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Elizabeth Daily
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Elizabeth Daily
Daily at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2008
Born
Elizabeth Ann Guttman
(1961-09-11) September 11, 1961 (age 56)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Other names
E. G. Daily
Occupation
Actress, voice actress, singer
Years active
1979–present
Spouse(s)
Rick Salomon
(m. 1995; div. 2000)
Children
2
Elizabeth Ann Guttman (born September 11, 1961), known professionally as Elizabeth Daily and E. G. Daily, is an American voice, onscreen actress and singer. She is known for her portrayal of voicing Tommy Pickles in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats and its spin-off All Grown Up! and in the Rugrats film series and Buttercup in Cartoon Network's The Powerpuff Girls. Daily also provided the voice of the title pig in the live-action feature film Babe: Pig in the City.
Contents
[hide]
1 Acting career
1.1 Voice acting
1.2 Live acting
1.3 Stand-up comic
2 Singing career
2.1 The Voice
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Short subjects
4.3 Television
4.4 Video games
5 Discography
5.1 Albums
5.2 Singles
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Acting career[edit]
Voice acting[edit]
She has voiced television characters such as Tommy Pickles in Rugrats and its spin-off All Grown Up! and in the Rugrats film series, Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls, Rudy Tabootie in ChalkZone, and Freefall / Roxy Spaulding in the film Gen¹³ and Private Isabel "Dizzy" Flores in Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles. She provided the voice for the title role in the live-action feature film Babe: Pig in the City, replacing Christine Cavanaugh. More recently in 2013, she began doing the voice of Julius Jr. on the self-titled Nick Jr. television show.
In a 2000 article from LA Weekly, in reference to how she portrays Buttercup on The Powerpuff Girls, Daily says: "Spicy Buttercup is feisty. She's passionate about things, and a little bit aggressive I get to rage out every now and then. You have to be pretty contained a lot of the time, and Buttercup sometimes gets a little leaky."[1]
Live acting[edit]
Besides doing voice-overs, Daily has acted in film and on TV. She played Sandy Burns on the PBS series The Righteous Apples from 1980 to 1981. In 1985, she starred as Dottie in Pee-wee's Big Adventure as well as Loryn in Valley Girl and as a singer in the comedy Better Off Dead. She also appeared on such shows as Laverne & Shirley, CHiPs, Fame and Friends. She was also in the video for Rod Stewart's song "Young Turks" as Patti, one of the runaway teens.[2] She has been cast in several Rob Zombie films, most recently in 2015 as Sex-Head in Rob Zombie's 31, [3] the woman on the side of Torsten Voges, who plays Death-Head.[4]
Stand-up comic[edit]
Daily created and performed a one-woman stand-up comedy tour about the ups and downs of her career and life.[citation needed]
Singing career[edit]
Daily signed with A&M Records in 1985, working with Madonna's frequent collaborators John "Jellybean" Benitez and Stephen Bray. In 1986, that label released the R&B/Rock single "Say It, Say It". The song made it to No. 70 on the Billboard Hot 100, and the No. 1 spot on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. (Other versions of the song appeared as early as 1981). Her songs "Shake It Up" and "I'm Hot Tonight" were included in the soundtrack to the film Scarface. Those same songs were later included in the lineup of fictional radio station Flashback 95.6 FM in the Grand Theft Auto III video game. They were also included in the Scarface: The World Is Yours video game, based on the 1983 film. Her hit "Love in the Shadows" was featured in the films Thief of Hearts and Circuit.
Also in 1985, she provided back-up vocals for The Human League front-man Philip Oakey's debut solo album, Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder.[5] That same year, she appeared in the comedy film Better Off Dead, singing the songs "One Way Love (Better Off Dead)" and "A Little Luck" as a member of a band performing at a high school dance. Both songs were included on the soundtrack album credited to E. G. Daily. She performed a song on The Breakfast Club soundtrack called "Waiting".
In 1987, she released the song "Mind Over Matter", which is featured in the film Summer School. Daily plays guitar, harmonica, keyboards, and percussion instruments. In her 1988 song, "Some People", from her Lace Around the Wound album, produced by Lotti Golden and Tommy Faragher, she plays guitar and harmonica. In 1999, she released her third studio album Tearing Down the Walls.
Daily released a song titled "Changing Faces" in 2003. The song was used on the end credits of Rugrats Go Wild. She also released a single titled "Beautiful" which she made available through iTunes on April 29, 2008. She also sang the song "Dawn's Theme", which was used at the end of the movie Streets. From 2003 to 2011, Daily did the voice-over of Jake Harper singing the Two and a Half Men song.
Her genres are country, dance, pop and rock.
The Voice[edit]
In fall 2013, Daily sang as a contestant on the fifth season of the NBC reality show The Voice. In the blind audition broadcast on September 24, 2013, she sang "Breathe" from Faith Hill. Two of the four judges on the show, Blake Shelton and Cee Lo Green, turned around their chairs for her. She chose to be on Team Blake.
Daily proceeded to win her battle in the shows battle round's singing the song "Something to Talk About". She lost in the Knockout Rounds, with a performance of Bonnie Raitt's, "I Can't Make You Love Me".
Personal life[edit]
Daily was dating actor Jon-Erik Hexum of the television show Cover Up at the time of his death in 1984. She was rumored to have dated actor and comedian Paul Reubens while filming Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and has also been in a brief relationship with actor Brad Pitt.
