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Mr. Darcy
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For other uses, see Darcy (disambiguation).
Fitzwilliam Darcy
Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet by C. E. Brock (1895)
She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me.
Full name
Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy
Gender
Male
Age
28
Income
£10,000+/year
(equivalent to £600,000 in 2016)
Primary residence
Pemberley, near Lambton, Derbyshire
Family
Spouse(s)
Elizabeth Bennet
Romantic interest(s)
Elizabeth Bennet
Parents
Mr. Darcy and Lady Anne Darcy (née Fitzwilliam)
Sibling(s)
Georgiana Darcy
Fitzwilliam Darcy, generally referred to as Mr. Darcy, is one of the two central characters in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. He is an archetype of the aloof romantic hero, and a romantic interest of Elizabeth Bennet, the novel's protagonist. The story's narration is almost exclusively from Elizabeth's perspective; the reader is given a one-sided view of Darcy for much of the novel, but hints are given throughout that there is much more to his good character than meets the eye. The reader gets a healthy dose of dramatic irony as Elizabeth continually censures (with some prejudice) Mr. Darcy's character despite the aforementioned hints (via the narrative voice and other characters' observations) that Mr. Darcy is really a noble character at heart, albeit somewhat prideful. Usually referred to only as "Mr. Darcy" or "Darcy" by characters and the narrator, his first name is mentioned twice in the novel.[1]
Contents
1 Character
2 Depictions in film and television
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 Analysis
4 Cultural influence and legacy
5 See also
6 Footnotes
Character[edit]
Mr. Darcy by C. E. Brock, 1895
In the novel, Mr. Darcy is a wealthy gentleman with an income exceeding £10,000 a year[2] (equivalent to £600,000 in 2016) and the proprietor of Pemberley, a large estate in Derbyshire, England. Darcy first meets Elizabeth Bennet at a ball, where he slights her by refusing to dance with her, and by making rather demeaning remarks about her while she is within earshot. Gradually he becomes attracted to her and later attempts to court her while simultaneously struggling against his continued feelings of superiority. Darcy disapproves when his friend Bingley develops a serious attachment to Elizabeth's elder sister Jane, and subtly persuades Bingley that Jane does not return his feelings (which Darcy honestly believes). He later explains this seeming hypocrisy by asserting "I was kinder to [Mr. Bingley] than to myself". Although he doesn't realize it, Elizabeth's discovery of Darcy's interference in Bingley and Jane's budding relationship, and Mr. Wickham's tale of how Darcy mistreated him, has caused her to dislike him intensely.
Eventually, Mr. Darcy declares his love for Elizabeth and offers her a proposal of marriage. He reminds her of the large gap in their social status. Elizabeth is offended and vehemently refuses him, expressing her reasons for disliking him, including her knowledge of his interference with Jane and Bingley and the account she received from Mr. Wickham of Darcy's alleged unfair treatment toward him. Insulted by Darcy's arrogant retorts, Elizabeth claims that the way by which he proposed to her prevented her from feeling concerns for him she "might have felt had you behaved in a more gentlemanlike manner". Darcy departs in anger and mortification and that night writes a letter to Elizabeth in which he defends his wounded honour, reveals the motives for his interference in Jane and Bingley's relationship, and gives a full account of his lifelong dealings with Wickham, who had attempted to seduce and elope with Darcy's younger sister, Georgiana, the previous summer.
Although initially angered by Elizabeth's vehement refusal and harsh criticism, Darcy is shocked to discover the reality of how his behaviour is perceived by others, particularly Elizabeth, and commits himself to re-evaluate his actions. A few months later, Darcy unexpectedly encounters Elizabeth when she is visiting his estate in Derbyshire with her aunt and uncle Gardiner. Elizabeth is first embarrassed to be discovered at Pemberley, having only visited on the belief that Darcy was absent; however, she is surprised to discover a marked change in Darcy's manner. Having responded to Elizabeth's criticism, Darcy is now determined to display the "gentlemanlike manner" she accused him of lacking and astonishes her with his kindness towards both her and her relations.
On discovering that Elizabeth's youngest sister Lydia, has fallen prey to and run off with Mr. Wickham, Darcy tracks them down and induces Wickham to marry Lydia, thus saving both Lydia and her family from social disgrace. Darcy's intervention was done not to win Elizabeth—he attempted to keep her from knowing of his involvement—but rather to ease her distress (the narrator hints through Mr. Bennet that Darcy's intervention to help Elizabeth may have cost him as much as a year's income: "Wickham's a fool if he takes [Lydia] with a farthing less than ten thousand pounds"). Darcy also felt partially responsible for failing to warn Elizabeth's family and the public of Wickham's true character.
Darcy then releases Mr. Bingley to return to Longbourn and woo Jane, accepting his misjudgement of her character. Accompanying his friend to Longbourn, Darcy proposes to Elizabeth again, who accepts his proposal.
Depictions in film and television[edit]
Further information: Jane Austen in popular culture § Pride and Prejudice
Film[edit]
Year
Actor
Role
Film
Notes
1940 Laurence Olivier Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice
2001 Colin Firth Mark Darcy Bridget Jones's Diary An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones's Diary by Helen Fielding. Fielding's novel is loosely based on the novel Pride and Prejudice, the 1995 BBC TV series, and Colin Firth's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy.
2003 Orlando Seale Will Darcy Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy A Modern adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.
2004 Martin Henderson William "Will" Darcy Bride and Prejudice A Bollywood adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.
Colin Firth Mark Darcy Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason by Helen Fielding and a sequel to Bridget Jones's Diary.
2005 Matthew Macfadyen Mr. Darcy Pride & Prejudice
2016 Sam Riley Colonel Darcy Pride and Prejudice and Zombies Based on the parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith.
2016 Colin Firth Mark Darcy Bridget Jones's Baby a sequel to 2004's Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, based on An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones's Diary by Helen Fielding.
Television[edit]
Year
Actor
Role
Television program
Notes
1949 John Baragrey Fitzwilliam Darcy The Philco Television Playhouse Season 1, Episode 17 - "Pride and Prejudice"
1952 Peter Cushing Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice
1958 Alan Badel Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice
Patrick Macnee Mr. Darcy General Motors Theatre Episode - "Pride and Prejudice" (Originally aired on December 21).
1967 Lewis Fiander Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice
1980 David Rintoul Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice
1995 Colin Firth Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice The adaptation and Colin Firth's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy inspired Helen Fielding to write Bridget Jones's Diary and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. Colin Firth portrayed the character of Mark Darcy in all three film adaptations of Fielding's novels.
