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The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
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Tracy McConnell
How I Met Your Mother character
The Mother appearing in "The Locket"
First appearance
"Lucky Penny (unseen)"
"Something New" (seen)
Last appearance
"Last Forever"
Created by
Carter Bays
Craig Thomas
Portrayed by
Cristin Milioti
Information
Aliases
The Mother
Gender
Female
Spouse(s)
Ted Mosby
Significant other(s)
Max (deceased former boyfriend)
Louis (ex-boyfriend)
Children
Penny Mosby (daughter, born in 2015, played by Lyndsy Fonseca)
Luke Mosby (son, born in 2017, played by David Henrie)
Nationality
American
Tracy McConnell, better known as "The Mother", is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers" as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky's wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans.
An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[1][2] In the video, future Ted is heard saying, "...When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was...", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive. The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Character history
2.1 Name
3 Death
4 Notes
5 References
Casting[edit]
During its first eight seasons, the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show. Many fans expected that another would play one of the most-wanted roles in Hollywood, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown. Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn’t want it to be a big famous star because we didn’t want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted’s never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call.[4][5]
They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. After competing for the role against at least two others, Milioti filmed her first scene—for the last episode of season 8—having never watched How I Met Your Mother; she recalled, "I had ignorance on my side. So I didn’t know what it meant." Milioti learned of the character's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer.[5][6]
Character history[edit]
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984.[note 1]
The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her — a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love.[7]
In "Wait for It", it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max, her late boyfriend. She is still grieving, but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch, her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment. After they start talking, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams. The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college.[7]
On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother. But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom — Economics instead of Architecture. At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate. They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off. She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom.
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife. Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate. When in Cindy and the mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower. Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band. Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back." In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that, after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her in a state. As she tried to console her, Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted, and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time.
Some time after this, a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band.[7]
In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man. In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother "the day of" their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar.
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?," Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute. The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding.
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans. Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after.
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends (Barney, Lily, Marshall and Robin) before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish". In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey.
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn. On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band, that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception. But the band's leader, Darren, forced her to quit. The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band. She ends up alone at the bar, and while practicing a speech to give Darren, Darren walks up to her furious the groom's best man punched him for "no reason." Amused by this, the Mother laughs, and Darren quits the band in anger.
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend. As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes. She declines Louis' proposal and leaves his cottage, going to check in at Farhampton Inn. On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose". Ted hears her singing from his room next door.
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date. Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner. On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis. She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating. Ted walks her back to her apartment. They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date.
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton.
Name[edit]
The Mother's real name is not revealed until the series finale, "Last Forever". When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey", Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "...that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother". The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking,[9] which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother's name is Tracy.[10]
Death[edit]
See also: Last Forever
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she "became sick" and his children saying that she has been "gone" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother's death.[11] Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning.[12] Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was "an amazing character"[9] and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy.[13] Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue".[9]
A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale. The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage.[14][15] On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene.[16][17] In the alternate ending, the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[18][1]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that "Pilot" is set.[7] The pilot is set on September 19, 2005.[8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Debnath, Neela (7 September 2014). "How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release". The Independent. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). "Watch the Happier 'How I Met Your Mother' Alternate Ending". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ MacGregor, Rachel (September 23, 2014). "8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should’ve used its alternative ending". Metro UK.
Jump up ^ Stransky, Tanner (2013-05-13). "'How I Met Your Mother': Burning questions about the mother". Entertainment Weekly.
^ Jump up to: a b Fallon, Kevin (2013-05-14). "‘How I Met Your Mother’ Mother Revealed: Meet Cristin Milioti". The Daily Beast.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Kevin (2015-11-03). "How Cristin Milioti Met ‘Fargo’—And Left ‘How I Met Your Mother’ Behind". The Daily Beast.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "How Your Mother Met Me". How I Met Your Mother. Season 9. Episode 16. January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pilot". How I Met Your Mother. Season 1. Episode 1. September 19, 2005. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kuchman, Bill (April 4, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' 'Last Forever' Recap: A Divisive Finale and What It Means for 'HIMYM'". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha (10 March 2014). "What is The Mother's Name on 'How I Met Your Mother'? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "HIMYM Tomatometer Watch: Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by 'Last Forever'". Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923
Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (March 31, 2014). "'HIMYM' Finale Instant Reaction". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Guerrero, Danger (April 4, 2014). "Now There's A Petition To 'Rewrite And Reshoot' The 'How I Met Your Mother' Ending". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Maresca, Rachel (April 3, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Update for those who've been asking: Alt #himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set. https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640
Jump up ^ James, Lauren (April 5, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition, Says Carter Bays". Contact Music. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). "Watch the Happier 'How I Met Your Mother' Alternate Ending". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
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How I Met Your Mother
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The Mother (Tracy McConnell)
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The Most Interesting Man in the World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Dos Equis advertisement. For the Family Guy episode, see The Most Interesting Man in the World (Family Guy).
