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Second Continental Congress
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Second Continental Congress
Thirteen Colonies
United States
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Established
May 10, 1775
Disbanded
March 1, 1781
Preceded by
First Continental Congress
Succeeded by
1st Confederation Congress
Leadership
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph (first)
Samuel Huntington (last)
Secretary
Charles Thomson
Structure
Seats
Variable; ~60
Authority
President of the Continental Congress
Meeting place
mainly at Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
from December 1776 to July 1778 various locations,
see below
Footnotes
Though there were about 50 members of the Congress at a given time, it was the states that had votes, so there were effectively only 13 seats.
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774. The Second Congress managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition.[1]
The Second Continental Congress came together on May 10, 1775, effectively reconvening the First Continental Congress. Many of the 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second, and the delegates appointed the same president (Peyton Randolph) and secretary (Charles Thomson).[2] Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts. Within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson, who arrived several weeks later. Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph, but he declined. Hancock was elected president on May 24.[3]
Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened. Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second. On May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John's in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself.[4] On July 4, 1775, revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution, and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress. They arrived on July 20.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Dates and places of sessions
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Bibliography
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
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This article is part of a series on the
United States
Continental Congress
Predecessors
Albany Congress 1754
Stamp Act Congress 1765
1st Continental Congress
Declaration and Resolves
Continental Association
Petition to the King
2nd Continental Congress
Olive Branch Petition
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Necessity of Taking Up Arms
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The First Continental Congress had sent entreaties to King George III to stop the Coercive Acts; they had also created the Continental Association to establish a coordinated protest of those acts, putting a boycott on British goods. The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775 to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the acts; however, the American Revolutionary War had already started by that time with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the Congress was called upon to take charge of the war effort.
For the first few months of the war, the Patriots carried on their struggle in an ad-hoc and uncoordinated manner. They had seized arsenals, driven out royal officials, and besieged the British army in the city of Boston. On June 14, 1775, the Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and appointed George Washington of Virginia as commanding general.[6] On July 6, 1775 Congress approved a Declaration of Causes outlining the rationale and necessity for taking up arms in the Thirteen Colonies."[7] On July 8, they extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation; however, it was received too late to do any good. Silas Deane was sent to France as a minister (ambassador) of the Congress, and American ports were reopened in defiance of the British Navigation Acts.
The Continental Congress had no explicit legal authority to govern,[8] but it assumed all the functions of a national government, such as appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money (called "Continentals"), and disbursing funds. The Congress had no authority to levy taxes and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests.
Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such a drastic action. Advocates of independence moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, or even replace those governments which would not authorize independence. On May 10, 1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was. On May 15, they adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution, drafted by John Adams, which advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown. That same day, the Virginia Convention instructed its delegation in Philadelphia to propose a resolution that called for a declaration of independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and a confederation of the states. The resolution of independence was delayed for several weeks, as advocates of independence consolidated support in their home governments.