2008 Elliot Cowan Fitzwilliam Darcy Lost in Austen A fantasy adaptation of Pride and Prejudice in which a modern woman trades places with Elizabeth Bennet.
2012-2013 Daniel Vincent Gordh William Darcy The Lizzie Bennet Diaries A modern adaptation where the main character Lizzie tells the story of Pride and Prejudice through video blog format.
2013 Matthew Rhys Fitzwilliam Darcy Death Comes to Pemberley A continuation based on P.D. James' book with the same name.
2013 Dallas Sauer Mr. Darcy Once Upon a Time in Wonderland
2018 Thiago Lacerda Darcy Williamson Orgulho e Paixão A telenovela based Jane Austen's works.
Analysis[edit]
Mr. Darcy is a proud and arrogant man, particularly to those that he considers of less social status. He apparently thinks he is better than the lower classes in both rank and connections and so he does not wish to interact with them; we see evidence of this in Meryton - at all of the parties, he seems to distance himself from the rest of the crowd because he does not think them as worthy acquaintances. At the dance, he does not wish to dance with any girl because they were all beneath him in class and beauty. He is honourable, friendly, and caring to those that are the same class as him. For example, his behaviour with Bingley is more than brotherly as he rescues him from a bad marriage and is constant companion at his side. Through Elizabeth, he learns to be less boastful and arrogant because he realizes that his actions have deeply affected others. This arrogance is seen in his first proposal to Elizabeth whereby he acts with more pride rather than in a loving manner. Despite the way in which Elizabeth often mocks him, she is surprised by his "gallantry" as he persists in pursuing her.[3]
Vivien Jones notes that Darcy's handsome appearance, wealth and original arrogance signify to the reader that he is the hero of a romance novel.[4] Wickham's irresponsible elopement with Lydia allows Darcy to demonstrate that he now feels responsible for Wickham's continued bad behaviour by his silence - if he had made Wickham's bad character known, Lydia would have been safe. Darcy chooses to involve himself in arranging Lydia's marriage, despite the risk to his own reputation.[5] Elizabeth dismisses him at first as "intricate", though she adds that "intricate" men are at least "amusing".[6] Though Darcy treats Elizabeth with contempt, he always finds her to be "uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eyes" and is "caught by the easy playfulness of her manner".[7] At one point, Elizabeth notes that "Mr. Darcy is all politeness" and speaks of his "grave propriety".[8] The term "grave propriety" is meant ironically, noting that Darcy is polite, but only in the sense that he possesses the mere civility of "the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world".[9] However, despite his barely tactful behavior, it is implied he has deeper feelings of affection for Elizabeth, which he has difficulty in expressing and which she often does not notice..[10]
The 18th century had been a time of "Cult of Courtesy", a time that prized delicacy, refinement and exaggerated politeness above all, leading in the words of the British writer Adam Nicolson that "...wide swathes of English 18th century life become fragile and dainty, in a way that no age in England, before or since, has managed...In some ways, natural human dignity had been sacrificed on the altar of a kind of rococo politeness....Acceptable behavior had become toy-like and it was not long before the anti-heroic fashion for a delicate sensibility ran out of control. Manliness, or even the ability to survive had in fact almost entirely deserted those [who] were suffering from the cult of sensibility".[11] In the 18th century idea, a man was expected above all to be pleasant and pleasing, and so it was better for a man to lie rather say anything which might offend.[11] By the early 19th century, a tougher, more brooding version of masculinity was starting to come into the vogue and the character of Mr. Darcy exemplifies the trend.[11] Nicolson described the differences between Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy as follows: "Mr. Bingley is a[n] 18th century man: handsome, young, agreeable, delightful, fond of dancing, gentlemanlike, pleasant, easy, unaffected and not entirely in control of his own destiny. Darcy is fine, tall, handsome, noble, proud, forbidding, disagreeable and subject to no control but his own...Darcy is a 19th century man, manliness itself, uncompromising, dark and sexy. And it is Darcy, of course, whom the novel ends up loving".[11]
The character of Mr. Darcy very much reflects the changing standards of English masculinity as unlike the heroes of the 18th century with their excessive politeness and unwillingness to offend, Mr. Darcy says whatever he likes, which showed his authenticity and honesty, which were the most important attributes for a man in the new Romantic age.[11] Even after Mr. Darcy apologizes to Miss Bennet for his brusque rudeness, his honesty meant that change of heart was sincere, and not the polished words of a follower of the cult of sensibility. More broadly, the character of Mr. Darcy showed the emergence of a new type of rawer masculinity that could not tolerate the foppish, superficial values of the previous century.[11] Nicolson called Darcy "the template on which the severe and unbending model of Victorian manliness is founded".[11] Nicolson concluded that: "The implication of the novel is that there is something better than politeness and that the merely civil is inadequate...Darcy is 'silent, grave and indifferent', words in this new moral universe which signal pure approval".[11] At one point, Darcy states "disguise of every sort is my abhorrence" reflecting the fact he never pretends to be anything other than what he is.[12] When the lightweight and pretentious Miss Bingley lists all the attributes of "an accomplished woman", Darcy says "To all this she must yet add something more substantial, in the improvement of her mind by extensive reading", indicating he wants more from a woman than what Miss Bingley thinks is necessary.[13]
Nicolson further argued that a character like Mr. Darcy reflects changes in British life as the Romantic age was a time when "What mattered was authentic, self-generated worth".[11] In this regard, the novel says "Of this she was perfectly unaware; to her he was only the man who made himself agreeable nowhere, and who had not thought her handsome enough to dance with".[14] Darcy is attracted to Elizabeth early on, but he sees her as unfit socially as a wife; however his feelings for her are such that he decides to forgo convention to marry the woman he loves, fitting him into the mold of a Romantic hero.[15] After Darcy gets over his prejudices against marrying the middle-class Elizabeth, the scholar Bernard Paris wrote that Darcy "becomes the most romantic figure in the book" while at the same time upholding traditional British values as "he uses his great power in the service of both order and desire".[16] Darcy is equally opposed to the "anarchistic tendencies" of Wickham and the "tyranny" of Lady Catherine on the other.[17] The scholar Alison Sulloway noted that Darcy has little patience for polite society with its false courtesies and superficial talk, and much prefers to be running Pemberley or to be outdoors.[18] Darcy's heroic stance is shown by the way he pursues Elizabeth despite her repeated rejections of his offers of marriage, showing the depth of his feelings that he often has trouble expressing properly.[19] Even though Darcy is sometimes clumsy at expressing his love for Elizabeth, his tendency to speak only what he really feels stands in marked contrast to the polished words of Wickham who never means what he says.[20] The scholar Josephine Ross wrote that the picture today of Darcy as asexual says more about the standards of our time rather than of the Romantic era, noting when Elizabeth tells him that Wickham has seduced her sister Lydia, he can only "observe her in compassionate silence" despite clearly wanting to touch Elizabeth he does not as that would not be proper for a gentleman. [21] Ross wrote: "Had he taken her in his arms and covered her with kisses, the atmosphere of that critical scene could not have been more thrillingly charged".[22]
