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Genocide Convention
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Genocide Convention
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Signed
9 December 1948
Location
Paris
Effective
12 January 1951
Signatories
39
Parties
143 (Complete List)
Depositary
Secretary-General of the United Nations
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948 as General Assembly Resolution 260. The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951.[1] It defines genocide in legal terms, and is the culmination of years of campaigning by lawyer Raphael Lemkin.[2] All participating countries are advised to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime. The number of states that have ratified the convention is currently 147.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition of genocide
2 Parties
2.1 Reservations
2.1.1 Immunity from prosecutions
2.1.2 Application to Non-Self-Governing Territories
3 Breaches
3.1 Rwanda
3.2 Serbia
4 Other accusations
4.1 United States
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Definition of genocide[edit]
Article 2 of the Convention defines genocide as
...any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2[3]
Article 3 defines the crimes that can be punished under the convention:
(a) Genocide;
(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
(e) Complicity in genocide.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 3[3]
The convention was passed to outlaw actions similar to the Holocaust by Nazi Germany during World War II. The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but the USSR[4] along with some other nations would not accept that actions against groups identified as holding similar political opinions or social status would constitute genocide,[5] so these stipulations were subsequently removed in a political and diplomatic compromise.
Parties[edit]
Main article: List of parties to the Genocide Convention
Participation in the Genocide Convention
Signed and ratified
Acceded or succeeded
Provisos granting immunity from prosecution for genocide without its consent were made by Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and Yugoslavia.[6][7] Prior to the United States Senate's ratification of the convention, Senator William Proxmire spoke in favor of the treaty to the Senate every day it was in session between 1967 and 1986.
Reservations[edit]
Immunity from prosecutions[edit]
Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 6[3]
Any Contracting Party may call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 8[3]
Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 9[3]
Bahrain
Bangladesh
China
India
Malaysia (reservation opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom)
Morocco
Myanmar
Philippines (reservation opposed by Norway )
Rwanda (reservation opposed by United Kingdom )
Singapore (reservation opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom)
United Arab Emirates
United States of America (reservation opposed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom )
Venezuela
Vietnam (reservation opposed by United Kingdom )
Yemen (reservation opposed by United Kingdom )
Yugoslavia (Montenegro, Serbia, ...)
Application to Non-Self-Governing Territories[edit]
Any Contracting Party may at any time, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, extend the application of the present Convention to all or any of the territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations that Contracting Party is responsible
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 12[3]
Several countries opposed this article, considering that the convention should apply to Non-Self-Governing Territories:
Albania
Belarus
Bulgaria
Hungary
Mongolia
Myanmar
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Ukraine
The opposition of those countries were in turn opposed by:
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Ecuador
China
Netherlands
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Breaches[edit]
Rwanda[edit]
The first time that the 1948 law was enforced occurred on 2 September 1998 when the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda found Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide. The lead prosecutor in this case was Pierre-Richard Prosper. Two days later, Jean Kambanda became the first head of government to be convicted of genocide.
Serbia[edit]
The first state to be found in breach of the Genocide convention was Serbia. In the Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro case the International Court of Justice presented its judgment on 26 February 2007. It cleared Serbia of direct involvement in genocide during the Bosnian war,[8] but ruled that Belgrade did breach international law by failing to prevent the 1995 Srebrenica genocide, and for failing to try or transfer the persons accused of genocide to the ICTY, in order to comply with its obligations under Articles I and VI of the Genocide Convention, in particular in respect of General Ratko Mladić.[9][10]
Other accusations[edit]
United States[edit]
One of the first accusations of genocide submitted to the UN after the Convention entered into force concerned treatment of Black Americans. The Civil Rights Congress drafted a 237-page petition arguing that even after 1945, the United States had been responsible for hundreds of wrongful deaths, both legal and extra-legal, as well as numerous other genocidal abuses. Leaders from the Black community, including William Patterson, Paul Robeson, and W. E. B. DuBois presented this petition to the UN in December 1951.[11] However, this accusation was a domestic political act by the Civil Rights Congress, without any reservations that a formal charge would be levied against the U.S.
