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Nigeria Police Force
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The Nigeria Police
Nigerian Police logo
Abbreviation
NPF
Motto
Police is your friend
Agency overview
Formed
1930
Preceding agencies
Northern Nigeria Police (NNP)
Southern Nigeria Police (SNP)
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction
Nigeria
Nigeria
Size
923,768 km2
Population
174.2 million
Governing body
Ministry Of Interior
Constituting instruments
Section 194 of the 1979 constitution
Nigeria Police Acts
General nature
• Local civilian agency
Headquarters
Louis Edet House, Abuja

Sworn members
371,800 officers [1]
Agency executive
IGP Ibrahim Kpotun Idris (Substantive), Inspector-General of Police
Commands
36[show]
Abia
Adamawa
Akwa-ibom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
Cross-River
Delta
Ebonyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nasarawa
Niger
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara
Website
http://www.npf.gov.ng/
The Nigerian Police (NP) formerly The Nigeria Police Force [2] is the principal law enforcement agency in Nigeria [3] with a staff strength of about 371,800. There are currently plans to increase the force to 650,000, adding 280,000 new recruits to the existing 370,000. The NP is a very large organization consisting of 36 State commands grouped into 12 zones and 7 administrative organs.[4] The agency is currently headed by IGP Ibrahim Kpotun Idris.[5]
Contents
1 History of Nigeria Police Force
2 Authority
3 Organization
3.1 Criminal Investigation Department
3.2 Police Mobile Force
4 Supervision of the Nigeria Police
5 Ranks in the Nigeria Police [in descending order][6]
6 Finances
7 Salary Structure[7][8][9]
8 Issues
8.1 2008 statistics
9 Training
10 2009 Nigeria religious violence
11 See also
12 References
13 Other sources
14 External links
History of Nigeria Police Force[edit]
Nigeria Police Force was first established in 1820. The first person to have the highest rank in all the police is commissioner general colonel KK. In 1879 a 1,200-member armed paramilitary Hausa Constabulary was formed. In 1896 the Lagos Police was established. A similar force, the Niger Coast Constabulary, was formed in Calabar in 1894 under the newly proclaimed Niger Coast Protectorate. In the north, the Royal Niger Company set up the Royal Niger Company Constabulary in 1888 with headquarters. When the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were proclaimed in the early 1900s, part of the Royal Niger Company Constabulary became the Northern Nigeria Police, and part of the Niger Coast Constabulary became the Southern Nigeria Police. During the colonial period, most police were associated with local governments (native authorities). In the 1960s, under the First Republic, these forces were first regionalised and then nationalised. The NPF performed conventional police functions and was responsible for internal security generally; for supporting the prison, immigration, and customs services; and for performing military duties within or outside Nigeria as directed. Plans were announced in mid-1980 to expand the force to 200,000. By 1983, according to the federal budget, the strength of the NPF was almost 152,000, but other sources estimated it to be between 20,000 and 80,000. Reportedly, there were more than 1,300 police stations nationwide. Police officers were not usually armed but were issued weapons when required for specific missions or circumstances. They were often deployed throughout the country, but in 1989 Babangida announced that a larger number of officers would be posted to their native areas to facilitate police- community relations.
Authority[edit]
The Nigerian Police (NP) is designated by Section 194 of the 1979 constitution as the national police of Nigeria with exclusive jurisdiction throughout the country. Constitutional provision also exists, however, for the establishment of separate NPF branches "forming part of the armed forces of the Federation or for their protection of harbours, waterways, railways and airfields." One such branch, the Port Security Police, was reported by different sources to have a strength in 1990 of between 1,500 and 12,000.