Daily was married to Rick Salomon from 1995 to 2000.[citation needed] They had two daughters, Hunter (born in 1996) and Tyson (born in 1998). Daily also owns 2 dogs which are a chihuahua and a rottweiler.[6]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1978 Jukebox Audition Dancer Credited as Elizabeth Guttman
1981 Street Music Sadie Deleward
1982 One Dark Night Leslie Winslow
The Escape Artist Sandra
Wacko Bambi
Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains Motel Maid
1983 Funny Money Cass
Valley Girl Loryn
1984 Streets of Fire Baby Doll
No Small Affair Susan
1985 Fandango Judy
Pee-wee's Big Adventure Dottie
Better Off Dead Singer
1988 Bad Dreams Lana
1989 Loverboy Linda
1991 Dutch Hailey
Dogfight Marcie
1992 Lorenzo's Oil Vocal effects for Lorenzo
1994 The Little Rascals Dubbing voice of Froggy
The Flintstones Dubbing voice of Bamm-Bamm Uncredited
1995 A Goofy Movie Additional Voices
1996 Jungle Cubs Bagheera First season only
1998 The Rugrats Movie Tommy Pickles
Babe: Pig in the City Babe
1999 Gen¹³ Freefall Unreleased in US, but direct-to-video in Europe and Australia
2000 Bob's Video V.C.
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman Nathan Direct-to-video
Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost Additional Voices Direct-to-video
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie Tommy Pickles
2001 Recess: School's Out Cap'n Sticky
The Trumpet of the Swan Ella
2002 The Making and Meaning of 'We Are Family' Documentary
The Powerpuff Girls Movie Buttercup
The Country Bears Beary Barrington (singing voice)
2003 Rugrats Go Wild Tommy Pickles
2005 Potheads: The Movie Mrs. B Johnson
The Devil's Rejects Candy
2006 Cutting Room Joanne Kramer
Mustang Sally Mustang Sally
Happy Feet Baby Mumble
National Lampoon's Pledge This! Catherine Johnson
2007 White Air Alex's Mother
2008 Gnomes and Trolls: The Secret Chamber Junior
2009 My Sister's Keeper Nurse Susan
2010 Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore Catherine's Niece, Patches & Scrumptious (voice)
Gnomes and Trolls: The Forest Trial Junior
2011 Boy Toy Helen Video
credited as "E. G. Daily
Happy Feet Two Erik (vocals)/Additional Voices
2012 Yellow Aunt Netty
Wreck-It Ralph Additional Voices
2013 I Know That Voice Herself Documentary film on voice acting[7][8]
2014 The Hero of Color City Ben
2015 Toy Soldier Young Logan
2016 31 Sex-Head
Pizza Mouse Alice Mouse
Mothers and Daughters Momma Quinn
2017 The Emoji Movie Additional Voices
Short subjects[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1985 The Orkly Kid Carrissa
2004 Stop That Cycle Mom
2004 Wait
2007 Up-In-Down Town Binko (voice)
2015 Father Mud Mary
Toy Soldier Young Logan (voice)
2020 Underlings Arthur
Television[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1982 CHiPs Caroll Sweeney Season 5, Episode 17
1986 Saturday Night Live Herself (as E. G. Daily) Musical guest (episode 212, May 17, 1986)
1987 Popples Potato Chip Live-action pilot
1989 Camp Candy Rick/Alex/Binky Season 3
1991–2004 Rugrats Tommy Pickles, Baby Stu Pickles, Various Voices 172 episodes
1992 Darkwing Duck Lightwave Episode: The Frequency Fiends
1992–97 Eek! The Cat Wendy Elizabeth (voice) 30 episodes
1993 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Quarx (voice) Episode: "The Star Child"
1994–97 Duckman Mambo (voice) 15 episodes
1995 Bump in the Night Germ Girls (voice) 1 episode
1995–96 What-a-Mess Voice 3 episodes
1995–97 The What-A-Cartoon! Show Buttercup (voice) 2 episodes
1996 Timon & Pumbaa Girl (voice) Episode: "Shopping Mauled/Library Brouhaha"
Cave Kids Bamm-Bamm Rubble (singing voice) 8 episodes
Jungle Cubs Bagheera (voice) 13 episodes
1996–97 Quack Pack Louie (voice) 39 episodes
1997 Friends Leslie (as E. G. Daily) Episode: "The One with Phoebe's Ex-Partner"
Spicy City Nisa, Darleen (voice) Episode: "Love is a Download"
1997–98 The Crayon Box Piggy Banks (voice) Voice
1997–2001 Recess Various Voices 4 episodes
1998 The New Batman Adventures Thrift Store Manager (voice) Episode: "Beware the Creeper"
1998–2005 The Powerpuff Girls Buttercup, Various Voices 81 episodes
1999–2000 Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles Private Isabelle "Dizzy" Flores (voice) 40 episodes
1999–2002 The New Woody Woodpecker Show Knothead (voice) 15 episodes
2000–02 Baby Blues Zoe
2000–03 Clifford the Big Red Dog Cousin Laura (voice) 1 episode
