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Gavin & Stacey
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Gavin & Stacey
Title card
Genre
Sitcom
Romantic comedy
Drama
Created by
James Corden
Ruth Jones
Written by
James Corden
Ruth Jones
Directed by
Christine Gernon
Starring
Mathew Horne
Joanna Page
James Corden
Ruth Jones
Larry Lamb
Alison Steadman
Rob Brydon
Melanie Walters
Opening theme
"Run" by Stephen Fretwell
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
3 (+ Special)
No. of episodes
20 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Henry Normal
Lindsay Hughes
Producer(s)
Ted Dowd
Camera setup
Film, Single camera
Running time
19x 30mins
1x 60mins
2x 8mins
Production company(s)
Baby Cow Productions
Release
Original network
BBC Three (Series 1–2)
BBC One (2008 Christmas Special–Series 3)
Picture format
576i (16:9)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
13 May 2007 (2007-05-13) – 1 January 2010 (2010-01-01)
Chronology
Related shows
Horne & Corden
Lesbian Vampire Killers (film)
Website
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007nf70
Gavin & Stacey is a British romantic situation comedy that follows the long-distance relationship of Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) from Billericay in Essex, England, and Stacey West (Joanna Page) from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. The writers of the show, actors James Corden and Ruth Jones, also co-star as Gavin and Stacey's friends, Smithy and Nessa. Other prominent cast members include Alison Steadman and Larry Lamb, who play Gavin's parents, Pam and Mick, and Melanie Walters and Rob Brydon, who portray Stacey's mother, Gwen, and her uncle, Bryn.
The show was produced by Baby Cow Productions for BBC Wales. It ran for a total of 20 episodes; these were broadcast from 13 May 2007 to 1 January 2010, comprising three series and two Christmas specials. Initially, the series was shown on BBC Three, but a growing following meant that it was subsequently moved to BBC Two, and finally BBC One. The last episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime time BBC seasonal programming, and were broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year's Day 2010.
Gavin & Stacey was acclaimed as a hit breakthrough show for BBC Three, becoming the most nominated show in the 2007 British Comedy Awards. To date it has won several awards, including the British Academy Television Awards (BAFTAs) Audience Award, and the British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Award, both in 2008. The programme has also been well received in several other countries in which it has aired.
A US remake titled Us & Them was scheduled to air on Fox in the 2013-14 US TV season. During a filming break, production was shut down indefinitely by Fox due to poor quality scripts. On 11 October 2013, Fox revealed that only six of the 13 episodes ordered would air (being those episodes that had already been filmed),[1] but in June 2014 Fox announced that it would not even air those six episodes.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Scenario
2 Characters and cast
2.1 Main characters
2.2 Supporting roles
2.3 Character names
2.4 Guest appearances
3 Plot
3.1 Series 1
3.2 Series 2
3.3 Christmas Special
3.4 Series 3
4 Episodes
5 Production
6 Reception
6.1 Ratings
6.2 Awards
6.3 Critical reaction
7 Future
8 American adaptations
8.1 NBC (2008)
8.2 ABC pilot (2009–10)
8.3 Fox (2013–14): Us & Them
9 International broadcasts
10 Other depictions
10.1 Barry Islands in the Stream
10.2 Smithy
10.3 Channel 4 Comedy Gala
11 DVD releases
12 References
13 External links
Scenario[edit]
The show follows the romance between Gavin, from Billericay in Essex, and Stacey, from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. Initially, Gavin lives with his parents, Pam and Mick, and spends most of his time with his best friend, Smithy. Stacey lives with her widowed mother, Gwen, and is frequently visited by her uncle, Bryn, who lives across the road, and by her best friend Nessa. The series follows the key moments in their relationship: their first meeting, meeting each other's families, getting engaged, marrying, looking for a flat, briefly splitting up, looking for new jobs and trying for children.
The characters of Gavin and Stacey provide the emotional core of the story. The show focuses on the situations that arise when their relationship brings their two differing families together. As a result, episodes often focus on the key events in life that bring wider families and close friends together such as weddings, christenings, birthday parties and Christmases. However, the show also presents the families interacting in deliberately non-dramatic situations, such as a visit to the beach and nights out.
A significant second storyline follows the contrasting relationship between Smithy and Nessa. Despite their dislike for each other, they have several one-night stands, leading to Nessa becoming pregnant and having their baby. Whilst Gavin and Stacey are the clear main characters, towards the end of the show's run, the dramatic emphasis switches slightly from them, as they resolve their distance issues, to Smithy and Nessa, as Nessa becomes engaged to another man.
Other storylines that run throughout the course of the three series include Pam's fake vegetarianism, Bryn and his nephew Jason's struggle to keep the events of their disastrous fishing trip a secret (with the outcome never actually being revealed), and the ridiculously rocky marriage of Pam's friends Pete and Dawn.
Characters and cast[edit]
Further information: List of Gavin & Stacey characters
Main characters[edit]
Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) – nicknamed "Gav", "Gavlar", or "Gavilar", the level-headed protagonist from Billericay, Essex.
Stacey Shipman (née West) (Joanna Page) – bubbly protagonist from Barry.
Neil "Smithy" Smith (James Corden) – Gavin's oldest and closest friend who also lives in Billericay, Essex.
Vanessa Shanessa "Nessa" Jenkins (Ruth Jones) – Stacey's oldest and closest friend, who is also from Barry.
Michael "Mick" Shipman (Larry Lamb) – Gavin's down-to-earth father.
Pamela Andrea "Pam" Shipman (née Gryglaszewska) (Alison Steadman) – Gavin's house-proud and over-protective mother.
Bryn West (Rob Brydon) – known as "Uncle Bryn"; Stacey's protective, yet naïve uncle, and Gwen's brother-in-law.
Gwen West (Melanie Walters) – Stacey's caring, widowed mother. She also has an older son, Jason.
