text:
Alpha-gal allergy
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Alpha-gal allergy
Synonyms
meat allergy
Mammalian Meat Allergy (MMA)
Symptoms
Symptoms
Duration
unknown
Causes
repeated bites from certain species of ticks
Treatment
Desensitization
Alpha-gal allergy, also known as meat allergy or mammalian meat allergy (MMA),[1] is a reaction to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), whereby the body is overloaded with immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies on contact with the carbohydrate.[2] The alpha-gal molecule is found in all mammals apart from Old World monkeys and the apes, which include humans. Anti-gal is a human natural antibody that interacts specifically with the mammalian carbohydrate structure gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R, termed, the alpha-galactosyl epitope.[3] Whereas alpha-gal is absent from humans, apes, and Old World monkeys, it is abundant in New World monkeys, prosimians, and nonprimate mammals.[3]
Bites from certain ticks, such as the lone star tick in the US, which can transfer this carbohydrate to a victim, have been implicated in the development of this delayed allergic response to consumption of mammalian meat products.[4] Despite myths to the contrary, individuals with alpha-gal allergy do not need to become vegetarians, because poultry, fish, and in some people, lean meat such as venison do not trigger a reaction.[5]
The allergy most often occurs in the central and southern United States, which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick.[6] In the Southern United States, where the tick is most prevalent, allergy rates are 32% higher than elsewhere.[7] However, as doctors are not required to report the number of patients with alpha-gal allergy, the true number of affected individuals is unknown.[8] While no cure is known, symptoms of the allergy may recede over time.[9]
A typical allergic reaction to alpha-gal has a delayed onset, occurring 3–8 hours after the consumption of mammalian meat products, in contrast to the typical rapid onset of most food allergies. After the delayed onset, the allergic response is like most food allergies, and especially an IgE-mediated allergy, including severe whole-body itching, hives, angioedema, gastrointestinal upset, and possible anaphylaxis.[10] In 70% of cases the reaction is accompanied by respiratory distress and as such is particularly harmful to those with asthma.[11]
Alpha-gal allergies are the first known food allergies that present the possibility of delayed anaphylaxis.[11][12][13] It is also the first known food-related allergy associated with a carbohydrate, rather than a protein.[12][14]
Contents
1 Cause
2 Mechanism
3 Diagnosis
4 Prognosis
5 Desensitization
6 History
7 References
Cause[edit]
Amblyomma americanum, a vector for the allergy
Alpha-gal allergies develop after a person has been bitten by the lone star tick in the United States, the European castor bean tick, the paralysis tick in Australia[15] and a currently unknown tick in South Africa[16]. Alpha-gal is not naturally present in apes, Old World monkeys, or humans, but is in all other mammals. If a tick feeds on another mammal, the alpha-gal remains in its alimentary tract.[5] The tick then injects the alpha-gal into a person's skin, which causes the immune system to release a flood of IgE antibodies to fight the foreign carbohydrate.[5][15] Researchers still do not know which specific component of tick saliva causes the reaction.[17]
A 2012 preliminary study found unexpectedly high rates of alpha-gal allergy in the Western and North Central parts of the United States. This suggests that unknown tick species may spread the allergy.[7] The study even found alpha-gal allergy cases in Hawaii, where no ticks identified with the allergies live.[17] Human factors were suggested, but no specific examples were provided.[7]
Alpha-gal is present in the anticancer drug cetuximab, as well as the intravenous fluid replacements Gelofusine and Haemaccel. Blood thinners derived from porcine intestine and replacement heart valves derived from porcine tissue may also contain alpha-gal.[15]
At least one instance of a man with an alpha-gal allergy going into anaphylaxis after receiving a heart valve transplant has been reported.[15] Some researchers have suggested that the alpha-gal in pig's tissue that surgeons use for xenografts might contribute to organ rejection.[18]
Mechanism[edit]
The lone star tick injects alpha-gal into the blood stream, and then the immune system releases IgE antibodies to fight this foreign sugar. After this reaction, the future intake of mammal meat with the same alpha-gal causes an allergic reaction. Symptoms of the allergy reaction are caused by too many IgE antibodies attacking the allergen, in this case the alpha-gal.[15][9]
Diagnosis[edit]
A traditional skin-prick allergy test for allergy to meat may give a false-negative answer.[13][19] Blood tests for IgE response indicating alpha-gal allergy have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and must usually be purchased by private individuals, but are available and in use.[8] Determination of specific IgE to alpha-gal testing is commercially available.[20][10] Skin and basophil activation tests with cetuximab are the most sensitive, but high costs limit their use.[20]
Prognosis[edit]
Unlike most food allergies, in some people, the alpha-gal allergy may recede over time, as long as the person is not bitten by another tick. The recovery period can take 8 months to 5 years.[15][17][21]
Desensitization[edit]
So far, only two successful desensitizations have been performed on patients with an alpha-gal allergy[22]
History[edit]
The allergy was first formally identified as originating from tick bites in 2002 by Thomas Platts-Mills.[23] Platts-Mills and Scott Commins were attempting to discover why some people were reacting negatively to the carbohydrate in the cancer drug cetuximab.[15][24] They had previously hypothesized that a fungal infection or parasite could lead to the allergy.[15][21] When Platts-Mills was bitten by a tick and developed alpha-gal allergies, his team came to the conclusion that a link existed between tick bites and the allergy.[21] They found that the IgE antibody response to the mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, alpha-gal, was associated with both the immediate-onset anaphylaxis during first exposure to intravenous cetuximab and the delayed-onset anaphylaxis 3 to 6 hours after ingestion of mammalian food products, such as beef or pork.[25]
Alpha-gal allergies are similar to pork–cat syndrome, hence misidentification can occur. Pork–cat syndrome usually elicits an immediate allergic response, while a true alpha-gal allergy typically features a delayed allergic reaction of 3 to 8 hours after ingestion of the allergen.[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Catalyst (ABC-TV program) first aired 8 November 2016
Jump up ^ Commins, SP; Platts-Mills, TA (2013). "Delayed anaphylaxis to red meat in patients with IgE specific for galactose alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal)". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 13 (1): 72–7. doi:10.1007/s11882-012-0315-y. PMC 3545071. PMID 23054628.
