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Hyderabad Metro
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Hyderabad Metro
Hyderabad Metro Rail
Overview
Owner
Government of Telangana, L&T
Locale
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Transit type
Rapid transit
Number of lines
2 (Operational)
3 (Phase I)
Number of stations
24 (Operational)
64 (Phase I)
Daily ridership
70,000
Headquarters
Metro Bhawan, Begumpet, Hyderabad
Website
http://ltmetro.in/
http://hmrl.telangana.gov.in
Operation
Began operation
29 November 2017[1]
Operator(s)
Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd. (HMRL)
Technical
System length
30 km (19 mi) (operational)
71.2 km (44.2 mi) (Phase I)[2]
97 km (60 mi) (Phase II - Planned)
No. of tracks
2
Track gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification
25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary
Average speed
35 km/h (22 mph)
Top speed
80 km/h (50 mph)
[hide]Hyderabad Metro Route Map
The Hyderabad Metro is a rapid transit system, serving the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India.[3] It is in Secant Operational model. It is being implemented entirely on public-private partnership (PPP) basis,[4] with the state government holding a minority equity stake.[5] The 30 km stretch from Miyapur to Nagole, having 24 stations was inaugurated on 28 November 2017 by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[6][7] No other rapid transit metro service in India opened for public operations on such a long stretch of 30 km.[8][9] It is estimated to cost ₹18,800 crore (US$2.9 billion). As of May 2018, 70,000 people use the Metro per day[10]. Trains are moderately crowded during the morning and evening hours, when employees travel to and from work.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 Construction history
1.3 Mascot
1.4 Awards and nominations
2 Construction Phases
2.1 Phase I
2.2 Six Stage Construction Schedule
2.3 Phase II
2.4 Initial Bidding
2.5 Re-bidding
2.6 Construction stage
2.7 Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited (HAML)
2.7.1 Gallery
3 Current status
4 Lines
4.1 Red Line: Miyapur – L.B. Nagar
4.2 Green Line: JBS – Falaknuma
4.3 Blue Line: Nagole - Raidurg[40]
5 Reception
6 Cost
7 Infrastructure
7.1 CBTC Technology
7.2 Rolling stock
7.3 Ticketing
7.4 Stations
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Metro Rail
L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited is the Concessionaire for this Project. They are responsible for construction, operation, and maintenance of the metro. The project is built and maintained as a Public Private Partnership (PPP).
Background[edit]
To respond the rising public transport needs and mitigate escalating vehicular traffic in the twin-cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh Government and the South Central Railway zone jointly launched the Multi Modal Transport System (MMTS) in [August] 2003.[12] This Rs. 167 crores worth transport system, 50 percent[12] of which was financed by the State Government and the remaining by used the already existing rail lines of the Indian Railways[13] in and around Hyderabad making it a highly cost effective one. However, within months of starting of its operation, it became apparent that it has been met with poor response.[14] The reasons for this dismal response include poor punctuality of trains, lack of dedicated tracks for MMTS services, and absence of feeder bus services limiting the network's reach.[15]
Though the ridership of the MMTS has increased over the years, the failure in augmentation of the services in line with the increasing ridership has led to its unpopularity among 150,000[16] passengers who avail the services daily. This notwithstanding, the Union Ministry of Urban Development, in October 2003, gave its nod for the Hyderabad Metro Rail Project and directed the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation to conduct a survey on the project.[14] Involving an investment of over Rs.4000 crores, this project was seen necessary in view that the population of Hyderabad was forecasted to reach 13.6 million by the year 2021.[14] According to the initial plan, the metro was to be connected with the already existing MMTS to provide commuters with alternate modes of transport. Simultaneously, the proposals for taking up the construction of MMTS Phase-II were also taken forward.[13] Like Delhi, Hyderabad's metro project is ambitious in scope and swift in execution. Following a construction period of just five years, the first phase, comprising three lines totalling 71 km with 66 stations is expected to be completed in November 2018.[17] It is also a technical pioneer, bringing CBTC to an Indian city for the first time.[18]
Construction history[edit]
The construction of the entire 71.16 km has been split into 6 stages with the first stage originally scheduled to be completed by March 2015[19][20]
In November 2013, L&T Hyderabad Metro started laying of rails on the metro viaduct between Nagole and Mettuguda, a stretch of 8 km.[21]
The first highly sophisticated train of the Hyderabad Metro Rail (HMR) came from Korea during the third week of May 2014. Stringent trial runs commenced from June 2014 till February 2015.[22] The trial runs started on the Miyapur to Sanjeeva Reddy Nagar stretch in October 2015.
CMRS inspection for Stage-II (Miyapur and S.R.Nagar Section) was done on 9, 10 August 2016.[23] Three interchanges are planned at Mahatma Gandhi Bus Terminus, Parade Grounds and Ameerpet.[24]
The steel bridge of the HMR was successfully placed over the Oliphant bridge in August 2017.[25][26]
In November 2017, Commissioner of Railway Safety (CMRS) granted safety approval for 12 km stretch from Miyapur to SR Nagar, 10 km stretch from SR Nagar to Mettuguda and 8 km stretch from Nagole to Mettuguda.[27]
Mascot[edit]
The mascot of Hyderabad Metro Rail is Niz. It was derived from the word Nizam, who ruled the princely state of Hyderabad.[28]
Awards and nominations[edit]
HMR project was showcased as one of the top 100 strategic global infrastructure projects at the Global Infrastructure Leadership Forum held in New York during February–March 2013.[29] [30]
L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited (LTMRHL) has been conferred the SAP ACE Award 2015 in the 'Strategic HR and Talent Management[31]' category.
