text:
Nike, Inc.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the sportswear and apparel company. For other uses of the name "Nike", see Nike (disambiguation).
Nike, Inc.
Nike Swoosh logo
Nike World Headquarters in Beaverton
Formerly called
Blue Ribbon Sports
(1964–1971)
Type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: NKE (Class B)
DJIA Component
S&P 100 Component
S&P 500 Component
Industry
Apparel
Accessories
Sports equipment
Founded
January 25, 1964; 54 years ago (1964-01-25)
Founder
Bill Bowerman
Phil Knight
Headquarters
Washington County, Oregon, U.S.
(Near Beaverton, Oregon)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Phil Knight
(Chairman Emeritus)
Mark Parker
(Chairman, President, & CEO)
Andrew Campion
(CFO)
Products
Athletic footwear & apparel
Athletic & recreational products
Sports equipment
Revenue
US$ 34.35 billion (2017)
Operating income
US$ 4.95 billion (2017)
Net income
US$ 4.24 billion (2017)
Total assets
US$ 23.26 billion (2017)
Total equity
US$ 12.41 billion (2017)
Number of employees
74,400 (2017)
Website
Nike.com
Footnotes / references
[1]
Nike Factory Store in Wisconsin
Nike, Inc. (official, US: /ˈnaɪki/; also, non-US /naɪk/)[note 1] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design, development, manufacturing, and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories, and services. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. It is the world's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel[4] and a major manufacturer of sports equipment, with revenue in excess of US$24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 (ending May 31, 2012). As of 2012, it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide. In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $19 billion, making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses.[5] As of 2017, the Nike brand is valued at $29.6 billion.[6]
The company was founded on January 25, 1964, as Blue Ribbon Sports, by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Blazers, Air Force 1, Nike Dunk, Air Max, Foamposite, Nike Skateboarding, and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan, Hurley International and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) from 1995 and 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro.[7] In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of "Just Do It" and the Swoosh logo.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and history
1.1 Acquisitions
1.2 Finance
2 Products
2.1 Sports equipment
2.2 Street fashions
3 Headquarters
4 Controversy
4.1 Sweatshops
4.2 Child labor allegations
4.3 Strike in China factory
4.4 Justin Gatlin sponsorship
4.5 Paradise Papers
5 Environmental record
6 Marketing strategy
6.1 Advertising
6.1.1 Beatles song
6.1.2 New media marketing
6.1.3 Minor Threat advertisement
6.1.4 Nike 6.0
6.2 NBA uniform and apparel deal
7 Sponsorship
7.1 Current sponsorships
8 Ties with the University of Oregon
9 Causes
10 Program
11 Products
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Origins and history
Old logo of Nike, Inc., still used on some retro products with red boxes
A Nike Factory Store in Vaughan Mills
Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger (now ASICS), making most sales at track meets out of Knight's automobile.[8]
According to Otis Davis, a student athlete whom Bowerman coached at the University of Oregon, who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics, Bowerman made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight. Says Davis, "I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I don't care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me. People don't believe me. In fact, I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine."[9]
In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000. By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California next to a beauty salon, so its employees no longer needed to sell inventory from the back of their cars. In 1967, due to rapidly increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.[10]
By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end. BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear, which would bear the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson.[11] The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18, 1971, and was registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on January 22, 1974.[12]
In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, as its first advertising agency. The following year, the agency created the first "brand ad" for Nike, called "There is no finish line", in which no Nike product was shown. By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U.S. athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year.[13]
Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nike's primary ad agency. It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous slogan "Just Do It" for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution.[14] Walt Stack was featured in Nike's first "Just Do It" advertisement, which debuted on July 1, 1988.[15] Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to "Let's do it", the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed.[16]
Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world.[17] In 1990, Nike moved into its eight-building World Headquarters campus in Beaverton, Oregon.[18] The first Nike retail store, dubbed Niketown, opened in downtown Portland in November of that year.[19]
Phil Knight announced in mid-2015 that he would to step down as chairman of Nike in 2016.[20] He officially stepped down from all duties with the company on June 30, 2016.[21]
In a company public announcement on March 15, 2018, Parker said Trevor Edwards, a top Nike executive who was seen as a potential successor to the chief executive, was relinquishing his position as Nike’s brand president and would retire in August.[22]
Acquisitions
Nike has acquired several apparel and footwear companies over the course of its history, some of which have since been sold. Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear company Cole Haan in 1988,[23] followed by the purchase of Bauer Hockey in 1994. In 2002, Nike bought surf apparel company Hurley International from founder Bob Hurley.[24] In 2003, Nike paid US$309 million to acquire Converse, makers of the Chuck Taylor All-Stars line of sneakers.[25] The company acquired Starter in 2004[26] and Umbro, known as the manufacturers of the England national football team's kit, in 2008.[27]
In order to refocus on its core business lines, Nike began divesting of some of its subsidiaries in the 2000s.[28] It sold Starter in 2007[26] and Bauer Hockey in 2008.[29] The company sold Umbro in 2012 [30] and Cole Haan in 2013.[31] As of 2017, Nike owns two key subsidiaries: Converse Inc. and Hurley International.[32][33]
Finance
Nike will buy back $8 billion of Nike's class B stock in four years after the current $5 billion buyback program is completed in second quarter of fiscal 2013. Up to September 2012, Nike Inc. has bought back $10 billion of stock.[34]
Nike was made a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2013, when it replaced Alcoa.[35]
On December 19, 2013, Nike's quarterly profit rose due to a 13 percent increase in global orders for merchandise since April of that year. Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and April, rose to $10.4 billion. Nike shares (NKE) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading.[36]
In November 2015, Nike announced it would initiate a $12 billion share buyback, as well as a two-for-one stock split, with shares to begin trading at the decreased price on December 24.[37] The split will be the seventh in company history.
Products
A Nike brand athletic shoe
A pair of Nike Air Jordan I basketball shoes
Sports equipment
Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. Their first products were track running shoes. They currently also make shoes, jerseys, shorts, cleats,[38] baselayers, etc. for a wide range of sports, including track and field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, association football (soccer), lacrosse, basketball, and cricket. Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. Additional product lines were introduced later, such as Air Huarache, which debuted in 1992. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors'.[39] In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high-performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind.
Nike sells an assortment of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities like association football,[40] basketball, running, combat sports, tennis, American football, athletics, golf, and cross training for men, women, and children. Nike also sells shoes for outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, skateboarding, association football, baseball, American football, cycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, auto racing, and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product that monitors a runner's performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the iPod nano. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' RFID devices from 60 feet (18 m) away using small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network.[41][42]
