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Dog days
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This article is about the weather-related phrase. For other uses, see Dog Days (disambiguation).
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Lilies in the late July heat, Lemnos, Greece.
The dog days or dog days of summer are the hot, sultry days of summer. They were historically the period following the heliacal rising of the star Sirius, which Greek and Roman astrology connected with heat, drought, sudden thunderstorms, lethargy, fever, mad dogs, and bad luck. They are now taken to be the hottest, most uncomfortable part of summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
Contents
1 Name
2 History
3 Span
4 Scientific basis
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
Name[edit]
In addition to following Orion into the night sky, the Dog Star Sirius can be easily located in the heavens by following the line created by the prominent asterism Orion's Belt.
The English name is a calque of the Latin dies caniculares (lit. "the puppy days"), itself a calque of the Greek kynádes hēmérai (κυνάδες ἡμέραι, "dog days").[1] The Greeks knew the star α Canis Majoris by several names, including Sirius (Σείριος, Seírios, "Scorcher"), Sothis (Σῶθις, Sôthis, a transcription of Egyptian Spdt), and the Dog Star (Κῠ́ων, Kúōn).[2] The last name reflects the way Sirius follows the constellation Orion into the night sky.[3]
History[edit]
Sirius is by far the brightest proper star in the night sky, which caused ancient astronomers to take note of it around the world. In Egypt, its return to the night sky became known as a precursor to the annual flooding of the Nile and was worshipped as the goddess Sopdet. In Greece, it became known as the precursor of the unpleasantly hot phase of the summer. Greek poets even recorded the belief that the return of the bright star was responsible for bringing heat and fever with it;[4] it was also associated with sudden thunderstorms.[5] In Homer's Iliad, probably composed in the 8th century BC but representing an earlier tradition,[6] Achilles' approach towards Troy, where he will slay Hector, is illustrated through an extended metaphor about the baleful effects attending the return of Sirius:
τὸν δ᾽ ὃ γέρων Πρίαμος πρῶτος ἴδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσι
παμφαίνονθ᾽ ὥς τ᾽ ἀστέρ᾽ ἐπεσσύμενον πεδίοιο,
ὅς ῥά τ᾽ ὀπώρης εἶσιν, ἀρίζηλοι δέ οἱ αὐγαὶ
φαίνονται πολλοῖσι μετ᾽ ἀστράσι νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ,
ὅν τε κύν᾽ Ὠρίωνος ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσι.
λαμπρότατος μὲν ὅ γ᾽ ἐστί, κακὸν δέ τε σῆμα τέτυκται,
καί τε φέρει πολλὸν πυρετὸν δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσιν:
ὣς τοῦ χαλκὸς ἔλαμπε περὶ στήθεσσι θέοντος.
Priam saw him first, with his old man's eyes,
A single point of light on Troy's dusty plain.
Sirius rises late in the dark, liquid sky
On summer nights, star of stars,
Orion's Dog they call it, brightest
Of all, but an evil portent, bringing heat
And fevers to suffering humanity.
Achilles' bronze gleamed like this as he ran.[7]
The rising of Sirius during this period has been calculated as 19 July (Julian).[8] Writing about the same time,[9] Hesiod, however, considered the worst and hottest part of the summer to be the days before Sirius returned to the night sky. During this period, Sirius was invisible from the earth but it was apparently understood to still be in the sky, augmenting the power of the sun:
Trees and grass on Crete dried out by the August heat
ἦμος δὴ λήγει μένος ὀξέος ἠελίοιο
καύματος ἰδαλίμου, μετοπωρινὸν ὀμβρήσαντος
Ζηνὸς ἐρισθενέος, μετὰ δὲ τρέπεται βρότεος χρὼς
πολλὸν ἐλαφρότερος: δὴ γὰρ τότε Σείριος ἀστὴρ
βαιὸν ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς κηριτρεφέων ἀνθρώπων
ἔρχεται ἠμάτιος, πλεῖον δέ τε νυκτὸς ἐπαυρεῖ:
τῆμος ἀδηκτοτάτη πέλεται τμηθεῖσα σιδήρῳ
ὕλη, φύλλα δ᾽ ἔραζε χέει, πτόρθοιό τε λήγει:
τῆμος ἄρ᾽ ὑλοτομεῖν μεμνημένος ὥρια ἔργα.
When the piercing power and sultry heat of the sun abate, and almighty Zeus sends the autumn rains, and men's flesh comes to feel far easier,—for then the star Sirius passes over the heads of men, who are born to misery, only a little while by day and takes greater share of night—then, when it showers its leaves to the ground and stops sprouting, the wood you cut with your axe is least liable to worm.[10]
This effect of the combination of Sirius' light with the Sun's was understood to have an effect on plants, animals, and women, as well as men:
ἦμος δὲ σκόλυμός τ᾽ ἀνθεῖ καὶ ἠχέτα τέττιξ
δενδρέῳ ἐφεζόμενος λιγυρὴν καταχεύετ᾽ ἀοιδὴν
πυκνὸν ὑπὸ πτερύγων, θέρεος καματώδεος ὥρῃ,
τῆμος πιόταταί τ᾽ αἶγες καὶ οἶνος ἄριστος,
μαχλόταται δὲ γυναῖκες, ἀφαυρότατοι δέ τοι ἄνδρες
εἰσίν, ἐπεὶ κεφαλὴν καὶ γούνατα Σείριος ἄζει,
αὐαλέος δέ τε χρὼς ὑπὸ καύματος...
