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Ovulation
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Ovulation
Following a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an oocyte (immature egg cell) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male's sperm. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase.
Identifiers
MeSH
D010060
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.[1] After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm. In addition, the uterine lining (endometrium) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed during menstruation.[2]
Contents
1 In humans
1.1 Follicular phase
1.2 Ovulation
1.3 Luteal phase
2 Clinical presentation
3 Disorders
4 Induction and suppression
4.1 Induced ovulation
4.2 Suppressed ovulation
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
In humans[edit]
Ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase, and is followed by the luteal phase. Note that ovulation is characterized by a sharp spike in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting from the peak of estrogen levels during the follicular phase.
This diagram shows the hormonal changes around the time of ovulation, as well as the inter-cycle and inter-female variabilities in its timing.
In humans, ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase. The few days surrounding ovulation (from approximately days 10 to 18 of a 28-day cycle), constitute the most fertile phase.[3][4][5][6] The time from the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) until ovulation is, on average, 14.6[7] days, but with substantial variation between females and between cycles in any single female, with an overall 95% prediction interval of 8.2 to 20.5[7] days.
The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).[8] In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle will undergo a series of transformations called cumulus expansion, which is stimulated by FSH. After this is done, a hole called the stigma will form in the follicle, and the secondary oocyte will leave the follicle through this hole. Ovulation is triggered by a spike in the amount of FSH and LH released from the pituitary gland. During the luteal (post-ovulatory) phase, the secondary oocyte will travel through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized secondary oocyte or ovum may implant there 6–12 days later.[9]
Follicular phase[edit]
See also: Folliculogenesis
The follicular phase (or proliferative phase) is the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature. The follicular phase lasts from the beginning of menstruation to the start of ovulation.[10][11]
For ovulation to be successful, the ovum must be supported by the corona radiata and cumulus oophorous granulosa cells. The latter undergo a period of proliferation and mucification known as cumulus expansion. Mucification is the secretion of a hyaluronic acid-rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum after ovulation and has been shown to be necessary for fertilization.[12][13]
An increase in cumulus cell number causes a concomitant increase in antrum fluid volume that can swell the follicle to over 20 mm in diameter. It forms a pronounced bulge at the surface of the ovary called the blister.[citation needed]
Ovulation[edit]
Estrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary.[14]
Through a signal transduction cascade initiated by LH, proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the follicle that degrade the follicular tissue at the site of the blister, forming a hole called the stigma. The secondary oocyte leaves the ruptured follicle and moves out into the peritoneal cavity through the stigma, where it is caught by the fimbriae at the end of the fallopian tube. After entering the fallopian tube, the oocyte is pushed along by cilia, beginning its journey toward the uterus.[8]
By this time, the oocyte has completed meiosis I, yielding two cells: the larger secondary oocyte that contains all of the cytoplasmic material and a smaller, inactive first polar body. Meiosis II follows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and will so remain until fertilization. The spindle apparatus of the second meiotic division appears at the time of ovulation. If no fertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation.[15] Approximately 1-2% of ovulations release more than one oocyte. This tendency increases with maternal age. Fertilization of two different oocytes by two different spermatozoa results in fraternal twins.[8]
The mucous membrane of the uterus, termed the functionalis, has reached its maximum size, and so have the endometrial glands, although they are still non-secretory.[citation needed]
Luteal phase[edit]
Main article: Luteal phase
The follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs. The action of progesterone increases basal body temperature by one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius (one-half to one degree Fahrenheit). The corpus luteum continues this paracrine action for the remainder of the menstrual cycle, maintaining the endometrium, before disintegrating into scar tissue during menses.[16]
Clinical presentation[edit]
Further information: Concealed ovulation, Fertility awareness, and Mittelschmerz
The start of ovulation can be detected by signs. Because the signs are not readily discernible by people other than the female, humans are said to have a concealed ovulation. In many animal species there are distinctive signals indicating the period when the female is fertile. Several explanations have been proposed to explain concealed ovulation in humans.
Females near ovulation experience changes in the cervical mucus, and in their basal body temperature. Furthermore, many females experience secondary fertility signs including Mittelschmerz (pain associated with ovulation) and a heightened sense of smell, and can sense the precise moment of ovulation.[17][18]
Many females experience heightened sexual desire in the several days immediately before ovulation.[19] One study concluded that females subtly improve their facial attractiveness during ovulation.[20]
Chance of fertilization by day relative to ovulation.[21]
Symptoms related to the onset of ovulation, the moment of ovulation and the body's process of beginning and ending the menstrual cycle vary in intensity with each female but are fundamentally the same. The charting of such symptoms — primarily basal body temperature, mittelschmerz and cervical position — is referred to as the sympto-thermal method of fertility awareness, which allow auto-diagnosis by a female of her state of ovulation. Once training has been given by a suitable authority, fertility charts can be completed on a cycle-by-cycle basis to show ovulation. This gives the possibility of using the data to predict fertility for natural contraception and pregnancy planning.