In the Romantic age, those who prefer the "authentic" world of the outdoors are usually seen as the more sincere and passionate in their emotions, and in this sense, Darcy's preference for being in his garden at Pemberley or otherwise on the grounds of the estate shows him as a Romantic hero.[23] The very fact that Elizabeth is impressed by the beauty of Pemberley's gardens, hills, forests, fields, valleys, streams and pastures, which show Darcy's commitment to appreciating the beauty of nature, further underlines the point.[24] Like all of Jane Austen heroes, Darcy wore the standard dress of a Regency gentleman, described as a darkly colored, double-collared coat over a waistcoat together with breeches and riding boats in the day and a darkly colored tailcoat, light breeches or dark trousers in the evening.[25] Beau Brummell had been very influential in settling the style for upper class men in Britain in the early 19th century, and most gentlemen tended to imitate his way of dressing.[26] In the 18th century, it was normal for spouses to address each other by their surnames, and Elizabeth Bennet's parents for example address each other as Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet despite having been married for 20 years; by contrast after his engagement, Darcy for the first time calls his fiancee Elizabeth, which shows the depth of his love.[27] A sign that this is marriage based on love can be seen in Darcy is described as having an annual income of £10, 000 pounds, and Elizabeth turns down his marriage proposals until she finally decides she loves him.[28]
The British cultural critic Robert Irvine described the appeal of Mr. Darcy to women as that of an "absolute and unconditioned male need for a woman".[29] Irvine argued that this was a female "fantasy" that was only possible in a context of general powerlessness on the part of women.[29] At the time of the French Revolution when elites all over Europe felt threatened, there was a tendency in British literature to glorify the aristocratic and gentry classes as the personification of British values in contrast to the French who guillotined their old elite to create the grasping, vulgar new elite of Napoleonic France. For the British middle class or "middling sort" as Austen called them to emulate the landed elite, however retained its social superiority.[30] The character of Mr. Darcy reflects this trend.[30] When Mr. Bingley suggests that he might like to one day build an estate like Pemberley, he is informed by Mr. Darcy that it is not the estate itself, but rather what it contains, its cultural heritage like the family library that makes Pemberley special as Mr. Bingley cannot be the heir to a family library built up over generations like the one Mr. Darcy is the heir to.[30] In this way, Austen suggests that there is more to Mr. Darcy than the proud and sneering man at the Meryton assembly, that there is a deepness to him as people like him are custodians of the national culture.[30] The scholar C.C. Barfoot described Pemberley as the "marvelous accretion of all the choices made by his predecessors", providing as the novel calls it "a kind of model" for how to live properly.[31] Barfoot argued that for Austen "civilization is not a gift, but is a possession that needs to be earned and sustained by practice"; in this regard, the fact that Darcy takes good care of his estate shows his basically civilized nature which he hides under his veneer of snobbery and coldness.[32]
A sign of the depth of Darcy's love for Elizabeth can be seen in that he tracks down Lydia and Wickham despite all of the costs.[33] The scholar James Brown observed at the time transport via the mud roads of Britain was hugely expensive, citing the remark by the novelist Sir Walter Scott that it had cost him £50 pounds to travel from Edinburgh to London in 1828; in today's money the sum was equal to £2, 500 pounds.[34] Brown wrote the readers in Austen's time would had known it had been an expensive burden for Darcy to go off searching for Wickham and Lydia, and readers today almost missed the significance of Darcy's financial sacrifice caused by his love for Elizabeth.[35] However, Brown wrote that Scott himself had admitted that he insisted on travelling in style on his trip, staying at the most expensive hotels and eating at the most expensive restaurants as befitting a gentleman of means, and that not all travelers at the time would stayed and eaten at the same sort of establishments patronised by Scott.[36]
Irvine argued that for someone like Darcy who lives about half of the year in London, which is a glittering and far-away place for people of Meryton, this proves his social superiority as his "London manners" are described variously in the novel as "fashionable" and "elegant".[37] Irvine argued that the union of Elizabeth and Darcy at the end of the novel was meant by Austen as a symbol of the union of the national and regional elites in England, forging together a united nation.[37] One scholar Rachel Brownstein noted of all the Austen romances that of Darcy and Elizabeth is the only one where the couple began as complete strangers at the beginning of the book, making Pride and Prejudice the most romantic of the Austen novels.[38]
Irvine argued that Elizabeth appears to be unworthy of Darcy not because of their differences in income level, but because of the class divide as she contemplates the glories of Pemberley.[39] Against the interpretation that Pride and Prejudice is primarily a novel about class, the American scholar Susan Morgan argued the novel is about character, stating Mr. Wickham may not be as wealthy as Darcy, but his commission in the militia would have made an eminently respectable man to marry in Regency England.[40] Morgan wrote though Darcy is rich, he does not represent "society" as some would have done, because he is reserved, vain, and quasi-isolated from society.[40] Morgan argued that Austen's message in Pride and Prejudice is that one should marry for love rather than money as Wickham disqualifies himself as a potential groom owing to his bad character, not his income.[40] Morgan observed that for most of the novel Darcy loves Elizabeth even when she loathes him and also when she comes to return his feelings. Austen writes it was because of "a motive within her of goodwill which could not be overlooked. It was gratitude - Gratitude, not merely for having loved her once, but for loving her still well enough, to forgive all the petulance and acrimony of her manner in rejecting him, and all the unjust accusations accompanying her rejection".[40] Morgan argued that the growth of Elizabeth's feelings for Darcy is a sign of her intellectual growth, as she comes to understand that freedom means the freedom to appreciate and understand the value of love.[40] In this sense, Darcy by seeking to improve himself, by ignoring repeated slights and insults, and by paying off Wickham's debts to rescue Lydia from her ill-conceived marriage just to impress her, proves himself worthy of Elizabeth's love.[40] Morgan wrote that the gratitude that Austen meant for Elizabeth to feel for Darcy "...is a gratitude that, despite all the obstacles which realism can provide, despite time, conventions, and misunderstanding, despite her wrongs and his own limitations, Mr. Darcy can see Elizabeth honestly and can love her as well."[40] One critic, Wilbur Cross, wrote at first Darcy displays outrageous arrogance to Elizabeth, but the novel ends with an "almost pitiable humiliation of Darcy", which was a testament to the power of women to tame men.[41]
Cultural influence and legacy[edit]
The character of Fitzwilliam Darcy has appeared in and inspired numerous works. Both Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet feature as part of science fiction author Philip Jose Farmer's fictional 'Wold Newton family', which links numerous literary characters (such as Tarzan and Sherlock Holmes) via an interconnected family tree of people and events.[citation needed] According to Farmer's works, both were exposed to radiation from a meteorite that struck Wold Newton in Yorkshire in the 1790s (a documented event). This allowed them to be the ancestors of many other famous literary characters, some of whom possessed unusual or even superhuman gifts and abilities. Numerous re-imaginings of the original work written from the perspective of Mr. Darcy have also been published, among them American writer Pamela Aidan's Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman trilogy, and English author Janet Aylmer's successful novel Darcy's Story published in the UK (ISBN 9780952821021) and later in the United States (ISBN 9780061148705).
