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Whig Party (United States)
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Whig Party
Leader
Henry Clay
William H. Harrison
Daniel Webster
Horace Greeley
Founded
1834 (1834)[1]
Dissolved
1854 (1854)
Preceded by
Anti-Masonic Party
National Republican Party
Succeeded by
American Party
Republican Party
Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Newspaper
The American Review: A Whig Journal
Ideology
American System[2]
American nationalism[3][4]
Colors
Blue Buff
Politics of United States
Political parties
Elections
The Whig Party handbill for Henry Clay–Theodore Frelinghuysen, 1844
The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four United States Presidents belonged to the party while in office.[5] It emerged in the 1830s as the leading opponent of Jacksonians, pulling together former members of the National Republican (one of the successors of the Democratic-Republican Party) and the Anti-Masonic Party. It had links to the upscale traditions of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s.[6] It originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson (in office 1829–1837) and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the United States Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing. It appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal. Party founders chose the "Whig" name to echo the American Whigs (aka the Patriots) of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party.[7] Historian Frank Towers has specified a deep ideological divide:
Democrats stood for the 'sovereignty of the people' as expressed in popular demonstrations, constitutional conventions, and majority rule as a general principle of governing, whereas Whigs advocated the rule of law, written and unchanging constitutions, and protections for minority interests against majority tyranny.[8]
The Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844 and General Zachary Taylor of Kentucky in 1848. Another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey, was the Whig Party's last presidential nominee in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president and both died in office. John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrison's death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became President after Taylor's death in 1850, was the last Whig President.
The party fell apart because of internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. With deep fissures in the party on this question, the anti-slavery faction prevented the nomination for a full term of its own incumbent President Fillmore in the 1852 presidential election—instead, the party nominated General Scott. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics (as Abraham Lincoln did temporarily) or changed parties. The Northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, by which time the Whig Party had become virtually defunct. Some former Whigs became Democrats. The Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a major role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Rise
1.3 A brief golden age
1.4 Compromise of 1850
1.5 Decline
1.6 Legacy
2 Party platform
2.1 Whig issues
2.2 Education
2.3 Factions
3 Namesakes
4 Presidents from the Whig Party
5 Electoral history
5.1 Presidential elections
5.2 Congressional elections
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
The name "Whig" derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution. It indicated hostility to the British Sovereign and despite the identical name it did not directly derive from the British Whig Party (see etymology).[10]
The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as "a dangerous man on horseback" with a "reactionary opposition" to the forces of social, economic and moral modernization. The Democratic-Republicans who formed the Whig Party, led by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, drew on a Jeffersonian tradition of compromise, balance in government and territorial expansion combined with national unity and support for a Federal transportation network and domestic manufacturing. Casting their enemy as "King Andrew", they sought to identify themselves as modern-day opponents of governmental overreaching.
Despite the apparent unity of Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, the American people ultimately preferred partisan opposition to popular political agreement.[11] As Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party. He defended national rather than sectional interests. Clay's plan for distributing the proceeds from the sale of lands among the states in the public domain was intended to serve the nation by providing the states with funds for building roads and canals, which would stimulate growth and knit the sections together. However, his Jacksonian opponents distrusted the federal government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements and they again frustrated Clay's plan. Jacksonians promoted opposition to the National Bank and internal improvements and support of egalitarian democracy, state power and hard money.
The Tariff of Abominations of 1828 had outraged Southern feelings—the South's leaders held that the high duties on foreign imports gave an advantage to the North (where the factories were located). Clay's own high tariff schedule of 1832 further disturbed them as did his stubborn defense of high duties as necessary to his American System. However, Clay moved to pass the Compromise of 1833, which met Southern complaints by a gradual reduction of the rates on imports to a maximum of twenty percent. Controlling the Senate for a while, Whigs passed a censure motion denouncing Jackson's arrogant assumption of executive power in the face of the true will of the people as represented by Congress.