2001–07 What's with Andy? Additional Voices 5 episodes
2002–08 ChalkZone Rudy Tabootie (voice), Various Voices 42 episodes
2003–08 All Grown Up! Tommy Pickles (voice), Various Voices 52 episodes
2003–10 Two and a Half Men Jake Harper (voice – opening theme song)
2004 Game Over Billy Smashenburn, Zenna 6 episodes
2005 Danger Rangers Bobby, Kid, and Sparky
2006–2015 Curious George Steve, Various Voices 44 episodes
2007 The Land Before Time Rhett, Shorty (voice) Episodes: "The Brave Longneck Scheme" (as Rhett), "The Big Longneck Test" (as Shorty)
Random! Cartoons Victor, One-Eyed Bird, Co-Worker No. 1 (voice) Episode: "Victor"
2007–08 Ni Hao, Kai-Lan Mr. Hoppy (voice) 2 episodes
2008 Rahan The Shadow Queen 26 episodes
2010–12 The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes Bobbi Morse/Mockingbird/Veranke 5 episodes
2010–13 Pound Puppies Dolly, Mom (2), Tipper, Scout, Various Voices 22 episodes
2013 The Voice Herself/Contestant
2013–15 Julius Jr. Julius Junior (voice) 51 episodes
2014 TripTank Anthony, Sean, Kids 2-6 (voice) 3 episodes
2016 Avengers: Ultron Revolution Moonstone/Meteorite (voice) 3 episodes
The Middle Daphne Episode: "The Wisdom Teeth"
2017 Adam Ruins Everything Student (voice) Episode: "Adam Ruins What We Learned in School"
Video games[edit]
Year
Video game
Role
Notes
1995 Stonekeep Sweetie Surly
1997 Duckman: The Graphic Adventures of a Private Dick Mambo
1998 Rugrats Adventure Game Tommy Pickles, Parade Lady
Rugrats: Search for Reptar Tommy Pickles
2000 Rugrats in Paris: The Movies Tommy Pickles
2001 Nicktoons Racing Tommy Pickles
The Powerpuff Girls: Mojo Jojo's Pet Project Buttercup
The Powerpuff Girls: Chemical X-traction Buttercup
2002 Rugrats: Royal Ransom Tommy Pickles
2002 The Powerpuff Girls: Relish Rampage Buttercup, Male Child 5, Female Child 5
2003 Rugrats Go Wild! Tommy Pickles
2004 The Incredibles Helen Parr/Elastigirl
2006 Baten Kaitos Origins Wacho
Downhill Jam Fei Liu
Happy Feet Toddler Mumble, Toddler Gloria
2008 Speed Racer: The Videogame Rosey Blaze
2009 Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall Buttercup
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)
2012 Skylanders: Giants Sprocket
2013 Skylanders: Swap Force Sprocket
2014 Skylanders: Trap Team Sprocket
2015 Skylanders: SuperChargers Sprocket [9]
Fire Emblem Fates Hinoka, Peri, Selkie credited as "Lizzy Hunter"
2016 Doom UAC Facility voice, additional voices credited as "E. G. Daily"
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Title
Album details
Wild Child
Released: 1985
Label: A&M
Formats: CD, LP, cassette
Lace Around the Wound
Released: May 25, 1989
Label: A&M
Formats: CD, LP, cassette
Tearing Down the Walls
Released: April 13, 1999
Label: EGDP
Formats: CD
Changing Faces
Released: 2008
Label: EGDP
Formats: CD
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
US
US Club
US Dance
US R&B
CAN
FR
IT
NL
NZ
1986
"Say It, Say It"
70 1 4 71 46 – 22 13 14 Wild Child
"Love in the Shadows"
– 6 14 – – – – 37 —
1987
"Mind Over Matter"
– 7 17 – – – – – — Summer School soundtrack
1989
"Some People"
– 33 – – – – – – — Lace Around the Wound
1990
"This Time"
– – – – – 5 – – —
1999
"Don't Even Care"
– – – – – – – – — Tearing Down the Walls
"Breath of Heaven"
– – – – – – – – —
2003
"Changing Faces"
– – – – – – – – — Changing Faces
2008
"Beautiful"
– 19 – – – – – – —
2010
"Somebody's Loving You"
– – – – – – – – — Non-album single
See also[edit]
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References[edit]
Jump up ^ E.G. Daily's interview from LA Weekly's review on The Powerpuff Girls
Jump up ^ Official site of EG Daily – Film and TV Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 80′s Babe and Voice Actor Joins Rob Zombie’s ’31′
Jump up ^ More Footage of Rob Zombie Prepping ’31′
Jump up ^ Giorgio Moroder Discography
Jump up ^ "Pam Anderson Weds Rick Salomon". US Magazine. October 7, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-01. Among the guests were ... his daughters Hunter, 11, and Tyson, 9.
Jump up ^ I Know That Voice. 2013.
Jump up ^ Blazenhoff, Rusty (2013-10-03). "I Know That Voice, A Documentary About the World of Voice Acting". Laughing Squid.
Jump up ^ Vicarious Visions. Skylanders: SuperChargers. Activision. Scene: Closing credits, 7:13 in, Voice Actors.
External links[edit]
Official website
Elizabeth Daily on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
The Voice (U.S.)