Construction Phases[edit]
The construction work will be undertaken in two phases. There are six stages of completion in Phase I.
Phase I[edit]
The Phase I of the project includes 3 lines covering a distance of around 66.56 km. The metro rail stretches between Nagole and Secunderabad 11 km originally scheduled to be operational by December 2015, is now partially operational since 29 November 2017. The entire 66.56 km 57-station first phase is due to be completed by December 2018 with Ameerpet-Hitech City line to be completed by June 2018.[32]
Line 1 - Red Line - Miyapur – L B Nagar - 29.2 km (18.1 mi)
Line 2 - Green Line - Parade Grounds - Falaknuma 15 km (9.3 mi)
Line 3 - Blue Line - Nagole – Raidurg - 27 km (17 mi)
Six Stage Construction Schedule[edit]
Stage
Target Section
Distance
Line
Line Colour
Status
Stage 1 Nagole–Mettuguda 8.01 km (4.98 mi) Line III Blue Completed
Stage 2 Miyapur–Ameerpet 11.9 km (7.4 mi) Line I Red Completed
Stage 3 Mettuguda–Ameerpet 9.4 km (5.8 mi) Line III Blue Completed
Stage 4 Ameerpet–Raidurg 9.43 km (5.86 mi) Line III Blue Under Construction
Stage 5 Ameerpet–LB Nagar 17.31 km (10.76 mi) Line I Red under construction
Stage 6 JBS–Falaknuma 15 km (9.3 mi) Line II Green Under Construction
Total 71.2 km (44.2 mi)
Phase II[edit]
The Government is planning second phase of metro rail extending further.[33] The proposed routes are as following:
Target Section
Distance (in km)
Line
Raidurg–Gachibowli –Shamshabad RGI Airport 30 km (19 mi) Line IV
Miyapur–BHEL-Patancheru 15 km (9.3 mi) Line I extension
LB Nagar–Hayath Nagar 7 km (4.3 mi) Line I extension
JBS–Alwal 8 km (5.0 mi) Line II extension
Nagole–LB Nagar–Falaknuma–Shamshabad RGI Airport 28 km (17 mi) Line III extension
Miyapur– Gachibowli–Tolichowki–Lakdi ka pul 20 km (12 mi) Line V
Tarnaka–ECIL 'X' Roads 7 km (4.3 mi) Line VI
Initial Bidding[edit]
The bidding process was completed by July 2008 and awarded to Maytas which failed to achieve financial closure for the project as per schedule By March 2009. In July 2009, the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh Government cancelled the contract and called for fresh bids for the project.
Re-bidding[edit]
In the July-2010 rebidding process, Larsen & Toubro (L&T) emerged as the lowest bidder for the ₹121.32 billion (US$1.9 billion) project. L&T came forward to take up the work for about ₹14.58 billion (US$220 million) as viability gap funding as against the sanctioned ₹48.53 billion (US$740 million).
Construction stage[edit]
Groundbreaking (Bhoomi Puja) for the project was conducted on 26 April 2012[34] the concessionaire started the pillar erection on the same day for Stage-I and on 6 June 2012 for Stage-II.[35] The work for Corridor 2 has been delayed due to traders in Koti and Sultan Bazar demanding realignment of the route to safeguard traders and old age heritage markets.[36] If the recent bill proposed in Parliament which allows construction within a 100 metre radius of heritage structures and sites of historical or archaeological importance is passed, Metro might receive a chance as it helps to connect the Old city with IT corridor.[37]
Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited (HAML)[edit]
On March 26, 2018, Telangana Govt announced that it would set up a SPV "Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited (HAML)", jointly promoted by HMRL and HMDA, to extend the Blue line from Raidurg to Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.