But when the artichoke flowers, [i.e., June] and the chirping grass-hopper sits in a tree and pours down his shrill song continually from under his wings in the season of wearisome heat, then goats are plumpest and wine sweetest; women are most wanton, but men are feeblest, because Sirius parches head and knees and the skin is dry through heat.[11]
About a century later, Alcaeus repeated the theme, advising his listeners to "steep your lungs in wine" before the arrival of the star since "women are at their foulest but men are weak since they are parched in head and knees".[12] In the 3rd century, Aratus' Phenomena describes the time as Sirius blighting the bark of trees with its heat during the time it rises and sets with the sun.[13]
The Kean priests of Zeus as Rainmaker and Lord of Moisture[14] observed annual sacrifices before the rise of Sirius to prevent scorching drought.[15][16] This practice was credited to the culture hero Aristaeus.[15][17][18][19] Aristotle mentions the proverbial heat of the dog days as part of his argument against an early formulation of evolution in his Physics.[20]
A 9th-century astronomical manuscript, including an illustration of the constellation "Sirius"[21]
The Romans continued to blame Sirius for the heat of the season and attendant lethargy and diseases.[5] In his Georgics, Vergil notes vintners' efforts to protect their work during the time "when the Dog-star cleaves the thirsty Ground".[22] Seneca's Oedipus complains of "the scorching dog-star's fires".[23] Pliny's Natural History notes an increase in attacks by dogs during July and August, and advises feeding them chicken manure to curb the tendency.[5] In the early 20th century, historians still noted the "discouraging heat" and "oppression" of the dog days of the Roman summer.[24]
The period has long featured in western medicine. The 1564 English Hope of Health counseled that purging (bloodletting and induced vomiting) should be avoided during the "Dogge daies" of summer because "the Sunne is in Leo" and "then is nature burnt vp & made weake".[25] The 1729 British Husbandman's Practice claimed that "The Heat of the Sun is so violent that Men's bodies at Midnight sweat as at Midday: and if they be hurt, they be more sick than at any other time, yea very near Dead". It therefore advised men to "abstain all this time from women" and to "take heed of feeding violently".[5] In the 1813 Clavis Calendria, the dog days are a time wherein "the Sea boiled, the Wine turned sour, Dogs grew mad, Quinto raged with anger, and all other creatures became languid; causing to man, among other diseases, burning fevers, hysterics, and phrensies".[26]
"Some Popular Alleviations of the Dog Days in Hotter New-York" in 1904, including children piled into a public fountain "when the 'cop' is not looking".[27]
Even after astrology and its influence on health and agriculture waned in importance, the "dog days" continues to be vaguely applied to the hottest days of the summer, with its attendant effects on nature and society. In North America, it became proverbial among farmers that a dry growing season through the dog days was preferable to the trouble of a wet one:
Dog days bright and clear
Indicate a good year;
But when accompanied by rain,
We hope for better times in vain.[29]
Because "July is typically one of the quietest months of the year for stock trading", the term is sometimes used for the lethargic summer markets.[5][30]
Span[edit]
Various computations of the dog days have placed their start anywhere from 3 July to 15 August and lasting for anywhere from 30 to 61 days.[1] They may begin or end with the cosmical or heliacal rising of either Sirius in Canis Major or Procyon (the "Little Dog Star") in Canis Minor and vary by latitude, not even being visible throughout much of the Southern Hemisphere.[1] Sirius observes a period of almost exactly 365¼ days between risings, keeping it largely consistent with the Julian but not the Gregorian calendar; nonetheless, its dates occur somewhat later in the year over a span of millennia.[1]
In antiquity, the dog days were usually reckoned from the appearance of Sirius[2] around 19 July (Julian)[8] to relieving rains and cool winds, although Hesiod seems to have counted the worst of summer as the days leading up to Sirius's reappearance.[10]
In Anglo-Saxon England, the dog days ran from various dates in mid-July to early or mid-September.[31] Canonical "dog daies" were observed from July 7 to September 5 in the 16th-century English liturgies.[32][33] They were removed from the prayer books at the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and their term shortened to the time between July 19 and August 20.[34] During the British adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, they were shifted to July 30 to September 7.[34]
Many modern sources in the English-speaking world move this still earlier, from July 3 to August 11,[1][34][35][5] ending rather than beginning with or centering on the reappearance of Sirius to the night sky.
Scientific basis[edit]
Orion (right) and Sirius (bottom), as seen from the Hubble Space Telescope
Although Sirius is the brightest proper star in the night sky, it is 8.7 light-years (8.23×1013 km) away from Earth and has no effect whatsoever on the planet's weather or temperature.[5][36] Although the star continues to return to the night sky in late summer, its position continues to gradually shift relative to the Sun and will rise in the middle of winter in about 10,000 years.[5]
The effects of summer heat and rainfall patterns are real, but vary by latitude and location according to many factors. For example, London, UK is farther north than Calgary, Canada, but has a milder climate from the presence of the sea and the warm Gulf Stream current. A medical institution has reported a connection between Finland's dog days and increased risk of infection in deep surgery wounds,[37][38] although that research remains unverified.
In popular culture[edit]
Harry Clarke's 1917 illustration of Synge's poem.
It is possible that the Roch, the legendary medieval patron saint of dogs celebrated by the Catholic Church on 16 August, owes some of his legacy to the dog days.[5] From the period of his self-proclaimed protectorate over the island, the Danish adventurer Jørgen Jürgensen is remembered in Iceland as Jorgen the Dog-Day King (Icelandic: Jörundur hundadagakonungur).[39]
In western literature, apart from the Greek and Roman works mentioned above, the dog days appear in John Webster's 1613 play The Duchess of Malfi,[a] Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol,[b] R.H. Davis' 1903 short story "The Bar Sinister",[c] J.M. Synge's 1909 poem "Queens",[d] and Richard Adams's 1972 novel Watership Down.[e] They feature in the children's novels Tuck Everlasting (1973).[f] and Dog Days (2009).[46]
In film, the titles of Dog Day Afternoon (1975) and Hundstage (German for "Dog Days"; 2001) evoke their oppressive seasonal settings.[47][48]
In music, there are Head of David's "Dog Day Sunrise", covered by Fear Factory in 1995; Florence and the Machine's 2009 "Dog Days Are Over";[49] and Within Temptation's 2013 "Dog Days".
"Dog-day" promotions are also a common feature in baseball, used by American ballparks to boost ticket sales during mid-afternoon games.[5]
See also[edit]
Look up dog days in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Star lore
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bosola states that "blackbirds fatten best in hard weather: why not I in these dog days?"[40]
Jump up ^ Ebenezer Scrooge is described as "carr[ying] his own low temperature always about with him" to the point where "he iced his office in the dog-days".[41]
Jump up ^ The main character, a street dog, opines that "when the hot days come... they might remember that those are the dog days, and leave a little water outside… like they do for the horses".[42]
Jump up ^ The poem opens:
Seven dog-days we let pass
Naming Queens in Glenmacnass...[43]
Jump up ^ Describing the English summer, Adams writes "Now came the dog days—day after day of hot, still summer, when for hours at a time light seemed the only thing that moved; the sky-sun, clouds and breeze-awake above the drowsing downs.[44]
Jump up ^ Describing the book's setting in the first week of August, the prologue speaks of "strange and breathless days, the dog days, when people are led to do things they are sure to be sorry for after".[45]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "dog day, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
^ Jump up to: a b "Dog Star, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
Jump up ^ McHugh (2004), p. 43.
Jump up ^ Holberg (2007), pp. 15–6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Kelly & al. (2009), p. 59.
Jump up ^ For details, see the Homeric Question.
Jump up ^ Lombardo (1997), Bk. XXII, ll. 33–37.
^ Jump up to: a b Edwards (2004), pp. 152–153.
Jump up ^ For details, see Hesiod § Dating.
^ Jump up to: a b Evelyn-White (1914), ll. 414–422.
Jump up ^ Evelyn-White (1914), ll. 582–588.
Jump up ^ Miller (1996), Frag. 357.
Jump up ^ Aratus, Phenomena, ll. 328 ff .
Jump up ^ Atsma, Aaron J., "Seirios", The Theoi Project .
^ Jump up to: a b Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, Bk. II, ll. 518 ff .
Jump up ^ Callimachus, Aetia , fragment on Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 7.
Jump up ^ Diodorus of Sicily, Bibliotheca Historica, Bk. IV, §81 .