Organization[edit]
The NPF maintains a three-tier administrative structure of departments, zonal and state commands. Departments
TitleRanks
Departments Monthly Salary
Responsibilities Annual Salary
Police Recruit N9,019.42 N108,233 Department of Finance and Administration Finance and Administration General administration and Finance
Police Constable Grade Level 03 N43,293.83 N519,525.60 Department of Operations Operations Crime prevention, Public Order, Public Safety
Police Constable Grade Level 10 N51,113.59 N613,363.08 Department of Logistics and Supply Logistics and Supply Works and Police Estate Management
Police Corporal on Grade Level 04 (1) N44,715.53 N536,586.36 Department of Criminal Investigation Force Criminal Investigation Department (FORCID) Investigation
Police Corporal on Grade Level 04 (10) N51,113.59 N613,363.08 Department of Training and Development Training Human resources
Police Sergeant on Grade Level 05 (1) N48,540.88 N582,490.56 Department of Research and Planning Planning, Research and Development Statistics and Data
Police Sergeant on Grade Level 05 (10) N55,973.84 N671,686.08 Department of Information Technology Information and communication technology Communication management
The NPF was under the general operational and administrative control of an Inspector General (IGP) appointed by the president and responsible for the maintenance of law and order. He was supported at headquarters in Lagos by a Deputy Inspector General (DIG) and in each state by police commissioners. The 1979 constitution provided for a Police Service Commission that was responsible for NPF policy, organization, administration, and finance (except for pensions), In February 1989, Babangida abolished the Police Service Commission and established the Nigeria Police Council in its stead, under direct presidential control. The new council was chaired by the president; the chief of General Staff, the minister of internal affairs, and the police inspector general were members. As part of the government reorganization in September 1990, Alhajji Sumaila Gwarzo, formerly SSS director, was named to the new post of minister of state, police affairs. In late 1986, the NPF was reorganized nationwide into seven area commands, which superseded a command structure corresponding to each of the States of Nigeria. Each command was under a commissioner of police and was further divided into police provinces and divisions under local officers. NPF headquarters, which was also an area command, supervised and coordinated the other area commands. Later these Area Commands were grouped under Zone Commands as follows: Zone 1, Headquartered Kano, with Kano, Kastina, and Jigawa Commands Zone 2, Headquartered Lagos, with Lagos, and Ogun commands Zone 3, Headquartered Yola, with Adamawa, and Gombe Commands The 1986 NPF reorganization was occasioned by a public eruption of tensions between the police and the army. A superintendent was suspended for a time for grumbling that the army had usurped police functions and kept police pay low, and there were fights between police and army officers over border patrol jurisdiction. The armed forces chief of staff announced a thorough reorganization of the NPF into the seven new area commands and five directorates (criminal investigations, logistics, supplies, training, and operations) under deputy inspectors general. About 2,000 constables and 400 senior police officers were dismissed by mid-1987, leaving senior police officers disgruntled. In mid-1989 another NPF reorganization was announced after the AFRC's acceptance of a report by Rear Admiral Murtala Nyako. In 1989 the NPF also created a Quick Intervention Force in each state, separate from the mobile police units, specifically to monitor political events and to quell unrest during the transition to civil rule. Each state unit of between 160 and 400 police was commanded by an assistant superintendent and equipped with vehicles, communications gear, weapons, and crowd control equipment, including cane shields, batons, and tear gas. A Federal Investigation and Intelligence Bureau (FIIB) was to be set up as the successor to the Directorate of Intelligence and Investigation; three directorates were established for operations, administration, and logistics, each headed by a deputy inspector general.
Female police officer during Eyo festival
The Directorate of Operations was subdivided into four units under a deputy director—operations, training, communications, and the Mobile Police. The Directorate of Administration was composed of an administration unit headed by an assistant inspector general (AIG), and of budget and personnel units under commissioners. The Directorate of Logistics had four units—procurement, workshop/transport, supply, and work/maintenance—under AIGs. The zonal arrangements were retained. However, AIGs were authorized to transfer officers up to the rank of chief superintendent, to set up provost units, to deploy mobile units, and to promote officers between the ranks of sergeant and inspector. The above three Directorates were renamed Departments
Criminal Investigation Department[edit]
D Department The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) is the highest criminal investigation arm of the Nigeria Police NPF. The Department is headed by a Deputy Inspector-General (DIG). Its primary functions include investigation and prosecution of serious and complex criminal cases within and outside the Country. The Department also coordinates crime investigations throughout the NPF. The CID is divided into sections, with most of them headed by Commissioners of Police (CPs). The Sections are:
i. Administration
ii. Anti-Fraud Section
iii. The Central Criminal Registry (CCR)
iv. Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS)
v. X-Squad
vi. General Investigation
vii. Special Fraud Unit (SFU)
viii. Legal Section
ix. Forensic Science Laboratory
x. Interpol Liaison
xi. Homicide
xii. Anti-Human Trafficking Unit
xiii. Force Intelligence Bureau (FIB)
xiv. DCI Kaduna Annex
xv. Counter Terrorism Unit (CTU)
Police Mobile Force[edit]
Mobile policeman
A police shed for standing during rainy and sunny period of work on road traffic.