The moment of ovulation has been photographed.[22]
Disorders[edit]
Disorders of ovulation are classified as menstrual disorders and include oligoovulation and anovulation:
Oligoovulation is infrequent or irregular ovulation (usually defined as cycles of greater than 36 days or fewer than 8 cycles a year)
Anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal female). Anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding. Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the following classification of ovulatory disorders:[23]
WHO group I: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis failure
WHO group II: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction. WHO group II is the most common cause of ovulatory disorders, and the most common causative member is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).[24]
WHO group III: Ovarian failure
WHO group IV: Hyperprolactinemia
Induction and suppression[edit]
Induced ovulation[edit]
Main article: Ovulation induction
Ovulation induction is a promising assisted reproductive technology for patients with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and oligomenorrhea. It is also used in in vitro fertilization to make the follicles mature before egg retrieval. Usually, ovarian stimulation is used in conjunction with ovulation induction to stimulate the formation of multiple oocytes.[25] Some sources[25] include ovulation induction in the definition of ovarian stimulation.
A low dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may be injected after completed ovarian stimulation. Ovulation will occur between 24–36 hours after the HCG injection.[25]
By contrast, induced ovulation in some animal species occurs naturally, ovulation can be stimulated by coitus.[26]
Suppressed ovulation[edit]
Contraception can be achieved by suppressing the ovulation.[citation needed]
The majority of hormonal contraceptives and conception boosters focus on the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle because it is the most important determinant of fertility. Hormone therapy can positively or negatively interfere with ovulation and can give a sense of cycle control to the female.[citation needed]
Estradiol and progesterone, taken in various forms including combined oral contraceptive pills, mimics the hormonal levels of the menstrual cycle and engage in negative feedback of folliculogenesis and ovulation.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Anovulatory cycle
Corpus luteum
Folliculogenesis
Menstrual cycle
Oogenesis
Mittelschmerz
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ovulation Test at Duke Fertility Center. Retrieved July 2, 2011
Jump up ^ Young, Barbara (2006). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 359. ISBN 9780443068508. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Chaudhuri, S.K. (2007). "Natural Methods of Contraception". Practice of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual, 7/e. Elsevier India. p. 49. ISBN 9788131211502. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Allen, Denise (2004). Managing Motherhood, Managing Risk: Fertility and Danger in West Central Tanzania. University of Michigan Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780472030279. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. p. 322. ISBN 9780618755714. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi (1996). "Cultural Notions of Fertility in South Asia and Their Influence on Sri Lankan Family Planning Practices". In Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi. Anthropology & International Health: South Asian Case Studies. Psychology Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN 9782884491716. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Geirsson RT (1991). "Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x. PMID 12797075. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Marieb, Elaine (2013). Anatomy & physiology. Benjamin-Cummings. p. 915. ISBN 9780321887603.
Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999). "Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy". New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (23): 1796–1799. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID 10362823.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Lynna A.; Engebretson, Joan C. Maternity Nursing Care. Cengage Learning. p. 195. ISBN 9781401811921. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Ramesh C. (2011). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780123820334. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Can You Get Pregnant after Ovulation?". coveville.com. Retrieved 3 Feb 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fertilization: your pregnancy week by week". medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016.
Jump up ^ Watson, Stephanie & Stacy, Kelli Miller (2010). "The Endocrine System". In McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems. Greenwood. pp. 201–202. ISBN 9780313391750. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Depares J, Ryder RE, Walker SM, Scanlon MF, Norman CM. "Ovarian ultrasonography highlights precision of symptoms of ovulation as markers of ovulation". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 292: 1562. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1562. PMC 1340563  . PMID 3087519. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Usually, it occurs between the 10th and 20th day of your menstrual cycle". momjunction. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Navarrete-Palacios E, Hudson R, Reyes-Guerrero G, Guevara-Guzmán R (July 2003). "Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle". Biol Psychol. 63 (3): 269–79. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00076-0. PMID 12853171.
Jump up ^ Beckmann, Charles R.B., ed. (2010). Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 306–307. ISBN 9780781788076. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Susan B. Bullivant; Sarah A. Sellergren; Kathleen Stern; et al. (February 2004). "Female's sexual experience during the menstrual cycle: identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (1): 82–93 (in online article, see pp.14–15, 18–22). doi:10.1080/00224490409552216. PMID 15216427. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Roberts S, Havlicek J, Flegr J, Hruskova M, Little A, Jones B, Perrett D, Petrie M (August 2004). "Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle". Proc Biol Sci. 271 (Suppl 5:S): 270–2. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174. PMC 1810066  . PMID 15503991.