The Whig Party began to take shape in 1833. Clay had run as a National Republican against Jackson in 1832, but carried only 49 electoral votes against Jackson's 219 and the National Republicans became discredited as a major political force. The Whig Party emerged in the aftermath of the 1832 election, the Nullification Crisis and debates regarding the Second Bank of the United States, which Jackson denounced as a monopoly and from which he abruptly removed all government deposits. People who helped to form the new party included supporters of Clay, supporters of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster, former National Republicans, former Anti-Masons, former disaffected Jacksonians (led by John C. Calhoun), who viewed Jackson's actions as impinging on the prerogatives of Congress and the states; and small remnants of Federalist Party, people whose last political activity was with them a decade before. The "Whig" name emphasized the party's opposition to Jackson's perceived executive tyranny and the name helped the Whigs shed the elitist image of the National Republican Party.[12]
Clay was the clear leader of the Whig Party nationwide and in Washington, but he was vulnerable to Jacksonian allegations that he associated with the upper class at a time when white males without property had the right to vote and wanted someone more like themselves. The Whigs nominated a war hero in 1840 and emphasized that William Henry Harrison had given up the high life to live in a log cabin on the frontier—Harrison won.
Rise[edit]
In the 1836 elections, the party was not yet sufficiently organized or unified to run one nationwide candidate—instead, William Henry Harrison was its candidate in the Northern and border states, Hugh Lawson White ran in the South, Daniel Webster ran in his home state of Massachusetts and in South Carolina the Whig's presidential candidate was Willie P. Mangum. Whigs hoped that four candidates would amass enough Electoral College votes among them to deny a majority to Martin Van Buren. That would move the election to the House of Representatives, allowing the ascendant Whigs to select their most popular man as president.
Van Buren won 170 ballots in the Electoral College, with only 148 ballots needed to win, but the Whig strategy came very close to succeeding. In Pennsylvania, which had 30 ballots in the Electoral College, Harrison got 87,235 votes to Van Buren's 91,457. A change of just a few thousand votes in that state would have reduced Van Buren's ballot count to only 140, eight short of winning.
In late 1839, the Whigs held their first national convention and nominated William Henry Harrison as their presidential candidate. In March 1840, Harrison pledged to serve only one term as President if elected, a pledge that reflected popular support for a constitutional limit to presidential terms among many in the Whig Party. Harrison went on to victory in 1840, defeating Van Buren's re-election bid largely as a result of the Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression. Harrison served only 31 days and became the first President to die in office. He was succeeded by John Tyler, a Virginian and states' rights absolutist. Tyler vetoed the Whig economic legislation and was expelled from the Whig party in September 1841.
The Whigs' internal disunity and the nation's increasing prosperity made the party's activist economic program seem less necessary and led to a disastrous showing in the 1842 Congressional election.
A brief golden age[edit]
An Available Candidate: The One Qualification for a Whig President—a political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election which refers to Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott, the two leading contenders for the Whig Party nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War (published by Nathaniel Currier in 1848, digitally restored)
Horace Greeley's New-York Daily Tribune—the leading Whig paper—endorsed Henry Clay for President and Millard Fillmore for Governor, 1844
The central issue in the 1840s was expansion, with proponents of "manifest destiny" arguing for aggressive westward expansion, even at the risk of war with Mexico (over the annexation of Texas) and Britain (over control of Oregon). Daniel Walker Howe argues: "Nevertheless American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity".[13] That is, most Democrats strongly supported manifest destiny and most Whigs strongly opposed it. John Mack Faragher's analysis of the political polarization between the parties is the following:
Most Democrats were wholehearted supporters of expansion, whereas many Whigs (especially in the North) were opposed. Whigs welcomed most of the changes wrought by industrialization but advocated strong government policies that would guide growth and development within the country's existing boundaries; they feared (correctly) that expansion raised a contentious issue the extension of slavery to the territories. On the other hand, many Democrats feared industrialization the Whigs welcomed. [...] For many Democrats, the answer to the nation's social ills was to continue to follow Thomas Jefferson's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories in order to counterbalance industrialization.[14]
By 1844, the Whigs began their recovery by nominating Henry Clay, who lost the presidential race to Democrat James K. Polk in a closely contested race, with Polk's policy of Western expansion (particularly the annexation of Texas) and free trade triumphing over Clay's protectionism and caution over the Texas question. The Whigs, both Northern and Southern, strongly opposed expansion into Texas, which they (including Whig Congressman Abraham Lincoln) saw as an unprincipled land grab.
