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List of Xbox games incompatible with Xbox 360
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The Xbox 360 is compatible with many games for the original Xbox. However, some original Xbox games will not run on the Xbox 360 console and these games are listed below.
Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO
Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball
GunValkyrie
Midway Arcade Treasures
Midway Arcade Treasures 2
Midway Arcade Treasures 3
Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath
Sudeki
Tiger Woods PGA Tour (All games except for 07)
Voodoo Vince
See also[edit]
List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360
List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One
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Electric potential
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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An electric potential (also called the electric field potential or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing any acceleration. Typically, the reference point is Earth or a point at Infinity, although any point beyond the influence of the electric field charge can be used.
According to classical electrostatics, electric potential is a scalar quantity denoted by {V}, equal to the electric potential energy of any charged particle at any location (measured in joules) divided by the charge of that particle (measured in coulombs). By dividing out the charge on the particle a quotient is obtained that is a property of the electric field itself.
This value can be calculated in either a static (time-invariant) or a dynamic (varying with time) electric field at a specific time in units of joules per coulomb (J C−1), or volts (V). The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.
A generalized electric scalar potential is also used in electrodynamics when time-varying electromagnetic fields are present, but this can not be so simply calculated. The electric potential and the magnetic vector potential together form a four vector, so that the two kinds of potential are mixed under Lorentz transformations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Electrostatics
2.1 Electric potential due to a point charge
3 Generalization to electrodynamics
4 Units
5 Galvani potential versus electrochemical potential
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Introduction[edit]
Classical mechanics explores concepts such as force, energy, potential etc. Force and potential energy are directly related. A net force acting on any object will cause it to accelerate. As an object moves in the direction in which the force accelerates it, its potential energy decreases: the gravitational potential energy of a cannonball at the top of a hill is greater than at the base of the hill. As it rolls downhill its potential energy decreases, being translated to motion, inertial (kinetic) energy.
It is possible to define the potential of certain force fields so that the potential energy of an object in that field depends only on the position of the object with respect to the field. Two such force fields are the gravitational field and an electric field (in the absence of time-varying magnetic fields). Such fields must affect objects due to the intrinsic properties of the object (e.g., mass or charge) and the position of the object.
Objects may possess a property known as electric charge and an electric field exerts a force on charged objects. If the charged object has a positive charge the force will be in the direction of the electric field vector at that point while if the charge is negative the force will be in the opposite direction. The magnitude of the force is given by the quantity of the charge multiplied by the magnitude of the electric field vector.
Electrostatics[edit]
Main article: Electrostatics
The electric potential at a point r in a static electric field E is given by the line integral
V E = − ∫ C E ⋅ d ℓ {\displaystyle V_{\mathbf {E} }=-\int _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\ell }}\,}
where C is an arbitrary path connecting the point with zero potential to r. When the curl ∇ × E is zero, the line integral above does not depend on the specific path C chosen but only on its endpoints. In this case, the electric field is conservative and determined by the gradient of the potential:
E = − ∇ V E . {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\mathbf {\nabla } V_{\mathbf {E} }.\,}
Then, by Gauss's law, the potential satisfies Poisson's equation:
∇ ⋅ E = ∇ ⋅ ( − ∇ V E ) = − ∇ 2 V E = ρ / ε 0 , {\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla } \cdot \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {\nabla } \cdot \left(-\mathbf {\nabla } V_{\mathbf {E} }\right)=-\nabla ^{2}V_{\mathbf {E} }=\rho /\varepsilon _{0},\,}
where ρ is the total charge density (including bound charge) and ∇· denotes the divergence.
The concept of electric potential is closely linked with potential energy. A test charge q has an electric potential energy UE given by
U E = q V . {\displaystyle U_{\mathbf {E} }=q\,V.\,}
The potential energy and hence also the electric potential is only defined up to an additive constant: one must arbitrarily choose a position where the potential energy and the electric potential are zero.
These equations cannot be used if the curl ∇ × E ≠ 0, i.e., in the case of a nonconservative electric field (caused by a changing magnetic field; see Maxwell's equations). The generalization of electric potential to this case is described below.
