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Commonwealth of England
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Not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Nations.
Commonwealth
1649–1653/1659–1660
Andrew Carrick Gow painting depicting the Third English Civil War (1886)
Including
Third English Civil War
The Protectorate
Preceded by
Second English Civil War
Followed by
Interregnum (1649–1660)
Restoration (1660)
Leader(s)
Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658)
Richard Cromwell (1658–1659)
The Commonwealth was the period from 1649 onwards when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland,[1] was ruled as a republic following the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. The republic's existence was declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth",[2] adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, as part of what is now referred to as the Third English Civil War.
In 1653, after the forcible dissolution of the Rump Parliament, the Army Council adopted the Instrument of Government which made Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland", inaugurating the period now usually known as the Protectorate. After Cromwell's death, and following a brief period of rule under his son, Richard Cromwell, the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, the start of a process that led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 – a period referred to by monarchists as the Interregnum – although for other historians, the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell’s formal assumption of power in 1653.
Contents
[hide]
1 1649–1653
1.1 Rump Parliament
1.1.1 Structure
1.1.2 Issues and achievements
1.1.3 Reforms
1.1.4 Dismissal
1.2 Barebone's Parliament, July–December 1653
2 The Protectorate, 1653–1659
3 1659–1660
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
1649–1653[edit]
Commonwealth of England
1649–1653
Arms
Territory claimed by the Commonwealth in 1653
Capital London
Government Commonwealth
Legislature Parliament
History
• Declaration 19 May 1649
• Instrument of Government 16 December 1653
Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Ireland
Protectorate (Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland)
Rump Parliament[edit]
Main article: Rump Parliament
The Rump was created by Pride's Purge of those members of the Long Parliament who did not support the political position of the Grandees in the New Model Army. Just before and after the execution of King Charles I on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic. With the abolition of the monarchy, Privy Council and the House of Lords, it had unchecked executive and legislative power. The English Council of State, which replaced the Privy Council, took over many of the executive functions of the monarchy. It was selected by the Rump, and most of its members were MPs. However, the Rump depended on the support of the Army with which it had a very uneasy relationship. After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. It declared the people of England "and of all the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging" to be henceforth under the governance of a "Commonwealth",[3] effectively a republic.
Structure[edit]
In Pride's Purge, all members of parliament (including most of the political Presbyterians) who would not accept the need to bring the King to trial had been removed. Thus the Rump never had more than two hundred members (less than half the number of the Commons in the original Long Parliament). They included: supporters of religious independents who did not want an established church and some of whom had sympathies with the Levellers; Presbyterians who were willing to countenance the trial and execution of the King; and later admissions, such as formerly excluded MPs who were prepared to denounce the Newport Treaty negotiations with the King.
Most Rumpers were gentry, though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments. Less than one-quarter of them were regicides. This left the Rump as basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made it unlikely to want to reform them.
Issues and achievements[edit]
A 21st-century edition of the Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free-State enacted on 19 May 1649
For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland. By 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats.
There were many disagreements amongst factions of the Rump. Some wanted a republic, but others favoured retaining some type of monarchical government. Most of England's traditional ruling classes regarded the Rump as an illegal government made up of regicides and upstarts. However, they were also aware that the Rump might be all that stood in the way of an outright military dictatorship. High taxes, mainly to pay the Army, were resented by the gentry. Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals.
Despite its unpopularity, the Rump was a link with the old constitution, and helped to settle England down and make it secure after the biggest upheaval in its history. By 1653, France and Spain had recognised England's new government.
Reforms[edit]
Though the Church of England was retained, episcopacy was suppressed and the Act of Uniformity 1558 was repealed in September 1650.[4] Mainly on the insistence of the Army, many independent churches were tolerated, although everyone still had to pay tithes to the established church.
Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure; for example, all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in Law French or Latin.[5] However, there were no widespread reforms of the common law. This would have upset the gentry, who regarded the common law as reinforcing their status and property rights.
The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behaviour, such as closing down theatres and requiring strict observance of Sunday. This antagonised most of the gentry.
Dismissal[edit]
Cromwell, aided by Thomas Harrison, forcibly dismissed the Rump on 20 April 1653, for reasons that are unclear. Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority. Many former members of the Rump continued to regard themselves as England's only legitimate constitutional authority. The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell, and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War—the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent (11 May 1641) – gave them the legal basis for this view.