Helen Fielding has admitted she "pillaged her plot"[42] for Bridget Jones's Diary from Pride and Prejudice. In Bridget Jones's Diary and its sequel Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, Bridget Jones is constantly mentioning the 1995 BBC adaptation and repeatedly watches the scene in the fourth episode where Darcy (Colin Firth) emerges from a pond wearing a wet white shirt,[43] and refers to the Darcy and Elizabeth of the TV series as "my chosen representatives in the field of shagging, or, rather, courtship".[44] When in The Edge of Reason Bridget becomes a journalist, she is flown to Italy where she is to interview Firth about his (then upcoming) film Fever Pitch, but finds herself only asking him questions about Mr. Darcy and the filming of the "pond scene".[43] This scene was shot but not included in the film adaptation of Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. This scene can be seen in the DVD's extra features. Colin Firth's "pond scene" made it into Channel 4's Top 100 TV Moments.[45] Colin Firth has found it hard to shake off the Darcy image,[46] and he thought that playing Bridget Jones’s Mark Darcy, a character inspired by the other Darcy, would both ridicule and liberate him once and for all from the iconic character.[47]
Darcy's status as a romantic hero transcends literature. In 2010 a protein sex pheromone in male mouse urine, that is sexually attractive to female mice, was named Darcin in honour of the character.[48][49][50]
On 9 July 2013, a 12-foot (3.7 m) fibreglass statue of the figure of Mr. Darcy emerging from the water was installed in the Serpentine Lake of London's Hyde Park for a promotion of British television's UKTV channel.[51] Modelled on actor Colin Firth who played the role in the 1995 BBC miniseries, the statue will make the rounds of several English lakes before its final installation in Lyme Park, a location where the programme was partly filmed and already a pilgrimage site for Pride and Prejudice fans.
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See also[edit]
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Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice. Chapters 25 and 35.
Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice. Chapter 59.
Jump up ^ Brower, Reuben Arthur "Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama" page 144-152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 149.
Jump up ^ Jones, Vivien; Austen, Jane; Tanner, Tony (2003). Pride and prejudice (2003 Penguin ed.). New York: Penguin Books. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 978-0-14-143951-8.
Jump up ^ Sherry, James (1979). "Pride and Prejudice: The Limits of Society". Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 19 (4): 609. doi:10.2307/450251. JSTOR 450251.
Jump up ^ Brownstein, Rachel "Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice" pages 32-57 from The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 page 52.
Jump up ^ Hardy, John ""Elizabeth's Teasing Charms Darcy" pages 61-67 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 pages 61-62
Jump up ^ Brower, Reuben Arthur "Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama" page 144-152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 148.
Jump up ^ Brower, Reuben Arthur "Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama" page 144-152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 148.
Jump up ^ Brower, Reuben Arthur "Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama" page 144-152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 148.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Nicolson, Adam (2005). "Chapter 5. Boldness". Seize the Fire: Heroism, Duty, and the Battle of Trafalgar. HarperCollins. pp. 157–208. ISBN 978-0-06-075361-0.
Jump up ^ Paris, Bernard "Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society" pages 33-42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 40.
Jump up ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, London: John Murray, 2002 page 106.
Jump up ^ Brownstein, Rachel "Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice" pages 32-57 from The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 page 54.
Jump up ^ Paris, Bernard "Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society" pages 33-42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 35.
Jump up ^ Paris, Bernard "Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society" pages 33-42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 35.
Jump up ^ Paris, Bernard "Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society" pages 33-42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 pages 35-36
Jump up ^ Sulloway, Alison "The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes" pages 119-127 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 122.
Jump up ^ Wright, Andrew "The Hero and Villain" pages 79-84 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 pages 80-81.
Jump up ^ Wright, Andrew "The Hero and Villain" pages 79-84 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 pages 81-82.
Jump up ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002 page 137.
Jump up ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002 page 137.
Jump up ^ Sulloway, Alison "The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes" pages 119-127 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 124.
Jump up ^ Sulloway, Alison "The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes" pages 119-127 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 124.
Jump up ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, London: John Murray, 2002 page 91.
Jump up ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, London: John Murray, 2002 page 91.
Jump up ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, London: John Murray, 2002 pages 192-193.
Jump up ^ Ross, Josephine Jane Austen A Companion, London: John Murray, 2002 pages 199-200.
^ Jump up to: a b Irvine, Robert Jane Austen, London: Routledge, 2005 page 152.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Irvine, Robert Jane Austen, London: Routledge, 2005 page 61.
Jump up ^ Barefoot,C.C "Fate and Choice in Pride and Perjudice pages 52-59 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 54.
Jump up ^ Barefoot,C.C "Fate and Choice in Pride and Perjudice pages 52-59 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher, San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999 page 54.
Jump up ^ Brown, James "Jane Austen's Mental Maps" pages 20-41 from Critical Survey, Volume 26, No. 1 page 25.
Jump up ^ Brown, James "Jane Austen's Mental Maps" pages 20-41 from Critical Survey, Volume 26, No. 1 page 25.
Jump up ^ Brown, James "Jane Austen's Mental Maps" pages 20-41 from Critical Survey, Volume 26, No. 1 page 25.