The Police Mobile Force was established as a strike or Anti-riot unit under the control of the Inspector-General of Police to counter incidents of civil disturbance. It is designated to take over operations of major crisis where conventional police units cannot cope. There are presently 12 MOPOL Commands, MOPOLs 1 thru 12, controlling 52 Police Mobile Squadrons which are spread amongst the 36 State Commands and Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
Supervision of the Nigeria Police[edit]
Three major Governmental Agencies oversee the control and supervision of the Nigerian Police Force; The Police Service Commission, the Nigerian Police Council and Ministry of interior.
The Police Service Commission (PSC)
The PSC is the civilian oversight body on the police. It is responsible for appointment, promotion, and discipline of all police officers except the Inspector General of Police. It shall collaborate, cooperate and work with all the stake holders, namely the police council with the President of Nigeria as Chairman, all the Governors of the Federating States of Nigeria, the Minister of Interior and the Inspector-General of Police as members to turn the police around and enable it to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
The Nigeria Police Council (NPC)
The Ministry of Interior
Ranks in the Nigeria Police [in descending order][6][edit]
Inspector General
Deputy Inspector-General of Police
Assistant Inspector-General of Police
Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Assistant Commissioner of Police
Chief Superintendent of Police
Superintendent of Police
Deputy Superintendent of Police
Assistant Superintendent of Police
Inspector of Police
Sergeant Major
Sergeant
Corporal
Constable
Finances[edit]
The NPF operating budget between 1984 and 1988 remained in the N360 million to N380 million range, and in 1988 increased to N521 million. More notable were large capital expenditure infusions of N206 million in 1986 and N260.3 million in 1988, representing 3.5 and 2.5 percent of total federal capital expenditures in those years. These increases were used to acquire new communications equipment, transport, and weapons to combat the rising crime wave, such as 100 British Leyland DAF Comet trucks delivered in 1990 Despite these purchases, an NPF study in late 1990 concluded that the force's budget must double to meet its needs.
Salary Structure[7][8][9][edit]
S/NO
Ranks
Monthly Salary
Annual Salary
1 Police Recruit N9,019.42 N108,233
2a Police Constable Grade Level 03 N43,293.83 N519,525.60
b Police Constable Grade Level 10 N51,113.59 N613,363.08
3a Police Corporal on Grade Level 04 (1) N44,715.53 N536,586.36
b Police Corporal on Grade Level 04 (10) N51,113.59 N613,363.08
4a Police Sergeant on Grade Level 05 (1) N48,540.88 N582,490.56
b Police Sergeant on Grade Level 05 (10) N55,973.84 N671,686.08
5a Sergeant Major on Grade Level 06 (1) N55,144.81 N661,737.72
b Sergeant Major on Grade Level 06 (10) N62,204.88 N746,458.56
6a Cadet Inspector on Grade Level 07 (1) N73,231.51 N878,778.12
b Cadet Inspector on Grade Level 07 (10) N87,135.70 N1,045,628.40
7a Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 08 (1) N127,604.68 N1,531,256.16
b Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 08 (10) N144,152.07 N1,729,824.84
8a Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 09 (1) N136,616.06 N1,639,392.72
b Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 09 (10) N156,318.39 N1,875,820.68
9a Deputy Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 10 (1) N148,733.29 N1,784,799.48
b Deputy Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 10 (10) N170,399.69 N2,044,796.28
10a Superintendent of Police on Level 11 (1) N161,478.29 N1,937,739.49
b Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 11 (10) N187,616 N2,251,400.28
11a Chief Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 12 (1) N172,089.06 N2,065,068.72
b Chief Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 12 (08) N199,723.96 N2,396,687.52
12a Assistant Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 13 (1) N183,185.73 N2,198,228.76
b Assistant Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 13 (10) N212,938.96 N2,555,257.92
13a Deputy Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 14 (1) N242,715.65 N2,912,587.80
b Deputy Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 14 (07) N278,852.79 N3,346,233.48
14a Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 15 (1) N266,777.79 N3,201,333.48
b Commissioner for Police on Grade Level 15 (06) N302,970.47 N3,635,645.64
15 Assistant Inspector General of Police N499,751.87 N5,997,022.44
16 Deputy Inspector General of Police N546,572.73 N6,558,872.76
17 Inspector General of Police N711,498 N8,537,976
Issues[edit]