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Winners
Javier Colon
Jermaine Paul
Cassadee Pope
Danielle Bradbery
Tessanne Chin
Josh Kaufman
Craig Wayne Boyd
Sawyer Fredericks
Jordan Smith
Alisan Porter
Sundance Head
Chris Blue
Chloe Kohanski
Winner's singles
"Stitch by Stitch"
"I Believe I Can Fly"
"Cry"
"Born to Fly"
"Tumbling Down"
"Set Fire to the Rain"
"My Baby's Got a Smile on Her Face"
"Please"
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain"
"Down That Road"
"Darlin' Don't Go"
"Money on You"
"Wish I Didn't Love You"
Runners-up
Dia Frampton
Juliet Simms
Terry McDermott
Michelle Chamuel
Jacquie Lee
Jake Worthington
Matt McAndrew
Meghan Linsey
Emily Ann Roberts
Adam Wakefield
Billy Gilman
Lauren Duski
Addison Agen
Other notable artists
Vicci Martinez
Frenchie Davis
Rebecca Loebe
Xenia
Tje Austin
Beverly McClellan
Raquel Castro
Nakia
Serabee
Casey Desmond
Justin Grennan
The Thompson Sisters
Jared Blake
Casey Weston
RaeLynn
Jesse Campbell
Chris Mann
Tony Lucca
Gwen Sebastian
Kim Yarbrough
Angel Taylor
Pip
Katrina Parker
Erin Martin
Moses Stone
Jordis Unga
Naia Kete
Charlotte Sometimes
Tony Vincent
Mathai
Lex Land
Nicholas David
Amanda Brown
Melanie Martinez
MacKenzie Bourg
Collin McLoughlin
Suzanna Choffel
Jordan Pruitt
Rod Michael
Chris Trousdale
Anita Antoinette
Cupid
The Swon Brothers
Sasha Allen
Judith Hill
Kris Thomas
Jeff Lewis
Julie Roberts
Holly Tucker
Will Champlin
James Wolpert
Cole Vosbury
Josh Logan
E. G. Daily
Holly Henry
Donna Allen
Dominic Scott Kay
Christina Grimmie
Sisaundra Lewis
Paula DeAnda
Lindsay Pagano
Chris Jamison
Taylor John Williams
Andy Cherry
MEGG
Koryn Hawthorne
Barrett Baber
Jeffery Austin
Madi Davis
Amy Vachal
Viktor Király
Keith Semple
Alex Kandel
Tyler Dickerson
Mary Sarah
Daniel Passino
Owen Danoff
Emily Keener
Tamar Davis
Chase Walker
Chris Cron
Josh Hoyer
Brennley Brown
Hunter Plake
Mark Isaiah
Noah Mac
Keisha Renee
Esera Tuaolo
Katrina Rose
Natalie Stovall
Related articles
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Discography
Contestants
The Voice: Neon Dreams
[show]
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WorldCat Identities
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ISNI: 0000 0001 1645 4283
GND: 1029691274
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Daily&oldid=815930490"
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Split-brain
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This article is about the human brain condition. For the phenomenon in computing, see Split-brain (computing).
Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. It is an association of symptoms produced by disruption of or interference with the connection between the hemispheres of the brain. The surgical operation to produce this condition (corpus callosotomy) involves transection of the corpus callosum, and is usually a last resort to treat refractory epilepsy. Initially, partial callosotomies are performed; if this operation does not succeed, a complete callosotomy is performed to mitigate the risk of accidental physical injury by reducing the severity and violence of epileptic seizures. Before using callosotomies, epilepsy is instead treated through pharmaceutical means. After surgery, neuropsychological assessments are often performed.
After the right and left brain are separated, each hemisphere will have its own separate perception, concepts, and impulses to act. Having two "brains" in one body can create some interesting dilemmas. When one split-brain patient dressed himself, he sometimes pulled his pants up with one hand (that side of his brain wanted to get dressed) and down with the other (this side did not). He also reported to have grabbed his wife with his left hand and shaken her violently, at which point his right hand came to her aid and grabbed the aggressive left hand. However, such conflicts are very rare. If a conflict arises, one hemisphere usually overrides the other.[1]
When split-brain patients are shown an image only in the left half of each eye's visual field, they cannot vocally name what they have seen. This is because the image seen in the left visual field is sent only to the right side of the brain (see optic tract), and most people's speech-control center is on the left side of the brain. Communication between the two sides is inhibited, so the patient cannot say out loud the name of that which the right side of the brain is seeing. A similar effect occurs if a split-brain patient touches an object with only the left hand while receiving no visual cues in the right visual field; the patient will be unable to name the object, as each cerebral hemisphere of the primary somatosensory cortex only contains a tactile representation of the opposite side of the body. If the speech-control center is on the right side of the brain, the same effect can be achieved by presenting the image or object to only the right visual field or hand.
The same effect occurs for visual pairs and reasoning. For example, a patient with split brain is shown a picture of a chicken foot and a snowy field in separate visual fields and asked to choose from a list of words the best association with the pictures. The patient would choose a chicken to associate with the chicken foot and a shovel to associate with the snow; however, when asked to reason why the patient chose the shovel, the response would relate to the chicken (e.g. "the shovel is for cleaning out the chicken coop").[2]
"Scientists have often wondered whether split-brain patients … are 'of two minds'" (Zilmer, 2001). However, recent evidence has emerged that despite lack of communication between the two cerebral hemispheres, consciousness appears to still take a unified state.[3]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Visual test
