text:
Faneuil Hall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Faneuil Hall
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Faneuil Hall today, east side
Show map of Boston Show map of Massachusetts Show map of the US Show all
Location
Boston, Massachusetts
Coordinates
42°21′36.0″N 71°03′22.5″W / 42.360000°N 71.056250°W / 42.360000; -71.056250Coordinates: 42°21′36.0″N 71°03′22.5″W / 42.360000°N 71.056250°W / 42.360000; -71.056250
Built
1742
Architect
John Smibert; Charles Bulfinch
Architectural style
Georgian
NRHP reference #
66000368[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966
Designated NHL
October 9, 1960
Faneuil Hall (/ˈfænjəl/ or /ˈfænəl/; previously /ˈfʌnəl/), located near the waterfront and today's Government Center, in Boston, Massachusetts, has been a marketplace and a meeting hall since 1743. It was the site of several speeches by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and others encouraging independence from Great Britain. Now it is part of Boston National Historical Park and a well-known stop on the Freedom Trail. It is sometimes referred to as "the Cradle of Liberty".[2]
In 2008, Faneuil Hall was rated number 4 in America's 25 Most Visited Tourist Sites by Forbes Traveler.[3]
Contents
1 History
1.1 18th century
1.2 19th century
1.3 20th and 21st centuries
1.3.1 Faneuil Hall Marketplace
2 Uses
3 Name
4 Building elements
4.1 Bell
4.2 Grasshopper weather vane
4.3 Public art and landscape artwork
5 Timeline of events
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Faneuil Hall in 1789
Faneuil Hall in 1830
18th century[edit]
After the project of erecting a public market house in Boston had been discussed for some years, slave merchant Peter Faneuil offered, at a public meeting in 1740, to build a suitable edifice at his own cost as a gift to the town. There was a strong opposition to market houses, and although a vote of thanks was passed unanimously, his offer was accepted by a majority of only seven. Funded in part by profits from slave trading,[4] the building was begun in Dock Square in September of the same year.[5] It was built by artist John Smibert in 1740–1742 in the style of an English country market, with an open ground floor serving as the market house, and an assembly room above. According to Sean Hennessey, a National Park Service spokesman, some of Boston's early slave auctions took place near Faneuil Hall.[6]
In 1761 the hall was destroyed by fire, nothing but the brick walls remaining. It was rebuilt by the town in 1762. In 1775, during the British occupation of Boston, it was used for a theatre.[5]
19th century[edit]
In 1806, the hall was greatly expanded by Charles Bulfinch, doubling its height and width and adding a third floor. Four new bays were added, to make seven in all; the open arcades were enclosed, and the cupola was moved to the opposite end of the building. Bulfinch applied Doric brick pilasters to the lower two floors, with Ionic pilasters on the third floor. This renovation added galleries around the assembly hall and increased its height. Neighboring Quincy Market was constructed in 1824–1826. Faneuil Hall was entirely rebuilt of noncombustible materials in 1898–1899.
20th and 21st centuries[edit]
On October 9, 1960 the building was designated a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places a number of years later.[7] The ground floor and basement were altered in 1979. The Hall was restored again in 1992 and in 1994 the building was designated a local Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission.
The headquarters of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts is located on the fourth floor and includes an armory, library, offices, quartermaster department, commissary, and military museum with free admission.
Faneuil Hall, photograph dated 1903
Faneuil Hall Marketplace[edit]
Faneuil Hall is one of four historic buildings in a festival marketplace, Faneuil Hall Marketplace, which includes three historic granite buildings called North Market, Quincy Market, and South Market adjacent to the east of Faneuil Hall, and which operates as an indoor/outdoor mall and food eatery. It was designed by Benjamin Thompson and Associates and managed by Ashkenazy Acquisition Corp.; its success in the late 1970s led to the emergence of similar marketplaces in other U.S. cities.
According to Ashkenazy, Faneuil Hall Marketplace had 18 million visitors in 2016.[8]
Uses[edit]
On Friday in early August 1890, one of the first black Republican legislators of Boston, Julius Caesar Chappelle, made a speech "At the Cradle of Liberty" in support of the Federal Elections bill that would help give blacks the right to vote. Chappelle was a Boston legislator from 1883–1886. The Faneuil Hall event was covered by the media in the United States, and the speech by Chappelle appeared in an August 9, 1890 article, "At the Cradle of Liberty, Enthusiastic Endorsement of the Elections Bill, Faneuil Hall again Filled with Liberty Loving Bostonians to Urge a Free Ballot and Fare Count..." on the front page of The New York Age newspaper on Saturday, August 9, 1890.[9]
On November 7, 1979, Faneuil Hall was the site of Sen. Edward M. Kennedy's speech declaring his candidacy for president.[10] On November 3, 2004, Faneuil Hall was the site of Senator John Kerry's concession speech in the 2004 presidential election.
On April 11, 2006, Governor Mitt Romney signed Massachusetts' historic healthcare bill into law with a fife and drum band in Faneuil Hall before 300 ticketed guests.[11]
On October 30, 2013, President Barack Obama delivered a defense of the Affordable Care Act from the same spot where Governor Mitt Romney signed his state's expansion of healthcare in 2006.[12]
On November 2, 2014, Boston Mayor Thomas Menino was laid in state at Faneuil Hall following his death on October 30, 2014.[13]
The Headquarters of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts has been in Faneuil Hall since 1746, currently on the 4th floor.
It is also still used for political debates between Massachusetts candidates as well as political shows, such as The O'Reilly Factor.
Name[edit]
Faneuil is a French name, and is anglicized as /ˈfænəl/ or /ˈfænjəl/.[14] In Colonial times, it may have been pronounced as in funnel. Peter Faneuil's gravestone is marked "P. Funel." However, the inscription was added long after his burial; the stone originally displayed only the Faneuil family crest, not his surname. In his 1825 novel Lionel Lincoln, James Fenimore Cooper used eye dialect for Bostonian characters to indicate that they pronounced it Funnel Hall.[15]
Boston area locals often use the term Faneuil to refer to the entire surrounding neighborhood, particularly as a landmark for its vibrant nightlife.[16]
In August 2017, amid heightened media coverage of the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials, the activist group New Democracy Coalition proposed that Faneuil Hall's name be changed because of Peter Faneuil's participation in the slave trade.[17] In response to the proposal, Boston Mayor Marty Walsh stated: "We are not going the change the name of Faneuil Hall".[18]
Building elements[edit]
The gilded grasshopper weather vane atop Faneuil Hall
Bell[edit]