Supporting roles[edit]
Jason West (Robert Wilfort) – Stacey's gay older brother, who lives in Spain.
Dawn Sutcliffe (Julia Davis) – a close friend of Pam and Mick, who frequently has public arguments with husband Pete.
Peter "Pete" Sutcliffe (Adrian Scarborough) – a close friend of Pam and Mick, husband to Dawn, with whom he frequently has public arguments.
David Lloyd 'Dave "Coaches"' Gooch (Steffan Rhodri) – local coach driver, later fiancé to Nessa. He appeared in the first episode when Stacey went to London to meet Gavin.
Doris O'Neill (Margaret John) – elderly but lively neighbour to Gwen, and close friend of the West family.
Ruth 'Rudi' Smith (Sheridan Smith) – Smithy's immature, but loving, younger sister who also likes to be called 'Smithy'. Works at a fast food restaurant in Billericay.
Catherina 'Cath' Smith (Pam Ferris) – Smithy's single mother, suffers from 'a mild form of narcolepsy' (which Pam thinks is a cover for a drinking problem).
Dirtbox (Andrew Knott) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Deano (Mathew Baynton) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy's, who works with Smithy as a builder and appears to be very dim-witted.
Budgie (Russell Tovey) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Chinese Alan (Dominic Gaskell) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy, he has this nickname despite not being Chinese but it appears to be connected with his catchphrase; 'Did someone order a Chinese?'.
Craig 'Fingers' (Samuel Anderson) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy, who has an on/off relationship with Stacey's friend Louise, after they meet at the wedding and have sex in a back room.
Jesus (Daniel Curtis) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Gary (Jason Gregg) and Simon – friends of Gavin and Smithy, who are never just Gary or Simon.
Swede (John Grisley) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Louise (Ffion Williams) – a friend of Stacey and Nessa, who has an on/off relationship with Gavin and Smithy's friend Fingers, after they meet at the wedding and have sex in a back room.
Anje (Beth Granville) – a friend of Stacey and Nessa.
Neil Jenkins (Huw Dafydd) – Nessa's father, rarely seen in Barry, came for Neil the Baby's christening.
Owain Hughes (Steve Meo) – Website Manager in Gavin's new job in Cardiff. He has the cocky but confusing catchphrase: 'Owain Hughes, and before you ask, no I don't'.
Dick Powell (Gwynfor Roberts) – the only full Welsh speaking inhabitant of Barry (aside from the Welsh nationalists in the caravan park), he works on the black market selling meat.
Neil Noel Edmond 'the Baby' Smith (Ewan Kennedy, Oscar Hartland) – Smithy and Nessa's son and named after both Smithy and Nessa's father who are both called Neil (first name), Nessa's mate from Hear'Say, Noel Sullivan and Smithy's Grandad Edmond (middle name). In the episode of the christening, Gavin humorously says that Neil is named after Noel Edmonds.
Character names[edit]
The use of the surnames of known English serial killers for some of the main characters – Shipman, West and Sutcliffe — was condemned by some victims and their relatives.[3][4] Ruth Jones said the choice was deliberate: "I suppose we were hoping that people wouldn't realise and then when it does come to light, it's even more delicious...."[3][5]
Guest appearances[edit]
Although the production team received requests, the show declined to use celebrity guests for cameo roles in the 2008 Christmas special.[6] However, both Noel Sullivan and John Prescott made brief cameo appearances at the end of the final series.[7] Both figures had formed the basis of long-running jokes throughout the series. Nessa occasionally refers to Sullivan as her housemate; a member of the band she initially lives with. Nessa had also claimed to have had an affair with Prescott.
Plot[edit]
Series 1[edit]
The initial series begins with the lives of the title characters, Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) and Stacey West (Joanna Page). Gavin is 28 and lives at home in Billericay, Essex, with his parents. Mick (Larry Lamb) and Pam (Alison Steadman). He and Stacey, along with their respective best friends Neil "Smithy" Smith (James Corden) and Nessa Jenkins (Ruth Jones), go out on a double date. The night ends with Gavin and Stacey returning to a hotel room and sleeping together, as do Smithy and Nessa. Gavin and Stacey become infatuated with each other, but Smithy and Nessa are happy to forget their drunken one-night stand and make little contact with one another afterwards. In the rest of the series, Gavin and Stacey continue their long-distance relationship before becoming engaged and getting married. The series ends with Nessa going to inform Smithy that he is the father of her child but changes her mind at the last minute.
Series 2[edit]
The second series begins with the newlyweds arriving from a honeymoon in Greece. The in-laws meet again at the Shipman's house in Essex, where Nessa has some shocking revelations – especially for Smithy, who learns that she is pregnant with his baby, and although he makes it clear he thoroughly dislikes the woman, he is generally civil and supportive towards her about their child. Meanwhile, Gavin and Stacey, living at Pam and Mick's house, run into trouble when Stacey struggles to find a job and becomes home-sick for Barry and her family. The couple try to overcome their problem by looking for an apartment or house in Essex, but Stacey is still dissatisfied and is considering moving back to South Wales to be with her family. In the final episode of the series, Stacey takes off her wedding ring, much to the upset of Gavin, but this is interrupted by the news of Nessa unexpectedly going into labour a month early. Pam, Mick and Stacey hurry across to Wales, whilst Gavin rushes to find Smithy with Smithy's sister, Rudi (Sheridan Smith), eventually finding him in the pub watching football. They arrive to find that Nessa has given birth to a boy, Neil. Gavin and Stacey decide to put their differences aside and are together once again.
