text:
List of Governors of California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Jerry Brown, 34th and the current 39th Governor of California
The Governor of California is the chief executive of the California state government, whose responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.
There have been 38 governors; many have been influential nationwide in areas far-flung from politics. Leland Stanford founded Stanford University in 1891. Earl Warren, later Chief Justice of the United States, won an election with the nominations of the three major parties – the only person ever to run essentially unopposed for governor of California. Ronald Reagan, who was president of the Screen Actors Guild and later President of the United States, and Arnold Schwarzenegger both came to prominence through acting. Gray Davis, the 37th governor of California, was the second governor in American history to be recalled by voters. The shortest tenure was that of Milton Latham, who served only five days before being elected by the legislature to fill a vacant United States Senate seat. The longest tenure is that of the current governor, Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown, Jr., who previously served as governor from 1975 to 1983 and has been serving again since 2011. He is the son of former governor Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown, Sr. who served from 1959 to 1967.
Contents
[hide]
1 Governors
2 Living former governors of California
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Governors[edit]
For the governors prior to statehood, see the List of Governors of California before admission.
California was obtained by the United States in the Mexican Cession following the Mexican–American War. Unlike most other states, it was never organized as a territory, and was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850.
The original California Constitution of 1849 called for elections every two years, with no set start date for the term. An amendment ratified in 1862 increased the term to four years,[1] and the 1879 constitution set the term to begin on the first Monday in January following an election. In 1990, Proposition 140 led to a constitutional amendment[2] implementing a term limit of two terms;[3] prior to this limit, only one governor, Earl Warren, served more than two terms. Jerry Brown was able to be elected to a third term in 2010 because his previous terms were before the term limit was enacted. The 1849 constitution also created the office of lieutenant governor, who, in cases of vacancy in the office of governor, becomes governor.[4] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.
Governors of the State of California
No.
Portrait
Governor
Term in office
Party
Election
Previous office
Lt. Governor[a]
1
Peter Hardeman Burnett
(1807-11-15)November 15, 1807 – (1895-05-17)May 17, 1895
(Aged 87)
December 20, 1849
–
January 9, 1851 Democratic 1849
[b][c] 5th
Supreme Judge of the Provisional Oregon Supreme Court
(1845–1846) John McDougal
2
John McDougal
ca. 1818 – March 30, 1866
(Aged 48)
January 9, 1851
–
January 8, 1852 Democratic 1st
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1849–1851) David C. Broderick
(acting)
3
John Bigler
January 8, 1805 – November 29, 1871
(Aged 66)
January 8, 1852
–
January 9, 1856 Democratic 1851 2nd
Speaker of the California Assembly
(1850–1851) Samuel Purdy
1853
4
J. Neely Johnson
August 2, 1825 – August 31, 1872
(Aged 47)
January 9, 1856
–
January 8, 1858 American 1855 California State Assemblyman
(1852–1856) Robert M. Anderson
5
John B. Weller
February 22, 1812 – August 17, 1875
(Aged 63)
January 8, 1858
–
January 9, 1860 Democratic 1857 U.S. Senator from California
(1852–1857) John Walkup
6
Milton Latham
May 23, 1827 – March 4, 1882
(Aged 54)
January 9, 1860
–
January 14, 1860 Democratic 1859
[d] U.S. Representative for California's At-large
(1853–1855) John G. Downey
7
John G. Downey
June 24, 1827 – March 1, 1894
(Aged 66)
January 14, 1860
–
January 10, 1862 Democratic 6th
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1860) Isaac N. Quinn
(acting)
(resigned January 7, 1861)
Pablo de la Guerra
(acting)
8
Leland Stanford
March 9, 1824 – June 21, 1893
(Aged 69)
January 10, 1862
–
December 10, 1863 Republican 1861 1st
President of Central Pacific Railroad
(1861–1893) John F. Chellis
9
Frederick Low
June 30, 1828 – July 21, 1894
(Aged 66)
December 10, 1863
–
December 5, 1867 Republican 1863
[e] U.S. Representative for California's At-large
(1862–1863) Tim N. Machin
10
Henry Huntly Haight
May 20, 1825 – September 2, 1878
(Aged 53)
December 5, 1867
–
December 8, 1871 Democratic 1867 None William Holden
11
Newton Booth
December 30, 1825 – July 14, 1892
(Aged 66)
December 8, 1871
–
February 27, 1875 Republican 1871
[f] California State Senator
(1863) Romualdo Pacheco
12
Romualdo Pacheco
October 31, 1831 – January 23, 1899
(Aged 67)
February 27, 1875
–
December 9, 1875 Republican 9th
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1871–1875) William Irwin
(acting)
13
William Irwin
ca. 1827 – March 15, 1886
(Aged 58–59)
December 9, 1875
–
January 8, 1880 Democratic 1875 Acting
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1875) James A. Johnson
14
George Clement Perkins
August 23, 1839 – February 26, 1923
(Aged 83)
January 8, 1880
–
January 10, 1883 Republican 1879 California State Senator
(1869–1876) John Mansfield
15
George Stoneman
August 8, 1822 – September 5, 1894
(Aged 72)
January 10, 1883
–
January 8, 1887 Democratic 1882 Major General of the Union Army
(since 1861) John Daggett
16
Washington Bartlett
February 29, 1824 – September 12, 1887
(Aged 63)
January 8, 1887
–
September 12, 1887 Democratic 1886
[g] 20th
Mayor of San Francisco
(1883–1887) Robert Waterman
17
Robert Waterman
December 15, 1826 – April 12, 1891
(Aged 64)
September 12, 1887
–
January 8, 1891 Republican 17th
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1887) Stephen M. White[h]
(acting)
18
Henry Markham
November 16, 1840 – October 9, 1923
(Aged 82)
January 8, 1891
–
January 11, 1895 Republican 1890 U.S. Representative for California's 1st
(1885–1887) John B. Reddick
19
James Budd
May 18, 1851 – July 30, 1908
(Aged 57)
January 11, 1895
–
January 4, 1899 Democratic 1894 U.S. Representative for California's 2nd
(1883–1885) Spencer G. Millard[i]
(died October 24, 1895)
William T. Jeter
20
Henry Gage
December 25, 1852 – August 28, 1924
(Aged 71)
January 4, 1899
–
January 7, 1903 Republican 1898 Federal prosecutor
(since 1891) Jacob H. Neff
21
George Pardee
July 25, 1857 – September 1, 1941
(Aged 84)
January 7, 1903
–
January 9, 1907 Republican 1902 29th
Mayor of Oakland
(1893–1895) Alden Anderson
22
James Gillett
September 20, 1860 – April 20, 1937
(Aged 76)
January 9, 1907
–
January 3, 1911 Republican 1906 U.S. Representative for California's 1st
(1903–1906) Warren R. Porter
23
Hiram Johnson
September 2, 1866 – August 6, 1945
(Aged 78)
January 3, 1911
–
March 15, 1917 Republican 1910 Assistant District attorney of California
(1902–1910) Albert Joseph Wallace
Progressive 1914
[j] John M. Eshleman
(died February 28, 1916)
Vacant
William Stephens[i]
(took office July 22, 1916)
24
William Stephens
December 26, 1859 – April 25, 1944
(Aged 84)
March 15, 1917
–
January 8, 1923 Republican 27th
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1916–1917) Vacant
1918 C. C. Young
25
Friend Richardson
December 1, 1865 – September 6, 1943
(Aged 77)
January 9, 1923
–
January 4, 1927 Republican 1922 21st
California State Treasurer
(1915–1923)
26
C. C. Young
April 28, 1869 – December 24, 1947
(Aged 78)
January 4, 1927
–
January 6, 1931 Republican 1926 29th
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1919–1927) Buron Fitts
(resigned November 30, 1928)
Vacant
H. L. Carnahan
(appointed December 4, 1928)
27
James Rolph
August 23, 1869 – June 2, 1934
(Aged 64)
January 6, 1931
–
June 2, 1934 Republican 1930
[k] 30th
Mayor of San Francisco
(1912–1931) Frank Merriam
28
Frank Merriam
December 22, 1865 – April 25, 1955
(Aged 89)
June 2, 1934
–
January 2, 1939 Republican 31st
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1931–1934) Vacant
1934 George J. Hatfield
29
Culbert Olson
November 7, 1876 – April 13, 1962
(Aged 85)
January 2, 1939
–
January 4, 1943 Democratic 1938 California State Senator
(1934–1938) Ellis E. Patterson
30
Earl Warren
March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974
(Aged 83)
January 4, 1943
–
October 5, 1953 Republican[l] 1942 20th
Attorney General of California
(1939–1943) Frederick F. Houser
1946 Goodwin Knight
1950
[m]
31
Goodwin Knight
December 9, 1896 – May 22, 1970
(Aged 73)
October 5, 1953
–
January 5, 1959 Republican 35th
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1947–1953) Harold J. Powers
1954
32
Pat Brown
April 21, 1905 – February 16, 1996
(Aged 90)