^ Jump up to: a b Galili, U. (1993). "Evolution and pathophysiology of the human natural anti-alpha-galactosyl IgG (anti-Gal) antibody". Springer Seminars in Immunopathology. 15 (2–3): 155–171. doi:10.1007/bf00201098. ISSN 0344-4325. PMID 7504839.
Jump up ^ "Alpha-Gal IgE Test - Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose : Viracor-IBT Laboratories". Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Louise (December 27, 2013). "Just one bite". Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Meat Allergy: Alpha-Gal Reaction From Lone-Star Ticks More Common In Central, Southern U.S. Regions". Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chan, Amanda L. (November 9, 2012). "Where Meat Allergy From Ticks Is Most Common". Healthy Living.
^ Jump up to: a b Frazier, Andrea (March 20, 2014). "Tick bite makes Lusby woman allergic to meat". The Washington Post. pp. METRO, T20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hundreds on East End get meat allergy from Lone Star tick's bite". Newsday. Jul 30, 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Viracor-IBT Laboratories Launches the First Assay to Identify a New Type of Delayed, IgE-based Allergic Reaction to Certain Meats" (Press release). Viracor-IBT Laboratories. September 13, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolver, Susan E.; Sun, Diane R.; Commins, Scott P.; Schwartz, Lawrence B. (2013). "A peculiar cause of anaphylaxis: no more steak? The journey to discovery of a newly recognized allergy to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose found in mammalian meat". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 28 (2): 322–5. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2144-z. PMC 3614139. PMID 22815061. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (July 24, 2012).
^ Jump up to: a b Alvarez, Amanda (July 25, 2012). "Tick bite leads to curious meat allergy". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Alpha-Gal' Syndrome".
Jump up ^ Smith, Olivia (June 20, 2012). "Ticks causing mysterious meat allergy". CNN.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Zaraska, Marta (December 3, 2013). "Want hives with that burger?". The Washington Post. pp. HEALTH, E01.
Jump up ^ http://www.allergyfoundation.co.za/alpha-gal/
^ Jump up to: a b c Kroen, Gretchen Cuda (November 16, 2012), Ticked Off About a Growing Allergy to Meat, ScienceNOW, retrieved March 24, 2014
Jump up ^ Travis, John (1995). "The xeno-solution: perils and promise of transplanting animal organs into people". Science News. 148 (19): 298–301. doi:10.2307/4018063. JSTOR 4018063. PMID 11653203.
Jump up ^ Krishna, Neal; Krishna, S.; Krishna, R. (November 2017). "P112 Correlation between clinical findings and laboratory tests for alpha gal sensitivity". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 119 (5): S37. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.136. ISSN 1081-1206.
^ Jump up to: a b Bircher, Andreas J.; Hofmeier, Kathrin Scherer; Link, Susanne; Heijnen, Ingmar (2017-01-01). "Food allergy to the carbohydrate galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal): four case reports and a review". European Journal of Dermatology. 27 (1). doi:10.1684/ejd.2016.2908. ISSN 1167-1122.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goetz, Gretchen (June 26, 2012). "Red Meat Allergy Likely Cause by Tick Bites". Food Safety News.
Jump up ^ Unal, Derya; Coskun, Raif; Demir, Semra; Gelincik, Asli; Colakoglu, Bahauddin; Buyukozturk, Suna (2017). "Successful beef desensitization in 2 adult patients with a delayed-type reaction to red meat". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 5 (2): 502–503. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.008. ISSN 2213-2198.
Jump up ^ https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/niaid-scientists-link-cases-unexplained-anaphylaxis-red-meat-allergy
Jump up ^ Commins, Scott P.; Platts-Mills, Thomas A. E. (Oct 2009). "Anaphylaxis syndromes related to a new mammalian cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 124 (4): 652–657. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.026. ISSN 0091-6749. PMC 2774206. PMID 19815111.
Jump up ^ Berg, Emily A.; Platts-Mills, Thomas A.E.; Commins, Scott P. (2014). "Drug allergens and food—the cetuximab and galactose-α-1,3-galactose story". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 112 (2): 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.014. PMC 3964477. PMID 24468247.
Jump up ^ Zaraska, Marta (December 3, 2013). "Cat owners can also develop meat allergy". The Washington Post. pp. HEALTH, E05.
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Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 30 October 2018. There is 1 pending revision awaiting review.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
tactical shooter video game published by Ubisoft
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
Developer(s)
Ubisoft Montreal[a]
Publisher(s)
Ubisoft
Director(s)
Xavier Marquis
Producer(s)
Sébastien Labbé
Designer(s)
Daniel Drapeau
Programmer(s)
Jalal Eddine El Mansouri
Artist(s)
Po Yuen Kenny Lam
Writer(s)
Li Kuo
Composer(s)
Paul Haslinger
Ben Frost
Series
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six
Engine
AnvilNext 2.0
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
December 1, 2015
Genre(s)
Tactical shooter
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege is a tactical shooter video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on December 1, 2015. The game puts heavy emphasis on environmental destruction and cooperation between players. Each player assumes control of an attacker or a defender in different gameplay modes such as rescuing a hostage and defusing a bomb. The title has no campaign but features a series of short missions that can be played solo. These missions have a loose narrative, focusing on recruits going through training to prepare them for future encounters with the White Masks, a terrorist group that threatens the safety of the world.