The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution before the Congress declaring the colonies independent. He also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states.[9] Lee argued that independence was the only way to ensure a foreign alliance, since no European monarchs would deal with America if they remained Britain's colonies. American leaders had rejected the divine right of kings in the New World, but recognized the necessity of proving their credibility in the Old World.[10] Congress formally adopted the resolution of independence, but only after creating three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states. These three things together constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for conducting vital domestic and foreign affairs.[9]
City Tavern in Philadelphia, the delegates' favorite place to eat and meet informally[11][12]
Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2, 1776. They next turned their attention to a formal explanation of this decision, the United States Declaration of Independence which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter.
The Congress moved from Philadelphia to Baltimore in the winter of 1776 to avoid capture by British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia. Henry Fite's tavern was the largest building in Baltimore Town at the time and provided a comfortable location of sufficient size for Congress to meet. Its site at the western edge of town was beyond easy reach of the British Royal Navy's ships should they try to sail up the harbor and the Patapsco River to shell the town. Congress was again forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777, as British troops occupied the city; they moved to York, Pennsylvania and continued their work.
Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, after more than a year of debate, and sent them to the states for ratification. Jefferson's proposal was rejected for a Senate to represent the states and a House to represent the people, but a similar proposal was adopted later in the United States Constitution. One issue of debate was large states wanting a larger say, nullified by small states who feared tyranny. The small states won and each state had one vote.[13] Congress urged the individual states to pass the Articles as quickly as possible, but it took three and a half years for all the states to ratify them. The State Legislature of Virginia was the first of the Thirteen States to ratify the Articles on December 16, 1777, and the State Legislature of Maryland was the last on February 2, 1781.
Dates and places of sessions[edit]
May 10, 1775 – December 12, 1776, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
December 20, 1776 – February 27, 1777, Henry Fite House, Baltimore, Maryland
March 5, 1777 – September 18, 1777, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia
September 27, 1777 (one day only), Court House, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
September 30, 1777 – June 27, 1778, Court House, York, Pennsylvania
July 2, 1778 – July 20, 1778, College Hall, Philadelphia
July 23, 1778 – March 1, 1781, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia
See also[edit]
History of the United States (1776–89)
Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)
List of delegates to the Continental Congress
Presidents of the Continental Congress
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763–1815, p. 113
Jump up ^ Burnett, Continental Congress, pp. 64–67
Jump up ^ Fowler, Baron of Beacon Hill, p. 189
Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford; et al., eds. (1904–1939). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Washington, DC. pp. 2:44–48. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ ibid. pp. 2:192–93.
Jump up ^ Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763–1815, p. 59
Jump up ^ Find Documents: Results
Jump up ^ Bancroft, Ch. 34, p. 353 (online)
^ Jump up to: a b The Declaration of Independence in World Context, Organization of American Historians, Magazine of History, Volume18, Issue 3, pp. 61–66 (2004)
Jump up ^ Howard Jones, Crucible of power: a history of American foreign relations to 1913
Jump up ^ Staib, Walter. City Tavern Cookbook: 200 Years of Classic Recipes from America's First Gourmet Restaurant, pp. 5, 11–15, Running Press, Philadelphia, London, 1999. ISBN 0-7624-0529-5.
Jump up ^ Staib, Walter. City Tavern Baking & Dessert Cookbook: 200 Years of Authentic American Recipes from Martha Washington's Chocolate Mousse Cake to Thomas Jefferson's Sweet Potato Biscuits, pp. 8–10, 14–15, Running Press, Philadelphia, London, 2003. ISBN 0-7624-1554-1.
Jump up ^ Miller (1948) ch. 22
Bibliography[edit]
Burnett, Edward Cody (1941). The Continental Congress. New York: Norton.
