart) in unexpected and bizarre circumstances. After the Germans had qualified, in the first round of the 1992–93 competition, on the away goals rule, the return leg was awarded by UEFA 3–0 to Leeds United because Stuttgart fielded an extra foreigner, thus infringing the European competition rules that were in place at the time. A replay was ordered as the aggregate stood at 3–3. Leeds won the replay at Barcelona's Camp Nou 2–1.
In 2000, a young and depleted Leeds United side, managed by David O'Leary, eliminated 1860 Munich from the Champions League beating them home and away in the preliminary round before reaching the semi-final. There were also famous wins by Liverpool, Nottingham Forest and Aston Villa in European Cup semifinals or finals. These were against the likes of Borussia Mönchengladbach, 1. FC Köln, Hamburg and FC Bayern Munich. Liverpool's win against Borussia Mönchengladbach in Rome stands out for one special reason. It started a sequence of six consecutive English European Cup victories each time involving the elimination of a German club in the latter stages.
The English hold the upperhand in club football encounters, although there were notable German wins such as Bayern's revenge over Manchester United F.C. in 2001, winning home and away, and Bayer 04 Leverkusen's elimination of Liverpool (a rarity for German club sides) and Manchester United in 2002, after they had received a 4–1 drubbing at Arsenal (the Gunners – who boast the best English record against Italian sides in the three European competitions – have an unimpressive record against German opposition) in the second group phase. Both English sides exacted revenge over Leverkusen in subsequent Champions League encounters. Borussia Dortmund beat Manchester United 1–0 both home and away in the semifinal of the 1996–97 UEFA Champions League which they won, United having been guilty of squandering numerous chances in both legs, especially the return leg at Old Trafford.
English club victories were often celebrated in a manner which evoked memories of the War. The outspoken Brian Clough is on record boasting that he never lost to a German side and that he took satisfaction from this for what the Germans had done to his father during the war. Clough memorably led Nottingham Forest to a 1–0 win in Cologne following a spectacular 3–3 draw at the City Ground in the 1979 semifinal en route to Forest winning their first European Cup. The following year, a Forest side minus star player, Trevor Francis, defeated Hamburg in the final by employing an Italian style catenaccio based on dogged defence and brilliant goalkeeping by Peter Shilton. One other famous manager who never tasted defeat against the Germans was Bob Paisley who led Liverpool to three of their five European Cup wins and one of their two UEFA Cup wins. Liverpool have a tremendous record against German opposition, from both sides of the East-West divide, and once famously hit 1860 Munich 8–0 in an old Fairs Cup game, a treatment meted out to Hamburg (6–0) when winning the first of their three European Super Cups, the second also against German opposition in the form of FC Bayern Munich. Liverpool's encounters with Bayern and Borussia Mönchengladbach (known in Germany as the Gladbacher), the latter a force to be reckoned with in the 70s, are memorable. Bayern and Liverpool first met in the Fairs Cup (the forerunner to the UEFA Cup) in 1970–71. Bayern had hit Coventry City for six in a previous round. Liverpool won the first leg 3–0 with an Alun Evans hat-trick and drew 1–1 in Munich. This was the Bayern team of Franz Beckenbauer, Maier, Gerd Müller, Schwarzenbeck and Breitner who turned the tables on Liverpool the following year in a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup second round tie, drawing at Anfield and winning 3–1 at home. The most important encounter between the two sides was in the European Cup semi-final of 1981 when a depleted Liverpool were held to a goalless draw at Anfield and then drew 1–1 in Munich. They scored in the 83rd minute with a Ray Kennedy goal at the Olympia Stadion in Munich before Karl-Heinz Rummenigge equalised in the 88th minute to preserve Bayern's then unbeaten home record against English opposition, even though Liverpool went through to win their third European Cup final. The two sides met again in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup when Liverpool, managed by Gérard Houllier, stormed to a three-goal lead before Bayern scored twice towards the end to make the score more respectable. Apart from the 1977 European Cup final, Liverpool beat Mönchengladbach, who had been eliminated on penalties by the other Mersey side, Everton, in the 1970–1971 European Cup competition, in the 1973 UEFA Cup Final and the 1978 European Cup semi-final. The great Günter Netzer, now a pundit on German television, and midfield forager, Herbert Wimmer, played for Mönchengladbach in the encounters with Everton and the 1973 Cup final against Liverpool, then managed by Bill Shankly. That year Liverpool won the cup beating four German teams along the way, two from West Germany (Eintracht Frankfurt and the Gladbacher) and two from the DDR (Dynamo Dresden, who they also beat twice in later years, and SC Dynamo Berlin). Borussia Mönchengladbach's two Champions League encounters with Liverpool involved Allan Simonsen, Berti Vogts, Herbert Wimmer, Rainer Bonhof and Jupp Heynckes. Borussia would eliminate an English club in 1979 en route to winning the UEFA Cup for the second time in their history. The English club was Manchester City whose manager, Malcolm Allison, had taken over a few months earlier from Tony Book and dismantled what seemed, in the earlier rounds, to be a star-studded side, to blood young wannabes.