Jump up ^ Pseudo-Hyginus, De Astronomica, Bk. II, §4 .
Jump up ^ Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca, Bk. XIII, ll. 253 ff .
Jump up ^ Hardie & al. (1930), Bk. II, Pt. 8.
Jump up ^ BL Harley MS 647, f. 8 v.
Jump up ^ Dryden (1697), p. 85.
Jump up ^ Miller (1917).
Jump up ^ Carter (1911), p. 247.
Jump up ^ Moore (1564), f. 58 v..
Jump up ^ Brady (1813), p. 84.
Jump up ^ "Some Popular Alleviations of the Dog Days in Hotter New-York", New-York Tribune, New York, 7 August 1904 .
Jump up ^ Dunwoody (1883), p. 98.
Jump up ^ Recorded in 1883 by Dunwoody.[28]
Jump up ^ Strumpf, Dan (1 August 2014), "Markets: Dog Days of Summer for Stock Trading", The Wall Street Journal .
Jump up ^ Chardonnens (2007), p. 289.
Jump up ^ "The Table and Kalendar...", The Boke of Common Prayer..., London: Edward Whytchurche, 1552 .
Jump up ^ "The Table and Kalendar...", The Boke of Common Praier..., London: Richard Grafton, 1559 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Townsend (1862), "Dog-days".
Jump up ^ OFA (2017), "The Dog Days Begin".
Jump up ^ For details, see Astrology.
Jump up ^ Tukiainen, E.; et al. (March 2009), "'Dog Days' Surgical Site Infections in a Finnish Trauma Hospital during 2002–2005", Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 290–291, doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2008.11.010, PMID 19157647 .
Jump up ^ Tukiainen, E.; et al. (March 2009), "Infektiot Yleisempiä Mätäkuussa [Infections Common in the 'Rotten Month']", Duodecim, Vol. 125, No. 13, pp. 1415–1420, PMID 19678497 (in Finnish). See also this abstract in Finnish and English.
Jump up ^ "Hver Var Jörundur Hundadagakonungur og Hvað Var Hann að Gera á Íslandi?", Vísindavefurinn, retrieved 2 December 2015 . (in Icelandic)
Jump up ^ Webster (1613), Act I, Sc. i, l. 34.
Jump up ^ Dickens (1843), p. 2.
Jump up ^ Staudohar (2007), p. 187.
Jump up ^ Synge (1909).
Jump up ^ Adams (1972), p. 53.
Jump up ^ Babbitt (1975), p. 3.
Jump up ^ Kinney (2009).
Jump up ^ Hoberman, J. (15 October 2015), "Lumet's 'Dog Day Afternoon': Hot Crime, Summer in the City", New York Times .
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (17 November 2001), "Dog Days", The Guardian .
Jump up ^ Barrett, Pete, Florence and the Machine—Dog Days Are Over Single Review, Contact Music .
Bibliography[edit]
Adams, Richard (1972), Watership Down, ISBN 0-901720-31-3 .
Alcaeus of Mytilene (1996), Miller, A.M., ed., Greek Lyric: An Anthology in Translation, Indianapolis: Hackett, pp. 38–50 .
Aristotle (1930), Hardie, R.P.; et al., eds., Physica, The Works of Aristotle, Vol. II, Oxford: Clarendon Press .
Babbitt, Natalie (1975), Tuck Everlasting, New York: Scholastic, ISBN 9780374480127 .
Brady, John (1813), Clavis Calendaria, Vol. II, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown .
Carter, Jesse Benedict (1911), The Religious Life of Ancient Rome, New York: Houghton Mifflin .
Chardonnens, László Sándor (2007), Anglo-Saxon Prognostics, 900–1100, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 90-04-15829-4 .
Dickens, Charles (1843), A Christmas Carol, London: Chapman & Hall .
Dunwoody, Henry Harrison Chase (1883), "Proverbs Relating to Months, Weeks, and Days", Weather Proverbs, Signal Service Notes, No. IX, Washington: Government Printing Office .
Edwards, Anthony (2004), Hesiod's Ascra, Berkeley: University of California Press .
Harris, Paul; et al. (eds.), Old Farmer's Almanac, Dublin: Yankee Publishing .
Hesiod (1914), Evelyn-White, Hugh G., ed., The Homeric Hymns and Homerica, Cambridge: Harvard University Press .
Holberg, Jay B. (2007), Sirius: Brightest Diamond in the Night Sky, Berlin: Springer Praxis Books, ISBN 0387489428 .
Homer (1997), Lombardo, Stanley, ed., The Iliad, Indianapolis: Hackett, ISBN 9780872203525 .
Kelly, Bethanne; et al. (2009), An Uncommon History of Common Things, Washington: National Geographic Books, ISBN 1426204205 .
Kinney, Jeff (2009), Dog Days, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Bk. 2, New York: Amulet Books, ISBN 978-0-8109-8391-5 .
McHugh, Susan (2004), Dog, London: Reaktion .
Moore, Philip (1565), The Hope of Health, London: Ihon Kyngston .
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (1917), Miller, Frank Justus, ed., Oedipus, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge: Harvard University Press .
Staudohar, Paul D. (2007), The Best Dog Stories, Chicago: Chicago Review Press, ISBN 978-1-55652-667-1 .
Synge, Edmund John Millington (1909), Poems and Translations, Dublin: Dundrum , excerpted by the University of Toronto Library.
Townsend, George H. (1862), The Manual of Dates, London: Cox & Wyman for Routledge, Warne, & Routledge .
Vergilius Maro, Publius (1697), "Georgics, Bk II", in Dryden, John, The Works of Virgil, London: Jacob Tonson .
Webster, John (1613), The Duchess of Malfi, archived from the original on 2015-09-05 , reprinted in 1914 as Vol. XLVII, Pt. 4, of the Harvard Classics series.