Although generally considered an attractive career, the NPF experienced endemic problems with recruiting, training, inefficiency, and indiscipline, and it lacked expertise in specialized fields. Corruption and dishonesty were widespread, engendering a low level of public confidence, failure to report crimes, and tendencies to resort to self-help. Police were more adept at paramilitary operations and the exercise of force than at community service functions or crime prevention, detection, and investigation. During the Regime of former head of state Olushegun Obasanjo, an attempt was made to expand the NPF by reducing the recruitment age from nineteen to seventeen and by enrolling demobilized soldiers, but it failed. In mid-1980 the then federal police minister acknowledged that the police had recovered only 14 percent of the US$900 million worth of property reported stolen in the preceding six months, and that only 20 percent of the 103,000 persons arrested had been found guilty, a performance record about the same as that reported in the 1960s. The use of excessive violence in quelling student disorders led the AFRC in June 1986 to direct the police to use only rubber bullets in containing student riots. Reports of police collusion with criminals were common, as were official appeals to police officers to change their attitude toward the public, to be fair and honest, and to avoid corrupt practices. In an effort to reduce bribery and to make identification of offenders easier, police officers on beats and at checkpoints were not allowed to carry more than N5 on their person. In September 2005, Nigeria withdrew 120 police officers serving in the UN Congo mission because of accusations that they had engaged in sexual abuses.[10] The NPF is alleged to follow a policy of "Fire for Fire" in which many captured suspects die in police custody or are "shot while attempting to escape". Decades of police and official corruption and continued failure to train police officers properly has led to a situation where extrajudicial killing is an accepted form of dealing with people the police believe to be criminals. The most recent victim of which is Yusuf Mohamed, the leader of the Boko Haram sect in Nigeria, was alive when captured by the army.[11][12] Even before the violence surrounding the Boko Haram uprising in northern Nigeria, there were questions over the conduct of the security forces. The government is currently attempting to reform the police. They have produced a White Paper with 79 recommendations for improving the police force, which is due to be considered by the National Assembly and turned into a Police Reform Bill. Key reforms such as: Police officers are paid as little as $40 (£26) a month, this should be raised to $100 for police constables, Deal with the estimated 10,000 officers with criminal records hired between 2001 and 2004, Establish a reliable system for the public to complain about the police, better educated Recruits should attain a certain level of qualification before being considered, job applications should be transparently managed, policemen should not have to buy their own, the police are in dire need of an up-to-date communication network, and the police should be given better investigating tools and the training to use them[13] The Nigerian Police was ranked as the institution viewed as the most corrupt in Nigeria, according to a survey done at Ahmadu Bello University.[14]
2008 statistics[edit]
4% decrease in reported crime
36.8% decrease in offenses against Local Acts
18.8% decrease in offenses against Lawful Authority
3.6% decrease in offenses against property
2,433 vehicles stolen, 1,646 recovered
37% decrease in Road Traffic Offenses
66,522,000 Naira (Nigerian Currency) recovered
Senior Police Officers: 20,613
Investigators: 28,175
Rank and File: 263,425
Comparative analysis of Offences for 2008 & 2009' The data below show the crime statistics spread sheet on offences against Persons, offences against Property, offences against Lawful Authority and offences against Local Acts, 2009 in all the State Commands
Offences against Persons 2008- 35,109 2009- 38,955 (Increase); Offences against Property 2008- 47,626 2009-64, 286 (Increase)
Offences against Authority 2008- 5,938 2009- 7,878 (Increase); Offences against Local Acts 2008- 90,156 2009- 1,378 (Decrease)
An interactive website, the Nigeria Police Watch has made the reporting of crime and chronicling of police activities easier for the Nigerian public through various tools. D+Z, a magazine focused on development, reports that Freedom Radio, a three-year-old weekly radio programme, is also helping to curb corruption in Kano, Dutse, and Jigawa states by allowing citizens to voice complaints and experiences. It also has a representative from the police force there to address these complaints and talk about new undertakings and normal operations of the police force. Although the number of corruption and human rights violation reports has decreased, it is a good sign because it shows that the programme is effective.[15]
Training[edit]
Police training was directed from headquarters by a deputy inspector general designated as commander. Recruits were trained at Police colleges in Oji River, Maiduguri, Kaduna, and Ikeja, which also offered training to other security personnel, such as armed immigration officers. The Police College at Ikeja trained cadet assistant superintendents and cadet subinspectors. There were also in-service training schools, including the Police Mobile Force Training School at Guzuo, southwest of Abuja, the Counter Terrorism (CTU) training school, Nonwa Tai, Rivers State, the Police Detective College at Enugu, the Police Dogs Service Training Centre, and the Mounted Training Centre. In August 1989, Former head of state, General Ibrahim Babangida (RTD) laid down the foundation stone for a Nigerian Police Academy (NPA) in Kano State. The NPA was to be affiliated with Bayero University until adequate infrastructure was available for independent operation. Admission was to be regulated by merit, by the quota system, and by federal character. The commandant was to be at least an AIG and assisted by a provost who would oversee the academic program. Modeled after the Nigerian Defence Academy in Kaduna, the NPA would offer a five-year academic and professional degree program for new cadets and an eighteen-month intensive course for college graduates aspiring to a police career. Babangida also disclosed plans to obtain technical assistance from Britain to establish a central planning and training program to modernize and upgrade police training.