The bell was repaired in 2007 by spraying the frozen clapper with WD-40 over the course of a week and attaching a rope. Prior to this repair, the last known ringing of the bell with its clapper was at the end of World War II, in 1945, though it had since been rung several times by striking with a mallet.[19]
Samuel Adams, described on the 1880 statue by Anne Whitney at Faneuil Hall as "A Stateman: Incorruptible and Fearless"
Grasshopper weather vane[edit]
The gilded grasshopper weather vane on top of the building was created by Deacon Shem Drowne in 1742. Gilded with a gold leaf, the copper weather vane weighs 80 pounds (36 kg) and is 4 feet (1.2 m) long.[20] The weather vane is believed to be modeled after the grasshopper weather vane on the London Royal Exchange, based upon the family crest of Thomas Gresham.[21][22]
Public art and landscape artwork[edit]
The area between the eastern end of Faneuil Hall and Congress Street is part of Boston National Historical Park. In this landscape is a 19th-century sculpture of Samuel Adams[23] created by sculptor Anne Whitney. The granite plaza surface is marked for 850 feet (260 m) with the approximate location of the early Colonial shoreline c. 1630. The street layout and building plot plan designations from an 1820 map are shown by etched dashed lines and changes from pink granite to grey granite paving slabs. The shoreline marking artwork entitled, A Once and Future Shoreline, is made with etched silhouettes of seaweed, sea grass, fish, shells and other materials found along a high tide line.[24]
Art within Faneuil Hall includes many paintings and sculpture busts of Revolutionary War activists, pre Civil War abolitionists, and political leaders.[25]
Timeline of events[edit]
1761 – Hall burned down
1762 – Hall rebuilt
1767 – October 28: Petition to boycott imported goods signed.[26]
1768 – Faneuil Hall is briefly used to quarter the newly arrived 14th Regiment during the occupation of Boston.
1773 – December 3: Meeting about tea lately arrived on the ship Eleanor; Capt. James Bruce, Samuel Adams, Jonathan Williams, and others present[27]
1806 – Building remodelled and expanded by Charles Bulfinch
August 2, 1826 – Daniel Webster eulogizes John Adams and Thomas Jefferson[28]
July 11, 1831 – Timothy Fuller speaks "at the request of the Suffolk Anti-Masonic Committee"[29]
September 6, 1834 – Edward Everett eulogizes Lafayette[30]
1837
Wendell Phillips speaks[31]
1st Exhibition and Fair of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association[32]
1839 – Peleg Sprague stumps for candidate William Henry Harrison[33]
July 4, 1843 – Charles Francis Adams, Sr. speaks[34]
April 15, 1848 – Edward Everett eulogizes John Quincy Adams[35]
May 26, 1854 – After arrest of Anthony Burns, public meeting "to secure justice for a man claimed as a slave by a Virginia kidnapper, and imprisoned in Boston Court House, in defiance of the laws of Massachusetts."[36]
April 18, 1863 – Andrew Jackson Hamilton "of Texas" speaks "at the war meeting"[37]
January 9, 1865 – Edward Everett speaks on "the relief of the suffering people of Savannah"[38]
June 7, 1876 – Meeting "in favor of public parks;" Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. and others speak[39]
August 1, 1878 – "Indignation meeting ... to protest against the injury done to the freedom of the press by the conviction and imprisonment of Ezra H. Heywood"[40]
October 29, 1887 – Eben Norton Horsford speaks on occasion of the unveiling of Anne Whitney's Leif Ericson statue (installed on Commonwealth Ave.)[41]
August 1890 – Julius Caesar Chappelle, Republican legislator of Boston, MA (1883–1886), one of the first black legislators in the United States, makes a speech (endorsing the Federal Elections bill that would help give blacks the right to vote) that was printed in The New York Age newspaper's front-page article, "At the Cradle of Liberty" on August 9, 1890.[42]
June 15, 1898 – James E. McCormick published a letter in the Boston Evening Transcript on June 2 which led to a June 15 meeting at Faneuil Hall, thus the founding of the American Anti-Imperialist League in opposition to the Spanish–American War as well the subsequent Filipino-American War. To note one of the league's more familiar names, Mark Twain served as vice-president from 1901 to his passing in 1910.
1903
March 4 – Frederic J. Stimson debates James F. Carey[43]
March 19 – Protest "against the suppression of truth about the Philippines"[44]
May 1909 – 32nd Grand Division (Order of Railroad Conductors)ORC Convention
1974 – Weathervane stolen, then returned[45]
1992 – Building restored
2012 – Lower Level and First Level completely renovated by Eastern General Contractors, Inc. of Springfield, MA.
August 2017 – Kevin Peterson suggest changing the name of Faneuil Hall due to connections to slavery and propose to rename after Crispus Attucks.[46]
Gallery[edit]
View of Faneuil Hall from the harbor, early 19th century
View of Faneuil Hall from the harbor; by Abel Bowen, 1838
Advertisement for William Hunter, seller of butter, cheese, lard, eggs, 1849
Fourth of July festivities at Faneuil Hall; Gleason's Pictorial, 1853
Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, 19th century
View of Faneuil Hall from Dock Square, 19th century
Firemen washing the grasshopper, 19th century
Faneuil Hall and Congress St., 1973
Faneuil Hall and its newer neighbors, 2006
The Balcony in the Great Hall, Faneuil Hall, Boston MA, 2007
View from the back of the Great Hall, Faneuil Hall, Boston MA, 2008
The Great Hall
Samuel Adams and Faneuil Hall
Faneuil Hall sign
See also[edit]
Dock Square (Boston, Massachusetts)
Harborplace
South Street Seaport
Boston Landmarks Commission
List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Faneuil Hall Boston, The Cradle Of Liberty". www.celebrateboston.com. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Baedeker, Rob (2008-05-05). "America's 25 Most Visited Tourist Sites". Forbes Traveler. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Was Faneuil Hall Built with Slave Money?". 13 March 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Faneuil, Peter". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Jump up ^ "Unearthing Boston?s Past – The Daily Free Press". dailyfreepress.com. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/history/nhl/designations/Lists/MA01.pdf
Jump up ^ Logan, Tim (2017-06-08). "Faneuil Hall Marketplace aims to draw more locals". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ "At the Cradle of Liberty," The New York Age, front page, Saturday August 9th, 1890.
Jump up ^ "PBS Carter Administration Timelilne". Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Belluck, Pam; Zezima, Katie (April 13, 2006). "Massachusetts Legislation on Insurance Becomes Law". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "President Obama heading to Boston on Wednesday for health care speech - The Boston Globe". Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thousands say goodbye to Menino - The Boston Globe". Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ That is, rhyming with panel or Daniel.