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Little Flower Convent Higher Secondary School, Irinjalakuda
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L. F. C. H. S. S., Irinjalakuda
Location
L. F. C. H. S. S., Irinjalakuda
L. F. C. H. S. S., Irinjalakuda
Show map of Kerala Show map of India Show all
Thrissur
Irinjalakuda, Kerala
India
Coordinates
10°20′49″N 76°12′52″E / 10.347°N 76.2145°E / 10.347; 76.2145Coordinates: 10°20′49″N 76°12′52″E / 10.347°N 76.2145°E / 10.347; 76.2145
Information
Type
Government aided Higher Secondary School
Established
March 1923; 95 years ago (March 1923)
School board
Kerala State Education Board
Principal
Sr. Florence CMC
Faculty
150+
Grades
K.G, 1-12
Number of students
3000+
Education system
State syllabus
Medium of language
Malayalam, English
Campus
6 buildings
Website
www.littlefloweririnjalakuda.com/lfchsshome.php
Little Flower Convent Higher Secondary School in Irinjalakuda, in the Kerala state of India, was established by the sisters of the Congregation of Mother of Carmel (C.M.C).[1] in 1923. It is the oldest and largest educational institution in Irinjalakuda.[2] It is the largest congregation of sisters founded by Blessed Chavara Kuriyakose Elias.[3] It is a government aided English and Malayalam-medium school.[4] The school started with lower primary and high school. Later in 2003, higher secondary section was also added to it.[5] It began as a Malayalam-medium school and an English-medium was added later on. The school is primarily for girls and boys are allowed until fourth grade.[6][7]
Famous alumnae[edit]
Innocent, MP and Malayalam cinema actor
Principals[edit]
Sr. Florence CMC (a.k.a. Sr. Lilly Paul. P) 2010–present
Sr. Ann Maria (a.k.a. Sr. Kochumariam K.A) 2006 - 2010
Sr. Deepthi (a.k.a. Sr. Anna.K.K) 2004 - 2006
Sr. Merceena (a.k.a. Sr. Achama A.L) 2001 - 2004
Sr. Josrita (a.k.a. Sr. Reethamma T.K.) 1995 - 2001
Sr. Mercy 1984 - 1995
Sr. Mary Justin 1978 - 1984
Sr. Clarissa 1971 - 1978
Sr. Abraham 1969 - 1971
Sr. Domittila 1965 - 1969
Sr. Celin 1935 - 1965
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official website". .littlefloweririnjalakuda.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Institutions of CMC Udaya Province". Official website of CMC. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Irinjalakuda leads in school arts festival". thehindu.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best performing Eco friendly schools". manoramaonline.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "6,000 students to compete in school arts festival". thehindu. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Through The History Of Irinjalakuda". irinjalakuda.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "It's all about being Innocent". newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

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Open-channel flow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs attention from an expert in Fluid dynamics. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Fluid dynamics may be able to help recruit an expert. (May 2018)
Open-channel flow, a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: the free surface. Open-channel flow has a free surface, whereas pipe flow does not.
Contents
1 Classifications of flow
2 Summary of the classification of open-channel flow
3 States of flow
4 See also
5 References
Classifications of flow[edit]
Open-channel flow can be classified and described in various ways based on the change in flow depth with respect to time and space. The fundamental types of flow dealt with in open-channel hydraulics are:
Time as the criterion
Steady flow – The depth of flow does not change over time, or if it can be assumed to be constant during the time interval under consideration.
Unsteady flow – The depth of flow does change with time.
Space as the criterion
Uniform flow – The depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel. Uniform flow can be steady or unsteady, depending on whether or not the depth changes with time, (although unsteady uniform flow is rare).
Varied flow – The depth of flow changes along the length of the channel. Varied flow technically may be either steady or unsteady.
Varied flow can be further classified as either rapidly or gradually varied.
Rapidly varied flow – The depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance. Rapidly varied flow is known as a local phenomenon. Examples are the hydraulic jump and the hydraulic drop.
Gradually varied flow – The depth changes over a long distance.
Continuous flow – The discharge is constant throughout the reach of the channel under consideration. This is often the case with a steady flow. This flow is considered continuous and therefore can be described using the continuity equation for continuous steady flow.
Spatially varied or discontinuous flow – The discharge of a steady flow is non-uniform along a channel. This happens when water enters and/or leaves the channel along the course of flow. An example of flow entering a channel would be a road side gutter. An example of flow leaving a channel would be an irrigation channel. This flow can be described using the continuity equation for continuous unsteady flow requires the consideration of the time effect and includes a time element as a variable.
Summary of the classification of open-channel flow[edit]
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Varied flow
Gradually varied flow
Rapidly varied flow
Unsteady flow
Unsteady uniform flow (rare)
Unsteady flow (“unsteady varied flow” should be here, but it is a practically impossible condition, so it is known simply as unsteady flow)
Gradually varied unsteady flow
Rapidly varied unsteady flow
States of flow[edit]
The behavior of open channel flow is governed by the effects of viscosity and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the flow. Surface tension has a minor contribution but does not play a significant enough role in most circumstances to be a governing factor. Depending on the effect of viscosity relative to inertia, as represented by the Reynolds number, the flow can be either laminar, turbulent, or transitional.
See also[edit]
Streamflow
Fields of study
Hydraulics
Hydrology
Fluid dynamics
Types of fluid flow
Pipe flow
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Transitional flow
Fluid properties
Froude number
Reynolds number
Viscosity
Other related articles
Hydraulic jump
Manning formula
Chézy formula
Darcy–Weisbach equation
Standard step method
References[edit]
Battjes, J. A.; Labeur, R. J. (2017). Unsteady flow in open channels. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316576878. ISBN 978-1-107-15029-4.
Chow, V. T. (2008). Open-channel hydraulics. Caldwell, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 9781932846188.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-channel_flow&oldid=843189213"
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Marriage Act 1961 (Australia)
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This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Marriage Act 1961
Parliament of Australia
An Act relating to Marriage
Citation
No. 12, 1961
Date of Royal Assent
6 May 1961
Status: Current legislation
In Australia, the Marriage Act 1961 is the current Act that regulates marriage law in Australia.
The Act was passed by the Australian Parliament and has been amended on numerous occasions and applies uniformly throughout Australia; and any law made by a State or Territory inconsistent with the Act is invalid. The Act is made pursuant to power granted to the federal parliament under s.51(xxi) of the Australian Constitution. The Act recognises only monogamous, heterosexual marriages and does not recognise any other forms of union, including traditional Aboriginal unions.[1] A bill to amend the Act and also recognise same-sex marriages is currently pending in the Parliament and is expected to pass before the end of 2017. However, the Family Law Act 1975 treats de facto relationships (including same-sex relationships) and polygamous marriages[2] as marriages for the purpose of recognising the rights of parties at a breakup. Since 2009, the Family Law Act 2009 has recognised the property rights of each partner of de facto relationships (including same-sex relationships) on separation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Marriageable age
2 Void marriages
3 Solemnisation of marriages in Australia
3.1 Authorised celebrants
3.1.1 Religious ministers
3.1.2 Registry office marriages
3.1.3 Civil celebrants
4 Recognition of foreign marriages
5 Other sections
6 Marriage education
7 Amendments to the Marriage Act
7.1 Marriage Amendment Act 2004
7.2 Marriage Amendment Bill 2017
8 Same-sex marriage in the ACT
9 See also
10 References
11 External sources
Marriageable age[edit]
Part II (s.10-21) deals with the marriageable age and the marriage of minors. In the original 1961 Act, marriageable age was set at 16 for females and 18 for males. The marriageable age was equalised in 1991 by the Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 1991[3] which raised the marriageable age of females to 18.
The marriage of a person aged 16 or 17 to another aged over 18 is permitted in 'unusual and exceptional circumstances’, which requires the consent of the younger person's parents and authorisation by a court. Prior to the 1991 changes, the 'unusual and exceptional circumstances' procedures applied to a girl aged 14 or 15 (wanting to marry a male aged 18 or above) or a male aged 16 or 17 (wanting to marry a female aged 16 or above).[4] For many years, courts have refused to accept a minor's pregnancy as a pressing consideration in deciding whether to allow an early marriage.[5]
Void marriages[edit]
Part III entitled ‘void marriages’ establishes the circumstances in which a marriage is void. To preserve the validity of past marriages, this part is divided into years based on when amendments to this Act were introduced.