2009 Nigeria religious violence[edit]
Religious violence resulted in at least 150 deaths in two days after a series of attacks on 26 July 2009 in several Nigerian cities.[16][17] Bauchi in Bauchi State, Maiduguri in Borno State, Potiskum in Yobe State and Wudil have all been attacked. Witnesses now claim over 250 people are dead.[18] Nigeria claims that most of the dead are militants. The battles began on 26 July when Boko Haram, a militant Islamist organisation, attacked a police station in retaliation for the arrest of its leaders. Police responded with their own retaliation and a curfew fell on the area. The attacks spread and by the next day corpses were located at police stations, people were fleeing their homes and some were being pulled from their cars to be shot dead as police stations burned to the ground. Nigerian troops then surrounded the home of Mohammed Yusuf in Maiduguri on 28 July after his followers barricaded themselves inside. It is the worst sectarian violence the country has experienced since November 2008.[18] It has been suggested that politics, not religion, is the cause of the violence.[19]
See also[edit]
Nigerian Mobile Police
Petroleum in Nigeria
Conflict in the Niger Delta
Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
National Security Organization (NSO)
State Security Service (SSS)
National Intelligence Agency (NIA)
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency
END SARS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About this Collection - Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" (PDF). Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
Jump up ^ The Nigerian Senate [@NGRSenate] (26 July 2017). "#ConstitutionReview Bill 15: The Nigeria Police Force to become Nigerian Police @PoliceNG Yes: 87 No: 2 Abstain: 1" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Nigeria / Africa / Member countries / Internet / Home - INTERPOL". Interpol.int. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Home Page - Nigeria Police Force". Npf.gov.ng. 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "RANKS NG". Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/nigerian-police-salary-structure-much-nigerian-police-officer-paid/
Jump up ^ https://awajis.com/blog/nigerian-police-salary/
Jump up ^ https://nigerianfinder.com/nigeria-police-salary-scale-structure/
Jump up ^ "Nigeria" (PDF). Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Sect leader 'alive when captured'". BBC News. 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Brutal reality of Nigeria killing". BBC News. 2009-07-31. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Can Nigeria's police be reformed?". BBC News. 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-20. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "D+C 2011/03 – Focus – Halima/Abubakar: Freedom Radio's police programme is putting pressure on law enforcers in Kano, Nigeria - Development and Cooperation - International Journal". Inwent.org. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Nigerian Islamist attacks spread". BBC. 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Over 100 dead in Nigerian clashes". RTÉ. 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nigerian forces shell sect leader's home". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Politics Vs Religion in Nigeria Attacks". IslamOnline. 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
Other sources[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
World Police Encyclopedia, ed. by Dilip K. Das & Michael Palmiotto published by Taylor & Francis. 2004,
World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Correctional Systems, second edition, Gale., 2006
H
External links[edit]
Nigeria Police Force Official Site
Directorate of Peacekeeping
Nigeria Police Watch[permanent dead link]
African Action E-Policy Journal
BBC Report: Nigeria's trigger happy police
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Process control block
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Process Control Block (PCB, also called Task Controlling Block,[1] Entry of the Process Table,[2] Task Struct, or Switchframe) is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage the scheduling of a particular process. The PCB is "the manifestation of a process in an operating system."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Role
2 Structure
3 Location
4 See also
5 Notes
Role[edit]
The role of the PCBs is central in process management: they are accessed and/or modified by most OS utilities, including those involved with scheduling, memory and I/O resource access and performance monitoring. It can be said that the set of the PCBs defines the current state of the operating system. Data structuring for processes is often done in terms of PCBs. For example, pointers to other PCBs inside a PCB allow the creation of those queues of processes in various scheduling states ("ready", "blocked", etc.) that was previously mentioned.