Christmas Special[edit]
An extended Christmas special involves Stacey's family, along with Nessa and her partner, Dave Coaches (Steffan Rhodri), spending Christmas with Gavin's parents. Gavin reveals that he has found a job in Cardiff, which at first causes upset for Pam and Smithy, but they both learn to accept it. Gavin later admits to Smithy that he is moving to Barry with Stacey in order to save his marriage. Smithy also gets upset when he feels that Dave, who lives with the baby, Neil, is replacing him as a father. Smithy is furthermore unhappy after Dave proposes to Nessa (with the ring enclosed in a cigarette packet), and she accepts.
Series 3[edit]
Gavin begins on his new job in Wales and his parents and Smithy travel to Wales for Neil's christening. In the next episode Gavin and Stacey, and Nessa and her child Neil, spend the weekend at Pam and Mick's, and after a drunken night, it is believed that Nessa and Smithy may have once again had sex after waking up in bed together the next morning. Gavin and Stacey begin trying for a baby and Stacey is upset and disappointed when she learns that they may not be able to have children. Gavin becomes depressed and preoccupied with this issue, and in an attempt to cheer him up, Pam, Mick and Smithy arrange a surprise trip to Barry beach on a sunny bank holiday. Nessa and Dave also run into trouble after Dave learns about her alleged sexual intercourse with Smithy, but the two decide to go ahead with the wedding. In the final episode, Stacey discovers she is pregnant after all, and the couple are overjoyed and excited. Smithy shows up at Nessa and Dave's wedding ceremony with Neil, pleading for her not to marry him, and accusing her of not loving Dave. Dave, much to everyone's surprise, agrees with Smithy that Nessa does not love him, and the ceremony is called off. The series ends showing the four (Gavin, Stacey, Nessa and Smithy) on Barry beachfront, with a heavily pregnant Stacey.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Gavin & Stacey episodes
The series consists of twenty episodes, broadcast over three series, and a Christmas Eve special. The first series comprised six half-hour episodes and first aired in 2007, from 13 May to 10 June 2007. The show was extended to seven episodes for the second series, which first ran in 2008, from 16 March to 20 April. The 2008 Christmas Eve special was an hour long. The third series reverted to six episodes and began on 26 November 2009, with the last two episodes of the series and show being aired on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year's Day 2010.
The BBC has also broadcast several documentaries alongside the show, examining the making of the show and showcasing a selection of 'out-takes' from the filming.
Production[edit]
The idea for the show occurred to actor James Corden during a wedding reception, and he then developed the idea with co-writer Ruth Jones, whom he had met during the filming of ITV drama Fat Friends. Corden claims to have been inspired by the story of his own real life best friend Gavin, who met his wife over the phone at work, and arranged to meet. They presented it to the BBC as a one-off play, but the BBC instead asked for a full series.[8] The roles of Gavin and Stacey were cast through an auditioning process, but were almost immediately given to Mathew Horne and Joanna Page on the strength of their chemistry together. The roles of Nessa and Smithy were written by Corden and Jones for themselves. Some roles were written with certain actors in mind; Uncle Bryn was written specifically for Rob Brydon, who had been to school with Jones, whilst Pam was written specifically for Alison Steadman, who had also worked on Fat Friends. Jones had worked with Julia Davis in her sitcom Nighty Night, and the role of Dawn was written with her in mind. Additionally, Corden had appeared with Adrian Scarborough in the Alan Bennett-penned play and film, The History Boys, which led to him being cast in the role of Pete. An audition process was used to cast the roles of Mick and Gwen, whilst the roles of Gavin's friends were given to Corden's co-stars in The History Boys.
Although the programme is set in Billericay, Essex, and Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, the three series were shot largely in Cardiff (which acted as the city itself but also as parts of Billericay), and also in Barry itself and the surrounding area, including Dinas Powys, Sully and Penarth. The show's popularity has been credited with boosting the tourist trade to Barry and its popular seafront of Barry Island, through visitors wishing to visit the various filming locations. Gavin's house was set in Billericay but was actually filmed on location in Laburnam Way, Dinas Powys in Wales. The opening episode features location shooting in Leicester Square in London which was filmed in 2006. [7][9][10]
After the debut of the show on BBC Three, a second series was soon commissioned. Speaking about the second series, Corden said "It's the show that we wanted to make. If people like it, they like it: if they don't, they don't. That's a nice feeling, that's quite freeing... There's more of a journey and more of a story. We hope the viewers will feel like they've been taken on a little trip by it", while Jones said "Series one had a very specific storyline to it, boy meets girl and it ends in a wedding. We don't have the same type of storyline in the second series. It's now girl lives with boy's parents in Essex and the joys that might entail."[11]
There was initially uncertainty over whether a third series would be produced. In an April 2008 interview, Jones said "We never intended to write a second series let alone a third. We don't want it to become predictable. We will see how the Christmas special goes and take it from there." Corden added: "We will write one if we can make it better. We have to be true to ourselves."[12] Corden and Jones completed the final draft of the Christmas Special by September 2008, although they ruled out writing the third series at the time due to pressures of other work, and repeating the wish not to produce a sub-standard script.[6] After the 2008 Christmas special premiere, BBC Three aired a making-of documentary about the special, titled 12 Days of Christmas.[13]
Corden and Jones eventually announced there would be a third series produced, on 21 December 2008 just before the 2008 Christmas special aired, as Jones performed her final BBC Radio Wales Sunday Brunch radio show to a live audience on Barry Island.[14][15]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
The first and second series were premièred on the digital only channel BBC Three, and were promoted to repeat airings on BBC Two. The 2008 Christmas Special and third series were first aired on BBC One, by which time the first and second series had also been repeated on BBC One.[14] The penultimate episode of the series, on Christmas Day 2009, was the fourth most watched programme of the day.[7] The show's finale on the following New Year's Day was the fifth most watched programme on that day, behind EastEnders, Coronation Street and Doctor Who.[7]
Episode
Aired
Viewers
Episode
Aired
Viewers
Episode
Aired
Viewers
Special 24 December 2008 7,190,000[16]
1.1 13 May 2007 543,000[17] 2.1 16 March 2008 1,894,000[18] 3.1 26 November 2009 6,414,000[19]
1.2 13 May 2007 588,000[17] 2.2 16 March 2008 1,869,000[20] 3.2 3 December 2009 6,410,000[21]
1.3 20 May 2007 550,000[22] 2.3 23 March 2008 1,480,000[20] 3.3 10 December 2009 6,530,000[21]
1.4 27 May 2007 557,000[23] 2.4 30 March 2008 1,799,000[24] 3.4 17 December 2009 6,680,000[19]
1.5 3 June 2007 544,000[25] 2.5 6 April 2008 1,601,000[26] 3.5 25 December 2009 10,000,000[21]
1.6 10 June 2007 569,190 2.6 13 April 2008 1,401,000[27] 3.6 1 January 2010 10,250,000[21]
2.7 20 April 2008 1,354,000[28]
Awards[edit]
The show was nominated for and won several awards throughout its run, with two notable wins being the British Academy Television Awards (BAFTAs) Audience Award, and the British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Award, both in 2008.
