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Governor-General of India
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This article is about the position of Governor-General of India. For individual Governor-Generals, see List of governors-general of India.
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
Standard of the Governor-General
Louis Mountbatten, the
last Viceroy of India & the first Governor-General during the dominion period
Style
His Excellency
Residence
Viceroy's House
Appointer
East India Company (to 1858)
Monarch of India (from 1858)
Formation
20 October 1774
First holder
Warren Hastings
Final holder
Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari
Abolished
26 January 1950
The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, officially the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was originally the head of the British administration in India and, later, after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".
In 1858, the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government; see British Raj. The governor-general (now also the viceroy) headed the central government of India, which administered the provinces of British India, including the Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces, and others.[1] However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British government; outside the provinces of British India, there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British government, but directly with the monarch. To reflect the governor-general's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states, from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor-General of India (known in short as the Viceroy of India) was applied to him.
The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan, but the office of governor-general continued to exist in each country separately—until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956, respectively.
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government; the Secretary of State for India, a member of the UK Cabinet, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the governor-general, but did so on the advice of the Indian government.
Governors-General served at the pleasure of the sovereign, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. Governors-General could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first Governor-General of British India was Warren Hastings, and the first Governor-General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Functions
3 Council
4 Style and title
5 Flag
6 Residence
7 Insignia
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
History[edit]
Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785.
Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company, which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor. In 1773, motivated by corruption in the Company, the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773. A Governor-General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The first Governor-General and Council were named in the Act.
The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor-General and Council of Fort William with the Governor-General and Council of India. The power to elect the Governor-General was retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the Sovereign's approval.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the East India Company's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign. The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor-General in the Sovereign. The Governor-General, in turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the Sovereign's approval.
India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but Governors-General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor-General of India for some time after independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors-General. India became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.
Functions[edit]
Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India, a post he held from 1899 to 1905.
Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s
The Governor-General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The Regulating Act, however, granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other Presidencies of the East India Company (Madras, Bombay and Bencoolen) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor-General and Council of Fort William.[citation needed]
The powers of the Governor-General, in respect of foreign affairs, were increased by the India Act 1784. The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor-General or by the Company's Court of Directors.
While the Governor-General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British India. That status came only with the Charter Act 1833, which granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of British India. The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor-General and Council.
After 1858, the Governor-General (now usually known as the Viceroy) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign's representative. India was divided into numerous provinces, each under the head of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator. Governors were appointed by the British Government, to whom they were directly responsible; Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners, and Administrators, however, were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy. The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers: the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja (Scindia) of Gwalior, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad (Gaekwar) Maharaja of Baroda. The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency, which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy, or by provincial authorities.
The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King-Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with the Viceroy presiding, but it appointed a Standing Committee, which met more often.
Upon independence in August 1947, the title of Viceroy was abolished. The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor-General. C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor-General. However, once India acquired independence, the Governor-General's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the President of India continued to perform the same functions.
Council[edit]
Main articles: Council of India and Viceroy's Executive Council
The Viceregal Lodge in Simla, built in 1888, was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India
Viceregal Lodge, Delhi, where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed (1912–31), now the main building of the University of Delhi[2]
The Governor-General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The Governor-General, while exercising many functions, was referred to as the "Governor-General in Council."
The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General.
In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the Governor-General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be binding.
The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council. The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor-General. As provided under the Act, there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council's composition. Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign. (The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869). The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members (changed to ten to sixteen in 1892, and to sixty in 1909). The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation.
In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly, took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy's Council. The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political [and] defense" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its President, but the election required the Viceroy's approval.
Style and title[edit]
Until 1833, the title of the position was "Governor-General of Bengal". The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into "Governor-General of India." The title "Viceroy and Governor-General" was first used in the queen's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858.[3] It was never conferred by an act of parliament, but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders. In usage, "viceroy" is employed where the governor-general's position as the monarch's representative is in view.[4] The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India. It was meant to indicate new responsibilities, especially ritualistic ones, but it conferred no new statutory authority. The governor-general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council, but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor-General-in-Council (or the Government of India).[5]
The Governor-General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India. He was referred to as 'His Excellency' and addressed as 'Your Excellency'. From 1858 to 1947, the Governor-General was known as the Viceroy of India (from the French roi, meaning 'king'), and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines (from the French reine, meaning 'queen'). The Vicereine was referred to as 'Her Excellency' and was also addressed as 'Your Excellency'. Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India. However, the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V, who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911.[citation needed]
When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861, the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio. The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877.