In 2004, Nike launched the SPARQ Training Program/Division.[43] Some of Nike's newest shoes contain Flywire and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight.[44] The Air Zoom Vomero running shoe, introduced in 2006 and currently in its 11th generation, featured a combination of groundbreaking innovations including a full-length air cushioned sole,[45] an external heel counter, a crashpad in the heel for shock absorption, and Fit Frame technology for a stable fit.[46]
Street fashions
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nike Cortez shoe
Nike Elite no-show socks with cushioned sole.
The Nike brand, with its distinct V-shaped logo, quickly became regarded as a status symbol[47] in modern urban fashion and hip-hop fashion[48] due to its association with success in sport.[49] Beginning in the 1980s, various items of Nike clothing became staples of mainstream American youth fashion, especially tracksuits, shell suits, baseball caps, Air Jordans, and Air Max running shoes[50] with thick, air cushioned rubber soles and contrasting blue, yellow, green, white, or red trim.[51] Limited edition sneakers and prototypes with a regional early release were known as Quickstrikes,[52] and became highly desirable items[53] for teenage members of the sneakerhead subculture.[54]
By the 1990s and 2000s, American and European teenagers[55] associated with the preppy[56] or popular clique[57] began combining these sneakers,[58] leggings, sweatpants, crop tops,[59] and tracksuits with regular casual chic[60] street clothes[61] such as jeans, skirts, leg warmers, slouch socks, and bomber jackets. Particularly popular[62][not in citation given] were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo compression shorts[63] worn for cycling and running, which had a mesh lining, waterproofing, and, later in the 2000s, a zip pocket for a Walkman or MP3 player.[64]
From the late 2000s into the 2010s, Nike Elite basketball socks began to be worn as everyday clothes by hip-hop fans and young children.[65] Originally plain white or black, these socks had special shock absorbing cushioning in the sole[66] plus a moisture wicking upper weave.[67] Later, Nike Elite socks became available in bright colors inspired by throwback basketball uniforms,[68] often with contrasting bold abstract designs, images of celebrities,[69] and freehand digital print[70] to capitalise upon the emerging nostalgia for 1990s fashion.
In 2015, a new self-lacing shoe was introduced. Called the Nike Mag, which are replicas of the shoes featured in Back to the Future Part II, it had a preliminary limited release, only available by auction with all proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation.[71] This was done again in 2016.[72]
Nike have introduced a premium line, focused more on streetwear than sports wear called NikeLab.[73]
In March 2017, Nike announced its launch of a plus-size clothing line, which will feature new sizes 1X through 3X on more than 200 products.[74] Another significant development at this time was the Chuck Taylor All-Star Modern, an update of the classic basketball sneaker that incorporated the circular knit upper and cushioned foam sole of Nike's Air Jordans.[75]
Headquarters
Nike's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton but are within unincorporated Washington County. The city attempted to forcibly annex Nike's headquarters, which led to a lawsuit by Nike, and lobbying by the company that ultimately ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005. Under that bill's terms, Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land that Nike and Columbia Sportswear occupy in Washington County for 35 years, while Electro Scientific Industries and Tektronix receive the same protection for 30 years.[76] Nike is planning to build a 3.2 million square foot expansion to its World Headquarters in Beaverton.[77] The design will target LEED Platinum certification and will be highlighted by natural daylight, and a gray water treatment center.[77]
Controversy
Nike office in North America.
Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States.[78] Most of the factories are located in Asia, including Indonesia, China, Taiwan, India,[79] Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, and Malaysia.[80] Nike is hesitant to disclose information about the contract companies it works with. However, due to harsh criticism from some organizations like CorpWatch, Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report.
Sweatshops
Main article: Nike sweatshops
Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories (known as Nike sweatshops) in countries such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Vietnam Labor Watch, an activist group, has documented that factories contracted by Nike have violated minimum wage and overtime laws in Vietnam as late as 1996, although Nike claims that this practice has been stopped.[81] The company has been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor working conditions and exploitation of cheap overseas labor employed in the free trade zones where their goods are typically manufactured. Sources for this criticism include Naomi Klein's book No Logo and Michael Moore documentaries.
Campaigns have been taken up by many colleges and universities, especially anti-globalisation groups, as well as several anti-sweatshop groups such as the United Students Against Sweatshops.[82]
As of July 2011, Nike stated that two-thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet the company's standards for worker treatment. A July 2011 Associated Press article stated that employees at the company's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors.[83]
Child labor allegations
During the 1990s, Nike faced criticism for the use of child labor in Cambodia and Pakistan in factories it contracted to manufacture soccer balls. Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice, they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used.[84]
In 2001, a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike.[85] The documentary focused on six girls, who all worked seven days a week, often 16 hours a day.
Strike in China factory
In April 2014, one of the biggest strikes in mainland China took place at the Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Dongguan shoe factory, producing amongst others for Nike. Yue Yuen did underpay an employee by 250 yuan (40.82 US Dollars) per month. The average salary at Yue Yuen is 3000 yuan per month. The factory employs 70,000 people. This practice was in place for nearly 20 years.[86][87][88]
Justin Gatlin sponsorship
In March 2015, Nike drew criticism after announcing a new sponsorship deal with American sprinter Justin Gatlin who had served two bans for doping. Nike had previously dropped Gatlin after his second failed drug test and resulting long term ban. Critics said that Nike was sending out a bad message by endorsing an athlete who has never been repentant for his actions and still causes widespread discontent within the sport. English sprinter Marlon Devonish described the deal as "a kick in the teeth to the 99% of guys who are clean".[89][90][91][92]
Paradise Papers
Main article: Paradise Papers
On 5 November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Nike is among the corporations that used offshore companies to avoid taxes.[93][94][95]
Appleby documents detail how Nike boosted its after-tax profits by, among other maneuvers, transferring ownership of its Swoosh trademark to a Bermudan subsidiary, Nike International Ltd. This transfer allowed the subsidiary to charge royalties to its European headquarters in Hilversum, Netherlands, effectively converting taxable company profits to an account payable in tax-free Bermuda.[96] Although the subsidiary was effectively run by executives at Nike's main offices in Beaverton, Oregon—to the point where a duplicate of the Bermudan company's seal was needed—for tax purposes the subsidiary was treated as Bermuda. Its profits were not declared in Europe and came to light only because of a mostly unrelated case in US Tax Court, where papers filed by Nike briefly mention royalties in 2010, 2011 and 2012 totaling $3.86 billion.[96] Under an arrangement with Dutch authorities, the tax break was to expire in 2014, so another reorganization transferred the intellectual property from the Bermudan company to a Dutch commanditaire vennootschap or limited partnership, Nike Innovate CV. Dutch law treats income earned by a CV as if it had been earned by the principals, who owe no tax in the Netherlands if they do not reside there.[96]
Environmental record
According to the New England-based environmental organization Clean Air-Cool Planet, Nike ranked among the top three companies (out of 56) in a survey of climate-friendly companies in 2007.[97] Nike has also been praised for its Nike Grind program (which closes the product lifecycle) by groups like Climate Counts.[98] One campaign that Nike began for Earth Day 2008 was a commercial that featured basketball star Steve Nash wearing Nike's Trash Talk Shoe, which had been constructed in February 2008 from pieces of leather and synthetic leather waste from factory floors. The Trash Talk Shoe also featured a sole composed of ground-up rubber from a shoe recycling program. Nike claims this is the first performance basketball shoe that has been created from manufacturing waste, but it only produced 5,000 pairs for sale.[99]