It is an entry in the Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six series and the successor to Tom Clancy's Rainbow 6: Patriots, a tactical shooter that had a larger focus on narrative. However, Patriots was eventually cancelled due to its technical shortcomings, and the team decided to reboot the franchise. The team evaluated the core of the Rainbow Six franchise and believed that letting players impersonate the top counter-terrorist operatives around the world suited the game most. To create authentic siege situations, the team consulted actual counter-terrorism units and looked at real-life examples of sieges. Powered by AnvilNext 2.0, the game also utilizes Ubisoft's RealBlast technology to create destructible environments.
Announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014, it received four nominations from Game Critics Awards including Best of Show. The game received an overall positive reception from critics, with praise mostly directed to the game's tense multiplayer and focus on tactics. However, the game was criticized for its progression system and its lack of content. Initial sales were weak, but the game's player base increased significantly as Ubisoft adopted a "games as a service" model for the game and subsequently released several packages of free downloadable content. The company also partnered with ESL to make Siege an eSports game. In June 2018, two and a half years after the game's initial launch, the game surpassed 35 million registered players across all platforms.[1]
Contents
1 Gameplay
1.1 Modes
2 Setting
3 Development
3.1 Design
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Sales
5.2 Accolades
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Gameplay[edit]
An alpha gameplay screenshot of the game, showcasing the Hostage Mode. Players can destroy structures like walls to spot targets.
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege is a first-person shooter game, in which players utilize many different operators from the Rainbow team. Different operators have different nationalities, weapons, and gadgets.[2] The game features an asymmetrical structure whereby the teams are not always balanced in their ability choices.[3] The base Counter-Terrorism Units (CTUs) available for play are the American Hostage Rescue Team (referred to in-game as the FBI SWAT), the British SAS, the German GSG-9, the Russian Spetsnaz and the French GIGN, each of which has four operators per unit split between attackers and defenders (other units were later added through downloadable content, see below). Players also have access to a "Recruit" operator who can choose from a more flexible assortment of equipment at the expense of having a unique gadget or the ability to customize their weapon. Players can pick any operator from any unit that is defending or attacking before a round starts, choosing spawn points as well attachments on their guns but are not allowed to change their choices once the round has started. An in-game shop allows players to purchase operators or cosmetics using the in-game currency, "Renown", which is earned at the end of matches from actions performed in-game. Different gameplay modes award renown at different rates, with ranked matches offering the largest renown multiplier potential per match. Renown gain rate can also be affected by the addition of "boosters" which give the player a 100% increase in all renown earned for 24 real-time hours. A premium currency known as "R6 credits" can also be purchased using real-world currency to get operators quicker in-game, or other cosmetic.[4]
In online matches, when a round begins the attackers choose one of several spawn points from which to launch their attack while defenders do the same from which to defend from. Then a one-minute preparatory period will commence where the attackers are then given control over mecanum-wheeled drones to scout the map in search of enemy operators, traps and defensive set-ups as well as the target(s)[5], while the defenders set up their defences.[6] Defenders can also put up destructible barricades and reinforced walls to make them indestructible to most munitions unless dealt with by an appropriate operator. Maps in the game are designed to encourage close quarters combat, and players cannot respawn until the end of a round. Players who were killed by opponents can enter "Support Mode", which allows them to gain access to drone's cameras and security cameras so that they can continue to contribute to their team by informing them of opponent locations and activities.[7][8] Matches generally last only a few minutes.[9] Teamwork and cooperation are encouraged in Siege, and players need to take advantage of their different abilities in order to complete the objective and defeat the enemy team.[5] Communication between players is also encouraged.[5][10] The game also has a spectator mode, which allows players to observe a match from different angles.[11]
The game features a heavy emphasis on environmental destruction[12][13] using a procedural destruction system. Players can break structures by planting explosives on them, or shoot walls to make bullet holes.[14] Players may gain tactical advantages through environmental destruction, and the system aims at encouraging players to utilize creativity and strategy.[14][15] A bullet-penetration system is featured, in which bullets that pass through structures deal less damage to enemies.[13] In addition to destruction, players on the defending team can also set up a limited number of heavy-duty fortifications on walls and deployable shields around them for protection; these can be destroyed through breaching explosives or by utilizing operator specific gadgets like thermite .[16] In order to stop attackers' advance, defenders can place traps like barbed-wire and explosive laser wire traps around the maps.[17] Vertical space is a key gameplay element in the game's maps: players can destroy ceilings and floors using breach charges and can ambush enemies by rappelling through windows.[5] Powerful weapons like grenades and breach charges are valuable, as only limited numbers can be used in a round.[9]
Modes[edit]
At launch, the game featured 11 maps[18] and 5 different gameplay modes spanning both PVE and PVP. With the downloadable content (DLC) released post-launch with an additional four maps from year one and three maps from year two – there are currently 18 playable maps with one more slated for release by June 2018.[19] The gameplay modes featured include:
Hostage: a competitive multiplayer mode, in which the attackers must extract the hostage from the defenders, while the defenders must prevent that from happening either by eliminating all of the attacking team or successfully defending the hostage until the time expires. A secondary manner of winning can occur if the attacking or defending team accidentally damages the hostage, causing the hostage to "down"; if the opposing team can prevent the revival of the hostage, and the hostage bleeds-out and dies, they will win the round.[20]
Bomb: a competitive multiplayer mode, in which the attackers are tasked with locating and defusing one of two bombs. The defenders must stop the attackers by killing all of them or destroying the defuser.[21] If all attackers are killed after the defuser is planted, the defuser must still be destroyed for a defending victory.