1.2 Tactile test
1.3 Combination of both tests
2 Hemispheric specialization
2.1 Role of the corpus callosum
2.2 Functional plasticity
2.3 Corpus callosotomy
2.4 Memory
2.5 Control
2.6 Attention
3 Case studies of split-brain patients
3.1 Patient W.J.
3.2 Patient JW
3.3 Patient VP
3.4 Kim Peek
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
In the 1950's, research on people with certain brain injuries made it possible to suspect that the "language center" in the brain was commonly situated in the left hemisphere. One had observed that people with lesions in two specific areas on the left hemisphere lost their ability to talk, for example. Roger Sperry and his colleague pioneered research. In his early work on animal subjects, Sperry made many noteworthy discoveries. The results of these studies over the next thirty years later led to Roger Sperry being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981. Sperry received the prize for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres. With the help of so-called "split brain" patients, he carried out experiments, and for the first time in history, knowledge about the left and right hemispheres was revealed.[4] In the 1960s Sperry was later joined by Michael Gazzaniga a psychobiology Ph.D. student in his work on split-brain research at Caltech in Pasadena, California. Even though Sperry is considered the founder of split-brain research, Gazzaniga's clear summaries of their collaborative work are consistently cited in psychology texts. In Sperry and Gazzaniga's "The Split Brain in Man" experiment published in Scientific American in 1967 they wanted to explore the extent to which two halves of the human brain were able to function independently and whether or not they had separate and unique abilities. They wanted to examine how perceptual and intellectual skills were affected in someone with a split-brain. At Caltech, Gazzaniga worked with Sperry on the effects of split-brain surgery on perception, vision and other brain functions. The surgery, which was a treatment for severe epilepsy, involved severing the corpus callosum, which carries signals between the left-brain hemisphere, the seat of speech and analytical capacity, and the right-brain hemisphere, which helps recognize visual patterns. At the time this article was written, only ten patients had undergone the surgery to sever their corpus callosum (corpus callosotomy). Four of these patients had consented to participate in Sperry and Gazzaniga's research. After the corpus callosum severing, all four participants' personality, intelligence, and emotions appeared to be unaffected. However,the testing done by Sperry and Gazzaniga showed the subjects demonstrated unusual mental abilities. The researchers created three types of tests to analyze the range of cognitive capabilities of the split-brain subjects. The first was to test their visual stimulation abilities, the second test was a tactile stimulation situation and the third tested auditory abilities.
Visual test[edit]
The first test started with a board that had a horizontal row of lights. The subject was told to sit in front of the board and stare at a point in the middle of the lights, then the bulbs would flash across both the right and left visual fields. When the patients were asked to describe afterward what they saw, they said that only the lights on the right side of the board had lit up. Next when Sperry and Gazzaniga flashed the lights on the right side of the board on the subjects left side of their visual field, they claimed to not have seen any lights at all. When the experimenters conducted the test again, they asked the subjects to point to the lights that lit up. Although subjects had only reported seeing the lights flash on the right, they actually pointed to all the lights in both visual fields. This showed that both brain hemispheres had seen the lights and were equally competent in visual perception. The subjects did not say they saw the lights when they flashed in the left visual field even though they did see them because the center for speech is located in the brain’s left hemisphere. This test supports the idea that in order to say one has seen something, the region of the brain associated with speech must be able to communicate with areas of the brain that process the visual information.
Tactile test[edit]
In a second experiment Sperry and Gazzaniga placed a small object in the subject's right or left hand, without being able to see (or hear) it. Placed in the right hand, the isolated left hemisphere perceived the object and could easily describe and name it. However, placed in the left hand, the isolated right hemisphere could not name or describe the object. Questioning this result, the researchers found that the subjects could later match it from several similar objects; tactile sensations limited to the right hemisphere were accurately perceived but could not be verbalized. This further demonstrated the apparent location (or lateralization) of language functions in the left hemisphere.
Combination of both tests[edit]
In the last test the experimenters combined both the tactile and visual test. They presented subjects with a picture of an object to only their right hemisphere, and subjects were unable to name it or describe it. There were no verbal responses to the picture at all. If the subject however was able to reach under the screen with their left hand to touch various objects, they were able to pick the one that had been shown in the picture. The subjects were also reported to be able to pick out objects that were related to the picture presented, if that object was not under the screen.[5]
Sperry and Gazzaniga went on to conduct other tests to shed light on the language processing abilities of the right hemisphere as well as auditory and emotional reactions as well. The significance of the findings of these tests by Sperry and Gazzaniga were extremely telling and important to the psychology world. Their findings showed that the two halves of the brain have numerous functions and specialized skills. They concluded that each hemisphere really has its own functions. One's left hemisphere of the brain is thought to be better at writing, speaking, mathematical calculation, reading, and is the primary area for language. The right hemisphere is seen to possess capabilities for problem solving, recognizing faces, symbolic reasoning, art, and spatial relationships.