The Most Interesting Man in The World
Goldsmith played the Most Interesting Man in the World from 2006 to 2016
First appearance
2006
Portrayed by
Jonathan Goldsmith (2006–2016)
Claudio Marangone (young)[1]
Augustin Legrand (2016–present)
Company
Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery
Information
Aliases
The World's Most Interesting Man
Gender
Male
The Most Interesting Man in the World is an advertising campaign for the Dos Equis brand of beer. The ads feature "the world's most interesting man," a bearded, debonair gentleman, with voiceovers that are intended to be both humorous and outrageous. The advertisements first began appearing in the United States in 2006 and have since then become a popular Internet meme.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Advertisements
3 Sales strategy and results
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
Augustin Legrand replaced Goldsmith in 2016
The advertisements first began appearing in the United States in 2006, with The Most Interesting Man in the World portrayed by American actor Jonathan Goldsmith,[2] and Frontline narrator Will Lyman providing voiceovers. They were produced by the marketing firm Euro RSCG (now Havas Worldwide) for Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery.[3]
Goldsmith landed the Dos Equis gig by auditioning for the role. Auditioners were given the ending line "...and that's how I arm wrestled Fidel Castro" and asked to improvise. Goldsmith began his audition by removing one sock and then improvised for 30 minutes before reaching the concluding line.[4] The character was inspired by his deceased sailing partner and friend Fernando Lamas.[5]
In March 2016, Dos Equis announced Goldsmith's retirement from the role, with a commercial sending him on a one-way journey to Mars amid much acclaim, and the narration: "His only regret is not knowing what regret feels like".[6] In September, they introduced French actor Augustin Legrand as Goldsmith's replacement.[7]
Advertisements[edit]
The Goldsmith advertisements feature an older bearded, debonair gentleman. They also feature a montage (mostly in black and white) of daring exploits involving "the most interesting man" when he was younger, in which the character is played by actor Claudio Marangone.[8]
The precise settings are never revealed, but he performs feats such as freeing an angry bear from a painful-looking bear trap, shooting a pool trick shot before an audience (by shooting the cue ball out of the mouth of a man lying on the pool table), catching a marlin while cavorting in a Hemingway-esque scene with a beautiful young woman, winning an arm-wrestling match in a South American setting, surfing a killer wave, and bench pressing two young women, each seated in a chair, in a casino setting. The voiceovers themselves are intended to be both humorous and outrageous, and include humorous undertones such as his giving his own father "the talk", experiencing an awkward moment just to know how it felt, and finding the Fountain of Youth but not drinking from it, "because he wasn't thirsty". Other feats are more centered on his physical abilities and personality. These include his small talk changing foreign policies, parallel-parking a train, and slamming a revolving door.
At the end of the advertisement, the most interesting man, usually shown sitting in a night club or other social setting surrounded by several beautiful young women, says, "I don't always drink beer. But when I do, I prefer Dos Equis." Each commercial ends with him stating the signature sign-off: "Stay thirsty, my friends."[9]
There are secondary advertisements that are similar to the final part of the original advertisements. They feature the man sitting in a social setting, surrounded by beautiful young women, conveying a short opinion to the viewer on certain subjects, such as bar nuts, the two-party system, self-defense, trophy wives, and "bromance". He then finishes the advertisement by holding a Dos Equis beer and saying, "Stay thirsty, my friends."
The advertisements featuring Legrand end with a slightly different sign-off: "Stay thirsty, mis amigos" (Spanish for "my friends").
Sales strategy and results[edit]
The agency's rationale for the brand strategy was defined as: "He is a man rich in stories and experiences, much the way the audience hopes to be in the future. Rather than an embodiment of the brand, The Most Interesting Man is a voluntary brand spokesperson: he and Dos Equis share a point of view on life that it should be lived interestingly."[10] According to the company, U.S. sales increased each year between 2006–2010[11] and tripled in Canada in 2008,[12] although exact figures were not provided. Sales of Dos Equis are said to have increased by 22% at a time when sale of other imported beer fell 4% in the U.S.[12]
Goldsmith said in an interview that he realized how successful the campaign had been when a man came up to him in a restaurant, telling Goldsmith that the man had asked his young son what he wanted to be when he grew up, and the son replied: "I want to be The Most Interesting Man In The World."[13]
In popular culture[edit]
The Most Interesting Man in the World has become an Internet meme, with a picture of The Most Interesting Man accompanying the phrasal template "I don't always [X], but when I do, I [Y]".[14][15][16]
On the September 22, 2012 airing of Saturday Night Live, guest host Joseph Gordon-Levitt played the unimpressive son of The Most Interesting Man in the World in a pair of sketches, with Jason Sudeikis appearing as his father in the second.[17][18]
See also[edit]
Chuck Norris facts
Bill Brasky
References[edit]
Jump up ^ E.J. Schultz (March 5, 2012). "The Story Behind Dos Equis' Most Interesting Man in the World - Behind The Work - Advertising Age". adage.com. Advertising Age. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald Blogs: All Men Are Liars". smh.com.au. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Helliesen, Gunnar (04/7/2010). "The most interesting ad in the world". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
Jump up ^ Jack Busch (2011-08-29). "An Interview with Jonathan Goldsmith, The Actor Behind The Most Interesting Man in the World". www.primermagazine.com.