Jump up ^ Dunson, D.B.; Baird, D.D.; Wilcox, A.J.; Weinberg, C.R. (1999). "Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation". Human Reproduction. 14 (7): 1835–1839. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835. ISSN 1460-2350.
Jump up ^ "article in BBC News". BBC. 2008-06-12.
Jump up ^ Page 54 in: Guillebaud, John; Enda McVeigh; Roy Homburg (2008). Oxford handbook of reproductive medicine and family planning. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920380-6.
Jump up ^ "Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory female". Human Reproduction Update. 18 (5): 586–599. 2012. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms019. PMID 22611175.
^ Jump up to: a b c IVF.com > Ovulation Induction Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010
Jump up ^ Bakker, J.; Baum, M. J. (July 2000). "Neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH release in induced ovulators". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 21 (3): 220–262. doi:10.1006/frne.2000.0198. ISSN 0091-3022. PMID 10882541.
Further reading[edit]
Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA (July 2003). "A new model for ovarian follicular development during the human menstrual cycle". Fertil. Steril. 80 (1): 116–22. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00544-2. PMID 12849812.
Chabbert Buffet N, Djakoure C, Maitre SC, Bouchard P (July 1998). "Regulation of the human menstrual cycle". Front Neuroendocrinol. 19 (3): 151–86. doi:10.1006/frne.1998.0167. PMID 9665835.
Fortune JE (February 1994). "Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals". Biol. Reprod. 50 (2): 225–32. doi:10.1095/biolreprod50.2.225. PMID 8142540. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
Guraya SS, Dhanju CK (November 1992). "Mechanism of ovulation—an overview". Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30 (11): 958–67. PMID 1293040.
Klowden, Marc J. (2009). "Oviposition Behavior". In Resh, Vincent H. & Carde, Ring T. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080920900. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
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Maybelline
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Chuck Berry song, see Maybellene.
For the Babyshambles song, see Sequel to the Prequel.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Maybelline
Type
Wholly owned subsidiary
Industry
Cosmetics
Founded
1915; 102 years ago (1915)
Founder
Thomas Lyle Williams
Headquarters
New York City, New York, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Leonardo Chavez, President (Global)[1]
David Greenberg, President (US)[2]
Parent
L'Oréal
Website
maybelline.com
Maybelline LLC, branded as Maybelline New York, is a major American makeup brand sold worldwide and a subsidiary of French cosmetics company L'Oréal.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Criticism
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
1920 ad for Maybelline.
The Maybelline Company was created by a 19-year-old entrepreneur named Thomas Lyle Williams in 1915. Williams noticed his older sister Mabel applying a mixture of Vaseline and coal dust to her eyelashes to give them a darker, fuller look. He adapted it with a chemistry set and produced a product sold locally called Lash-Brow-Ine. Williams renamed his eye beautifier Maybelline in honor of the sister who gave him the idea. In 1917 the company produced Maybelline Cake Mascara, "the first modern eye cosmetic for everyday use" and Ultra Lash in the 1960s, which was the first mass-market automatic.[4]
In 1967, the company was sold by Williams to Plough, Inc. (now Schering-Plough) in Memphis, Tennessee. The entire cosmetic production facility was moved from Chicago to Memphis over one week-end. In 1975, the company moved its factory to Little Rock, Arkansas, where it is still located. In 1990, Schering-Plough sold Maybelline to a New York investment firm, Wasserstein Perella & Co. Maybelline Operational Headquarters remained in Memphis until being sold in 1996, when headquarters moved to New York City. The makeup factory moved to Brooklyn in 2000.[5]
Maybelline received a boost when the company hired Lynda Carter as the company's beauty fashion coordinator after her television series ended; she also appeared in several of its television and print advertisements. Josie Maran, Miranda Kerr, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Melina Kanakaredes, Zhang Ziyi, Siti Nurhaliza, Fasha Sandha, Sheetal Mallar, Julia Stegner, Jessica White and Kristin Davis have endorsed Maybelline products. The current faces of Maybelline are Adriana Lima, Christy Turlington, Kemp Muhl, Emily DiDonato, Beatriz Shantal, Jourdan Dunn, and Gigi Hadid.[6]
In 1991, the company adopted its advertising slogan “(Maybe she's born with it.) Maybe it's Maybelline.”[7] which is still used today. The company was acquired by L'Oréal in 1996. Acquiring Maybelline gave L'Oréal access to mass markets in cosmetics.