Jump up ^ Cooper, James Fenimore; Cooper, James Fenimore. "Lionel Lincoln : or, The leaguer of Boston". New York : Lovell, Coryell. Retrieved 30 May 2018 – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ Zander, Amy (16 August 2016). "Faneuil Hall: Everything you need to know". Maverick Empire. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Gere, Michelle (17 August 2017). "Group calls for Faneuil Hall to be renamed". Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Marty Walsh has a confession to make". bostonglobe.com. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Viser, Matt (2007-05-04). "It tolls for the city". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Grasshopper Weather Vane on Faneuil Hall Is Stolen". New York Times. January 6, 1974. p. 54. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Faneuil Hall Grasshopper". Celebrate Boston. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
Jump up ^ Unsworth, Tania (February 26, 1996). "Playing Tourist At Home". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Adams Statue at Faneuil Hall Boston". www.celebrateboston.com. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "CultureNOW - A Once and Future Shoreline (orignal shoreline c. 1630): Ross Miller, Boston Art Commission and Boston Landmarks Commission". culturenow.org. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Art in Faneuil Hall, Boston National Historical Park Brochure" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Houghton Library Blog". Harvard University. 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Snow. History of Boston. 1828; p.293-294
Jump up ^ Daniel Webster. A discourse in commemoration of the lives and services of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, delivered in Faneuil Hall, Boston, August 2, 1826. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, and Company, 1826
Jump up ^ Timothy Fuller. An oration, delivered at Faneuil Hall, Boston, July 11, 1831: at the request of the Suffolk Anti-Masonic Committee. 1831
Jump up ^ Edward Everett. Eulogy on Lafayette: delivered in Faneuil hall, at the request of the young men of Boston, September 6, 1834. Boston: N. Hale, 1834
Jump up ^ The freedom speech of Wendell Phillips: Faneuil Hall, December 8, 1837, with descriptive letters from eye witnesses. Boston: Wendell Phillips Hall Association, 1890
Jump up ^ First Exhibition and Fair of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association. 1837
Jump up ^ Remarks of the Hon. Peleg Sprague at Faneuil Hall: before the citizens of Boston and its vicinity, upon the character and services of Gen. William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the Whig candidate for the presidency of the United States. Boston: Whig Republican Assoc., 1839
Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams. An oration, delivered before the City Council and citizens of Boston, in Faneuil Hall, on the sixty-seventh anniversary of the Declaration of Independence: July 4th, 1843. Boston: J. H. Eastburn, City printer, 1843
Jump up ^ Edward Everett. A eulogy on the life and character of John Quincy Adams: delivered at the request of the legislature of Massachusetts, in Faneuil hall, April 15, 1848. Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, state printers, 1848
Jump up ^ Boston slave riot, and trial of Anthony Burns: Containing the report of the Faneuil Hall meeting, the murder of Batchelder, Theodore Parker's Lesson for the day, speeches of counsel on both sides, corrected by themselves, a verbatim report of Judge Loring's decision, and detailed account of the embarkation. Boston: Fetridge and Co., 1854
Jump up ^ Speech of Gen. A. J. Hamilton, of Texas, at the war meeting at Faneuil hall, Saturday evening, April 18, 1863. Boston: Press of T. R. Marvin & son, 1863
Jump up ^ Savannah and Boston: account of the supplies sent to Savannah ; with the Last appeal of Edward Everett in Faneuil Hall ; The letter to the mayor of Savannah ; and, The proceedings of the citizens, and letter of the mayor of Savannah. Boston: J. Wilson, 1865
Jump up ^ Parks for the people: Proceedings of a public meeting held at Faneuil hall, June 7, 1876. Boston: Franklin press: Rand, Avery, & co., 1876
Jump up ^ Proceedings of the indignation meeting held in Faneuil Hall, Thursday evening, August 1, 1878: to protest against the injury done to the freedom of the press by the conviction and imprisonment of Ezra H. Heywood. B.R. Tucker, 1878
Jump up ^ Eben Norton Horsford. Discovery of America by Northmen: address at the unveiling of the statue of Leif Eriksen, delivered in Faneuil Hall, Oct. 29, 1887. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1888
Jump up ^ "At the Cradle of Liberty," The New York Age, front page, Saturday, August 9, 1890.
Jump up ^ Socialism: a speech delivered in Faneuil hall, February 7th, 1903, by Frederic J. Stimson ... in joint debate with James F. Carey. Boston: The Old Corner Book Store, Inc., 1903
Jump up ^ Mass meetings of protest against the suppression of truth about the Philippines, Faneuil hall, Thursday, March 19, 1903.
Jump up ^ "Grasshopper Weather Vane on Faneuil Hall Is Stolen". New York Times. January 6, 1974. p. 54.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Carl (2017-08-16). "Leader Of Boston Group Calls To Rename Faneuil Hall". CBS Boston. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Further reading
Abram English Brown (1901) Faneuil hall and Faneuil Hall Market: or, Peter Faneuil and His Gift. Boston: Lee and Shepard.
Burgon, John William (1839) Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham. London: Robert Jennings
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faneuil Hall.
Faneuil Hall Marketplace
Faneuil Hall (City of Boston)
Faneuil Hall (National Park Service)
(Official website of the Freedom Trail)
Suffolk County listings (National Register of Historic Places)
Boston Classical Orchestra
Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress. Includes 1937 photos.
SAH Archipedia Building Entry
Faneuil Hall Study Report
Preceded by
Site of the Boston Massacre Locations along Boston's Freedom Trail
Faneuil Hall Succeeded by
Paul Revere House
show
Articles and topics related to Faneuil Hall
show
v
t
e
City of Boston
Topics
Accent
Annual events
Architecture
Arts
Bibliography
Culture
Demographics
Diplomatic missions
Economy
Education
Colleges and universities
Geography
Historic Places
Northern
Southern
History
Timeline
Media
Nicknames
People
Politics
Port
Public Library
Public Schools
Sister cities
Skyscrapers
Songs
Transportation
Attractions
Boston Common
Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
Boston Irish Famine Memorial
Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum
Bunker Hill Monument
Faneuil Hall
Fenway Park
Franklin Park Zoo
Freedom Trail
Hynes Convention Center
Institute of Contemporary Art
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Museum of Fine Arts
Museum of Science
New England Aquarium
Old North Church
Paul Revere House
Symphony Hall
TD Garden
USS Constitution
Museum
Business
districts
Back Bay
Downtown
Fenway–Kenmore
Financial District
Government Center
Innovation district
North End
Route 128 corridor
South End
List of companies in Boston
Government
City council
City Hall
Elections
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
FinComm
Fire
Housing (BHA)
Mayor
Police
Boston Planning and Development Agency
Neighborhoods
Allston–Brighton
Allston
Brighton
Back Bay
Bay Village
Beacon Hill
Downtown Boston
Financial District
Government Center
Charlestown
Chinatown
Dorchester
Columbia Point
South Bay
East Boston
Fenway–Kenmore
Harbor Islands
Hyde Park
Readville
Jamaica Plain
Forest Hills
Leather District