Most Governors-General and Viceroys were peers. Frequently, a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank, as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman-Thomas. Of those Viceroys who were not peers, Sir John Shore was a baronet, and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke. Only the first and last Governors-General – Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari – as well as some provisional Governors-General, had no honorific titles at all.
Flag[edit]
Flag of the Governor General of India (1947–50)
From around 1885, the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a Crown. This flag was not the Viceroy's personal flag; it was also used by Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India. When at sea, only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while other officials flew it from the foremast.
From 1947 to 1950, the Governor-General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors-General. This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor-General only.
Residence[edit]
Government House served as the Governor-General's residence during most of the nineteenth century.
The Governor-General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House, Calcutta, until the early nineteenth century, when Government House was constructed. In 1854, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India.
Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said that ‘India should be governed from a palace, not from a country house’, constructed a grand mansion, known as Government House, between 1799 and 1803. The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912. Thereafter, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House, was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House. Now, it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal, and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan.
After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy's House, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude until 1929; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931. The final cost exceeded £877,000 (over £35,000,000 in modern terms) – more than twice the figure originally allocated. Today the residence, now known by the Hindi name of 'Rashtrapati Bhavan', is used by the President of India.
Throughout the British administration, Governors-General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Insignia[edit]
See also: Star of India (flag)
Badge of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1947–50)
See also[edit]
India portal
Pakistan portal
United Kingdom portal
Politics portal
List of governors-general of India
Commander-in-Chief, India
British Empire
Emperor of India
Indian independence movement
Council of India
British Raj
Secretary of State for India
India Office
Indian Civil Service
Partition of India
History of Bangladesh
History of India
History of Pakistan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire, which included both the provinces and the Native States.
Jump up ^ "Imperial Impressions". Hindustan Times. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Queen Victoria's Proclamation
Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918", The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 226.
Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky, The India Office, 1880–1910 (Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 126.
Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers (1999) "Government Buildings – India"
Forrest, G. W., CIE, (editor) (1910) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India; Warren Hastings (2 vols), Oxford: Blackwell's
Encyclopædia Britannica ("British Empire" and "Viceroy"), London: Cambridge University Press, 1911, 11th edition,
James, Lawrence (1997) Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India London: Little, Brown & Company ISBN 0-316-64072-7
Keith, A. B. (editor) (1922) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921, London: Oxford University Press
Oldenburg, P. (2004). "India." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (Archived 2009-10-31)
mountbattenofburma.com – Tribute & Memorial website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors-General of India.
Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865). The Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India: Annexation of Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, and a general review of Lord Dalhousie's rule in India.
Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858-1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818-1858 (1932) 660pp online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
Rudhra, A. B. (1940) The Viceroy and Governor-General of India. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
Spear, Percival (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 978-0-14-013836-8 .

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Grand Junction, Colorado
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Home Rule Municipality in Colorado, United States
Grand Junction, Colorado
Home Rule Municipality
A view of Grand Junction

Location of Grand Junction in Mesa County, Colorado.
Grand Junction, Colorado
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 39°04′N 108°34′W / 39.067°N 108.567°W / 39.067; -108.567Coordinates: 39°04′N 108°34′W / 39.067°N 108.567°W / 39.067; -108.567
Country
United States
State
Colorado
County
Mesa[1]
Incorporated
July 22, 1882[2]
Named for
Confluence of Grand River and Gunnison River
Government
• Type
Home Rule Municipality
• Mayor
Rick Taggart since May 4, 2017
• City Manager
Greg Caton
Area[3]
• Home Rule Municipality
39.64 sq mi (102.66 km2)
• Land
39.28 sq mi (101.74 km2)
• Water
0.36 sq mi (0.92 km2)
• Metro
3,341.11 sq mi (8,653 km2)
Elevation
4,593 ft (1,397 m)
Population (2010)
• Home Rule Municipality
58,566
• Estimate (2016)[4]
61,881
• Density
1,575.38/sq mi (608.25/km2)
• Metro
147,083
• Metro density
44/sq mi (17/km2)
Time zone
MST (UTC−7)
• Summer (DST)
MDT (UTC−6)
ZIP codes[5]
81501-81507
Area code(s)
970
FIPS code
08-31660
GNIS feature ID
0204662
Highways
I-70, U.S. Highway 6 , U.S. Highway 50 , CO SH 340, CO SH 141, CO SH 139
Website
City of Grand Junction
Fifteenth most populous Colorado city
The most populous city of Western Colorado
Grand Junction is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Mesa County, Colorado, United States. The city has a council–manager form of government, and is the most populous municipality in all of western Colorado.[6] Grand Junction is situated 247 miles (398 km) west-southwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 58,566.[7] Grand Junction is the 15th most populous city in the state of Colorado and the most populous city on the Colorado Western Slope. Grand Junction serves as a major commercial and transportation hub within the large area between the Green River and the Continental Divide. It is the principal city of the Grand Junction Metropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 146,723 in 2010 census.