Fowler, William M., Jr. (1980). The Baron of Beacon Hill: A Biography of John Hancock. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-27619-5.
Further reading[edit]
Adams, Willi Paul. The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. U. of North Carolina Press, 1980. ISBN 0-7425-2069-2
Francis D. Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815: A Political History. London: 2000. ISBN 0-415-18057-0
Worthington C. Ford, et al. ed. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. (34 vol., 1904–1937) online edition
Henderson, H. James (2002) [1974]. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5.
Peter Force, ed. American Archives 9 vol 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. online edition
Kruman, Marc W. Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America. U. of North Carolina Pr., 1997. ISBN 0-8078-4797-6
Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (1998)
Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783 (1948) ISBN 0-313-20779-8
Montross, Lynn (1970) [1950]. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X.
Rakove, Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress. Knopf, 1979. ISBN 0-8018-2864-3
External links[edit]
Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789
Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789
Interactive Flash Version of John Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence"
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RecBCD
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Exodeoxyribonuclease V
Figure 1 The crystallographic structure of the RecBCD enzyme (PDB: 1W36).[1] The RecB, RecC, and RecD subunits of the enzyme are colored cyan, green, and magenta respectively while the partially unwound DNA helix to which the enzyme is bound is colored brown.
Identifiers
EC number
3.1.11.5
CAS number
37350-26-8
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RecBCD (EC 3.1.11.5, Exonuclease V, Escherichia coli exonuclease V, E. coli exonuclease V, gene recBC endoenzyme, RecBC deoxyribonuclease, gene recBC DNase, gene recBCD enzymes) is an enzyme of the E. coli bacterium that initiates recombinational repair from potentially lethal double strand breaks in DNA which may result from ionizing radiation, replication errors, endonucleases, oxidative damage, and a host of other factors.[2][3] The RecBCD enzyme is both a helicase that unwinds, or separates the strands of DNA, and a nuclease that makes single-stranded nicks in DNA.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Mechanism of action
4 Applications
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
The enzyme complex is composed of three different subunits called RecB, RecC, and RecD and hence the complex is named RecBCD (Figure 1). Before the discovery of the recD gene,[4] the enzyme was known as “RecBC.” Each subunit is encoded by a separate gene:
gene
chain
protein
function
RecB beta P08394 3'-5' helicase, nuclease
RecC gamma P07648 Likely recognizes Chi (crossover hotspot instigator)
RecD alpha P04993 5'-3' helicase
Function[edit]
Main article: Homologous recombination: RecBCD pathway
Figure 2 RecBCD pathway of homologous recombination where ATP is in excess.
Both the RecD and RecB subunits are helicases, i.e., energy-dependent molecular motors that unwind DNA (or RNA in the case of other proteins). The RecB subunit in addition has a nuclease function.[5] Finally, RecBCD enzyme (perhaps the RecC subunit) recognizes a specific sequence in DNA, 5'-GCTGGTGG-3', known as Chi (sometimes designated with the Greek letter χ).
RecBCD is unusual amongst helicases because it has two helicases that travel with different rates[6] and because it can recognize and be altered by the Chi DNA sequence.[7][8] RecBCD avidly binds an end of linear double-stranded (ds) DNA. The RecD helicase travels on the strand with a 5' end at which the enzyme initiates unwinding, and RecB on the strand with a 3' end. RecB is slower than RecD, so that a single-stranded (ss) DNA loop accumulates ahead of RecB (Figure 2). This produces DNA structures with two ss tails (a shorter 3’ ended tail and a longer 5’ ended tail) and one ss loop (on the 3' ended strand) observed by electron microscopy.[9] The ss tails can anneal to produce a second ss loop complementary to the first one; such twin-loop structures were initially referred to as “rabbit ears.”
Mechanism of action[edit]
Figure 3 Beginning of the RecBCD pathway of homologous recombination where Mg2+ is in excess.