In the December 2007 British Comedy Awards, the show won Best New British TV Comedy, losing in the Best New TV Comedy category to Peep Show. James Corden and Ruth Jones won Best Male and Female Comedy Newcomer respectively, with fellow cast members Mathew Horne and Joanna Page having also been nominated in the same categories. The show was also named Best New British TV Sitcom in the 2007 The Comedy.co.uk Awards.[29]
In April 2008 the show won two awards in the BAFTAs, the Audience Award, and Best Comedy Performance for James Corden.[30] In December 2008 the show won Best TV Comedy in the 2008 British Comedy Awards. In the 2009 BAFTAs Rob Brydon was nominated for Best Comedy Performance as Bryn.
In the National Television Awards in January 2010, Gavin and Stacey won the award for Best Comedy[31]
Critical reaction[edit]
Immediately after the end of series 2, in April 2008 The Guardian described the show as the "BBC 3's biggest breakout comedy hit since Little Britain", while Deborah Orr wrote that the show was "amiable, unpretentious, well-scripted, nicely acted and archly amusing. It's a good series, taking its place in a well-worn comedic progression, stretching back to The Liver Birds".[12][32]
Just before the third series aired, The Independent described how the show had developed from a respectable début on BBC3 to an award-winning show with mainstream popularity after the BBC2 Christmas special, although it noted a perception from some that the show shouldn't "get above itself". With its mainstream acceptance however, it was of the opinion that the show had all the ingredients to become an "audience-pleasing family sitcom in the tradition of Only Fools and Horses and The Royle Family – churning out series after series and Christmas special after Christmas special", although by then, the writers had already ruled out future full series.[33]
Future[edit]
News of future series and specials has been inconsistent, with some cast members often speculating about more material whilst others deny it. Once the third series was completed, Corden and Jones categorically ruled out making any future series of the show. Corden said "There will never be another series of the show, I think Ruth and I are definite about that.", while Jones said, "Where would we go with it?...No, it's really time to say goodbye to these characters now". Jones ruled out a film version, declaring the show "very much belongs to the little screen, not the big one".[33]
Immediately after the show's series three finale, fans began internet campaigns for a fourth series to be produced, while other cast members expressed mixed views.[34][35][36]
However, whilst the cast and crew have ruled out the possibility of another series, many have hinted at the possibility of another future Christmas "special". After the third series, James Corden stated: 'As far as "specials" are concerned, I think if we had an idea for a story with these characters then maybe, but I don't think that'll happen any time soon.' In January 2010, Larry Lamb predicted a future Christmas "special", stating 'Clearly the audience loves it and I would be very surprised if it did not come back for a Christmas episode.' In September 2010, writer Ruth Jones also discussed the possibility of a future one-off "special". She stated 'A lot of it is to do with logistics, because we haven't ruled out doing a "special" at some point in the future, but we're not doing one this Christmas.' Alison Steadman welcomed the suggestion, stating, 'A "special" would be great. I think another series... perhaps, the story's been told. But a "special" would be... I'd love that, I'd absolutely love it if that happened.'[37]
Appearing on the 2011 edition of the Ruth Jones Christmas Box for BBC, James Corden, a guest, talked with Jones about the possibility of writing another show. They both agreed that, one day, they would make a "special", although no date was set, as they were yet to think of a good enough plot. They agreed that if it were to happen, it must not disappoint. Ruth said she would love to make a musical of the show, and both she and James sang a couple of lines, in character, to see how it would work.
Mathew Horne, whilst appearing on the Alan Carr: Chatty Man talk show on Channel 4 on Friday 22 July 2011 speculated there might have been "something happening" with Gavin & Stacey in 2012. When he appeared on Loose Women on 13 September 2012, he doubted the production of a full series, but claimed a special episode was possible, citing it as a Hallowe'en or Bonfire Night special rather than a Christmas special, stating like he'd "love to see Gavin and Smithy go trick or treating". Speaking in October 2013, Mathew Horne said he would love to star in a fourth series, but admitted it would be a "risk" to do another series in case it didn't live up to expectations.
James Corden said in November 2013 that he would love to work with Ruth Jones again but he didn't know if it would be to make more Gavin and Stacey or something new but he did say he would like to pop in on the Gavin and Stacey characters in a one off special.
Ruth Jones said in January 2014 that she would like to work with Corden again and make a Gavin & Stacey special or a film.
In October 2014, Joanna Page said that Gavin & Stacey would not return as she thought that the show ended in 2010.