The city is located along the Colorado River, at its confluence with the Gunnison River which comes in from the south. The name "Grand" refers to the historical Grand River; it was renamed as the Upper Colorado River in 1921. The word "Junction" refers to the confluence of the Colorado and Gunnison rivers. Grand Junction has been nicknamed "River City". The city is located near the midpoint of a 30-mile (48 km) arcing valley, known as the Grand Valley; since the late 19th century it has been a major fruit-growing region. Historically the valley was long occupied by the Ute people and by earlier indigenous cultures. It was not settled by white European-American farmers until the 1880s. Since the late 20th century, several wineries have been established in the area.
The Colorado National Monument, a unique series of canyons and mesas, overlooks the city on the west. Most of the area is surrounded by federal public lands managed by the US Bureau of Land Management. The Book Cliffs are a prominent series of cliffs that define the northern side of the Grand Valley. Interstate 70 connects the city eastward to Glenwood Springs and Denver and westward to Green River, Utah; Salt Lake City is reached to the west via Interstate 70 and U.S Route 6; and Las Vegas (via Interstate 70 and Interstate 15).
The Country Jam Ranch is located near Grand Junction just north of I-70 at the Mack exit. This is a permanent festival site built for music festivals, including Country Jam. This event has been held annually since 1992, drawing thousands of country music fans to the area.[8]
The Grand Junction area has developed as a mountain biking destination, with many bikers coming from the Front Range of Colorado, the Salt Lake City area, and as far away as California to enjoy the area's abundant single-track trails. Two prominent trails are the Tabeguache and Kokopelli trails, the latter running from near Loma to Moab, Utah. Fruita, Colorado, with its 18-Road trail system, is within 10 miles of the city and has become a major mountain biking destination.
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Economy
4.1 Economic history
4.2 Top employers
5 Notable residents
6 Education
6.1 K-12
6.2 Colleges and universities
7 Sports
8 Transportation
8.1 Major highways
9 Rankings
10 Media
10.1 Radio
10.2 Newspapers
10.3 Television
10.4 Venues
11 In popular culture
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Mesa County Bank and Weather Bureau office c. 1900
In September 1881 the former Ute Indian Territory was abolished and the Utes removed to a reservation so that the U.S. government could open the area to white settlers. Clinton County, Pennsylvania-born George Addison Crawford (1827–91) soon purchased a plot of land.[9] On July 22, 1882 he incorporated the town of Grand Junction, Colorado, and planted the first vineyard in Colo. near Palisade, Colorado, causing the area to become known as the Colorado Wine Country. The City of Grand Junction also has a storied past with gunfighters, miners, and early settlers to the American Southwest. The infamous "Doc" Holliday was buried in the Grand Junction Cemetery after his death from "consumption", (tuberculosis), as Grand Junction was one of his favorite places before he began living full-time at the sanatorium in Glenwood Springs, Colorado.