Secure Area: a competitive multiplayer mode, in which the defenders must protect a room with a biohazard container, while the attackers must fight their way in and secure it. The match ends when all players from one team are killed or the biohazard container is secured by the attackers when there are no defenders in the room.[22]
Tactical Realism: a variation of the standard competitive multiplayer modes, added with the release of the Operation Skull Rain DLC. The game mode features a heavier emphasis on realism and teamwork, removing most of the heads-up display (HUD) elements, the ability to mark opponents, and the ability to see teammates' contours through walls, while also featuring the addition of a realistic ammo management system.[23] This mode is no longer in the game but some aspects are in the other multiplayer modes.
Terrorist Hunt: a solo[24] or cooperative multiplayer mode for up to five players. Players take on the role of either attackers or defenders, and must fight against waves of enemies controlled by artificial intelligence across various modes like Bomb, Hostage or Elimination (Terrorist hunt classic).[25][26]
Situations: the game's most significant single-player component, with 10 solo and 1 coop multiplayer missions that serve as introductory and interactive tutorials to the game's mechanics.[27]
Outbreak: A limited time event exclusive to Operation Chimera, Outbreak pits a 3 player team in a co-op PVE environment against an alien biohazard threat, namely AI-controlled heavily mutated forms of humans infected with said alien parasite. Two difficulties exists for this mode, for which the chief difference was the inclusion of friendly fire on the harder one. [28]
Setting[edit]
Angela Bassett performed voice works and motion capture for Six, the director of Team Rainbow.
Three years after the Rainbow Program's deactivation, there is a resurgence of terrorist activities, with the White Mask being the most prominent. The terrorists' goals are unknown, yet they are causing chaos across the world.[29] To counter this rising threat, the program is reactivated by a new leader who is simply known as Six (voiced by Angela Bassett).[30] Six assembles a group of special forces operatives from different countries to face and combat the White Masks. Recruits go through multiple exercises to prepare them for future encounters with the White Masks, training to perform hostage rescue and bomb disposal. Eventually, the White Masks launch a chemical attack on a university (called Bartlett University), and the recruits are sent to disarm the bombs and eliminate the enemy presence. The operation is a massive success, though there are casualties. The story ends with Six affirming that the reactivation of Team Rainbow is the best and only choice in a time filled with risks and uncertainties. Team Rainbow is ready for their next mission – to hunt down the leader of their enemy – and they stand prepared to protect and defend their nation from terrorists.
Development[edit]
See also: Tom Clancy's Rainbow 6: Patriots
This entire project was born and has grown out of an in-depth study that looked to distill what the Rainbow series is at its core in terms of both fantasy and gameplay. At the end of the day, the Rainbow Six fantasy about being part of the greatest counter-terrorist organization and impersonating the best of the best operators, working as a team, [and] carrying out dangerous operations (hostage rescue) anywhere on the globe
—  Andrew J. Witts, game designer of Rainbow Six: Siege[31]
The game's predecessor was Tom Clancy's Rainbow 6: Patriots, a tactical shooter announced in 2011. It had a focus on narrative, and the story campaign features many cut-scenes and scripted events. However, the game fell into a development hell shortly after its announcement. The game's outdated engine and frequent change of leadership hindered development progress, and game quality was not up to par.[32] In addition, it was planned to be released on seventh-generation video-game consoles which were not capable of processing certain game mechanics. Seeing the arrival of a new generation of consoles, the team wanted to make use of this opportunity to create a more technologically advanced game.[33] As a result, Ubisoft decided to cancel Patriots and assembled a new team of 25 people to come up with ideas to reboot the series.[34]
To make the new game feel refreshing, only certain multiplayer elements were retained as the small team took the game in a different direction. They evaluated the core of the Rainbow Six series, which they thought was about being a member of a counter-terrorist team travelling around the globe to deal with dangerous terrorist attacks – operations which are usually intense confrontations between attackers and defenders.[31] However, the team wanted to fit these ideas into a multiplayer format which would increase the game's sustainability.[35][36] These became the basic concept ideas for the game. As the development team hoped that the game can be replayed frequently, the team decided to devote all the resources into developing the game's multiplayer and abandoned the single-player campaign.[37]
Development of the game officially began in January 2013. Ubisoft Montreal, the developer of Patriots, handled the game's development, with Ubisoft's offices in Barcelona, Toronto, Kiev, Shanghai and Chengdu providing assistance.[38][39] The game was originally called Rainbow Six Unbreakable, a title that reflected not only the game's destruction mechanic but also the mindset of the development team, who had to deliver a game that was once stuck in development hell.[35] According to Alexandre Remy, the brand director, the team was confident in their new vision for the game but very nervous when they revealed it, realizing the change of direction would likely disappoint some fans.[34]
Design[edit]
The 150-person team consisted mainly of first-person shooter veterans or longtime Rainbow Six players.[35] Despite having prior knowledge on how these types of games work, the team decided to study historic examples of counter-terrorist operations, including 1980's London Iranian Embassy siege, 1977's Lufthansa Flight 181 hijacking, and 2002's Moscow theatre hostage crisis to ensure that the portrayal of these operations was accurate and appropriate. The team also consulted counter-terrorism units, such as the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (GIGN), for their opinions on how they would react during a hostage rescue situation.[40] According to Xavier Marquis, the game's creative director, having a hostage rescue mission in the game helped create an immersive story. By allowing players to assume control of an operator tasked with saving innocents, it gives them an objective and a priority. They must be careful in dealing with the situation and try their best not to hurt the hostage. This further promotes teamwork between players and prompts them to plan before attacking, and further makes the game more realistic, tense and immersive.[41] To make the game feel more realistic, the team introduced a mechanic called "living hostage" to govern the hostage character's behaviour – e.g., coughing if there is dust in the air or shielding him or herself if there is nearby gunfire.[42]