Electric potential due to a point charge[edit]
The electric potential created by a charge Q is V=Q/(4πεor). Different values of Q will make different values of electric potential V (shown in the image).
The electric potential created by a point charge Q, at a distance r from the charge (relative to the potential at infinity), can be shown to be
V E = 1 4 π ε 0 Q r , {\displaystyle V_{\mathbf {E} }={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {Q}{r}},\,}
where ε0 is the dielectric constant (permittivity of vacuum). This is known as the Coulomb potential.
The electric potential due to a system of point charges is equal to the sum of the point charges' individual potentials. This fact simplifies calculations significantly, since addition of potential (scalar) fields is much easier than addition of the electric (vector) fields.
The equation given above for the electric potential (and all the equations used here) are in the forms required by SI units. In some other (less common) systems of units, such as CGS-Gaussian, many of these equations would be altered.
Generalization to electrodynamics[edit]
When time-varying magnetic fields are present (which is true whenever there are time-varying electric fields and vice versa), it is not possible to describe the electric field simply in terms of a scalar potential V because the electric field is no longer conservative: ∫ C E ⋅ d ℓ {\displaystyle \textstyle \int _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\ell }}} is path-dependent because ∇ × E ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla } \times \mathbf {E} \neq \mathbf {0} } (Faraday's law of induction).
Instead, one can still define a scalar potential by also including the magnetic vector potential A. In particular, A is defined to satisfy:
B = ∇ × A , {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =\mathbf {\nabla } \times \mathbf {A} ,\,}
where B is the magnetic field. Because the divergence of the magnetic field is always zero due to the absence of magnetic monopoles, such an A can always be found. Given this, the quantity
F = E + ∂ A ∂ t {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathbf {E} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} }{\partial t}}}
is a conservative field by Faraday's law and one can therefore write
E = − ∇ V − ∂ A ∂ t , {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\mathbf {\nabla } V-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} }{\partial t}},\,}
where V is the scalar potential defined by the conservative field F.
The electrostatic potential is simply the special case of this definition where A is time-invariant. On the other hand, for time-varying fields,
− ∫ a b E ⋅ d ℓ ≠ V ( b ) − V ( a ) , {\displaystyle -\int _{a}^{b}\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\ell }}\neq V_{(b)}-V_{(a)},\,}
unlike electrostatics.
Units[edit]
The SI derived unit of electric potential is the volt (in honor of Alessandro Volta), which is why a difference in electric potential between two points is known as voltage. Older units are rarely used today. Variants of the centimeter gram second system of units included a number of different units for electric potential, including the abvolt and the statvolt.
Galvani potential versus electrochemical potential[edit]
Main articles: Galvani potential, Electrochemical potential, and Fermi level
Inside metals (and other solids and liquids), the energy of an electron is affected not only by the electric potential, but also by the specific atomic environment that it is in. When a voltmeter is connected between two different types of metal, it measures not the electric potential difference, but instead the potential difference corrected for the different atomic environments.[1] The quantity measured by a voltmeter is called electrochemical potential or fermi level, while the pure unadjusted electric potential is sometimes called Galvani potential. The terms "voltage" and "electric potential" are a bit ambiguous in that, in practice, they can refer to either of these in different contexts.
See also[edit]
Absolute electrode potential
Electrochemical potential
Electrode potential
Gluon field
Liénard–Wiechert potential
Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field
Voltage, or (electric) potential difference
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bagotskii VS (2006). Fundamentals of electrochemistry. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-471-70058-6.
Further reading[edit]
Politzer P, Truhlar DG (1981). Chemical Applications of Atomic and Molecular Electrostatic Potentials: Reactivity, Structure, Scattering, and Energetics of Organic, Inorganic, and Biological Systems. Boston, MA: Springer US. ISBN 978-1-4757-9634-6.
Sen K, Murray JS (1996). Molecular Electrostatic Potentials: Concepts and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-82353-3.
Griffiths DJ (1998). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd. ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.