Jump up ^ "The Most Interesting Man in the World - Fox News Video - Fox News". Fox News. 2010-09-27.
Jump up ^ Wang, Yanan (10 March 2016). "The ‘Most Interesting Man in the World’ just lost his job". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dos Equis introduces its new 'Most Interesting Man'".
Jump up ^ "On the Set With The Most Interesting Man in the World". adage.com. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "秘密のチャットレディバイト". staythirstymyfriends.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Francis Pruett. "The Most Interesting Beer Campaign in The World?". The Witty Barman Guide. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
Jump up ^ Austin Carr (2010-07-26). "Why The Most Interesting Man in the World Moves More Units Than Old Spice Guy". Fastcompany.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Kate Lunau (2009-08-13). "King of beer sales, amigo". Maclean's. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
Jump up ^ WHATUNEEDTV (2010-10-11). "Jonathan Goldsmith Dos Equis: "The Most Interesting Man" at the 2009 World Music Awards". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ Kathleen Strecker (2012-05-17). "Share ALL the memes! - Coast Weekend: Coastal Life". Coast Weekend. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
Jump up ^ "Campus-themed Internet memes go viral –". Usatoday.com. 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
Jump up ^ Kaiser, Johanna (2012-04-13). "Massachusetts students use memes to joke about high school - Beverly - Your Town". Boston.com. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
Jump up ^ "Watch Saturday Night Live: Tres Equis I Online / Hulu" (adobe flash). 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Watch Saturday Night Live: Tres Equis II Online / Hulu" (adobe flash). 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
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Southern Colonies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that Colonial South and the Chesapeake be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2017.
Map of the Southern colonies, with the proclamation line of 1763 shown in red.
The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland,[1] the Colony of Virginia, the Province of Carolina (in 1712 split into North and South Carolina) and the Province of Georgia. In 1763, the newly created colonies of East Florida and West Florida would be added to the Southern Colonies by Great Britain. These colonies would become the historical core of what would become the Southern United States, or "Dixie".
The colonies developed prosperous economies based on the cultivation of cash crops, such as tobacco,[2] indigo,[3] and rice.[4] A side effect of the cultivation of these crops was the presence of slavery in significantly higher proportions than in other parts of British America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Georgia
2 Maryland
3 Virginia
4 See also
5 References
Georgia[edit]
The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12, 1733.[5] The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by (and named for) King George II. The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the settlement of the colony, known as the Oglethorpe Plan, which envisioned an agrarian society of yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins' Ear. In 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the Crown. Georgia became a Crown colony, with a governor appointed by the king.[6]
The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence. After the war, Georgia became the fourth state of the Union after ratifying the Constitution on January 2.
The warm climate and swampy lands make it perfect for growing crops such as tobacco, rice, and sugar.
Maryland[edit]
George Calvert received a charter from King Charles I to found the colony of Maryland in 1632. When George Calvert died, his son, Cecilius Calvert, later known as Lord Baltimore, became the proprietor. Calvert came from a wealthy Catholic family and was the first individual (rather than a joint-stock company) to receive a grant from the Crown. He received a grant for a large tract of land north of the Potomac river and on either side of Chesapeake Bay.[7] Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Roman Catholics, most of whom were well-to-do nobles such as himself who could not worship in public.[8] He planned on creating an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have a large manor and tenants would work in the fields and on other tasks. However, with extremely cheap land prices, many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land for themselves. They soon became a majority of the population, and in 1642 religious tension began to erupt. Calvert was forced to take control and pass the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, making Maryland the second colony to have freedom of worship, after Rhode Island. However, the Act did little to help religious peace. In 1654, Protestants barred Catholics from voting, ousted a pro-tolerance Governor, and repealed the Toleration Act.[9] Maryland stayed Protestant until Calvert again took control of the colony in 1658.
Virginia[edit]
The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony or the Province of Virginia, and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was an English colony in North America which existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution (as a British colony after 1707[10]). The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. Jamestown was the first town created by the Virginia colony. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the Commonwealth of England.
While other colonies were being founded, Virginia continued to grow. Tobacco planters held the best land near the coast, so new settlers pushed inland. Sir William Berkeley, the colony's governor, sent explorers over the Blue Ridge Mountains to open up the back country of Virginia to settlement.
After independence from Great Britain in 1776 the Virginia Colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia, one of the original thirteen states of the United States, adopting as its official slogan "The Old Dominion". The states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois, and portions of Ohio, were all later created from the territory encompassed earlier by the Colony of Virginia.