Gallery[edit]
Metrorail work under Progress near Secunderabad Railway Station as of June 2016
Segments being placed at the Uppal station as of March 2013
The Uppal Station under construction as of April 2014
Metrorail work under Progress on Mettuguda-Nagole Line near Uppal as of October 2014
Metrorail work under Progress on Miyapur-LB Nagar line near KPHB as of October 2014
Bharat Nagar Metro Station under construction as of January 2016
Current status[edit]
Line
First operational
Last extension
Stations
Length
Terminals
Rolling stock
Track gauge
(mm)
Power
Average Frequency (Minutes)
Red 29 November 2017 11 13 km (8.1 mi) Miyapur Ameerpet 1435 25 kV OHE 7.5
Green 1435 25 kV OHE
Blue 29 November 2017 14 17 km (11 mi) Ameerpet Nagole 1435 25 kV OHE 7.5
25 30 km (19 mi)
Lines[edit]
[hide]
Hyderabad Metro Phase I
Red Line: Miyapur — LB Nagar [29.21 km]
Green Line: JBS — Falaknuma [10.06 km]
Blue Line: Nagole — Raidurg [29 km]
Legend
Miyapur
Raidurg
JNTU
Hitec City
KPHB Colony
COD
Kukatpally
Madhapur
Balanagar
Peddamma Temple
Moosapet
Jubilee Hills Checkpost
Bharatnagar
Jubilee Hills
Erragadda
Yousufguda
ESI
Maduranagar
SR Nagar
Ameerpet
Panjagutta
Begumpet
Erra Manzil
Prakash Nagar
Khairtabad
Rasoolpura
Lakdikapul
Paradise
Assembly
JBS
Nampally
Gandhi Bhavan
Parade Grounds
Osmania Medical College
Secunderabad
Secunderabad
Mettuguda
Gandhi Hospital
Lalaguda
Musheerabad
Tarnaka
RTC Cross Roads
Habsiguda
Chikkadapalli
NGRI
Narayanaguda
Uppal
Sultan Bazar
Nagole
MGBS
Malakpet
Salarjung Museum
New Market
Charminar
Musarambagh
Shalibanda
Dilsukhnagar
Shamsherganj
Chaitanyapuri
Jangametta
Victory Memorial
Falaknuma
LB Nagar
Since the first version of the plans, the three corridors mostly remained the same, but minor changes were introduced. These include the lack of stop at Lalaguda, or a stop at Lakdikapul instead of Secretariat. Also, the lines have been marked with several different combination of color.[38] Hi-Tec City to Raidurg, 1.5-kilometre stretch on Corridor Three - Nagole to Shilparmamam/Raidurg, is scheduled to be completed in November 2019, as it involves construction of 49 pillars and the Raidurg terminal station. Efforts are being made to complete the 8.5-km stretch from Ameerpet to Hi-Tec City by June 2018.[39]
Red Line: Miyapur – L.B. Nagar[edit]
Route Length — 29.21 km (18.15 mi)
Number of Stations (All elevated) — 27
Link to other Corridors
At Ameerpet – Connecting Corridors 1 and 3
At Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station – Connecting Corridors 1 and 2
#
Station Name
Operational
Connections
1 Miyapur Yes None
2 J.N.T.U College Yes None
3 K.P.H.B. Colony Yes None
4 Kukatpally Yes None
5 Balanagar Yes None
6 Moosapet Yes None
7 Bharatnagar Yes None
8 Erragadda Yes None
9 ESI Hospital Yes None
10 S.R Nagar Yes None
11 Ameerpet Yes Blue Line
12 Punjagutta Pending None
13 Erra Manzil Pending None
14 Khairatabad Pending None
15 Lakdi-ka-pul Pending None
16 Assembly Pending None
17 Nampally Pending None
18 Gandhi Bhavan Pending None
19 Osmania Medical College Pending None
20 MG Bus Stand Pending Green Line
21 Malakpet
(Nalgonda 'X' Road) Pending None
22 New Market
(Super Bazaar) Pending None
23 Musarambagh
(TV Tower) Pending None
24 Dilsukh Nagar Pending None
25 Chaitanyapuri Pending None
26 Victoria Memorial Pending None
27 L.B. Nagar Pending None
Green Line: JBS – Falaknuma[edit]
Route Length — 15 km (9.3 mi)
Number of Stations (All elevated) — 14
Link to other Corridors
At Parade Grounds – Connecting Corridors 2 and 3
At Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station – Connecting Corridors 1 and 3
#
Station Name
Operational
Connections
1 Parade Grounds Pending Blue Line
2 Secunderabad West Pending None
3 Gandhi Hospital Pending None
4 Musheerabad Pending None
5 R.T.C. Cross Roads Pending None
6 Chikkadpally Pending None
7 Narayanguda Pending None
8 Sultan Bazaar Pending None
9 M.G. Bus Station Pending Red Line
10 Salarjung Museum Pending None
11 Charminar Pending None
12 Shalibanda Pending None
13 Shamsherganj Pending None
14 Falaknuma Pending None
Blue Line: Nagole - Raidurg[40][edit]
Route Length — 27 km (17 mi)
Number of Stations (All elevated) — 23
Link to other Corridors
At Ameerpet – Connecting Corridors 3 and 1
At Parade Grounds – Connecting Corridors 3 and 2
#
Station Name
Operational
Connections
1 Nagole Yes None
2 Uppal Yes None
3 Stadium Yes None
4 NGRI Yes None
5 Habsiguda Yes None
6 Tarnaka Yes None
7 Mettuguda Yes None
8 Secunderabad East Yes None
9 Parade Grounds Yes Green Line
10 Paradise Yes None
11 Rasoolpura Yes None
12 Prakash Nagar Yes None
13 Begumpet Yes None
14 Ameerpet Yes Red Line
15 MadhuraNagar Pending None
16 Yousufguda Pending None
17 Jubilee Hills Road No. 5 Pending None
18 Jubilee Hills Checkpost Pending None
19 Peddamma Temple Pending None
20 Madhapur Pending None
21 Durgam Cheruvu Pending None
22 Hitec City Pending None
23 Raidurg Pending None
Reception[edit]
The Metro has opened to overwhelming response, with over 200,000 people using it on Day 1.[41] On the first Sunday of operations, the Metro was used by 240,000 people.[42].The ridership after the first month is around 70,000 daily.