Barebone's Parliament, July–December 1653[edit]
A gold Unite from 1653
The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Army ruled alone. Nobody had the constitutional authority to call an election, but Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship. Instead, he ruled through a 'nominated assembly' which he believed would be easy for the Army to control, since Army officers did the nominating.
Barebone's Parliament was opposed by former Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentry as being an assembly of 'inferior' people. However, over 110 of its 140 members were lesser gentry or of higher social status. (An exception was Praise-God Barebone, a Baptist merchant after whom the Assembly got its derogatory nickname.) Many were well educated.
The assembly reflected the range of views of the officers who nominated it. The Radicals (approximately forty) included a hard core of Fifth Monarchists who wanted to be rid of Common Law and any state control of religion. The Moderates (approximately 60) wanted some improvements within the existing system and might move to either the radical or conservative side depending on the issue. The Conservatives (approximately 40) wanted to keep the status quo (since Common Law protected the interests of the gentry, and tithes and advowsons were valuable property).
Cromwell saw Barebone's Parliament as a temporary legislative body which he hoped would produce reforms and develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. However, members were divided over key issues, only 25 had previous parliamentary experience, and although many had some legal training, there were no qualified lawyers.
Cromwell seems to have expected this group of 'amateurs' to produce reform without management or direction. When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly. Barebone's Parliament was over.
The Protectorate, 1653–1659[edit]
Main article: The Protectorate
See also: First Protectorate Parliament, Second Protectorate Parliament, and Third Protectorate Parliament
Arms of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector, used on the great seal from 1655 to 1659.[6]
Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament, was divided in two by The Protectorate when the executive was vested in a Lord Protector, who governed under a written constitution that mandated that the Lord Protector summon triennial parliaments that should sit for several months each year.
In 1653, Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector under England's first written constitution Instrument of Government, and then under the second and last written constitution, known as the Humble Petition and Advice of 1657.
On 12 April 1654, under the terms of the Tender of Union, the Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England was issued by the Lord Protector and proclaimed in Scotland by the military governor of Scotland, General George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. The ordinance declared that "the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into one Commonwealth and under one Government" and decreed that a new "Arms of the Commonwealth", incorporating the Saltire, should be placed on "all the public seals, seals of office, and seals of bodies civil or corporate, in Scotland" as "a badge of this Union".[7][1]
On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, inherited the title Lord Protector, but internal divisions among the republican party led to his resignation, the end of the Protectorate and a second period of Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament.
1659–1660[edit]
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1659–1660
Arms
Territory of the Commonwealth in 1660
Capital London
Government Commonwealth
Legislature Parliament
History
• R. Cromwell's resignation 25 May 1659
• Declaration of Breda 4 April 1660
Preceded by Succeeded by
Protectorate (Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland)
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Ireland
Kingdom of Scotland
The Protectorate might have continued if Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the New Model Army.
After seven months the Grandees in the New Model Army removed him and, on 6 May 1659, they reinstalled the Rump Parliament. Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the army. On 9 June he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-chief) of the army. However, his power was undermined in parliament, which chose to disregard the army's authority in a similar fashion to the pre–Civil War parliament. On 12 October 1659 the Commons cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the Speaker. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. On 26 October a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general. Lambert was now sent, by the Committee of Safety, with a large force to meet George Monck, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms.
It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. On 21 February 1660, Monck reinstated the Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament 'secluded' by Pride, so that they could prepare legislation for a new parliament. Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before parliament to answer for his conduct. On 3 March Lambert was sent to the Tower, from which he escaped a month later. Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "Good Old Cause" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill. But he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, a regicide who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime. The Long Parliament dissolved itself on 16 March.
On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by Monck, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649.[8] Charles returned from exile on 23 May.[9] He entered London on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate "his Majesty's Return to his Parliament" 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day.[10] He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.[9]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth
First Anglo-Dutch War and Admiral Robert Blake for the role played by sea power during this period
Anglo-Spanish War (1654)
List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660
Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
Republicanism in the United Kingdom
Notes[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
^ Jump up to: a b Schultz 2010.
Jump up ^ Wikisource:An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth
Jump up ^ HMSO 1911.