The environmental destruction mechanic was one of the game's most important elements. When the game's development was begun, the developer's in-house team completed their work on RealBlast Destruction, an engine that "procedurally breaks everything down" and remodels the environment.[43] The development team thought that this technology fitted the game's style and gameplay, and decided to use it.[44] This aspect of the game became increasingly important during development, and the team spent an extended period of time making sure that these destructions were authentic. As a result, the team implemented a materials-based tearing system, in which environmental objects of different materials show different reactions to players' attacks.[13] To render the game's texture, the team used physically based rendering, even though it was ineffective during the game's early stage of production due to issues with the game's engine. A material bank and substance painter were utilized to create textures for environmental objects when they were damaged or destroyed. The team also implemented subtle visual cues to help players identify whether a structure was destructible or not, as opposed to "distracting" players with more-obvious hints.[45] The destruction mechanic prompted Ubisoft to change their level-design approach, as they had to ensure that the level was still logical and realistic when parts of the environment were destroyed.[46]
According to Ubisoft, "teamwork, tactics, and tension" were the game's three most important pillars. The team initially worked on a respawn feature, allowing players to rejoin after they are killed in the game. However, following several internal tournaments, the team realized that some of their employees would always win a match. They concluded that the respawn system worked to the benefit of strong players and placed individual skill above teamwork,[47] which did not fit the developer's focus on game tactics. Removing the respawn feature meant greater consequences for taking risks, and players had to rely on their teammates in order to survive and achieve objectives. According to Chris Lee, the game's designer, the team initially worried that the system would only appeal to hardcore players. However, after several testings, they found that the removal of the respawn system provided new challenges to strong players and forced them to cooperate with their teammates – while it rewarded weaker players who were willing to take their time, plan their actions, and be strategic.[48][49][50]
The gameplay system was designed to allow players to have a lot of freedom. As a result, the team implemented the "Golden 3C Rules", which represents Character, Control, and Camera.[51] Players are always controlling their own actions and movements, and the team intentionally avoided any animation that would disrupt the players. As a result, actions such as setting explosives, or placing a breach charge, can be cancelled immediately so that players can react and shoot. The game's camera only moves when the player moves, as the team feared that the changes of camera angle may lead to players' in-game deaths. A free-lean system was introduced to the game so that players can have more control over their line of sight.[31] According to Ubisoft, this input-driven control mechanism makes the game feel more "natural" and "fluid". This is because it allows players to concentrate on planning and coordinating, rather than thinking if the camera or environment will interfere with their actions.[52]
Several gameplay elements were scrapped or removed from the final game. One of the features of its predecessors, artificial intelligence-controlled squadmates, were removed from single-player missions. This decision was made because the team wanted players to play with a squad controlled by actual players rather than computers. The team once considered adding a map editor so that players could design their own maps, but this plan never came to fruition. Hit markers, which would indicate an injury inflicted on an opponent, were removed because the team feared that players would abuse the system by "peppering the walls with gunfire" and use hit markers to locate enemies. Players cannot jump in the game, as real-life counter-terrorist unit operators do not jump while carrying out their missions.[49]
According to Louis Philippe, the game's audio director, the team originally used intense music and sounds to create tension. However, the team decided to scrap this idea, realizing that the best way to create a tense atmosphere is to create the sounds of other players, which are often unexpected. The team created Navigation Sounds, in which the sound a player made is determined by their operators' weight, armour, and speed. Gadget deployment such as fortifying and breach-charging create louder sounds that may reveal the player's presence. The team thought that this would be enjoyable for players and influence their gameplay experience.[53] The game's music was composed by Paul Haslinger, who had worked on the score of the previous Rainbow Six games and the Far Cry series. His co-composer was Ben Frost, who debuted his first video game soundtrack with Siege. Leon Purviance assisted Frost and Haslinger in composing the music.[54]
Release[edit]
Ubisoft announced the game at their press conference during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014.[55] In August 2015, Ubisoft announced that they had delayed the game's release from October 10 to December 1, 2015, in order to give additional time for the team to balance the game for cooperative multiplayer play.[56] A closed alpha-testing was held by Ubisoft on April 7–13, 2015, in which players could play an early version of the game in order to help the development team test their servers and core gameplay loops, and to provide feedback.[57] Ubisoft held a closed beta, starting on September 24, 2015, for further testing. The company originally wanted to hold another round of testing with the release of the game's open beta on November 25, 2015, but they delayed its release to November 26 due to matchmaking issues.[58] Players who purchased Siege for the Xbox One could download Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas and its sequel, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2 for free.[59]
The game had multiple versions for players to purchase. A season pass was announced on November 12, 2015. Players who bought this version of the game could gain early access to operators offered in the DLCs and receive several weapon skins.[60] The game was also released alongside its Collector's Edition, which included the game's season pass, a hat, a compass and bottle opener, a backpack, and a 120-page guide.[61] A Starter Edition was released on PC in June 2016, featuring all content offered in the Standard Edition, and included two operators at start for use plus enough Rainbow 6 Credits to purchase up to two more of the player's choice while the rest has to be purchased through either Renown at an increased cost or additional Rainbow 6 Credits. The Starter Edition was cheaper than the Standard Edition and was initially available for a limited time.[62] In February 2017, the Starter Edition became permanently available via Uplay.[63]