See also[edit]
Genocide portal
Risk factors for genocide#UN risk assessment “Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes"
Armenian Genocide
Command responsibility
Human rights abuse
International law
International human rights law
War crimes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Status of the Convention Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Auron, Yair, The Banality of Denial, (Transaction Publishers, 2004), 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Text of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, website of the UNHCHR.
Jump up ^ Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-521-52750-3.
Jump up ^ Staub, Ervin. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-521-42214-0.
Jump up ^ Prevent Genocide International: Declarations and Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine., STATUS AS AT: 01-10-2011 07:22:22 EDT
Jump up ^ Hudson, Alexandra (26 February 2007). "Serbia cleared of genocide, failed to stop killing". Reuters.
Jump up ^ ICJ:Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 – Bosnia v. Serbia
Jump up ^ Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide The New York Times, 26 February 2007. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found here Archived 28 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ John Docker, "Raphaël Lemkin, creator of the concept of genocide: a world history perspective", Humanities Research 16(2), 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Henham, Ralph J.; Chalfont, Paul; Behrens, Paul (Editors 2007). The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0-7546-4898-2, ISBN 978-0-7546-4898-7 p. 98
Introductory note by William Schabas and procedural history note on the Genocide Convention in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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values: اتفاقية الإبادة الجماعية – Arabic

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values: Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide – French

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Next of kin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the term. For other uses, see Next of Kin.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A person's next of kin (NOK) is that person's closest living blood relative or relatives. Some countries, such as the United States, have a legal definition of "next of kin". In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, "next of kin" may have no legal definition and may not necessarily refer to blood relatives at all.
In some legal systems, rights regarding inheritance (which imply a decision-making capacity — for example, in a medical emergency — where no clear will or instructions have been given, and where the person has no spouse) flow to the closest relative (regardless of the age, with a representative appointed if a minor), usually a child, a parent or a sibling. However, there are people without any close adult relatives and, in such a case, decision-making power often flows to a niece or nephew, first cousin, aunt or uncle, or grandparent.
For example, if a person dies intestate, the laws of some jurisdictions require distribution of the estate to the deceased's spouse or children. However, if there are none of these, the estate can often be distributed to the next closest group of living relatives, whether they be parents, grandparents, first cousins, aunts and uncles, or second cousins in extreme cases. If a person dies intestate with no identifiable next of kin, the person's estate generally escheats (i.e., legally reverts) to the government.
In cases of medical emergency, where a person is incapable (either legally because of age or mental infirmity, or because they are unconscious) of making decisions for themselves and they have no spouse or children, the next of kin may participate in medical decisions made by medical personnel, subject to the specific laws of the jurisdiction.
The inability of persons who are not in a legal marriage to make decisions with respect to the care of a live-in partner has resulted in many jurisdictions giving live-in partners rights equivalent to a spouse in such situations, even though most jurisdictions still do not require non-spouses to be made beneficiaries of estates (it is improper in most jurisdictions to disinherit a spouse). The inability of same-sex partners to have rights with respect to a partner's medical care or funeral arrangements over and above those of the next-of-kin is one of the main reasons behind litigation to require same-sex marriage or its equivalent.