Jump up ^ 27 September 1650 "Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church" (Firth & Rait 1911, pp. 423–425)
Jump up ^ "November 1650: An Act for turning the Books of the Law, and all Proces and Proceedings in Courts of Justice, into English".
Jump up ^ Culture 24. "Parliament Week: A Cromwellian Act and Seal from the Cromwell Museum". Culture24.org.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Sevaldsen 2007, p. 39.
Jump up ^ "House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 8 May 1660".
^ Jump up to: a b "Tuesday 23 April 1661". The Diary of Samuel Pepys.
Jump up ^ "House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 30 May 1660".
References[edit]
Firth, C.H.; Rait, R.S., eds. (1911), "September 1650: Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church", Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660, pp. 423–425
"March 1649: An Act for the abolishing the Kingly Office in England and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging", Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660., London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911, pp. 18–20
Schultz, Oleg, ed. (14 March 2010), Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660, Archontology.org, retrieved December 2012 Check date values in: |access-date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
Sevaldsen, Jørgen; et al. (2007), Angles on the English-Speaking World, V.7: The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707–2007, Museum Tusculanum Press, p. 39, ISBN 978-87-635-0702-8
External links[edit]
Coins from the Commonwealth of England period, 1649–1660, including halfcrowns
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Republic Day (India)
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Republic Day
The original text of the Preamble to the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 (1950-01-26).
Observed by
India
Type
National
Significance
Inception of Constitution of India
Celebrations
Parades, distribution of sweets in schools, speeches and cultural dances
Date
26 January
Next time
26 January 2018 (2018-01-26)
Frequency
Annual
Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.[1]
The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic. 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime.
It is one of three national holidays in India, the other two being Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of Republic Day
2 Celebrations
2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade
2.2 Beating Retreat
3 Gallery
4 Republic Day parade chief guest
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
History of Republic Day[edit]
India achieved independence from British raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.
Celebrations[edit]
President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950.
The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.
In 2016, on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day, the Protocol Department of the Government of Maharashtra held its first parade on the lines of the Delhi Republic Day parade along the entire stretch of Marine Drive in Mumbai.
Delhi Republic Day parade[edit]
Main article: Delhi Republic Day parade
Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.
Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[4]
Beating Retreat[edit]
Main article: Beating Retreat
The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.
The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[5][6][7]
Gallery[edit]
Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.
Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor.
Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.
Republic Day parade chief guest[edit]
Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade. Erstwhile Yugoslavia (twice invited) has not been depicted in the map.
5 times (France, UK)
4 times (Bhutan, Russia/USSR)
Thrice (Indonesia, Mauritius)
Twice (Brazil, Japan, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam)
Once
Uninvited
Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[8] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Year
Guest name
Country
Note
1950 President Sukarno[9] Indonesia
1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[10] Nepal
1952
1953
1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[11] Bhutan
1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[12] Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath [13]
1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler United Kingdom Two guests[14]
Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan
1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [15] Soviet Union
1958 Marshall Ye Jianying[16] China
1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [17][18][19] United Kingdom 2nd invitation
1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[20] Soviet Union 2nd invitation
1961 Queen Elizabeth II[21] United Kingdom 3rd invitation
1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[22] Denmark Note[1]
1963 King Norodom Sihanouk[23] Cambodia
1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [24] United Kingdom 4th invitation
1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation
1966
1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah [25] Afghanistan Note[2]
1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests[26]
President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia
1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[27] Bulgaria
1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin[28][29] Belgium Attended only the Beating Retreat
1971 President Julius Nyerere[30] Tanzania
1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [31] Mauritius
1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko[32] Zaire
1974 President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests [33]
Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka
1975 President Kenneth Kaunda[34] Zambia
1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[35] France
1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek[36] Poland
1978 President Patrick Hillery[37] Ireland
1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[38] Australia
1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation
1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo[39] Mexico
1982 King Juan Carlos I[40] Spain
1983 President Shehu Shagari[41] Nigeria
1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[42] Bhutan 2nd invitation
1985 President Raúl Alfonsín[43] Argentina
1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[44] Greece
1987 President Alan Garcia[45] Peru
1988 President J. R. Jayewardene[46] Sri Lanka 2nd invitation
1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[47] Vietnam
1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[48] Mauritius 2nd invitation
1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[49] Maldives
1992 President Mário Soares[49] Portugal
1993 Prime Minister John Major[49] United Kingdom 5th invitation
1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[49] Singapore
1995 President Nelson Mandela[50] South Africa
1996 President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[49] Brazil
