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Uzo Aduba
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Uzo Aduba
Aduba in 2014
Born
Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba
(1981-02-10) February 10, 1981 (age 36)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma mater
Boston University
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2003–present
Uzoamaka Nwanneka "Uzo" Aduba[1] (/ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; born February 10, 1981)[2] is an American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015.[3] She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Advocacy
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Stage credits
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Aduba was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Nigerian parents, of Igbo origin, from Achi in Enugu State.
She grew up in Medfield, Massachusetts,[5] and graduated from Medfield High School in 1999.[6] She attended Boston University, where she studied classical voice[7] and competed in track and field.[8][9] She describes her family as a "sports family".[7] Her younger brother, Obi, played hockey at the University of Massachusetts and went on to play six seasons professionally.[10]
Career[edit]
Aduba first garnered recognition for her acting in 2003, when her performance in Translations of Xhosa[11] at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts earned her a Helen Hayes Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Play.[12] Aduba played the character Amphiarus in 2006 at New York Theatre Workshop and again in 2008 at La Jolla Playhouse. In 2007, she made her Broadway debut, portraying Toby in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Coram Boy at the Imperial Theatre.[13] From 2011 through 2012, she sang "By My Side" as part of the original revival cast of Godspell at the Circle in the Square Theatre.[14][15] Her first television appearance was as a nurse on Blue Bloods in 2012.[7] She also played the mother of the title character of Venice at The Public Theater in New York.[16][17]
In 2013, Aduba began portraying Suzanne Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black.[18] On being cast, Aduba said:
I auditioned for the show back in late July or early August of [2012]. I had been auditioning that summer for more television and film [after doing much theater]. I'd read a lot of scripts and I remember reading Orange Is the New Black, and it was at the head of the pack. I remember thinking, 'Wow, that is really good, I would love to be a part of that.' I went in and auditioned for another part, and my representatives called me about a month later and they were like, "Hi, we have some really good news. You remember that audition you went on for Orange Is the New Black? You didn't get it." I go, "So… okay, what's the good news?" They said they wanted to offer me another part, Crazy Eyes. I was like, "What in my audition would make someone think I'd be right for a part called Crazy Eyes?" But to be honest, when I got the script for it, it felt like the right fit.[19]
Casting director Jennifer Euston explains the selection of Aduba for the role thus: "Uzo Aduba...had her hair in those knots for the audition...They saw something amazing in her and were able to connect it to what they were looking for in Crazy Eyes."[20] In joining the series, Aduba obtained her Screen Actors Guild card, about which she says, "I was just like, 'Wow, this means I'm a full actor now.' It was such a big deal, and I remember being so thankful and feeling so proud."[21]
She has been recognized for her performance as "Crazy Eyes": Aduba won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards as well as Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season one performance.[22][23][24] Aduba's season two performance earned her the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards.[25][26][27]
Aduba won a second Primetime Emmy at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2015, winning the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. This makes her the first actress to win both a drama and comedy Emmy for the same role.[28] Aduba's performance in the third season also earned another Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series win for the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards.[29] She also earned a Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards.[30]
In March 2014, Aduba performed at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards.[31] Aduba teamed with Rachel Bay Jones for a rendition of the song "Lily's Eyes" from the musical The Secret Garden.[32]
Aduba plays a major role in My Little Pony: The Movie, where she voices Queen Novo, leader of the Hippogriff/Seaponies.
Advocacy[edit]
In April 2017, Aduba received the Point Courage Award from the Point Foundation for her support of the LGBT community.[33]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2015 Pearly Gates Corrie
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip TSA Officer
2016 Tallulah Detective Kinnie
American Pastoral Vicky
Showing Roots Pearl
2017 My Little Pony: The Movie Queen Novo (voice)
Candy Jar Julia Russell Post-production
TBA We Are Boats Sir Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012 Project Runway: All Stars Herself Episode: "Putting On The Glitz"
Blue Bloods Nurse Episode: "Nightmares"
2013 How to Live Like a Lady Acting Teacher Television film
2013–present Orange Is the New Black Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren 62 episodes
2014 Saturday Night Live Daughter Dudley Episode: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar"
Hell's Kitchen Herself Season 13 Episode 10: "9 Chefs Compete"
2015 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: "Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels"
The Wiz Live! Glinda the Good Witch Television special
2016 Steven Universe Bismuth (voice) Episode: "Bismuth"[34]
Stage credits[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 The Seven Amphiarus New York Theatre Workshop
2007 Coram Boy Toby Imperial Theatre
2008 The Seven Amphiarus La Jolla Playhouse
2009 Eclipsed Helena Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company
2009 A Civil War Christmas Hannah Huntington Theatre
2011 Godspell Company Circle in the Square Theatre
2013 Venice Anna Monroe The Public Theater
2016 The Maids Solange Trafalgar Studios
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
2013 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Orange Is the New Black Nominated
2014 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Won
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Won
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
2016 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Glamour Awards[35] Comedy Actress Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
2017 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Pending
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Pending
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba". Reviewing The Drama. March 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wright, Celine (August 12, 2013). "'Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba on a good road as Crazy Eyes". Los Angeles Times. 32-year-old Aduba
Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list. CNN.com (September 21, 2015). Retrieved on December 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Uzo Aduba Watch 'OITNB' actress speak Igbo, reveal her favourite Nigerian dish,". Pulse.ng. Chidumga Izuzu. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Aduba, Uzo (August 4, 2014). "Uzo Aduba: My Road to ‘Orange Is the New Black'". The Daily Beast
Jump up ^ "Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner". medfield.patch.com. May 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Champagne, Christine (June 8, 2014). "Behind the Breakout Role: Orange is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes". Co.Create. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2001–02 Women's Track Roster". Boston University. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Boston University Meet Results". UMassAthletics.com. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Obi Aduba player profile". hockeydb.com.
Jump up ^ "Translations of Xhosa - Washington, DC - Tickets, Reviews, Info and More". theatermania. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Outstanding Supporting Actress, Resident Play – 2004". Awards and nominations Theatre Washington. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Isherwood, Charles (May 3, 2007). "Orphans of the Storm, Assailed by Lurid Evildoers". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Uzo Aduba". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Cast: Uzo Aduba". Godspell.com. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (June 15, 2013). "Of Shakespeare and Superheroes". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre". newyorktheatreguide.com. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes, Flirting Techniques, and Peeing on the Floor". Vulture.com. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (August 23, 2013). "'Crazy Eyes' From 'Orange Is The New Black' Talks Flirting, Jodie Foster And That Infamous Scene". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Loewenstein, Melinda (June 2, 2014). "#1 Reason Seeing Potential Beyond the Audition Created an Outstanding Ensemble for 'Orange Is the New Black'". Backstage.
Jump up ^ Moynihan, Rob (January 19, 2015). "How I Got My SAG-AFTRA Card", TV Guide. p. 8
Jump up ^ "Primetime Emmy Awards 2014: The winners list". CNN. August 26, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards". PR Newswire. December 2, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Kate (June 19, 2014). "Critics' Choice TV Awards: The winners list". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leeds, Sarene (January 26, 2015). "SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keegan, Rebecca (January 26, 2015). "SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 11, 2014). "Golden Globes: Fargo, True Detective Lead Nominations; Jane the Virgin, Transparent Score Multiple Nods". TVLine. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Uzo Aduba Is 'Grateful' After Tearful Emmy Win". ExtraTV.com. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees". Los Angeles Times. January 10, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (March 20, 2014). "Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance". Playbill.
Jump up ^ "BROADWAY BACKWARDS". Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS. March 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Emily (April 5, 2017). "Uzo Aduba honored in New York". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kickham, Dylan (July 7, 2016). "'Steven Universe': Uzo Aduba plays a new Crystal Gem — exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Glamour Women of the Year voting 2016". demographix.com. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
External links[edit]
Uzo Aduba on IMDb
Uzo Aduba at the Internet Broadway Database
Uzo Aduba at Internet Off-Broadway Database
[show]
Awards for Uzo Aduba
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series
Paul Rudd (2012)
Patton Oswalt (2013)
Uzo Aduba (2014)
Bradley Whitford (2015)
Timothy Olyphant (2016)
Alec Baldwin (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
1975–2000
Cloris Leachman (1975)
Beah Richards (1988)
Colleen Dewhurst (1989)
Swoosie Kurtz (1990)
Colleen Dewhurst (1991)
No award (1992)
Tracey Ullman (1993)
Eileen Heckart (1994)
Cyndi Lauper (1995)
Betty White (1996)
Carol Burnett (1997)
Emma Thompson (1998)
Tracey Ullman (1999)
Jean Smart (2000)
2001–present
Jean Smart (2001)
Cloris Leachman (2002)
Christina Applegate (2003)
Laura Linney (2004)
Kathryn Joosten (2005)
Cloris Leachman (2006)
Elaine Stritch (2007)
Kathryn Joosten (2008)
Tina Fey (2009)
Betty White (2010)
Gwyneth Paltrow (2011)
Kathy Bates (2012)
Melissa Leo (2013)
Uzo Aduba (2014)
Joan Cusack (2015)
Tina Fey & Amy Poehler (2016)
Melissa McCarthy (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Barbara Hale (1959)
Pamela Brown (1962)
Glenda Farrell (1963)
Ruth White (1964)
Lee Grant (1966)
Agnes Moorehead (1967)
Barbara Anderson (1968)
Susan Saint James (1969)
Gail Fisher (1970)
Margaret Leighton (1971)
Jenny Agutter (1972)
Ellen Corby (1973)
Joanna Miles (1974)
Ellen Corby (1975)
Ellen Corby (1976)
Kristy McNichol (1977)
Nancy Marchand (1978)
Kristy McNichol (1979)
Nancy Marchand (1980)
Nancy Marchand (1981)
Nancy Marchand (1982)
Doris Roberts (1983)
Alfre Woodard (1984)
Betty Thomas (1985)
Bonnie Bartlett (1986)
Bonnie Bartlett (1987)
Patricia Wettig (1988)
Melanie Mayron (1989)
Marg Helgenberger (1990)
Madge Sinclair (1991)
Valerie Mahaffey (1992)
Mary Alice (1993)
Leigh Taylor-Young (1994)
Julianna Margulies (1995)
Tyne Daly (1996)
Kim Delaney (1997)
Camryn Manheim (1998)
Holland Taylor (1999)
Allison Janney (2000)
Allison Janney (2001)
Stockard Channing (2002)
Tyne Daly (2003)
Drea de Matteo (2004)
Blythe Danner (2005)
Blythe Danner (2006)
Katherine Heigl (2007)
Dianne Wiest (2008)
Cherry Jones (2009)
Archie Panjabi (2010)
Margo Martindale (2011)
Maggie Smith (2012)
Anna Gunn (2013)
Anna Gunn (2014)
Uzo Aduba (2015)
Maggie Smith (2016)
Ann Dowd (2017)
[show]
v
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Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Helen Hunt (1994)
Christine Baranski (1995)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1997)
Tracey Ullman (1998)
Lisa Kudrow (1999)
Sarah Jessica Parker (2000)
Megan Mullally (2001)
Megan Mullally (2002)
Megan Mullally (2003)
Teri Hatcher (2004)
Felicity Huffman (2005)
America Ferrera (2006)
Tina Fey (2007)
Tina Fey (2008)
Tina Fey (2009)
Betty White (2010)
Betty White (2011)
Tina Fey (2012)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2013)
Uzo Aduba (2014)
Uzo Aduba (2015)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2016)
[show]
v
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Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2010–2019)