For the purposes of next of kin, adopted children are treated as blood relatives. However, relatives by marriage are never considered next of kin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Order of precedence in the United States
2 United Kingdom
3 Ireland
4 References
5 External links
Order of precedence in the United States[edit]
"American statutes typically provide that, in absence of issue and subject to the share of a surviving spouse, intestate property passes to the parents or to the surviving parent of the decedent".[1] Under the civil law system of computation and its various modified forms that are widely adopted by statute in the United States, "a claimant's degree of kinship is the total of (1) the number of the steps, counting one from each generation, from the decedent up to the nearest common ancestor of the decedent and the claimant, and (2) the number of steps from the common ancestor down to the claimant."[1] "The claimant having the lowest degree count (i.e., the nearest or next of kin) is entitled to the property."[1] "If there are two or more claimants who stand in equal degree of kinship to the decedent, they share per capita."[1]
Thus, the following conditions determine the usual order of precedence:
In the absence of issue (i.e., children, grandchildren, and on down the line) and in absence of your parents and their issue and grandparents and of their issue (termed "inner circle" and are usually specifically mentioned in a statute), relatives who are closer in "degree" to the person in question always take precedence. For the purposes of this point, "To determine any person's degree of relation to the decedent, begin with the decedent and follow the line that connects the decedent with the other person. Each person that must be passed through before reaching the final person adds one degree to the total, including the final person."[2]
"Of multiple relations with the same degree, those connecting through a nearer ancestor are more closely related to the decedent."[2]
Under these rules, an order of precedence is established. Here are the first few in the order (specifically, those up to degree 6):
Spouse
Children (in no particular order)
Parents
Siblings
Grandchildren
Grandparents
Nieces/Nephews
Aunts/Uncles
Great Grandchildren
Great Grandparents
Great Nieces/Great Nephews
First Cousins
Great Aunts/Great Uncles
Great-Great Grandchildren
Great-Great Grandparents
Great-Great Nieces/Great-Great Nephews
First Cousins Once Removed (the children of First Cousins and descendants of Grandparents)
First Cousins Once Removed (the descendants of Great-Grandparents)
Great-Great Aunts/Great-Great Uncles
Great-Great-Great Grandchildren
Great-Great-Great Grandparents
Great-Great-Great Nieces/Great-Great-Great Nephews
First Cousins Twice Removed (the descendants of Grandparents)
Second Cousins
First Cousins Twice Removed (the descendant of Great-Great Grandparents)
Great-Great-Great Aunts/Great-Great-Great Uncles
Great-Great-Great-Great Grandchildren
Great-Great-Great-Great Grandparents
United Kingdom[edit]
The term has no legal definition in the United Kingdom. An individual can nominate any other individual as their next-of-kin. There is no requirement for the nominated person to be a blood relative or spouse, although it is normally the case. Someone who has no close family (or who has little or no contact with their surviving family members) may decide to list someone outside their family as their next of kin, for instance a friend or a neighbour.
The nominated person must agree to the nomination, otherwise it is invalid. The status of next-of-kin confers no legal rights and has no special responsibilities, except as referred to below in the specific context of the Mental Health Act.
The status of next-of-kin does not in any way imply that they stand to inherit any of the individual's estate in the event of their death. The intestacy rules[3] stipulate who inherits automatically (in the absence of a will); an individual can make a will and nominate other persons. If a minor inherits (children inherit from parents even in the absence of a will),[3][4] then, until the child is 18 years of age, there is a "trust" imposed, which means that the executors or trustees of the will remain responsible for the assets until the child is 18.[5] The term "next of kin" should not be confused with parental responsibility.[6]
In the context of health care, patients are often asked to nominate a next-of-kin when registering with their general practitioner, or alternatively on admission to hospital. Hospitals will then notify the next-of-kin that the patient has been admitted or if there is any change in their condition. If the patient is unconscious or otherwise unable to state their next-of-kin, hospitals will usually list their nearest blood relative, though there are no specific rules. Doctors attempt to seek the views of the next-of-kin when considering decision making for unconscious patients or those who lack capacity. The next-of-kin has no power to make any decisions regarding medical care, only to advise, and can neither override the previously stated wishes of the patient nor prevent the medical team acting in what they consider to be the best interests of the patient.