See also[edit]
Thirteen Colonies
Middle Colonies
Mid-Atlantic
Chesapeake Colonies
Colonial South and the Chesapeake
Colonial history of the United States
New England Colonies
Confederate States of America
Southern United States
Dixie
South Atlantic States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Southern Colonies". Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S. (2004). The Enduring Vision, 5th Edition. The Enduring Vision. Houghton-Mifflin. p. 64. ISBN 0-618-28065-0.
Jump up ^ West, Jean M. "The Devil's Blue Dye and Slavery". Slavery in America. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S. (2004). The Enduring Vision, 5th Edition. The Enduring Vision. Houghton-Mifflin. p. 77. ISBN 0-618-28065-0.
Jump up ^ "This Day in Georgia History - February 1". Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Trustee Georgia, 1732–1752". Georgiaencyclopedia.org. July 27, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Browne, William Hand (1890). George Calvert and Cecil Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. p. 17
Jump up ^ "Maryland: History, Geography, Population, and State Facts". Info please. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S. (2004). The Enduring Vision, 5th Edition. The Enduring Vision. Houghton-Mifflin. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-618-28065-0.
Jump up ^ The Royal Government in Virginia, 1624-1775, Volume 84, Issue 1, Percy Scott Flippin, Wallace Everett Caldwell, p. 288
[hide]
v
t
e
The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America
New England Colonies
Middle Colonies
Chesapeake Colonies
Southern Colonies
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maryland
Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
South Carolina
Virginia
Early English colonial entities
Carolina
East Jersey
Maine
New England
New Haven
Plymouth
Saybrook
West Jersey
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Colonies&oldid=817238950"
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History of the Southern United States
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Faction Punk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)
Faction With Jason Ellis
Broadcast area
United States, Canada
Slogan
Especially For Action Sports Fans
Frequency
Sirius XM Radio 314
Dish Network 6041
Format
Punk Rock
Class
Satellite Radio
Owner
Sirius XM Radio
Website
Radio-Faction
Faction With Jason Ellis is an uncensored hard rock, punk, hip hop, and heavy metal music mixed channel on Siruis XM Satellite Radio. Until mid-July 2017, Faction appeared on Sirius XM channel 41. In mid-July 2017, Faction was temporarily replaced by Guns N Roses radio. After August 16, 2017, channel 41 was rebranded to Turbo, Sirius XM's channel for hard rock from the 1990s and 2000s. Faction moved to channel 314, Turbo's previous channel. Faction is currently available on select Sirius XM radios, Sirius XM streaming, and the Sirius XM smartphone app.
The station plays such popular acts as Rancid, Avenged Sevenfold, Biohazard, Butthole Surfers, Nine Inch Nails, Green Day, The Offspring, My Chemical Romance, NOFX, AFI, Beastie Boys, Everlast, Yelawolf, CKY, Sublime, Ramones, Rage Against the Machine, Misfits, Eminem, Wu-Tang Clan, Metallica, Pantera, Onyx, Sick of it All, and others.
Faction With Jason Ellis is also home to The Jason Ellis Show, Marky Ramone's Punk Rock Blitzkrieg, Tim Armstrong's "Tim Timebomb and Friends", The Voice Boyce Show with Dave "The Voice" Boyce, Do It Yourself Radio, Tony Hawk's Demolition Radio, and hourly FU's (Faction Updates).[1]
History[edit]
Prior to the merger of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio, Faction appeared on Sirius channel 41[2], (and before that channel 28, while on XM Satellite Radio it appeared on channel 41[3], and before that channel 52 where it replaced Fungus 53 on November 12, 2008. It also appeared on Dish Network channel 6041. It is also one of five alternative rock channels on Sirius XM Radio (the others are Alt Nation, 1st Wave, Lithium and SiriusXMU).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Faction Hosts Archived 2010-02-10 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Sirius Channel Lineup" (PDF). 2011-05-02. Retrieved 2011-05-04. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "XM Channel Lineup" (PDF). 2011-05-02. Retrieved 2011-05-04. [permanent dead link]
See also[edit]
List of Sirius Satellite Radio stations
[show]
v
t
e
Sirius XM Satellite Radio music channels
Channels
40s Junction
'50s on 5
'60s on 6
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Doctor Radio
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Faction
The Grateful Dead Channel
The Groove
Hair Nation
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Hip-Hop Nation
Pop2K
Jam On
The Joint
KIIS-FM
Krishna Das Yoga Radio
Liquid Metal
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On Broadway
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Discontinued
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XM exclusives
Bollywood & Beyond
MIX
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Iceberg Radio
Latitude franco
See also: XM Satellite Radio channel history
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Cane toads in Australia
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The cane toad in Australia is regarded as an exemplary case of a "feral species"—others being rabbits, foxes, cats and dogs. Australia's relative isolation prior to European colonisation and the industrial revolution—both of which dramatically increased traffic and importation of novel species—allowed development of a complex, interdepending system of ecology, but one which provided no natural predators for many of the species subsequently introduced. The recent, sudden inundation of foreign species has led to severe breakdowns in Australian ecology, after overwhelming proliferation of a number of introduced species for which the continent has no efficient natural predator or parasite, and which displace native species—in some cases these species are physically destructive to habitat as well. Cane toads have been very successful as an invasive species, having become established in more than 15 countries within the past 150 years.[1] In the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the Australian Government listed the impacts of the cane toad as a "key threatening process".[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction and spread
2 Ecological effects
2.1 Predator effects
2.2 Methods to control invasion
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Introduction and spread[edit]
A young cane toad.