Mattapan
Mission Hill
Longwood
North End
Roslindale
Roxbury
Fort Hill
South Boston
Fort Point
South End
West End
West Roxbury
Chestnut Hill
Sports
Boston Bruins
Boston Celtics
Boston Red Sox
New England Patriots
New England Revolution
Suffolk County
Boston-Cambridge Metro
Massachusetts
United States
show
v
t
e
Boston African American community prior to the Civil War
Boston African American National Historic Site
Black Heritage Trail
Slavery in the colonial United States
Prominent individuals
Macon Bolling Allen (lawyer, judge)
Crispus Attucks (killed during Boston Massacre)
Leonard Black (minister, slave memoirist)
John P. Coburn (abolitionist, soldier)
Ellen and William Craft (slave memoirists, abolitionists)
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (physician)
Lucy Lew Dalton (abolitionist)
Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)
Hosea Easton (abolitionist, minister)
Moses Grandy (abolitionist, slave memoirist)
Leonard Grimes (abolitionist, minister)
Primus Hall (abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)
Prince Hall (freemason, abolitionist)
Lewis Hayden (abolitionist, politician)
John T. Hilton (abolitionist, author, businessman)
Thomas James (minister)
Barzillai Lew (Rev. War soldier)
George Latimer (escaped slave)
Walker Lewis (abolitionist)
George Middleton (1735–1815) (Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)
Robert Morris (lawyer, abolitionist, judge)
William Cooper Nell (abolitionist, writer)
Susan Paul (teacher, abolitionist, author)
Thomas Paul (minister)
John Swett Rock (dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)
John Brown Russwurm (college grad., teacher)
John J. Smith (abolitionist, politician)
Maria W. Stewart (abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)
Baron Stow (minister)
Samuel Snowden (minister, abolitionist)
Edward G. Walker (abolitionist, lawyer, politician)
David Walker (abolitionist)
Phillis Wheatley (poet, author)
Relevant topics and
associated individuals
Black nationalism
Back-to-Africa movement (See Paul Cuffee - William Gwinn)
Legal cases
Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857 Supreme Court decision
Freedom suits of 1781 (See Elizabeth Freeman - Quock Walker)
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (See: Anthony Burns - Shadrach Minkins - Thomas Sims)
History of slavery
Charles Apthorp
Bunch-of-Grapes
Merchants Row
Organizations
Abolitionism
Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
Massachusetts General Colored Association (abolitionism, equality)
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
Prince Hall Freemasonry
Education
Home of Primus Hall (1798-1806)
African Meeting House (1806-1835)
Abiel Smith School (1835-?)
Religion
African Meeting House
Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
Rowe Street Baptist Church
Twelfth Baptist Church
Other
Bucks of America (Mass. Rev. War soldiers)
Prince Hall Freemasonry
Historic sites
or neighborhoods
Abiel Smith School
African Meeting House and Museum
Black Beacon Hill (Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))
Black Heritage Trail
Boston African American National Historic Site
Charles Street Meeting House
John Coburn House
Lewis and Harriet Hayden House
George Middleton House
William C. Nell House
Phillips School
John J. Smith House
Influential publications
Freedom's Journal
The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper (white owned))
Walker's Appeal
Related
Copp's Hill Burying Ground
show
v
t
e
Boston Landmarks
African Meeting House
Boston Athenæum
Boston Children's Museum
Boston Common
Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
Boston Navy Yard
Boston Public Garden
Boston Public Library
Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum
Citi Performing Arts Center
Downtown Crossing
Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
Faneuil Hall
Fenway Park
Franklin Park Zoo
Freedom Trail
Harvard University
Institute of Contemporary Art
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts State House
Museum of Fine Arts
Museum of Science
New England Aquarium
New England Holocaust Memorial
Newbury Street
Old North Church
Paul Revere House
Prudential Center
Samuel Adams (Whitney)
South Station
Symphony Hall
TD Garden
Trinity Church
USS Constitution
Museum
show
v
t
e
U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Topics
Contributing property
Keeper of the Register
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
National Park Service
Property types
Lists by county
Barnstable
Berkshire
Bristol
Dukes
Essex
Franklin
Hampden
Hampshire
Middlesex
Nantucket
Norfolk
Plymouth
Suffolk
Worcester (northern)
Lists by city
Barnstable County
Barnstable
Harwich
Bristol County
Fall River
New Bedford
Taunton
Essex County
Andover
Gloucester
Ipswich
Lawrence
Lynn
Methuen
Salem
Hampden County
Springfield
Middlesex County
Arlington
Cambridge
Concord
Framingham
Lexington
Lowell
Marlborough
Medford
Newton
Reading
Sherborn
Somerville
Stoneham
Wakefield
Waltham
Weston
Winchester
Norfolk County
Brookline
Milton
Quincy
Suffolk County
Boston
northern
southern
Worcester County
Southbridge
Uxbridge
Worcester
eastern
northwestern
southwestern
Other lists
Bridges
Cape Cod National Seashore
National Historic Landmarks
Boston
Category
NRHP portal
Massachusetts portal
show
v
t
e
Samuel Adams
4th Governor of Massachusetts, 1794—1797
Second Continental Congress, 1775—1781
First Continental Congress, 1774
Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1766—1774
United States
founding events
The Independent Advertiser
Boston Caucus
1764 Sugar Act response
protests
1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter
Probable author, 1768–1769 "Journal of Occurrences"
Arranged Christopher Seider funeral, 1770
Co-author, 1772 Boston Pamphlet
Boston Committee of Correspondence, 1772
Hutchinson Letters Affair
Co-inspired and publicized, Boston Tea Party
Signed, 1774 Continental Association
Massachusetts Provincial Congress
Co-author, 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada
Signed, United States Declaration of Independence
Signed, Articles of Confederation
1788 Massachusetts Compromise
Life
Early life
Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
Sons of Liberty
1789 U.S. House election
1796 presidential election
Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule
Granary Burying Ground
Related
American republicanism
Boston Gazette
American Revolution
patriots
Founding Father
Faneuil Hall
Old South Meeting House
Legacy
Samuel Adams (Whitney)
Adams, Massachusetts
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
Family
Samuel Adams Sr. (father)
John Adams (second cousin)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faneuil_Hall&oldid=855130677"
Categories:
Boston National Historical Park
Buildings and structures in Boston
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Charles Bulfinch buildings
Commercial buildings completed in 1762
Market houses
National Historic Landmarks in Boston
Shopping malls in Massachusetts
1743 establishments in Massachusetts
Landmarks in Boston
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Appleton's Cyclopedia
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Русский
Simple English
中文
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 August 2018, at 04:35 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: tr