A purported marriage is void if:
either party is already married (bigamy, polygamy).
the parties are in a prohibited relationship: direct descendants or siblings, including adopted (by law) relationships.
the marriage was not solemnised by an authorised celebrant (as in Part IV, Division 2).
there is no consent, for example due to duress, fraud, mistake as to identity, mistake as to nature of ceremony, mental incapacity, or below marriageable age in Part II.
Solemnisation of marriages in Australia[edit]
Part IV entitled ‘Solemnisation of Marriages in Australia’ deals with who is authorised to be a wedding celebrant, and the procedures to be followed. It also contains a division on marriages by foreign diplomatic or consular officers.
Authorised celebrants[edit]
Division 1 deals with authorised celebrants. Under the current Act three types of celebrants are allowed: ministers of religion, State and Territory officers, and (civil) marriage celebrants.
Religious ministers[edit]
Under Subdivision A, a register is kept of ministers of religion (s.27) of ‘recognised’ denominations (s26). The only requirements for registration is that the person is a minister of religion[6] who is nominated by their denomination and is resident in Australia and over 21 years (s29). A minister will be registered (s30) unless the registrar refuses registration because there are sufficient ministers of that denomination, the minister is ‘not a fit and proper person’, or will not devote sufficient time to the functions of a minister of religion (s31). In general, the act establishes a broad scheme which recognises a religious wedding ceremony that is conducted by a registered minister.
Ministers of religion are not bound to solemnise any marriage. Nothing in Part IV of the Marriage Act imposes an obligation on an authorised celebrant, being a minister of religion, to solemnise any marriage (s47).
Registry office marriages[edit]
Subdivision B (s.39) preserves the power of ‘state and territory officers’, allowing people who register marriages (under a state law) to also solemnise marriages (i.e. registry marriages).
Civil celebrants[edit]
Subdivision C deals with ‘marriage celebrants’, or the authorisation of people to conduct civil ceremonies. Section 39B allows the register to be kept and sections 39D-E are procedural and seek to set up processes to control the number of celebrants.
This section was introduced by the Marriage Amendment Act 2002, after an Attorney-General inquiry into the Civil Celebrants Program. Prior to the passage of this amendment the authorisation of celebrants was entirely contained in s39, which had a s39(2) allowing the recognition of other ‘fit and proper persons’ as civil marriage celebrants, religious celebrants outside a recognised denomination, and celebrants with special community needs.
The original 1961 Act therefore allowed civil ceremonies, and the first civil celebrants were authorised in 1973. By the time the amendments were introduced civil celebrants performed over 50% of marriages. The changes therefore provide legislative recognition to civil celebrants, and prescribe a regime beyond being ‘fit and proper’ in order to control the quality and number of celebrants.
Section 39C now lists a number of requirements to be registered as civil celebrant, in addition to being over 18 and ‘fit and proper’. The register will take into account: knowledge of the law, a commitment to advising about relationship counselling, good community standing, criminal record, the existence of a conflict of interest or benefit to business, and ‘any other matter’.
Section 39G imposes ‘obligations’ on civil celebrants. These include professional development and an adherence to a code of practice.
Sections 39H, I, and J set up a review of celebrants and a disciplinary system.
Significantly, Subdivision C deals only with marriage celebrants (civil or not a recognised religion), not with ministers of religion which are governed by Subdivision A. As a result, ministers of religion are not necessarily subject to the same obligations or code of practice.
Recognition of foreign marriages[edit]
Part VA deals with recognition of foreign marriages.
This division reflects the Act's tendency to seek to uphold the validity of marriages. Marriages will be recognised if they were valid in the country where they were performed if the marriage would be legal under Australian law. The foreign marriage certificate is proof of marriage and marriages need not be registered. Section 88EA however provides that marriages performed in another country between a man and another man or a woman and another woman must not be recognised as a marriage in Australia.
As a marriage must be legal under Australian law, a foreign marriage will not be recognised if a person was already married (or the overseas divorce is not recognised in Australia), a person was under 18 (subject to some exceptions), the persons were siblings or parent/child, or there was duress or fraud.
Other sections[edit]
Marriages by Foreign Diplomatic or Consular Officers (Division 3 of Part IV): there are currently no Australian diplomatic or consular officers appointed to solemnise marriages overseas under Australian law.
Marriages of Members of the Defence Force Overseas: Part V of the act deals with marriages of members of the Defence Force overseas.
Legitimation of children (Part VI) The Act legitimises children if their parents marry, including some recognised foreign marriages, or result from a void marriages.
Offences (Part VII): e.g. bigamy, marrying a person below marriageable age (child marriages), a celebrant solemnising a marriage when believe legal impediment etc.
Miscellaneous provisions in Part IX – interpreters, publication of lists of celebrants, etc.
Section 111A removed the ability to seek to recover damages for breach of contract where a promise to marry (an engagement) did not lead to marriage.
Marriage education[edit]
Part IA authorises the government to make grants to approved organisations for marriage counselling.
Amendments to the Marriage Act[edit]
One (likely soon to be two) amendments of note to the Act have been made with respect to the legal definition of "marriage" in Australia, both of which relate to same-sex marriage.
Marriage Amendment Act 2004[edit]
Before 2004, there was no definition of marriage in the 1961 Act, and instead the common law definition used in the English case Hyde v Hyde (1866) was considered supreme.[7] Though Sect 46(1) of the Act required celebrants to explain the legal nature of marriage in Australia to a couple as "the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life", these words were descriptive or explanatory, rather than outlining what constituted a legally valid marriage in Australia.[8]
On 27 May 2004 the then federal Attorney-General Philip Ruddock introduced the Marriage Amendment Bill 2004 to incorporate a definition of marriage into the Marriage Act 1961 and to outlaw the recognition of same-sex marriages lawfully entered into in foreign jurisdictions.[9][10] In June 2004, the bill passed the House of Representatives. On 12 August 2004, the amendment passed the Parliament. The bill subsequently received royal assent, becoming the Marriage Amendment Act 2004.[11][12]
The amendment incorporated a definition of marriage into section 5 of the Act, known was the Interpretation section:
marriage means the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life.
and inserted a new section:
88EA Certain unions are not marriages
A union solemnised in a foreign country between:
(a) a man and another man; or
(b) a woman and another woman;
must not be recognised as a marriage in Australia.[13]
The amendment was argued by Ruddock and Liberal MPs to be necessary to protect the institution of marriage, and ensure that the definition would be beyond legal challenge through the application of common law.[14] Several years later, then-Prime Minister John Howard admitted that the government was motivated by the prospect of overseas same-sex marriages being recognised under Australian law via the judiciary.[15] Labor Party shadow Attorney-General Nicola Roxon said that the Labor would not oppose the amendment, arguing that the amendment did not affect the legal situation of same-sex relationships, merely putting into statute law what was already common law. Likewise minor parties Family First and the Christian Democrats parties supported the bill, as did the junior party in the Coalition government, the National Party.