Native to South and mainland Middle America, cane toads were introduced to Australia from Hawaii in June 1935 by the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, now the Sugar Research Australia, in an attempt to control the native grey-backed cane beetle (Dermolepida albohirtum) and Frenchi beetle (Lepidiota frenchi).[3] These beetles are native to Australia and they are detrimental to sugar cane crops, which are a major source of income for Australia. Adult cane beetles eat the crop's leaves, but the main problem is the larvae, who feed on the roots. Adult cane beetles have a heavy exoskeleton and their eggs and larva are often buried underground, making them difficult to exterminate. Furthermore, conventional methods of pest control, such as pesticide use, would eradicate harmless species of insects as well, making it an unsatisfactory method.[4] Cane toads were to replace the use of pesticides like arsenic, pitch and copper. The success of using the moth Cactoblastis cactorum in controlling prickly pears in Australia also contributed to hopes for the cane toad.[5]
The cane toads bred immediately in captivity, and by August 1935 more than 102 young toads were released in areas around Cairns, Gordonvale and Innisfail in northern Queensland. More toads were released around Ingham, Ayr, Mackay and Bundaberg. Releases were temporarily limited because of environmental concerns but resumed in other areas after September 1936. Since their release, toads have rapidly multiplied in population and now number over 200 million and have been known to spread diseases affecting local biodiversity.[6] Unfortunately, the introduction of the toads has not only caused large environmental detriment, but there is no evidence that they have affected the cane beetles they were introduced to predate. The toads have steadily expanded their range through Queensland, reaching the border with New South Wales in 1978 and the Northern Territory in 1984. The toads on the western frontier of their advance have evolved larger legs;[7] this is thought to be related to their ability to travel farther. As a consequence of their longer legs, larger bodies, and faster movement, about 10% of the leading edge cane toads have also developed arthritis.[8] It was estimated that cane toads migrate at an average of 40 kilometres (25 miles) per year as of 1994,[9] but new research in 2014 indicated that the migration rate had increased to 60 km per year on the western front.[10]
Ecological effects[edit]
The spread of cane toads in Australia from 1940 to 1980 in five year intervals.
The long-term effects of toads on the Australian environment are difficult to determine, however some effects include "the depletion of native species that die eating cane toads; the poisoning of pets and humans; depletion of native fauna preyed on by cane toads; and reduced prey populations for native insectivores, such as skinks." [11]
Precipitous declines in populations of the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) have been observed after toads have invaded an area. There are a number of reports of declines in goanna and snake populations after the arrival of toads.[12] For example, local populations of Varanus panoptes dropped by up to 90% when their habitat was invaded by cane toads.[13] The preliminary risk assessment of cane toads in Kakadu National Park stated that the predation of the cane toad by native wildlife is the greatest risk to biodiversity. Other factors, such as competition with native wildlife for resources, and the predation of the cane toad on native wildlife, were considered much lower risk factors[14] but requiring further study.[15] In the Northern Territory, goanna predation on cane toads has been linked to a rise in the amount of undamaged salt water crocodile eggs.[16] Cane toads were present within a few days of the crocodiles hatching in April 2007.[17]
Numerous native species have been reported as successfully preying on toads. Some birds, such as the black kite (Milvus migrans),[18] have learned to attack the toad's belly, avoiding the poison-producing glands on the back of the head. Anecdotal reports in the Northern Territory suggest that a native frog, Dahl's aquatic frog (Litoria dahlii), is able to eat the tadpoles and live young of the toad without being affected by the poison that often kills other predators.[19] This may account for slower than expected infestations of toads in certain areas of the Northern Territory, although later research carried out jointly by several Australian Universities casts doubt on these reports.[20] Some snakes species have been reported to have adapted smaller jaws so that they are unable to swallow large cane toads which have large quantities of poison.[21]
Another study, however, notes that the cane toad is adapting to a wider environmental range and may in the future be spreading into habitats currently not available.[22]
In 2009 it was found that the native meat ant is immune to the toad's poison and can successfully prey upon young cane toads. Whereas native frogs and toads have natural reflexes to avoid the meat ants, the cane toads do not tend to try to escape the ants, rather standing still when attacked waiting for the toxin to kill the attacker.[23]
New research has indicated that cane toads predate dung beetles by nestling in cowpats and waiting for the beetles, eating up to 150 in one meal. In areas where cane toads have free access to water in dams, there are 9.6 times fewer dung beetles. This indicates that the cane toad has the potential to economically affect the cattle industry through increased disease in cattle.[24]
Predator effects[edit]
Predators in Australia are not adapted to their toxin, which is the toad's main defense mechanism. Because of this, toads do not tend to hide and are usually targeted by predators, who then expose themselves to the toxic effects.[25] One study suggests Australian reptiles are greatly threatened by invasion of the cane toad, more so than any other group.[1] Seventy-five species of crocodiles and freshwater turtles were found to be at risk of invasion, and all species studied were found capable of eating a toad large enough to kill them.[1] All freshwater turtles and crocodiles are predicted to share part of their future distribution with the invasive species by 2030.[1] Australia’s varanids and agamids are also at a great risk.[1]