Jump up ^ Brown, James "Jane Austen's Mental Maps" pages 20-41 from Critical Survey, Volume 26, No. 1 page 25.
^ Jump up to: a b Irvine, Robert Jane Austen, London: Routledge, 2005 page 60.
Jump up ^ Brownstein, Rachel "Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice" pages 32-57 from The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 page 51.
Jump up ^ Irvine, Robert Jane Austen, London: Routledge, 2005 page 59.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Morgan, Susan (1975). "Intelligence in 'Pride and Prejudice'". Modern Philology. 73 (1): 54–68. doi:10.1086/390617. ISSN 0026-8232.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Harold Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, , New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1996 page 28-29.
Jump up ^ Penguin Reading Guides - Bridget Jones's Diary Retrieved on January 4-2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason" Helen Fielding. Penguin Books, 1999. (ISBN 014303443X)
Jump up ^ MTV.com - 'Pride & Prejudice': The Way They Were (Nov 23 2005) Retrieved on January 4-2008.
Jump up ^ The Independent - There's no escaping Mr. Darcy (9 June 2000) Retrieved on January 4-2008.
Jump up ^ BBC News - Star takes pride in new Prejudice Retrieved on January 4-2008.
Jump up ^ Vanity Fair (Italy) - Me Sexy? only to that crazy Bridget Jones (Oct 16, 2003) Retrieved on January 4-2008.
Jump up ^ Brennan PA (May 2010). "On the scent of sexual attraction". BMC Biol. 8 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-71. PMC 2880966  . PMID 20504292.
Jump up ^ Roberts SA, Simpson DM, Armstrong SD, et al. (June 2010). "Darcin: a male pheromone that stimulates female memory and sexual attraction to an individual male's odour". BMC Biol. 8 (1): 75. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-75. PMC 2890510  . PMID 20525243.
Jump up ^ Moskowitz, C (3 June 2010). "Biologists Learn Why Mice Go Gaga for Urine". FoxNews.com. FOX News Network. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Lyall, Sarah (9 July 2013). "Pride, Prejudice, Promotion? Mr. Darcy Rising". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

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Ben & Jerry's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"B&J" redirects here. For the beverage company, see Bartles and Jaymes.
Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc.
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Food processing
Founded
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
(May 5, 1978; 39 years ago (1978-05-05))
Founders
Ben Cohen
Jerry Greenfield
Headquarters
South Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Key people
Jostein Solheim CEO[1]
Ben Cohen co-founder
Jerry Greenfield co-founder
Products
Ice cream
Parent
Unilever (2000–present)
Website
www.benjerry.com
Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc, trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry's, is an American company that manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. It was founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont, and sold in 2000 to Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever. Today it operates globally as a fully owned subsidiary of Unilever. Its present-day headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont, with its main factory in Waterbury, Vermont.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding
1.2 Unilever era
2 Original flavors and sundaes
3 Controversies
3.1 Commercial
3.2 Political
3.3 Social
3.4 Product safety
4 Global locations
4.1 Former markets
5 Wages
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Founding[edit]
Jerry Greenfield (left) and Ben Cohen (right) in 2010.
Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from New York. While Greenfield finished college, he found himself unable to make his way into medical school. Cohen dropped out of school.[2] In 1977, Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia, a lack of a sense of smell or taste, and so relied on "mouth feel" and texture to provide variety in his diet. This led to the company's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream.[3] On May 5, 1978, with a $12,000[4] investment, the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont. In 1979, they marked their anniversary by holding the first-ever free cone day, now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry's store.[3]
In 1980, they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints. In 1981, the first Ben & Jerry's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne, Vermont. In 1983, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream was used to build “the world’s largest ice cream sundae” in St. Albans, Vermont; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds (12,293 kg). That same year, the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson.[5]
In 1984, Häagen-Dazs wanted to limit distribution of Ben & Jerry’s in Boston, prompting Ben & Jerry’s to file suit against the parent company, Pillsbury, in its now famous “What’s the Doughboy Afraid Of?” campaign.[6] In 1987, Häagen-Dazs again tried to enforce exclusive distribution, and Ben & Jerry’s filed its second lawsuit against the Pillsbury Company.
In 1985, the Ben & Jerry’s Foundation was established at the end of the year with a gift from Ben & Jerry's to fund community-oriented projects; it was then provided with 7.5% of the company’s annual pre-tax profits. In 1986, Ben & Jerry’s launched its “Cowmobile”, a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of Ben & Jerry’s ice cream in a unique, cross-country “marketing drive”—driven and served by Ben and Jerry themselves. The “Cowmobile” burned to the ground outside of Cleveland four months later, but there were no injuries. Ben said it looked like “the world’s largest baked Alaska”.[7]
In 1988, the two men won the title of U.S. Small Business Persons Of The Year, awarded by U.S. President Ronald Reagan.[8] Also that year, the first brownies were ordered from Greyston Bakery, which led to the development of the popular Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor.[9] In 1992, Ben & Jerry’s joined in a co-operative campaign with the national non-profit Children's Defense Fund; the campaign goal was to bring children’s basic needs to the top of the national agenda. Over 70,000 postcards were sent to Congress concerning kids and other national issues. In 1995, they hired Robert Holland, Jr. as CEO after holding a "Yo! I'm your C.E.O." essay contest as part of the search.[10] Holland left after 20 months following philosophical differences and was replaced by Perry Odak in 1997.[11]
In 1989, Ben & Jerry’s revealed their opposition of the use of rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone) in all their products. This genetically engineered hormone is sometimes given to cows in order to boost milk production, but Ben & Jerry’s does not support this practice and is in favor of utilizing less chemically intensive ingredients for the safety of consumers and the environment.[12]
In 1994, Ben & Jerry's: The Inside Scoop, written by Fred "Chico" Lager, former CEO of Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, was published. This book tracks the history of how Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream got started. The book focuses on "How Two Real Guys Built a Business with a Social Conscience and a Sense of Humor."[13]
Ben & Jerry's ice-cream branch at the United Square Shopping Mall in Singapore.