There were memorable encounters in the other European competitions. Borussia Dortmund's wins over holders West Ham United and Liverpool (final in Glasgow) in the 1965-66 European Cup Winners' Cup were memorable as were West Ham's win over TSV 1860 Munich at Wembley Stadium in the final of the same competition a year earlier, Everton F.C.|Everton's semifinal elimination of Bayern in 1985 (they went on to win the Cup Winners Cup and the league) and Gianluca Vialli's Chelsea's win over VfB Stuttgart in the final of 1998. The UEFA Cup, which became a strong competition in the late seventies, eighties and 90s, before being devalued in recent years, threw up some wonderful Anglo-German encounters, among the most memorable of which would be Ipswich Town's victories both home and away over 1. FC Köln in the semifinal of the 1981 competition which they won, Tottenham Hotspur's 5–1 aggregate mauling of Cologne in the 1974 competition and defeat of Bayern ten years later when winning the competition for the second time, debutant Watford's comeback against Kaiserslautern in the first round of the 1983–84 competition, Bayern's thrashing of Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest 7–2 on aggregate – after Forest had held Bayern to a 1–1 draw in the first leg in Munich – in 1996 en route to winning the cup, debutant Norwich City's win at the Olympia Stadion in Munich before ousting Bayern at Carrow Road in 1993 and Kaiserlautern's final minutes turn around against Tottenham Hotspur, managed by George Graham, in 1999. More recently, in 2009 Hamburg eliminated Manchester City who had earlier in the campaign beaten Schalke in Germany, a team they also beat 5–1 in the quarter finals of the 1969-70 European Cup Winners' Cup which City went on to win. Reinhard Libuda played for Schalke at that time (1969–70) while City had the famous trio of Francis Lee, Colin Bell and Mike Summerbee. The English hold the upperhand even in these competitions. There were however some narrow escapes. Liverpool won their 1973 UEFA Cup Final first leg at Anfield 3–0 only for Borussia Mönchengladbach to pull back to 3–2 on aggregate by half-time. The Reds hung on in the second half. In 1976, Queens Park Rangers, also making their debut, with Stan Bowles, Dave Thomas and Don Givens in their ranks, took a 3–0 lead to the Mungersdorfer Stadion in Cologne and increased their lead there only for the Germans to storm back with four goals and miss out on qualification on the away goals rule.
There were also many encounters between English league sides and clubs from the DDR which mostly ended in favour of the English sides, although these confrontations were less spectacular than those involving clubs from West Germany. Newport County, then from the English third division but representing Wales in the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1981, went tantalisingly close to eliminating Carl Zeiss Jena after a 2–2 draw in East Germany but lost 0–1 in the home leg after a blinding display by the East German keeper Hans-Ulrich Grapenthin. Jena made it to the final where they lost to Dynamo Tbilisi of Georgia, then part of the Soviet Union. Liverpool had three confrontations with Dynamo Dresden which they all won, including a splendid 5–1 performance at Anfield in the second round of the 1977-78 European Cup competition. Nottingham Forest played SC Dynamo Berlin in the quarter finals of the 1979-80 European Cup. Forest, the 1979 European Cup holders, had a mountain to climb to hold on to the trophy, having lost the first leg at the City Ground 0–1 to a goal by Hans-Jürgen Riediger. A Trevor Francis and John Robertson inspired Forest ran riot in Berlin in the second leg as Forest triumphed 3–1. Brian Clough's Forest then went on to beat Ajax and Hamburg to retain the trophy and a different Forest side, still managed by Clough, would eventually see off another East German side, Vorwärts Frankfurt/Oder in the first round of the 1983-84 UEFA Cup. As for Dynamo Berlin, they suffered another home defeat (1–2) in the 1981-82 European Cup to another English side, Aston Villa. They managed to register another victory (1–0) on English soil in the return leg only to be ousted on the away goal rule by Villa who went on to keep the European Cup in England for a sixth consecutive year, beating FC Bayern Munich in the Rotterdam final. Forest cast-away, Peter Withe, scored the only goal of the game against the run of play. For most of the second half, Bayern were camped inside the Villa half, hit the woodwork, went tantaisingly close on a number of occasions but found substitute rookie goalkeeper, Nigel Spink (who replaced veteran Jimmy Rimmer after only a few minutes), in inspiring form.