Roger Sperry continued this line of research up until his death in 1994. Michael Gazzaniga still is researching the split-brain. Their findings have been rarely critiqued and disputed, however a popular belief that some people are more "right-brained" or "left-brained" has developed. In the mid 1980s Jarre Levy, a psychobiologist at the University of Chicago, had set out and been in the forefront of scientists who wanted to dispel the notion we have two functioning brains. She believes that because each hemisphere has separate functions that they must integrate their abilities instead of separating them. Levy also claims that no human activity uses only one side of the brain. In 1998 a French study by Hommet and Billiard was published that questioned Sperry and Gazzaniga's study that severing the corpus callosum actually divides the hemispheres of the brain. They found that children born without a corpus callosum demonstrated that information was being transmitted between hemispheres, and concluded that subcortical connections must be present in these children with this rare brain malformation. They are unclear about whether these connections are present in split-brain patients though. Another study by Parsons, Gabrieli, Phelps, and Gazzaniga in 1998 demonstrated that split-brain patients may commonly perceive the world differently from the rest of us. Their study suggested that communication between brain hemispheres is necessary for imaging or simulating in your mind the movements of others. Morin's research on inner speech in 2001 suggested that an alternative for interpretation of commissurotomy according to which split-brain patients exhibit two uneven streams of self-awareness: a "complete" one in the left hemisphere and a "primitive" one in the right hemisphere.[6]
Hemispheric specialization[edit]
The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are linked by the corpus callosum, through which they communicate and coordinate actions and decisions. Communication and coordination between the two hemispheres is essential because each hemisphere has some separate functions.[7] The right hemisphere of the cortex excels at nonverbal and spatial tasks, whereas the left hemisphere is more dominant in verbal tasks, such as speaking and writing. The right hemisphere controls the primary sensory functions of the left side of the body. In a cognitive sense the right hemisphere is responsible for recognition of objects and timing, and in an emotional sense it is responsible for empathy, humour and depression. On the other hand, the left hemisphere controls the primary sensory functions of the right side of the body and is responsible for scientific and maths skills, and logic.[8] The extent of specialised brain function by an area remains under investigation. It is claimed that the difference between the two hemispheres is that the left hemisphere is "analytic" or "logical" while the right hemisphere is "holistic" or "intuitive".[9] Many simple tasks, especially comprehension of inputs, require functions that are specific to both the right and left hemispheres and together form a one direction systematised way of creating an output[clarification needed] through the communication and coordination that occurs between hemispheres.[10]
Role of the corpus callosum[edit]
The corpus callosum is a structure in the brain along the longitudinal fissure that facilitates much of the communication between the two hemispheres and its main function is in allowing for communication between the brain's right and left hemispheres. This structure is composed of white matter: millions of axons that have their dendrites and terminal buttons projecting in both the right and left hemisphere. However, there is evidence that the corpus callosum may also have some inhibitory functions.[11] Post-mortem research on human and monkey brains show that the corpus callosum is functionally organised. It proves that the right hemisphere is superior for detecting faces.[12] This organisation results in modality-specific regions of the corpus callosum that are responsible for the transfer of different types of information. Research has revealed that the anterior midbody transfers motor information, the posterior midbody transfers somatosensory information, the isthmus transfers auditory information and the splenium transfers visual information.[13] Although much of the interhemispheric transfer occurs at the corpus callosum, there are trace amounts of transfer via subcortical pathways.
Studies of the effects on the visual pathway on split-brained patients has revealed that there is a redundancy gain (the ability of target detection to benefit from multiple copies of the target) in simple reaction time. In a simple response to visual stimuli, split-brained patients experience a faster reaction time to bilateral stimuli than predicted by model.[14] A model proposed by Iacoboni et al.[15] suggests split-brained patients experience asynchronous activity that causes a stronger signal, and thus a decreased reaction time. Iacoboni also suggests there exists dual attention in split-brained patients, which is implying that each cerebral hemisphere has its own attentional system.[16] An alternative approach taken by Reuter-Lorenz et al.[17] suggests that enhanced redundancy gain in the split brain is primarily due to a slowing of responses to unilateral stimuli, rather than a speeding of responses to bilateral ones. It is important to note that the simple reaction time in split-brained patients, even with enhanced redundancy gain, is slower than the reaction time of normal adults.
Functional plasticity[edit]
Following a stroke or other injury to the brain, functional deficiencies are common. The deficits are expected to be in areas related to the part of the brain that has been damaged; if a stroke has occurred in the motor cortex, deficits may include paralysis, abnormal posture, or abnormal movement synergies.[18] Significant recovery occurs during the first several weeks after the injury. However, recovery is generally thought not to continue past 6 months. If a specific region of the brain is injured or destroyed, its functions can sometimes be transferred and taken over by a neighbouring region. There is little functional plasticity observed in partial and complete callosotomies; however, much more plasticity can be seen in infant patients receiving a hemispherectomy, which suggests that the opposite hemisphere can adapt some functions typically performed by its opposite pair. In a study done by Anderson, it proved a correlation between the severity of the injury, the age of the individual and their cognitive performance. It was evident that there was more neuroplasticity in older children, even if their injury was extremely severe, than infants who suffered moderate brain injury.[19] In some incidents of any moderate to severe brain injury, it mostly causes developmental impairments and in some of the most severe injuries it can cause a profound impact on their development that can lead to long-term cognitive effects. In the aging brain, it is extremely uncommon for neuroplasticity to occur; "olfactory bulb and hippocampus are two regions of the mammalian brain in which mutations preventing adult neurogenesis were never beneficial, or simply never occurred" (Anderson, 2005).[19]
Corpus callosotomy[edit]
Corpus callosotomy is a surgical procedure that sections the corpus callosum, resulting in either the partial or complete disconnection between the two hemispheres. It is typically used as a last resort measure in treatment of intractable epilepsy. The modern procedure typically involves only the anterior third of the corpus callosum; however, if the epileptic seizures continue, the following third is lesioned prior to the remaining third if the seizures persist. This results in a complete callosotomy in which most of the information transfer between hemispheres is lost.