During unwinding the nuclease in RecB can act in different ways depending on the reaction conditions, notably the ratio of the concentrations of Mg2+ ions and ATP. (1) If ATP is in excess, the enzyme simply nicks the strand with Chi (the strand with the initial 3' end) (Figure 2).[10] Unwinding continues and produces a 3' ss tail with Chi near its terminus. This tail can be bound by RecA protein, which promotes strand exchange with an intact homologous DNA duplex.[11] When RecBCD reaches the end of the DNA, all three subunits disassemble and the enzyme remains inactive for an hour or more;[12] a RecBCD molecule that acted at Chi does not attack another DNA molecule. (2) If Mg2+ ions are in excess, RecBCD cleaves both DNA strands endonucleolytically, although the 5' tail is cleaved less often (Figure 3).[13] When RecBCD encounters a Chi site on the 3' ended strand, unwinding pauses and digestion of the 3' tail is reduced.[14] When RecBCD resumes unwinding, it now cleaves the opposite strand (i.e., the 5' tail)[15][16] and loads RecA protein onto the 3’-ended strand.[11] After completing reaction on one DNA molecule, the enzyme quickly attacks a second DNA, on which the same reactions occur as on the first DNA.
Although neither reaction has been verified by analysis of intracellular DNA, due to their transient nature, genetic evidence indicates that the first reaction more nearly mimics that in cells.[2] For example, RecBCD mutants lacking detectable exonuclease activity retain high Chi hotspot activity in cells and nicking at Chi outside cells.[17] A Chi site on one DNA molecule in cells reduces or eliminates Chi activity on another DNA, perhaps reflecting the Chi-dependent disassembly of RecBCD observed in vitro under conditions of excess ATP and nicking of DNA at Chi.[18][19]
Under both reaction conditions, the 3' strand remains intact downstream of Chi. The RecA protein is then actively loaded onto the 3' tail by RecBCD.[11] At some undetermined point RecBCD dissociates from the DNA, although RecBCD can unwind at least 60 kb of DNA without falling off. RecA initiates exchange of the DNA strand to which it is bound with the identical, or nearly identical, strand in an intact DNA duplex; this strand exchange generates a joint DNA molecule, such as a D-loop (Figure 2). The joint DNA molecule is thought to be resolved either by replication primed by the invading 3’ ended strand containing Chi or by cleavage of the D-loop and formation of a Holliday junction. The Holliday junction can be resolved into linear DNA by the RuvABC complex or dissociated by the RecG protein. Each of these events can generate intact DNA with new combinations of genetic markers by which the parental DNAs may differ. This process, homologous recombination, completes the repair of the double-stranded DNA break.
Applications[edit]
RecBCD is a model enzyme for the use of single molecule fluorescence as an experimental technique used to better understand the function of protein-DNA interactions.[20] The enzyme is also useful in removing linear DNA, either single- or double-stranded, from preparations of circular double-stranded DNA, since it requires a DNA end for activity.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Singleton MR, Dillingham MS, Gaudier M, Kowalczykowski SC, Wigley DB (November 2004). "Crystal structure of RecBCD enzyme reveals a machine for processing DNA breaks". Nature. 432 (7014): 187–93. doi:10.1038/nature02988. PMID 15538360.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, GR (June 2012). "How RecBCD Enzyme and Chi Promote DNA Break Repair and Recombination: a Molecular Biologist's View". Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 76 (2): 217–28. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05026-11. PMID 22688812.
Jump up ^ Spies M, Kowalczykowski SC (2003). "Homologous recombination by RecBCD and RecF pathways". In Higgins P. Bacterial Chromosomes. Washington, D.C: ASM Press. pp. 389–403. ISBN 1-55581-232-5.
Jump up ^ Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Chaudhury AM, Smith GR (August 1986). "recD: the gene for an essential third subunit of exonuclease V". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 83 (15): 5558–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.15.5558. PMC 386327  . PMID 3526335.
Jump up ^ Yu M, Souaya J, Julin DA (February 1998). "The 30-kDa C-terminal domain of the RecB protein is critical for the nuclease activity, but not the helicase activity, of the RecBCD enzyme from Escherichia coli". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (3): 981–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.981. PMC 18645  . PMID 9448271.
Jump up ^ Taylor AF, Smith GR (June 2003). "RecBCD enzyme is a DNA helicase with fast and slow motors of opposite polarity". Nature. 423 (6942): 889–93. doi:10.1038/nature01674. PMID 12815437.
Jump up ^ Taylor AF, Smith GR (June 1992). "RecBCD enzyme is altered upon cutting DNA at a Chi recombination hotspot". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89 (12): 5226–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5226. PMC 49264  . PMID 1535156.
Jump up ^ Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Reddy M, Smith GR (December 2007). "Intersubunit signaling in RecBCD enzyme, a complex protein machine regulated by Chi hot spots". Genes Dev. 21 (24): 3296–307. doi:10.1101/gad.1605807. PMC 2113030  . PMID 18079176.