Modern Family, season 1/season 2 (2010): Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Modern Family, season 2/season 3 (2011): Anderson-Emmons; Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Modern Family, season 3/season 4 (2012): Anderson-Emmons; Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Modern Family, season 4/season 5 (2013): Anderson-Emmons; Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Orange Is the New Black, season 2 (2014): Aduba, Biggs, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Freeman, Gardner, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Lake, Lapkus, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, Marsh Garland, McGorry, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Pimentel, Polanco, Reiner, Roberts, Rodriguez, Rosenblat, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Toussaint, Tucci, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 3 (2015): Aduba, Birbiglia, Blake, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Leyva, Manning, Marsh Garland, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Rodriguez, Rose, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 4 (2016): Aduba, Aisenberg, Brooks, Brown, Cruz, DeLaria, Dover, Glenn, Golden, Gómez, Guerrero, Harney, Henke, Jeudy, Lake, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, McMenamin, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Purdy, Rodriguez, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Tucci, Wiley
Complete list
(1994–1999)
(2000–2009)
(2010–2019)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 232573537
LCCN: no2012030028
GND: 113350955X
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzo_Aduba&oldid=815299615"
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Base pair
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Depiction of the adenine-thymine Watson-Crick base pair.
A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix, and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence.[1] The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a backup copy of all genetic information encoded within double-stranded DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA, and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes.
Intramolecular base pairs can occur within single-stranded nucleic acids. This is particularly important in RNA molecules (e.g., transfer RNA), where Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-uracil) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices, and a wide variety of non-Watson-Crick interactions (e.g., G-U or A-A) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three-dimensional structures. In addition, base-pairing between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins via the genetic code.
The size of an individual gene or an organism's entire genome is often measured in base pairs because DNA is usually double-stranded. Hence, the number of total base pairs is equal to the number of nucleotides in one of the strands (with the exception of non-coding single-stranded regions of telomeres). The haploid human genome (23 chromosomes) is estimated to be about 3.2 billion bases long and to contain 20,000–25,000 distinct protein-coding genes.[2][3][4] A kilobase (kb) is a unit of measurement in molecular biology equal to 1000 base pairs of DNA or RNA.[5] The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes.[6] In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Hydrogen bonding and stability
1.1 Examples
2 Base analogs and intercalators
3 Unnatural base pair (UBP)
4 Length measurements
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Hydrogen bonding and stability[edit]
Top, a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds. Bottom, an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines.
Hydrogen bonding is the chemical interaction that underlies the base-pairing rules described above. Appropriate geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allows only the "right" pairs to form stably. DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low GC-content, but, contrary to popular belief, the hydrogen bonds do not stabilize the DNA significantly, and stabilization is mainly due to stacking interactions.[8]
The larger nucleobases, adenine and guanine, are members of a class of double-ringed chemical structures called purines; the smaller nucleobases, cytosine and thymine (and uracil), are members of a class of single-ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines. Purines are complementary only with pyrimidines: pyrimidine-pyrimidine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too far apart for hydrogen bonding to be established; purine-purine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too close, leading to overlap repulsion. Purine-pyrimidine base pairing of AT or GC or UA (in RNA) results in proper duplex structure. The only other purine-pyrimidine pairings would be AC and GT and UG (in RNA); these pairings are mismatches because the patterns of hydrogen donors and acceptors do not correspond. The GU pairing, with two hydrogen bonds, does occur fairly often in RNA (see wobble base pair).
Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing (if any), and the GC content. Higher GC content results in higher melting temperatures; it is, therefore, unsurprising that the genomes of extremophile organisms such as Thermus thermophilus are particularly GC-rich. On the converse, regions of a genome that need to separate frequently — for example, the promoter regions for often-transcribed genes — are comparatively GC-poor (for example, see TATA box). GC content and melting temperature must also be taken into account when designing primers for PCR reactions.
Examples[edit]
The following DNA sequences illustrate pair double-stranded patterns. By convention, the top strand is written from the 5' end to the 3' end; thus, the bottom strand is written 3' to 5'.
A base-paired DNA sequence:
ATCGATTGAGCTCTAGCG
TAGCTAACTCGAGATCGC
The corresponding RNA sequence, in which uracil is substituted for thymine where uracil takes its place in the RNA strand:
AUCGAUUGAGCUCUAGCG
UAGCUAACUCGAGAUCGC
Base analogs and intercalators[edit]
Main article: Nucleic acid analogues
Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors (mostly point mutations) in DNA replication and DNA transcription. This is due to their isosteric chemistry. One common mutagenic base analog is 5-bromouracil, which resembles thymine but can base-pair to guanine in its enol form.
Other chemicals, known as DNA intercalators, fit into the gap between adjacent bases on a single strand and induce frameshift mutations by "masquerading" as a base, causing the DNA replication machinery to skip or insert additional nucleotides at the intercalated site. Most intercalators are large polyaromatic compounds and are known or suspected carcinogens. Examples include ethidium bromide and acridine.
Unnatural base pair (UBP)[edit]
See also: Artificial gene synthesis, Expanded genetic code, Nucleic acid analogue, and Synthetic genomics