Geography[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.6 square miles (100.0 km2), with 38.2 square miles (99.0 km2) of it land, and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.87% of it water.[10]
Climate[edit]
Looking north from Grand Junction in January 2011
The downtown area displays a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), almost grading into an arid type. Grand Junction sits in a large area of high desert lands in Western Colorado. Winters are cold and dry, with a January mean temperature of 27.4 °F (−2.6 °C). Due to its location west of the Rockies, Grand Junction does not receive as much influence from the Chinook winds as locations in Colorado east of the Front Range, yet it does receive protection from the Arctic masses that can settle to the east of the Rockies. This is illustrated by the fact that from December to February, highs reach 50 °F (10 °C) only 18 days.[11] Lows drop to 0 °F (−17.8 °C) or below on 2.9 nights per year.[11] Snowfall is low compared to much of the rest of the state, averaging 19.1 inches (49 cm) per season; only once in the entire period of record dating to 1893, has observed 10 inches (25 cm) in a calendar day, though the median is 6.3 inches (16.0 cm), and moreover, snow cover is intermittent.[11] Snow is greatest in December and January. Spring warming is gradual but quickens when nearing June; the average last freeze date is April 24. Summer is hot but dry, with a July mean temperature of 78.2 °F (25.7 °C). Grand Junction averages 64.5 days a year with temperatures at 90 °F (32 °C) or above, and an average 6.5 days attaining 100 °F (38 °C) or more.[12] Autumn cooling is rapid, with the average first freeze date being October 15. The area receives little precipitation year-round, averaging 9.42 inches (239.3 mm), with no real seasonal spike. Sunshine hours are abundant, even in winter, and total just over 3200 hours per year, or 73% of the possible total.[13]
showClimate data for Grand Junction, Colorado (Grand Junction Regional Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–present[a]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
62
(17) 70
(21) 81
(27) 89
(32) 101
(38) 105
(41) 106
(41) 103
(39) 100
(38) 88
(31) 76
(24) 66
(19) 106
(41)
Average high °F (°C)
37.7
(3.2) 45.4
(7.4) 56.5
(13.6) 65.3
(18.5) 76.1
(24.5) 87.6
(30.9) 93.2
(34) 89.7
(32.1) 80.1
(26.7) 66.2
(19) 50.4
(10.2) 38.5
(3.6) 65.6
(18.7)
Average low °F (°C)
17.0
(−8.3) 23.7
(−4.6) 31.4
(−0.3) 38.1
(3.4) 47.0
(8.3) 56.3
(13.5) 63.2
(17.3) 61.3
(16.3) 52.0
(11.1) 39.9
(4.4) 27.6
(−2.4) 18.5
(−7.5) 39.7
(4.3)
Record low °F (°C)
−23
(−31) −21
(−29) 5
(−15) 11
(−12) 24
(−4) 34
(1) 44
(7) 43
(6) 28
(−2) 16
(−9) −4
(−20) −21
(−29) −23
(−31)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.58
(14.7) 0.54
(13.7) 0.92
(23.4) 0.91
(23.1) 0.88
(22.4) 0.46
(11.7) 0.61
(15.5) 0.95
(24.1) 1.19
(30.2) 1.06
(26.9) 0.73
(18.5) 0.59
(15) 9.42
(239.3)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
4.9
(12.4) 3.2
(8.1) 2.6
(6.6) 0.9
(2.3) 0.1
(0.3) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.4
(1) 2.1
(5.3) 4.9
(12.4) 19.1
(48.5)
Average precipitation days
5.9 6.2 7.3 7.3 6.4 4.1 5.3 6.7 7.0 6.5 5.9 5.7 74.3
Average snowy days
4.7 3.6 2.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.6 2.2 4.6 19.1
Average relative humidity (%)
69.7 60.4 50.1 40.3 36.3 29.4 33.5 36.6 38.8 45.6 58.5 68.0 47.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours
192.3 204.4 240.9 278.0 328.5 359.3 356.2 329.8 292.2 255.1 186.9 180.0 3,203.6
Percent possible sunshine
63 68 65 70 74 81 79 78 78 74 62 61 72
Source: NOAA (sun 1961–1990),[11][14][15] The Weather Channel[16]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1890 2,030 —
1900 3,503 72.6%
1910 7,754 121.4%
1920 8,665 11.7%
1930 10,247 18.3%
1940 12,479 21.8%
1950 14,504 16.2%
1960 18,694 28.9%
1970 20,170 7.9%
1980 27,956 38.6%
1990 29,034 3.9%
2000 41,986 44.6%
2010 58,566 39.5%
Est. 2016 61,881 [4] 5.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[17]
Book Cliffs and Mt. Garfield (right), near Grand Junction
According to the census.gov website the estimate population as of July 1, 2017 is 62,475 people.[18] As of the census[19] of 2000, there were 41,986 people, 17,865 households, and 10,540 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,362.6 people per square mile (526.2/km²). There were 18,784 housing units at an average density of 609.6 per square mile (235.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.78% White, 0.60% African American, 0.94% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 3.81% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.86% of the population.
There were 17,865 households out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8% had one living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the city, the population was spread out with 21.2% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.