Jump up ^ Taylor A, Smith GR (November 1980). "Unwinding and rewinding of DNA by the RecBC enzyme". Cell. 22 (2 Pt 2): 447–57. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90355-4. PMID 6256081.
Jump up ^ Taylor AF, Schultz DW, Ponticelli AS, Smith GR (May 1985). "RecBC enzyme nicking at Chi sites during DNA unwinding: location and orientation-dependence of the cutting". Cell. 41 (1): 153–63. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90070-4. PMID 3888405.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson DG, Kowalczykowski SC (July 1997). "The translocating RecBCD enzyme stimulates recombination by directing RecA protein onto ssDNA in a Chi-regulated manner". Cell. 90 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80315-3. PMID 9230304.
Jump up ^ Taylor AF, Smith GR (April 1999). "Regulation of homologous recombination: Chi inactivates RecBCD enzyme by disassembly of the three subunits". Genes Dev. 13 (7): 890–900. doi:10.1101/gad.13.7.890. PMC 316601  . PMID 10197988.
Jump up ^ Dixon DA, Kowalczykowski SC (April 1993). "The recombination hotspot Chi is a regulatory sequence that acts by attenuating the nuclease activity of the E. coli RecBCD enzyme". Cell. 73 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90162-J. PMID 8384931.
Jump up ^ Spies M, Amitani I, Baskin RJ, Kowalczykowski SC (November 2007). "RecBCD enzyme switches lead motor subunits in response to Chi recognition". Cell. 131 (4): 694–705. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.023. PMC 2151923  . PMID 18022364.
Jump up ^ Taylor AF, Smith GR (October 1995). "Strand specificity of nicking of DNA at Chi sites by RecBCD enzyme. Modulation by ATP and magnesium levels". J Biol Chem. 270 (41): 24459–67. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.41.24459. PMID 7592661.
Jump up ^ Anderson DG, Kowalczykowski SC (March 1997). "The recombination hot spot chi is a regulatory element that switches the polarity of DNA degradation by the RecBCD enzyme". Genes Dev. 11 (5): 571–81. doi:10.1101/gad.11.5.571. PMID 9119222.
Jump up ^ Amundsen SK, Smith GR (January 2007). "Chi hotspot activity in Escherichia coli without RecBCD exonuclease activity: implications for the mechanism of recombination". Genetics. 175 (1): 41–54. doi:10.1534/genetics.106.065524. PMC 1774988  . PMID 17110484.
Jump up ^ Köppen A, Krobitsch S, Thoms B, Wackernagel W (July 1995). "Interaction with the recombination hot spot Chi in vivo converts the RecBCD enzyme of Escherichia coli into a Chi-independent recombinase by inactivation of the RecD subunit". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92 (14): 6249–53. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6249. PMC 41495  . PMID 7541534.
Jump up ^ Myers RS, Kuzminov A, Stahl FW (July 1995). "The recombination hot spot Chi activates RecBCD recombination by converting Escherichia coli to a recD mutant phenocopy". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92 (14): 6244–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6244. PMC 41494  . PMID 7603978.
Jump up ^ Bianco PR, Brewer LR, Corzett M, Balhorn R, Yeh Y, Kowalczykowski SC, Baskin RJ (January 2001). "Processive translocation and DNA unwinding by individual RecBCD enzyme molecules". Nature. 409 (6818): 374–8. doi:10.1038/35053131. PMID 11201750.
External links[edit]
Exodeoxyribonuclease V at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Exodeoxyribonuclease V, E coli at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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text:
San Siro
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see San Siro (disambiguation).
Stadio Giuseppe Meazza
San Siro
UEFA
Location
Via Piccolomini 5, 20151
Milan, Italy
Coordinates
45°28′41″N 9°07′26″E / 45.478080°N 9.12400°E / 45.478080; 9.12400Coordinates: 45°28′41″N 9°07′26″E / 45.478080°N 9.12400°E / 45.478080; 9.12400
Public transit
San Siro Stadio
San Siro Ippodromo
Owner
Municipality of Milan
Capacity
80,018[1]
Field size
105m × 68m
Surface
GrassMaster hybrid grass
Construction
Broke ground
December 1925
Opened
September 19, 1926 (1926-09-19)
Renovated
1935, 1955, 1990, 2015-16
Architect
Alberto Cugini
Ulisse Stacchini
Tenants
Milan (1926–present)
Inter (1947–present)
The Stadio Giuseppe Meazza (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe meˈattsa]), commonly known as San Siro, is a football stadium in the San Siro district of Milan, Italy, which is the home of A.C. Milan and Inter Milan. It has a seating capacity of 80,018, making it one of the largest stadia in Europe, and the largest in Italy.
On 3 March 1980, the stadium was named in honour of Giuseppe Meazza, the two-time World Cup winner (1934, 1938) who played for Inter Milan and briefly for Milan in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s.[2]
The San Siro is a UEFA category four stadium. It hosted six games at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and four European Cup finals, in 1965, 1970, 2001 and 2016.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 International football matches