Another project Nike has begun is called Nike's Reuse-A-Shoe program. This program, started in 1993, is Nike's longest-running program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type in order to process and recycle them. The material that is produced is then used to help create sports surfaces such as basketball courts, running tracks, and playgrounds.[100]
A project through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand. In addition to inhalation, dermal exposure was the biggest problem found. This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic reactions.[101][102]
Marketing strategy
Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams.
Advertising
In 1982, Nike aired its first three national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency Wieden+Kennedy (W+K), during the broadcast of the New York Marathon.[103] The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003, making it the first company to receive that honor twice.[104]
Nike also has earned the Emmy Award for best commercial twice since the award was first created in the 1990s. The first was for "The Morning After," a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1, 2000 if every dire prediction about the Y2K problem came to fruition.[105] The second was for a 2002 spot called "Move," which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a variety of athletic pursuits.[106]
Beatles song
Nike was criticized for its use of the Beatles song "Revolution" in a 1987 commercial against the wishes of Apple Records, the Beatles' recording company. Nike paid US$250,000 to Capitol Records Inc., which held the North American licensing rights to the recordings, for the right to use the Beatles' rendition for a year.
Apple Records sued Nike Inc., Capitol Records Inc., EMI Records Inc. and Wieden+Kennedy for $15 million.[107] Capitol-EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was "groundless" because Capitol had licensed the use of "Revolution" with the "active support and encouragement of Yoko Ono, a shareholder and director of Apple Records."
Nike discontinued airing ads featuring "Revolution" in March 1988. Yoko Ono later gave permission to Nike to use John Lennon's "Instant Karma" in another advertisement.
New media marketing
Nike was an early adopter of internet marketing, email management technologies, and using broadcast and narrowcast communication technologies to create multimedia marketing campaigns.
Minor Threat advertisement
In late June 2005, Nike received criticism from Ian MacKaye, owner of Dischord Records, guitarist/vocalist for Fugazi and The Evens, and front man of the defunct punk band Minor Threat, for appropriating imagery and text from Minor Threat's 1981 self-titled album's cover art in a flyer promoting Nike Skateboarding's 2005 East Coast demo tour.
On June 27, Nike Skateboarding's website issued an apology to Dischord, Minor Threat, and fans of both and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers. They stated that the people who designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of respect and appreciation for the band.[108] The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike and Minor Threat.
Niketown at Oxford Circus, London
Nike 6.0
As part of the 6.0 campaign, Nike introduced a new line of T-shirts that include phrases such as "Dope", "Get High" and "Ride Pipe" – sports lingo that is also a double entendre for drug use. Boston Mayor Thomas Menino expressed his objection to the shirts after seeing them in a window display at the city's Niketown and asked the store to remove the display. "What we don't need is a major corporation like Nike, which tries to appeal to the younger generation, out there giving credence to the drug issue," Menino told The Boston Herald. A company official stated the shirts were meant to pay homage to extreme sports, and that Nike does not condone the illegal use of drugs.[109] Nike was forced to replace the shirt line.[110]
NBA uniform and apparel deal
In June 2015, Nike signed an 8-year deal with the NBA to become the official apparel supplier for the league, beginning with the 2017–18 season. The brand takes over for Adidas, who provided the uniforms and apparel for the league since 2006. Unlike previous deals, Nike's logo will appear on NBA game jerseys – a first for the league.[111] The only exception will be the Charlotte Hornets, owned by longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan, which will instead use the Jumpman logo associated with Jordan-related merchandise.[112]
Sponsorship
Ronaldinho (pictured with Barcelona in 2007) appeared in a 2005 Nike advertisement that went viral on YouTube, becoming the site's first video to reach one million views.[113]
Nike pays top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design.
Nike's first professional athlete endorser was Romanian tennis player Ilie Năstase. The first track endorser was distance runner Steve Prefontaine. Prefontaine was the prized pupil of the company's co-founder, Bill Bowerman, while he coached at the University of Oregon. Today, the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in his honor at Nike's corporate headquarters.
Nike has also sponsored many other successful track and field athletes over the years, such as Carl Lewis, Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Sebastian Coe. The signing of basketball player Michael Jordan in 1984, with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the course of his career, with Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon, proved to be one of the biggest boosts to Nike's publicity and sales.
Nike has been the official kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team since 2005.[114][115]
Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at Penn State University and named its first child care facility after Joe Paterno when it opened in 1990 at the company's headquarters. Nike originally announced it would not remove Paterno's name from the building in the wake of the Penn State sex abuse scandal. After the Freeh Report was released on July 12, 2012, Nike CEO Mark Parker announced the name Joe Paterno would be removed immediately from the child development center. A new name has yet to be announced.[116][117]
Nike also sponsored association football players such as Ronaldinho, Ronaldo, Cristiano Ronaldo, Didier Drogba, Neymar, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Thierry Henry, Wayne Rooney, Francesco Totti, Andrés Iniesta and Landon Donovan among others.[118]
In 2012, Nike carried a commercial partnership with the Asian Football Confederation.[119]
In January 2013, Nike signed Rory McIlroy, the then No 1 golfer in the world to a 10-year sponsorship deal worth $250 million. The deal includes using Nike's range of golf clubs, a move Nick Faldo previously described as "dangerous" for McIlroy's game.[120]
On February 21, 2013, Nike announced it suspended its contract with South African athlete Oscar Pistorius, due to his being charged with premeditated murder.[121]
In August 2014, Nike announced that they will not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.[122] Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.[123]
Nike is currently sponsoring a group of long-distance runners in an attempt to run a sub-two hour full 26.2 mile marathon. The current world record is 2:02:57. Nike is putting together a team of “designers, scientists, coaches, and statisticians” with the goal of having one or more runners break the record by 3 percent in the spring of 2017.[124]
In December 2017, Philippe Coutinho's image was used on the back of Barcelona's jersey despite the fact Coutinho was a Liverpool player at the time.
Current sponsorships
Main article: List of Nike sponsorships
Ties with the University of Oregon
See also: Oregon Ducks § Relationship with Nike
The company maintains strong ties, both directly and indirectly (through partnership with Phil Knight), with the University of Oregon. Nike designs the University of Oregon football program's team attire. New unique combinations are issued before every game day.[125] Tinker Hatfield, who also redesigned the university's logo, leads this effort.[126]
More recently, the corporation donated $13.5 million towards the renovation and expansion of Hayward Field.[127]
Phil Knight has invested substantial personal funds towards developing and maintaining the university's athletic apparatus.[128] His university projects often involve input from Nike designers and executives, such as Tinker Hatfield.[126]
Causes
In 2012, Nike is listed as a partner of the (PRODUCT)RED campaign together with other brands such as Girl, American Express and Converse. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 (the campaign's byline is "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation"). The company's goal is to raise and send funds, for education and medical assistance to those who live in areas heavily effected by AIDS.[129]
Program
The Nike Community Ambassador Program, allows Nike employees from around the world to go out and give to their community. Over 3,900 employees from various Nike stores have participated in teaching children to be active and healthy.[130]
Products
Nike Air Max
Nike Air Yeezy
Nike Pro Hijab
See also
Nike timeline
List of companies based in Oregon
Companies portal