January 5, 1959
–
January 2, 1967 Democratic 1958 23rd
Attorney General of California
(1951–1959) Glenn M. Anderson
1962
33
Ronald Reagan
February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004
(Aged 93)
January 2, 1967
–
January 6, 1975 Republican 1966 9th and 13th
President of the Screen Actors Guild
(1947–1952; 1959–1960) Robert Finch
(resigned January 8, 1969)
Edwin Reinecke
(resigned October 2, 1974)
1970
John L. Harmer
34
Jerry Brown
(1938-04-07) April 7, 1938 (age 80)
January 6, 1975
–
January 3, 1983 Democratic 1974 24th
Secretary of State of California
(1971–1975) Mervyn M. Dymally
1978 Michael Curb[i]
35
George Deukmejian
June 6, 1928 – May 8, 2018
(Aged 89)
January 3, 1983
–
January 7, 1991 Republican 1982 27th
Attorney General of California
(1979–1983) Leo T. McCarthy[h]
1986
36
Pete Wilson
(1933-08-23) August 23, 1933 (age 84)
January 7, 1991
–
January 4, 1999 Republican 1990 U.S. Senator from California
(1983–1991)
1994 Gray Davis[h]
37
Gray Davis
(1942-12-26) December 26, 1942 (age 75)
January 4, 1999
–
November 17, 2003 Democratic 1998 44th
Lieutenant Governor of California
(1995–1999) Cruz Bustamante[h]
2002
[n]
38
Arnold Schwarzenegger
(1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 70)
November 17, 2003
–
January 3, 2011 Republican Chair of the President's Council on Fitness and Sports
(1990–1993)
2006 John Garamendi[h]
(resigned November 3, 2009)
Mona Pasquil[h]
(Acting)
Abel Maldonado[i][o]
(appointed April 27, 2010)
39
Jerry Brown
(1938-04-07) April 7, 1938 (age 80)
January 3, 2011
–
Present Democratic 2010 31st
Attorney General of California
(2007–2011)
34th Governor of California
(1975–1983)
Gavin Newsom[o]
(took office January 10, 2011)
2014
[p]
Living former governors of California[edit]
There are three living former governors, the oldest being Pete Wilson, born 1933. The most recent death of a former governor was that of George Deukmejian (served 1983–1991, born June 6, 1928) on May 8, 2018. Jerry Brown, who served as governor from 1975 to 1983, is currently serving and thus is not included on this list.
Governor
Years in office
Date of birth (and age)
Pete Wilson 1991–1999 (1933-08-23) August 23, 1933 (age 84)
Gray Davis 1999–2003 (1942-12-26) December 26, 1942 (age 75)
Arnold Schwarzenegger 2003–2011 (1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 70)
See also[edit]
California portal
List of Governors of California before admission
List of Governors of California by age
Spouses of the Governor of California
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
Jump up ^ A civilian government was formed in late 1849 prior to official statehood, and operated as the state government for ten months before official statehood was granted.[5]
Jump up ^ Burnett resigned, citing personal reasons; he was reportedly unhappy with the legislature, and wanted more time to manage his business.[6] As lieutenant governor, McDougall succeeded him.
Jump up ^ Latham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate; as lieutenant governor, Downey succeeded him.
Jump up ^ Terms were lengthened from two to four years beginning with this term.
Jump up ^ Booth resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate; as lieutenant governor, Pacheco succeeded him.
Jump up ^ Bartlett died in office; as lieutenant governor, Waterman succeeded him.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Represented the Democratic Party (United States).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Represented the Republican Party (United States).
Jump up ^ Johnson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate; as lieutenant governor, Stephens succeeded him.
Jump up ^ Rolph died in office; as lieutenant governor, Merriam succeeded him.
Jump up ^ Warren ran as a Republican for his first and third terms. For his second term, he won the nomination of the Republican, Democratic, and Progressive parties.
Jump up ^ Warren resigned to become Chief Justice of the United States; as lieutenant governor, Knight succeeded him.
Jump up ^ Davis was recalled and Schwarzenegger chosen to replace him in a special recall election.[7]
^ Jump up to: a b Newsom delayed his swearing in as lieutenant governor until January 10, 2011, to remain mayor of San Francisco; Maldonado stayed on as lieutenant governor until then.[8]
Jump up ^ Governor Brown's fourth term expires on January 7, 2019; he will be term limited.
References[edit]
General
"Governors of California". California State Library. Official Site of the State of California. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
"California: Past Governors Bios". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
"Chronology of California's Lieutenant Governors". Office of the Lieutenant Governor. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
JoinCalifornia.com - Dates of birth and death for Governors
Constitutions
"Constitution of the State of California". Legislative Counsel of California. 1879. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
"Constitution of the State of California". California Secretary of State. 1849. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
Specific
Jump up ^ Henning, W.F. (1899). Constitution of the State of California. C.W. Palm Company. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ "California Ballot Propositions 1990-1999". Los Angeles County Law Library. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ CA Const. art. V, § 2
Jump up ^ CA Const. art. V, § 10
Jump up ^ "Peter Hardeman Burnett". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Durham, Walter T. (1997). Volunteer Forty-niners: Tennesseans and the California Gold Rush. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 193. ISBN 0-8265-1298-4. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Statewide Special Election". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Upton Oot, John (January 7, 2011). "Newsom's Dual Role Raises Legal Quandary". The Bay Citizen. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors of California.
Office of the Governor of California
show
v
t
e
Governors of California
Colony
(1769–1822)
Capt. Portolà
Col. Fages
Capt. Rivera
Capt-Gen. de Neve
Col. Fages
Capt. Roméu
Capt. Arrillaga
Col. Bórica
Lt. Col. Alberní
Capt. Arrillaga
Capt. J. Argüello
Don Solá
Territory
(1822–1836)
Capt. L. Argüello
Lt. Col. Echeandía
Gen. Victoria
Don P. Pico
Lt. Col. Echeandía
Brig. Gen. Figueroa
Lt. Col. Castro
Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
Col. Chico
Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
Sovereignty
(1836–1846)
Pres. Castro
Pres. Alvarado · Uncle Carrillo (rival)
Brig. Gen. Micheltorena
Don P. Pico
Republic
(1846–1850)
Cdre. Sloat
Cdre. Stockton · Gen. Flores (rival)
Gen. Kearny · Maj. Frémont (mutineer)
Gen. Mason
Gen. Smith
Gen. Riley
Burnett
U.S. state
(since 1850)
Burnett
McDougal
Bigler
J. Johnson
Weller
Latham
Downey
Stanford
Low
Haight
Booth
Pacheco
Irwin
Perkins
Stoneman
Bartlett
Waterman
Markham
Budd
Gage
Pardee
Gillett
H. Johnson
Stephens
Richardson
Young
Rolph
Merriam
Olson
Warren
Knight
P. Brown
Reagan
J. Brown
Deukmejian
Wilson
Davis
Schwarzenegger
J. Brown
Before 1850
Since 1850
By age
By education
Spouses
show
v
t
e
Chief executives of the United States
Federal
President of the United States
State governors
(current list)
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
list
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
list
Idaho
Illinois
list
Indiana
list
Iowa
list
Kansas
Kentucky
list
Louisiana
Maine
list
Maryland
list
Massachusetts
Michigan
list
Minnesota
list
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
list
Nevada
New Hampshire
list
New Jersey
list
New Mexico
list
New York
list
North Carolina
list
North Dakota
list
Ohio
Oklahoma
list
Oregon
list
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
list
South Dakota
list
Tennessee
list
Texas
list
Utah
Vermont
list
Virginia
list
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
list
Wyoming
Territorial
(current list)
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
list
United States Virgin Islands
Defunct
Pre-state territories
Panama Canal Zone
Cuba
Philippine Islands (until 1935)
Philippine Commonwealth (until 1946)
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_California&oldid=845290387"
Categories:
Governors of California
Lists of state governors of the United States
Lists of California politicians
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Featured lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Bosanski
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
中文
10 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 20:05 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured list. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/California_Constitution
mw-redirect
California Constitution