It is reported that one native freshwater turtle species, Myuchelys latisternum (saw-shelled turtle), which ranges along rivers and streams from Cape York Peninsula to northern New South Wales, is one of the few native animals which is a successful predator of cane toads.[26] The larger the animal, or predator, is the better chance they have of survival, as their body weight effectively dilutes the concentration of the toxin in their body. One native species, the Torresian crow, has learned how to kill and eat cane toads without ingesting the poison by flipping it onto its back and using its powerful bill to deliver a lethal blow to the throat where the toad's skin is thinner, giving the crow access to the toad's non-toxic innards.[27] In 2014 researchers found evidence that the Australian Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) had learned to eat just the hind legs of cane toads.[28] One research study concluded that in less than 75 years the red-bellied black snake had evolved in toad-inhabited regions of Australia to have increased resistance to toad toxin and decreased preference for toads as prey.[29]
There is evidence for native predator species adapting to the presence of the cane toad, through learning or evolutionary selection. However, the initial drop in population is often steep and can reduce biodiversity on a population level. One proposed solution is to use "teacher toads", or smaller toads which are less likely to kill predators. These toads would allow predators to learn not to eat the toads while mitigating mortality. Some have even proposed adding some chemical to make the toads distasteful to further discourage predation. These efforts have shown some promising results so far.[25]
A study to be published in the Ecology journal states that the invasion of cane toads in a case study area caused a trophic cascade over a period of five years. The resident predators, the monitor lizards, ate the cane toads and died, which resulted in a boom in the population of the lizards' typical prey, the crimson finches.[30]
Richard Shine is using behavioural conditioning techniques to teach the northern quoll to avoid cane toads.[31]
Methods to control invasion[edit]
Currently, most attempts to curtail the invasion of cane toads have been unsuccessful. Many of these strategies involve the physical trapping of toads, but these methods also capture unintended native species.[25] Since the largest selective pressure on cane toads currently is intraspecies competition, these physical removals often only improve the conditions for untrapped toads. Also, since migration is high, any area purged of toads would most likely be reinvaded quickly.
Many new ideas have been proposed to control the cane toad population. Some have suggested introducing a native viral or bacterial pest of the toads, but this has potential to once again invade native species. Two similar strategies have been proposed, both of which focus on fecundity. One involves the release of sterile males into the population. These males would compete for resources with other males, while themselves not being able to reproduce. A second strategy would be to insert a gene in female toads which would allow them to only create male offspring. In theory, this would limit the reproductive rates and control the population. It is difficult to determine the efficacy and dangers of these approaches, as these methods have never been attempted, especially on a large scale.[25] In the 1950s, cane toads were used in pregnancy tests.[32]
On 13 June 2012 news reports cited a new research breakthrough regarding cane toad control. Research has confirmed that cane toad tadpoles are attracted to the toxin produced by adults and spawn. Tadpoles are believed to cannibalize toad spawn as a food source. Researchers used cane toad toxin to successfully lure cane toad tadpoles, implying that in controlled areas tadpoles could be captured and eradicated.[33]
New research has indicated that in semi-arid areas where water is scarce the construction of toad proof fences around dams can severely affect toad survival rates by denying their access to water.[34]
The RSPCA has guidelines[35] for the humane culling of cane toads. Inhumane ways include spraying with Dettol, Phenyl and using golf clubs and cricket bats to bludgeon them to death[36], but these are illegal in most states and territories (for NT, QLD and NSW there are no laws against inhumane ways just recommendations).[citation needed] Due to concerns over potential harm to other Australian wildlife species, the use of Dettol as pest control was banned in Western Australia by the Department of Environment and Conservation in 2011.[37]
Large predators like the yellow-spotted monitors and sand goannas are being fed young, small, cane toads by researchers to create a "food poisoning"-like experience for the predators, in the hope that they will avoid eating adult toads which might kill them.[38]
Poisonous sausages containing toad meat are being trialed in the Kimberley (Western Australia) to try to protect native animals from cane toads' deadly impact. The Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation has been working with the University of Sydney to develop baits to train native animals not to eat the toads. By blending bits of toad with a nausea-inducing chemical, the baits train the animals to stay away from the amphibians. Researcher David Pearson says trials run in laboratories and in remote parts of the Kimberley region of WA are looking promising, although the baits will not solve the cane toad problem altogether.[39]
In popular culture[edit]
A purse made from a cane toad.