Criticism[edit]
There is reasonable evidence that claims that Maybelline products were tested on animals are not wholly unfounded.[8][9] During 1989 L'Oreal ceased to test finished products prior to their launch on the market and has committed to developing alternative methods.[10] Although according to a 2010 report, it is required by law in some countries to continue with animal testing.[11] The company has made a commitment to "work with the authorities in these countries and sharing knowledge about alternative testing methods". According to their website, L’Oréal no longer officially tests on animals any of its products or any of its ingredients, anywhere in the world. Nor does L’Oréal delegate this task to others. An exception could only be made if regulatory authorities demanded it for safety or regulatory purposes.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bazilian, Emma (30 March 2015). "Millennial Models Like Gigi Hadid, Fueled by Social, Are Hitting the Fashion Stratosphere". AdWeek. Retrieved 1 January 2017. Leonardo Chavez, Maybelline's global brand president.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview of Maybelline LLC". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ L'Oreal Profile - NYJobSourse
Jump up ^ "Cosmetics and Skin Maybelline". Cosmetics and skin. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
Jump up ^ scribd.com
Jump up ^ Maybelline Contracts SS12. models.com. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
Jump up ^ Lowe and Partners (STUART ELLIOTT September 5, 1991 - © 2011 The New York Times Company ) [Retrieved 2012-01-10]
Jump up ^ People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals - 501 Front St. - Norfolk, VA. 23510 - 757-622-PETA (7382) e-mail : peta@peta-online.org reocities.com [Retrieved 2012-01-10]
Jump up ^ Maybelline Animal Testing Policy
Jump up ^ sustainabledevelopment.loreal. [Retrieved 2012-01-10]
Jump up ^ Sustainable development report 2010 [Retrieved 2012-01-10]
Jump up ^ "The Question of Animal Testing". L'Oréal.
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Hell in a Cell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the professional wrestling match. For the pay-per-view event named after this match, see WWE Hell in a Cell.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
'Hell in a Cell' 2017 in Detroit, Michigan
Hell in a Cell is a professional wrestling cage-based match which originated in 1997 in the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE). It features a large "cell" structure, a 5-sided cuboid made from open-weave steel mesh Chain-link fencing which encloses the ring and ringside area. Unlike the steel cage match, only an in-ring pinfall or submission will ordinarily result in a win, and there are no disqualifications. The original Cell was 16 ft (4.9 m) high and weighed over two tons but has since been replaced by a more robust version of 20 ft (6.1 m) and five tons. The first such match took place at the World Wrestling Federation Badd Blood PPV in October 1997, since which a further 37 Hell in a Cell matches have taken place. The match type spawned its own pay-per-view event in 2009, WWE Hell in a Cell, since which the event has been held annually in October. This event generally features one, two, or three 'Hell in a Cell' Matches on the same card.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Other appearances and variations
2 List of Hell in a Cell matches
2.1 Participant list
2.1.1 Males
2.1.2 Females
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Undertaker competed in his 14th Hell in a Cell match at Wrestlemania 32, more than any other Superstar.
The Hell in a Cell match was first introduced at WWF Badd Blood on October 5, 1997 at the Kiel Center, now known as Scottrade Center, in St. Louis, Missouri. The background to the inaugural match was built on Undertaker's loss to Bret Hart two months prior at the WWF SummerSlam 1997 in a WWF World Heavyweight Championship match which Shawn Michaels was assigned to referee. Michaels had deliberately interjected himself in the match and cost The Undertaker a win which resulted in a match between the two at In Your House: Ground Zero. That match was ruled a no-contest due to the two bypassing and attacking the officials. As a climatic end to the feud, their following bout was originally scheduled to be held as a steel cage match. However, instead of a normal cage enclosing only the ring, a larger roofed structure was constructed, enclosing not only the ring but also the surrounding ringside area. The wider space between the ring apron and the cell walls allowed for entering and exiting the ring [and for cameras to be situated at ringside]. At Badd Blood, Michaels defeated The Undertaker, (with interference from The Undertaker's debuting brother Kane) becoming the number-one contender to the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.
The original concept for the Hell in a Cell structure was created by Jim Cornette. As detailed in the Kayfabe Commentaries release "Timeline of WWE: 1997", Cornette described this concept as a combination of a cage which surrounded the majority of the ringside area (this was a cage design which was popular in Memphis wrestling promotions), and the cage used in both the NWA (National Wrestling Aliance) and WCW (World Championship Wrestling) for their WarGames matches (which had a top on the cage). On an October 2015 video podcast, Vince Russo said Cornette probably did come up with the concept, but the name "Hell in a Cell" came from him.[1]
The first title defense in 'Hell in a Cell' was the sixth such match, at 2000 No Way Out with Triple H defending the WWF Championship against Mick Foley. The first title change inside Hell in a Cell was in 2009, when The Undertaker won the World Heavyweight Championship from CM Punk
The longest Hell in a Cell match was held at Bad Blood 2004 between Triple H and Shawn Michaels at over 47 minutes.