According to Ubisoft, the game adopted a "game as a service" approach, as they would provide long-term support for the game and offer post-release content to keep players engaged. The management team initially doubted the idea but eventually decided to approve it.[34] The title was supported with many updates upon launch, with the company introducing fixes to bugs and improvements on both matchmaking and general gameplay mechanics.[64][65] They also introduced an auto-kick system, which automatically removes players from a match when they kill friendly players[66] and launched the BattleEye system in August 2016 to punish cheaters.[67] All downloadable content maps were released to all players for free.[68] The team avoided adding more modes to the game because most would not fit well with the game's close-quarter combat.[69] Downloadable content for the game was divided into several seasons, with a Mid-Season Reinforcement patch which added new weapons and modified some of the operators' core abilities.[34] This post-release content was developed by the Montreal studio in conjunction with Blue Byte in Germany.[70] Ubisoft announced that they would keep supporting the game and adding new playable characters for 10 more years. As a result, no sequel was planned.[71] To counter toxicity within the game's community, in mid 2018 Ubisoft began issuing bans to any player who has used racist and homophobic slurs.[72]
In January 2018, Ubisoft announced the introduction of 'Outbreak Packs', which are loot boxes that can be unlocked with R6 credits (which can be purchased with microtransactions) to gain character items. The company also announced that the base version of the game will be replaced by a bundle named The Advanced Edition, which includes the base game and a small number of outbreak packs and R6 credits. The changes resulted in players' backlash, as existing players have to pay for new content while new players do not.[73] Ubisoft compensated players by giving players a free premium skin for free and announced plans to change the Standard Edition so that players can unlock new operators at a faster pace.[74] In July 2018, Ubisoft announced the introduction of a limited time pack named 'Sunsplash Packs', which are available to purchase with R6 credits and contain cosmetics that have an association with the season of Summer.[75]
Downloadable content and expansion packs
Year
Name and Season
Release date
Notes
Year 1 Operation Black Ice - Season 1 February 2, 2016 The DLC introduced a new map, a frozen yacht in Canada. It also introduces two Canadian operators from the special ops force JTF2, Frost and Buck. Frost can use a trap to incapacitate enemies, while Buck has an under-barrel M26 shotgun.[76]
Operation Dust Line - Season 2 May 11, 2016 The DLC introduced a new map set in the Middle East, which was described as "a mix of old and new construction with open air pathways".[77] It also introduces two Navy Seal operators, Blackbeard and Valkyrie. Blackbeard has face shields that can be mounted onto his rifle, while Valkyrie has three cameras that can be thrown onto any surface.[78]
Operation Skull Rain - Season 3 August 2, 2016 The DLC introduced a new map set in Brazil, and two BOPE operators called Capitão and Caveira.[79] Capitão has a tactical crossbow which can be loaded with asphyxiating bolts, that will burn oxygen within a certain radius, or smoke grenade bolts that create a thick cloud of smoke. Caveira has an ability called Silent Step, allowing her to make less noise when moving as well as interrogate an immobilized enemy for the location of other enemies.[80]
Operation Red Crow - Season 4 November 17, 2016 The DLC introduced a new map set in a skyscraper in Japan, and two SAT operators called Hibana and Echo. Hibana possesses a weapon that launches up to three sets of six explosives that attach to and break reinforced walls, while Echo uses a drone capable of releasing sonic blasts to disorient enemies.[81]
Year 2 Operation Velvet Shell - Season 1 February 8, 2017 The DLC introduced a new map set in Spain, and two GEO operators called Mira and Jackal.[82] Jackal is a tracker who can reveal the location of enemies by tracking their footprints, while Mira can create one-way bulletproof windows on walls which can be ejected, leaving a space for operators to fire through.[83][84]
Operation Health - Season 2 June 6, 2017[85] Operation Health was an update that fine-tuned many of the game's aspects, including fixes to hit boxes, spawn killing and audio issues.[86] This resulted in the delay of season 2's content and the cancellation of a map.[87]
Operation Blood Orchid - Season 3 September 5, 2017[88] The DLC introduced a new map set in Hong Kong, two SDU operators named Ying and Lesion, and one Polish GROM operator named Ela.[89] Ying utilizes candela cluster charges that can be thrown or attached to a surface to stun enemies, similar to a stun grenade. Lesion uses poison mines that slow and cause damage to an enemy over time when triggered. Ela possesses proximity concussion mines that can be attached to multiple surfaces to disorient enemies.[90][91]
Operation White Noise - Season 4 December 5, 2017[92] The DLC introduces a new map set in South Korea, two South Korean operators from the 707th Special Mission Battalion named Dokkaebi and Vigil, and one Polish operator named Zofia. Dokkaebi is able to hack enemy phones to make them ring, revealing their position, she can also hack the phone of a dead defender to give access to the cameras to the attackers. Vigil uses a cloaking device to become invisible to all drones and cameras. Zofia carries a double-barreled grenade launcher capable of launching explosive or concussion grenades.[93]
Year 3 Operation Chimera - Season 1 March 6, 2018[94] This DLC introduces one GIGN operator named Lion, and one Spetsnaz operator named Finka. Both are part of a CBRN specialist detachment of Team Rainbow. Lion uses a UAV to temporarily expose moving enemies via sonar; Finka uses nanomachines to temporarily increase the health and accuracy of herself and her teammates while also increasing their heart and breathing rate, thus weakening them by increasing the damage taken by Smoke's toxic gas canisters, increasing the range Pulse's heartbeat scanner can detect them, and hindering their ability to listen for footsteps. The nanomachine boost will also revive any downed teammates. This DLC also introduced a temporary gamemode called "Outbreak", a PvE game mode where some operators are tasked with containing a biohazard that has turned the citizens of Truth or Consequences, New Mexico into zombie-like monsters.[95]
Operation Para Bellum - Season 2 June 7, 2018[96] This DLC introduces a new map set in Tuscany, as well as two GIS operators named Alibi and Maestro. Alibi projects inanimate holograms of herself, which expose the location of any enemy that interacts with the hologram with their weapons, body, or drone; Maestro can install a wall-mounted directed-energy turret that he can then operate remotely, damaging enemies with rapid laser fire. After a certain number of shots, the turret can overheat and has to cool down.[97]