1997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[49] Trinidad and Tobago
1998 President Jacques Chirac[49] France 3rd invitation
1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[49] Nepal 2nd invitation
2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo[49] Nigeria 2nd invitation
2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[49] Algeria
2002 President Cassam Uteem[49] Mauritius 3rd invitation
2003 President Mohammed Khatami[49] Iran
2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [49] Brazil 2nd invitation
2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[49] Bhutan 3rd invitation
2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[49] Saudi Arabia
2007 President Vladimir Putin[49] Russia 4th invitation
2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy[49] France 4th invitation
2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev[49] Kazakhstan
2010 President Lee Myung Bak[51] South Korea
2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[52][53] Indonesia 2nd invitation
2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[54] Thailand
2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[55] Bhutan 4th invitation
2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[56] Japan 2nd invitation
2015 President Barack Obama[57] United States
2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation[58]
2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[59] United Arab Emirates
2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[60]
Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation
President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation
Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos
Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia
President Htin Kyaw Myanmar
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha Thailand 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation
Notes[edit]
1.^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras (Chennai).[61]
2.^ For the first time, the President of India (S. Radhakrishnan) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill-health.[62] Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January.[63]

See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Day (India).
History of India
Independence Day (India)
Constitution Day (India)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Introduction to Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Indian Independence Act 1947". The National Archives, Her Majesty's Government. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Constituent Assembly DEBATES (PROCEEDINGS)".
Jump up ^ "Chap". Mod.nic.in. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Curtain Raiser – Beating Retreat Ceremony 2011". Ministry of Defence. 28 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Beating Retreat weaves soul-stirring musical evening". The Times of India. 29 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Martial music rings down the curtain". The Times of India. 30 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Yog Sandesh Jan-10 English". Scribd.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Republic Day celebrations: President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards". 25 July 2017 – via The Economic Times.
Jump up ^ India, President of (18 January 2015). "King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 #26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr".
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Jump up ^ The Times of India,News Service. (1956, Jan 22). REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI. The Times of India (1861-Current) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043
Jump up ^ British Pathé (13 April 2014). "Zhukov At India's National Day Aka Zhukov – India (1957)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Deepak, B. R (2005-01-01). India & China, 1904–2004: A century of peace and conflict. ISBN 9788178271125.
Jump up ^ "In India, they have been celebrating Republic Day. After the parade...".
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Jump up ^ British Pathé (13 April 2014). "Duke Popular Everywhere (1959)" – via YouTube.
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Jump up ^ "Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, News Photo, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be". Timescontent.com. 1961-01-26. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
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Jump up ^ "visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day – Google zoeken". Google.com. 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Asian Recorder". 1969.
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Jump up ^ Reed, Sir Stanley (1974). "The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who".
Jump up ^ "Indian and Foreign Review". 1973.
Jump up ^ Lok Sabha (1975). "Lok Sabha Debates".
Jump up ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521[dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Eastern Economist". 1977.
Jump up ^ "Patrick J. Hillery". Clarelibrary.ie. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Bilateral Visits". Hcindia-au.org. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad". Mealib.nic.in. 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "India Argentina Relations" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2000–2001" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "meacommunity.org". meacommunity.org. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "meacommunity.org". meacommunity.org. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
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Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Choosing R-Day chief guest: Behind the warm welcome, a cold strategy". Indian Express. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "General South African History timeline" sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Choosing R-Day chief guest: Behind the warm welcome, a cold strategy". Indian Express. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian President next R-Day parade chief guest – Rediff.com India News". News.rediff.com. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian President next R-Day parade chief guest – Rediff.com India News". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Jump up ^ New Delhi, 2 Dec (IANS) (20 January 2012). "Thai PM to be chief guest on India's Republic Day". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations". Ibnlive.in.com. 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India, News – India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade". 26 January 2015 – via www.bbc.com.
Jump up ^ "French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest". 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day".
Jump up ^ "India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations – Times of India".
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Jump up ^ "Asian Almanac". V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 – via Google Books.
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