Oregon portal
United States portal
Notes
Jump up ^ The pronunciations of "Nike"[2][3] include /ˈnaɪki/ NY-kee officially and in the US, as well as /naɪk/ NYKE outside of the US.
References
Jump up ^ "US SEC: Form 10-K Nike, Inc". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Collins, Paul (May 29, 2014). "Nike IS pronounced Nikey, chairman of shoe giant finally confirms". Daily Mail. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ It's official: Nike rhymes with spiky – and you're saying all these wrong too". The Guardian. Retrieved December 21, 2014
Jump up ^ Sage, Alexandria (June 26, 2008). "Nike profit up but shares tumble on U.S. concerns". Reuters. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ozanian, Mike (July 10, 2014). "The Forbes Fab 40: The World's Most Valuable Sports Brands 2014". Forbes. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ null. "Nike - pg.16". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Nike sells Bauer Hockey for $200 Million". The Sports Network. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview : History : 1950s". Nikebiz. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hague, Jim (May 14, 2006). "Truant officer was Olympic hero Emerson High has gold medalist in midst". The Hudson Reporter. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nike Company History".
Jump up ^ "Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising". The Independent. London. January 4, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Registration Number 72414177". TSDR. U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview : History : 1970s". Nikebiz. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview : History : 1970s". Nikebiz. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nike's 'Just Do It' slogan celebrates 20 years". OregonLive.com. July 18, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Peters, Jeremy W. (August 19, 2009). "The Birth of 'Just Do It' and Other Magic Words". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Porter, Jeff; Harris, Mark; Yeung, Gavin (December 11, 2002). "Nike" (PDF). Management 296 – International Business Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2003. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brettman, Allan (February 2, 2013). "As Nike looks to expand, it already has a 22-building empire". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 6, 2013. The first phase of the Nike World Headquarters campus opened in 1990 and included eight buildings. Now, there are 22 buildings.
Jump up ^ Brettman, Allan (October 27, 2011). "NikeTown Portland to close forever [at its original location] on Friday". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
Jump up ^ Wightman-Stone, Danielle (July 1, 2015). "Nike chairman Phil Knight to step down in 2016". FashionUnited. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vinton, Kate (June 30, 2016). "Nike Cofounder And Chairman Phil Knight Officially Retires From The Board". FashionUnited. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hsu, Tiffany (2018-03-15). "Nike Executive Resigns; C.E.O. Addresses Workplace Behavior Complaints". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Cole-Haan to Nike For $80 Million". The New York Times. April 26, 1988. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Connelly, Laylan (January 22, 2013). "Bob Hurley: Success built on everyone's inner surfer". Orange County Register. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Partlow, Joshua (July 2003). "Nike Drafts An All Star". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nike unloads Starter for $60M". Portland Business Journal. November 15, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Townsend, Matt (October 24, 2012). "Iconix Brand Buys Nike's Umbro Soccer Unit for $225 Million". BloombergBusinessweek. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dezember, Ryan (October 24, 2012). "After Umbro, Nike Turns to Cole Haan Sale". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Austen, Ian (February 22, 2008). "Hockey Fan, and Investor, Buys Bauer From Nike". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Suzanne (December 3, 2012). "Nike completes Umbro sale to Iconix". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nike completes Cole Haan sale". Portland Business Journal. February 4, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nike Completes Sale of Cole Haan to APAX Partners, LLP". Barrons / Business Wire. February 1, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brettman, Allan (November 16, 2012). "With Cole Haan sale, Nike can focus on more important things, analysts say". The Oregonian.
Jump up ^ Prasad, Sakthi (September 20, 2012). "Nike approves $8 billion share repurchase program". Reuters.
Jump up ^ GOLDWYN BLUMENTHAL, ROBIN. "Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant". Barron's. Barron's. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nike Fiscal 2nd-Quarter Profit Jumps 40 Percent". December 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Scholer, Kristen (November 20, 2015). "What Nike's Two-For-One Stock Split Means for the Dow". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nike Soccer – World-class soccer cleats. World-class pros". Nike.com. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nike launches cricket shoe Air Zoom Yorker". The Hindu Business Line. September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Nike Air Zoom Control II FS Futsal Shoes at Soccer Pro". Soccerpro.com. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ T. Scott Saponas; Jonathan Lester; Carl Hartung; Tadayoshi Kohno. "Devices That Tell On You: The Nike+iPod Sport Kit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Tom Espiner (December 13, 2006). "Nike+iPod raises RFID privacy concerns". CNet.
Jump up ^ "SPARQ - Nike Performance Summitt". SPECTRUM, Inc. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
Jump up ^ "Latest materials improve sportswear performance". ICIS Chemical Business. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ 20th Anniversary of Air Zoom
Jump up ^ New Air Zoom Vomero
Jump up ^ McKee, Alan (April 15, 2008). Beautiful things in popular culture. Wiley. p. 106. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Peter; Papson, Stephen (1998). Nike Culture: The Sign of the Swoosh. SAGE. pp. 88, 102. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Carbasho, Tracy (2010). Nike. ABC-CLIO. p. 17. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nike's High-Stepping Air Force". Popular Mechanics. August 1987. p. 33. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nike advert". Working Mother. p. 76. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ GQ guide to selling sneakers
Jump up ^ High Snob
Jump up ^ Sneaker Watch
Jump up ^ How teens spend money
Jump up ^ Brand failures
Jump up ^ Dress to express
Jump up ^ Queen of the basic bitches
Jump up ^ Vogue magazine
Jump up ^ Nike vs J Crew
Jump up ^ Exeter basic bitch
Jump up ^ Shahid, Sharnaz (February 9, 2016). "Makeup-free Kaley Cuoco showcases sculpted abs in pink gym shorts and printed bralet as she steps out after fitness session". Mail Online (Daily Mail). United Kingdom. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nike Tempo trend
Jump up ^ Running for beginners. Imagine. p. 240. ISBN 9781908955111. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Young and stylish
Jump up ^ Introducing the Nike Elite
Jump up ^ Colorful socks no longer a fad
Jump up ^ Dr Jays
Jump up ^ Aaliyah, Nino Brown and Freddy Kruger socks
Jump up ^ Digital ink printed socks
Jump up ^ "The 2015 Nike Mag". NIKE, Inc. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rooney, Kyle (October 21, 2016). "The Michael J. Fox Foundation does raffle with Nike to raise awareness for Parkinson's disease". Hotnewhiphop. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NikeLab". www.nike.com. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ Lekach, Sasha. "Nike finally releases plus-size clothing line for women". Mashable. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ Nike unveils converse modern
Jump up ^ "Appellate court rejects Beaverton annexation | The Oregonian Extra". Blog.oregonlive.com. June 16, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nike Releases Renderings of 3.2 Million-SF HQ Expansion - CoStar Group". www.costar.com. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ NikeBiz | Investors | Corporate Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "India's 50 most trusted brands". rediff.com. January 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Nike Labor Practices in Vietnam Archived April 18, 2001, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Sweatfree Campus Campaign Launch". Studentsagainstsweatshops.org. September 28, 2005. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Associated Press, "Nike still dogged by worker abuses", Japan Times, July 15, 2011, p. 4.
Jump up ^ "MIT" (PDF). Retrieved September 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sun Thyda, 12 (October 15, 2000). "Programmes | Panorama | Archive | Gap and Nike: No Sweat? October 15, 2000". BBC News. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ More than ten thousand workers stage strike at massive Dongguan shoe factory, April 14, 2014