Due to the functional mapping of the corpus callosum, a partial callosotomy has less detrimental effects because it leaves parts of the corpus callosum intact. There is little functional plasticity observed in partial and complete callosotomies on adults, the most neuroplasticity is seen in young children but not in infants.[20]
It is known that when the corpus callosum is severed during an experimental procedure, the experimenter can ask each side of the brain the same question and receive two different answers. When the experimenter asks the right visual field/left hemisphere what they see the participant will respond verbally, whereas if the experimenter asks the left visual field/right hemisphere what they see the participant will not be able to respond verbally but will pick up the appropriate object with their left hand.[21]
Memory[edit]
It is known that the right and the left hemisphere have different functions when it comes to memory. The right hemisphere is better at being able to recognise objects and faces, recall knowledge that the individual has already learned, or recall images already seen. The left hemisphere is better at mental manipulation, language production, and semantic priming but was more susceptible to memory confusion than the right hemisphere.[22] The main issue for individuals that have undergone a callosotomy is that because the function of memory is split into two major systems, the individual is more likely to become confused between knowledge they already know and information that they have only inferred.[22]
In tests, memory in either hemisphere of split-brained patients is generally lower than normal, though better than in patients with amnesia, suggesting that the forebrain commissures are important for the formation of some kinds of memory. This suggests that posterior callosal sections that include the hippocampal commissures cause a mild memory deficit (in standardised free-field testing) involving recognition.[23]
Control[edit]
In general, split-brained patients behave in a coordinated, purposeful and consistent manner, despite the independent, parallel, usually different and occasionally conflicting processing of the same information from the environment by the two disconnected hemispheres. When two hemispheres receive competing stimuli at the same time, the response mode tends to determine which hemisphere controls behaviour.[24]
Often, split-brained patients are indistinguishable from normal adults. This is due to the compensatory phenomena; split-brained patients progressively acquire a variety of strategies to get around their interhemispheric transfer deficits.[25] One issue that can happen with their body control is that one side of the body is doing the opposite of the other side called the intermanual effect.[citation needed]
Attention[edit]
Experiments on covert orienting of spatial attention using the Posner paradigm confirm the existence of two different attentional systems in the two hemispheres.[26] The right hemisphere was found superior to the left hemisphere on modified versions of spatial relations tests and in locations testing, whereas the left hemisphere was more object based.[27] The components of mental imagery are differentially specialised: the right hemisphere was found superior for mental rotation,[28] the left hemisphere superior for image generation.[29] It was also found that the right hemisphere paid more attention to landmarks and scenes whereas the left hemisphere paid more attention to exemplars of categories.[30]
Case studies of split-brain patients[edit]
Patient W.J.[edit]
Patient W.J.[31] was the first patient to undergo a full corpus callosotomy in 1962, after experiencing fifteen years of convulsions resulting from grand mal seizures. He was a World War II paratrooper who was injured at 30 years old during a bombing raid jump over the Netherlands, and again in a prison camp following his first injury. After returning home, he began to suffer from blackouts in which he would not remember what he was doing or where, and how or when he got there. At age 37, he suffered his first generalised convulsion. One of his worst episodes occurred in 1953, when he suffered a series of convulsions lasting for many days. During these convulsions, his left side would go numb and he would recover quickly, but after the series of convulsions, he never regained complete feeling on his left side.
Before his surgery, both hemispheres functioned and interacted normally, his sensory and motor functions were normal aside from slight hypesthesia, and he could correctly identify and understand visual stimuli presented to both sides of his visual field. During his surgery in 1962, his surgeons determined that no massa intermedia had developed, and he had undergone atrophy in the part of the right frontal lobe exposed during the procedure. His operation was a success, in that it led to decreases in the frequency and intensity of his seizures.
Patient JW[edit]
Patient JW[32] is a right-handed male who was 47 years old at the time of testing. He successfully completed high school and has no reported learning disabilities. He had his first seizure at the age of 16. At the age of 25, he underwent a two-stage resection of the corpus callosum for relief of intractable epilepsy. Complete sectioning of the corpus callosum has been confirmed by MRI.[33] Post-surgical MRI also revealed no evidence of other neurological damage.
One of the experiments involving JW attempted to determine each hemisphere's ability to perform simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. On each trial, an arithmetic problem was presented in the center of the screen followed by a central cross hair. After studying the problem, a number posing as the answer was presented to each hemisphere exclusively by JW's vision fixated on a central cross hair. Probes (stimuli) were then presented for 150 ms to either the left visual field/right hemisphere (LVF/RH) or to the right visual field/left hemisphere (RVF/LH). The position of the probe fell outside any zone of naso-temporal overlap (binocular vision) to ensure that stimuli were perceived only by the hemisphere contralateral to the visual field of the stimuli. JW was instructed to press a certain key if the probe was the correct solution and another key if the probe was the incorrect solution. Results showed that the effects of visual field was significant with performance of the left hemisphere being better than that of the right hemisphere; the left hemisphere correctly chose the correct answer on all four arithmetic operations approximately 90% of the time while the right hemisphere was at chance. These results suggest left hemisphere specialisation for calculation.
J.W. was further tested to determine after-effects on his self-recognition and familiar facial recognition.[34] He was tested in a study where he would respond yes or no to images presented, by pressing a button. These images were ranging from 0–100% "JW", with the 0% images being of Dr. Michael Gazzaniga, and the 100% images being of J.W. himself. What researchers found supported the idea that there are cortical networks in the left hemisphere that play an important role in execution of the self-recognition process.