Players[edit]
The rivalry between the two nations has not prevented their respective nationals from playing in each other's domestic leagues, in certain cases to high renown. Many German players have played in England, including Max Seeburg (who played for Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur, Burnley, Grimsby Town and Reading), Bert Trautmann (Manchester City), Jürgen Klinsmann (Tottenham Hotspur), Christian Ziege (Liverpool, Middlesbrough and Tottenham Hotspur), Karlheinz Riedle (Liverpool and Fulham), Fredi Bobic (Bolton Wanderers), Dietmar Hamann (Newcastle United, Liverpool and Manchester City), Uwe Rösler, Eike Immel and Maurizio Gaudino (Manchester City), Markus Babbel (Liverpool), Jürgen Röber (Nottingham Forest) Robert Huth (Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Stoke City and Leicester City), Thomas Hitzlsperger and Stefan Beinlich (Aston Villa), Jens Lehmann (Arsenal), Moritz Volz (Arsenal, Fulham and Ipswich Town), Sascha Riether (Fulham), Michael Ballack (Chelsea), Mesut Özil (Arsenal), Per Mertesacker (Arsenal), Lukas Podolski (Arsenal), Jérôme Boateng (Manchester City) and Bastian Schweinsteiger (Manchester United).
Trautmann was voted Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year in 1956 for continuing to play in goal for Manchester City in the 1956 FA Cup Final despite a neck injury. Klinsmann was voted the same accolade in 1995 while playing for Tottenham, where he pioneered the 'diving' goal celebration.
Far fewer Englishmen have played in Germany, the most famous being Kevin Keegan (Hamburger SV), David Watson (Werder Bremen), Tony Woodcock (1. FC Cologne and SC Fortuna Köln), and Michael Mancienne (Hamburg). Owen Hargreaves played for Bayern Munich for seven seasons before transferring to Manchester United in 2007. Keegan was twice European Footballer of the Year and a European Cup finalist during his time at Hamburg, where the German public nicknamed him "Mighty Mouse", after a cartoon hero, because of his prolific scoring, his height (or lack thereof), his high level of mobility, and his ability to turn sharply and often while running at high speed. Woodcock was also a popular figure at Cologne.
See also[edit]
Argentina–England football rivalry
England–Scotland football rivalry
Germany–Netherlands football rivalry
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Article detailing 10 famous England v Germany matches
Football and the Battle of Britain – analysis of Anglo-German football rivalry
England v Germany 2010 Pre-Match
England v Germany: The results in full.
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Last surviving United States war veterans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A photograph of Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) published in The Last Men of the Revolution, one of the last official veterans of the American Revolutionary War who enlisted in the 2nd Continental Light Dragoons, Continental Army.
This is an incomplete list of the last surviving veterans of American wars. The last surviving veteran of any particular war, upon his death, marks the end of a historic era. Exactly who is the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention, especially with records from long-ago wars. The "last man standing" was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service, which confuses matters further.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre-U.S. independence
2 Post-U.S. independence
3 See also
4 References
Pre-U.S. independence[edit]
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes
French and Indian War (1754–1763)
Jonathan Benjamin 1738–1841 Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.[1]
The book The Last Men of the Revolution was compiled by Rev. E. B. Hillard and published by N. A. & R. A. Moore in the year 1864, the book claimed to include photos and biographies of six of the last surviving Revolutionary War veterans. None of the men interviewed in the book would become the last surviving Revolutionary War veteran but the photos published in the book are some of the few surviving photos of American Revolutionary War veterans.[2]
Post-U.S. independence[edit]
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes
American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
Ralph Farnham [Farnum] 1756–1860 Massachusetts. Biography:"Biographical Sketch of Ralph Farnham" by C.W. Clarence 1860
Barnabas Cochran 1758–1864 Pennsylvania Militia. Longest living verified veteran.[3]
Adam Link 1761–1864 Pennsylvania Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
Rev. Daniel Waldo 1762–1864 Connecticut Militia. Served as Chaplain of the US House of Representatives. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
James Barham 1764–1865 Virginia State Militia. Was to have had a Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution; but was not located by author Hillard. Photograph/biography listed on Find a Grave website.[4]
Alexander Millener 1770?–1865 Enlisted under stepfathers surname as "Alexander Maroney". Claimed to have been born in 1760 and to have served in Washington's life Guard {not verified} although he did serve in New York line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
William Hutchings 1764–1866 Massachusetts Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
Lemuel Cook 1759–1866 2nd Continental Light Dragoons. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
Samuel Downing 1761–1867 Served in New Hampshire Line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
John Gray 1764–1868 Virginia Militia. 6 months Service period was too short to qualify for pension.[5]Granted a pension in 1867.