Operation Grim Sky - Season 3 September 4, 2018[98] This DLC introduces two new operators and the first full map redesign for Hereford Base. The first new operator is an attacker named Maverick[99] who uses a small handheld blowtorch to open new lines of sight as well as kill holes, even in reinforced walls to aid the attackers in breaching the objective. The second new operator is a defender called Clash[100] who is the first shield wielding defender. Her shield is similar to Montagne except she utilises technology designed by Mira and Twitch within her gadget; the CCE or Crowd Control Electro Shield. It emits an electric field that slows and damages attackers.[101]
Ubisoft also envisioned the game as an eSports game. The company had their first meeting with David Hiltscher, vice president of ESL, in late 2013. ESL offered feedback on the game's balancing and helped the developer to ensure that the game was suitable for competitive play.[102] The team focused on introducing new operators to provide variety for eSports viewers after the game's release, a decision inspired by modern multiplayer online battle arena games such as Dota 2, as this type of game often has 80–100 playable characters.[103] ESL and Ubisoft officially announced Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Pro League, a global tournament for Windows and Xbox One players. The competition was held at Intel Extreme Masters eSports tournament on March 4, 2016.[104] A European team, PENTA Sports, became the champion of the first season of Rainbow Six Pro League after defeating another team, GiFu, at the final of the tournament held in May 2016.[105] In 2017, it was revealed that Pro League Year Two would return, but Xbox One tournaments would not be featured.[106] Ubisoft also held the Six Invitational tournaments in 2017 and 2018, in which top teams competed for the top prize. The 2018 tournament attracted 321,000 viewers on Twitch.[107] Both Nathan Lawrence from Red Bull and Richie Shoemaker from Eurogamer compared the game favourably with Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, with both being hopeful that Siege can dethrone Global Offensive's status as the most successful competitive eSports first-person shooter in the future.[108][109]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PC) 79/100[110]
(XONE) 74/100[111]
(PS4) 73/100[112]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 8/10[113]
Game Informer 7/10[114]
Game Revolution [115]
GameSpot 8/10[116]
GamesRadar+ [117]
IGN 8.5/10[118]
7.9/10[119]
PC Gamer (US) 90/100[120]
Polygon 6/10[121]
VideoGamer.com 8/10[122]
The pre-release reception of the game was positive, with critics praising the game's design and tensions created during matches.[26] In 2014, the game received four nominations from Game Critics Awards: Best of Show, Best PC Game, Best Action Game and Best Online Multiplayer Game.[123] The game eventually became the winner of the Best PC Game category.[124]
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics generally praised the game's destructive environment, tactical nature, map design, and its focus on teamwork. However, the lack of content and the game's microtransactions were subjected to criticism.
The game's multiplayer was widely praised by critics. Chris Carter from Destructoid praised the game's open-ended nature, which made each match unpredictable and helped the experience to stay fresh even after an extended period of playing.[113] GameSpot's Scott Butterworth appreciated the title for allowing players to make use of their creativity in approaching a mission.[116] James Davenport from PC Gamer echoed this thought, and he described Siege as a "psychological race" in which players are constantly trying to outwit their opponents.[120] Ryan McCaffery from IGN also praised the tactical possibilities, which make the game "tense and riveting".[119] The large number of operators available for players to choose were praised by both Carter and Matt Bertz from Game Informer, who commented that they added depths and variety to the game and that players could experiment to see which pairs of operators can complement each other.[114] However, McCaffery was disappointed by the lack of variety of game modes and commented that most players usually neglect the mode's objectives and opted to simply eliminate their opponents.[119] Terrorist Hunt received divisive opinions from critics. Carter thought that it was more relaxing,[113] and Butterworth thought it was exhilarating. However, Bertz criticized its lack of variety, weak artificial intelligence, and its less-intense nature when compared with the player-versus-player modes.[114] Martin Robinson from Eurogamer also noted that the mode only ran at 30 frames per second, which limited its appeal.[125]
The game's focus on tactics was praised. Bertz applauded the tactical nature of the game, as it fostered communications between players. However, he noted that teamwork may not be possible if players did not have a headphone and microphone.[114] Arthur Gies from Polygon echoed these comments, stating that the game's over-reliance on teamwork meant that when teammates were not communicating, the game would not be fun to play.[121] The "No Respawn" system was praised by Butterworth for making each match feel intense, as even the best player needs to think tactically in order to win.[116] Jonathon Leack from Game Revolution enjoyed the scouting phase of a multiplayer match, which encouraged players to communicate with each other and coordinate their attacks.[115] However, Gies noted that the placement of game objectives does not vary much, thus making the scouting phase meaningless. Both Bertz and Butterworth agreed that the game's competitive nature increases the game's replay value.[114][116] Ben Griffin from GamesRadar praised the destruction mechanic for bringing tactical depth to the game.[117]
The gameplay received mixed reviews. Both Bertz and Griffin criticized the game's incompetent hit detection system, which made the experience unfair.[117] Bertz described the game's gunplay as "serviceable",[114] while Leack noticed a delay in shooting, which drags the game's pace and leads to a steep learning curve. However, Leack appreciated the game's map design, which opened many possibilities. He also praised its attention to detail and sound design, which can often make a multiplayer match feel like a "great action film".[115] Bertz was disappointed by the lack of customization options, which did not offer long-term progression for the players.[114] Butterworth similarly criticized the progression system for being slow. As players cannot play as the same operator in the same match, he was often forced to play as the generic "recruit" character when he was only at the beginning stage of the game. He also criticized the limited weapon customization options, which barely affect gameplay.[116] McCaffery described customization as the "least interesting" aspect of the game and claimed that most gameplay features were locked when players started playing.[119] Griffin, Gies, and Steven Burns from VideoGamer.com were annoyed by the microtransactions featured in the game,[122][121] with Griffin describing it as a greedy attempt by Ubisoft to make more money,[117] though Davenport did not mind these features as they were limited to cosmetic items and could be unlocked through earning Renown.[120] Bertz was annoyed the lack of clan infrastructure, which may cause players troubles when they were finding matches,[114] while Griffin thought that map rotation often felt random and was disappointed that players cannot vote to decide which map they are going to play next.[117]