In 1848, the Whigs, seeing no hope of success by nominating Clay, nominated General Zachary Taylor, a hero of the Mexican–American War. They stopped criticizing the war and adopted only a very vague platform. Taylor defeated Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party, who had nominated former President Martin Van Buren. Van Buren's candidacy split the Democratic vote in New York, throwing that state to the Whigs. However, at the same time the Free Soilers probably cost the Whigs several Midwestern states.
Compromise of 1850[edit]
Taylor was firmly opposed to the proposed Compromise of 1850 (an initiative of Clay) and was committed to the admission of California as a free state. He proclaimed that he would take military action to prevent the secession of southern states. On July 9, 1850, Taylor died and Vice President Millard Fillmore, a long-time Whig, became President. Fillmore helped push the Compromise through Congress in the hopes of ending the controversies over slavery and its five separate bills became law in September 1850.
After 1850, the Whigs were unable to deal with the slavery issue. Their Southern leaders nearly all owned slaves. The northeastern Whigs, led by Daniel Webster, represented businessmen who loved national unity and a national market, but cared little about slavery one way or another. However, many Whig voters in the North thought that slavery was incompatible with a free labor, free market economy and supported the Wilmot Proviso, which did not pass Congress, but would have stopped the expansion of slavery. No one found a compromise that would keep the party united. Furthermore, the burgeoning economy made full-time careers in business or law much more attractive than politics for ambitious young Whigs, thus the Whig Party leader in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, simply abandoned politics after 1849, instead attending to his law business.
Decline[edit]
When new issues of nativism, prohibition and anti-slavery burst on the scene in the mid-1850s, few looked to the quickly disintegrating Whig Party for answers. In the North, most ex Whigs joined the new Republican Party and in the South, they flocked to a new short-lived American Party.
The election of 1852 marked the beginning of the end for the Whigs. The deaths of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster that year severely weakened the party. The Compromise of 1850 had fractured the Whigs along pro- and anti-slavery lines, with the anti-slavery faction having enough power to deny Fillmore the party's nomination in 1852. The Whig Party's 1852 convention in New York City saw the historic meeting between Alvan E. Bovay and the New-York Daily Tribune's Horace Greeley, a meeting that led to correspondence between the men as the early Republican Party meetings in 1854 began to take place.
Attempting to repeat their earlier successes, the Whigs nominated popular General Winfield Scott, who lost decisively to the Democrats' Franklin Pierce. The Democrats won the election by a large margin: Pierce won 27 of the 31 states, including Scott's home state of New Jersey. Whig Representative Lewis D. Campbell of Ohio was particularly distraught by the defeat, exclaiming: "We are slain. The party is dead—dead—dead!". Increasingly, politicians realized that the party was dead.
In 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the new territories to slavery, was passed. Southern Whigs generally supported the Act while Northern Whigs remained strongly opposed. Most remaining Northern Whigs, like Lincoln, joined the new Republican Party and strongly attacked the Act, appealing to widespread Northern outrage over the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Other Whigs joined the Know Nothing Party, attracted by its nativist crusades against so-called "corrupt" Irish and German immigrants. In the South, the Whig Party vanished—but as Thomas Alexander has shown, Whiggism as a modernizing policy orientation persisted for decades.[9] Historians estimate that in the South in 1856 former Whig Fillmore retained 86 percent of the 1852 Whig voters when he ran as the American Party candidate. He won only 13% of the Northern vote, though that was just enough to tip Pennsylvania out of the Republican column. The future in the North, most observers thought at the time, was Republican. Scant prospects for the shrunken old party seemed extant and after 1856 virtually no Whig organization remained at the regional level.[15] Twenty-six states sent 150 delegates to the last national convention in September 1856. The convention met for only two days and on the second day (and only ballot) quickly nominated Fillmore for President, who had already been nominated for President by the Know Nothing Party. Andrew Jackson Donelson was nominated for Vice President. Some Whigs and others adopted the mantle of the Opposition Party for several years and enjoyed some individual electoral successes.
Legacy[edit]
In 1860, many former Whigs who had not joined the Republicans regrouped as the Constitutional Union Party, which nominated only a national ticket. It had considerable strength in the border states, which feared the onset of civil war. Its presidential candidate, John Bell, finished third in the electoral college.
During the Lincoln Administration (1861–1865), ex Whigs dominated the Republican Party and enacted much of their American System. Later, their Southern colleagues dominated the white response to Reconstruction. In the long run, the United States adopted Whiggish economic policies coupled with a Democratic strong presidency.