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
2
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: List of Speakers of the California State Assembly

values: John B Weller by William F Cogswell, 1879.jpg

values: List of United States Senators from California

values:
/wiki/John_Walkup
mw-redirect
John Walkup

values: California's at-large congressional district

values: James A. Johnson (California politician)

values:
/wiki/Mayor_of_Oakland
mw-redirect
Mayor of Oakland

values:
/wiki/John_M._Eshleman
mw-redirect
John M. Eshleman

values:
/wiki/H._L._Carnahan
mw-redirect
H. L. Carnahan

values: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Culbert L. Olson in Long Beach, California - NARA - 195522.jpg

values: width: 150px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; top: -20px; left: -10px; width: 550px

values: Earl Warren Portrait, half figure, seated, facing front, as Governor.jpg

values: Ronald Reagan with cowboy hat 12-0071M original.tif

values: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan

values:
/wiki/Mervyn_M._Dymally
mw-redirect
Mervyn M. Dymally

values:
/wiki/Michael_Curb
mw-redirect
Michael Curb

values: George Deukmejian Official Portrait crop 2.jpg

values: Pete Wilson meeting with Les Aspin, Feb 3, 1993 - cropped to Wilson.JPEG

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center;

values: Edit section: Living former governors of California

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/California_recall_election,_2003
mw-redirect
California recall election, 2003

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.joincalifornia.com

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://gov.ca.gov

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #FCC200;width:1%

values:
/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0
mw-redirect
Gaspar de Portolà

values:
/wiki/Pedro_de_Alberni
mw-redirect
Pedro de Alberni

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;

values: List of Governors of California before 1850

values: List of Governors of California by education

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States

values: List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands

values: List of Governors of the United States Virgin Islands

values: Category:Lists of territorial governors of the United States

values: List of Governors of the Panama Canal Zone

values: High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Lists of state governors of the United States

values: Category:Lists of California politicians

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values: Liste der Gouverneure von Kalifornien – German

values: فهرست فرمانداران ایالت کالیفرنیا – Persian

values: Liste des gouverneurs de Californie – French

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values: Kalifornia kormányzóinak listája – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Lijst van gouverneurs van Californië – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: カリフォルニア州知事の一覧 – Japanese

values: Liste over Californias guvernører – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Lista de governadores da Califórnia – Portuguese

values: Listă de guvernatori ai statului California, Statele Unite ale Americii – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Список губернаторов Калифорнии – Russian

values: List of Governors of California – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Списак гувернера Калифорније – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Luettelo Kalifornian kuvernööreistä – Finnish