2.1 1934 FIFA World Cup
2.2 UEFA Euro 1980
2.3 1990 FIFA World Cup
3 Other sports
3.1 Boxing
3.2 Rugby union
4 Concerts
5 Transport connections
6 Gallery
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Construction of the stadium commenced in 1925 in the district of Milan named San Siro, with the new stadium originally named Nuovo Stadio Calcistico San Siro (San Siro New Football Stadium).[4] The idea to build a stadium in the same district as the horse racing track belonging to the man who at that time was the president of A.C. Milan, Piero Pirelli. The architects designed a private stadium only for football, without the athletics tracks which characterized Italian stadiums built with public funds.[5] The inauguration was on 19 September 1926, when 35,000 spectators saw Inter defeat Milan 6–3. Originally, the ground was home and property of A.C. Milan. Finally, in 1947, Inter, who used to play in the Arena Civica downtown,[6] became tenants and the two have shared the ground ever since.
On 2 March 1980 the stadium was named for Giuseppe Meazza (1910–1979), one of the most famous Milanese footballers.
Two Milan derby Champions League knockout ties, with all matches taking place at San Siro, occurred in 2003 and 2005; A.C. Milan won both, and the reaction of Inter's fans to impending defeat in the latter (throwing flares and other objects at Milan players and forcing the match to be abandoned)[7] earned the club a large fine and a four-game ban on spectators attending European fixtures there the following season.[8][9][10]
Apart from being used by Milan and Inter, the Italian national team also plays occasional games there.[11] It has also been used for the European Cup finals of 1965 (won by Inter) and 1970 (won by Feyenoord), and the UEFA Champions League finals of 2001 (won by FC Bayern Munich) and 2016 (won by Real Madrid).[3][12]
The stadium was also used for the home leg of three UEFA Cup finals in which Inter was competing (1991, 1994, 1997) when these were played over two legs, and was also used by Juventus for their 'home' leg in 1995 as they decided against playing their biggest matches at their own Stadio delle Alpi at the time.[13][14] On each occasion apart from 1991, the second leg was played at San Siro and the winners lifted the trophy there. However, the stadium has never been selected as the host stadium since the competition changed to a single-match final format in 1997–98.
San Siro did not host any final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but was the host stadium for the 1951 Latin Cup, a four-team event won by A.C. Milan. The city was also the venue for the 1956 edition of the Latin Cup (also won by Milan), but those matches were played at Arena Civica.
The stadium underwent further renovations for the 1990 World Cup with $60 million being spent, bringing the stadium up to UEFA category four standard. As part of the renovations, the stadium became all seated, with an extra tier being added to three sides of the stadium. This entailed the building of 11 concrete towers around the outside of the stadium. Four of these concrete towers were located at the corners to support a new roof, which has distinctive protruding red girders.
In 1996 inside the stadium was opened a museum about A.C. Milan and Inter's story with historical shirts, cups and trophies, shoes, art objects and souvenirs of all kinds.
International football matches[edit]
1934 FIFA World Cup[edit]
The stadium was one of the biggest venues of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and held three matches.
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
27 May 1934 Switzerland 3-2 Netherlands First Round
31 May 1934 Germany 2-1 Sweden Quarter-finals
3 June 1934 Italy 1–0 Austria Semi-finals
UEFA Euro 1980[edit]
The stadium was one of the four selected to host the matches during the UEFA Euro 1980.
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
12 June 1980 Spain 0-0 Italy Group B
15 June 1980 Belgium 2-1 Spain Group B
17 June 1980 Netherlands 1-1 Czechoslovakia Group A
1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]
The stadium was one of the venues of the 1990 FIFA World Cup and held six matches.
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
8 June 1990 Argentina 0-1 Cameroon Group B
10 June 1990 West Germany 4-1 Yugoslavia Group D
15 June 1990 West Germany 5-1 United Arab Emirates Group D
19 June 1990 West Germany 1-1 Colombia Group D
24 June 1990 West Germany 2-1 Netherlands Round of 16
1 July 1990 Czechoslovakia 0-1 West Germany Quarter final
Other sports[edit]
Boxing[edit]
San Siro was the venue for the boxing match between Duilio Loi vs. Carlos Ortiz for the Junior Welterweight title in 1960.
Rugby union[edit]
The first and only top level rugby union match was a test match between Italy and New Zealand in November 2009. A crowd of 80,000 watched the event, a record for Italian rugby.
Year
Date
Match
Country
Score
Country
Attendance
2009 14 November non-cap Italy 6-20 New Zealand 80,000