An unnatural base pair (UBP) is a designed subunit (or nucleobase) of DNA which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature. DNA sequences have been described which use newly created nucleobases to form a third base pair, in addition to the two base pairs found in nature, A-T (adenine - thymine) and G-C (guanine - cytosine). A few research groups have been searching for a third base pair for DNA, including teams led by Steven A. Benner, Philippe Marliere, Floyd Romesberg and Ichiro Hirao.[9] Some new base pairs have been reported.[10][11][12]
In 1989 Steven Benner, then at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and his team led with modified forms of cytosine and guanine into DNA molecules in vitro.[13] The nucleotides, which encoded RNA and proteins, were successfully replicated in vitro. Since then, Benner's team has been trying to engineer cells that can make foreign bases from scratch, obviating the need for a feedstock.[14]
In 2002, Ichiro Hirao’s group in Japan developed an unnatural base pair between 2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine (s) and pyridine-2-one (y) that functions in transcription and translation, for the site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins.[15] In 2006, they created 7-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Ds) and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (Pa) as a third base pair for replication and transcription.[16] Afterward, Ds and 4-[3-(6-aminohexanamido)-1-propynyl]-2-nitropyrrole (Px) was discovered as a high fidelity pair in PCR amplification.[17][18] In 2013, they applied the Ds-Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection (SELEX) and demonstrated the genetic alphabet expansion significantly augment DNA aptamer affinities to target proteins.[19]
In 2012, a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg, a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, published that his team designed an unnatural base pair (UBP).[20] The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair (UBP) were named d5SICS and dNaM. More technically, these artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases, feature two fused aromatic rings that form a (d5SICS–dNaM) complex or base pair in DNA.[14][21] His team designed a variety of in vitro or "test tube" templates containing the unnatural base pair and they confirmed that it was efficiently replicated with high fidelity in virtually all sequence contexts using the modern standard in vitro techniques, namely PCR amplification of DNA and PCR-based applications.[20] Their results show that for PCR and PCR-based applications, the d5SICS–dNaM unnatural base pair is functionally equivalent to a natural base pair, and when combined with the other two natural base pairs used by all organisms, A–T and G–C, they provide a fully functional and expanded six-letter "genetic alphabet".[21]
In 2014 the same team from the Scripps Research Institute reported that they synthesized a stretch of circular DNA known as a plasmid containing natural T-A and C-G base pairs along with the best-performing UBP Romesberg's laboratory had designed, and inserted it into cells of the common bacterium E. coli that successfully replicated the unnatural base pairs through multiple generations.[9] The transfection did not hamper the growth of the E. coli cells, and showed no sign of losing its unnatural base pairs to its natural DNA repair mechanisms. This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations.[21][22] Romesberg said he and his colleagues created 300 variants to refine the design of nucleotides that would be stable enough and would be replicated as easily as the natural ones when the cells divide. This was in part achieved by the addition of a supportive algal gene that expresses a nucleotide triphosphate transporter which efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICSTP and dNaMTP into E. coli bacteria.[21] Then, the natural bacterial replication pathways use them to accurately replicate a plasmid containing d5SICS–dNaM. Other researchers were surprised that the bacteria replicated these human-made DNA subunits.[23]
The successful incorporation of a third base pair is a significant breakthrough toward the goal of greatly expanding the number of amino acids which can be encoded by DNA, from the existing 20 amino acids to a theoretically possible 172, thereby expanding the potential for living organisms to produce novel proteins.[9] The artificial strings of DNA do not encode for anything yet, but scientists speculate they could be designed to manufacture new proteins which could have industrial or pharmaceutical uses.[24] Experts said the synthetic DNA incorporating the unnatural base pair raises the possibility of life forms based on a different DNA code.[23][24]
Length measurements[edit]
The following abbreviations are commonly used to describe the length of a D/RNA molecule:
bp = base pair(s)— one bp corresponds to approximately 3.4 Å (340 pm) of length along the strand, and to roughly 618 or 643 daltons for DNA and RNA respectively.
kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp
Mb (= Mbp) = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp
Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp.
For case of single-stranded DNA/RNA units of nucleotides are used, abbreviated nt (or knt, Mnt, Gnt), as they are not paired. For distinction between units of computer storage and bases kbp, Mbp, Gbp, etc. may be used for base pairs.
The centimorgan is also often used to imply distance along a chromosome, but the number of base pairs it corresponds to varies widely. In the Human genome, the centimorgan is about 1 million base pairs.[25][26]
See also[edit]
List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sequence-Dependent Variability of B-DNA". DNA Conformation and Transcription. Springer: 18–34. doi:10.1007/0-387-29148-2_2.
Jump up ^ Moran, Laurence A. (2011-03-24). "The total size of the human genome is very likely to be ~3,200 Mb". Sandwalk.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
Jump up ^ "The finished length of the human genome is 2.86 Gb". Strategicgenomics.com. 2006-06-12. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome". Nature. 431 (7011): 931–45. PMID 15496913. doi:10.1038/nature03001.
Jump up ^ Cockburn, Andrew F.; Jane Newkirk, Mary; Firtel, Richard A. (1976). "Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of dictyostelium discoideum: Mapping of the nontrascribed spacer regions". Cell. 9 (4): 605–613. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90043-X.
Jump up ^ Nuwer, Rachel (18 July 2015). "Counting All the DNA on Earth". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
Jump up ^ "The Biosphere: Diversity of Life". Aspen Global Change Institute. Basalt, CO. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
Jump up ^ Peter Yakovchuk, Ekaterina Protozanova and Maxim D. Frank-Kamenetskii. Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix. Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34(2):564-574.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fikes, Bradley J. (May 8, 2014). "Life engineered with expanded genetic code". San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Yang, Zunyi; et al. (August 15, 2011). "Amplification, Mutation, and Sequencing of a Six-Letter Synthetic Genetic System". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (38): 15105–15112. PMC 3427765  . PMID 21842904. doi:10.1021/ja204910n.