Jump up ^ Yue Yuen shoe factory workers' strike at Dongguan plants continues, April 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Yue Yuen strikers vow to continue until benefit contribution deficit paid in full, South China Morning Post, April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ed Aarons (March 25, 2015). "Paula Radcliffe criticises Nike for giving Justin Gatlin new sponsorship deal". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Matt Slater (March 25, 2015). "Nike gives controversial sprinter Justin Gatlin sponsorship deal". BBC.
Jump up ^ Ben Bloom (March 26, 2015). "Justin Gatlin not only threatens Usain Bolt – he threatens athletics". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Ben Bloom (March 25, 2015). "Nike's decision to give drugs cheat Justin Gatlin sponsorship deal is 'absolute nonsense'". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "'Paradise papers' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite". Deutsche Welle. 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "So lief die SZ-Recherche". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offshore Trove Exposes Trump-Russia Links And Piggy Banks Of The Wealthiest 1 Percent". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Simon Bowers (6 November 2017). "How NikeStays One Step Ahead of the Regulators: When One Tax Loophole Closes, Another Opens". ICIJ. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Zabarenko, Deborah (June 19, 2007). "Reuters report". Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nike". ClimateCounts. Archived from the original on February 12, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Wicked Local". April 29, 2008. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008
Jump up ^ Todd, L. A.; Sitthichok, T. P.; Mottus, K.; Mihlan, G.; Wing, S. (2008). "Health Survey of Workers Exposed to Mixed Solvent and Ergonomic Hazards in Footwear and Equipment Factory Workers in Thailand". Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 52 (3): 195–205. doi:10.1093/annhyg/men003. PMID 18344534
Jump up ^ Todd, L. A.; Mottus, K.; Mihlan, G. J. (2008). "A Survey of Airborne and Skin Exposures to Chemicals in Footwear and Equipment Factories in Thailand". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 5 (3): 169–181. doi:10.1080/15459620701853342. PMID 18213531
Jump up ^ Nudd, Tim. "W+K Finds Its First Ads Ever, for Nike, on Dusty Old Tapes". Adweek. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nike's Knight Is Advertiser of the Year". AllBusiness.com. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fass, Allison (August 31, 2000). "The Media Business – Advertising – Addenda – Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award". New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rutenberg, Jim (September 20, 2002). "Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ According to a July 28, 1987 article written by the Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Skateboarding". Nike. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brettman, Allan (June 22, 2011). "Nike courts controversy, publicity with drug-themed skater shirts". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nike Inc. (NYSE:NKE) Facing Slogan Backlash". stocksandshares.tv. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original on June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nike Signs 8-Year Deal With NBA". BallerStatus.com. June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dator, James (June 26, 2017). "The Hornets will be the only NBA team to have jerseys licensed by Jumpman". SB Nation. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ YouTube Five Year Anniversary on YouTube, compilation of videos on the site. Retrieved September 24, 2016
Jump up ^ "Team India's new NIKE ODI kit". Cricbuzz.com. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indian Cricket team's NIKE ODI kit". Cricketliveguide.com. September 29, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paterno's name off child care center". FOX Sports. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Joe Paterno's Name Removed From Child Development Center at Nike Headquarters". NESN.com. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jogadores de Futebol Patrocinados pela Nike". Nike Brasil. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nike offers further backing for Asian soccer". Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ Tom Fordyce (January 14, 2013). "Rory McIlroy, Nike and the $250m, 10-year sponsorship deal". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Scott, Roxanna (February 21, 2013). "Oscar Pistorius dropped by Nike". USA Today. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Premier League: Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship". Sky Sports. London. August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Manchester United sign record 10-year kit deal with Adidas worth £750m". Sky Sports. London. July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Caesar, Ed (2016-12-12). "Inside Nike's Quest for the Impossible: a Two-Hour Marathon". Wired. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
Jump up ^ Alger, Tyson. "Oregon Ducks add orange to their Nike uniform repertoire for Colorado game". The Oregonian. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter, Josh. "Behind Oregon's (Phil) Knight in shining armor". USA Today. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Germano, Sara. "Nike Pledges $13.5 Million to Help Renovate University of Oregon Track Facilities". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Greg. "Oregon Embraces 'University of Nike' Image". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "(RED) Partners". (RED). (RED), a division of The ONE Campaign. 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nike Community Ambassadors | Nike Global Community Impact". Nike Global Community Impact. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
Further reading
"The Swoon of the Swoosh" by Timothy Egan at The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1998
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nike, Inc..
Official web site
Business data for Nike, Inc.: Google Finance
Yahoo! Finance
Reuters
SEC filings
Company summary, from the New York Stock Exchange website
[show]
v
t
e
Nike, Inc.
Corporate directors
Jill Ker Conway
Tim Cook
Phil Knight
Travis Knight
Mark Parker
Orin C. Smith
John Thompson
Phyllis Wise
Subsidiaries
Converse
Hurley
Former: Cole Haan • Bauer Hockey • Umbro
Assets and products
Air Jordan
Air Melo Line
Air Max
Nike Considered
Nike CTR360 Maestri
Nike Flywire
Nike Free
Nike Mercurial Vapor
Nike Shox
Nike+
Nike Blazers
Nike SB
Swoosh
Air Force 1
Nike Tiempo
Nike Total 90
Nike Air Yeezy
Nike Ordem
Miscellaneous
List of Nike sponsorships
Nike Academy
Nike Sport Research Lab
Nike Oregon Project
Nike ONE
[show]
v
t
e
Running shoe brands
Adidas
Altra Running
ASICS
Brooks Sports
Etnies
Fila
Hoka One One
K-Swiss
Lescon
Li-Ning
Merrell
Mizuno
New Balance
Nike
Puma
Reebok
Saucony
Spira Footwear
Under Armour
Wilson
[show]
v
t
e
Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
3M
American Express
Apple
Boeing
Caterpillar
Chevron
Cisco Systems
Coca-Cola
Disney
DowDuPont
ExxonMobil
General Electric
Goldman Sachs
The Home Depot
Intel
IBM
Johnson & Johnson
JPMorgan Chase
McDonald's
Merck & Co.
Microsoft
Nike
Pfizer
Procter & Gamble
Travelers
UnitedHealth Group
United Technologies
Verizon Communications
Visa
Walmart
[show]
v
t
e
Oregon-based companies
NYSE listed
Greenbrier Companies
Lithia Motors
Nike
NW Natural
Portland General Electric
NASDAQ listed
Columbia Sportswear
Electro Scientific Industries
FLIR
Lattice
Radisys
Schnitzer Steel
Umpqua Holdings
Private companies
A-dec
Consumer Cellular
Erickson Inc.
ESCO
FEI
Franz Bakery
Hoffman Construction
InFocus
KinderCare Education
Laika
Leupold & Stevens
Les Schwab
The Old Spaghetti Factory
Parr Lumber
Plaid Pantry
Rentrak
Reser's Fine Foods
Roseburg Forest Products
Shari's Cafe & Pies
Vigor Industrial
Other
Bi-Mart
Tillamook Creamery
Western Family Foods
List of companies based in Oregon
Coordinates: 45°30′33″N 122°49′48″W / 45.5093°N 122.8299°W / 45.5093; -122.8299
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nike,_Inc.&oldid=842944631"
Categories:
Nike, Inc.
Nike brands
1964 establishments in Oregon
1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
Athletic shoe brands
Clothing companies of the United States
Companies based in Beaverton, Oregon
Companies established in 1964
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Shoe companies of the United States
Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States
Watch manufacturing companies of the United States
Sportswear brands
Swimwear manufacturers
Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2010
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Use mdy dates from November 2016
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016
All articles lacking reliable references
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from August 2017
Coordinates not on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lingála
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
吴语
粵語
中文
57 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 19:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This article is semi-protected due to vandalism