Trains are initially being operated at a frequency of 6.5 minutes (between Miyapur-Ameerpet) and (between Ameerpet-Nagole),[43], though maximum achievable frequency is every 90 seconds. Similarly, three-car trains are being used currently, though it is planned to use six-car trains in the future.[44]
Cost[edit]
The initial official estimated cost of the 72 km long Metro project stood at ₹14,132 crore (US$2.2 billion). The Central Government decided to bear 10% of it, while L&T was to bear the remaining 90% of the cost.[45][46] The construction work which was supposed to commence on 3 March 2011 commenced in 2012. In March 2012, the cost of the project was revised upwards to ₹15,957 crore (US$2.4 billion).[47]. This has been further revised upwards to ₹18,800 crore (US$2.9 billion) (as of November 2017).[48]
Infrastructure[edit]
The 71.3 km standard-gauge network will feature ballastless track throughout and will be electrified at 25kV ac 50 Hz. An operations control centre and depot are being constructed at Uppal.
CBTC Technology[edit]
At the end of 2012, L&T Metro Rail awarded Thales a Rs 7.4bn ($US 134m) contract to provide CBTC and integrated telecommunications and supervision systems on all three lines. Thales will supply its SelTrac CBTC technology, and trains will initially run in automatic train operation mode with minimum headways of 90 seconds, although the system will support eventual migration to unattended train operation (UTO)[49].
Rolling stock[edit]
On 12 September 2012, Larsen and Toubro Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd (LTMRHL) announced that it has awarded tender for supply of rolling stock to Hyundai Rotem.[50][51] The ₹18 billion (US$280 million) tender is for 57 trains consisting of 171 cars which will be delivered in phases at least 9 months before the commencement of each stage.[52][53] On 2 October 2013, LTMRHL unveiled its train car for Hyderabad Metro. A model coach which is half the size of the actual coach, was on public display at Necklace Road on the banks of Hussain Sagar in the heart of Hyderabad.[54] The trains will be 3.2m wide and 4m high.[55] There will be 4 doors on each side of each coach.[55]
On 10 April 2014, the first metro train for HMR rolled out of Hyundai Rotem factory at Changwon in South Korea and reached Hyderabad in May 2014.[56] On 31 December 2014, Hyderabad Metro Rail successfully conducted a training run in Automatic Train Operation (ATO) mode for the first time between Nagole and Mettuguda.[57]
Ticketing[edit]
The L&T Hyderabad project will have an automated ticketing system with features such as contactless smart card based ticketing, slim automatic gates, payment by cash and credit/debit card, passenger operated ticket vending machine and provision of common ticketing system. It will also have a provision of NFC-based technology to enable usage of mobile phones as fare media and high performance machine to avoid long queues.[58] Samsung Data Systems India, a subsidiary of South Korean firm Samsung, has been awarded the automatic fare collection system package for the L&T metro rail project. The package involves design, manufacture, supply, installation, testing and commissioning of the system.[58][59]
Official ticket prices were announced on 25 November 2017. The base fare is ₹10 for up to 2 km.
Slab
Distance (km)
Metro Fare (₹)
1 0 - 2 10
2 2 - 4 15
3 4 - 6 25
4 6 - 8 30
5 8 - 10 35
6 10 - 14 40
7 14 - 18 45
8 18 - 22 50
9 22 - 26 55
10 > 26 60
Stations[edit]
Hyderabad metro will have 64 stations in phase I. They will be provided with amenities such as escalators and elevators to reach the stations, announcement boards, electronic display systems among others for passengers. Commercial will also be provided on stations. Hyderabad metro stations will also have service roads underneath them to provide last mile connectivity by allowing other public transportation systems use it for dropping/picking passengers right in front of the stations and ensure uninterrupted traffic. Currently the service lane works are currently on at Nagole and Uppal stations.[60] The signboards of Hyderabad Metro are displayed in Telugu, English, Hindi and Urdu at metro stations.[61]
Otis Elevator Company of United States won the contract to supply and maintain 670 elevators.[62]
In May 2018, L&T Metro Rail announced that it had signed a contract with Powergrid Corporation of India to install electric vehicle charging facilities at all metro stations beginning with Miyapur and Dr. B R Ambedkar Balanagar stations.[63]
See also[edit]
Railways in India portal
Hyderabad MMTS
Rapid transit in India
Secunderabad Railway Station
South Central Railway
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ [1]
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[2] The Hindu Business Line, Hyderabad January 23, 2018
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyderabad Metro Rail.
Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd
Hyderabad Metro Timings
Hyderabad Metro
Hyderabad Metro rote map & metro train timings
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Blood moon prophecy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pastor John Hagee, 2007
The blood moon prophecy were a series of apocalyptic beliefs promoted by Christian ministers John Hagee and Mark Biltz, which state that a tetrad (a series of four consecutive lunar eclipses—coinciding on Jewish holidays—with six full moons in between, and no intervening partial lunar eclipses) which began with the April 2014 lunar eclipse is a sign of the beginning of the end times as described in the Bible in the Book of Joel, Acts 2:20 and Revelation 6:12. The tetrad ended with the lunar eclipse on September 27-28, 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Media attention and critics
3 References
4 Further reading
5 See also
6 External links
Overview[edit]
On April 15, 2014, there was a total lunar eclipse which was the first of four consecutive total eclipses in a series, known as a tetrad; a second one took place on October 8, 2014, the third one on April 4, 2015, and the remaining one took place on September 27, 2015. It is one of eight tetrads to take place during the 21st century AD.[1] As with most lunar eclipses, the moon appeared red during the April 15, 2014, eclipse.[2][3] The red color is caused by Rayleigh scattering of sunlight through the Earth's atmosphere, the same effect that causes sunsets to appear red.[2] Hagee also connects the solar eclipse of March 20, 2015, in the middle of the sequence.