The Undertaker has been involved in the most Hell in a Cell matches having competed in fourteen and has the record for most victories at eight.
All Hell in a Cell matches have been broadcast live on Pay-Per-View with the exception of two matches, which were televised on WWF Raw is War in 1998. The Hell in a Cell match on the June 15th 1998 Raw is War, showcasing Stone Cold and Undertaker vs. Kane and Mankind, ended with Stone Cold and Undertaker winning after Raw is War went off the air. On the August 24th edition of Raw is War, Mankind fought his tag team partner at the time, Kane, in a Hell in a Cell match. This match went to a no contest after Stone Cold Steve Austin interfered and assaulted Kane. Hell in a Cell matches have appeared at the flagship event of the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE), WrestleMania, three times (WrestleMania XV, XXVIII and 32).
In 2009, WWE debuted its first pay-per-view event to be named Hell in a Cell.
In 2016, Charlotte Flair and Sasha Banks became the first women to step inside the Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell (2016) when Banks defended the Raw Women's Championship against Flair.
Other appearances and variations[edit]
The structure itself has made four additional appearances, although WWE does not consider them to be Hell in a Cell matches. During the first-ever First Blood match, which was between Kane and Stone Cold Steve Austin at King of the Ring '98, the Cell used earlier in the night was lowered. The second featured Big Boss Man challenging Al Snow for the WWF Hardcore Championship in a Kennel from Hell match at Unforgiven '99. The match consisted of a standard steel cage with the cell placed atop it, and the object was to escape from both the cage and cell while trying to avoid guard dogs that were placed between the ring and cell door. Snow, the first competitor to escape the steel cage and the cell, was declared the winner. The third time was on the September 28, 2009 episode of Raw, during a gauntlet match with John Cena against Chris Jericho, The Big Show, and Randy Orton. The cell was lowered after Cena defeated Jericho and Big Show by Disqualification, when Orton's turn came. Cena ordered the cell to be lowered, and then Cena brawled Orton on top of the structure. The match was declared a no contest. The fourth time was on the October 20, 2014 episode of Raw, when the Hell in a Cell structure was lowered, on orders from Kane, during a handicap street fight involving Kane, Randy Orton, and Seth Rollins and John Cena and Dean Ambrose, which Kane, Orton and Rollins won. At Hell in a Cell (2017) Shane McMahon and Kevin Owens competed in the first Hell in a Cell match contested under a Falls Count Anywhere stipulation.
In WCW, The Hell in a Cell match is seen as the structural successor to the Thundercage (originally called the Caged Heat match) match type seen in WCW, which was virtually identical in basic construction; however, thundercage was rarely used by World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and thus fans had little to no knowledge of its existence. The Thundercage actually precedes Hell in a Cell by roughly two and a half years, as the Thundercage was used in the match between Ric Flair and Big Van Vader for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in February 1994 at SuperBrawl IV. It was also used in matches between Sting and The Great Muta.
List of Hell in a Cell matches[edit]
Dallas holds the record for hosting the most Hell in a Cell matches with five. Four were held in Dallas proper and one in the western suburb of Arlington.
In second place is Miami, which has hosted four Hell in a Cell matches with three in Miami proper and one in the suburb of Miami Gardens. In third place is Newark and Boston, both of which have hosted three Hell in a Cell matches.