In March 2016, Ruth Jones denied claims that Gavin & Stacey would be returning, saying "there are no plans to make a new one."[38]
American adaptations[edit]
NBC (2008)[edit]
In March 2008, it was reported the American network NBC had bought the rights to produce an American remake from Baby Cow Productions. Initial ideas according to Corden were to have Gavin coming from New Jersey and Stacey from South Carolina, meeting up in New York City.[8] In December 2008 however, Jones stated "There was a script written for NBC. They optioned it, but then that went away. I read the script and it wasn't great to be honest with you. But now ABC are looking into writing a pilot and hopefully that will work out".[39] At the time, both Corden and Jones were reportedly acting as executive producers of the ABC version, while interviewing other people for the job of writing the adaptation.[40]
ABC pilot (2009–10)[edit]
In September 2009 it was reported that ABC had ordered a pilot for an American remake, to be written by Stacy Traub and Hayes Jackson, and produced by BBC Worldwide.[41][42] Although one year later, it was confirmed that the project had been cancelled. A source said: “It’s a massive shame as we had high hopes for the show. We loved the idea of seeing how the characters would have worked across the pond.”[43]
Fox (2013–14): Us & Them[edit]
Main article: Us & Them
On 8 May 2013, Fox announced that an American remake, Us & Them, would be broadcast in the network's 2013–14 schedule. Thirteen episodes were ordered. However, on 11 October 2013, it was revealed that only 6 episodes would air after production went into early hiatus, a hiatus which then became permanent. In June 2014, Fox announced that the 6 episodes would never air on the network.
International broadcasts[edit]
Gavin & Stacey has aired on BBC Entertainment, BBC America and BBC Canada channels. In addition, it has also screened in Australia (Seven Network, 7TWO, ABC2 and UK-TV), Belgium/Flanders (Acht), Israel (HOT V.O.D and Yes Stars Comedy), Ireland (RTÉ Two), in The Netherlands (RTL 8), Iceland (Stöð 2), New Zealand (TV ONE), Portugal (RTP2), Sweden (SVT) and Spain/Catalonia (3XL).
Other depictions[edit]
Characters from the show have gone on to appear outside the series' episodes in aid of various charitable causes.
Barry Islands in the Stream[edit]
In the fifth episode of the second series (6 April 2008), for Gwen's birthday barn dance, Bryn and Nessa perform a duet of "Islands in the Stream". On 21 February 2009, this was adapted into "Barry Islands In The Stream", a musical mini-sketch aired for Comic Relief. In a storyline that sees Bryn and Nessa invited to compete in the World Karaoke Championships in Las Vegas, Nessa bumps into her old friend Tom Jones, who joins them on stage, and also features Bee Gee Robin Gibb. Also released as a charity single, it debuted in the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on 15 March 2009.[44]
For Red Nose Day 2009 on 13/14 March, the main telethon event for Comic Relief, a second sketch was aired where James Corden, in character as Smithy, has a chance encounter with the England national football team and proceeds to give them some advice on tactics and teamwork. "Barry Islands In The Stream" was also performed live for the Top of the Pops 2009 Red Nose Day special.
Smithy[edit]
There have been two charity episodes depicted as a "spin-off" of Gavin & Stacey called Smithy, starring James Corden as the title character.
For Sport Relief 2010 on 19 March 2010, Corden appeared again as Smithy in a long sketch about coaching. Corden had previously recorded a live 9 minute segment during the December 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards ceremony. It sees Smithy being presented with the Coach of the Year Award for his unsung coaching influence on several British sports stars. As he jokes with the audience he declares he can't accept the award, and goes on to rant at the assembled sporting stars for having 'lost their way' and focusing on celebrity, ending on a rousing appeal to get back to basics, leaving hosts Sue Barker and Gary Lineker in mock tears. As a backstory, sketches are shown of how Smithy coached Tom Daley, Andrew Flintoff, Andy Murray, Jenson Button, David Beckham and the Manchester United team.[45]
On 19 December 2010, Corden appeared as Smithy in the live ceremony for the 2010 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards, announcing that Sport Relief had raised over £44m, expressing his doubts that England manager Fabio Capello would win the coach of the year award, and giving the 15 times Darts World Champion Phil Taylor his backing as a candidate for the main award, praising his dedication to training by going down the pub every night sinking pints.
There was another episode of Smithy for the 2011 Comic Relief appeal guest starring Lenny Henry, Richard Curtis, George Michael, Dermot O'Leary, JLS (Aston Merrygold, Marvin Humes, Oritsé Williams and JB Gill), Davina McCall, Rupert Grint, Tom Felton, Sebastian Coe, Gordon Brown, Robert Winston, Roger Lloyd-Pack, Rio Ferdinand, Keira Knightley, Richard Madeley, Clare Balding, Tom Daley, Justin Bieber and surviving Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr.
Corden appeared as Smithy again on Michael McIntyre's Christmas Roadshow on BBC One on 25 December 2011. The sketch showed Smithy in a dating-show style spoof with Miranda Hart as her TV alter ego.
He again appeared at Comic Relief, this time in 2013, in the live studio itself. He went on to rant about all the world's issues and his opinions on them.
Corden appeared as the character again for 2016's Sport Relief, where Smithy campaigns to be elected as Sepp Blatter's replacement as the president of FIFA.