Despite having the support of the major parties, the bill was bitterly contested by sections of the community, human rights groups and some minor political parties. The Australian Greens opposed the bill, calling it the "Marriage Discrimination Act". The Australian Democrats also opposed the bill. Democrat Senator Andrew Bartlett stated that the legislation devalues his marriage, and Greens Senator Bob Brown referred to John Howard and the legislation as "hateful".[16][17][18]
Not all of Labor was in support of the bill. During the bill's second reading, Labor MP Anthony Albanese said, "what has caused offence is why the government has rushed in this legislation in what is possibly the last fortnight of parliamentary sittings. This bill is a result of 30 bigoted backbenchers who want to press buttons out there in the community."[19]
Marriage Amendment Bill 2017[edit]
Main article: Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017
See also: Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey
Ahead of both the 2007 and 2010 federal elections, the Labor Party re-asserted its official opposition to amending the Act to legalise same-sex marriage, though by 2011 a clear majority of the party at the national conference succeeded in changing party policy in favour of the practice.[20] Prime Minister Julia Gillard (opposed to same-sex marriage at the time) successfully moved for a Labor Party MPs to be granted a conscience vote on same-sex marriage legislation.[21] This, along with the Coalition's uniform opposition to same-sex marriage whilst in opposition prevented two bills which would have legalised same-sex marriage in Australia from passing the House of Representatives and Senate in September 2012.[22][23]
The Abbott Government (2013-15) initially opposed same-sex marriage, but in August 2015 resolved to put the matter to the people at a plebiscite after the 2016 federal election. This policy was retained by the Turnbull Government (2015-present), though due to the refusal of the Senate to support the legislation to establish a plebiscite, the government conducted a voluntary postal survey on the matter from September to November 2017. The survey returned 61.6% "Yes" vote in favour of same-sex marriage. The government subsequently committed to facilitating the passage of a private member's bill to amend the Act, and legalise same-sex marriage, by the end of 2017.[24]
The bill in question, the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017, was introduced by Liberal Party Senator Dean Smith on 15 November 2017. The bill amends the definition of "marriage" in the Act, omitting the words "man and a woman" and replacing it with the gender-neutral statement "2 people".[25][26]
Same-sex marriage in the ACT[edit]
In October 2013, same-sex marriage was legalised in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The ACT legislation was overturned by the High Court for being constitutionally invalid.[27] This was due to the definition of the term 'marriage' in the Marriage Act, which excludes all types of marriage other than that between one man and one woman.[28]
See also[edit]
Celebrant (Australia)
Marriage Act
Marriage in Australia
Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Australian Government, Law Reform Commission - Aboriginal Traditional Marriage: Areas for Recognition
Jump up ^ Family Law Act 1975 - S.6 Polygamous marriages
Jump up ^ "ComLaw Acts - Attachment - Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 1991". Scaleplus.law.gov.au. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004C05245
Jump up ^ "Lawstuff Australia - Know Your Rights - Topics - Marriage".
Jump up ^ and is nominated by a proclaimed 'recognised denomination' as defined under s26 of the Marriage Act 1961. The term 'minister of religion' need not correspond to the actual office or title of the celebrant.
Jump up ^ Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee {L.R.} 1 P. & D. 130.
Jump up ^ Neilsen, Mary Anne (10 February 2012). "Same-sex marriage". Background Notes 2011-2012. Parliamentary Library (Australia). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd0405/05bd005
Jump up ^ http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/translatewipilink.ASPX?Folder=HANSARDR&Criteria=DOC_DATE:2004-05-27;SEQ_NUM:42;
Jump up ^ Text of Marriage Amendment Act 2004 (pdf)
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Marriage Amendment Act 2004". Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
Jump up ^ "John Howard defends Malcolm Turnbull on same-sex plebiscite". The Australian. 8 August 2017. (Subscription required (help)). John Howard: "What we didn’t want to happen in 2004 was for the courts to start adjudicating on the definition of marriage because that was a real threat in 2004 because some people who had contracted same sex marriages in another country had the capacity to bring their issues before courts in Australia".
Jump up ^ http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/translatewipilink.ASPX?Folder=HANSARDS&Criteria=DOC_DATE:2004-08-12;SEQ_NUM:324;
Jump up ^ "Coalition, Labor pass same-sex marriage ban". ABC News Online. 2004-08-13.
Jump up ^ Wright, Tim (31 July 2009). "Same-sex couples still waiting at the altar for a basic right". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Albanese, Anthony (2004-06-16). "Marriage Legislation Amendment Bill 2004: Second Reading". Anthony Albanese MP. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Labor decides on conscience vote for gay marriage". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Labor backs same-sex marriage". News Corporation.
Jump up ^ "Lower House votes down same-sex marriage bill". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Australian Senate votes down same-sex marriage bill". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Australia says yes to same-sex marriage in historic postal survey". The Guardian. 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Explanatory Memorandum: Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017". Parliament of Australia. 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dean Smith introduces same-sex marriage bill to parliament". The Guardian. 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory [2013] HCA 55".
Jump up ^ "MARRIAGE ACT 1961 - SECT 5 Interpretation". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
External sources[edit]
Marriage Act 1961 on Austlii
Proposal to Reform the Civil Marriage Celebrants Programme
Discussion Paper on Civil Celebrants Programme (October 1997)
Bills Digest on the Marriage Amendment Act 2002
Recognition of Foreign Marriages
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_Act_1961_(Australia)&oldid=811201262"
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I Can See Clearly Now
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the albums, see I Can See Clearly Now (Johnny Nash album) and I Can See Clearly Now (Gospel Gangstaz album).