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Lista över guvernörer i Kalifornien – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: 加利福尼亚州州长列表 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Governors_of_California rootpage-List_of_Governors_of_California skin-vector action-view


text:
Judicial review
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Law review.
This article is about court power over non-judicial branches. For court power over lower courts, see Appellate review.
Judicial review is a process under which executive and (in some countries) legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. A court with judicial review power may invalidate laws and decisions that are incompatible with a higher authority; an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful or a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a written constitution. Judicial review is one of the checks and balances in the separation of powers: the power of the judiciary to supervise the legislative and executive branches when the latter exceed their authority. The doctrine varies between jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ between and within countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 General principles
1.1 Administrative acts
1.2 Primary legislation
1.2.1 No review by any courts
1.2.2 Review by general courts
1.2.3 Review by a specialized court
2 In specific jurisdictions
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
General principles[edit]
Judicial review can be understood in the context of two distinct—but parallel—legal systems, civil law and common law, and also by two distinct theories of democracy regarding the manner in which government should be organized with respect to the principles and doctrines of legislative supremacy and the separation of powers.
First, two distinct legal systems, civil law and common law, have different views about judicial review. Common-law judges are seen as sources of law, capable of creating new legal principles, and also capable of rejecting legal principles that are no longer valid. In the civil-law tradition, judges are seen as those who apply the law, with no power to create (or destroy) legal principles.
Secondly, the idea of separation of powers is another theory about how a democratic society's government should be organized. In contrast to legislative supremacy, the idea of separation of powers was first introduced by Montesquieu;[1] it was later institutionalized in the United States by the Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison under the court of John Marshall. Separation of powers is based on the idea that no branch of government should be able to exert power over any other branch without due process of law; each branch of government should have a check on the powers of the other branches of government, thus creating a regulative balance among all branches of government. The key to this idea is checks and balances. In the United States, judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary.
Differences in organizing "democratic" societies led to different views regarding judicial review, with societies based on common law and those stressing a separation of powers being the most likely to utilize judicial review. Nevertheless, many countries whose legal systems are based on the idea of legislative supremacy have learned the possible dangers and limitations of entrusting power exclusively to the legislative branch of government. Many countries with civil-law systems have adopted a form of judicial review to stem the tyranny of the majority.
Another reason why judicial review should be understood in the context of both the development of two distinct legal systems (civil law and common law) and two theories of democracy (legislative supremacy and separation of powers) is that some countries with common-law systems do not have judicial review of primary legislation. Though a common-law system is present in the United Kingdom, the country still has a strong attachment to the idea of legislative supremacy; consequently, judges in the United Kingdom do not have the power to strike down primary legislation. However, since the United Kingdom became a member of the European Union there has been tension between its tendency toward legislative supremacy and the EU's legal system, which specifically gives the Court of Justice of the European Union the power of judicial review.
Administrative acts[edit]
Most modern legal systems allow the courts to review administrative acts (individual decisions of a public body, such as a decision to grant a subsidy or to withdraw a residence permit). In most systems, this also includes review of secondary legislation (legally enforceable rules of general applicability adopted by administrative bodies). Some countries (notably France and Germany) have implemented a system of administrative courts which are charged with resolving disputes between members of the public and the administration. In other countries (including the United States and United Kingdom), judicial review is carried out by regular civil courts although it may be delegated to specialized panels within these courts (such as the Administrative Court within the High Court of England and Wales). The United States employs a mixed system in which some administrative decisions are reviewed by the United States district courts (which are the general trial courts), some are reviewed directly by the United States courts of appeals and others are reviewed by specialized tribunals such as the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (which, despite its name, is not technically part of the federal judicial branch). It is quite common that before a request for judicial review of an administrative act is filed with a court, certain preliminary conditions (such as a complaint to the authority itself) must be fulfilled. In most countries, the courts apply special procedures in administrative cases.
Primary legislation[edit]
There are three broad approaches to judicial review of the constitutionality of primary legislation—that is, laws passed directly by an elected legislature.
No review by any courts[edit]
Some countries do not permit a review of the validity of primary legislation. In the United Kingdom, statutes cannot be set aside under the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Another example is the Netherlands, where the constitution expressly forbids the courts to rule on the question of constitutionality of primary legislation.[2]
Review by general courts[edit]
In the United States, federal and state courts (at all levels, both appellate and trial) are able to review and declare the "constitutionality", or agreement with the Constitution (or lack thereof) of legislation by a process of judicial interpretation that is relevant to any case properly within their jurisdiction. In American legal language, "judicial review" refers primarily to the adjudication of constitutionality of statutes, especially by the Supreme Court of the United States. This is commonly held to have been established in the case of Marbury v. Madison, which was argued before the Supreme Court in 1803. A similar system was also adopted in Australia.[3]
Review by a specialized court[edit]
Further information: Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic
In 1920, Czechoslovakia adopted a system of judicial review by a specialized court, the Constitutional Court as written by Hans Kelsen, a leading jurist of the time. This system was later adopted by Austria and became known as the Austrian System, also under the primary authorship of Hans Kelsen, being emulated by a number of other countries. In these systems, other courts are not competent to question the constitutionality of primary legislation; they often may, however, initiate the process of review by the Constitutional Court.[4]
Russia adopts a mixed model since (as in the US) courts at all levels, both federal and state, are empowered to review primary legislation and declare its constitutionality; as in the Czech Republic, there is a constitutional court in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of primary legislation. The difference is that in the first case, the decision about the law′s adequacy to the Russian Constitution only binds the parties to the lawsuit; in the second, the Court's decision must be followed by judges and government officials at all levels.
In specific jurisdictions[edit]
Judicial review in Australia
Judicial review in Austria
Judicial review in Bangladesh
Judicial review in Canada
Judicial review in the Czech Republic
Judicial review in Denmark
Judicial review in Germany
Judicial review in Hong Kong
Judicial review in India
Judicial review in Ireland
Judicial review in Malaysia
Judicial review in New Zealand
Judicial review in the Philippines
Judicial review in South Africa
Judicial review in Sweden
Judicial review in Switzerland
Judicial Yuan - Taiwan
Judicial review in English law – also similar in Wales
Judicial review in Scotland
Judicial review in the United States
See also[edit]
Judicial Appeal
Judicial activism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Montesquieu, Baron Charles de, The Spirit of the Laws
Jump up ^ Article 120 of the Netherlands Constitution
Jump up ^ Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 AustLII
Jump up ^ The strength of the combination Government - Parliament ... far from outperform the reasons of the Constitutional scrutiny, makes the judicial review more necessary than ever: Buonomo, Giampiero (2006). "Peculato d'uso: perché il condannato non può fare il Sindaco. Dalla Consulta "no" ai Dl senza necessità e urgenza". Diritto&Giustizia edizione online. – via Questia (subscription required)
Further reading[edit]
Edward S. Corwin, The Doctrine of Judicial Review: Its Legal and Historical Basis and Other Essays. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014.
External links[edit]
Judicial Review: A Legal Guide
Corrado, Michael Louis (2005). Comparative Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials. ISBN 0-89089-710-7. (Country by country case studies)
N. Jayapalan (1999). Modern Governments. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7156-837-6. (A comparison of modern constitutions)
Beatty, David M (1994). Human rights and judicial review. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-2968-8. (A comparison of national judicial review doctrines)
Wolfe, Christopher (1994). The American doctrine of judicial supremacy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8226-3026-5. (This book traces the doctrine's history in an international/comparative fashion)
Vanberg, Georg (2005). "Constitutional Review in Comparative Perspective". The politics of constitutional review in Germany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83647-0. (The effects of politics in law in Germany)
Galera, S. (ed.), Judicial Review. A Comparative Analysis inside the European Legal System, Council of Europe, 2010, ISBN 978-92-871-6723-1, [1]
[show]
v
t
e
Separation of powers
Typical branches
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Atypical branches
Civil service commission
Auditory
Electoral
Prosecutory
By country
Australia
United Kingdom
United States
Singapore
See also
Fusion of powers
Separation of duties
Judicial independence
Judicial review
Dual mandate
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_review&oldid=843606779"
Categories:
Judicial review
Hidden categories:
Subscription required using via
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
日本語
Português
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
Українська
中文
9 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 07:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Appellate_review
mw-redirect
Appellate review