Number
Match
Stipulations
Event
Date
Location
Length
1 Shawn Michaels defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell to determine the #1 contender for the WWF Championship at Survivor Series Badd Blood October 5, 1997 St. Louis, Missouri 29:55
2 The Undertaker and Stone Cold Steve Austin defeated Mankind and Kane Tornado Tag Team Hell in a Cell Raw Is War June 15, 1998 San Antonio, Texas 10:38
3 The Undertaker defeated Mankind Singles Hell in a Cell King of the Ring June 28, 1998 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 17:10
4 Mankind vs. Kane ended in a no contest Singles Hell in a Cell Raw Is War August 24, 1998 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 7:41
5 The Undertaker defeated Big Boss Man Singles Hell in a Cell WrestleMania XV March 28, 1999 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 9:48
6 Triple H (c) defeated Cactus Jack Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWF Championship. If Cactus Jack lost, he would have to retire as an active wrestler in the WWF. No Way Out February 27, 2000 Hartford, Connecticut 23:57
7 Kurt Angle (c) defeated The Undertaker, Triple H, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Rikishi and The Rock Six-man Hell in a Cell for the WWF Championship Armageddon December 10, 2000 Birmingham, Alabama 32:12
8 Triple H defeated Chris Jericho Singles Hell in a Cell Judgment Day May 19, 2002 Nashville, Tennessee 24:06
9 Brock Lesnar (c) defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship No Mercy October 20, 2002 North Little Rock, Arkansas 27:18
10 Triple H (c) defeated Kevin Nash Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship with special guest referee Mick Foley Bad Blood June 15, 2003 Houston, Texas 21:01
11 Triple H defeated Shawn Michaels Singles Hell in a Cell Bad Blood June 13, 2004 Columbus, Ohio 47:26
12 Batista (c) defeated Triple H Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Vengeance June 26, 2005 Las Vegas, Nevada 26:54
13 The Undertaker defeated Randy Orton Singles Hell in a Cell Armageddon December 18, 2005 Providence, Rhode Island 30:31
14 D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) defeated Mr. McMahon, Shane McMahon and Big Show 2-on-3 Handicap Hell in a Cell. This also marked the debut of the "amplified" version of the cell Unforgiven September 17, 2006 Toronto, Ontario, Canada 25:04
15 Batista (c) defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Survivor Series November 18, 2007 Miami, Florida 21:24
16 The Undertaker defeated Edge Singles Hell in a Cell SummerSlam August 17, 2008 Indianapolis, Indiana 26:43
17 The Undertaker defeated CM Punk (c) Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Hell in a Cell October 4, 2009 Newark, New Jersey 10:24
18 Randy Orton defeated John Cena (c) Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship 21:24
19 D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) defeated Legacy (Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase) Tornado Tag Team Hell in a Cell 17:48
20 Randy Orton (c) defeated Sheamus Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship Hell in a Cell October 3, 2010 Dallas, Texas 22:51
21 Kane (c) defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship 21:38
22 John Cena (c) defeated Alberto Del Rio, CM Punk, Dolph Ziggler and Jack Swagger Five-Man Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship Raw (Dark Match) September 26, 2011 Kansas City, Missouri 5:01
23 Mark Henry (c) defeated Randy Orton Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Hell in a Cell October 2, 2011 New Orleans, Louisiana 15:54
24 Alberto Del Rio defeated John Cena (c) and CM Punk Triple Threat Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship 24:07
25 The Undertaker defeated Triple H Singles Hell in a Cell with special guest referee Shawn Michaels WrestleMania XXVIII April 1, 2012 Miami Gardens, Florida 30:52
26 CM Punk (c) defeated Ryback Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship Hell in a Cell October 28, 2012 Atlanta, Georgia 11:22
27 CM Punk defeated Ryback and Paul Heyman 2-on-1 Handicap Hell in a Cell Hell in a Cell October 27, 2013 Miami, Florida 13:48
28 Randy Orton defeated Daniel Bryan Singles Hell in a Cell for the vacant WWE Championship with special guest referee Shawn Michaels 22:07
29 John Cena defeated Randy Orton Singles Hell in a Cell to determine the #1 contender for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship Hell in a Cell October 26, 2014 Dallas, Texas 25:52
30 Seth Rollins defeated Dean Ambrose Singles Hell in a Cell 14:00
31 Roman Reigns defeated Bray Wyatt Singles Hell in a Cell Hell in a Cell October 25, 2015 Los Angeles, California 23:08
32 Brock Lesnar defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell 22:10
33 The Undertaker defeated Shane McMahon Singles Hell in a Cell. If Shane McMahon wins, he gains control of Raw and Undertaker will be barred from competing at WrestleMania again WrestleMania 32 April 3, 2016 Arlington, Texas 30:08
34 Roman Reigns (c) defeated Rusev Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE United States Championship Hell in a Cell October 30, 2016 Boston, Massachusetts 24:35