2014 Apr 15
2014 Oct 08
2015 Mar 20
2015 Apr 04
2015 Sep 28
The idea of a "blood moon" serving as an omen of the coming of the end times comes from the Book of Joel, where it is written "the sun will turn into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes."[4] This phrase is again mentioned by Saint Peter during Pentecost, as recorded in Acts,[5] although Peter says that the date of Pentecost, not some future date, was the fulfillment of Joel's prophecy. The blood moon also appears in the Book of Revelation chapter 6 verses 11 - 13,[6] where verse 12 says " And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood".
Around 2008, Biltz began predicting that the Second Coming of Jesus would occur in the fall of 2015 with the seven years of the great tribulation beginning in the fall of 2008. He said he had "discovered" an astronomical pattern that predicted the next tetrad would coincide with the end times. When the prediction failed, he pulled the article from his website, but continued to teach on the "significance" of the tetrad.
Hagee would later seize on Biltz' prediction to write Four Blood Moons, which would become a best seller, spending more than 150 days in Amazon.com's top 150 by April 2014.[3] For the week ending March 30, 2014, it was the ninth best selling paperback, according to Publishers Weekly.[7] By mid-April, Hagee's book had hit No. 4 on The New York Times best-seller list in the advice category.[3] Hagee's book (and subsequent sermon series at his home congregation, Cornerstone Church) did not proclaim that any specific "end times" event would occur (as did Biltz in his original prophecy), but claimed that every prior tetrad of the last 500 years coincided with events in Jewish and Israeli history that were originally tragic, yet followed by triumph.
Media attention and critics[edit]
Hagee and Biltz's speculations gained mainstream media attention in publications such as USA Today and The Washington Post.[2][3] Earth & Sky reported receiving "a number of inquiries about Blood Moon", prompting a response.[1] Samantha Blake of Christian Today wrote that only a "small group of Christians" saw the eclipse as significant.[8]
Writing for Earth & Sky Bruce McClure and Deborah Byrd point out that the referenced verse also says the "sun will be turned into darkness", an apparent reference to a solar eclipse. They note that since the Jewish Calendar is lunar, one sixth of all eclipses will occur during Passover or Sukkot. Furthermore, there have been 62 tetrads since the first century AD, though only eight of them have coincided with both feasts. Additionally, three of the four eclipses in the tetrad were not even visible in the biblical homeland of Israel, casting further doubt on Hagee and Biltz's interpretation; even then, only the very end of the last eclipse was visible in Israel.[1] Writing for Space.com, Geoff Gaherty said he was saddened that "'prophets of doom' ... view these life-enriching events as portents of disaster" and said the eclipse was "hardly something to be concerned about".[9]
In January 2014, Mike Moore, the then General Secretary of Christian Witness to Israel, wrote a lengthy article dismissing the claims of Biltz and Hagee. Moore's view was that no significance can be drawn from the eclipses.[10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Bruce McClure; Deborah Byrd (March 30, 2014). "What is a Blood Moon?". Earth & Sky. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elizabeth Weise (April 3, 2014). "Blood moon eclipse on April 15 is a special event". USA Today. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sarah Pulliam Bailey (April 15, 2014). "'Blood moon' sets off apocalyptic debate among some Christians". Washington Post. Religion News Service. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Joel 2:31
Jump up ^ Acts 2:20
Jump up ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+6:11-13&version=KJV
Jump up ^ "Bestsellers for week ending March 30". Newsday. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Samantha Blake (April 5, 2014). "Lunar Eclipse April 15, 2014: Four Blood Moons a sign of End Times?". Christian Today. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Four Blood Moons: Total Lunar Eclipse Series Not a Sign of Apocalypse". Space.com. April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mike Moore (20 January 2014). "Blood Moon Rising". Mike's Musings. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Biltz, Mark (2014). Blood Moons: Decoding the Imminent Heavenly Signs. Washington, DC: WND Books. ISBN 9781936488117.
Hagee, John (2013). Four Blood Moons: Something Is About to Change. Brentwood, TN: Worthy Publishing. ISBN 9781617952142.
See also[edit]
List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions
External links[edit]
Astronomy portal
Robbins, Stuart. "Exposing PseudoAstronomy Ep 85: Blood Moons, Jewish Holidays, and the End of All Things". Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_moon_prophecy&oldid=830752592"
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Inferior vena cava
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, azygos vein and their tributaries
Details
Source
common iliac vein
lumbar veins
testicular vein
renal vein
suprarenal vein
hepatic vein
Drains to
right atrium
Artery
abdominal aorta
Identifiers
Latin
vena cava inferior
MeSH
A07.231.908.949.648
TA
A12.3.09.001
FMA
10951
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The inferior vena cava (or IVC) (Latin: vena, "vein", cavus, "hollow") is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. Its walls are rigid and has valves so the blood does not flow down via gravity. It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
The inferior vena cava is the lower ("inferior") of the two venae cavae, the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body: the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body.