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Nike_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Nike (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

values: /wiki/File:Logo_NIKE.svg image Nike

attrs: colspan class style

values: 2 logo text-align:center

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:NKE

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nike.com

values:
/wiki/Air_Force_1_(shoe)
mw-redirect
Air Force 1 (shoe)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Patent_and_Trademark_Office
mw-redirect
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

values:
/wiki/Downtown_Portland
mw-redirect
Downtown Portland

values:
/wiki/Starter_Clothing_Line
mw-redirect
Starter Clothing Line

values:
/wiki/Combat_sports
mw-redirect
Combat sports

values:
/wiki/Cross_training
mw-redirect
Cross training

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

values:
/wiki/Urban_fashion
mw-redirect
Urban fashion

values:
/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion
mw-redirect
Hip-hop fashion

values:
/wiki/Air_Jordans
mw-redirect
Air Jordans

values:
/wiki/Quickstrike_sneakers
mw-redirect
Quickstrike sneakers

values:
/wiki/Sneakerhead_subculture
mw-redirect
Sneakerhead subculture

values:
/wiki/2000s_youth_fashion
mw-redirect
2000s youth fashion

values:
/wiki/Popular_clique
mw-redirect
Popular clique

values:
/wiki/Casual_chic
mw-redirect
Casual chic

values:
/wiki/Leg_warmers
mw-redirect
Leg warmers

values:
/wiki/Bomber_jacket
mw-redirect
Bomber jacket

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2017)

values:
/wiki/Compression_shorts
mw-redirect
Compression shorts

values:
/wiki/1990s_fashion
mw-redirect
1990s fashion

values:
/wiki/Michael_J._Fox_Foundation
mw-redirect
Michael J. Fox Foundation

values:
/wiki/Laws_in_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Laws in Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor
mw-redirect
Exploitation of labor

values:
/wiki/Free_trade_zone
mw-redirect
Free trade zone

values:
/wiki/Child_labor
mw-redirect
Child labor

values:
/wiki/Product_lifecycle_(marketing)
mw-redirect
Product lifecycle (marketing)

values: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

values:
/wiki/New_York_Marathon
mw-redirect
New York Marathon

values:
/wiki/Internet_marketing
mw-redirect
Internet marketing

values:
/wiki/First_Two_7%22s_on_a_12%22
mw-redirect
First Two 7"s on a 12"

values:
/wiki/Oxford_Circus
mw-redirect
Oxford Circus

values:
/wiki/The_Boston_Herald
mw-redirect
The Boston Herald

values:
/wiki/Indian_cricket_team
mw-redirect
Indian cricket team

values:
/wiki/Penn_State_University
mw-redirect
Penn State University

values:
/wiki/Premeditated_murder
mw-redirect
Premeditated murder

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: United States Securities and Exchange Commission

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nike.com/us/en_us/c/football

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.smudailymustang.com/?p=4769

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.nike.com/news/nike-mag-2015

values:
/wiki/Japan_Times
mw-redirect
Japan Times

values: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fannhyg%2Fmen003

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18344534

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18213531

values:
nofollow
external text
https://communityimpact.nike.com/nca

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.Nike.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.google.com/finance?q=NKE

values:
nofollow
external text
https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=NKE