Single-player was generally considered a disappointment by critics, with Situations receiving mixed reviews. Carter described it as one of his "favorite non-campaign additions" as the mode gave players incentive to return due to its rating system. Butterworth described it as a "surprisingly robust" mode and thought that there were great tutorial missions that help players to understand gameplay before trying multiplayer.[116] However, Bertz criticized it for its lack of replay value,[114] and Griffin noted their short length.[117] McCaffery thought that it served as a competent tutorial, but its solo play nature meant that players could not practice team play and tactics.[119] Davenport criticized the narrative in Situations, which he thought was not meaningful.[120] Many critics were disappointed with the lack of a single-player campaign or a cooperative campaign,[114][115] but Butterworth believed that the strong multiplayer components can compensate for this absence.[116] Gies noticed certain network issues would affect the single-player.[121]
Many critics generally had a positive opinion on the package. Bertz thought that the game's multiplayer design had laid a great foundation for the game, but it was not taken advantage of due to the small number of game modes.[114] Leack felt that Siege's tight focus on tactical gameplay had "provided something unlike any other game on the market".[115] Butterworth found the game very unique and that there was "nothing else like it" when he put aside the game's minor annoyances.[116] Griffin wrote that the title felt very fresh, as most games in the market did not value tactics.[117] Davenport similarly praised the game for being very concentrated and making no compromises on gameplay design, which in turn make the title one of the best tactical multiplayer shooters on the market.[120] Gies recognized the game's potential but thought that they were overshadowed by the game's numerous technical annoyances, frustrating progression system and its lack of content.[121] Robinson was impressed by the game's multiplayer mode, and that the overall package could be considered as the year's best multiplayer game. However, he questioned Ubisoft for releasing the game with so little content while still selling it at full-price.[125]
Sales[edit]
In May 2015, CEO of Ubisoft Yves Guillemot announced that the company expected the game to outsell Far Cry 4's seven million sales over the course of its lifetime because of post-launch support.[126] At the game's launch, it debuted at number six in UK Software Charts, selling 76,000 retail copies across all three platforms.[127] Critics thought that the launch performance was underwhelming and lacklustre.[128] However, through continued post-release support and updates, the player base had doubled since the game's launch.[129] Following the summer 2016 launch of the third DLC, Skull Rain, the size of the player base had a 40% increase, and the title had more than 10 million registered players.[130] Two years after launch, the game remained as one of the top 40 best-selling retail games in the UK.[46] The strong performance of Siege, alongside with Tom Clancy's The Division (2016) and Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands (2017) boosted the total number of players of the Tom Clancy's franchise to 44 million in 2017.[131] The post-launch success for Siege further solidified Ubisoft's belief in the model of "game as a service". Future Ubisoft multiplayer-focused titles – such as For Honor – adopted this structure, in which the company would provide free DLC and updates several years after the game's official release.[132] In August 2017, Ubisoft announced that the game had passed 20 million players and that the game was played by 2.3 million players every day.[133] Two years after the game's launch, Ubisoft announced that the game has passed 25 million registered players.[134] GameSpot described Siege as "one of modern AAA gamings biggest comebacks", and the best proof to show that the "games-as-a-service" model works well, attributing its success to Ubisoft's continuous updates and the thriving community.[135]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref
2014 Game Critics Awards Best of Show Nominated [123][124]
Best PC Game Won
Best Action Game Nominated
Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated
2015 Game Critics Awards Best PC Game Nominated [136]
Best Action Game Nominated
Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated
Gamescom 2015 Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated [137]
2016 Golden Joystick Awards 2016 Best Multiplayer Game Nominated [138]
The Game Awards 2016 Best Multiplayer Game Nominated [139]
2017 Golden Joystick Awards 2017 eSports Game of the Year Nominated [140]
The Game Awards 2017 Best Ongoing Game Nominated [141]
2018 14th British Academy Games Awards Evolving Game Nominated [142][143]
Game Critics Awards Best Ongoing Game Nominated [144][145]
Golden Joystick Awards 2018 Still Playing Award Pending [146]
eSports Game of the Year Pending
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Kiev, Ubisoft Toronto, Ubisoft Barcelona.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Tucker, Jake (February 14, 2017). "The origins & future of Rainbow Six Siege". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Newhouse, Alex (August 1, 2016). "Rainbow Six Siege Dev Canceled Patriots to Focus on Competitive Multiplayer". GameSpot. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Bertz, Matt (February 10, 2016). "Ubisoft Talks Rainbow Six Siege Netcode, Clan Support, And Most Popular Operators". Game Informer. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Carter, Chris (December 2, 2015). "Review: Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege". Destructoid. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Bertz, Matt (December 4, 2015). "A Slimmed-Down Combatant Struggles With The Weight Of Expectation - Rainbow Six: Siege - PC". Game Informer. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Leack, Jonathan (December 8, 2015). "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Siege Review". Game Revolution. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Butterworth, Scott (December 4, 2015). "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege Review". GameSpot. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b Futter, Mike (June 24, 2014). "E3 2014 Game Critics Awards Nominations Announced". Game Informer. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
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