Traditionally, unmarried partners (especially same sex ones) were often excluded by certain institutions, but this has changed in recent years due to the increase in cohabitation in the UK, and in diverse families, such as those formed by unmarried partners with children (47.6% of children were born outside marriage in 2012).[7] As a result of these social changes, the policy in most NHS trusts is to ask a person on their admission to hospital to nominate their next of kin formally.[8]
Powers similar to next-of-kin as defined in other jurisdictions can be explicitly delegated to another person using lasting power of attorney,[9] under the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act 2005[10] (note that this Act does not relate specifically to mental health and is largely unrelated to the Mental Health Act).
The Mental Health Act 1983, Section 26[11] replaced the traditional term next-of-kin with "nearest relative".
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland, the term "next of kin" does have a meaning with regard to inheritance law. If a person dies intestate, that is without leaving a will, then the rules of the Succession Act 1965 apply. Part VI of the Act — Distribution on Intestacy (sections 66–75) — explains the rules of intestacy; this was amended by Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010.[12] With regard to medical law, "next of kin" is a very vague concept which has no legally defined meaning. If a patient is incapable of making a decision (for instance due to unconsciousness), the present medical ethics in Ireland is to consult with the next of kin (in order: spouse, children, parents, siblings). However, the next of kin have no general right to make decisions on behalf of adult patients.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Problems and Materials on Decedents' Estates and Trusts. Scoles, Halbach, Roberts, Begleiter. Seventh Ed. Aspen Publishers. 2006. ISBN 0-7355-4076-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Degrees of Kinship Chart by Civil Law - heirbase". mystatewill.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Intestacy - who inherits if someone dies without a will?". www.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "In the absence of a will, who inherits and how much?". successions-europe.eu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - Business - Sorting out your child's inheritance". bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Parental rights and responsibilities". www.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". europa.eu.
Jump up ^ "Next of Kin - LivingTogether - Advicenow". advicenow.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-06-11.
Jump up ^ Making decisions for someone else, Office of the Public Guardian
Jump up ^ Mental Capacity Act 2005
Jump up ^ "Mental Health Act 1983" (PDF). cqc.org.uk.
Jump up ^ "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". irishstatutebook.ie. Archived from the original on 2015-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Advance Care Directives". citizensinformation.ie.
External links[edit]
American National Next of Kin Registry
1983 Mental Health Act with amendments
2007 Amendments to the 1983 Mental Health Act
UK Office of the Public Guardian
Authority control
GND: 4142414-1
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text:
Noble metal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Noble metals in the periodic table
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
* Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
** Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Refractory metals
Platinum group
Other precious and semi-precious metals
Non-precious unreactive metals
Radioactive unreactive metals
Radioactive, presumed unreactive metals
In chemistry, the noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion and oxidation in moist air (unlike most base metals). The short list of chemically noble metals (those elements upon which almost all chemists agree) comprises ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au).[1]
More inclusive lists include one or more of mercury (Hg),[2][3][4] rhenium (Re)[5] and copper (Cu) as noble metals. On the other hand, titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta) are not included as noble metals although they are very resistant to corrosion.
A collection of the noble metals, including copper, rhenium and mercury, which are included by some definitions. These are arranged according to their position in the periodic table.
While the noble metals tend to be valuable – due to both their rarity in the Earth's crust and their usefulness in areas like metallurgy, high technology, and ornamentation (jewelry, art, sacred objects, etc.) – the terms "noble metal" and "precious metal" are not synonymous.
The term noble metal can be traced back to at least the late 14th century[6] and has slightly different meanings in different fields of study and application. Only in atomic physics is there a strict definition, which includes only copper, silver, and gold, because they have completely filled d-subshells. For this reason there are many quite different lists of "noble metals".