"I Can See Clearly Now"
Single by Johnny Nash
from the album I Can See Clearly Now
B-side
"How Good It Is"
Released
June 23, 1972
Format
7" single
Recorded
1972
Genre
Reggae, soul
Length
2:45
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Nash
Producer(s)
Johnny Nash
Johnny Nash singles chronology
"Stir It Up"
(1972) "I Can See Clearly Now"
(1972) "There Are More Questions Than Answers"
(1972)
"Stir It Up"
(1972) "I Can See Clearly Now"
(1972) "There Are More Questions Than Answers"
(1972)
"I Can See Clearly Now" is a song originally recorded by Johnny Nash. It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was covered by many artists throughout the years, including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff, who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings, where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Contents
1 Writing and recording
1.1 Track listings
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly singles charts
2.2 Year-end charts
2.2.1 Certifications
3 Jimmy Cliff version
3.1 Charts and certifications
3.1.1 Weekly charts
3.1.2 Year-end charts
3.1.3 Sales and certifications
4 Other covers
5 References
Writing and recording[edit]
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc.,[1] and produced it himself. Its arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences. Nash had collaborated with Bob Marley in the past,[citation needed] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"I Can See Clearly Now" – 2:44
"How Good It Is" – 2:38
7" single
"I Can See Clearly Now" – 2:44
"Cupid" – 3:30
Chart performance[edit]
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA-certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart.[2]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1972–73)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[3] 3
Canada RPM Top Singles 1
Irish Singles Chart[4] 9
New Zealand (Listener)[5] 5
UK Singles Chart[6] 5
U.S. Billboard Black Singles[7] 38
U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[7] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 1
Chart (1989)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart[9] 54
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Rank
Australia[3] 46
Canada[10] 55
UK[11] 39
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[12] 47
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[13]
Gold 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Jimmy Cliff version[edit]
Reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings.[14] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years, and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached number one in France, Iceland and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy.[15]
"I Can See Clearly Now"
Single by Jimmy Cliff
from the album Cool Runnings soundtrack
B-side
"Sweet Jamaica" by Tony Rebel
Released
1993
Format
CD single
Recorded
1993
Genre
Pop-reggae
Length
3:16
Label
Chaos
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Nash
Producer(s)
Paul Henton
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1993–1994)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[16] 17
Canada (RPM)[17] 16
France (SNEP)[18] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[19] 52
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[20] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[21] 39
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23] 23
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 18
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[25] 9
US Adult Contemporary Recurrents (Billboard)[7] 2
US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard)[26] 11
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[27] 98
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[28] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Position
France (SNEP)[29] 11
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[30] 14
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[31] 66
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
France (SNEP)[32]
Silver 285,000[33]
Other covers[edit]
The song also appears in various other films, such as Grosse Pointe Blank, The Break-up, Thelma & Louise, Antz, Deep Blue Sea, Envy, Hitch, Igor, Shrek 2's "Far Far Away Idol," "Viktor Vogel – Commercial Man," and Jennifer's Body, as well in a 2009 advertisement for Lipton in the Middle East and Russia. It is also briefly sung by Cheech in the movie Up in Smoke.
It has also been covered by these artists:
Grace VanderWaal Grace VanderWaal's new single "Clearly", a reinterpretation with the permission of Johnny Nash
Funk, Inc. in 1973 on Hangin' Out
Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1973 on Imagination[34]
Petula Clark (1974 Come On Home)
Ray Charles (highest charting R&B version #35 in 1978)
Hothouse Flowers in 1990 on Home[35] (this version was a #23 hit in the UK Singles Chart in August 1990)
Holly Cole Trio in 1993 on Don't Smoke in Bed
Soul Asylum on After the Flood: Live from the Grand Forks Prom, June 28, 1997
Neil Finn in 1998 to raise money for The Fred Hollows Foundation. Finn's version also played in the movie Antz, where Z and Bala find Insectopia.
Dream Sequence in 1999, as "Clearly," an uptempo eurodance remix
Anne Murray (1999 What A Wonderful World and 2001 reissue of There's a Hippo in My Tub)
R&B guitarist Jonathan Butler recorded a cover from his 2010 album So Strong.[36]
Simone Dinnerstein & Tift Merritt on their 2013 album, Night
Nancy Sinatra on Shifting Gears in 2013.
Alex E
Horace Andy
Aswad
Beat Crusaders
Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song
Ken Boothe
Doyle Bramhall
Susan Cadogan
Eagle-Eye Cherry for the romantic comedy Over Her Dead Body
Rick Danko
Elsa as "Éternité," another French version
Even in Blackouts on The Fall of the House of Even
Everlife
Claude François as "Toi et le soleil," a French version
Bobby Goldsboro
Dobie Gray
Lloyd Green
Richie Havens
Martin Kitcher (On the Best Of..)
James Last
Lorie - cover of the French Toi et le Soleil Claude François version
Susie McEntire
Kaitlyn Maher
The Mamas & the Papas
Liza Minnelli
Marisa Monte
Geoff Moore and the Distance
Willie Nelson
Donny Osmond
Procol Harum in concert medleys
Francis Rossi on One Step at a Time (Deluxe Edition only)
Kermit Ruffins
Screeching Weasel on My Brain Hurts and the soundtrack of Jennifer's Body
Sonny and Cher
Dusty Springfield (recording unissued and subsequently lost or destroyed)
The Three Blind Mice during "Far Far Away Idol" in Shrek 2
Toots & the Maytals
Lee Towers
In November 2002, the song was featured prominently in "The Freak," an episode of the NBC police drama television series Boomtown.
In November 2016, a cover version of the song by the Hothouse Flowers was featured in the premiere episode of British Motoring show, The Grand Tour, causing the song to reach the number 1 position on the iTunes's Top 40 UK Rock Song chart in late 2016.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stephen Nye. ""The Fabulous Five"". Trojan Records. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
^ Jump up to: a b Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009-06-03 at WebCite (Retrieved August 9, 2008)
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com (Retrieved August 1, 2008)
^ Jump up to: a b c Billboard Allmusic.com (Retrieved August 9, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs | Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Billboard.com. 1972-11-25. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart (1989 release) Chartstats.com (Retrieved August 1, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1972 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1972/Top 100 Songs of 1972". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Johnny Nash – I Can See Clearly Now". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ King, Alex P. (2004). Hit-parade – 20 ans de tubes (in French). Paris: Pascal. p. 341. ISBN 2-35019-009-9.
Jump up ^ "Kennedy, Scott Hamilton - Environmental Film Festival". Environmental Film Festival. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Jimmy Cliff – I Can See Clearly Now". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Canadian RPM - Top Singles - Volume 58, No. 24, December 25, 1993". RPM. 1993. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Jimmy Cliff – I Can See Clearly Now" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Jimmy Cliff Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (14.04.1994-20.04.1994)" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Jimmy Cliff" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Jimmy Cliff – I Can See Clearly Now". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Cliff Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Cliff Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Billboard Allmusic.com (Retrieved August 9, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Cliff Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Cliff Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ 1994 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved January 30, 2009)
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1994". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1994". Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – Jimmy Cliff – I Can See" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
Jump up ^ "Les Singles en Argent :" (in French). Infodisc.fr. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Imagination". allmusic. Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved 2008-01-22. I Can See Clearly Now - Nash
Jump up ^ "Home". Retrieved 2008-01-22. Released: 1990 [...] composed by [...] 7. Johnny Nash
Jump up ^ "So Strong overview". Allmusic.com.