Concerts[edit]
Besides football, San Siro can be configured to hold many other events, particularly major concerts.
Concert of Vasco Rossi in 2007.
Date
Performer(s)
Opening act(s)
Tour/Event
Attendance
Notes
27 June 1980 Bob Marley & The Wailers Pino Daniele Uprising Tour
15 July 1980 Various artists La Carovana del Mediterraneo
19 July 1980 Edoardo Bennato Sono Solo Canzonette
29 June 1984 Bob Dylan Santana, Pino Daniele Bob Dylan 1984 European Tour
21 June 1985 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. Tour 65,000
13 July 1986 Various artists Milano Suono Festival 1986
16 July 1986
17 July 1986
18 July 1986
19 July 1986
20 June 1986
15 May 1987 Genesis Paul Young Invisible Touch Tour
5 June 1987 Duran Duran Strange Behaviour Tour
10 June 1987 David Bowie Glass Spider Tour 70,000
10 July 1990 Vasco Rossi Ladri di Biciclette, Casino Royale Fronte del Palco Tour 1990
28 May 1992 Antonello Venditti
4 July 1994 Al Bano & Romina Power
7 July 1995 Vasco Rossi Rock Sotto Assedio
8 July 1995
15 June 1996 Nessun Pericolo Per Te Tour
18 June 1997 Michael Jackson B-Nario, Paola e Chiara HIStory World Tour
28 June 1997 Ligabue Il Bar Mario è Aperto
29 June 1997
22 May 1998 Eros Ramazzotti
5 July 2002 Ligabue Fuori Come Va Tour
6 July 2002
10 June 2003 The Cranberries
28 June 2003 Bruce Springsteen The Rising Tour
1 July 2003 Claudio Baglioni
4 July 2003 Vasco Rossi Vasco a San Siro '03
5 July 2003 Irene Grandi
8 July 2003 Anouk
8 June 2004 Red Hot Chili Peppers The Roots Roll on the Red Tour
12 June 2004 Vasco Rossi Simone Tomassini Buoni o Cattivi Tour 2004
13 June 2004
20 July 2005 U2 Ash, Feeder Vertigo Tour 137,427 Parts of the concerts were filmed and recorded for the group's live album and concert film U2.COMmunication and Vertigo 05: Live from Milan respectively.
21 July 2005
27 May 2006 Ligabue Nome e Cognome Tour
11 July 2006 The Rolling Stones Bo Diddley, Feeder A Bigger Bang 56,175
22 July 2006 Robbie Williams Close Encounters Tour
2 June 2007 Laura Pausini
21 June 2007 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live 2007
22 June 2007
30 June 2007 Biagio Antonacci Nomadi Vicky Love Tour
31 May 2008 Negramaro La Finestra Tour
6 June 2008 Vasco Rossi Il Mondo Che Vorrei Live Tour 2008
7 June 2008
14 June 2008 Zucchero All the Best
25 June 2008 Bruce Springsteen Magic Tour 59,821
4 July 2008 Ligabue Elle-Elle Live 2008
5 July 2008
18 June 2009 Depeche Mode Dolcenera, M83 Tour of the Universe 57,544 The concert was recorded for the group's live album project Recording the Universe.
21 June 2009 Various artists Amiche per l'Abruzzo
7 July 2009 U2 Snow Patrol U2 360° Tour 153,806
8 July 2009 The performances of Breathe and Electrical Storm were recorded for the group's live album From the Ground Up: Edge's Picks from U2360°.
14 July 2009 Madonna Sticky & Sweet Tour 55,338
8 June 2010 Muse Calibro 35, Friendly Fires, Kasabian The Resistance Tour 60,000
16 July 2010 Ligabue Margot Arrivederci Mostro
17 July 2010
16 June 2011 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom '011
17 June 2011
21 June 2011
22 June 2011
12 July 2011 Take That Pet Shop Boys Progress Live
7 June 2012 Bruce Springsteen Wrecking Ball World Tour 57,149
14 June 2012 Madonna Martin Solveig The MDNA Tour 53,244
3 June 2013 Bruce Springsteen Wrecking Ball World Tour 56,670
19 June 2013 Jovanotti Backup Tour
20 June 2013
29 June 2013 Bon Jovi Because We Can 51,531
13 July 2013 Negramaro
18 July 2013 Depeche Mode Motel Connection, Chvrches The Delta Machine Tour 57,919
31 July 2013 Robbie Williams Olly Murs Take The Crown Stadium Tour
31 May 2014 Biagio Antonacci Palco Antonacci 2014
6 June 2014 Ligabue Mondovisione Tour: Stadi 2014
7 June 2014
20 June 2014 Pearl Jam Lightning Bolt Tour
28 June 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer Where We Are Tour 115,931 The concerts were recorded for the group's concert film One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film.
29 June 2014
4 July 2014 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom '014
5 July 2014
9 July 2014
10 July 2014
19 July 2014 Modà
17 June 2015 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom '015
18 June 2015
25 June 2015 Jovanotti Lorenzo Negli Stadi 2015
26 June 2015
27 June 2015
4 July 2015 Tiziano Ferro Lo stadio Tour 2015
5 July 2015
4 June 2016 Laura Pausini Simili Tour 100,388
5 June 2016
10 June 2016 Pooh
18 June 2016 Modà
19 June 2016
3 July 2016 Bruce Springsteen The River Tour 2016 104,646
5 July 2016
13 July 2016 Rihanna Big Sean, DJ Mustard Anti World Tour
18 July 2016 Beyoncé Chloe x Halle, Sophie Beem The Formation World Tour 54,313
9 June 2017 Davide Van De Sfroos
16 June 2017 Tiziano Ferro Il Mestiere della Vita Tour
17 June 2017
19 June 2017
27 June 2017 Depeche Mode Algiers Global Spirit Tour 54,488
3 July 2017 Coldplay Lyves, Tove Lo A Head Full of Dreams Tour 117,307
4 July 2017 Tove Lo
Transport connections[edit]