The population figures are for Grand Junction only; the city abuts smaller towns and unincorporated county areas which contribute to area commerce.
The median income for a household in the city was $33,152, and the median income for a family was $43,851. Males had a median income of $31,685 versus $22,804 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,692. About 7.5% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.
Economy[edit]
Economic history[edit]
From the time settlers arrived in the 1880s until the 1960s, three of the main economic activities in the region were farming, fruit growing, and cattle raising. Fruit orchards, particularly between Grand Junction and Palisade to the east, remain important to the region's reputation and economy to the present day. Fruits most often grown are peaches, pears, apricots, plums, cherries, and, particularly since the 1980s, grapes for wine. In this semi-arid environment, these orchards thrive from a combination of abundant sunshine and irrigation from a system of canals that divert water from the Colorado River.
Retail sales have been important to the economy for decades (e.g., gasoline, and hunting and fishing related sales), and uranium mining-related activities have also been significant.[20] Grand Junction was home to the Climax Uranium Mill, a now decommissioned mill that provided uranium ore to the US Atomic Energy Commission.
Education and healthcare have been important to the economy of the area, especially since the 1950s, with the rise of Colorado Mesa University and St. Mary's Hospital as leading employers in these fields.
Vast oil shale reserves were known to exist near Parachute, Colorado in the Piceance Basin. The oil embargoes of the 1970s and high gas prices resulted in major financial interest in the region. Exxon purchased rights and used Grand Junction as its seat of operations. The city and the surrounding Grand Valley became prosperous in the 1970s and early 1980s largely because of the effects of oil shale development. The United States, western Colorado in particular, has the largest-known concentration of oil shale in the world (according to the Bureau of Land Management) and holds an estimated 800 gigabarrels of recoverable oil, enough to meet U.S. demand for oil at current levels for 110 years. Known as the "Rock That Burns," the shale can be mined and processed to produce oil. In the past it was significantly more expensive than conventional oil. Sustained prices above $95 per barrel, however, may make extraction economically attractive in the coming years (see Oil Shale Economics). ExxonMobil pulled out of the region because of lower oil prices, which led to economic hardship in the region.
The economic bust, known as "Black Sunday" (May 2, 1982) to the locals, started with a phone call from the president of Exxon to Governor Richard Douglas Lamm, stating that Exxon would cut its losses while retaining mining rights to the (then and currently) uneconomic oil. The economic bust was felt statewide, as Exxon had invested more than 5 billion USD in the state. Colorado historian Tom Noel observed, "I think that was a definite turning point, and it was a reminder that we were a boom-and-bust state...There were parallels to the silver crash of 1893."[21]
By 2008, the economy of Grand Junction appeared to be more diverse and stable than it had been in previous decades. Major contributors to the economy were health care, tourism, agriculture, livestock, and energy mining (gas and oil). Major energy companies had once again invested large amounts of money due to increases in oil and natural gas prices (such as in the years 2005–2008). However, a major drop (in the summer of 2008) of market natural gas prices led to reduced gas well drilling and related capital expenditures in the area, significantly slowing the Grand Junction economy in 2009. Reports given in 2009 suggested that Grand Junction had once again been hard-hit economically, with one report by April 2010 listing the area as having had the largest percentage drop in employment of any "small city" in the entire United States.[22]
By 2008, Grand Junction was being discovered by the "nation's elite business and leisure travelers" as a destination for private jet travel, with nearby Powderhorn Resort and other ski resorts a major attraction.[23]
Top employers[edit]
According to the City's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[24] the top employers are:
#
Employer
Percentage of Total Employees
Number of Employees
1 Mesa County Valley School District 51 3.53% 2554
2 City Market 2.29% 1656
3 St. Mary's Hospital 2.07% 1494
4 State of Colorado 1.35% 973
5 Mesa County 1.33% 962
6 Halliburton 1.18% 855
7 Walmart 1.07% 775
8 City of Grand Junction 0.86% 625
9 VA Medical Center 0.83% 609
10 Community Hospital 0.81% 583
Notable residents[edit]
Doc Holliday, John Henry Holliday Doc Holliday was an infamous member of the Wyatt Earp U.S. Marshalls group.