Jump up ^ Yamashige, Rie; et al. (March 2012). "Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification". Nucl Acids Res. 40 (6): 2793–2806. PMC 3315302  . PMID 22121213. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1068.
Jump up ^ Malyashev, D. A.; et al. (July 24, 2012). "Efficient and sequence-independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six-letter genetic alphabet". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 109 (30): 12005–12010. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10912005M. PMC 3409741  . PMID 22773812. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205176109.
Jump up ^ Switzer, Christopher; Moroney, Simon E.; Benner, Steven A. (1989). "Enzymatic incorporation of a new base pair into DNA and RNA". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111 (21): 8322–8323. doi:10.1021/ja00203a067.
^ Jump up to: a b Callaway, Ewan (May 7, 2014). "Scientists Create First Living Organism With 'Artificial' DNA". Nature News. Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Hirao, I.; et al. (2002). "An unnatural base pair for incorporating amino acid analogs into proteins". Nat. Biotechnol. 20: 177–182. PMID 11821864. doi:10.1038/nbt0202-177.
Jump up ^ Hirao, I.; et al. (2006). "An unnatural hydrophobic base pair system: site-specific incorporation of nucleotide analogs into DNA and RNA". Nat. Methods. 6: 729–735. doi:10.1038/nmeth915.
Jump up ^ Kimoto, M. et al. (2009) An unnatural base pair system for efficient PCR amplification and functionalization of DNA molecules. Nucleic acids Res. 37, e14
Jump up ^ Yamashige, R.; et al. "Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification". Nucleic Acids Res. 40: 2793–2806. PMC 3315302  . PMID 22121213. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1068.
Jump up ^ Kimoto, M.; et al. (2013). "Generation of high-affinity DNA aptamers using an expanded genetic alphabet". Nat. Biotechnol. 31: 453–457. PMID 23563318. doi:10.1038/nbt.2556.
^ Jump up to: a b Malyshev, Denis A.; Dhami, Kirandeep; Quach, Henry T.; Lavergne, Thomas; Ordoukhanian, Phillip (24 July 2012). "Efficient and sequence-independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six-letter genetic alphabet". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (30): 12005–12010. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10912005M. PMC 3409741  . PMID 22773812. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205176109. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Malyshev, Denis A.; Dhami, Kirandeep; Lavergne, Thomas; Chen, Tingjian; Dai, Nan; Foster, Jeremy M.; Corrêa, Ivan R.; Romesberg, Floyd E. (May 7, 2014). "A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet". Nature. 509: 385–8. PMC 4058825  . PMID 24805238. doi:10.1038/nature13314. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sample, Ian (May 7, 2014). "First life forms to pass on artificial DNA engineered by US scientists". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scientists create first living organism containing artificial DNA". The Wall Street Journal. Fox News. May 8, 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollack, Andrew (May 7, 2014). "Scientists Add Letters to DNA’s Alphabet, Raising Hope and Fear". New York Times. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "NIH ORDR - Glossary - C". Rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
Jump up ^ Matthew P Scott; Paul Matsudaira; Harvey Lodish; James Darnell; Lawrence Zipursky; Chris A Kaiser; Arnold Berk; Monty Krieger (2004). Molecular Cell Biology (Fifth ed.). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. p. 396. ISBN 0-7167-4366-3. ...in humans 1 centimorgan on average represents a distance of about 7.5x105 base pairs.
Further reading[edit]
Watson JD; Baker TA; Bell SP; Gann A; Levine M; Losick R (2004). Molecular Biology of the Gene (5th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings: CSHL Press. (See esp. ch. 6 and 9)
Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel, eds. (2012). Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 10. Springer. ISBN 978-9-4007-2171-5. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2.
Clever, Guido H.; Shionoya, Mitsuhiko (2012). "Chapter 10. Alternative DNA Base-Pairing through Metal Coordination". Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids. pp. 269–294. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2_10.
Megger, Dominik A.; Megger, Nicole; Mueller, Jens (2012). "Chapter 11. Metal-Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids with Purine and Pyrimidine-Derived Neucleosides". Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids. pp. 295–317. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2_11.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Base pairing.
DAN—webserver version of the EMBOSS tool for calculating melting temperatures
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text:
Museo del Prado
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Prado" redirects here. For other uses, see Prado (disambiguation).
Art museum, Historic site in Madrid, Spain
Museo del Prado
Exterior of the Prado Museum
Established
1819
Location
Paseo del Prado, Madrid, Spain
Coordinates
40°24′49″N 3°41′33″W / 40.413722°N 3.692412°W / 40.413722; -3.692412
Type
Art museum, Historic site
Visitors
2,824,404 (2017)[1]
Ranked 18th globally (2013)[1]
Director
Miguel Falomir[2]
Public transit access
Atocha Main Line Station
Banco de España Underground Station
Website
www.museodelprado.es
Museo Nacional del Prado
Native name
Spanish: Museo Nacional del Prado
Museo del Prado (Main wing)
Location
Madrid, Spain
Architect
Juan de Villanueva
Spanish Property of Cultural Interest
Official name: Museo Nacional del Prado
Type
Non-movable
Criteria
Monument
Designated
1962
Reference no.
RI-51-0001374
Location of Museo Nacional del Prado in Spain
The Prado Museum (Spanish: Museo del Prado; Spanish pronunciation: [muˈseo ðel ˈpɾaðo]) is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. It is widely considered to have one of the world's finest collections of European art, dating from the 12th century to the early 20th century, based on the former Spanish Royal Collection, and the single best collection of Spanish art. Founded as a museum of paintings and sculpture in 1819, it also contains important collections of other types of works. El Prado is one of the most visited sites in the world, and it is considered one of the greatest art museums in the world. The numerous works by Francisco Goya, the single most extensively represented artist, as well as by Hieronymus Bosch, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Titian, and Diego Velázquez, are some of the highlights of the collection.
The collection currently comprises around 8,200 drawings, 7,600 paintings, 4,800 prints, and 1,000 sculptures, in addition to a large number of other works of art and historic documents. As of 2012, the museum displayed about 1,300 works in the main buildings, while around 3,100 works were on temporary loan to various museums and official institutions. The remainder were in storage.[3] The museum received 2.8 million visitors in 2012.[4] It is one of the largest museums in Spain.