value: b

values:
/wiki/Checks_and_balances
mw-redirect
Checks and balances

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

values:
/wiki/Due_process_of_law
mw-redirect
Due process of law

values:
/wiki/Secondary_legislation
mw-redirect
Secondary legislation

values:
/wiki/High_Court_of_England_and_Wales
mw-redirect
High Court of England and Wales

values:
/wiki/United_States_district_courts
mw-redirect
United States district courts

values:
/wiki/Primary_legislation
mw-redirect
Primary legislation

values: Edit section: Review by a specialized court

values:
/wiki/Austrian_System
mw-redirect
Austrian System

values:
/wiki/Judicial_review_in_Germany
mw-redirect
Judicial review in Germany

values:
/wiki/Judicial_review_in_Ireland
mw-redirect
Judicial review in Ireland

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Attorney_General
mw-redirect
Attorney General

values: Separation of powers in the United Kingdom

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Subscription required using via

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Judicial_review
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: مراجعة قضائية – Arabic

values: بررسی قضایی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: न्यायिक पुनरावलोकन – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ביקורת שיפוטית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Судебный надзор – Russian

values: Судовий нагляд – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Judicial_review rootpage-Judicial_review skin-vector action-view


text:
Ball and socket joint
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about bone joints. For ground glass joints, see Laboratory glassware. For similar mechanical joints, see ball joint.
Ball and socket joint
1: Ball and socket joint; 2: Condyloid joint (Ellipsoid); 3: Saddle joint; 4 Hinge joint; 5: Pivot joint;
Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.
Identifiers
TA
A03.0.00.050
FMA
75301
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It enables the bone to move in many places (nearly all directions).
An enarthrosis is a special kind of spheroidal joint in which the socket covers the sphere beyond its equator.[1]
Examples[edit]
Examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip, where the round head of the femur (ball) rests in the cup-like acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis, and in the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, where the rounded head of the humerus (ball) rests in the cup-like glenoid fossa (socket) of the shoulder blade.[2] The shoulder includes a sternoclavicular articulation joint.
Hip
Shoulder
Details of hip joint.
Femur
Femoral Neck
Femoral Head
Acetabulum
Acetabular Labrum
Pelvis
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 287 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Platzer, Werner (2008) Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 1, p.28
Jump up ^ And the phalanges (toes, fingers). Module - Introduction to Joints Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spherical joints.
hide
v
t
e
Joints
Types
Fibrous
Gomphosis
Suture
Syndesmosis
Interosseous membrane
Cartilaginous
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
synovial: Plane joint
1°
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
2°
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
3°
Ball and socket joint
synostosis
by range of motion: Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Terminology
Kinesiology
Anatomical terms of motion
Agonist/Antagonist
Motions
general: Flexion/Extension
Adduction/Abduction
Internal rotation/External rotation
Elevation/Depression
specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction
Supination/Pronation
specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion
Eversion/Inversion
Components
capsular: Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Fibrous membrane
Synovial fluid
Synovial bursa
Articular disk/Meniscus
extracapsular: Ligament
Enthesis
Anatomy portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ball_and_socket_joint&oldid=856447819"
Categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Joints
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Galego
Ido
Italiano
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
中文
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 August 2018, at 08:13 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: i

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint
mw-redirect
Glenohumeral joint

values:
/wiki/Sternoclavicular_articulation
mw-redirect
Sternoclavicular articulation

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Suture_(joint)
mw-redirect
Suture (joint)

values:
/wiki/Agonist_(muscle)
mw-redirect
Agonist (muscle)

values:
/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)
mw-redirect
Antagonist (muscle)

values:
/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)
mw-redirect
Extension (kinesiology)

values:
/wiki/Abduction_(kinesiology)
mw-redirect
Abduction (kinesiology)

values:
/wiki/Internal_rotation
mw-redirect
Internal rotation

values:
/wiki/External_rotation
mw-redirect
External rotation

values:
/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)
mw-redirect
Elevation (kinesiology)

values:
/wiki/Depression_(kinesiology)
mw-redirect
Depression (kinesiology)

values:
/wiki/Retraction_(kinesiology)
mw-redirect
Retraction (kinesiology)

values:
/wiki/Eversion_(kinesiology)
mw-redirect
Eversion (kinesiology)

values:
/wiki/Inversion_(kinesiology)
mw-redirect
Inversion (kinesiology)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Anatomy posture and body mechanics 08.web.jpg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

values: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ball_and_socket_joint
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: مفصل كروي حقي – Arabic

values: مفصل توپی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enartroso
Enartroso – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enartrosi
Enartrosi – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleledd
Kuleledd – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enartrose
Enartrose – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulled
Kulled – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ลูกหมาก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ball_and_socket_joint rootpage-Ball_and_socket_joint skin-vector action-view


text:
Great Indian bustard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Great Indian bustard
At Naliya grasslands, Kutch, India
Conservation status

Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Otidiformes
Family: Otididae
Genus: Ardeotis
Species: A. nigriceps
Binomial name
Ardeotis nigriceps
(Vigors, 1831)
Points where the species has been recorded. Once widespread, the species is today found mainly in central and western India.
Synonyms
Choriotis nigriceps
Eupodotis edwardsi
Otis nigriceps
The Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) or Indian bustard is a bustard found in India and the adjoining regions of Pakistan. A large bird with a horizontal body and long bare legs, giving it an ostrich like appearance, this bird is among the heaviest of the flying birds. Once common on the dry plains of the Indian subcontinent, as few as 250 individuals were estimated in 2011 to survive and the species is critically endangered by hunting and loss of its habitat, which consists of large expanses of dry grassland and scrub. These birds are often found associated in the same habitat as blackbuck. It is protected under Wildlife Protection Act 1972 of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Behaviour and ecology
4 Status
5 Conservation
6 In culture
7 References
8 Other sources
9 External links
Description[edit]
The great Indian bustard is a large ground bird with a height of about one metre. It is unmistakable with its black cap contrasting with the pale head and neck. The body is brownish with a black patch spotted in white. The male is deep sandy buff coloured and during the breeding season has a black breast band. The crown of the head is black and crested and is puffed up by displaying males. In the female which is smaller than the male, the head and neck are not pure white and the breast band is either rudimentary, broken or absent.[2]
[show]Measurements
All populations[2][3]
Length
1,000–1,070 mm (39.4–42.1 in)
760–830 mm (29.9–32.7 in)
Culmen
85–95 mm (3.3–3.7 in)
Wing
614–762 mm (24.2–30.0 in)
460–540 mm (18.1–21.3 in)
Tail
330–380 mm (13.0–15.0 in)
245–270 mm (9.6–10.6 in)
Head
170–180 mm (6.7–7.1 in)
145–155 mm (5.7–6.1 in)
Weight
8–14.5 kg (17.6–32.0 lb)
2.5–6.75 kg (5.5–14.9 lb)
Foot
275–300 mm (10.8–11.8 in)
225–245 mm (8.9–9.6 in)
Among bustards, this species is smaller only than the Kori bustard and the great bustard in size. It is also the largest land bird in its native range. The great Indian bustard stands at about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, having a somewhat long neck and quite long legs.[3] The female as in most members of the bustard family are typically considerably smaller.[4]
Males have a well-developed gular pouch which is inflated when calling during display and helps produce the deep resonant calls.[3][5]
Abnormally leucistic or near albino birds have been reported.[6]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Illustration by Henrik Grönvold from E. C. Stuart Baker's Game-birds of India, Burma and Ceylon
This species was formerly widespread in India and Pakistan.[4] The bustard is critically endangered in Pakistan primarily due to lack of protection and rampant hunting.[7] A few birds have been detected in a September 2013 survey of the Cholistan Desert in Pakistan.[8]
In India, the bird was historically found in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Today the bustard is restricted to isolated pockets in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (shared with Pakistan).[9]
Great Indian bustards make local movements but these are not well understood although it is known that populations disperse after the monsoons.[10] Males are said to be solitary during the breeding season but form small flocks in winter. Males may however distribute themselves close together[11] and like other bustards they are believed to use a mating system that has been termed as an "exploded or dispersed lek".[12] The male is polygamous.[13]
The habitat where it is most often found is arid and semi-arid grasslands, open country with thorn scrub, tall grass interspersed with cultivation. It avoids irrigated areas.[2] The major areas where they are known to breed are in central and western India and eastern Pakistan. The dry semi-desert regions where it was found in parts of Rajasthan has been altered by irrigation canals that have transformed the region into an intensively farmed area.[14]
Behaviour and ecology[edit]
The great Indian bustard is omnivorous. Apparently, insects, consisting mainly of Orthoptera, but also beetles, particularly Mylabris sp.[4]) are preferred in the diet. Alternatively, they will take grass seeds, berries (largely of the genera Ziziphus and Eruca), rodents and reptiles (in Rajasthan they are known to take Indian spiny-tailed lizards Uromastyx hardwickii[15]). In cultivated areas, they feed on crops such as exposed groundnut, millets and pods of legumes.[16]
They drink water if it is available and will sometimes sit down to drink or suck water followed by raising up their heads at an angle.[17] When threatened, hens are said to carry young chicks under the wing.[18]
Male (left) and female in display, Rajasthan
Breeding occurs between March and September, when the inflated fluffy white feathers of the male are inflated and displayed. Territorial fights between males may involve strutting next to each other, leaping against each other with legs against each other and landing down to lock the opponent's head under their neck.[19] During courtship display, the male inflates the gular sac which opens under the tongue, inflating it so that a large wobbly bag appears to hang down from the neck. The tail is held cocked up over the body. The male also raises the tail and folds it on its back. The male periodically produces a resonant deep, booming call that may be heard for nearly 500m.[2][3] The female lays a single egg in an unlined scrape on the ground.[4][20] Only the females are involved in incubation and care of the young. The eggs are at risk of destruction from other animals particularly ungulates and crows.[3] Females may use a distraction display that involves flying zigzag with dangling legs.[3]