The introduction and subsequent migration of the cane toad in Australia was popularised by the film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History (1988), which tells the tale with a humorous edge and is often shown in Environmental Science courses. Don Spencer, a popular children's entertainer, sang the song "Warts 'n' All", which was used in the documentary. A longer sequel, Cane Toads: The Conquest, by the same filmmaker, was made in 2010.
Attempts have been made to make use of dead cane toads, which can number in the thousands and cause hygiene problems. This includes processing the carcasses into liquid fertilisers.[40] Their skin can be made into leather, and novelty cane-toad purses made of the fore-body and abdomen are sometimes seen (e.g. see accompanying photo).
In Australian states where the cane toad is common, some "sports" have developed, such as cane toad golf and cane toad cricket, where cane toads are used as balls. In April 2005, Dave Tollner, a Northern Territory Member of Parliament, called for legalisation of attacks on cane toads. This was criticised by many animal and conservation groups who claim freezing is a more humane way to kill cane toads than hitting them with cricket bats.[41] The short film Cane Toad – What happened to Baz? displays an Australian attitude towards the cane toad. This film won the "Best Comedy" award at the 2003 St Kilda Film Festival.
A controversial commercial for Tooheys beer company showed people from New South Wales standing at the New South Wales-Queensland Border with golf clubs and lights, attracting cane toads just so they could hit them back across the border with the golf clubs.[42][43]
The cane toad has been listed by the National Trust of Queensland as a state icon of Queensland, alongside the Great Barrier Reef, and past icons, the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the backyard mango tree (also an introduced species).[44]
"Cane toad" is also a colloquial term for an inhabitant of Queensland, particularly the state's State of Origin rugby league team members and supporters.[45]
The Cane Toad Times was a satirical humour magazine based in Brisbane, Queensland.
Cane toad races are popular in some towns and pubs. Toads are given humorous names and punters can bid or buy a toad or bet on them like horse racing. It is common for entrants or the winner to have to kiss their toad.[46][47]
The invasive nature of cane toads was referenced in The Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Australia".[48] It was also parodied in the episode "Bart the Mother" [49] in which after killing a bird, Bart incubates its eggs, only to discover that they were actually from an invasive lizard which replaces the bird eggs with its own. Concerned about the invasive species, the townspeople try to kill the lizards, but Bart helps them escape. The town realizes that the lizards are the solution to their pigeon problem and thank Bart. When Lisa asks what they will do about their new lizard problem, Principal Skinner tells her that they will deal with that by releasing Chinese needle snakes to kill the lizards, and then snake-eating gorillas to eat the snakes, and finally, the gorillas will freeze to death during the winter.
In the video game Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2: Bush Rescue, cane toads appear as enemies. They wear spiked collars, have poisonous tongues (in contrast to real world cane toads), are about the size of medium-sized dogs, and will chase Ty down upon seeing him.
In Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn video game, there's a quest titled "You Call That a Toad", the player has to kill a group of enemies called "Cane Toad" after local wheat farmers brought these toads from foreign continent to devour the locusts but the cane toads have no natural predators on the new land and have taken over the region, leaving the farmers with no choice but to slay them all.
Townsville holds an annual "Toad Day Out" where the community learn about and catch cane toads, with prizes for the largest toad caught, and the heaviest weight of toads caught. In 2015, 143.6 kilograms of toads were caught.[50] In 2016, a drier year, 92 kilograms of toads were caught.[51]
See also[edit]
Invasive species in Australia
Conservation in Australia
Toad Rage
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Clarke, G. M., Gross, S., Matthews, M., Catling, P. C., Baker, B., Hewitt, C. L., Crowther, D., & Saddler, S. R. 2000, Environmental Pest Species in Australia, Australia: State of the Environment, Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
Jump up ^ "Cane Toad". Australian Museum.
Jump up ^ Turvey, Nigel. "Everyone agreed: cane toads would be a winner for Australia". The Conversation. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Killing off the cane toad". Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Toxic Toads Evolve Longer Legs, Study Says. 15/02/06. National Geographic News". Retrieved 2006-05-19.
Jump up ^ Henry Fountain (16 October 2007). "Arthritis Fails to Slow Invading Toads in Australian Fields". NY Times. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
Jump up ^ Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs A Natural History. Reed Books. p. 112. ISBN 0-7301-0468-0.
Jump up ^ "Cane toads evolving into straight, fast hoppers". ABC News. 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cane Toad Bufo marinus". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ Mayes, P.J.; Thompson, G. G.; Withers, P. C. (2005). "Diet and foraging behaviour of the semi-aquatic Varanus mertensi (Reptilia: Varanidae)" (PDF). Wildlife Research. 32: 67–74. doi:10.1071/WR04040.