Patient VP[edit]
Patient VP[35] is a woman who underwent a two-stage callosotomy in 1979 at the age of 27. Although the callosotomy was reported to be complete, follow-up MRI in 1984 revealed spared fibers in the rostrum and splenium. The spared rostral fibers constituted approximately 1.8% of the total cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum and the spared splenial fibers constituted approximately 1% of the area.[33] VP's postsurgery intelligence and memory quotients were within normal limits.[36]
One of the experiments involving VP attempted to investigate systematically the types of visual information that could be transferred via VP's spared splenial fibers. The first experiment was designed to assess VP's ability to make between-field perceptual judgements about simultaneously presented pairs of stimuli. The stimuli were presented in varying positions with respect to the horizontal and vertical midline with VP's vision fixated on a central crosshair. The judgements were based on differences in colour, shape or size. The testing procedure was the same for all three types of stimuli; after presentation of each pair, VP verbally responded "yes" if the two items in the pair were identical and "no" if they were not. The results show that there was no perceptual transfer for colour, size or shape with binomial tests showing that VP's accuracy was not greater than chance.
A second experiment involving VP attempted to investigate what aspects of words transferred between the two hemispheres. The set up was similar to the previous experiment, with VP's vision fixated on a central cross hair. A word pair was presented with one word on each side of the cross-hair for 150 ms. The words presented were in one of four categories: words that looked and sounded like rhymes (e.g. tire and fire), words that looked as if they should rhyme but did not (e.g. cough and dough), words that did not look as if they should rhyme but did (e.g. bake and ache), and words that neither looked nor sounded like rhymes (e.g. keys and fort). After presentation of each word pair, VP responded "yes" if the two words rhymed and "no" if they did not. VP's performance was above chance and she was able to distinguish among the different conditions. When the word pairs did not sound like rhymes, VP was able to say accurately that the words did not rhyme, regardless of whether or not they looked as if they should rhyme. When the words did rhyme, VP was more likely to say they rhymed, particularly if the words also looked as if they should rhyme.
Although VP showed no evidence for transfer of colour, shape or size, there was evidence for transfer of word information.[37] This is consistent with the speculation that the transfer of word information involves fibres in the ventroposterior region of the splenium—the same region in which V.P. had callosal sparing. V.P. is able to integrate words presented to both visual fields, creating a concept that is not suggested by either word. For example, she combines "head" and "stone" to form the integrated concept of a tombstone.
Kim Peek[edit]
Kim Peek [38] was arguably the most well-known savant. He was born on November 11, 1951 with an enlarged head, encephalocele, a malformed cerebellum, and an absence of a corpus callosum and both the anterior and posterior commissures. He was able to memorize over 9,000 books, and information from approximately 15 subject areas. These include: world/American history, sports, movies, geography, actors and actresses, the Bible, church history, literature, classical music, area codes/zip codes of the United States, television stations serving these areas, and step by step directions within any major U.S. city. Despite these abilities, he had an IQ of 87, was not diagnosed as autistic, and was unable to button his shirt, and had difficulties performing everyday tasks. The missing structures of his brain have yet to be linked to his increased abilities, but they can be linked to his ability to read pages of a book in 8–10 seconds. He was able to split his vision [39] so that each eye reads its corresponding page, allowing him to read both pages at once. He also had developed language areas in both hemispheres, something very uncommon in split-brain patients. Language [39] is processed in areas of the temporal lobe, most commonly on the left side of the head, and involves a contralateral transfer of information before the brain can process what is being read. In Peek's case, there was no transfer ability—this is what led to his development of language centers in each hemisphere. Many believe this is the reason behind his extremely fast reading capabilities.
While Peek did not undergo corpus callosotomy, he is considered a natural split-brain patient and is critical to understanding the importance of the corpus callosum. Kim Peek died in 2009.[39]
See also[edit]
Lateralization of brain function
Left brain interpreter
Confabulation
Brain asymmetry
Dual consciousness
Divided consciousness
Bicameralism (psychology)
Alien hand syndrome
Society of Mind
Parallel computing
Laterality
Mind-body problem
Philosophy of mind
Theory of mind
Ideomotor phenomenon
Cognitive Neuroscience
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Jump up ^ Funnell M. G.; Colvin M. K.; Gazzaniga M. S. (2007). "The calculating hemispheres: Studies of a split-brain patient. [Article]". Neuropsychologia. 45 (10): 2378–2386. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.017. PMID 17420034.
^ Jump up to: a b Gazzaniga, M. S.; Holtzman, J. D.; Deck, M. D.; Lee, B. C. (1985-12-01). "MRI assessment of human callosal surgery with neuropsychological correlates". Neurology. 35 (12): 1763–1766. doi:10.1212/wnl.35.12.1763. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 4069368.
Jump up ^ Turk D. J.; Heatherton T. F.; Kelley W. M.; Funnell M. G.; Gazzaniga M. S.; Macrae C. N. (2002). "Mike or me? Self-recognition in a split-brain patient". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (9): 841–842. doi:10.1038/nn907.
Jump up ^ Funnell M. G.; Corballis P. M.; Gazzaniga M. S. (2000). "Insights into the functional specificity of the human corpus callosum". Brain. 123: 920–926. doi:10.1093/brain/123.5.920.
Jump up ^ Gazzaniga MS, Nass R, Reeves A, Roberts D (1984). "Neurologic perspectives on right hemisphere language following surgical section of the corpus callosum". Semin Neurol. 4: 126–35. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041542.
Jump up ^ Gazzaniga M. S. (2000). "Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication". Brain. 123 (7): 1293–1326. doi:10.1093/brain/123.7.1293.
Jump up ^ Treffert D. A.; Christensen D. D. (2006). "Inside the mind of a savant". Scientific American Mind. 17: 52–55. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0606-50.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brogaard, B. (2012, November 6). The superhuman mind: Split brains. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Psychology Today website: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201211/split-brains
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