show
v
t
e
Johnny Nash
Studio albums
Hold Me Tight (1968)
Let's Go Dancing (1969)
I Can See Clearly Now (1972)
My Merry-Go-Round (1973)
Celebrate Life (1974)
Here Again (1986)
Singles
"As Time Goes By"
"Cupid"
"Stir It Up"
"I Can See Clearly Now"
"Tears on My Pillow"
"(What a) Wonderful World"
"Rock Me Baby"
Related topics
JAD Records
Book:Johnny Nash
show
v
t
e
Jimmy Cliff
Studio albums
Jimmy Cliff (1969)
Another Cycle (1971)
Give Thankx (1978)
Cliff Hanger (1985)
Humanitarian (1999)
Rebirth (2012)
Compilation albums
Reggae Night (2004)
Soundtrack albums
The Harder They Come (1972)
Songs
"Many Rivers to Cross"
"The Harder They Come"
"Reggae Night"
"I Can See Clearly Now"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_See_Clearly_Now&oldid=852702262"
Categories:
1972 singles
1993 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
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Hidden categories:
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Birthday customs and celebrations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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There are many and varied customs associated with the celebration of birthdays around the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Birthday cakes
2 Birthday parties
3 Birthday presents
4 Birthday greetings
5 Punches, bumps, and other birthday torments
6 References
7 Further reading
Birthday cakes[edit]
The birthday cake is traditionally highly decorated, and typically covered with lit candles when presented, the number of candles signifying the age of the celebrant. The person whose birthday it is may make a silent wish and then blow out the candles. It is also common for the person celebrating their birthday to cut the initial piece of the cake as a newlywed couple might with a wedding cake. The birthday boy/girl traditionally gets to eat the first piece of the cake.
A child's birthday celebration, complete with cake
Birthday parties[edit]
In Western cultures, particularly in the United States and Australia, birthday parties are often accompanied by colorful decorations, such as balloons and streamers. A birthday cake is often served with candles that are to be blown out after a "birthday wish" has been made. While the birthday cake is being brought to the table, the song Happy Birthday to You is sung by the guests. A practice most common among wealthy people and celebrities, but engaged in by many others as well, is to hire an event management agency or a party service to organize a birthday party.
A child's birthday party may be held at his/her home or in a public place. Soft drinks are often had alongside water and both sweet and savory foods are typically served to the guests. In many cultures, a birthday cake is served. Birthday parties for children often feature entertainment, costumes, party games, and a theme. Adults' birthday parties in Western countries are often held in bars or nightclubs. Though some are held at a restaurant or even at home. A birthday party usually includes gifts for the person whose birthday it is. Most people who come to the birthday party are the ones who have the gifts.
Birthday presents[edit]
In addition to parties, it is common for people to receive gifts on their birthday. Popular gifts include toys, books, jewellery, clothes, flowers, technical devices, gift cards, checks, paper money, etc. Items such as underwear and socks are generally not as well appreciated by younger children, even if they are emblazoned with popular characters. Sometimes it is expected of the person celebrating their birthday to treat their party guests instead; this varies depending on the local culture and may involve party gifts or other gestures, for example inviting the guests to the restaurant or bar (some of them offer special birthday programs), arranging parties at home, or at work.[citation needed] In South Africa, however, birthdays are highly celebrated. In a given town or township, everyone is invited, including the older family members; it does not matter how young or old the person is. These celebrations are noted by big white tents being erected in the yards, which symbolize a huge celebration of some sort. Birthday presents range from gifts such as toys to animal sacrifices.
Birthday greetings[edit]
In most English-speaking countries it is traditional to sing the song Happy Birthday to You to the honored person celebrating a birthday. Happy Birthday songs are common worldwide; similar songs exist in other languages. This song is a common greeting used on birthdays, along with birthday cards and verbal greetings with messages such as "I wish you a Happy Birthday" or "Happy Birthday."
Punches, bumps, and other birthday torments[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The bumps", or "the dumps" in Scotland,[1][2] a birthday torment common in countries such as the UK, Ireland, Canada, and India,[3] involves the friends and family of the person whose birthday it is taking him or her by the arms and legs, and "bumping" him/her up into the air and down onto the floor.[3][4] The number of "bumps" given equals the age of the person in years plus one "for luck".[3][4] Usually "the Bumps" are administered only to children, in part because as people grow up they become too heavy for the process.[3] Sometimes bumps are also referred to as kicks where the person celebrating their birthday is held by their arms and legs and their friends kick them. This practice is often disapproved in regard to health and safety concerns.
In French-speaking Canada, the U.S. and Australia, "birthday punches" are given in a similar fashion, with the person whose birthday it is being punched a number of times equal to his/her age, often with one additional punch "for luck".[3]In some places, instead of a punch "for luck," the recipient is pinched "to grow an inch." In Brazil, Hungary, Argentina, Italy, and other countries, the person has his/her earlobes pulled.[3][5] The Hungarian tradition also involves at the same time as pulling the earlobes wishing the person a happy birthday or reciting a rhyme whose English translation is "God bless you, live so long so your ears reach your ankles.".[6]
Similar to birthday punches are birthday spankings. While they are usually administered to children, the practice is somewhat common, even in areas and communities or among families where corporal punishment is otherwise frowned upon. The spankings, characteristically, are mostly administered in such a fashion that they do not hurt the recipient at all, or if they do, it is usually only a small "sting". Traditionally, they are given to children under the age of 16. With this tradition the birthday recipient, as a general rule, gets spanked on his or her buttocks the same number of times as the number of years they have been alive, often with a final, extra spank administered as "one to grow on".
In Israel, part of the birthday celebration for a child in kindergarten is to lift the decorated chair that the child sits on into the air several times, once for each year of the child's age, plus "one for the next year".[3][7]
In Venezuela, a widespread custom is to attempt the pushing of the person's face into the birthday cake when they blow out the candles. This frequently destroys the cake.
Birthday punches are administered throughout the day, but if the "birthday boy" hides from the punches, one final punch is allowed to be given.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robinson, Mairi, ed. (1985). The Concise Scots Dictionary. Aberdeen University Press. pp. 164–5. ISBN 0080284922. gie someone his or get one's dumps give or get thumps on the back as a birthday ritual, the number corresponding to the age reached
Jump up ^ http://www.dsl.ac.uk/. A children's birthday ceremony, taking various forms, for example: the child is held by the hands and feet and its back thumped on the floor, a thump for each year of age, sometimes dropped on the final count (Ork., Ags., Fif., Edb., Dmb., Ayr., Dmf., Rxb. 2000s). Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Bumps". Chambers Book of Facts (PDF). Chambers. 2007. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-550-10287-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "bump". The Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. Allied Publishers. p. 187. ISBN 9788186062265.
Jump up ^ "Celebrations". Primary society and environment, Book 3. R.I.C. Publications. 2004. p. 18. ISBN 9781741261240.
Jump up ^ Kids Parties Connection (2009). "Birthday Traditions in Different Countries". Traditions. Daric Systems, Inc.
Jump up ^ Jaan Valsiner (2000). Culture and human development: an introduction. Developmental Series. SAGE. p. 252. ISBN 9780761956846.
Further reading[edit]
Jackie Glassman (2002). "Birthday bumps". Birthdays Around the World. Early Connections Series. Benchmark Education Company. p. 8. ISBN 9781590001219.
"Teacher Says Punching Is a Birthday Ritual". The New York Times. 2003-04-20. pp. A20.
Tony Paterson (2003-03-30). "Turkish children organised reign of terror at German school". The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birthday_customs_and_celebrations&oldid=845406659"
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