Jump up ^ J. S. Doody et al (2007): A Preliminary Assessment of the Impacts of Invasive Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) on Three Species of Varanid Lizards in Australia. Mertensiella 16 (Advances in Monitor Research III), S. 218–227
Jump up ^ "SSR164 – A preliminary risk assessment of cane toads in Kakadu National Park". Retrieved 2006-05-22.
Jump up ^ Boland, C. R. J. (2004). "Introduced cane toads Bufo marinus are active nest predators and competitors of rainbow bee-eaters Merops ornatus: observational and experimental evidence". Biological Conservation. 120 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.025.
Jump up ^ "Cane toad impact will boost croc hatchling numbers, researchers say". ABC News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Cane Toads Present for Croc Hatching". [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Mitchell, D.; Jones, A.; Hero, J.M. (1995). "Predation on the Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) by the black kite (Milvus migrans)". Memoirs – Queensland Museum. 38: 512–531.
Jump up ^ "NT frog 'eats' Cane Toad". ABC News. 15 December 2004. Archived from the original on 16 December 2004. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
Jump up ^ . "Team Bufo: About Us".
Jump up ^ Phillips, Ben L.; Shine, Richard (December 2004). "Adapting to an invasive species: Toxic cane toads induce morphological change in Australian snakes". PNAS. 101 (49): 17150–17155. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117150P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406440101. PMC 535375  . PMID 15569943.
Jump up ^ Urban, Mark C.; Ben L. Phillips; David K. Skelly; Richard Shine (2007). "The cane toad's (Chaunus Bufo marinus) increasing ability to invade Australia is revealed by a dynamically updated range model". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1616): 1413–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0114. PMC 2176198  . PMID 17389221.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Claire (31 March 2009). "Killer ants are weapons of mass toad destruction". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Cane toad threatens valuable dung beetle, scientists say". ABC News. 14 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Cane Toads in Oz". canetoadsinoz.com.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Michelle, General Editor. (2000). Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland: Cooktown to Mackay. Queensland Museum. ISBN 0-7242-9349-3. p. 198.
Jump up ^ Katrina Bolton (2007-09-15). "Toads fall victim to crows in NT – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC News. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Miniature crocodiles fighting back against cane toad menace". ABC News. 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Phillips BL, Shine R (2006). "An invasive species induces rapid adaptive change in a native predator: cane toads and black snakes in Australia". Proc. Biol. Sci. 273 (1593): 1545–50. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3479. PMC 1560325  . PMID 16777750.
Jump up ^ Doody, J. Sean; Soanes, Rebekah; Castellano, Christina M.; Rhind, David; Green, Brian; McHenry, Colin R.; Clulow, Simon. "Invasive toads shift predator–prey densities in animal communities by removing top predators". esajournals.org. 96 (9): 2544–2554. doi:10.1890/14-1332.1.
Jump up ^ "Meet Richard Shine, who is saving our native animals from cane toads".
Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/greatmomentsinscience/dr-karl-cane-toads-used-for-pregnancy-tests/8729354#transcript
Jump up ^ Sarah Zielinski (15 June 2012). "The Reluctant Toad Killer". Science. 336 (6087): 1375–7. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1375Z. doi:10.1126/science.336.6087.1375. PMID 22700900.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Nicky (4 February 2015). "Fences could halt cane toad invasion of arid Australia, study". smh.com.au.
Jump up ^ "What is the most humane way to kill a cane toad?". RSPCA Australia.
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Jump up ^ Narelle Towie (23 May 2009). "Cane toad poison banned". Perth Now. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Food poisoning' helps goannas survive invading cane-toad". ABC News. 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Parke, Erin (14 November 2016). "Cane toad sausages on the menu for Kimberley wildlife in taste aversion project". ABC News.
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Jump up ^ "Cane toad races in Australia – cane toad racing in Queensland Australia". amazingaustralia.com.au.
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Further reading[edit]
Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs A Natural History. Reed Books. ISBN 0-7301-0468-0.
Barker, J.; Grigg, G.C.; Tyler, M.J. (1995). A Field Guide to Australian Frogs. Surrey Beatty & Sons. ISBN 0-949324-61-2.
Lawson, Walter J. (1987). The Cane Toad, Bufo marinus: A Bibliography (AES working paper). School of Australian Environmental Studies, Griffith University. ISBN 0-86857-247-0.
External links[edit]
Cane Toads: An Unnatural History on IMDb
Cane Toads: The Conquest on IMDb
Summary of cane toad research in Australia
Cane toad factsheet – Australian Museum
The Cane Toad – Australia's Amphibian Plague at h2g2
"Cane Toad – What Happened To Baz?", the prize-winning Australian animated short, hosted on a German site
Kimberley Toad Busters
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