Status[edit]
From Thomas Hardwicke's Illustrations of Indian Zoology (1830–1835)
In 2011 Birdlife International uplisted this species from Endangered to Critically Endangered, mainly because it has been exirpated from 90% of its former range and the population was estimated at perhaps fewer than 250 individuals in 2008.[1] The main threats are hunting and habitat loss. In the past they were heavily hunted for their meat and for sport and, today, poaching of the species may continue. In some places, such as Rajasthan, increased irrigation by the Indira Gandhi canal has led to increased agriculture and the altered habitat has led to the disappearance of the species from these regions.[21] Some populations migrate into Pakistan where hunting pressure is high.[14] The bird is found in Rajasthan, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat states of India. Desert National Park, near Jaisalmer and coastal grasslands of the Abdasa and Mandvi talukas of Kutch District of Gujarat support some populations.[22]Ghatigaon and Karera sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh once held sizeable populations.[23] Other sanctuaries with the species include Naliya in Kutch,[24] Karera Wildlife Sanctuary in Shivpuri district;Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary near Nannaj,[25] 18 km from Solapur in Maharashtra, Shrigonda taluka in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, near Nagpur and near Warora in Chandrapur district in Maharashtra and Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, 45 km from Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh.[26] At Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary, habitat changes have affected the populations of blackbuck and bustards. In the 1950s the scrub forest was replaced with Eucalyptus plantations. These helped wildlife when the trees were short but after their extensive growth they made the adjoining grassland less favourable for bustards.[27][28]
A 2011 study of the variability in mitochondrial DNA (hypervariable control region II and cytochrome b) in 63 samples from 5 Indian states found very low genetic diversity suggesting a historical population reduction. The study suggested a population reduction or near extinction estimated about 20-40,000 years ago.[29] Attempts to breed them in captivity in the 1970s failed.[30] The species is considered as "critically endangered" by the IUCN Red data list.[1]
Conservation[edit]
The rapid reduction of the population of India's bustards, their endangered status and the decline of grasslands led the Ministry of Environment and Forests to prepare species recovery programs in 2012 for three species of bustard; the great Indian bustard, the Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis) and the lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus). These programs remain to be finalised and executed by the state wildlife departments.[31] The state of Rajasthan initiated "Project Great Indian Bustard", on World Environment Day 2013, identifying and fencing off bustard breeding grounds in existing protected areas as well as provide secure breeding enclosures in areas outside protected areas.[31]
Current threats to the species include the development of linear infrastructure intrusions such as roads and electric power lines in the desert that lead to collision-related mortality.[32] Proposed expansion of renewable energy infrastructure, which may involve deploying solar panels over large areas of desert and grasslands is another threat to the bird's habitat.[33]
In culture[edit]
Eggs of the species in comparison to the smaller ones of the lesser florican
The Mughal emperor Babur noted that "[while] the flesh of the leg of some fowls, and of the breast of others is excellent; the flesh of every part of the Kharchal is delicious".[34][35] The great Indian bustard was however a cryptic and wary bird making it a challenge for sportsmen, who had to stalk carefully (sometimes using covered bullock carts[36]) to get within range.[37] British soldiers in India considered it a delicacy and the species was among the top game-birds. William Henry Sykes notes that they were common in the Deccan region where a "gentleman" had shot a thousand birds.[38][39] (E C Stuart Baker however notes that this may have been an exaggeration- ...we must remember that those were the days when tigers averaged twelve feet...)[4] Jerdon noted that subadults and females had tastier flesh than males while Salim Ali notes that feeding on Mylabris tainted their flesh.[3][40][41]
Tribal Bhils are claimed to have used a technique for trapping females that involves setting twigs on fire around the nest containing an egg or chick. The female was then said to run to the nest and singe its wings upon which the tribals captured it.[42] Other trapping methods involving the use of nooses are described by Hume in his "Game Birds of India".[5] The invention of the Jeep changed the method of hunting and it became extremely easy for hunters to chase bustards down in their open semi-desert habitats.[3]
The name hoom is used in parts of Maharashtra and is derived from the low booming call. The sharp barking alarm call leads to its name of hookna in some parts of northern India.[4] It is known in some other parts as Gaganbher or Gurayin for the resemblance of other calls to thunder or the roar of a tiger.[43]
When the "national bird" of India was under consideration, the great Indian bustard was a proposed candidate (strongly supported by the Indian ornithologist Salim Ali[44][45]), but dropped in favour of the Indian peafowl with at least one reason being the potential for being misspelt.[46][47]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c BirdLife International (2013). "Ardeotis nigriceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rasmussen PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 148.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ali, S; S Dillon Ripley (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 0-19-565935-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Baker, ECS (1929). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Volume 6 (2nd ed.). pp. 64–66.
^ Jump up to: a b Hume AO; CHT Marshall (1879). Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. 1. pp. 7–11.
Jump up ^ Vijayarajji (1926). "An albino bustard (Eupoditis edwarsi)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 31 (2): 526.
Jump up ^ Khan, Aleem Ahmed; Khaliq, Imran; Choudhry, Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal; Farooq, Amjad & Hussain, Nazim (25 Oct 2008). "Status, threats and conservation of the Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors) in Pakistan (1079)" (PDF). Current Science. 95 (8): 1079–1082. Retrieved 13 Jan 2014.
Jump up ^ "Houbara Foundation conducts survey for Great Indian Bustard". Pakistan Today. 17 Sep 2013. Retrieved 13 Jan 2014.
Jump up ^ Dutta, Sutirtha; Rahmani, A. R.; Jhala, Y. V. (24 Nov 2010). "Running out of time? The great Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps — status, viability, and conservation strategies" (PDF). European Journal of Wildlife Research. doi:10.1007/s10344-010-0472-z. Retrieved 13 Jan 2014.
Jump up ^ Rahmani, A. R.; Manakadan, R. (1986). "Movement and flock composition of the Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors) at Nanaj, Solapur district, Maharashtra, India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 (1): 17–31.
Jump up ^ Baker, EC Stuart (1921). Game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Volume 2. Bombay Natural History Society. pp. 164–185.
Jump up ^ Morales MB; F Jiguet; B Arroyo (2001). "Exploded leks: What bustards can teach us" (PDF). Ardeola. 48 (1): 85–98.
Jump up ^ Rahmani, A.R. (1991). "Flocking behaviour of a resident population of the great Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors)". Revue d'Ecologie (Terre et la Vie). 46 (1): 53–64.
^ Jump up to: a b Khan, AA; I Khaliq; M J I Choudhry, A Farooq & N Hussain (2008). "Status, threats and conservation of the Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors) in Pakistan" (PDF). Current Science. 95 (8): 1079–1082.
Jump up ^ Gupta PD (1975). "Stomach contents of the Great Indian Bustard Choriotis nigriceps (Vigors)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 71 (2): 303–304.
Jump up ^ Bhushan B; AR Rahmani (1992). "Food and feeding behaviour of the Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (1): 27–40.
Jump up ^ Hallager, SL (1994). "Drinking methods in two species of bustards". Wilson Bull. 106 (4): 763–764. hdl:10088/4338.
Jump up ^ Falzone, Celia K. (1992). "First Observations of Chick Carrying Behavior by the Buff-Crested Bustard". The Wilson Bulletin. 104 (1): 190–192.
Jump up ^ Joshua, J. Gokula; V. Sunderraj, S. F. W. (2005). "Territorial fighting behaviour of Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 102 (1): 114.
Jump up ^ Hume, AO (1890). The nests and eggs of the birds of India. 3. R H Porter. pp. 375–378.
Jump up ^ Rahmani AR; R.G. Soni (1997). "Avifaunal changes in the Indian Thar Desert". Journal of Arid Environments. 36 (4): 687–703. doi:10.1006/jare.1996.0242.
Jump up ^ Munjpara S. B.; B.Jethva; C.N.Pandey (2011). "Distribution of the Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Gruiformes: Otididae) in Gujarat State, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 3 (9): 2090–2094. doi:10.11609/jott.o2756.2090-4.
Jump up ^ Kasambe, R.; Pimplapure, A., Thosar, G. & Shad, M.S.R. (2007). "Sighting records of Great Indian Bustards Ardeotis nigriceps in Vidarbha". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 46 (6): 88–89. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Dutta, S; AR Rahmani; YV Jhala (2010). "Running out of time? The great Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps—status, viability, and conservation strategies". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 57 (3): 615. doi:10.1007/s10344-010-0472-z.
Jump up ^ Kulkarni BS (1981). "Ecology and behavior of Great Indian Bustard". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78 (2): 375–377.
Jump up ^ Manakadan, Ranjit; Rahmani, Asad R (1989). "Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, with special reference to the Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86 (3): 369–380.
Jump up ^ Neginhal, SG (1980). "Ecological impact of afforestation at the Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 1254–1258.
Jump up ^ Kumara HN; VVM Raj (2007). "The Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps" Are they disappearing in Karnataka". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 104 (2): 211–212.
Jump up ^ Ishtiaq F, Dutta S, Yumnan B, Jhala Y (2011). "Low genetic diversity in the endangered great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) across India and implications for conservation". Conservation Genetics. 12 (3): 1–7. doi:10.1007/s10592-011-0206-0.
Jump up ^ Sankhala K. S (1977). "Captive breeding, reintroduction and nature protection : the Indian experience". Zoo Yearbook. 17: 98–101. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1977.tb00874.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Kumar Sambhav Shrivastava (6 June 2013). "Rajasthan announces Project Great Indian Bustard". Down To Earth. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Raman, T. R. S.; Madhusudan, M. D. (2015). Goswami, M. N.; Chaudhry, P., eds. "Current ecological concerns in the power sector: options to avoid or minimise impacts.". ncf-india.org. An Epochal Shift in the Idea of India-Meeting aspirations? IPPAI Knowledge Report, Independent Power Producers Association of India, New Delhi. pp. 89–100. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Dutta, Sutirtha (2016-09-10). "Bijli, sadak, paani and bustard". Indian Express. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Ali, Salim (1927). "The Moghul emperors of India as naturalists and sportsmen. Part 2". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (1): 34–63.
Jump up ^ Beveridge, AS (1922). The Babur-nama in English. 2. p. 498.
Jump up ^ Russell, CEM (1900). Bullet and shot in Indian forest, plain and hill. W. Thacker and Co, London. pp. 381–382.
Jump up ^ Brown JM (1887). Shikar sketches. Hurst and Blackett. pp. 53–54.
Jump up ^ Frost, John (1854). The Pictorial Family Encyclopaedia of History, Biography and Travels. Miller Orton and Mulligan. pp. 95–96.
Jump up ^ Sykes WH (1832). "Catalogue of Birds of the Rasorial, Grallatorial and Natatorial Orders, observed in the Dukhun". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 2: 149–172.
Jump up ^ Jerdon TC (1864). The birds of India. 3. George Wyman & Co. pp. 607–611.
Jump up ^ Oates EW (1898). A manual of the game birds of India. Part 1. A J Combridge & Co. pp. 399–404.
Jump up ^ Simcox, AHA (1913). "The Great Indian Bustard Eupodotis edwardsi". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 22 (1): 201.
Jump up ^ Elliot, W. (1880). "Notes on the Indian Bustard (Eupodotis edwardsi), with especial reference to its gular pouch". Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 486–489.
Jump up ^ Ali, S (1961). "Our national bird". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1 (4): 3–4.
Jump up ^ Ali, Salim (1962). "National bird". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1 (6): 4.
Jump up ^ Bindra, PS (2009). "On the brink". Tehelka Magazine. 6 (16).
Jump up ^ Nair, P Thankappan (1974). "The Peacock Cult in Asia" (PDF). Asian Folklore Studies. 33 (2): 93–170. JSTOR 1177550. doi:10.2307/1177550.
Other sources[edit]
Bhushan, B. (1985) The food and feeding behaviour of the Great Indian Bustard Choriotis nigriceps (Vigors). Class Aves: Otididae. M.Sc. dissertation. University of Bombay, Bombay.
Dharmakumarsinhji RS (1957) Ecological study of the Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps( Vigors)[ Aves : Otididae] in Kathiawar Peninsula, western India. J. Zool. Soc. India 9:139-52.
Dharmakumarsinhji, RS (1962) Display, posturing and behaviour of the Great Indian Bustard Choriotis nigriceps (Vigors). Proc. 2nd All-India Congress. Zoology. Part 2:277-283
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ardeotis nigriceps.
Wikispecies has information related to: Ardeotis nigriceps
Videos and photographs
Arkive - images and movies
BirdLife Species Factsheet
[show]
v
t
e
Bustards (order: Otidiformes · family: Otididae)
Subfamily
Genus
Species
No subfamily
Afrotis
Northern black korhaan (E. afra)
Southern black korhaan (E. afraoides)
Ardeotis
Arabian bustard (A. arabs)
Kori bustard (A. kori)
Great Indian bustard (A. nigriceps)
Australian bustard (A. australis)
Chlamydotis
Houbara bustard, (C. undulata)
Macqueen's bustard, (C. macqueeni)
Eupodotis
White-bellied bustard, (E. senegalensis)
Blue korhaan, (E. caerulescens)
Karoo korhaan, (E. vigorsii)
Rüppell's korhaan, (E. rueppellii)
Little brown bustard, (E. humilis)
Houbaropsis
Bengal florican, (H. bengalensis)
Neotis
Ludwig's bustard, (N. ludwigii)
Denham's bustard, or Stanley bustard, (N. denhami)
Heuglin's bustard, (N. heuglinii)
Nubian bustard, (N. nuba)
Lissotis
Black-bellied bustard, (L. melanogaster)
Hartlaub's bustard, (L. hartlaubii)
Lophotis
Savile's bustard, (L. savilei)
Buff-crested bustard, (L. gindiana)
Red-crested korhaan, (L. ruficrista)
Sypheotides
Lesser florican, (S. indicus)
Tetrax
Little bustard, (T. tetrax)
20 living species in nine genera
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Indian_bustard&oldid=796355830"
Categories:
IUCN Red List critically endangered species
Otididae
Birds of India
Birds described in 1831
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Articles with 'species' microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
বাংলা
भोजपुरी
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
മലയാളം
मराठी
Nederlands
日本語
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 August 2017, at 07:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