Channel 4 Comedy Gala[edit]
Main article: Channel 4's Comedy Gala
On 30 March 2010, Corden and Jones appeared in character as Smithy and Nessa as part of Channel 4's Comedy Gala, held at the O2 Arena in London in aid of Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, broadcast on Channel 4 on 5 April 2010. Following on from the events of the final episode, they arrive in London on a day trip from Barry Island, with Neil the baby in tow.[46]
DVD releases[edit]
Title
No. of discs
Year
No. of episodes
Release dates
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Complete Series 1 1 2007 6 5 May 2009 29 October 2007 2 April 2009
Complete Series 2 2 2008 7 27 September 2011[47] 10 November 2008 1 April 2010
Christmas Special 1 2008 1 — 6 April 2009 29 June 2010
Complete Series 3 2 2009–2010 6 27 September 2011[48] 7 December 2009 29 June 2010
Complete Series 1 & 2 3 2007–2008 13 — 10 November 2008 —
Complete Series 1 – 3 6 2007–2010 20 27 September 2011[48] 7 December 2009 4 November 2010
The decision was made by BBC Worldwide to release the full DVD box set of series three on the 7 December 2009, in time for the Christmas rush, despite not all of the series having aired in the UK. There was some criticism, with Liberal Democrat media spokesperson Don Foster saying it devalued the licence fee.[49] Despite this release, subsequent episodes still saw some of the show's highest viewing figures.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fox (Essentially) Cancels Us & Them". TVLine. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (9 June 2014). "Us & Them Update: 6 Produced Episodes of Fox’s Jason Ritter-Alexis Bledel Comedy Will Never Air". TVLine. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shipman's victim's son attacks Gavin and Stacey over serial killers joke". Mail on Line. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Cardiff confidential: Saying farewell to Gavin & Stacey". The Independent. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Victims’ families complain about Gavin & Stacey serial killer names". Heat Magazine. 2 January 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gavin and Stacey 'could return'". BBC Newsbeat. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Barry Island traders: 'We must make the most of Gavin & Stacey'". Barry and District News. Newsquest. 9 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Sherwin, Adam (6 March 2008). "Gavin & Stacey to be given US remake". London: The Times. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Town plans Gavin and Stacey trail". BBC News. 18 May 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gavin and Stacey a New Year’s Day hit". Western Mail. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gavin and Stacey stars promise different second series". BBC Newsbeat. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Plunkett, John (21 April 2008). "Gavin & Stacey creators say there may not be a third series". London: Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "12 Days Of Christmas". Gavinandstacey.com. 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gavin and Stacey ready to return". BBC News. 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ Stephen Brook and agencies (2008-12-22). "Gavin & Stacey to return for third series". Guardian. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Select 2008 December dates 14 - 20". Barb.co.uk. 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 13/05/07". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 16/03/08". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Select 2009 November dates 23 - 29". Barb.co.uk. 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 16/03/08". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Weekly Top 30 Programmes Broadcasters' Audience Research Board
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 20/05/07". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 27/05/07". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 30/03/08". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 03/06/07". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 06/04/08". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 13/04/08". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "BARB — Weekly Viewing Summary — Multichannel Top 10 - week ending 20/04/08". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2007". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bafta TV Awards 2008: The winners". BBC News. 20 April 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
Jump up ^ National Television Awards: ITV pips BBC as X Factor as Coronation Street and Ant and Dec scoop top gongs Mail Online, 21 January 2010
Jump up ^ Deborah Orr (22 April 2008). "Gavin & Stacey: The misfits". London: The Independent. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cardiff confidential: Saying farewell to Gavin & Stacey". London: The Independent. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Liz (9 January 2010). "Star says there is more to come, as 140,000 fans join Facebook campaign to bring back Gavin and Stacey". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Beeb woo Gav & Stacey for next Christmas". The People. 3 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Horne 'happy about 'Gavin & Stacey' end'". Digital Spy. 3 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nessa and Pam-lar on the future of Gavin & Stacey". YouTube. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Ruth Jones breaks Gavin & Stacey fans' hearts by saying there'll be no more episodes". WalesOnline. 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Television — Interview — Ruth Jones ('Gavin & Stacey')". Digital Spy. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Television — News - 'Gavin & Stacey' future 'uncertain'". Digital Spy. 20 December 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael (13 September 2009). "ABC sets up trio of laffers". Variety. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Holmwood, Leigh (15 September 2009). "Gavin and Stacey set for US remake". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "U.S. plan for Gavin and Stacey series is yanked". The Sun. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Gavin & Stacey' duo top UK singles chart". Digital Spy. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Matt Gatward: Smithy is funny but Collymore's specs are hilarious". London: The Independent. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gavin & Stagey". The Sun. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "DVD/Blu-ray News September BBC Releases". Retrieved 18 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b 43
Jump up ^ Daily Mail Reporter (8 December 2009). "BBC slammed for releasing Gavin & Stacey DVD before show has finished TV run". Daily Mail. London: Associated Newspapers.
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Ice dancing
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Ice dancing
Ice dancing in 1976, its first year
as an official Olympic sport
(Irina Moiseeva / Andrei Minenkov)
Highest governing body
International Skating Union
Characteristics
Team members
Duos
Mixed gender
Yes
Equipment
Figure skates
Presence
Olympic
Part of the Winter Olympics from 1976
(demonstration event in 1968)
2011 World champion ice dancers Meryl Davis / Charlie White perform
a dance lift.
Ice dancing is a discipline of figure skating that draws from ballroom dancing. It joined the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, and became a Winter Olympic Games medal sport in 1976.
As in pair skating, dancers compete as a couple consisting of a man and a woman. Ice dance differs from pair skating by having different requirements for lifts. Couples must perform spins as a team in a dance hold, and throws and jumps are disallowed. Typically, partners are not supposed to separate by more than two arm lengths. Originally, partners were supposed to be in a dance hold the entire program, though modern ice dancing has lifted this restriction somewhat.
Another distinction between ice dance and other skating disciplines is the use of music in the performances. In ice dancing, dancers must always skate to music with a definite beat or rhythm. Singles and pair skaters more often skate to the melody and phrasing of their music, rather than its beat. This is severely penalized in ice dance.
In some non-ISU competitions, solo dancers may also compete.