35 Kevin Owens (c) defeated Seth Rollins Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Universal Championship 23:15
36 Charlotte Flair defeated Sasha Banks (c) Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Raw Women's Championship 22:25
37 The Usos (Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso) defeated The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) (c) Tag Team Hell in a Cell for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship Hell in a Cell October 8, 2017 Detroit, Michigan 22:00
38 Kevin Owens defeated Shane McMahon Falls Count Anywhere Hell in a Cell 39:00
Participant list[edit]
Males[edit]
Wrestler
Victories
Appearances
The Undertaker 8 14
Triple H 6 9
Shawn Michaels 3 4
Randy Orton 3 6
Batista 2 2
Brock Lesnar 2 2
Roman Reigns 2 2
Kevin Owens 2 2
John Cena 2 4
CM Punk 2 5
Kurt Angle 1 1
Mark Henry 1 1
Jimmy Uso 1 1
Jey Uso 1 1
Stone Cold Steve Austin 1 2
Alberto Del Rio 1 2
Seth Rollins 1 2
Kane 1 3
Big Boss Man 0 1
Rikishi 0 1
The Rock 0 1
Chris Jericho 0 1
Kevin Nash 0 1
Mr. McMahon 0 1
Big Show 0 1
Edge 0 1
Cody Rhodes 0 1
Ted DiBiase 0 1
Sheamus 0 1
Dolph Ziggler 0 1
Jack Swagger 0 1
Paul Heyman 0 1
Daniel Bryan 0 1
Dean Ambrose 0 1
Bray Wyatt 0 1
Rusev 0 1
Big E 0 1
Xavier Woods 0 1
Ryback 0 2
Shane McMahon 0 3
Mick Foley 0 4
Females[edit]
Wrestler
Victories
Appearances
Charlotte Flair 1 1
Sasha Banks 0 1
See also[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
The Undertaker vs. Mankind
Elimination Chamber
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Vince Russo's Nuclear Heat #4: WWE Hell In A Cell Origins, Kane's History, More - Oct 23, 2015". YouTube. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
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Writing
Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (1999)
Foley Is Good (2001)
Tietam Brown (2003)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell_in_a_Cell&oldid=809875913"
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Brand New Key
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Brand New Key"
Single by Melanie
from the album Gather Me
B-side
"Some Say (I Got Devil)"
Released
October 1971
Genre
Folk, pop
Length
2:26
Label
Neighborhood
Songwriter(s)
Melanie Safka
Producer(s)
Peter Schekeryk
Melanie singles chronology
"Ruby Tuesday"
(1970) "Brand New Key"
(1971) "The Nickel Song"
(1972)
"Ruby Tuesday"
(1970) "Brand New Key"
(1971) "The Nickel Song"
(1972)
"Brand New Key" is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie. Initially a track of Melanie's album Gather Me, produced by Melanie's husband, Peter Schekeryk, it was known also as "The Rollerskate Song" due to its chorus. It was her greatest success, scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972. It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Controversy
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Selected list of recorded versions
5 Parodies and other versions
6 References in popular culture
7 References
Overview[edit]
The song is sung from the viewpoint of a girl with roller skates trying to attract the attention of a boy.
In an interview with Examiner.com, Melanie described what she claimed was the inspiration for the song: "I was fasting with a 27-day fast on water. I broke the fast and went back to my life living in New Jersey and we were going to a flea market around six in the morning. On the way back… and I had just broken the fast, from the flea market, we passed a McDonald's and the aroma hit me, and I had been a vegetarian before the fast. So we pulled into the McDonald's and I got the whole works... the burger, the shake, and the fries… and no sooner after I finished that last bite of my burger… that song was in my head. The aroma brought back memories of roller skating and learning to ride a bike and the vision of my dad holding the back fender of the tire. And me saying to my dad... 'You’re holding, you’re holding, you’re holding, right?' Then I’d look back and he wasn’t holding and I’d fall. So that whole thing came back to me and came out in this song."[1]
Controversy[edit]
Many listeners[citation needed] detect sexual innuendo in the lyrics, with the key in its lock thought to symbolize sexual intercourse, or in phrases such as "I go pretty far" and "I've been all around the world". Another common viewpoint on the song, is that the song is clearly an innocent reflection upon the typical workings of a child's mind regarding their possessions (In this case, quad skates and the associated key essential for tightening/loosening a locking clamp on the skates).
Melanie has acknowledged the possibility of detecting sexual innuendo in the song, without confirming or denying the intent:
[The song], "Brand New Key", I wrote in about fifteen minutes one night. I thought it was cute; a kind of old thirties tune. I guess a key and a lock have always been Freudian symbols, and pretty obvious ones at that. There was no deep serious expression behind the song, but people read things into it. They made up incredible stories as to what the lyrics said and what the song meant. In some places, it was even banned from the radio.