During the latter part of the American Civil War and during the Reconstruction Era, many former Whigs tried to regroup in the South, calling themselves "conservatives" and hoping to reconnect with the ex Whigs in the North. These were merged into the Democratic Party in the South, but they continued to promote modernization policies such as large-scale railroad construction and the founding of public schools.[9]
In today's discourse in American politics, the Whig Party is often cited as an example of a political party that lost its followers and its reason for being as by the expression "going the way of the Whigs",[16] a term referred to by Donald Critchlow in his book, The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History.[17] Critchlow points out that the application of the term by Republicans in the Republican Party of 1974 may have been a misnomer—the old Whig party enjoyed more political support before its demise than the Republican Party in the aftermath of Nixon's resignation.
Party platform[edit]
The Whigs suffered greatly from factionalism throughout their existence as well as weak party loyalty that stood in contrast to the strong party discipline that was the hallmark of a tight Democratic Party organization.[18] One strength of the Whigs was a superb network of newspapers—their leading editor was Horace Greeley of the powerful New-York Daily Tribune.
In the 1840s, Whigs won 49 percent of gubernatorial elections, with strong bases in the manufacturing Northeast and in the border states. The trend over time was for the Democratic vote to grow faster and for the Whigs to lose more and more marginal states and districts. After the close 1844 contest, the Democratic advantage widened and the Whigs could win the White House only if the Democrats split. This was partly because of the increased political importance of the Western states, which generally voted for Democrats; and Irish Catholic and German immigrants, who voted heavily for the Democrats.
The Whigs appealed to voters in every socio-economic category, but proved especially attractive to the professional and business classes: doctors, lawyers, merchants, ministers, bankers, storekeepers, factory owners, commercially oriented farmers and large-scale planters. In general, commercial and manufacturing towns and cities voted Whig, save for strongly Democratic precincts in Irish Catholic and German immigrant communities—the Democrats often sharpened their appeal to the poor by ridiculing the Whigs' aristocratic pretensions. Protestant religious revivals also injected a moralistic element into the Whig ranks.[19]
Whig issues[edit]
The Whigs celebrated Clay's vision of the American System that promoted rapid economic and industrial growth in the United States. Whigs demanded government support for a more modern, market-oriented economy, in which skill, expertise and bank credit would count for more than physical strength or land ownership. Whigs sought to promote faster industrialization through high tariffs, a business-oriented money supply based on a national bank and a vigorous program of government funded "internal improvements" (what we now call infrastructure projects), especially expansion of the road and canal systems. To modernize the inner United States, the Whigs helped create public schools, private colleges, charities and cultural institutions. Many were pietistic Protestant reformers who called for public schools to teach moral values and proposed prohibition to end the liquor problem.[20]
The Democrats harkened to the Jeffersonian ideal of an egalitarian agricultural society, believing that traditional farm life bred republican simplicity while modernization and urbanization threatened to create a politically powerful caste of rich aristocratic men who threatened to subvert republicanism. In general the Democrats enacted their policies at the national level while the Whigs succeeded in passing modernization projects in most states.[21]
Education[edit]
Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Horace Mann (1796–1859) won widespread approval from modernizers, especially among fellow Whigs, for building public schools. Indeed, most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for normal schools to train professional teachers.[22]
Factions[edit]
The Whig Party was never a homogeneous party and was essentially divided into two main factions: the anti-slavery Conscience Whigs, based in Northern states; and the pro-South Cotton Whigs, also based in the industrial North who wanted to maintain good business terms with the southern planters. While the "Consciences" were noted for their moral opposition to slavery, their Cottons counterpart's close association with the New England textile industry led them to de-emphasize the slavery issue. Notable Consciences included Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson and Charles Francis Adams while the Cottons were led by such figures as Edward Everett, Robert C. Winthrop and Abbott Lawrence.[23]
The Consciences split from the Whig party in 1848, when the national party nominated the slave-owning General Zachary Taylor for President and played a role in the creation of the new Free Soil Party, which nominated Adams for Vice President on a ticket with anti-slavery former Democratic President Martin Van Buren.[24]
Following the failure of the Free Soil Party in the election that year, most Conscience Whigs returned to the Whig fold and more followed after the Compromise of 1850 temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery. During the mid-1850s, several Conscience leaders played an important role later in the foundation of the Republican Party.[25]
Namesakes[edit]
In Liberia, the True Whig Party—named in direct emulation of the American Whig party, was founded in 1869 and it dominated politics in that country from 1878 until 1980.[26]
Occasionally, small groups in the United States form parties that take the Whig name, but they seldom last long or elect anyone. In 2006, the Florida Whig Party was formed and fielded one candidate for Congress in the elections of 2010 and it disbanded in 2012.[27]
In 2008, a group of veterans formed the Modern Whig Party.[28] It occasionally claimed a local officeholder supported this party.