Unilever era[edit]
In April 2000, Ben & Jerry's sold the company to Anglo-Dutch multinational food giant Unilever.[14] Unilever said it hopes to carry on the tradition of engaging "in these critical, global economic and social missions". Although the founders' names are still attached to the product, they do not hold any board or management position and are not involved in day-to-day management of the company.[15]
In 2001, Ben & Jerry's U.S. completed the transition to "Eco-Pint" packaging, which packaged all pint flavors in environmentally friendly unbleached paperboard Eco-Pint containers, a decision it later reversed. The use of brown-kraft unbleached paperboard had been a critical first step toward a totally biodegradable pint made without added chlorine. Due to what they described as increasing supply, quality, and cost challenges, Ben & Jerry's discontinued their use of the Eco-Pint in 2006, transitioning to a pint container made out of a bleached paperboard that it said was more readily available.[16]
On Earth Day in 2005, when a vote in the U.S. Senate proposed the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling, Ben & Jerry's launched a protest by creating the largest ever Baked Alaska, which weighed 900 pounds (410 kg), and placed it in front of the U.S. Capitol Building.[17][18]
In March 2009, "CyClone Dairy"[19] launched an advertising campaign and a website to promote its milk products, which purportedly came exclusively from cloned cows.[20] On April 1, 2009 (April Fool's Day), Ben & Jerry's announced that it was behind this fake company. Ben & Jerry's had created the tongue-in-cheek hoax to raise awareness of the increasing presence of products from cloned animals within American food[21][22] and to campaign for a tracking system of cloned-animal products.[23] The hoax was revealed on April Fool's Day with the message: "We believe you should have the right to choose which foods you eat – and not to eat cloned foods if you don’t want to. And that's why Ben & Jerry’s believes we need a national clone tracking system, so people and companies can know where their food is coming from."[24]
In 2010, Jostein Solheim, a Unilever executive from Norway, became the new CEO of the company and had this to say about the transition: "My mantra that I've repeated a hundred times since starting at Ben & Jerry's is: ‘Change is a wonderful thing,'" he said. "The world needs dramatic change to address the social and environmental challenges we are facing. Values led businesses can play a critical role in driving that positive change. We need to lead by example, and prove to the world that this is the best way to run a business. Historically, this company has been and must continue to be a pioneer to continually challenge how business can be a force for good and address inequities inherent in global business."[25]
On February 24, 2012, Ben & Jerry's released a new Greek Frozen Yogurt line, which came in several flavors: "Strawberry Shortcake", "Blueberry Vanilla Graham", "Raspberry Fudge Chunk", "Banana Peanut Butter",[26] and "Vanilla" (scoop shop exclusive):[27] On April 12, 2013, "Pineapple Passionfruit", "Vanilla Honey Caramel", and "Liz Lemon" were added to the Greek Yogurt line.[28] The Liz Lemon flavor was inspired by a character of the same name created by actress Tina Fey as the main character on the NBC television sitcom 30 Rock.[29]
In 2013, Ben & Jerry’s committed to making their products GMO-free in support of mandatory GMO labeling legislation.[30]
Original flavors and sundaes[edit]
A pint of Ben & Jerry's ice cream
The "Vermonster" is a large ice cream sundae served in a "Vermonster Bucket" in Ben & Jerry's "scoop shops." Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream, 4 bananas, 4 ladles of hot fudge, 3 chocolate chip cookies, 1 chocolate fudge brownie, 10 scoops of walnuts, 2 scoops each of any 4 toppings, and whipped cream. It contains 14,000 calories (kcal), and 500 grams (17.64 oz) of fat. Since 2009, the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year.[31]
"Chubby Hubby" consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter, and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter. During the month of September 2009, Ben and Jerry's, in partnership with Freedom to Marry, renamed "Chubby Hubby" to "Hubby Hubby," in celebration of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the company's home state of Vermont. The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow.[32][33][34]
On March 13, 2012, Ben & Jerry’s announced it would be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples. "Oh! My! Apple Pie!" would become "Apple-y Ever After" and tubs would feature a gay couple atop a wedding cake decorated with rainbows.[35]
"Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough" was temporarily renamed "I Dough, I Dough" in the United States during the summer of 2015. This was in celebration of United States Supreme Court's ruling in support of same-sex marriage. The proceeds from sales were to go to the Human Rights Campaign (a nonprofit advocacy group for LGBT rights).[36]
Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield appeared on The Colbert Report on March 5, 2007, to promote their new ice cream flavor, "Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream", and Cohen's progressive advocacy group TrueMajority.
The company renamed a flavour, "Yes Pecan!", in reference to Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. They decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund.[37]
On March 2, 2011, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavour of ice cream, "Late Night Snack", whose carton features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it.[38]
On February 17, 2015, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, "The Tonight Dough", which all of its proceeds go to the SeriousFun Children's Network that supports camps for children with major illnesses.[39]
In 2015, Charoset flavoured ice cream became widely available in time for the Passover holiday.[40][41][42][43][44][45]
In April 2015, the company confirmed that it was working on vegan options, after hearing consumers' feedback, led by a petition and FARM organization.[46] In early February 2016, the company announced a new all-vegan line with 4 flavors. Two of these are versions of existing flavors - "Chunky Monkey" and "Chocolate Fudge Brownie" - and two are all-new vegan-only flavors: "Coffee Caramel Fudge" and "Peanut Butter & Cookies".[47]
Girl in cow costume promoting Free Cone Day outside a Ben & Jerry's shop in Stockholm, Sweden
Free Cone Day is an annual event held between late March and early May, in which Ben & Jerry's scoop shops give out free ice cream cups and cones. Free Cone Day was first held on Saturday, May 5, 1979, by Ben and Jerry as a customer and staff appreciation event for the first anniversary of their store's opening.
Over one million free cones are given away each year, prompting the company's ad slogan "Be One In A Million." Charitable organizations are often present at the stores each year and enjoy a significant amount of fundraising success. Often, local celebrities show up at various stores, promoting the day and the charities there.[48] Sometimes the event is scheduled to coincide with Earth Day and sometimes volunteers are on hand with clipboards and voter registration forms to help those who would like to register to vote.