Structure[edit]
In modern sophisticated multitasking systems, the PCB stores many different items of data, all needed for correct and efficient process management.[1] Though the details of these structures are obviously system-dependent, we can identify some very common parts, and classify them in three main categories:
Process identification data
Process state data
Process control data
The approach commonly followed to represent this information is to create and update status tables for each relevant entity, like memory, I/O devices, files and processes.
Memory tables, for example, may contain information about the allocation of main and secondary (virtual) memory for each process, authorization attributes for accessing memory areas shared among different processes, etc. I/O tables may have entries stating the availability of a device or its assignment to a process, the status of I/O operations being executed, the location of memory buffers used for them, etc.
File tables provide info about location and status of files. Finally, process tables store the data the OS needs to manage processes. At least part of the process control data structure is always maintained in main memory, though its exact location and configuration varies with the OS and the memory management technique it uses.
Process identification data always include a unique identifier for the process (almost invariably an integer number) and, in a multiuser-multitasking system, data like the identifier of the parent process, user identifier, user group identifier, etc. The process id is particularly relevant, since it is often used to cross-reference the OS tables defined above, e.g. allowing to identify which process is using which I/O devices, or memory areas.
Process state data are those pieces of information that define the status of a process when it is suspended, allowing the OS to restart it later and still execute correctly. This always includes the content of the CPU general-purpose registers, the CPU process status word, stack and frame pointers etc. During context switch, the running process is stopped and another process is given a chance to run. The kernel must stop the execution of the running process, copy out the values in hardware registers to its PCB, and update the hardware registers with the values from the PCB of the new process.
Process control information is used by the OS to manage the process itself. This includes:
The process scheduling state: The state of the process in terms of "ready", "suspended", etc., and other scheduling information as well, like priority value, the amount of time elapsed since the process gained control of the CPU or since it was suspended. Also, in case of a suspended process, event identification data must be recorded for the event the process is waiting for.
Process structuring information: process's children id's, or the id's of other processes related to the current one in some functional way, which may be represented as a queue, a ring or other data structures.
Interprocess communication information: various flags, signals and messages associated with the communication among independent processes may be stored in the PCB.
Process Privileges in terms of allowed/disallowed access to system resources.
Process State: State may enter into new, ready, running, waiting, dead depending on CPU scheduling.
Process Number (PID): A unique identification number for each process in the operating system (also known as Process ID).
Program Counter (PC): A pointer to the address of the next instruction to be executed for this process.
CPU Registers: Indicates various register set of CPU where process need to be stored for execution for running state.
CPU Scheduling Information: indicates the information of a process with which it uses the CPU time through scheduling.
Memory Management Information: includes the information of page table, memory limits, Segment table depending on memory used by the operating system.
Accounting Information: Includes the amount of CPU used for process execution, time limits, execution ID etc.
I/O Status Information: Includes a list of I/O devices allocated to the process.
Location[edit]
Since PCB contains the critical information for the process, it must be kept in an area of memory protected from normal user access. In some operating systems the PCB is placed in the beginning of the kernel stack of the process since that is a convenient protected location.[4]
See also[edit]
Thread control block (TCB)
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gagne, Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin, Greg. Operating system concepts (9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9781118063330.
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2014). Modern Operating Systems. Pearson. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-292-02577-3.
Jump up ^ Deitel, Harvey M. (1984) [1982]. An introduction to operating systems (revisited first ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 673. ISBN 0-201-14502-2. pages 57-58
Jump up ^ Yong, Zhang, "Breaking through the Maximum Process Number", "Linux Journal", 1 January 2004, [1].
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