Jackson JD (1999). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd. ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-30932-1.
Wangsness RK (1986). Electromagnetic Fields (2nd., Revised, illustrated ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-81186-2.
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Castle Clinton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Castle Garden" redirects here. For the unincorporated community in Indiana, see Castle Garden, Indiana.
Castle Clinton National Monument
Castle Garden
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Monument
NYC Landmark
Castle Clinton in Battery Park
Photo: Historic American Buildings Survey
Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all
Location
Battery Park, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates
Coordinates: 40°42′13″N 74°01′00″W / 40.7035°N 74.0168°W / 40.7035; -74.0168
Area
1 acre (0.40 ha)
Built
1808
Architect
John McComb, Jr.; Jonathan Williams; U.S. War Department
Visitation
2,949,231 (2004)
Website
Castle Clinton National Monument
NRHP reference #
66000537
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966[1]
Designated NMON
August 12, 1946
Designated NYCL
November 23, 1965
Castle Clinton or Fort Clinton, previously known as Castle Garden, is a circular sandstone fort now located in Battery Park, in Manhattan, New York City. It is perhaps best remembered as America's first immigration station (predating Ellis Island), where more than 8 million people arrived in the United States from 1855 to 1890. Over its active life, it has also functioned as a beer garden, exhibition hall, theater, and public aquarium, and currently is a national monument.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historic use
2 19th century
3 Immigration holding center
4 20th century to present
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Historic use[edit]
Castle Clinton stands approximately two blocks west of where Fort Amsterdam was built in 1626, when New York City was known by the Dutch name New Amsterdam. Construction began in 1808 and was completed in 1811. The fort, known as West Battery (sometimes Southwest Battery), was designed by architects John McComb, Jr. and Jonathan Williams. It was built on a small artificial island just off shore.
West Battery was intended to complement the three-tiered Castle Williams on Governors Island, which was East Battery, to defend New York City from British forces in the tensions that marked the run-up to the War of 1812, but it never saw action in that or any war. Subsequent landfill expanded Battery Park, and the fort was incorporated into the mainland of Manhattan Island.
Castle Clinton National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.
19th century[edit]
The Bay and Harbor of New York by Samuel Waugh (1814–1885), depicting the castle in 1848
First Appearance of Jenny Lind in America, at Castle Garden, September 11, 1850 (Engraving by Currier and Ives)
Aerial view illustration of Manhattan, showing Castle Garden at its tip, ca. 1880
The New York City Aquarium was once housed at Castle Garden (image before 1923)
West Battery was renamed Castle Clinton in 1815, its current official name, in honor of New York City Mayor DeWitt Clinton (who eventually became Governor of New York).
The United States Army stopped using the fort in 1821, and it was leased to New York City as a place of public entertainment. It opened as Castle Garden on July 3, 1824, a name by which it was popularly known for most of its existence, even to the present time. It served in turn as a promenade, beer garden/restaurant, exhibition hall, opera house, and theater. Designed as an open-air structure, it was eventually roofed over to accommodate these uses.
In 1850, the castle was the site of two concerts given for charity by Swedish soprano Jenny Lind to initiate her American tour. A year later, European dancing star Lola Montez performed her notorious "tarantula dance" in Castle Garden. In 1853–54, Louis-Antoine Jullien, the eccentric French conductor and composer of light music, gave dozens of very successful concerts mixing classical and light music. The Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company notably staged the New York premieres of Gaetano Donizetti's Marino Faliero on June 17, 1851, and Giuseppe Verdi's Luisa Miller on July 20, 1854, at Castle Garden.[2][3]
Immigration holding center[edit]
In the first half of the 19th century, most immigrants arriving in New York City landed at docks on the east side of the tip of Manhattan, around South Street. On August 1, 1855, Castle Clinton became the Emigrant Landing Depot, functioning as the New York State immigrant processing center (the nation's first such entity). It was operated by the state until April 18, 1890,[4] when the U. S. government assumed control of immigration processing, soon moving the center to the larger, more isolated Ellis Island facility on January 2, 1892. The new facility was needed because immigrants were known to carry diseases, which led to epidemics of cholera and smallpox. After many unnecessary deaths, and scandals over immigration workers cheating and stealing from immigrants, the immigration center was moved to Ellis Island.[5] Most of Castle Clinton's immigrant passenger records were destroyed in a fire that consumed the first structures on Ellis Island on 15 June 1897,[6] but it is generally accepted that over 8 million immigrants (and perhaps as many as 12 million) were processed during its operation. Called Kesselgarten by Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews, a Kesselgarten became a generic term for any situation that was noisy, confusing or chaotic, or where a "babel" of languages was spoken (a reference to the multitude of languages heard spoken by the immigrants from many countries at the site).[citation needed] Prominent persons associated with the administration of the immigrant station included Gulian Crommelin Verplanck, Friedrich Kapp, and John Alexander Kennedy.