The stadium is located in the northwestern part of Milan and can be reached by underground via the dedicated San Siro metro station (at the end of the "lilac" line 5), located just in front of the stadium,[15] or by tram, with line 16 ending right in front. The Lotto metro station (line 1, the "red line", and line 5) is about 15 minutes walk away from San Siro.
Stations near by:
Service
Station
Line
Milan Metro San Siro Stadio
San Siro Ippodromo
Lotto
Gallery[edit]
Panorama of the stadium.
Milan ultras crowd in Curva Sud.
Milan ultras crowd in Curva Sud.
Inter Milan ultras crowd in Curva Nord.
Inter Milan ultras crowd in Curva Nord.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.sansiro.net/?page_id=195
Jump up ^ The history of the San Siro stadium. AC Milan.com. (accessed 18 October 2011)
^ Jump up to: a b "Milan to host 2016 UEFA Champions League final". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Almanacco Illustrato del Milan", Panini, Modena (it.)
Jump up ^ The architectural structure of San Siro was shared in Italy with Marassi which, due to being the private home ground of Genoa CFC, also had no athletics track.
Jump up ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/settembre/16/San_Siro_calcio_ottant_anni_co_7_060916003.shtml
Jump up ^ "Milan move into last four". UEFA. 13 April 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inter handed stadium ban and fine". BBC Sport. 15 April 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pari senza emozioni nello stadio vuoto ma l'Inter conquista la Champions" [Passionless draw in the empty stadium but Inter achieves the Champions] (in Italian). La Repubblica. 24 August 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inter Milan 1—0 Rangers". BBC Sport. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italy 2—0 Scotland". BBC News. 26 March 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "San Siro's previous four European Cup finals". UEFA. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Will a Spoonful of Sugar Make a Bad Boy Nice?". The New York Times. 5 April 1995. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Il passato e' oggi: a San Siro Juventus-Borussia" [Today in the past: Juventus-Borussia at San Siro] (in Italian). Mediaset. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ http://footballtripper.com/san-siro-stadium-guide
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadio Giuseppe Meazza.
Official website (in Italian) (in English)
San Siro Museum & Tour Website (in Italian) (in English)
Stadium Guide Article
San Siro at Google Maps
San Siro on Facebook
A.C. Milan website
Inter Milan website
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1990 Succeeded by
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2001 Succeeded by
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Glasgow
Preceded by
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Final venue
2016 Succeeded by
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Cardiff
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San Siro (disambiguation)

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Panorama of the stadium.

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values: سان سيرو – Arabic

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https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Siro
San Siro – Azerbaijani
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values: সান সিরো – Bangla

values: Джузепе Меаца (стадион) – Bulgarian

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San Siro – Bosnian
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San Siro – Danish
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San Siro – Estonian
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values: Στάντιο Τζουζέπε Μεάτσα – Greek

values: ورزشگاه سن سیرو – Persian

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https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Siro
San Siro – Irish
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values: 스타디오 주세페 메아차 – Korean

values: Ջուզեպպե Մեացցա մարզադաշտ – Armenian

values: सैन सिरो – Hindi

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https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Siro
San Siro – Icelandic
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values: סן סירו – Hebrew

values: სან სირო – Georgian

values: ज्युझेप्पे मेआत्सा स्टेडियम – Marathi

values: スタディオ・ジュゼッペ・メアッツァ – Japanese

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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Siro
San Siro – Norwegian
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values: ਸਨ ਸੀਰੋ (ਸਟੇਡੀਅਮ) – Punjabi

values: Джузеппе Меацца (стадион) – Russian

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San Siro – Scots
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San Siro – Albanian
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values: Стадион Ђузепе Меаца – Serbian

values: ซานซีโร – Thai

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