In addition to this term's function as a compound noun, there are circumstances where "noble" is used as an adjective for the noun "metal". A "galvanic series" is a hierarchy of metals (or other electrically conductive materials, including composites and semimetals) that runs from noble to active, and allows one to predict how materials will interact in the environment used to generate the series. In this sense of the word, graphite is more noble than silver and the relative nobility of many materials is highly dependent upon context, as for aluminium and stainless steel in conditions of varying pH.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 Physics
3 Electrochemistry
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Properties[edit]
Platinum, gold and mercury can be dissolved in aqua regia, a highly concentrated mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, but iridium and silver cannot. Palladium and silver are, however, soluble in nitric acid. Ruthenium can be dissolved in aqua regia only when in the presence of oxygen, while rhodium must be in a fine pulverized form. Niobium and tantalum are resistant to all acids, including aqua regia. [8]
Physics[edit]
In physics, the definition of a noble metal is most strict. It requires that the d bands of the electronic structure be filled. From this perspective, only copper, silver and gold are noble metals, as all d-like bands are filled and do not cross the Fermi level.[9] However, d-hybridized bands do cross the Fermi level to a small extent. In the case of platinum, two d bands cross the Fermi level, changing its chemical behaviour such that it can function as a catalyst. The difference in reactivity can easily be seen during the preparation of clean metal surfaces in an ultra-high vacuum: surfaces of "physically defined" noble metals (e.g., gold) are easy to clean and keep clean for a long time, while those of platinum or palladium, for example, are covered by carbon monoxide very quickly.[10]
Electrochemistry[edit]
Metallic elements, including noble and non-noble metals (noble metals bolded):[11]
Element
Atomic number
Group
Period
Reaction
Potential
Electron configuration
Gold 79 11 6 Au3+
+ 3 e− → Au 1.5 V [Xe]4f145d106s1
Platinum 78 10 6 PtO + 2 H+
+ 2 e− → Pt + H
2O 0.98 V [Xe]4f145d96s1
Palladium 46 10 5 Pd2+
+ 2 e− → Pd 0.915 V [Kr]4d10
Iridium 77 9 6 IrO
2 + 4 H+
+ 4 e− → Ir + 2 H
2O 0.73 V [Xe]4f145d76s2
Silver 47 11 5 Ag+
+ e− → Ag 0.7993 V [Kr]4d105s1
Mercury 80 12 6 Hg2+
2 + 2 e−→ 2 Hg 0.7925 V [Xe]4f145d106s2
Osmium 76 8 6 OsO
2 + 4 H+
+ 4 e− → Os + 2 H
2O 0.65 V [Xe]4f145d66s2
Polonium 84 16 6 Po2+
+ 2 e− → Po 0.6 V [Xe]4f145d106s26p4
Rhodium 45 9 5 Rh2+
+ 2 e− → Rh 0.60 V [Kr]4d85s1
Ruthenium 44 8 5 Ru3+
+ 3 e− → Ru 0.60 V [Kr]4d75s1
Tellurium 52 16 5 TeO
2 + 4 H+
+ 4 e− → Te + 2 H
2O 0.57 V [Kr]4d105s25p4
Copper 29 11 4 Cu2+
+ 2 e− → Cu 0.339 V [Ar]3d104s1
Bismuth 83 15 6 Bi3+
+ 3 e− → Bi 0.308 V [Xe]4f145d106s26p3
Technetium 43 7 5 TcO
2 + 4 H+
+ 4 e− → Tc + 2 H
2O 0.272 V [Kr]4d55s2
Rhenium 75 7 6 ReO
2 + 4 H+
+ 4 e− → Re + 2 H
2O 0.276 V [Xe]4f145d56s2
Arsenic 33 15 4 As
4O
6 + 12 H+
+ 12 e− → 4 As + 6 H
2O 0.24 V [Ar]3d104s24p3
Antimony 51 15 5 Sb
2O
3 + 6 H+
+ 6 e− → 2 Sb + 3 H
2O 0.147 V [Kr]4d105s25p3
The columns group and period denote its position in the periodic table, hence electronic configuration. The simplified reactions, listed in the next column, can also be read in detail from the Pourbaix diagrams of the considered element in water. Finally the column potential indicates the electric potential of the element measured against a Standard hydrogen electrode. All missing elements in this table are either not metals or have a negative standard potential.