values: width:100%; font-size:105%; font-weight:bold; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5

attrs: href title

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #A8EDEF;

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; background: #87CEEB

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Faneuil Hall is located in Massachusetts

values: display: none; width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto width:250px;padding:0

values:
/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg
image
Faneuil Hall is located in the US

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Government Center, Boston, Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr.
mw-redirect
James Otis, Jr.

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/John_Smibert
mw-redirect
John Smibert

values: Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_and_Associates
mw-redirect
Benjamin Thompson and Associates

values: United States presidential election, 2004

values:
/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act
mw-redirect
Affordable Care Act

values: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Adams_(Whitney_statues)
mw-redirect
Samuel Adams (Whitney statues)

values:
/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(London)
mw-redirect
Royal Exchange (London)

values: Edit section: Public art and landscape artwork

values: Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association

values: United States presidential election, 1840

values:
/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Charles Francis Adams, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Leif_Ericson
mw-redirect
Leif Ericson

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue,_Boston
mw-redirect
Commonwealth Avenue, Boston

values:
/wiki/Filipino-American_War
mw-redirect
Filipino-American War

values: Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion

values: List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston

values: s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Faneuil, Peter

values: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.faneuilhallmarketplace.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/City_of_Boston
mw-redirect
City of Boston

values:
/wiki/Demographics_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Demographics of Boston

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Economy of Boston

values:
/wiki/Education_in_Boston
mw-redirect
Education in Boston

values: List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Geography of Boston

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Politics of Boston

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

values:
/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Boston
mw-redirect
List of companies in Boston

values: Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War

values: Template talk:Boston African American community pre-Civil War

values: Boston African American National Historic Site

values: Massachusetts General Colored Association

values: Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template:National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

values: Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts

values: History of the National Register of Historic Places

values: National Register of Historic Places property types

values: Map of the United States with Massachusetts highlighted

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Bristol County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Dukes County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampshire County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Nantucket County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Plymouth County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Worcester County, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Harwich, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in New Bedford, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Taunton, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Andover, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Ipswich, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Lawrence, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynn, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Methuen, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Springfield, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Concord, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Framingham, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Lexington, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Lowell, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Marlborough, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Medford, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Reading, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Sherborn, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Somerville, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Stoneham, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Wakefield, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Waltham, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Weston, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Winchester, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Milton, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Southbridge, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Uxbridge, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in eastern Worcester, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in northwestern Worcester, Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in southwestern Worcester, Massachusetts

values: List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Cape Cod National Seashore

values: List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts

values: Category:National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

values: Portal:National Register of Historic Places

values: Template talk:Samuel Adams (page does not exist)

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1789

values: United States presidential election, 1796

values: Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Boston National Historical Park

values: Category:Buildings and structures in Boston

values: Category:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

values: Category:Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

values: Category:Commercial buildings completed in 1762

values: Category:National Historic Landmarks in Boston

values: Category:Shopping malls in Massachusetts

values: Category:1743 establishments in Massachusetts

values: Category:National Register of Historic Places in Boston

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Appleton's Cyclopedia

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Faneuil_Hall
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: فانيل هول – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: فنل هال – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ファニエル・ホール – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Фанел-Холл – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Faneuil_Hall rootpage-Faneuil_Hall skin-vector action-view