William Taylor 1757–1868 New Jersey Militia. See story at Find a Grave memorial[6]
Daniel Frederick Bakeman 1759–1869 Last veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service.[7]
Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787)
David Whitney 1767–1867 Massachusetts State Militia.[8]
Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)
Michael Edwards 1767?–1876 Pennsylvania State Militia.
War of 1812 (1812–1815)
Hiram Cronk 1800–1905 U.S. Army.[9]
Black Hawk War (1832)
Henry L. Riggs 1812–1911 Illinois State Militia.[10]
Toledo War (1835–1836)
Riley Crooks Crawford 1817–1910 Michigan State Militia.[11][12]
Texas Revolution (1835–1836)
William P. Zuber 1820–1913 Texas Volunteers.[13][14]
Bear Flag Revolt (1846)
John Grider 1826–1924 Californian Rebel.[15][16]
Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
Owen Thomas Edgar 1831–1929 U.S. Navy.[17]
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861)
Luke F. Parsons 1833–1926 Last survivor of the Battle of Osawatomie.[18][19]
George Roe 1834–1927 Last of John Brown's forces at the Battle of Black Jack[20]
John Brown 1844–1940 Last of Quantrill's Raiders at the Lawrence Massacre. Also served in the John S. Marmaduke Cavalry Division
American Civil War (1861–1865)
James Albert Hard 1841–1953 Last verified combat veteran. Fought for the Union.[21]
Albert Henry Woolson 1850–1956 Last Union veteran.[22]
Pleasant Riggs Crump 1847–1951 Last verified Confederate veteran. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
Thomas Edwin Ross 1850–1952 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
Richard William Cumpston 1841?–1952 No evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Murphy Loudermilk[23] 1847?–1952 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[24] 1846?–1952 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[24] 1846–1953 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Albert Kinney 1846?–1953 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Allen Uncle Bill Lundy[24] 1859–1957 Debunked.[25] See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
American Indian Wars (1622–1924)
Noah Johnson 1698–1798 New England colonists. Last survivor of Lovewell's War[26][27]
Samuel Murphy 1758–1851 Virginia colonists. Last participant of Lord Dunmore's War[28]
John Winchell Cullen 1838–1939 U.S. Army. Last survivor of the Yakima War.[29][30]
Dewey Beard 1857–1955 Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[31] He also fought at Wounded Knee.[32]
John Daw 1870–1965 U.S. Army. Last surviving Indian Scout.[33][34]
Frederick Fraske 1872–1973 U.S. Army.[35]
Boxer Rebellion (1897–1901)
Nathan E. Cook 1885–1992 U.S. Navy.[36]
Spanish–American War (1898)
Jones Morgan 1882–1993 U.S. Army.
Philippine–American War (1899–1902)
Nathan E. Cook 1885–1992 U.S. Navy.[36]
Border War (1910–1919)
Samuel Goldberg 1900–2006 U.S. Army.[37]
World War I (1914–1918)
Frank Woodruff Buckles 1901–2011 U.S. Army.[38]
Pancho Villa Expedition (1916–1917)
Mark Matthews 1894?–2005 U.S. Army.[39]
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1925)
American and other Allied forces were involved in the Polar Bear Expedition which began during World War I and continued into the Russian Civil War
Harold Gunnes 1899–2003 Served in a naval brigade attached to the 339th Infantry Regiment as part of American Expeditionary Force North Russia.[40]
Warren V. Hileman 1901–2005 Served in the 27th Infantry Regiment as part of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia.[41]
Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
Delmer Berg 1915–2016[42] Volunteered in 1938. Served in anti-aircraft in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Lived in Columbia, California.[43]
See also[edit]
Military history of the United States
List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Niles' national register, Volume 61. Cambridge: Harvard University. 1841. p. 192.
Jump up ^ "THE LAST MEN OF THE REVOLUTION". AMERICANREVOLUTION.ORG.