The best-known work on display at the museum is Las Meninas by Velázquez. Velázquez and his keen eye and sensibility were also responsible for bringing much of the museum's fine collection of Italian masters to Spain, now the largest outside Italy.
The museum is planning a 16% extension in the nearby Salón de Reinos, to be opened in 2019.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Historic structure
3 Special exhibitions
4 Nearby museums
5 Management
5.1 Funding
5.2 Directors
6 Collection highlights
6.1 Selected works
7 In Google Earth
8 Further reading
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The building that is now the home of the Museo Nacional del Prado was designed in 1785 by architect of the Enlightenment in Spain Juan de Villanueva on the orders of Charles III to house the Natural History Cabinet. Nonetheless, the building's final function was not decided until the monarch's grandson, Ferdinand VII, encouraged by his wife, Queen María Isabel de Braganza, decided to use it as a new Royal Museum of Paintings and Sculptures. The Royal Museum, which would soon become known as the National Museum of Painting and Sculpture, and subsequently the Museo Nacional del Prado, opened to the public for the first time in November 1819. It was created with the double aim of showing the works of art belonging to the Spanish Crown and to demonstrate to the rest of Europe that Spanish art was of equal merit to any other national school.
In the main exhibition hall, first floor
The first catalogue of the Museum, published in 1819 and solely devoted to Spanish painting, included 311 paintings, although at that time the Museum housed 1,510 from the various royal residences, the Reales Sitios, including works from other schools. The exceptionally important royal collection, which forms the nucleus of the present-day Museo del Prado, started to increase significantly in the 16th century during the time of Charles V and continued under the succeeding Habsburg and Bourbon monarchs. Their efforts and determination led to the Royal Collection being enriched by some of the masterpieces now to be seen in the Prado. These include The Descent from the Cross by Rogier van der Weyden, The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymous Bosch, Knight with his Hand on his Breast by El Greco, The Death of the Virgin by Mantegna, The Holy Family, known as "La Perla", by Raphael, Charles V at Mülhberg by Titian, Christ Washing the Disciples’ Feet by Tintoretto, Dürer's Self-portrait, Las Meninas by Velázquez, The Three Graces by Rubens, and The Family of Charles IV by Goya.
Francisco Goya
Francisco Goya, La maja desnuda, oil on canvas, (circa 1797–1800)
Francisco Goya, La maja vestida, oil on canvas, (circa 1797–1800)
In addition to works from the Spanish royal collection, other holdings increased and enriched the Museum with further masterpieces, such as the two Majas by Goya. Among the now closed museums whose collections have been added to that of the Prado were the Museo de la Trinidad in 1872, and the Museo de Arte Moderno in 1971. In addition, numerous legacies, donations and purchases have been of crucial importance for the growth of the collection. Various works entered the Prado from the Museo de la Trinidad, including The Fountain of Grace by the School of Van Eyck, the Santo Domingo and San Pedro Martír altarpieces painted for the monastery of Santo Tomás in Ávila by Pedro Berruguete, and the five canvases by El Greco executed for the Colegio de doña María de Aragón. Most of the Museum's 19th-century paintings come from the former Museo de Arte Moderno, including works by the Madrazos, José de Madrazo y Agudo and Federico de Madrazo, Vicente López, Carlos de Haes, Eduardo Rosales and Sorolla.
Upon the deposition of Isabella II in 1868, the museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of "Museo del Prado". The building housed the royal collection of arts, and it rapidly proved too small. The first enlargement to the museum took place in 1918. Since the creation of the Museo del Prado more than 2,300 paintings have been incorporated into its collection, as well as a large number of sculptures, prints, drawings and works of art through bequests, donations and purchases, which account for most of the New Acquisitions. Numerous bequests have enriched the Museum's holdings, such as the outstanding collection of medals left to the Museum by Pablo Bosch; the drawings and items of decorative art left by Pedro Fernández Durán as well as Van der Weyden's masterpiece, The Virgin and Child; and the Ramón de Errazu bequest of 19th-century paintings. Particularly important donations include Barón Emile d'Erlanger's gift of Goya's Black Paintings in 1881. Among the numerous works that have entered the collection through purchase are some outstanding ones acquired in recent years including two works by El Greco, The Fable and The Flight into Egypt acquired in 1993 and 2001, Goya's Countess of Chinchón bought in 2000, Velázquez's portrait of The Pope's Barber, acquired in 2003 and Fra Angelico's Madonna of the Pomegranate purchased in 2016.
Between 1873 and 1900, the Prado helped decorate city halls, new universities, and churches. During the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the focus was on building up provincial museums. During the Spanish Civil War, upon the recommendation of the League of Nations, the museum staff removed 353 paintings, 168 drawings and the Dauphin's Treasure and sent the art to Valencia, then later to Girona, and finally to Geneva. The art had to be returned across French territory in night trains to the museum upon the commencement of World War II. During the early years of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, many paintings were sent to embassies.[6]
One of the main promenade entrances to the Prado is dominated by this bronze statue of Diego Velázquez.
The main building was enlarged with short pavilions in the rear between 1900 and 1960. The next enlargement was the incorporation of two buildings (nearby but not adjacent) into the institutional structure of the museum: the Casón del Buen Retiro, which is equipped to display up to 400 paintings and which housed the bulk of the 20th-century art from 1971 to 1997, and the Salón de Reinos (Throne building), formerly the Army Museum.
In 1993, an extension proposed by the Prado's director at the time, Felipe Garin, was quickly abandoned after a wave of criticism.[7] In the late 1990s, a $14 million roof work forced the Velázquez masterpiece Las Meninas to change galleries twice.[8] In 1998, the Prado annex in the nearby Casón del Buen Retiro closed for a $10 million two-year overhaul that included three new underground levels. In 2007, the museum finally executed Rafael Moneo's project to expand its exposition room to 16,000 square meters, hoping to increase the yearly number of visitors from 1.8 million to 2.5 million.
The cafeteria in the underground extension by Rafael Moneo