My idea about songs is that once you write them, you have very little say in their life afterward. It's a lot like having a baby. You conceive a song, deliver it, and then give it as good a start as you can. After that, it's on its own. People will take it any way they want to take it.[2]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971–72)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[3] 1
Canada (RPM)[4] 1
New Zealand (Listener)[5] 1
UK Singles Chart[6] 4
US Billboard Hot 100 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[7] 5
US Cash Box Top 100 [8] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Rank
Australia [3] 11
Canada [9] 27
UK [10] 46
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [11] 9
U.S. Cash Box [12] 3
Selected list of recorded versions[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1995 Sharon, Lois & Bram, on the album Let's Dance![13]
1996 Rasputina, on the album Thanks for the Ether.
1998 Deana Carter, on the album Everything's Gonna Be Alright.
2007 The Dollyrots, on the album Because I'm Awesome.
2009 Katharine McPhee, on the album Unbroken.
2012 Olivia Newton-John, on the album A Few Best Men (soundtrack).
Parodies and other versions[edit]
A version of the song entitled "Combine Harvester", with new rustic-themed lyrics by Irish songwriter Brendan O'Shaughnessy (including "I've got a brand new combine harvester An' I'll give you the key"), was recorded by Irish comedian Brendan Grace, whose version scored No. 1 on the Irish Charts during 1975. For the UK Singles Chart, West Country comedy folk act The Wurzels scored No. 1 for two weeks during June 1976 with a version of this.[14]
After the January 1994 attack on Nancy Kerrigan, a parody of "Brand New Key" circulated on radio stations. The parody featured lyrics from Tonya Harding's point of view, and included the chorus, "I've got a brand new pair of figure skates / You've got a busted knee; / They're gonna lock up my ex-husband and throw away the key."
The song was used prominently in the 2005 movie Evil Aliens.
With lyrics describing Best Film nominee Pan's Labyrinth, Minnie Driver sang a parody of the song at the 2007 Spirit Awards ("I blew a giant frog to smithereens, I got his golden key").[15]
References in popular culture[edit]
Melanie's version is heard in the 1997 music Boogie Nights as Dirk Diggler (Mark Wahlberg) has his "audition" with Rollergirl (Heather Graham) in front of Jack Horner (Burt Reynolds).[16] The song is also played in Jackass 3-D during the "Bungee Boogie" stunt skit (in which the cast members use bungee cords, skateboards and a ramp to slingshot into a kiddie pool). On April 4, 2016, Jimmy Fallon lip synced the song during a "Lip Sync Battle" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, while he competed with actress Melissa McCarthy.[17]
On the October 17, 2016, episode of singing competition television show The Voice, Team Miley (Cyrus) contestants Darby Walker and Karlee Metzger performed the song in a battle round. Despite coaches Adam Levine, Blake Shelton, and Alicia Keys all preferring Metzger's vocal performance, Cyrus chose to name Walker the winner of the battle. Shortly after, Metzger was stolen onto Team Blake, saving her from elimination.
The original version appears in season one of the FX show The Bridge, as the character Daniel Frye flushes his supply of drugs and alcohol.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ray Shahso (August 12, 2013). "The Classic Rock Music Reporter: 'Melanie' Safka Exclusive: "My Mother Drove Me To Woodstock" (Part 1)". classicrockmusicwriter.com. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ ""Brand New Key" - Melanie". Superseventies.com. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "MELANIE". officialcharts.com.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 161.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Songs from the Year 1972". tsort.info.
Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music#Best-selling_singles
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1972/Top 100 Songs of 1972". musicoutfitters.com.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
Jump up ^ Maclean's Magazine November 6, 1995. Vol. 108, Iss. 45; pg. 72. "Let's Dance by Sharon, Lois & Bram". Chisholm, Patricia.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 327. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ Boogie Nights soundtrack listing and review by Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine http://www.allmusic.com/album/boogie-nights-original-soundtrack-mw0000027564 Retrieved 3/30/14.
Jump up ^ Lip Sync Battle with Melissa McCarthy. YouTube. April 4, 2016.
Preceded by
"Family Affair" by Sly & the Family Stone Billboard Hot 100 number one single (Melanie version)
December 25, 1971 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"American Pie" by Don McLean
Preceded by
"No Charge" by J. J. Barrie UK number one single (Wurzels version)
June 12, 1976 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"You to Me Are Everything" by The Real Thing
[hide]
v
t
e
Melanie
Albums
Born to Be (1968)
Affectionately Melanie (1969)
Candles in the Rain (1970)
Leftover Wine (1970)
The Good Book (1970)
Gather Me (1971)
Garden in the City (1972)
Stoneground Words (1972)
Melanie at Carnegie Hall (1973)
Madrugada (1974)
Photograph (1976)
Ballroom Streets (1978)
Noted
singles
"Lay Down (Candles in the Rain)" (1970)
"Ruby Tuesday" (1970)
"Brand New Key" (1971)
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow" (1973)
Related
Woodstock Music Festival
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_New_Key&oldid=810822804"
Categories:
1971 singles
1972 singles
1976 singles
British pop songs
Melanie Safka songs
Novelty songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1971 songs
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This page was last edited on 17 November 2017, at 17:33.
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