Arsenic, antimony and tellurium are considered to be metalloids and thus cannot be noble metals. Also chemists and metallurgists consider copper and bismuth to not be noble metals because they easily oxidize due to the reaction O
2 + 2 H
2O + 4e− ⇄ 4 OH−
(aq) + 0.40 V which is possible in moist air.
The film of silver is due to its high sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide. Chemically patina is caused by an attack of oxygen in wet air and by CO
2 afterward.[8] On the other hand, rhenium-coated mirrors are said to be very durable,[8] although rhenium and technetium are said to tarnish slowly in moist atmosphere.[12]
The superheavy elements from hassium to livermorium inclusive are expected to be "partially very noble metals"; chemical investigations of hassium and copernicium have established that they behave like their lighter homologs, the noble osmium and mercury, and preliminary investigations of nihonium and flerovium have suggested but not definitively established noble behavior.[13]
See also[edit]
Base metal
Minor metals
Precious metal
References[edit]
Brooks, Robert R., ed. (1992). Noble Metals and Biological Systems: Their Role in Medicine, Mineral Exploration, and the Environment. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849361647. OCLC 24379749.
Notes
Jump up ^ A. Holleman, N. Wiberg, "Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie", de Gruyter, 1985, 33. edition, p. 1486
Jump up ^ Die Adresse für Ausbildung, Studium und Beruf
Jump up ^ "Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms", Compiled by the American Geological Institute, 2nd edition, 1997
Jump up ^ Scoullos, M.J., Vonkeman, G.H., Thornton, I., Makuch, Z., "Mercury - Cadmium - Lead: Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation",Series: Environment & Policy, Vol. 31, Springer-Verlag, 2002
Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, Vol. VII, 1976
Jump up ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/noble+metal
Jump up ^ Everett Collier, "The Boatowner’s Guide to Corrosion", International Marine Publishing, 2001, p. 21
^ Jump up to: a b c A. Holleman, N. Wiberg, "Inorganic Chemistry", Academic Press, 2001
Jump up ^ Hüger, E.; Osuch, K. (2005). "Making a noble metal of Pd". EPL. 71 (2): 276. Bibcode:2005EL.....71..276H. doi:10.1209/epl/i2005-10075-5.
Jump up ^ S. Fuchs, T.Hahn, H.G. Lintz, "The oxidation of carbon monoxide by oxygen over platinum, palladium and rhodium catalysts from 10−10 to 1 bar", Chemical engineering and processing, 1994, V 33(5), pp. 363-369 [1]
Jump up ^ G. Wulfsberg, "Inorganic Chemistry", University Science Books, 2000, pp. 247–249 ✦ Bratsch S. G., "Standard Electrode Potentials and Temperature Coefficients in Water at 298.15 K", Journal of Physical Chemical Reference Data, vol. 18, no. 1, 1989, pp. 1–21 ✦ B. Douglas, D. McDaniel, J. Alexander, "Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry", John Wiley & Sons, 1994, p. E-3
Jump up ^ R. D. Peack, "The Chemistry of Technetium and Rhenium", Elsevier, 1966
Jump up ^ Nagame, Yuichiro; Kratz, Jens Volker; Matthias, Schädel (December 2015). "Chemical studies of elements with Z ≥ 104 in liquid phase". Nuclear Physics A. 944: 614–639. Bibcode:2015NuPhA.944..614N. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.013.
External links[edit]
noble metal - chemistry Encyclopædia Britannica, online edition
To see which bands cross the Fermi level, the Fermi surfaces of almost all the metals can be found at the Fermi Surface Database
The following article might also clarify the correlation between band structure and the term noble metal: Hüger, E.; Osuch, K. (2005). "Making a noble metal of Pd". EPL. 71 (2): 276. Bibcode:2005EL.....71..276H. doi:10.1209/epl/i2005-10075-5.
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