A glass-roofed and wedge-shaped foyer now contains the museum's shops and cafeteria, removing them from the main building to make more room for galleries.[8] The 16th-century Cloister of Jerónimo has been removed stone by stone to make foundations for increased stability of surrounding buildings and will be re-assembled in the new museum's extension. Hydraulic jacks had to be used to prevent the basement walls from falling during construction. [9] The enlargement is an underground building which connects the main building to another one entirely reconstructed.
In November 2016, it was announced that British architect Norman Foster, in a joint project with Carlos Rubio Carvajal, is to renovate the Hall of Realms, which once formed part of the Buen Retiro palace and transform it into a $32 million extension of the Prado. The museum announced the selection of Foster and Rubio after a jury reviewed the proposals of the eight competition finalists – including David Chipperfield, Rem Koolhaas and Eduardo Souto de Moura –,[10] who had already been shortlisted from an initial list of 47 international teams of architects.[11] The building was acquired by the Prado in 2015, after having served as an army museum until 2005. The project is designed to give the Prado about 61,500 square feet of additional available space, of which about 27,000 square feet will be used to exhibit works.[11]
Historic structure[edit]
The Goya Gate in the north façade of the museum.
The Museo del Prado is one of the buildings constructed during the reign of Charles III (Carlos III) as part of a grandiose building scheme designed to bestow upon Madrid a monumental urban space. The building that lodges the Museum of the Prado was initially conceived by José Moñino y Redondo, count of Floridablanca and was commissioned in 1785 by Charles III for the reurbanización of the Paseo del Prado. To this end, Charles III called on one of his favorite architects, Juan de Villanueva, author also of the nearby Botanical Garden and the City Hall of Madrid.[12]
The prado ("meadow") that was where the museum now stands gave its name to the area, the Salón del Prado (later Paseo del Prado), and to the museum itself upon nationalisation. Work on the building stopped at the conclusion of Charles III's reign and throughout the Peninsular War and was only initiated again during the reign of Charles III's grandson, Ferdinand VII. The premises had been used as headquarters for the cavalry and a gunpowder-store for the Napoleonic troops based in Madrid during the war.
Special exhibitions[edit]
Between 8 November 2011 and 25 March 2012, a group of 179 works of art were brought to the Museo del Prado from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.[13] Notable works included:
A Scholar (1631), by Rembrandt
The Lute Player (c. 1596), by Caravaggio
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647), by Bernini
Game of Bowls (1908), by Henri Matisse
Bouquet of Cornflowers with Stems of Oats in a Vase (c. 1900), by House of Fabergé
Pond at Montgeron (1876), by Claude Monet
Belt buckle with a monster attacking a horse, (4th–3rd century BC), (gold ornament from Peter I’s Siberian Collection)
Moonrise, Two Men on the Shore (c. 1900), by Caspar David Friedrich
Composition VI (1913), by Wassily Kandinsky
Metaphysical Still life (1918), by Giorgio Morandi
Conversely, for the first time in its 200-year history, the Museo del Prado has toured an exhibition of its renowned collection of Italian masterpieces at the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia, from 16 May 2014 until 31 August 2014. Many of the works have never before left Spain.
Nearby museums[edit]
The Prado, with the nearby Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum and the Museo Reina Sofía, forms Madrid's Golden Triangle of Art.
Nearby is the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. The Museo Arqueológico houses some art of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome formerly in the collection of the Prado.
The Naval Museum, managed by the Ministry of Defence, is also nearby.
Management[edit]
Funding[edit]
Until the early 2000s, the Prado's annual income was approximately $18 million, $15 million of which came from the government and the remainder from private contributions, publications, and admissions.[14] In 2001, the conservative government of José María Aznar decided to change the museum's financing platform, ushering in a public-private partnership. Under its new bylaws, which the Cortes Generales approved in 2003, the Prado must gradually reduce its level of state support to 50 percent from 80 percent. In exchange, the museum gained control of the budget — now roughly €35 million — and the power to raise money from corporate donations and merchandising. However, its recent €150 million expansion was paid for by the Spanish state.[15]
In 1991, Manuel Villaescusa bequeathed his fortune of nearly $40 million in Madrid real estate to the Prado, to be used solely for the acquisition of paintings. The museum subsequently sold Villaescusa's buildings to realize income from them. The bequest suddenly made the Prado one of the most formidable bidders for paintings in the world.[14]
Directors[edit]
The first four directors were drawn from nobility. From 1838 to 1960, the directors were mostly artists. Since then, most of them have been art historians.
José Gabriel de Silva-Bazán y Waldstein, 1817–1820
Pedro de Alcántara Téllez-Girón y Pimentel, 1820–1823
José Idiáquez Carvajal (es), 1823–1826
José Rafael de Silva Fernández de Híjar, 1826–1838
José de Madrazo, 1838–1857
Juan Antonio de Ribera, 1857–1860
Federico de Madrazo, 1860–1868
Antonio Gisbert, 1868–1873
Francisco Sans Cabot, 1873–1881
Federico de Madrazo, 1881–1894
Vicente Palmaroli, 1894–1896
Francisco Pradilla, 1896–1898
Luis Álvarez Catalá, 1898–1901
José Villegas Cordero, 1901–1918
Aureliano de Beruete y Moret (es), 1918–1922
Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor, 1922–1931
Ramón Pérez de Ayala, 1931–1936
Pablo Ruiz Picasso, 1936–1939
Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor, 1939–1960
Francisco Javier Sánchez Cantón (es), 1960–1968
Diego Angulo Íñiguez, 1968–1971
Xavier de Salas Bosch (es), 1971–1978
José Manuel Pita Andrade (es), 1978–1981
Federico Sopeña (es), 1981–1983
Alfonso Pérez Sánchez (es), 1983–1991
Felipe Garín Llombart (es), 1991–1993
Francisco Calvo Serraller, 1993–1994
José María Luzón Nogué (es), 1994–1996
Fernando Checa Cremades (es), 1996–2002
Miguel Zugaza Miranda (es), 2002–2017
Miguel Falomir (es), 2017–Present
Collection highlights[edit]
Further information: Category:Collections of the Museo del Prado
Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, between 1480 and 1505.
Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas, between 1656 and 1657.
Diego Velázquez, The Triumph of Bacchus, 1628–29
Fra Angelico, Annunciation, 1430–32
Raphael, Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary, 1517
Pieter Brueghel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562
Peter Paul Rubens, The Adoration of the Magi, 1609/1628-1629
Peter Paul Rubens, The Three Graces, c.1635
Selected works[edit]
Rogier van der Weyden, "The Descent from the Cross", c. 1435
Andrea Mantegna, "Death of the Virgin", c. 1461