text:
Chicago blues
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Chicago blues
Stylistic origins
Delta blues
instrumentation
Cultural origins
Early 20th century, Chicago, United States
Typical instruments
Electric guitar
harmonica
drums
piano
bass guitar
upright bass
saxophone
Subgenres
Electric blues
Fusion genres
Rock and roll
rock music
rhythm and blues
Maxwell Street blues performers and onlookers circa 1950
The Chicago blues is a form of blues music indigenous to Chicago, Illinois. Chicago blues is an electric blues style of urban blues. Urban blues evolved from classic blues following the Great Migration, or the Great Northern Drive, which was both forced and voluntary at times, of African Americans from the southern United States to the industrial cities of the north, such as Chicago. Muddy Waters directly joined that migration, like many others, such as in Florida, avoiding the more harshly southern Jim Crow laws. Bruce Iglauer, founder of Alligator Records stated that, "Chicago blues is the music of the industrial city, and has an industrial sense about it." Additionally, recognizing the shift in blues, Chicago blues singer and guitarist Kevin Moore expressed the blues transition stating, "You have to put some new life into it, new blood, new perspectives. You can't keep talking about mules, workin' on the levee."[1] Chicago blues was heavily influenced by Mississippi bluesmen who traveled to Chicago in the early 1940s. The development of blues, up to Chicago blues, is arguably as follows: Country blues, to city blues, to urban blues. Chicago blues is based on the sound of the electric guitar and the harmonica, with the harmonica played through a PA system or guitar amplifier.
Urban blues started in Chicago and St. Louis, as music created by part-time musicians playing as street musicians, at rent parties, and other events in the black community. For example, bottleneck guitarist Kokomo Arnold was a steelworker and had a moonshine business that was far more profitable than his music.[2]
An early incubator for Chicago blues was the open-air market on Maxwell Street, one of the largest open-air markets in the nation. Residents of the black community would frequent it to buy and sell just about anything. It was a natural location for blues musicians to perform, earn tips, and jam with other musicians. The standard path for blues musicians was to start out as street musicians and at house parties and eventually make their way to blues clubs. The first blues clubs in Chicago were mostly in predominantly black neighborhoods on the South Side, with a few in the smaller black neighborhoods on the West Side. New trends in technology, chaotic streets and bars adding drums to an electric mix, gave birth to a new club culture. One of the most famous was Ruby Lee Gatewood's Tavern, known by patrons as "The Gates". During the 1930s virtually every big-name artist played there.[3]
What drove the blues to international influence was the promotion of record companies such as Paramount Records, RCA Victor, and Columbia Records.[4] Through such record companies Chicago blues became a commercial enterprise. The new style of music eventually reached Europe and the United Kingdom. In the 1960s, young British musicians were highly influenced by Chicago blues resulting in the British blues movement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Notable musicians
2 Notable record labels
2.1 Bluebird Records
2.2 Chess Records
2.3 Cobra Records
2.4 Delmark
2.5 Alligator Records
2.6 Earwig Music Company
3 Influence of Chicago blues
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Notable musicians[edit]
Guitarist Buddy Guy performing at the Bonnaroo Music Festival in 2006.
See also: List of Chicago blues musicians
Well-known Chicago blues players include singer/songwriters such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf,[5] Willie Dixon, Earl Hooker, Slim Harpo and Koko Taylor; guitar players such as Freddie King, Otis Rush, Jimmy Nick, Luther Allison, Magic Sam, Magic Slim, Linsey Alexander, Syl Johnson, Jimmy Rogers, Buddy Guy, Robert Lockwood Jr., Bo Diddley, Mike Bloomfield, Mike Wheeler, Homesick James, Johnny Shines, Johnny Young, Floyd Jones, Eddy Clearwater, Mighty Joe Young, Phil Guy, Lil' Ed Williams, J. B. Hutto, and Elmore James; harmonica players such as Big Walter Horton, Little Walter, Billy Boy Arnold, Charlie Musselwhite, Paul Butterfield, Junior Wells, Corky Siegel, Billy Branch, James Cotton,[6] Jimmy Reed,[5] Sugar Blue, and Sonny Terry; keyboardists such as Otis Spann, Lafayette Leake, Blind John Davis, and Erwin Helfer,[7] Eddie Ware, Steve Walsh
Notable record labels[edit]
Bluebird Records[edit]
Main article: Bluebird Records
Bluebird was an important Chicago blues label, notably due to the work of A&R/producer Lester Melrose, who created what is known as the "Bluebird Sound.". Many blues artists recorded for Bluebird, if only briefly, while Arthur Crudup, Lil Green and Tommy McClennan spent virtually their entire career with the label.[8]
Chess Records[edit]
Main article: Chess Records
Chess Records, run by brothers Leonard and Phil Chess, was probably the most famous of the Chicago record labels to feature or promote the blues.[5] Musician and critic Cub Koda even described Chess Records as "America's greatest blues label." It was active from 1950–1969 when the brothers sold the company. Most solo artists also did double duty as session musicians on the records of others.
Checker Records was a subsidiary of Chess that recorded Chicago blues musicians such as Bo Diddley, J. B. Lenoir, Robert Lockwood Jr. and Sonny Boy Williamson II.[9]
Cobra Records[edit]
Main article: Cobra Records
Cobra Records (together with its Artistic subsidiary) was an independent record label that operated from 1956 to 1959. The label was important for launching the recording careers of Chicago blues artists Otis Rush, Magic Sam, and Buddy Guy. It signaled the emergence of a distinctive West Side Sound.
Cobra Records was started on Chicago's West Side in 1956 by Eli Toscano (a record store and television-repair shop owner). When his previous record label, Abco Records, created in early 1956 alongside Record man Joe Brown, failed to generate much interest, Toscano approached Willie Dixon about working for Cobra. Dissatisfied with his arrangement with Chess Records, Dixon joined Cobra. There he served in many capacities, including talent scout, producer, arranger, songwriter, and bassist, as well as guiding its artistic vision.
Delmark[edit]
Main article: Delmark
Delmark was formed when Bob Koester moved his Delmar label from St. Louis to Chicago in 1958 and remains active today. They are still known for jazz and blues. Artists recorded by the label include Roscoe Mitchell, Junior Wells, Robert Lockwood Jr. and Sonny Boy Williamson II.[10]
Alligator Records[edit]
Main article: Alligator Records
Bruce Iglauer, a former employee of Delmark, formed Alligator Records in 1971. Alligator Records remains a premier blues label to this day. They have recorded Chicago blues musicians such as Koko Taylor, Buddy Guy, Otis Rush, Hound Dog Taylor and Eddy "The Chief" Clearwater.[11]
Earwig Music Company[edit]
Main article: Earwig Music Company
Earwig Music Company is an American blues and jazz independent record label, founded by Michael Frank in October 1978 in Chicago. Since its founding, Earwig Music has issued 66 albums, fifty-one produced by Frank, among them the last recordings of Louis Myers, Maxwell Street Jimmy Davis, and Willie Johnson.
Influence of Chicago blues[edit]
Chicago blues was one of the most significant influences on modern rock music. Chuck Berry originally signed with Chess records—one of the most significant Chicago blues record labels. Berry met and was influenced by Muddy Waters in Chicago and Waters suggested he audition for Chess. Willie Dixon and other blues musicians played on some of Berry's early records.[12] Although The Beatles were not significantly influenced by Chicago blues music, later British invasion bands and artists such as The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, and Rory Gallagher[13] were all influenced by Chicago blues musicians such as Big Bill Broonzy, Willie Dixon,[14] Muddy Waters,[15] and Howlin' Wolf.[16]
See also[edit]
Chicago record labels
Chicago Blues Festival
Maxwell Street
Music of Chicago
References[edit]
Jump up ^ William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp. 1–3, accessed 19 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Oakley, Giles (1976). The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues. New York: Taplinger. p. 177. ISBN 0800821890.
Jump up ^ Rowe, Mike (1973). Chicago Blues: The City and the Music. London: Da Capo Press. pp. 40–49. ISBN 0-306-80145-0.
Jump up ^ Oakley, Giles (1976). The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues. New York: Taplinger. p. 172. ISBN 0800821890.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 4 - The Tribal Drum: The rise of rhythm and blues. [Part 2]" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
Jump up ^ Kerzner, Barry (2013-06-06). "James Cotton's "Cotton Mouth Man" Delivers". Chicagoblues.com. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Blues – Artists". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bluebird Records | Big Road Blues". Sundayblues.org. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
Jump up ^ Rowe, Mike (1873). Chicago Blues the City and the Music. London: Da Capo Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-306-80145-0.
Jump up ^ Sandra, Pointer-Jones. "Delmark Records History". Blues Revue Quarterly. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Howard Reich (2011-10-11). "Alligator Records celebrates 40th anniversary at SPACE - Chicago Tribune". Articles.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Chuck Berry". history-of-rock.com. Retrieved 15 December 2013. While attending a nightclub in Chicago in 1955, Berry met his idol Muddy Waters and asked Waters where he might be able to cut a record. Waters directed him to Leonard Chess of Chess Records
Jump up ^ Connaughton, Marcus (2012). Rory Gallagher His Life and Times. The Collins Press. ISBN 9781848891531.
Jump up ^ Inaba, Mitsutoshi. Willie Dixon's Work on the Blues: From the Early Recordings through the Chess and Cobra Years, 1940--1971. Diss. University of Oregon, 2005. N.p.: UMI, 2005. Print.
Jump up ^ Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts. “Muddy (né McKinley Morganfield) Waters.” The Black Perspective in Music Vol. 11. No. 2 (1983): 230-31. Print.
Jump up ^ “Howlin’ Wolf.” Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 4th ed. 2006. Print.
Further reading[edit]
Keil, Charles (1991) [1966]. Urban Blues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 255 + ix + 8pp of plates. ISBN 0-226-42960-1.
Oakley, Giles (1976). The Devil's Music: a History of the Blues. London: BBC. p. 287. ISBN 0-563-16012-8.
External links[edit]
ChicagoBlues.com
Chicago blues example and lesson
hide
v
t
e
Blues
Musical form
Blue note
Blues scale
Call and response
Eight-bar blues
Musical improvisation
Shuffles
Traditional blues verses
Twelve-bar blues
Walking bass
Origins
Origins
Spirituals
Work songs
American folk music
Coon songs
Typical
instruments
Acoustic guitar
Electric guitar
Resonator guitar
Slide guitar
Harmonica
Blues harp
Piano
Bass guitar
Upright bass
Washtub bass
Drums
Regional
styles
British blues
Canadian blues
Chicago blues
Delta blues
Detroit blues
Hill country blues
Kansas City blues
Louisiana blues
New Orleans blues
Memphis blues
Piedmont blues
St. Louis blues
Swamp blues
Texas blues
West Coast blues
Subgenres
Boogie-woogie
Classic female blues
Country blues
Electric blues
Fife and drum blues
Jump blues
Piano blues
Fusion genres
Blues rock
Gospel blues
Punk blues
Rhythm and blues
Soul blues
Related styles
Blue grass
Hokum
Jazz
Jug band
Ragtime
Rock and roll
Lists
Blues genres
Blues musicians
Blues musicians by genre
Blues standards
Blues festivals
Book
Category
Portal
Blues songs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_blues&oldid=829461910"
Categories:
Music of Chicago
Blues music genres
Music scenes
Chicago blues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Frysk
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
15 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 March 2018, at 20:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0.3em; background-color: #0000E1; color:white;