The Quincy Herald-Whig, a daily newspaper published as of 2014 in western Illinois, is a direct descendant of a 19th century Whig Party news sheet, the Quincy Whig.
See also Stephen Simpson, editor of the Philadelphia Whig, a 19th century newspaper devoted to the Whig cause.
Presidents from the Whig Party[edit]
#
Name
Portrait
State
Presidency
start date
Presidency
end date
9 William Henry Harrison Ohio March 4, 1841 April 4, 1841
10 John Tyler Virginia April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845
12 Zachary Taylor Louisiana March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850
13 Millard Fillmore New York July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853
Additionally, John Quincy Adams, elected President as a Democratic-Republican, later became a National Republican, then an Anti-Masonic and then a Whig after he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1831.
Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, Chester A. Arthur and Benjamin Harrison were Whigs before switching to the Republican Party, from which they were elected to office.
Electoral history[edit]
Presidential elections[edit]
Election
Candidate
Running mate
Votes
Vote %
Electoral votes
+/-
Outcome of election
1836 William H. Harrison Francis Granger 550,816 36.6
73 / 294
New Lost
Hugh Lawson White John Tyler 146,109 9.7
26 / 294
Daniel Webster Francis Granger 41,201 2.7
14 / 294
Willie Person Mangum John Tyler 0 0
11 / 294
1840 William H. Harrison John Tyler 1,275,390 52.9
234 / 294
110 Victory
1844 Henry Clay Theodore Frelinghuysen 1,300,004 48.1
105 / 275
129 Lost
1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore 1,361,393 47.3
163 / 290
58 Victory
1852 Winfield Scott William Alexander Graham 1,386,942 43.9
42 / 296
121 Lost
Congressional elections[edit]
United States
House of Representatives
Election year
No. of
overall seats won
+/–
House Speaker
1834
75 / 242
New James K. Polk
1836
100 / 242
25
1838
109 / 242
9 Robert M. T. Hunter
1840
142 / 242
33 John White
1842
73 / 223
69 John W. Jones
1844
79 / 227
6 John W. Davis
1846
116 / 230
37 Robert Winthrop
1848
108 / 233
8
1854a[›]
54 / 234
17 Nathaniel P. Banks
United States
Senate
Election year
No. of
overall seats won
+/–
Senate President
1836/1837
17 / 52
17 Richard M. Johnson
1838/1839
20 / 52
3
1840/1841
29 / 52
9 Vacantb[›]
1842/1843
27 / 52
2
1844/1845
24 / 54
3 George M. Dallas
1846/1847
19 / 58
5
1848/1849
25 / 60
6 Millard Fillmore
1850/1851
22 / 62
3 Vacantb[›]
1852/1853
18 / 62
4 William R. King
1854/1855a[›]
14 / 62
4 Vacantd[›]
1856/1857
3 / 62
11 John C. Breckinridge
^ a: Merged in the Opposition Party at 34th Congress inauguration.
^ b: Office left vacant when Tyler assumed the presidency on April 4, 1841.
^ c: Office left vacant when Fillmore assumed the presidency on July 9, 1850.
^ d: Office left vacant after King's death on April 18, 1853.
See also[edit]
American election campaigns in the 19th century
American School economics and the Whigs
History of the United States Republican Party
List of political parties in the United States
List of Whig National Conventions
List of United States National Democratic/Whig Party presidential tickets
Modern Whig Party
Whig (British political faction)
Notes[edit]
^a Tyler was elected Vice President as a Whig, but his policies soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda and the party officially expelled him in September 1841, five months after he took office as President.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Republican Party". Dictionary of American History. 2003. In 1834 the National Republican Party was absorbed by the new and larger Whig Party [...].
Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (July 20, 1998). "Whig Party". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F. (2003). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780195161045.
Jump up ^ Adam, Richards. "The Whigs: Definition & Explanation". Study.com. Retrieved August 29, 2017. The Whigs focused on the notion of nationalism.
Jump up ^ "Whigs From The Past". Modern Whig Party. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Holt (1999), p. 231.
Jump up ^ Holt (1999), pp. 27–30.
Jump up ^ Frank Towers, "Mobtown's Impact on the Study of Urban Politics in the Early Republic." Maryland Historical Magazine 107 (Winter 2012) pp: 469-75, p. 472, citing Robert E, Shalhope, The Baltimore Bank Riot: Political Upheaval in Antebellum Maryland (2009) p. 147.
^ Jump up to: a b c Alexander (1961).
Jump up ^ Peter Charles Hoffer (2006). The Brave New World: A History of Early America. JHU Press. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-8018-8483-2.
Jump up ^ David Brown, "Jeffersonian Ideology and the Second Party System." Historian 1999 62(1): 17–30.
Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F. (2003). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party. Oxford University Press. pp. 26–29. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, (2007) pp. 705–6
Jump up ^ John Mack Faragher et al. Out of Many: A History of the American People, (2nd ed. 1997) page 413
Jump up ^ Holt pp. 979–80.
Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History (2007) p. 103. Additional examples are of online.
Jump up ^ Critchlow, Donald T. "The Conservative Ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history". Harvard University Press. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lynn Marshall. "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review, (1967) v. 72 pp. 445–68
Jump up ^ Holt (1999) p. 83
Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer, eds. (2012). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History. Oxford UP. pp. 280, 358–59, 381–83. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Critchlow and VanderMeer, eds. (2012). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History. p. 213. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Mark Groen, "The Whig Party and the Rise of Common Schools, 1837–1854," American Educational History Journal Spring/Summer 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 1/2, pp. 251–260
Jump up ^ John R. McKivigan (1999). Abolitionism and American Politics and Government. Taylor & Francis. p. 120.
Jump up ^ Eric Foner (1995). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War: With a New Introductory Essay. Oxford UP. p. 113.
Jump up ^ Louis Sandy Maisel; Mark D. Brewer (2008). Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38.
Jump up ^ Dominik Zaum; Christine Cheng (2011). Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace?. Routledge. p. 133.
Jump up ^ "The Florida Whig Party". Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Is it time for a new political party?". Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
Alexander, Thomas B. (Aug 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877". Journal of Southern History. 27 (3): 305–329. doi:10.2307/2205211. JSTOR 2205211.
Atkins, Jonathan M.; "The Whig Party versus the "spoilsmen" of Tennessee," The Historian, Vol. 57, 1994 online version
Beveridge, Albert J. (1928). Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, vol. 1, ch. 4–8.
Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. ISBN 0-231-05602-8.
Cole, Arthur Charles (1913). The Whig Party in the South. online version
Foner, Eric (1970). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. ISBN 0-19-501352-2.
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Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s. ISBN 0-19-503124-5.
Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (1960), Pulitzer prize; the standard history. Pro-Bank
Holt, Michael F. (1992). Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln. ISBN 0-8071-2609-8.
Holt, Michael F. (1999). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505544-6.
Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). The American Whigs: An Anthology.
Howe, Daniel Walker (1979). The Political Culture of the American Whigs. ISBN 0-226-35478-4.
Howe, Daniel Walker (March 1991). "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture during the Second Party System". Journal of American History. Organization of American Historians. 77 (4): 1216–39. doi:10.2307/2078260. JSTOR 2078260.
Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. ISBN 1-4332-6019-0.
Kruman, Marc W. (Winter 1992). "The Second Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism". Journal of the Early Republic. Society for Historians of the Early American Republic. 12 (4): 509–37. doi:10.2307/3123876. JSTOR 3123876.
Marshall, Lynn. (January 1967). "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party". American Historical Review. American Historical Association. 72 (2): 445–68. doi:10.2307/1859236. JSTOR 1859236.
McCormick, Richard P. (1966). The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era. ISBN 0-393-00680-8.