It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column. It enters the right atrium at the lower right, back side of the heart.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Tributaries
1.2 Development
1.3 Variation
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart. It also joins with the azygos vein (which runs on the right side of the vertebral column) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord.
The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite, at about the level of L5. It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8.
Tributaries[edit]
The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows:
Level Vein
T8 hepatic veins, inferior phrenic vein
L1 right suprarenal vein, renal veins
L2 right gonadal vein
L1–L5 lumbar veins
L5 common iliac veins
Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline, drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical. On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly. On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava.
Development[edit]
In the embryo, the inferior vena cava and right atrium are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava, also known as the Eustachian valve. In the adult, this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium.[1]
Variation[edit]
Rarely, the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position. In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left. It may be replaced by two vessels beneath the level of the renal veins.[2]
Function[edit]
The inferior vena cava is a vein. It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart.[2]
The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava.
Clinical significance[edit]
Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed (ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure). Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm), the gravid uterus (aortocaval compression syndrome) and abdominal maligancies, such as colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer. Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right-sided structure, unconscious pregnant women should be turned on to their left side (the recovery position), to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return {{citation needed}}. In rare cases, straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope (fainting).[3]
Blockage of the inferior vena cava is rare, and is treated urgently as a life-threatening condition. It is associated with deep vein thrombosis, IVC filters, liver transplantation and surgical procedures such as the insertion of a catheter in the femoral vein in the groin.[4]
Branches of Inferior Vena Cava
Trauma to the vena cava is usually fatal as unstoppable excessive blood loss occurs.
Additional images[edit]
Inferior vena cava
Inferior vena cava front view
See also[edit]
Atriocaval shunt
Inferior vena cava syndrome
Recovery position
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Turhan Yavuz; Nazli, C; Kinay, O; Kutsal, A (2002). "Giant Eustachian Valve: with Echocardiographic Appearance of Divided Right Atrium". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 29 (4): 336–8. PMC 140300  . PMID 12484622.
^ Jump up to: a b Susan Standring; Neil R. Borley; et al., eds. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8.
Jump up ^ Brophy, CM; Evans, L; Sumpio, BE (1993). "Defecation syncope secondary to functional inferior vena caval obstruction during a Valsalva maneuver". Annals of Vascular Surgery. 7 (4): 374–7. PMID 8268080. doi:10.1007/BF02002893.
Jump up ^ Geehan DM, Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis, emedicine.com, URL: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2718.htm, Accessed: August 3, 2005.
External links[edit]
Anatomy photo:40:13-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Tributaries to the Inferior Vena Cava"
Cross section image: pembody/body12a—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
[hide]
v
t
e
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis
To azygos system
ascending lumbar
subcostal
IVC
(Systemic)
To IVC or left renal vein
inferior phrenic
hepatic
central veins of liver
liver sinusoid
suprarenal
renal
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Photosystem II
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Cyanobacteria photosystem II, Dimer, PDB 2AXT
Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Within the photosystem, enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then transferred through a variety of coenzymes and cofactors to reduce plastoquinone to plastoquinol. The energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen.
By replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water, photosystem II provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur. The hydrogen ions (protons) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce NADP+
to NADPH or are used in Non cyclic photophosphorylation.[1]
Contents
1 Structure
2 Oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)
3 Water splitting
4 See also
5 References
Structure[edit]
Cyanobacterial photosystem II, Monomer, PDB 2AXT.
The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous proteins D1 and D2.[2] Unlike the reaction centers of all other photosystems in which the positive charge sitting on the chlorophyll dimer that undergoes the initial photoinduced charge separation is equally shared by the two monomers, in intact PSII the charge is mostly localized on one chlorophyll molecule (70−80%).[3] Because of this, P680+ is highly oxidizing and can take part in the splitting of water.[2]
Photosystem II (of cyanobacteria and green plants) is composed of around 20 subunits (depending on the organism) as well as other accessory, light-harvesting proteins. Each photosystem II contains at least 99 cofactors: 35 chlorophyll a, 12 beta-carotene, two pheophytin, two plastoquinone, two heme, one bicarbonate, 20 lipid molecules, the Mn
4CaO
5 cluster (including two chloride ions), one non heme Fe2+
and two putative Ca2+
ions per monomer.[4] There are several crystal structures of photosystem II.[5] The PDB accession codes for this protein are 3WU2, 3BZ1, 3BZ2 (3BZ1 and 3BZ2 are monomeric structures of the Photosystem II dimer),[4] 2AXT, 1S5L, 1W5C, 1ILX, 1FE1, 1IZL.