value: li

value: ul

value: td

values:
/wiki/Upright_bass
mw-redirect
Upright bass

values: text-align:center;background-color: #0000E1; color: white;

values:
/wiki/African_American
mw-redirect
African American

values:
/wiki/Street_musicians
mw-redirect
Street musicians

values: Edit section: Influence of Chicago blues

values:
/wiki/British_invasion
mw-redirect
British invasion

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.chicagoblues.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://12bar.de/hyelaw.php

values:
/wiki/Shuffle_note
mw-redirect
Shuffle note

values:
/wiki/Walking_bass
mw-redirect
Walking bass

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Chicago_blues
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: Чикагски блус – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: شیکاگو بلوز – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values: 시카고 블루스 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: הבלוז של שיקגו – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: シカゴ・ブルース – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Чикагский блюз – Russian

values: Чикаго блуз – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chicago_blues rootpage-Chicago_blues skin-vector action-view


text:
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was passed in 1971):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 (when almost all states had their lowest age limit):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 18
show
Detail on dual age limits
Both age limits apply for following states:
Washington, D.C.: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Illinois: The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Kansas: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.
Maryland: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
North Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Oklahoma: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.
South Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine and 21 for liquor.
South Dakota: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.
Virginia: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 (one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. This history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.
From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century
Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6] 21 1975:
Lowered to 19[7] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
Alaska
? 21[7] 1970:
Lowered to 19[9] 1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11] 21
Arizona
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7] 21 21[14] 21[8] 21
California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18] 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
Colorado
None[11] 1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7] 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1987[8] 21
Connecticut
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[20] 1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21] 21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]
Delaware
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 20[13] 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
District of Columbia
? 18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24] 18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor 1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26] 21
Florida
? 18[7] 1980:
19[27] 1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[27] 21[28]
Georgia
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[12] 1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Hawaii
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18[13] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Idaho
? 20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31] 1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32] 1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33] 21
Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34] pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[35] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36] 1980:
Raised to 21[37] 21
Indiana
? Post-1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Iowa
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38] 1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38] 21
Kansas
? 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
Kentucky
? 1938:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Louisiana
? As of 1948:
18[13] 18[19] 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41] 21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)
Maine
? 21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Maryland
? 21[7] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45] 1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[8][46] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
Massachusetts
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49] Raised to 21 in 1985[8] 21
Michigan
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50] 1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21
Minnesota
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering. 1986:
Raised to 21[54] 21
Mississippi
? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1986[8] 21
Missouri
? 1945:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Montana
? 21[11] 1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19 1987:
Raised to 21[8][58] 21
Nebraska
? 21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 19[59] 1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Nevada
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
New Hampshire
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20 1985:
Raised to 21[8][21] 21
New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63] 21[citation needed] 1973:
Lowered to 18[12] 1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64] 21
New Mexico
? 1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
New York
21 18[65] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67] 21
North Carolina
? 18[11] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
North Dakota
? 1936:
21[7] 21[14] 21[68] 21
Ohio
? 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69] 18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14] 21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma
? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71] 1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]
Last state to lower the drinking age. 1983:
Raised to 21[11][73] 21
Oregon
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Pennsylvania
? 1935:
21[7] 21 21[8][52] 21
Rhode Island
? 21[11] 1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74] 1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21] 21
South Carolina
21[75] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
South Dakota
? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76] 1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13] 1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58] 21
Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77] 21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7] 1979:
Raised to 19 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79] 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 18[80] 1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
Utah
? 1935:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Vermont
? 21[7] 1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83] 1986:
Raised to 21[21][83] 21
Virginia
? 21[84] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84] 1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84] 21
Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877[85] 21[citation needed] 21 21[8] 21
West Virginia
? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86] 1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87] 18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88] 1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]
Wyoming
? 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 19[13] 1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21
American Samoa
? ? ? 21? 21[91]
Northern Mariana Islands
– – ? 21? 21[92]
Puerto Rico
? 18 18 Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act. 18[93]
Virgin Islands
? ? ? 18 18[94]
Guam
? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010[5]
Additional notes[edit]
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking". Report.nih.gov. 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Hunter. "Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970's | history 128 blog". History128.web.unc.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Toomey, Traci L.; Nelson, Toben F.; Lenk, Kathleen M. (2009). "The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past and current debates". Addiction. 104 (12): 1958–65. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x. PMID 19922564.
Jump up ^ Keen, Judy (2008-04-01). "States weigh lowering drinking age". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ramon Someros Oberiano Act" (PDF). 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham Iron Age: § 4205 Code of Alabama". bplonline.cdmhost.com. Birmingham Public Library. 1881. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age" (PDF). ntl.bts.gov. April 1987. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "MLDA21 Law Effective Data-NHTSA". Nhtsa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ "The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality, McCornac, 1982". Papers.ssrn.com. 2004-07-07. SSRN 304765  .
Jump up ^ "Petersburg Pilot, Petersburg, Alaska: NEW DRINKING AGE". Petersburg Public Library. October 19, 1983. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Miron, Jeffrey A.; Tetelbaum, Elina (2009). "Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e New York Times, December 4, 1972, "State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1" (NYT online archive)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h [1] link to fake reference (typical wikitrash)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS, 1990
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14092: SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1888. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 13780: Selling Liquor to Minors". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1887. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 37, Number 12646: THE NEXT GRAND JURY". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1884. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco Call, Volume 69, Number 144: NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1891. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR". JSTOR 2677739.