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Athletic_shoe
mw-redirect
Athletic shoe

values:
/wiki/Spira_Footwear
mw-redirect
Spira Footwear

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies

values: Template talk:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Category:Clothing companies of the United States

values: Category:Companies based in Beaverton, Oregon

values: Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States

values: Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange

values: Category:Shoe companies of the United States

values: Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States

values: Category:Watch manufacturing companies of the United States

values: Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2010

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2016

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Nike,_Inc.
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: نايكي – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: নাইকি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: नाइकी – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: נייקי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ನೈಕ್, ಇಂಕ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Georgian
ka
ka
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Kazakh
kk
kk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Inc.
Nike Inc. – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: नाइकी (कम्पनी) – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: நைக்கி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ไนกี้ (บริษัท) – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Wu Chinese
wuu
wuu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike
Nike – Cantonese
zh-yue
zh-yue
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nike_Inc rootpage-Nike_Inc skin-vector action-view


text:
Grease trap
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Grease trap for greywater in Lima, Peru
A grease trap (also known as grease interceptor, grease recovery device and grease converter) is a plumbing device (a type of trap) designed to intercept most greases and solids before they enter a wastewater disposal system. Common wastewater contains small amounts of oils which enter into septic tanks and treatment facilities to form a floating scum layer. This scum layer is very slowly digested and broken down by microorganisms in the anaerobic digestion process. Large amounts of oil from food preparation in restaurants can overwhelm a septic tank or treatment facility, causing release of untreated sewage into the environment. High-viscosity fats and cooking grease such as lard solidify when cooled, and can combine with other disposed solids to block drain pipes.
Grease traps have been used since Victorian days. Nathaniel Whiting obtained the first patent for a grease trap in the late 1800s. These reduce the amount of fats, oils and greases (FOGs) that enter sewers. They are boxes within the drain run that flows between the sinks in a kitchen the sewer system. They only have kitchen waste water flowing through them, and do not serve any other drainage system, such as toilets. They can be made from many different materials, such as stainless steel, plastics, concrete & cast iron. They range from 35 liter capacity to 45,000 liters and greater. They can be located above ground, below ground, inside the kitchen or outside the building.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Uses
3 Method of operation
4 Disposal of trapped grease
5 References
6 External links
Types[edit]
Manhole covers of a grease trap outside of a restaurant.
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There are three primary types of devices. The most common are the types specified by ASME (American Society Of Mechanical Engineers), utilizing baffles, or a proprietary inlet diffuser.
Grease trap sizing is based on the size of the 2- or 3-compartment sink, dishwasher, pot sinks, and mop sinks. The cumulative flow rates of these devices, as well as overall grease retention capacity (in pounds or kilograms) are considered. Currently, ASME Standard (ASME A112.14.3) is being adopted by both of the National Model Plumbing Codes that cover most of the US. This standard requires that grease interceptors remove a minimum of 90% of incoming FOGS (fats, oils and greases). It also requires that grease interceptors are third-party tested and certified to 90 days compliance with the standard pumping. This third-party testing must be conducted by a recognized and approved third-party testing laboratory.
The most common passive grease traps are smaller, point-of-use units used under three-compartment sinks or adjacent to dishwashers in the kitchen.
The second most common type of interceptor is the large in-ground tank, which is usually 500–2,000 US gallons (1,900–7,600 l; 420–1,670 imp gal). These units are constructed of concrete, fiberglass, or steel. By nature of their larger size, they have larger grease and solid storage capacities for high-flow applications such as a restaurant or hospital store. They are commonly called gravity interceptors. Interceptors require a retention time of 30 minutes to allow the fats, oils, grease and food solids to settle in the tank. As more waste water enters the tank, the grease-free water is pushed out of the tank. The rotting brown grease inside a grease trap or grease interceptor must be pumped out on a scheduled basis. The brown grease is not recycled and goes to landfill. On average 300 to 400 pounds (140 to 180 kg) of brown grease goes to landfill annually from each restaurant.
A third system type, GRDs (grease recovery devices), removes the grease automatically when trapped. The recovered grease or "yellow grease" is recycled with the waste vegetable oil from the kitchen's deep-fryers. Restaurants must not pay for grease trap pumping as do restaurants with conventional grease traps or grease interceptors.
Passive grease traps and passive grease interceptors must be emptied and cleaned when 25% full. As the passive devices fill with fats, oils, and grease, they become less productive for grease recovery. A full grease trap does not stop any FOG from entering the sanitary sewer system. The emptied contents or "brown grease" is considered hazardous waste in many jurisdictions. "Brown grease" is generally not recycled and goes to landfill waste.
Uses[edit]
In-ground grease trap outside of a shop
Restaurant and foodservice kitchens produce much waste grease which is present in the drain lines from various sinks, dishwashers and cooking equipment such as combi ovens and commercial woks. If not removed, the grease can clump and cause blockage and back-up in the sewer.
In the US, sewers back up annually “an estimated 400,000 times, and municipal sewer overflows on 40,000 occasions”.[1] The EPA has determined that sewer pipe blockages are the leading cause of sewer overflows, and grease is the primary cause of sewer blockages.[2] Even if accumulated FOG does not escalate into blockages and sanitary sewer overflows, it can disrupt wastewater utility operations and increase operations and maintenance requirements” [3]
For these reasons, depending on the country, nearly all municipalities require commercial kitchen operations to use some type of interceptor device to collect grease before it enters sewers. Where FOG is a concern in the local wastewater system, communities have established inspection programs to ensure that these grease traps and/or interceptors are being routinely maintained.
It is estimated 50% of all sewer overflows are caused by grease blockages, with over 10 billion US gallons (3.8×1010 l; 8.3×109 imp gal) of raw sewage spills annually.
Method of operation[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When the outflow from the kitchen sink enters the grease trap, the solid food particles sink to the bottom, while lighter grease and oil floats to the top. The relatively grease-free water is then fed into the normal septic system. The food solids at the bottom and floating oil and grease must be periodically removed in a manner similar to septic tank pumping. A traditional grease trap is not a food disposal unit. Unfinished food must be scraped into the garbage or food recycling bin. Milkshakes, gravy, sauces and food solids must be scraped off dishes before entering the sink or dishwasher.
To maintain some degree of efficiency, there has been a trend to specify larger traps. Unfortunately, providing a large tank for the effluent to stand also means that food waste has time to settle to the bottom of the tank, reducing available volume and adding to clean-out problems. Also, rotting food contained within an interceptor breaks down, producing toxic waste (such as sulfur gases) - hydrogen sulfide combines with the water present to create sulfuric acid. This attacks mild steel and concrete materials, resulting in "rot out", On the other hand, polyethylene has acid-resisting properties. A bigger interceptor is not a better interceptor. In most cases, multiple interceptors in series will separate grease much better.
Because it has been in the trap for some time, grease thus collected will be contaminated and is unsuitable for further use. This type of grease is called brown grease.
Disposal of trapped grease[edit]
Waste from passive grease traps and gravity interceptors is called brown grease. Brown grease is rotted food solids in combination with fats, oils, and grease (FOG). Brown grease is pumped from the traps and interceptors by grease pumping trucks. Unlike the collected yellow grease, the majority of brown grease goes to landfill sites. New facilities (2012) and new technology are beginning to allow brown grease to be recycled.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitman, D. (2000). The sickening sewer crisis. U.S. News & World Report, 128(23), 16. Retrieved Friday, May 04, 2007 from the Business Source Corporate database.
Jump up ^ EPA. (2004). Report to Congress: impacts and control of CSOs and SSOs (EPA 833-R-04-001). Washington, DC; United State Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, p. 4-28. http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cso/cpolicy_report2004.cfm
Jump up ^ Mero, C. & Wilkerson, J. (2007). Reduce Sewer Congestion. Water Environment & Technology, 19(7), 44-52.
External links[edit]
A112.14.3 Grease Interceptors Standard and A112.14.6 FOG (Fats, Oils, & Greases) Disposal Systems Standard, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grease traps.
[hide]
v
t
e
Sewerage
Types
Combined sewer
Decentralized wastewater system
Drain-waste-vent system
Effluent sewer
Force main
Gravity sewer
Outfall
Sanitary sewer
Simplified sewerage
Storm drain
Vacuum sewer
Construction materials
Asbestos cement pipe
Brickwork
Cast iron pipe
Concrete pipe
Culvert
Interceptor ditch
Plastic pipe
Reinforced concrete
Steel pipe
Vitrified clay pipe
Related equipment
Chopper pumps
Combined sewer overflow
Grease trap
Grinder pump
Manhole
Lift station
Sewage pumping
Sewer dosing unit
Sewer gas destructor lamp
Stormwater detention vault
Submersible pump
Sump pump
Trap
Problems
Biogenic sulfide corrosion
Blocked Sewer
First flush
Infiltration/Inflow
Sanitary sewer overflow
Sewer fly
Sewer gas
Sewer rat
Liquids transported
Blackwater (waste)
Greywater
Industrial wastewater
Sewage
Stormwater
Wastewater
Authority control
GND: 4398197-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease_trap&oldid=783325001"
Categories:
Plumbing
Sewerage infrastructure
Sanitation
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from February 2009
All articles needing additional references
Articles needing additional references from June 2011
Articles needing additional references from October 2014
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Português
Русский
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 June 2017, at 15:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Septic_tanks
mw-redirect
Septic tanks