Jump up ^ "Cochran Cemetery, Engelwood, TN".
Jump up ^ "James Barham (1764 - 1865) - Find A Grave Memorial".
Jump up ^ Dalzell, James McCormick; Gray, John (1868). Private Dalzell, his autobiography, poems, and comic war papers, sketch of John Gray, Washington's last soldier, etc. R. Clarke. p. 189.
Jump up ^ "William Taylor (1757 - 1868) - Find A Grave Memorial".
Jump up ^ Francis Bernard Heitman (1982). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 978-0-8063-0176-1. (quoting the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1874: "With the death of Daniel T. Bakeman, of Freedom, Cattaraugus County, N.Y., April 5, 1869, the last of the pensioned soldiers of the Revolution passed away.")
Jump up ^ "Whitney, David (1767–1867)". Whitney Research Group. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Henley, Benjamin James (1911). The art of longevity ... Syracuse: New Warner Co. pp. 205–208.
Jump up ^ "DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR". 14. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 1922.
Jump up ^ "REV. R. C. CRAWFORD WAS "FIGHTER" IN TOLEDO WAR". Detroit Free Press. May 19, 1907. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Historical Society (1912). Michigan Historical Collections. 38. p. 687. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Bruce Blake. "ZUBER, WILLIAM PHYSICK". Texas State Historical Society. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "William P. Zuber to Ben. E McCulloch Describing events at San Jacinto". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lanz Christian Bañes (2009). "Vallejo author uncovers the story of Bear Flag Revolt hero John Grider". Times-Hearld. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Searching for John Grider, an African American Bear Flag Veteran". Blackpast.org. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.
Jump up ^ "John Brown Aid, Luke Parsons, Dies in Kansas". Chicago Tribune. April 24, 1926. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Associate of John Brown Recalls Early Struggles". The Evening Independent. June 28, 1924. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LAST SURVIVOR OF BLACK JACK FIGHT". The Lawrence Daily Journal. July 16, 1927. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James A. Hard – Obituary". Binghamton Press, Associated Press. 1953. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ The Banner (1956). "Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Polston, Mike. "WILLIAM LOUDERMILK, THE LAST CONFEDERATE". Couch Genealogy. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Last Surviving Confederate Veterans". Genealogy Trails. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Marvel, William (1991). The great imposters. VIII. Columbus: Blue and Gray. pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Samuel Abbott Green (1893). Groton Historical Series: A Collection of Papers Relating to the History of the Town of Groton, Massachusetts. 3. S. A. Green. p. 367. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Belknap, John Farmer (1831). The History of New Hampshire. 1. S. C. Stevens and Ela & Wadleigh. p. 209. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Man For Whom Murphy's Bottom Name Last Survivor of Lord Dunmore's War". Simpson's Leader-Times. 1973. p. 22. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly. 36 (3 ed.). Oregon Historical Society. 1935. p. 299. JSTOR 20610950.
Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly. 40 (3 ed.). Oregon Historical Society. 1939. p. 297. JSTOR 20611203.
Jump up ^ Hopkins, John Christian (March 11, 2006). "129 years after Little Big Horn". Gallup Independent. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Michael L.; Rosier, Paul C. (2007). Little Bighorn: Winning the Battle, Losing the War. Infobase Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7910-9347-4.
Jump up ^ Chicago Corral of the Westerners (1965). Westerners brand book, Volumes 22–25. Siedlce. p. 24.
Jump up ^ "John Daw". Genealogy Trails. 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "LAST VET OF INDIAN WARS DIES AT AGE 101". Chicago Tribune. June 17, 1973.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nathan E. Cook, 106; America's Oldest Known War Veteran". Los Angeles Times. September 12, 1992. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Will Everett (April 6, 2007). "World War I veteran". PRI's THE WORLD. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Courson, Paul (February 28, 2011). "Last living U.S. World War I veteran dies". CNN. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Melissa Corley (1998). "Veterans to honor Buffalo Soldier Man, 103, is last survivor of regiment of black troopers". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Andrew (August 14, 2001). "Centarian Is Last Veteran of Only U.S.-Russia War". The St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rush, Linda (February 3, 2005). "STATE'S 'LAST' WORLD WAR I VETERAN DIES: WARREN V. HILEMAN DIED SUNDAY IN ANNA AT 103". The Southern: Illinoisan. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Death Notices for March 1, 2016". The Union Democrat. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Del Berg Interviewed by Friends and Neighbors". The Volunteer.
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