Jump up ^ OLR Research Report-Lowering the Drinking Age, 2009. Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e U.S. Department of Transportation final report (DOT HS 809 348) "Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol-Impaired Drivers," section III.B., "What happened: regional & state experience."
Jump up ^ "Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act". Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "D.C. debate continuing on alcohol". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. September 29, 1966. p. 10C.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18". The Day. New London, CT. January 22, 1971. p. 9.
Jump up ^ "D.C. to get new drinking age". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. September 24, 1986. p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21". New York Times. Associated Press. September 1, 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b "For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow". sun-sentinel.com. June 30, 1985. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Florida Alcohol Laws". Alcohollaws.org. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. March 18, 1972. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Idaho gears for younger drinkers". Deseret News. UPI. June 26, 1972. p. 8C.
Jump up ^ "Idaho's legislature: Young jurors". Lewiston (ID) Morning Tribune. January 18, 1972. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Taverns await new customers: age drops to 19". Lewiston Morning Tribune. June 30, 1972. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Idaho drinking: new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing". Spokane Chronicle. April 10, 1987. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "The new Northwest. (Portland, Or.) 1871-1887, March 15, 1872, Image 4: The Illinois Temperance Law". oregonnews.uoregon.edu. University of Oregon Libraries. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1961, "Girl, 19, sues for right to have a drink" (ProQuest archive)
Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1973, "Beer at 19 Signed by Walker." (ProQuest archive)
Jump up ^ "History of DUI Laws In Illinois", Illinois Secretary of State website
^ Jump up to: a b "State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division, Historical Highlights". iowaabd.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bragg, Rick (1996-03-23). "Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b AP (1996-07-03). "Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c [2] Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System
Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725
^ Jump up to: a b "Drinking ages set by the states". New York Times. June 27, 1984.
Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat. Magazine.loyola.edu (2009-08-18). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving. Drivingdrunk.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Maryland increases drinking age to 21". Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. February 26, 1982. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Legal drinking age going up". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. April 15, 1979. p. 16A.
Jump up ^ "Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age". New York Times. February 18, 1979.
Jump up ^ Hingson, RW; Scotch, N; Mangione, T; Meyers, A; Glantz, L; Heeren, T; Lin, N; Mucatel, M; Pierce, G (1983). "Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20". American Journal of Public Health. 73 (2): 163–170. doi:10.2105/AJPH.73.2.163. PMC 1650505  . PMID 6849474.
Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender, January 4, 1972, "Drinking age lowered in Michigan" (ProQuest archive).
Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Daily Collegian, March 16, 1979, "Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [3] Archived 2008-04-19 at the Wayback Machine.)
Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues, Legal Age in Minnesota, 2009. Leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com, Pioneer Press, August 20, 2008 – B8 Editorial, "A lower legal drinking age?" [4] (twincities.com website)
Jump up ^ "Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit". Sarasota Herald=Tribune. Associated Press. June 28, 1971. p. 7B.
Jump up ^ "Drinking age opposed". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. October 23, 1975. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Platform plank: Dems want to lower drinking age to 18. Helenair.com (2008-07-27). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b New York Times, March 10, 1987, "Drinking age is fiery issue in West" (ProQuest archive).
^ Jump up to: a b "Drinking Age History", Nebraska Liquor Control Commission
Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu: Above the Law. The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ P.L. 1880, p.176.
Jump up ^ "P.L.1888, p.253." (PDF). rutgers.edu.
Jump up ^ Jersey, New (19 September 2017). "Compiled Statutes of New Jersey". Soney & Sage – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey". NYTimes.com. New Jersey. 1982-06-11. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Barbanel, Josh (May 28, 1984). "Raising New York Drinking Age to 21". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey". New York Times. June 11, 1982. Retrieved 2010-01-30. "New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4.
Jump up ^ "New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December". New York Times. June 19, 1985. Retrieved 2012-08-20. The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1.
Jump up ^ "North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5-01-08" (PDF). nd.gov.
Jump up ^ "Daily Kent Stater, Volume LIV, Number 15: 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate". dks.library.kent.edu. Kent State University. October 17, 1968. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON (Staff Writer) (August 23, 1982). "Daily Kent Stater, Volume III, Number 15: New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners". dks.library.kent.edu. Kent State University. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976)
Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976); Atlantic Economic Journal, Volume 13, Number 1 / March, 1985, "Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit" by Paul M. Sommers (SpringerLink online abstract)
Jump up ^ Daily Collegian, February 9, 1984, "Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [5])
Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline. Ric.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 85, Number 94: SOUTH CAROLINA'S LIQUOR LAW". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1893. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Dakota v. Dole". Oyez.org. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ "The home journal., April 27, 1881, Image 2: The Minor Liquor Law". chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Library of Congress. April 27, 1881. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Brownsville daily herald., April 23, 1909, Image 4". chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lubbock avalanche., September 26, 1912, Image 9". chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18? 2007. M.reporternews.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Winckler, Suzanne. "The Street of Vrrrrmmmms" (in "The Reporter"). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications, January 1984. Volume 12, No. 1. ISSN 0148-7736. Start: p. 74. CITED: p. 76.
Jump up ^ "Drinking at Midd: past and present". Media.www.middleburycampus.com. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the Legal Drinking Age". Abc.state.va.us. 1966-07-01. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash.?. Blog.seattlepi.com (2009-11-09). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18, New York Times, June 10, 1972
Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995, "The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2016-12-26. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "State Raises Drinking Age". New York Times. March 12, 1988.
Jump up ^ Knudson, Thomas J. "Drinking age is fiery issue in West". New York Times, March 10, 1987.
Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer's. Frommers.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority-Trip Essentials. Mymarianas.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide. Vieques Travel Guide. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips. Virginislandsmap.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=854681358"
Categories:
Alcohol law in the United States
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 02:23 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

value: b

value: span

attrs: class style

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #7F0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF1111; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #57007F; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #B200FF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00137F; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0026FF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent;

values: Alcohol laws of the United States by state

values:
/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition
mw-redirect
Repeal of Prohibition

values: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)

values:
/wiki/Dry_counties
mw-redirect
Dry counties

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19922564

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=304765

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://wickitrash.com

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2677739

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.73.2.163

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6849474

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lcc.ne.gov/age_history.html

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values: Category:Alcohol law in the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-U_S_history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state rootpage-U_S_history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state skin-vector action-view