Contents
[hide]
1 Competition segments
1.1 Compulsory dances
1.2 Original dance
1.3 Short dance
1.4 Free dance
2 Competition elements
3 History
4 Equipment
5 Rules and regulations
6 Recreational
7 Historical results
8 References
9 External links
Competition segments[edit]
Until the end of the 2009–10 season, competitions included one or more compulsory dances (CD), an original dance (OD), and the free dance (FD). Following the 2009–10 season, the ISU congress voted to change the format of ice dance events to make them more like pairs and singles skating. Thus, the new short dance was introduced at the start of the 2010–11 season. The OD and CD were last performed in the 2009–10 season and were replaced by the short dance in the 2010–11 season.
There are two segments in ice dance competitions: the short dance (SD) and the free dance (FD). The SD and FD scores are added together to give the combined total score for the competitors. The FD is the most heavily weighted in the scoring and is used as a tiebreaker.
Compulsory dances[edit]
Main article: Compulsory dances
Jana Khokhlova / Sergei Novitski on an outside edge during a compulsory dance.
In compulsory dances, all dance teams in a competition perform the same standard steps and holds to music of a specified tempo. One or more compulsory dances were skated as the first phase of competitions in ice dancing, but they are also popular as a form of recreational or social dance among skaters. The patterns for most dances either cover one-half or one full circuit of the rink. The International Skating Union (ISU) would publish the compulsory dances that were to be performed prior to each season, and CDs were later drawn for specific events.
Olympic gold medalists Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir perform a flamenco as
their folk dance original dance at the 2010 World Championships.
The compulsory dance was discontinued in all ISU competitions after the 2009–2010 season. The 2010 World Championships were the last event to include a CD (the Golden Waltz), and Italians Federica Faiella / Massimo Scali were the last dance team to perform a CD in competition.[1]
Original dance[edit]
Federica Faiella / Massimo Scali perform an Italian folk dance.
Main article: Original dance
The original dance was the second of three parts in ice dancing competitions. For the original dance, the ISU would designate a rhythm or set of rhythms each year that all dancers must perform to, or a specific theme, such as folk dance. The competitors were allowed to choose their own music and choreography. The length of the program was shorter than the free dance, and the skaters had to adhere to more rules. The dance was to be choreographed so that the steps did not cross the midline of the rink, with certain exceptions for this rule that took into account required step sequences such as the diagonal footwork sequence. Closed partnering positions and close skating were also important for the original dance.
Short dance[edit]
Main article: Short dance
The SD became a competition segment in the 2010–11 season. This segment of the competition combines features of the discontinued CDs and ODs; each team performs a required pattern from one of the compulsory dances for about one half of the dance, then performs its own choreography, with some required elements, to a theme or rhythm specified by the ISU. Skaters are free to choose their own music, provided the tempo is appropriate.
Free dance[edit]
Main article: Free dance (figure skating)
The free dance is a part of an ice dancing competition. It is usually the second and final part of the competition to be contested, after the short dance.
In the free dance, teams are free to choose their own rhythms, program themes, and therefore music. Creativity is also strongly encouraged. Since 1998, dancers have been required to include certain elements in their free dances, including step sequences, lifts, dance spins, and multi-rotation turns called twizzles. Senior-level free dances are four minutes long (plus or minus 10 seconds) and usually include multiple music cuts and tempos that help bring variety to the routine. The hand holds and positions are much more open and free than in the compulsory and in the original dance.
Competition elements[edit]
A rotational dance lift.
(Elena Ilinykh / Nikita Katsalapov)
Lifts in ice dancing differ from those in pair skating in prohibiting the man from extending his hands above his head, but allowing a wider variety of holds. The more change of direction, flexibility, and height in the lift, the greater number of points a team can earn from the judges under the Code of Points scale. Dance lifts differ in many ways from pairs lifts and they have progressively become more athletic and risky.[2][3]
Multi-revolution jumps are not permitted but "half" jumps are now allowed. Spins must be performed by both skaters revolving around the same axis, the same as in pair spins.
History[edit]
Many of the compulsory dances were developed by dancers from Great Britain in the 1930s.[4] Ice dancing joined the World Championships in 1952. 12 of the first 16 World Championships in ice dance were won by British teams. The British style of ice dance originally emphasized upright carriage and strong edges achieved by deep knee bend. Beginning in the 1960s, Eastern European skaters started a trend to dance in more open positions, which allowed for greater speed over the ice, more upper-body involvement, and greater projection towards the audience.[5]
Ice dancing, then known as "rhythmic skating," was a demonstration event at the 1968 Winter Olympics at Grenoble, won by the team of Diane Towler and Bernard Ford of Great Britain.[6] It became an official medal event eight years later in 1976 at Innsbruck, with the first title won by Lyudmila Pakhomova / Aleksandr Gorshkov.[7]
In the 1970s, top Soviet dancers began to develop a more theatrical style of ice dancing incorporating elements of ballet and often based on narrative program themes.[8] The Russian style of dance emphasized extended line and speed, rather than difficult rhythmic footwork.[9] In some cases, elaborate choreography for the upper body was used to camouflage fundamental deficiencies of skating technique.[10]
Torvill and Dean performing in 2011
At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics, Great Britain's Jayne Torvill / Christopher Dean won the Olympic gold medal with a free dance to Ravel's Bolero.[11] The pair became the highest scoring figure skaters of all time (for a single programme) receiving twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge.[11][12]
By the early 1990s, all the top dance teams were performing dances in the theatrical, rather than ballroom, style.[13][14] Deciding to attempt to restrain theatricality, the International Skating Union pushed ice dancing to return to its ballroom roots by adding more restrictions on music and dance holds. In June 1993, the ISU decreed that free dance music must have a rhythmic beat and a melody and be arranged and orchestrated for use on the dance floor.[15] Amid complaints that ice dance had become too boring, these restrictions were removed and replaced with requirements that dancers include specified technical elements in the original dance and free dance. Step sequences in face-to-face holds, no-touching step sequences, dance lifts, dance spins, and twizzles became required elements.[16]
In 1990, the original set pattern (OSP) was replaced by the original dance (OD). For many years, competitions included two compulsory dances (CD) but this was reduced to one by 2003.
Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated figure skaters in olympic history.
Skaters from the Four Continents have become more competitive since the 2000s. Tanith Belbin / Ben Agosto took silver in the 2006 Winter Olympics.[17] At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir of Canada took gold, ending Europe's 34 year streak.[18] They were the youngest skaters (aged 20 and 22 years of age, respectively) to win the Olympic ice dancing title and the first former World Junior champions to do so.
After the 2009–10 season, the ISU reduced the number of competition segments from three to two by merging the compulsory and original dances into the short dance (SD). Compulsory dances were renamed pattern dances.
Since the Winter Olympics typically takes place in February, it is customary for ice dancing to be held on Valentine's Day.
Equipment[edit]
Ice dancers' blades are about an inch shorter in the rear than those used by skaters in other disciplines, to accommodate the intricate footwork and close partnering in dance. However, this is not always the case. They also possess a smaller pick to allow for better edge-work. The most common colors for boots are black for men and white for women.
Rules and regulations[edit]
Partnerships composed of skaters of different nationalities are not allowed to compete under two flags; they are required to choose one country and obtain the other country's permission.
Ice dancers are required to skate to music with a definite beat. Prior to the 2014–15 season, ice dancing was the only figure skating discipline that allowed music with words in competition.
Skaters are generally free to select their own attire, with a few restrictions. Partners are not required to have matching costumes.[19] In competition, females may wear a dress, typically with matching attached briefs, and since 2004, they may also choose trousers. They may wear opaque flesh-colored leggings or tights under dresses and skirts, which may extend to cover their skates. Men must wear trousers – they are not allowed to wear tights. Skaters and family members may design their own costumes or turn to professional designers.[19][20] According to current ISU regulations, costumes in competition "must be modest, dignified and appropriate for athletic competition – not garish or theatrical in design. Clothing may, however, reflect the character of the music chosen."[21] Although the use of flesh-colored fabric means the costumes are often less revealing than they may appear, there have been repeated attempts to ban clothing that gives the impression of "excessive nudity" or that is otherwise inappropriate for athletic competition.[22] In general, accessories or props are not permitted in competition.[21] The ISU allowed an exception for the original dance in the 2007–08 season but never since.
Recreational[edit]
Recreational ice dancers perform pattern dances (or set pattern dances). The pattern, steps, tempo, and hold are defined, and the style described. The dances are graded in order of difficulty, with the simplest being the Pre-Preliminary Dutch Waltz. In the 1970s there were only two 'introductory' dances, then known as the 'Foxtrot Movement' (now the Preliminary Foxtrot), and the 'Preliminary Waltz' (now known as the British Waltz). About ten new dances were later introduced, most drawing on the steps of the established dances, and these provide a graduated progression towards the established dances.[23]
The ice surface may be used by up to a dozen recreational duos at the same time, unlike competitive ice dancing, where it is used by one duo at a time.
Historical results[edit]
See:
List of figure skating competitions
List of national championships in figure skating
References[edit]
ISU Judging System at the International Skating Union at the Wayback Machine (archived June 25, 2006)
ISU Judging System: Ice Dance at the International Skating Union at the Wayback Machine (archived November 13, 2008)
Jump up ^ ISU Congress News Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Brannen, Sarah S. (2012-07-13). "Dangerous drama: Dance lifts becoming 'scary'". Icenetwork.
Jump up ^ Bőd, Titanilla (2012-11-21). "Zsuzsanna Nagy and Máté Fejes Love Dancing Together". Absolute Skating.
Jump up ^ James R. Hines (2011). Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating". p. 102. Scarecrow Press
Jump up ^ Smith, Beverley. Figure Skating: A Celebration. pp. 185–186.
Jump up ^ "Rapport Officiel Xes Jeux Olympiques D'Hiver 1968 Grenoble" (PDF). Comité d'organisation des Xemes jeux olympiques d'hiver. LA84 Foundation. 1968. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Russell, Susan D. (January 5, 2013). "Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov". IFS Magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kestnbaum, Ellyn. Culture On Ice. p. 228.
Jump up ^ Kestnbaum, Ellyn. Culture On Ice. p. 246.
Jump up ^ Smith, Beverley. Figure Skating: A Celebration. pp. 192–196.
^ Jump up to: a b "1984: Torvill and Dean's perfection". BBC. 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "1984: British ice couple score Olympic gold". BBC On the Day, 14 February 1984. 14 February 1984. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Kestnbaum, Ellyn. Culture On Ice, Chapter 11.
Jump up ^ Smith, Beverley. Figure Skating: A Celebration. p. 197.
Jump up ^ Reiter, Susan (1995-03-01). "Ice dancing: a dance form frozen in place by hostile rules". Dance Magazine. The Free Library. (FindArticles)
Jump up ^ Loosemore, Sandra (1999-12-01). "Technique, not judges, keeping Canadian tandem from top". CBS Sportsline. Archived from the original on 2000-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Canada, U.S. make N. America 1-2". ESPN. 2010-02-23.
Jump up ^ "Canada's Virtue-Moir Win Ice Dance Gold". New York Times. Associated Press. February 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Golinsky, Reut (2012-08-18). "Costumes on Ice, Part I: Ice dance". Absolute Skating.
Jump up ^ Brannen, Sarah S. (2012-08-20). "Fashion forward: Designers, skaters on costumes". Icenetwork.
^ Jump up to: a b "Special Regulations & Technical Rules: Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2012" (PDF). International Skating Union. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ The 1999 Official USFSA Rulebook. SSR 19.00, U.S. Figure Skating, 1998
Jump up ^ NISA Ice dance manual
External links[edit]
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Ice-dance.com
Ice dancing at U.S. Figure Skating
Dance Glossary (Pages 147-155); Abbreviations (Page 160)
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