Controversies[edit]
Commercial[edit]
The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a consumer-advocacy group, urged Ben & Jerry's to stop labeling their ice cream as "all natural," due to the company's use of corn syrup, alkalised cocoa, and other chemically modified ingredients.[49] In September 2010, the company agreed to stop labeling their ice cream and frozen yogurt as "all natural."[50]
In 2011, Ben & Jerry's released a flavor named Schweddy Balls, in homage to the Saturday Night Live (SNL) skit of the same name. An American group named "One Million Moms" protested, saying that the name was too explicit for grocery store shelves—spokesperson Monica Cole explained to the media: "I realize it could be a lot worse, but are they going to progressively get worse if we don't say something? Maybe they'll think twice before they come up with another inappropriate name for ice cream." However, the expression of disdain was not unanimous among U.S. parents, as mother Gina Ragusa said to The Huffington Post: "We just think it's funny, that's all, and honestly we all really want to try it", adding that she consistently checks for the item's availability at her local supermarket.[51] Actor Alec Baldwin, who appeared in the SNL skit as baker Pete Schweddy, hosted the September 24, 2011 episode of the 37th season of the show and responded to the protests by stating that a new flavor called "Go Fudge Yourself" had been produced for those in opposition to the tribute. Following the initial release of the flavor, Baldwin informed the media that "thanks to Ben & Jerry's, the goodness of the Schweddy family recipe won't go with me to the great beyond," as he had previously feared that his association with the SNL episode would remain permanent until his death.[52]
Political[edit]
Following rumors that suggested that Ben & Jerry's supported the defense of Mumia Abu-Jamal—who was convicted in 1982 of killing Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner[53]—the company confirmed that Cohen did sign a petition, as a private citizen, asking that "the system of American justice be followed fully in the case".[54]
Controversy emerged in 2006 after the company released a flavor of ice cream called "Black and Tan". It had named the flavor after the alcoholic drink, which is made by mixing stout with pale ale, but the "Black and Tans" are also known as a paramilitary police force of British World War I veterans recruited during the Irish Revolution. At the time that the flavor was released, the Irish nationalist movement was still offended by the historical association of the title.[55]
In 2012, Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel (VTJP)[56] contacted Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield and the CEO of Ben & Jerry’s after learning that ice cream produced by Ben & Jerry’s franchise in Israel[57] was being sold in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Leafleting occurred at locations in Vermont, New York and California on 'Free Cone Day' in April 2013[58] and April 2014.[59] As of November 2014[update], 232 organizations across the United States and in seventeen countries worldwide have signed a letter written by VTJP calling on Ben & Jerry's to end its commercial ties to such settlements.[60]
In late April 2014, Ben & Jerry's signed onto the "Fight for the Reef" campaign, a partnership between the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS). Premier Campbell Newman and Queensland state senator Matthew Canavan both said in statements that Ben & Jerry's was making misleading statements that exaggerated the detrimental impact that proposed government programs would have on the Great Barrier Reef,[61][61] and Environment Minister Andrew Powell said that "The only people taking a scoop out of the reef is Ben and Jerry’s and Unilever. If you understand the facts, you’d want to be boycotting Ben and Jerry’s". Australian Ben & Jerry's brand manager Kalli Swaik responded that "Ben & Jerry’s believes that dredging and dumping in world heritage waters surrounding the marine park area will be detrimental to the reef ecology. It threatens the health of one of Australia’s most iconic treasures."[62]
In April 2016, Ben & Jerry's cofounders, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, were both arrested at the Democracy Awakening protests on the U.S. Capitol steps in Washington, D.C.[63]
In May 2017, Ben and Jerry's announced they would not serve two scoops of the same ice cream flavor in Australia, due to the refusal of the Australian government to legalize same-sex marriage. They said this would encourage "fans to contact their MP's to tell them the time has come-make marriage equality legal!". This stance they said will continue for however long it takes for same-sex marriage to be legalized.[64][65]
Social[edit]
In February 2012, a Ben & Jerry's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named "Taste the Lin-Sanity," in honor of Asian-American basketball player Jeremy Lin, a Harvard alumnus. At inception, the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt, lychee honey swirls, and fortune cookie pieces, leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture. The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies, as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers. Ben & Jerry's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media: "we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive."[66] Ben & Jerry's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended.[67]
In September 2014, anti-hazing activists raised concerns about the ice cream flavor "Hazed & Confused," which had been released earlier that year. The concern was that the name could be perceived as belittling of hazing and bullying problems. The company has noted that the name was based on the word hazelnut and a play on the phrase "dazed and confused", which is both a song popularized by Led Zeppelin and a coming-of-age comedy film from the early 1990s.[68] The decision was made in October to not rename the flavor.[69]
Product safety[edit]
The Organic Consumers Association announced in July 2017 that it found traces of the herbicide glyphosate in 10 of 11 samples of the company’s ice creams.[70] The traces were found to be at levels below the ceiling set by the Environmental Protection Agency for environmental contamination.
Global locations[edit]
Ben & Jerry's Puerto Rico sidewalk cafe
Ben and Jerry's has locations around the world.[71]
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
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Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Netherlands
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New Zealand
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Puerto Rico
Romania[72]
Serbia
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Spain
Sweden
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Thailand
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Former markets[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Estonia
Hong Kong[73]
Morocco
Russia[74]
Wages[edit]
Ben & Jerry's used to have a policy that no employee's rate of pay shall exceed five times that of entry-level employees.[75] In 1995, entry-level employees were paid $12 hourly, and the highest paid employee was President and Chief Operating Officer Chuck Lacy, who earned $150,000 annually. When Ben Cohen resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Ben & Jerry's announced the search for a new CEO in 1995, the company ended the five-to-one-ratio policy.[76]
See also[edit]
Vermont portal
Companies portal
Food portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's new CEO". Ben & Jerry's Press Release. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Our History". Ben & Jerry's.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream – History". Ben & Jerry's.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream – History". Ben & Jerry's. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dan Chu and Martha Babcock. "The Whole Country Cowtows as Artist Woody Jackson Makes His Big Moove Toward Udder Success" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., People magazine, August 28, 1989
Jump up ^ "Cookies, Cream 'n' Controversy". Newsweek. July 4, 1993. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jerry Greenfield". Celebrity Websites. March 2005. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ben Jerry's founders are named Small Business Persons of the Year, Palm Beach Post, May 10, 1988.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Baking In The Glory". Ben & Jerry's. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ Collins, Glenn (1995-02-02). "Ben & Jerry's Talent Hunt Ends". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Staff report (January 3, 1997). Ben & Jerry's Appoints Former Gun Exec as CEO. Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times
Jump up ^ "Issues We Care About". Ben & Jerry's. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lager, Fred "Chico". Ben & Jerry's: The Inside Scoop. 1st ed. New York: Crown Publishers, 1994. Print.