Photosystem II Light Harvesting complex protein
Identifiers
Symbol
PSII
Pfam
PF00421
InterPro
IPR000932
TCDB
3.E.2
OPM superfamily
2
OPM protein
3jcu
Membranome
536
showAvailable protein structures:
Pfam
structures
PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
Protein Subunits (only with known function)
Subunit Function
D1 Reaction center Protein, binds Chlorophyll P680, pheophytin,
beta-carotene,quinone and manganese center
D2 Reaction center Protein
CP43 Binds manganese center
CP47
PsbO Manganese Stabilizing Protein
Coenzymes/Cofactors
Molecule Function
Chlorophyll Absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy
Beta-carotene quench excess photoexcitation energy
Heme b559 also Protoporphyrin IX containing iron
Pheophytin Primary electron acceptor
Plastoquinone Mobile intra-thylakoid membrane electron carrier
Manganese center also known as the oxygen evolving center, or OEC
Photosystem II
Identifiers
EC number
1.10.3.9
Databases
IntEnz
IntEnz view
BRENDA
BRENDA entry
ExPASy
NiceZyme view
KEGG
KEGG entry
MetaCyc
metabolic pathway
PRIAM
profile
PDB structures
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
showSearch
PMC
articles
PubMed
articles
NCBI
proteins
Oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)[edit]
Proposed structure of Manganese Center
Main article: oxygen-evolving complex
The oxygen-evolving complex is the site of water oxidation. It is a metallo-oxo cluster comprising four manganese ions (in oxidation states ranging from +2 to +4)[6] and one divalent calcium ion. When it oxidizes water, producing oxygen gas and protons, it sequentially delivers the four electrons from water to a tyrosine (D1-Y161) sidechain and then to P680 itself. The first structural model of the oxygen-evolving complex are solved by X-ray crystallography from frozen protein crystals with a resolution of 3.8Å in 2001.[7] Over the next years the resolution of the model is gradually increased to 2.9Å.[8][9][10] While obtaining these structures, in itself was a great feat, they do not show the oxygen-evolving complex in full detail. In 2011 the OEC of PSII was resolved to a level of 1.9Å revealing five oxygen atoms serving as oxo bridges linking the five metal atoms and four water molecules bound to the Mn4CaO5 cluster; more than 1,300 water molecules were found in each photosystem II monomer, some forming extensive hydrogen-bonding networks that may serve as channels for protons, water or oxygen molecules.[11] At this stage, it is suggested that the structures obtained by X-ray crystallography are biased, since there is evidence that the manganese atoms are reduced by the high-intensity X-rays used, altering the observed OEC structure. This incentivized researchers to take their crystals to a different X-ray facilities, called X-ray Free Electron Lasers, such as SLAC in the USA. In 2014 the structure observed in 2011 was confirmed.[12] Knowing the structure of Photosystem II did not suffice to reveal how it works exactly. So now the race has started to solve the structure of Photosystem II at different stages in the mechanistic cycle (discussed below). Currently structures of the S1 state and the S3 state's have been published almost simultaneously from two different groups, showing the addition of an oxygen molecule designated O6 between Mn1 and Mn4,[13][14] suggesting that this may be the site on the oxygen evolving complex, where oxygen is produced.
Water splitting[edit]
Water-splitting process: Electron transport and regulation. The first level (A) shows the original Kok model of the S-states cycling, the second level (B) shows the link between the electron transport (S-states advancement) and the relaxation process of the intermediate S-states ([YzSn], n=0,1,2,3) formation
Photosynthetic water splitting (or oxygen evolution) is one of the most important reactions on the planet, since it is the source of nearly all the atmosphere's oxygen. Moreover, artificial photosynthetic water-splitting may contribute to the effective use of sunlight as an alternative energy-source.
The mechanism of water oxidation is still not fully elucidated, but we know many details about this process. The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen requires extraction of four electrons and four protons from two molecules of water. The experimental evidence that oxygen is released through cyclic reaction of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) within one PSII was provided by Pierre Joliot et al.[15] They have shown that, if dark-adapted photosynthetic material (higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria) is exposed to a series of single turnover flashes, oxygen evolution is detected with typical period-four damped oscillation with maxima on the third and the seventh flash and with minima on the first and the fifth flash (for review, see[16]). Based on this experiment, Bessel Kok and co-workers [17] introduced a cycle of five flash-induced transitions of the so-called S-states, describing the four redox states of OEC: When four oxidizing equivalents have been stored (at the S4-state), OEC returns to its basic S0-state. In the absence of light, the OEC will "relax" to the S1 state; the S1 state is often described as being "dark-stable". The S1 state is largely considered to consist of manganese ions with oxidation states of Mn3+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn4+.[6] Finally, the intermediate S-states[18] were proposed by Jablonsky and Lazar as a regulatory mechanism and link between S-states and tyrosine Z.
In 2012, Renger expressed the idea of internal changes of water molecules into typical oxides in different S-states during water splitting.[19] In 2017, Dolai showed almost complete concept of water splitting by the way of structural analysis of S-states and developed oxides from the water molecules.[20]
Dolai's Diagram of S-states (Dolai's Mechanism): Dolai's diagrams are pictures of different S-states in water-splitting during photosynthesis. These diagrams can express estimated figures of intermediate S-states as well as the development of typical oxides (monoxide(2H2O), hydroxide(OH.H
2O), peroxide(H
2O
2),super oxide(HO
2) and di-oxygen(O
2)); which are formed due to interchange of water molecules in S-states. The arrangement of hydrogen bonding is main criteria of the diagrams. The effect of photon(hv), emission of electron(e) and production of hydrogen ion(H+) from water molecules can be shown by the diagrams in a more specific way of experimental detection. The diagrams almost completely analyze the pathway of water-splitting in photosynthesis.