Owen Aspinall, former Governor of American Samoa, was born in Grand Junction, the son of long-time U.S Representative Wayne N. Aspinall
Charles L. Fletcher, architect and interior designer; owner of Charles Fletcher Design
Ben Garland, NFL player
Vance Johnson, former NFL wide receiver
Aryn Kyle, bestselling author of The God of Animals[25]
Annabelle Craft Moss (1921–2015), an aviator who won the Congressional Gold Medal, and pilot in World War II with the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)
Rick Schroder owned a home outside of Grand Junction during the mid to late 1990s
Michael Strobl, United States Marine, subject of a film (Taking Chance)
Dalton Trumbo (1905–1976), Academy Award-winning screenwriter (Exodus, Spartacus, Roman Holiday, Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo), novelist (Johnny Got His Gun) and member of the Hollywood Ten. His childhood home was located at 1124 Gunnison Avenue in Grand Junction. He is honored with a Dalton Trumbo Free Speech Fountain on the campus of his alma mater, the University of Colorado. His first novel, Eclipse (1934) was set in a fictional town based on an unflattering Grand Junction, and many of the characters are identifiable as community leaders. A statue commemorating the loved and hated Trumbo is on Main Street in front of the Avalon Theater.[26]
Walter Walker, political leader and publisher made Grand Junction his home for many years. For three months in 1932, he served as one of Colorado's US Senators, and was publisher and primary owner of the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel newspaper.
Education[edit]
Museum of Western Colorado Sterling T. Smith Educational Tower
K-12[edit]
The Mesa Valley School District No. 51 (website) provides comprehensive K-12 public education to the Grand Junction area. School District 51 operates five high schools:
Fruita Monument High School
Grand Junction High School
Central High School
Palisade High School
R-5 High School
In addition, the district operates numerous middle, elementary, and other types of schools. District 51 partners with the Western Colorado Community College (WCCC) to operate a vocational school, owned and operated by Colorado Mesa University. The WCCC was formerly named UTEC.
Colleges and universities[edit]
Colorado Mesa University, a public, four-year, liberal arts college, serves as the primary provider of higher education on the Western Slope from its campus in central Grand Junction. This campus has an average enrollment of just under 10,000 students and offers a variety of degrees, including a Masters in Business Administration, Educational Leadership, and ESOL.
Sports[edit]
Grand Junction's Colorado National Monument was home to a stage in the Coors Classic bicycle race known as "The Tour of the Moon" due to the Monument's unique landscape.
Since 1958, the JUCO World Series has been playing at Suplizio Field. Most recently at Suplizio Field, a new professional Minor League Baseball team affiliate of the Colorado Rockies in the Pioneer Baseball League came from Casper and are known as the Grand Junction Rockies.
Adjacent to Suplizio Field, Stocker Stadium is home to the semi-professional Grand Junction Gladiators football team.
Both Suplizio Field and Stocker Stadium also host Colorado Mesa University as well as School District 51 sporting events.
Transportation[edit]
Grand Junction Regional Airport (formerly Walker Field Airport) serves as the major airport in the area. The airport is located in north Grand Junction on Horizon Drive. As of 2011, two-way flights to Denver, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, Dallas, Phoenix, Los Angeles, and Houston were available.
Amtrak station
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Grand Junction Station, operating its California Zephyr daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California, across the bay from San Francisco.
The Grand Valley Transit (GVT) is a regional transit system serving the grand valley. It operates 11 bus routes in the area as well as a "dial-a-ride" service.
Major highways[edit]
Interstate 70 runs from Interstate 15 in Cove Fort, Utah to Baltimore, Maryland, connecting Grand Junction to Denver, Kansas City, St. Louis, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Via Interstate 15, it connects Grand Junction with Las Vegas, Nevada, and southern California.
U.S. Highway 6 serves 14 states, running east-west from Provincetown, Massachusetts, to Bishop, California. In Colorado, it generally runs parallel to Interstate 76 and Interstate 70.
U.S. Highway 50 crosses 12 states, linking Ocean City, Maryland, with Sacramento, California. In Colorado, U.S. 50 connects Grand Junction with Montrose, Gunnison, and Pueblo, and to the west, it travels into the state of Utah.
SH 340 runs east-west, starting at First Street in downtown Grand Junction, traversing the Redlands and ending at U.S. Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 50 in Fruita.