20th century to present[edit]
From 1896 to 1941, Castle Garden was the site of the New York City Aquarium. For many years, it was the city's most popular attraction, drawing hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. The structure was extensively altered and roofed over to a height of several stories, though the original masonry fort remained. In 1941, the politically powerful Park Commissioner Robert Moses wanted to tear the structure down completely, claiming that this was necessary to build a crossing from the Battery to Brooklyn. The public outcry at the loss of a popular recreation site and landmark stymied his effort at demolition, but the aquarium was closed and not replaced until Moses opened a new facility on Coney Island in 1957.[7] With efforts from Albert S. Bard, Walter D. Binger, and other civic reformers, the Castle was saved and finally became a national monument.
Although Castle Garden was designated a national monument on August 12, 1946; the law did not take effect until July 18, 1950, when the legislature and the governor of New York (Thomas Dewey) formally ceded ownership of the property to the federal government. A major rehabilitation took place in the 1970s. It is currently administered by the National Park Service and is a departure point for visitors to the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. It appears today much as it did in its earliest days; it has a museum and is again called Castle Clinton.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Brodsky Lawrence pg. 314
Jump up ^ George Whitney Martin pg. 184
Jump up ^ About.com, "Castle Garden – America's First Official Immigration Center"
Jump up ^ LeMay, Michael (2013). Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 204–206. ISBN 978-0-313-39643-4.
Jump up ^ The New York Times, 15 June 1897, "Fire on Ellis Island"
Jump up ^ Author: Caro, Robert A., The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York, Knopf, 1974. ISBN 0-394-72024-5
References[edit]
Castle Garden as an Immigrant Depot, 1855–1890, by George J Svejda (1968)
Castle Garden and Battery Park by Barry Moreno (2007)
Guide to the New York Aquarium by Charles H. Townsend (1919)
Vera Brodsky Lawrence (1995). Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton. University of Chicago Press.
George Whitney Martin (2011). Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto. University Rochester Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castle Clinton National Monument.
Official website
Castle Clinton from GORP
The Battery Conservancy
CastleGarden.org, searchable database of 13.3 million immigrants arriving in New York before 1892 (90% complete)
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text:
Suadero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Suadero
Tacos de suadero
Place of origin
Mexico
Serving temperature
Hot
Main ingredients
Beef
Cookbook: Suadero Media: Suadero
Part of a series on
Steak
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Suadero, in Mexican cuisine, is a thin cut of meat from the intermediate part of the cow or pork between the belly and the leg.[1] Suadero is noted for having a smooth texture rather than a muscle grain. Typically, suadero is fried and used as a taco filling. Suadero, also known as matambre, is the name of a very thin cut of beef in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, taken from between the skin and the ribs,[1] a sort of flank steak. In Mexico is very usual to use pork instead.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Froeb, Ian (January 24, 2008). "What Is Suadero? (Besides Tasty, That Is)". Riverfront Times. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Aeberhard, Danny, Andrew Benson, and Lucy Philips. The Rough Guide to Argentina, Second Edition. New York: The Penguin Group, 2005.
Global Gourmet: Argentina. 2006. 24 January 2006
This Mexican cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suadero&oldid=818489454"
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