Mueller, Henry R.; The Whig Party in Pennsylvania, (1922) online version
Nevins, Allan. The Ordeal of the Union (1947) vol 1: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; vol 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857. highly detailed narrative of national politics
Poage, George Rawlings. Henry Clay and the Whig Party (1936)
Remini, Robert V. (1991). Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31088-4.
Remini, Robert V. (1997). Daniel Webster. ISBN 0-393-04552-8.
Riddle, Donald W. (1948). Lincoln Runs for Congress.
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). For each election includes good scholarly history and selection of primary documents. Essays on the most important elections are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972)
Schurz, Carl (1899). Life of Henry Clay: American Statesmen. vol. 2.
Shade, William G. (1983). "The Second Party System". In Paul Kleppner, et al. (contributors). Evolution of American Electoral Systems.
Sharp, James Roger. The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837 (1970)
Silbey, Joel H. (1991). The American Political Nation, 1838–1893. ISBN 0-8047-1878-4.
Smith, Craig R. "Daniel Webster's Epideictic Speaking: A Study in Emerging Whig Virtues" online
Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1953). Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader.
Van Deusen, Glyndon (1973). "The Whig Party". In Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (ed.). History of U.S. Political Parties. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 1:331–63. ISBN 0-7910-5731-3. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Thurlow Weed, Wizard of the Lobby (1947)
Wilentz, Sean (2005). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. ISBN 0-393-05820-4.
Wilson, Major L. Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815–1861 (1974) intellectual history of Whigs and Democrats
"Conscience Whigs". Gale Encyclopedia of US History. The Gale Group / Answers.com. 2006. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) * “Free-Soil Party.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Feb, 2006 http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035288. * Howe, Daniel. The Political Culture of the American Whigs. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1979. * “Liberty Party.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5 Feb. 2006 http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9048133. * “Whig Party.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 Feb. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9076767. * Brauer, Kinley. Cotton Versus Conscience; Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843-1848.
Further reading[edit]
Cole, Arthur Charles (1914). The Whig party in the South, American Historical Association, 392 pages; e'Book.
Mueller, Henry Richard (1922). The Whig Party in Pennsylvania, Columbia university, 267 pages; e'Book.
Ormsby, Robert McKinley (1859). A History of the Whig Party, Crosby, Nichols & Company, Boston, 377 pages; e'Book.
Palmerston, Viscount Henry John Temple; Crocker, John Wilson, Peel, Robert (1819). The new Whig guide, Wright, London; e'Book.
Pegg, Herbert Dale (1932). The Whig Party in North Carolina, Colonial Press, 223 pages; Book.
Smith, Ernest Anthony (1975). Whig Principles and Party Politics: Earl Fitzwilliam and the Whig Party, 1748-1833, Manchester University Press, 1975, 411 pages; ISBN 978-0-7190-0598-5; Book.
Watson, William Robinson (1844). The Whig Party: Its Objects--its Principles--its Candidates--its Duties--and Its Prospects, Knowles and Vose, Printers, 44 pages; e'Book.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whig Party (United States).
Whig Party in Virginia in Encyclopedia Virginia.
The American Presidency Project, contains the text of the national platforms that were adopted by the national conventions (1844–1856).
"Whig Party". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Whig Party". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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text:
Love It or List It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Love It or List It
Genre
Reality renovations, upgrading
Created by
Maria Armstrong
Catherine Fogarty
Directed by
Various
Starring
Hilary Farr
David Visentin
Narrated by
Jacqueline Hennessy
Theme music composer
Lou Pomanti
Country of origin
Canada
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
10
No. of episodes
130 (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Maria Armstrong
Catherine Fogarty
Producer(s)
Maria Armstrong
Production location(s)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina, United States
Running time
44 minutes
Production company(s)
Big Coat Productions
Release
Original network
W Network
HGTV
Original release
September 8, 2008 – present
External links
Website
Production website
Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina.[1]
In September 2017, HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program. The next season is to start airing in June 2018.[2]
Contents
1 Format
2 Host and crew
3 Episodes
4 Franchise
5 International syndication
6 Reception
7 Controversy
8 References
9 External links
Format[edit]
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Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house.
Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given.
At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget.
Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace.
After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home.
After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell.