Jump up ^ Meadows, Donella (April 13, 2000). "The Globalization of Ben & Jerry's". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on September 1, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Coneheads". Boston Phoenix. August 14, 2003. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "2006 Social & Environmental Assessment Report". Ben & Jerry's. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
Jump up ^ http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_9.1.2.cfm Archived September 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.benjerry.com/features/baked_alaska/index.cfm Archived November 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ CyClone Dairy (Archived)
Jump up ^ "Perfect Cows. Perfect Milk". Cyclone Dairy. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "FDA'S flawed approach to assessing the safety of food from animal clones" (PDF). Center for Food Safety. March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Paynter, Ben (October 16, 2007). "Cloned Beef (and Pork and Milk): It's What's for Dinner". Wired. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Take Action: Tell Congress to create a tracking system for cloned animals!". Ga3.org. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream – Cow Cloning". Ben & Jerry's. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jostein Solheim". Food Processing. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Greek Frozen Yogurt". Ben & Jerry's. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's "Our Flavors"". Ben & Jerry's. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Jonathan (2013-04-02). "Ben & Jerry's Announces New Flavors For 2013". Retrieved 2016-05-12.
Jump up ^ Eby, Margaret (2013-02-01). "Ben & Jerry's premieres '30 Rock' frozen yogurt flavor called 'Liz Lemon'". New York Daily News. New York, New York. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Our History". Ben & Jerry's. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Erica (October 2009). "Extreme Pig Outs: Meals That Will Blow Your Mind and Tip the Scale". Travel Channel.
Jump up ^ Moore, Matthew (September 2, 2009). "Ben and Jerry's renames ice cream Hubby Hubby in celebration of gay marriage". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on September 2, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Daley, Bill (September 2, 2009). "Hubba hubba! Hubby Hubby ice cream introduced". Chicago Tribune. (leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com). Retrieved September 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream – Flavors – HubbyHubby". Ben & Jerry's. September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ice cream giant supports gay marriage with new flavor". www.dangerousminds.net. March 13, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2012. "Ice cream giant Ben and Jerry’s has announced today it will be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for gays.'
Jump up ^ Luckerson, Victor (2015-06-27). "Ben & Jerry's Just Renamed This Ice Cream Flavor in Honor of Gay Marriage". Retrieved 2016-05-12.
Jump up ^ Strzemien, Anya (January 9, 2009). "Yes Pecan!: Ben & Jerry's Announces Obama Ice Cream". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream - Late Night Snack". Archived from the original on March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's launches the Tonight Dough ice cream inspired by Jimmy Fallon". Retrieved 19 Feb 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Haroset Flavored Ice Cream". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Ben And Jerry's Sells Charoset-Flavored Ice Cream Just In Time For Passover". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Forget Cherry Garcia. How about Ben and Jerry's Passover ice cream?". Public Radio International. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Charoset Ben & Jerry's: Who's brave enough to try?". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ JTA (2015-03-25). "Ben & Jerry's Charoset Flavor and 10 More Passover Ice Cream Ideas". Haaretz. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Charoset-Flavored Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream Exists in Israel, And Yes, It's Kosher for Passover". www.bustle.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Ben and Jerry's vegan ice cream is coming". True Icon. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's announces 4 vegan flavors". Philly.com. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ VegasNews.com (April 22, 2009). "Ben & Jerry's 31st Annual "Free Cone Day" Serves More Than 7,300 Scoops & Raises Money for Local Charities". Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Clark, Andrew (September 28, 2010). "Ben and Jerry's admits ice-cream with a liberal conscience not 'all natural'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Takes 'All Natural' Claims Off Ice Cream Labels". NPR. September 27, 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Reitz, Stephanie (October 21, 2011). "Supermarkets Give Ben & Jerry's 'Schweddy Balls' The Cold Shoulder". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Alec Baldwin sets record hosting "SNL"". CBS News. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "The FOP's Boycott for Daniel Faulkner". BreakTheChain.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Support Home Page". Ben & Jerry's. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bowcott, Owen (April 19, 2006). "Ben & Jerry's new flavour leaves bad taste". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel". Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's to open new factory in Be'er Tuvia,". Y-Net News.com, 03.02.10,. Retrieved Nov 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Business in Israel Scrutinized". Burlington Free Press. Archived from the original on November 24, 2014. Retrieved Nov 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Campaign News". Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel. Retrieved Nov 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Organizations Worldwide Sign a Letter Urging Ben & Jerry's to Honor its Social Mission". Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel. Retrieved Nov 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarah Vogler (1 May 2014). "LNP refers ice cream company Ben and Jerry's to ACCC over Barrier Reef campaign". The Courier Mail. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ AAP (29 April 2014). "Ben and Jerry's ice cream hurting reef: Qld govt". The Brisbane Times. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Co-Founders Arrested During Protest at the U.S. Capitol". People.com. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's Oz on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Ben and Jerry's Won't Serve 'Same Scoop' Ice Cream in Australia Until Gay Marriage Is Legal". LADbible. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
Jump up ^ Rocheleau, Matt (February 24, 2012). "Ben & Jerry's launches 'Lin-Sanity' flavor, takes out fortune cookie ingredient". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 24, 2012. "There seemed to be a bit of an initial backlash about it, but we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive," he said.
Jump up ^ "Ben & Jerry's sorry for fortune cookies". ESPN.com. February 26, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012. "We offer a heartfelt apology if anyone was offended by our handmade Lin-Sanity flavor," Ben & Jerry's said in a statement.
Jump up ^ Stanford, Duane D. (2014-09-18). "Ben & Jerry's Mulls Renaming 'Hazed and Confused' After Complaints". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ kaufman, Alexander C. (2014-10-18). "Ben & Jerry's Won't Rename 'Hazed & Confused'". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/dining/ben-and-jerrys-ice-cream-herbicide-glyphosate.html
Jump up ^ "International Locations". Ben & Jerry's. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ben&Jerry's Romania". Ben & Jerry's. Retrieved July 1, 2014 – via Facebook.
Jump up ^ [1], "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved 2015-03-02. , [2], [3]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ Torres, Blanca (May 15, 2005). "Debate swirls around CEO pay". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
Jump up ^ Carlin, Peter (February 5, 1995). "Pure Profit – For Small Companies That Stress Social Values as Much as the Bottom Line, Growing Up Hasn't Been an Easy Task. Just Ask Ben & Jerry's, Patagonia and Starbucks". Los Angeles Times.
Further reading[edit]
Criswell, Ann. "Ben & Jerry's is sweet on social issues". Houston Chronicle. Wednesday June 24, 1992. Food 1.
Lager, Fred "Chico". Ben & Jerry's: The Inside Scoop. 1st ed. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1994. Print.
Wieder, Tamara. "Coneheads". The Boston Phoenix. August 8–14, 2003. – Boston Phoenix Interview with founders Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ben & Jerry's.
Official website
Ben & Jerry's Australia official website
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