Rankings[edit]
Grand Junction, Colorado has placed number six in Outdoor Life's 2012 list of The 35 Best Hunting and Fishing Towns in the US, number twelve in Forbes 2012 list of The Best Small Places For Business and Careers, number five in The New York Times 2011 list of Where to Live to Avoid a Natural Disaster, and number seven in Tourism-Review.com's 2009 list of the 8 Sunniest Cities in the USA.[27]
Media[edit]
Main article: Media in Grand Junction, Colorado
Radio[edit]
The Grand Junction radio market includes all of Mesa County, Colorado.[28] Six AM radio stations and more than 25 FM stations are licensed to broadcast from the city.[29][30]
Newspapers[edit]
Grand Junction is serviced by one local newspaper, The "Grand Junction Daily Sentinel". The Grand Junction area also receives newspaper influence from sources in the greater Denver front range area.
Television[edit]
Grand Junction has ABC, NBC, and CBS television station affiliates under the call signs of KJCT-TV (Channel 8), KKCO-TV (Channel 11), and KREX-TV (Channel 5) respectively. Also, Grand Junction has a Fox (Channel 4) affiliate station under the call sign of KFQX that receives news from the Denver FOX affiliate, KDVR (Channel 31) at 9 pm. KGBY (Channel 20) broadcasts Cozi TV programming. KRMJ (Channel 18) is the local PBS affiliate, part of the statewide Rocky Mountain PBS network.
Venues[edit]
Grand Junction's downtown is home to the historic Avalon theater as well as Mesa Theater, Quincy Bar and Charlie Dwellingtons which hold the majority of live music, most of which is performed by Brandon Moncy or his company: American Eagle Entertainment.
In popular culture[edit]
In the 2010 short story Vilcabamba, Grand Junction becomes the capital of the United States after an alien invasion.
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
Colorado portal
Outline of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
State of Colorado
Colorado cities and towns
Colorado municipalities
Colorado counties
Mesa County, Colorado
Mesa County Valley School District 51
Colorado metropolitan areas
Grand Junction, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area
Colorado Mesa University
Colorado National Monument
Grand Mesa
Grand River
Grand Valley
Grand Valley Transit
Mesa Mall
Old Spanish National Historic Trail
Western Colorado Botanical Gardens
Western Colorado Community College
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Official records for Grand Junction were kept at downtown from January 1893 to December 1899 and at Grand Junction Regional Airport since January 1900. For more information, see ThreadEx
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Active Colorado Municipalities". State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs. Archived from the original on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. 2004-12-01. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on November 23, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Grand Junction city, Colorado". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grand Junction Area Chamber of Commerce
Jump up ^ Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc. by Frank Wilson Blackmar, Standard Publishing Company, 1912, page 474
Jump up ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Grand Junction city, Colorado". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
Jump up ^ "GRAND JUNCTION WALKER AP, CO". In Climatography of the United States No. 20 1971–2000. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service.
Jump up ^ "Climatological Normals of Grand Junction". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: CO GRAND JUNCTION WALKER FLD". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for GRAND JUNCTION/WALKER FIELD CO 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Averages for Grand Junction, CO – Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Grand Junction city, Colorado". Census Bureau QuickFacts. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ History Timeline. Museum of Western Colorado
Jump up ^ Richard Williamson (October 5, 1999). "Oil shale collapse preserved scenic vistas". Denver Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ The Adams Group, Coloradoeconomy.com, "Today's Economy" Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine.. April 23, 2010. Retrieved 5-12-2010
Jump up ^ "Colo. gets two spots on luxury-travel list". – Denver Business Journal. – January 11, 2008. – Retrieved 2008-01-12
Jump up ^ "City of Grand Junction CAFR". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Jump up ^ http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php?date=2010/01/22
Jump up ^ Nichols, Josh (2007-10-14) Trumbo sculpture unveiled Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine.. Post Independent. Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Facts and Rankings – Grand Junction Economic Partnership". Grand Junction Economic Partnership. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2012 Arbitron Radio Metro Map" (PDF). Arbitron. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
Jump up ^ "AMQ AM Radio Database Query". Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Radio Stations in Grand Junction, Colorado". Radio-Locator. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Junction, Colorado.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Grand Junction.
City of Grand Junction website
CDOT map of the City of Grand Junction
GJSentinel.com/The Daily Sentinel (daily newspaper)
krextv.com/ (local television news)
Community.GJSentinel.com (community forums and letters)
Grand Junction Business Directory (local business directory)
KAFM Community Radio (Non-profit, volunteer radio station)
Grand Junction VCB (Visitor and Convention Information)
"Grand Junction, Colorado". C-SPAN Cities Tour. September 2015.
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