Antonello da Messina, "The Dead Christ Supported by an Angel", c. 1475
Albrecht Dürer "Adam and Eve", 1507
Raphael, "Portrait of a Cardenal", c. 1510–11
Tintoretto, "Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet", c. 1518
Correggio, "Noli me tangere", c. 1525
Titian, "Bacchanal of the Andrians", c. 1523–26
Titian, "Equestrian Portrait of Charles V", c. 1548
Titian, The Fall of Man, c. 1570
El Greco, The Holy Trinity, 1577–1579
El Greco, The Knight with His Hand on His Breast, c. 1580
Paolo Veronese, "Venus and Adonis", c.1580
Caravaggio, David and Goliath, 1600
Georges de La Tour, Ciego tocando la zanfonía, 1610–30
Guido Reni, Hipómenes y Atalanta, 1618–19
Nicolas Poussin, "Parnassus", c. 1630–31
Rembrandt, "Artemisia", c. 1634
Anthony van Dyck, c. 1635
Diego Velázquez, The Surrender of Breda, 1634–35
Diego Velázquez, Mars Resting, 1639–41
José de Ribera, "Jacob's dream", 1639
Peter Paul Rubens, The Judgement of Paris, 1638–39
Claude Lorrain El embarque de santa Paula, 1639–40
Francisco de Zurbarán, Agnus Dei, 1635–1640
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, La Inmaculada de Soult, 1678
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 'The Inmaculate Conception', 1767
Francisco Goya, Third of May 1808, 1814
Francisco Goya, The Dog, 1819–23
Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring His Son, 1819–23
In Google Earth[edit]
In 2009, the Prado Museum selected 14 of its most important paintings to be displayed in Google Earth and Google Maps at extremely high resolution, with the largest displayed at 14,000 megapixels. The images' zoom capability allows for close-up views of paint texture and fine detail.[16][17]
Further reading[edit]
Alcolea Blanch, Santiago. The Prado, translated by Richard-Lewis Rees and Angela Patricia Hall. Madrid: Ediciones Polígrafa 1991.
Araujo Sánchez, Ceferino. Los museos de España. Madrid 1875.
Blanco, Antonio. Museo del Prado. Catálago de la Escultura. I Esculturas clásicas. II. Escultura, copia e imitaciones de las antiguas) (siglos XVI–XVIII). Madrid 1957.
Luca de Tena, Consuelo and Mena, Manuela. Guía actualizada del Prado. Madrid: Alfiz 1985.
Rumeu de Armas, Antonio. Origen y fundación del Museo del Prado. Madrid: Instituto de España 1980.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Top 100 Art Museum Attendance, The Art Newspaper, 2014. Retrieved on 15 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Barrigós, Concha (21 March 2017). "Miguel Falomir, nuevo director del Prado: "Nunca, nunca pediré el traslado del 'Guernica'"". 20 minutos. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Collection: origins". Museo Nacional del Prado. Retrieved 15 November 2012. See also Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas, 1996, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, No ISBN, which lists about 7,800 paintings. Many works have been passed to the Museo Reina Sofia and other museums over the years; others are on loan or in storage. On the new displays, see El Prado se reordena y agranda. europapress.es here (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) "El Prado perderá un cuarto de sus visitantes" El País. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prado Hall of Realms Redesign Competition - artnet News". artnet.com. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Alan Riding (1 August 1990). "The Prado Finds Out What It Has and Where". The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Alan Riding (1 May 1995). "The Prado Embarks On Plans to Expand Into a Complex". New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Al Goodman (19 November 1998). "At Long Last, Expanding Spain's Treasure Chest". The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chronology of the extension". Museo Nacional del Prado. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Hannah McGivern (November 25, 2016), Norman Foster to design Prado extension in historic palace Archived 27 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Art Newspaper.
^ Jump up to: a b Raphael Minder (November 25, 2016), Norman Foster to Remodel Palace for Prado Extension New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Chronology of Museo del Prado, 1785" (in Spanish). Museo Nacional del Prado. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Hermitage in the Prado". Museo Nacional del Prado. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Kimmelman (21 November 1993). "New Brooms Sweep Madrid's Museums". The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Dale Fuchs (24 December 2004). "The art of financing the Prado". New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Tremlett, Giles (14 January 2009). "Online gallery zooms in on Prado's masterpieces (even the smutty bits)". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "The Prado in Google Earth". Retrieved 24 January 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Museo del Prado (category)
Official website
Masterworks in the collection
Prado in Google Earth, extra high resolution
Coordinates: 40°24′50″N 3°41′33″W / 40.41389°N 3.69250°W / 40.41389; -3.69250
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 90153245
BNE: XX254080
BNF: cb118666032 (data)
CiNii: DA03210098
GND: 116443-0
ISNI: 0000 0001 2294 2419
LCCN: n79064568
NKC: ko2004238697
NLA: 36514982
SUDOC: 026414767
ULAN: 500270885
VIAF: 147181932
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museo_del_Prado&oldid=838490084"
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This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 10:44.
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Prado (disambiguation)

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values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: List of the most visited museums in the world

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http://www.museodelprado.es

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Museo del Prado is located in Spain

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St. Petersburg

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Museo Naval de Madrid

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José de Madrazo

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Juan Antonio de Ribera

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Francisco Pradilla

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Pablo Ruiz Picasso

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Pieter Brueghel the Elder

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José de Ribera

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http://isni.org/isni/0000000122942419

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https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36514982

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https://viaf.org/viaf/147181932

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Prado – Hungarian
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Prado – Uzbek
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Prado – Polish
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Prado – Serbo-Croatian
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