Host and crew[edit]
Hosts
Hilary Farr – Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto, Ontario. She has lived in Australia, England, California, and New York City. Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, New York and Toronto. When she first moved back to Toronto, she became the first designer to "stage" properties for sale. She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties.[3]
David Visentin – David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited. He has been practicing since 1987.[4]
Assistant Designer
Desta Ostapyk (Canadian episodes) – Desta is a Toronto-based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design, and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry. She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV's hit series My Parents House. She soon became the Design Stylist for the show.[5]
Contractors
Eric Eremita (North Carolina episodes) – General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV's "Love It or List It" U.S. version, after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its "Brother vs. Brother" reality show.
Eddie Richardson (Canadian episodes) – Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business. Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman.
Fergus McLaren (Canadian episodes) – Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company, R-Mac Solutions, 10 years ago.
Behind the Scenes
Architect: Simon West
Senior Production Coordinator: Linda Johnstone
Construction Coordinator: David Violante
Construction Assistants: Chris Blinn, Adam Dalgarno, Ahren Mrowietz, Dale George
Design Coordinator: Kaaveh Shoman
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Love It or List It episodes
Season
Start date
End date
Episodes
Hilary wins
David wins
1
September 8, 2008 January 5, 2009 12 9 3
2
April 6, 2009 December 7, 2009 18 10 8
3
May 3, 2010 November 8, 2010 21 9 12
4
March 14, 2011 November 11, 2011 19 12 7
5
February 20, 2012 November 19, 2012 18 10 8
6
January 19, 2013 July 1, 2013 14 8 6
7
January 8, 2014 April 9, 2014 14 11 3
8
September 8, 2014 January 19, 2015 16 8 8
9
March 9, 2015 December 7, 2015 22 13 9
Total
154
90
64
Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay. Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home.
Franchise[edit]
Main article: Love It or List It (franchise)
Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first,[6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot. The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK, debuted in 2015,[7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes[8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke. A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin.[9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker.[10]
International syndication[edit]
Country / Region
Name
Television Network
Dubbing / Subtitles
Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N/A
Canada Love It or List It W Network N/A
USA Love It or List It HGTV[11] N/A
Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish
Brazil Ame-a ou Deixe-a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese
Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 (Norway) Norwegian
Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life (Bulgaria) Bulgarian
Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian
Poland Pokochaj lub sprzedaj Vancouver WP lector
|}
Reception[edit]
On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards: Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All.[12]
In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show.[13][14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show "very calming"[15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics.[16][17][18]
In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs.[19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail.[20][21]
According to the Wall Street Journal, the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series.[22]
Controversy[edit]
In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction)[23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality.[24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they "do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations."[25]
The suit was settled in April 2017.[26] The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement.[27] Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel, slander and product disparagement; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat. After the agreements had been concluded, both suits were dismissed.[28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us. Big Coat Productions. Retrieved 12 December 2014
Jump up ^ "HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series 'Love It or List It' | Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom". newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
Jump up ^ Host Bios; Hilary Farr "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Host Bios; David Visentin "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Big Coat Productions". Big Coat Productions. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off
Jump up ^ "Kirstie and Phil's Love It or List It will return for a second series:Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016". Digital Spy. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/
Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/
Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (November 28, 2011). "HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series 'Love It Or List It'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ W Network's Top Rated Show; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323
Jump up ^ Maga, Carly (March 29, 2012). "Hillary Clinton's favorite show is Canada's 'Love It Or List It'". Ca.omg.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie. "Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vanity Fair: Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed". Huffingtonpost.com. November 13, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hillary Clinton likes 'Love It or List It'". Politico.Com. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Love it or list it News, Video and Gossip". Jezebel. November 11, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collins, Gail (November 10, 2012). "Hillary's Next Move". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE". Las Vegas Magazine. September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daily Mail. London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family". KatieCouric.com. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "W Network Announces Return of Home-grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup". The Wall Street Journal. July 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html
Jump up ^ CNN, Lisa Respers France. "'Love It or List It' homeowners file suit". CNN. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
Jump up ^ "'Love It Or List It' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation". miamiherald. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
Jump up ^ ""Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with 'Love It or List It'"". News & Observer. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html
Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html
External links[edit]
Love It or List It on HGTV
Love It or List It on W Network
Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database
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Love It or List It franchise
Love It or List It
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Episodes
Love It or List It Vancouver
Hosts
Jillian Harris
Todd Talbot
Love It or List It UK
Hosts
Kirstie Allsopp
Phil Spencer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=856317714"
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