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Brown_grease
mw-redirect
Brown grease

values: Edit section: Disposal of trapped grease

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Sewerage (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Lift_station
mw-redirect
Lift station

values:
/wiki/Blocked_Sewer
mw-redirect
Blocked Sewer

values:
/wiki/Industrial_wastewater
mw-redirect
Industrial wastewater

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4398197-5

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2011

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Grease_trap
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: グリース・トラップ – Japanese

values: Жироловка – Russian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Grease_trap rootpage-Grease_trap skin-vector action-view


text:
Necessity is the mother of invention
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Necessity is the mother of invention" is an English-language proverb. It means, roughly, that the primary driving force for most new inventions is a need.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Meaning
2 History
3 In popular culture
4 Criticism
5 In other languages and cultures
6 See also
7 References
Meaning[edit]
The need to communicate led to the creation of different communication devices – this is a prime example of the expression: Necessity is the mother of invention.
In the Oxford Dictionary, the proverb has been defined as: "when the need for something becomes imperative, you are forced to find ways of getting or achieving it."[2]
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, this is "an expression that means that if you really need to do something, you will think of a way of doing it."[3]
Longman dictionary has defined the proverb as: "if someone really needs to do something, they will find a way of doing it."[4]
History[edit]
The author of this proverb is unknown. This phrase was familiar in England, but in Latin, not in English. In 1519, the headmaster of Winchester and Eton, William Horman, used the Latin phrase Mater artium necessitas in his book Vulgaria. In 1545 Roger Ascham used a close English version, Necessitie, the inuentour of all goodnesse, in his book Toxophilus. In 1608, George Chapman, in his two-part play The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron, used a very similar phrase: The great Mother, Of all productions (graue Necessity). But, the earliest actual usage of the proverb Necessity is the mother of invention is sometimes ascribed to Richard Franck, who used it in his book Northern Memoirs, calculated for the meridian of Scotland (1658).[1] Plato in book 2 of The Republic wrote "Then, I said, let us begin and create in idea a State; and yet the true creator is necessity, who is the mother of our invention."
In popular culture[edit]
In 1964 Frank Zappa took over leadership of the American rock band The Soul Giants. He renamed the band The Mothers, referring to the jazz compliment of mother for a great musician. However, their record company, Verve Records, objected to the insinuation and by necessity Zappa had to change the name, creating (and defining) The Mothers of Invention.[5]
Danish economist Ester Boserup believed "necessity is the mother of invention"[6] and this was a major point in her book The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure.
The headquarters of Project Freelancer in the web series Red vs. Blue is a spaceship called the "Mother of Invention", referencing the Director of Project Freelancer using any means he thinks are necessary to ensure the survival and advancement of humanity.
"If necessity is the mother of invention, then laziness is the father." A driving force for engineers and coders, attributed to Allen Dale an engineer's engineer c 1990 in Erie, PA.[citation needed]
Criticism[edit]
In an address to the Mathematical Association of England on the importance of education in 1917, Alfred North Whitehead argued that "the basis of invention is science, and science is almost wholly the outgrowth of pleasurable intellectual curiosity." and in contrast to the old proverb "Necessity is the mother of futile dodges" is much nearer to the truth.[7]
In other languages and cultures[edit]
Russian: "Голь на выдумки хитра.", which literally means "poor people are crafty"[8].
See also[edit]
Look up necessity is the mother of invention in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Industrial Revolution
Manhattan Project
Social contract
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Necessity is the mother of invention". The Phrase Finder. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Necessity". Oxford dictionaries. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Necessity is the mother of invention". Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Necessity Longman". Longman dictionaries. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Mothers of Invention". BBC Music. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter P. Rogers; Kazi F. Jalal; John A. Boyd (2008). An Introduction To Sustainable Development. Earthscan. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-1-84407-521-8. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Plato; Julius A. Sigler (1 December 1996). Education: Ends and Means. University Press of America. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-0-7618-0452-9. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Голь на выдумки хитра". Wiktionary, The free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necessity_is_the_mother_of_invention&oldid=802402755"
Categories:
English proverbs
English phrases
Inventions
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 23:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: li

values:
/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary
mw-redirect
Oxford Dictionary

values:
/wiki/Cambridge_Dictionary
mw-redirect
Cambridge Dictionary

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: In other languages and cultures

values: wiktionary:necessity is the mother of invention

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: الحاجة أم الاختراع – Arabic

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Necessity_is_the_mother_of_invention rootpage-Necessity_is_the_mother_of_invention skin-vector action-view