See also[edit]
Biology portal
Oxygen evolution
P680
Photosynthesis
Photosystem
Photosystem I
Photosystem II light-harvesting protein
Reaction Centre
Photoinhibition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Loll B, Kern J, Saenger W, Zouni A, Biesiadka J (December 2005). "Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 A resolution structure of photosystem II". Nature. 438 (7070): 1040–4. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1040L. doi:10.1038/nature04224. PMID 16355230.
^ Jump up to: a b Rutherford AW, Faller P (January 2003). "Photosystem II: evolutionary perspectives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 358 (1429): 245–53. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1186. PMC 1693113. PMID 12594932.
Jump up ^ Okubo T, Tomo T, Sugiura M, Noguchi T (April 2007). "Perturbation of the structure of P680 and the charge distribution on its radical cation in isolated reaction center complexes of photosystem II as revealed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy". Biochemistry. 46 (14): 4390–7. doi:10.1021/bi700157n. PMID 17371054.
^ Jump up to: a b Guskov A, Kern J, Gabdulkhakov A, Broser M, Zouni A, Saenger W (March 2009). "Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9-A resolution and the role of quinones, lipids, channels and chloride". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 16 (3): 334–42. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1559. PMID 19219048.
Jump up ^ Yano J, Kern J, Yachandra VK, Nilsson H, Koroidov S, Messinger J (2015). "Chapter 2, Section 3 X-Ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy of Photosystem II at Room Temperature Using Femtosecond X-Ray Pulses". In Kroneck PM, Sosa Torres ME. Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 15. Springer. p. 24. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_2.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuntzleman T, Yocum CF (February 2005). "Reduction-induced inhibition and Mn(II) release from the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex by hydroquinone or NH2OH are consistent with a Mn(III)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV)/Mn(IV) oxidation state for the dark-adapted enzyme". Biochemistry. 44 (6): 2129–42. doi:10.1021/bi048460i. PMID 15697239.
Jump up ^ Zouni A, Witt HT, Kern J, Fromme P, Krauss N, Saenger W, Orth P (February 2001). "Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 A resolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 739–43. doi:10.1038/35055589. PMID 11217865.
Jump up ^ Kamiya N, Shen JR (January 2003). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7-A resolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (1): 98–103. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100...98K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0135651100. PMC 140893. PMID 12518057.
Jump up ^ Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J, Iwata S (March 2004). "Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center". Science. 303 (5665): 1831–8. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1831F. doi:10.1126/science.1093087. PMID 14764885.
Jump up ^ Guskov A, Kern J, Gabdulkhakov A, Broser M, Zouni A, Saenger W (March 2009). "Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9-A resolution and the role of quinones, lipids, channels and chloride". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 16 (3): 334–42. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1559. PMID 19219048.
Jump up ^ Umena Y, Kawakami K, Shen JR, Kamiya N (May 2011). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å". Nature. 473 (7345): 55–60. Bibcode:2011Natur.473...55U. doi:10.1038/nature09913. PMID 21499260.
Jump up ^ Suga M, Akita F, Hirata K, Ueno G, Murakami H, Nakajima Y, Shimizu T, Yamashita K, Yamamoto M, Ago H, Shen JR (January 2015). "Native structure of photosystem II at 1.95 Å resolution viewed by femtosecond X-ray pulses". Nature. 517 (7532): 99–103. Bibcode:2015Natur.517...99S. doi:10.1038/nature13991. PMID 25470056.
Jump up ^ Young ID, Ibrahim M, Chatterjee R, Gul S, Fuller F, Koroidov S, et al. (December 2016). "Structure of photosystem II and substrate binding at room temperature". Nature. 540 (7633): 453–457. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..453Y. doi:10.1038/nature20161. PMC 5201176. PMID 27871088.
Jump up ^ Suga M, Akita F, Sugahara M, Kubo M, Nakajima Y, Nakane T, et al. (March 2017). "Light-induced structural changes and the site of O=O bond formation in PSII caught by XFEL". Nature. 543 (7643): 131–135. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..131S. doi:10.1038/nature21400. PMID 28219079.
Jump up ^ Joliot P.; Barbieri G.; Chabaud R. (1969). "Un nouveau modele des centres photochimiques du systeme II". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 10 (5): 309–329. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1969.tb05696.x.
Jump up ^ Joliot P (2003). "Period-four oscillations of the flash-induced oxygen formation in photosynthesis". Photosynthesis Research. 76 (1–3): 65–72. doi:10.1023/A:1024946610564. PMID 16228566.
Jump up ^ Kok B, Forbush B, McGloin M (June 1970). "Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic O2 evolution-I. A linear four step mechanism". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 11 (6): 457–75. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1970.tb06017.x. PMID 5456273.
Jump up ^ Jablonsky J, Lazar D (April 2008). "Evidence for intermediate S-states as initial phase in the process of oxygen-evolving complex oxidation". Biophysical Journal. 94 (7): 2725–36. Bibcode:2008BpJ....94.2725J. doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.122861. PMC 2267143. PMID 18178650.
Jump up ^ Renger G (August 2012). "Mechanism of light induced water splitting in Photosystem II of oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1817 (8): 1164–76. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.005. PMID 22353626.
Jump up ^ Dolai, U (2017). "Chemical Scheme of Water -Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis". IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 12 (6): 65–67. doi:10.9790/3008-1206026567. ISSN 2319-7676.
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