value: td

values: /wiki/Kutch mw-redirect Kutch

values:
/wiki/Critically_endangered_species
mw-redirect
Critically endangered species

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Gular_pouch
mw-redirect
Gular pouch

values:
/wiki/Lek_(mating_arena)
mw-redirect
Lek (mating arena)

values:
/wiki/Uromastyx_hardwickii
mw-redirect
Uromastyx hardwickii

values:
/wiki/Birdlife_International
mw-redirect
Birdlife International

values:
/wiki/Kutch_District
mw-redirect
Kutch District

values:
/wiki/Ghatigaon_Sanctuary
mw-redirect
Ghatigaon Sanctuary

values:
/wiki/Salim_Ali_(ornithologist)
mw-redirect
Salim Ali (ornithologist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10344-010-0472-z

values:
nofollow
external text
//hdl.handle.net/10088%2F4338

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjare.1996.0242

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.o2756.2090-4

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ncf-india.org/publications/684

values:
/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(ICS)
mw-redirect
Walter Elliot (ICS)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1177550

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1177550

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Macqueen%27s_bustard
mw-redirect
Macqueen's bustard

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:IUCN Red List critically endangered species

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Great_Indian_bustard
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: গ্রেট ইন্ডিয়ান বাস্টার্ড – Bangla

values: Индийска дропла – Bulgarian

values: هوبره هندی بزرگ – Persian

values: गोडावण – Hindi

values: חוברה הודית גדולה – Hebrew

values: ഇന്ത്യൻ ബസ്റ്റാർഡ് പക്ഷി – Malayalam

values: माळढोक – Marathi

values: インドオオノガン – Japanese

values: ھندستانی بسٹرڈ – Western Punjabi

values: Индийская большая дрофа – Russian

values: கானமயில் – Tamil

values: బట్టమేక పిట్ట – Telugu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Great_Indian_bustard rootpage-Great_Indian_bustard skin-vector action-view