text:
Meadows Marathon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Meadows Marathon
Date
1st Sunday in March
Location
Edinburgh, Scotland
Event type
Circuit
Distance
Marathon, Half Marathon, Fun Run
Established
2007
Official site
www.meadowsmarathon.org.uk
The Meadows Marathon is a non-profit annual charity Marathon, Half Marathon and five km fun run. It takes place annually in The Meadows in Edinburgh on the first Sunday in March. It is the largest event organised by Edinburgh Students' Charities Appeal.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Unusual Elements
3 Fundraising
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Photos
History[edit]
The Meadows Marathon was created in 2007 by two students at the University of Edinburgh. Raising £10,000 in its inaugural year from 250 runners, the last event raised over £35,000 from 850 runners. In past years, only a half marathon and fun run have been offered, however in 2012 this was extended to include a full marathon. Although completely organised by students at university in Edinburgh, the event draws participants from a variety of backgrounds. Anyone can compete in the event.[2]
Unusual Elements[edit]
The Meadows Marathon is unusual in that the course takes the form of several laps rather than a linear format. The course has varied from year to year, but generally comprises eight laps of the Meadows in central Edinburgh. The laps allow for the regular use of a single water station, as well as the provision of entertainment from university societies. In recent years, the course has also run through Bristo Square and George Square.[3]
The marathon is also a notably famous event for local wedding proposals.
Fundraising[edit]
The goal of the Meadows Marathon is to maximise the money raised by runners, rather than maximise money raised by runner registrations. To this end, the Meadows Marathon has dedicated staff to help runners raise sponsorship money, and promotes a range of charities on a local, national, and international scale.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Meadows Marathon Home Page".
Jump up ^ "Event History".
Jump up ^ "Course Map".
Jump up ^ "Running For Charity".
External links[edit]
Meadows Marathon - Event Website
Edinburgh Students' Charities Appeal - Edinburgh Students' Charities Appeal
Friends of The Meadows and Bruntsfield Links (contains Java applet)
Photos[edit]
From Dave Henniker's Edinburgh site
Flickr Group
[show]
v
t
e
University of Edinburgh
Governance
Chancellor: HRH The Princess Royal
Rector: Ann Henderson
Principal: Peter Mathieson
General Council
University Court
Senatus Academicus
History
Academic dress
Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency
Edinburgh Seven
Plinian Society
People
List of University of Edinburgh people
List of University of Edinburgh medical people
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Edinburgh
List of professorships at the University of Edinburgh
Academic
divisions
College of Arts, Humanities
and Social Sciences
Business School
Edinburgh College of Art (ECA)
Economics
New College, Edinburgh (School of Divinity)
Health in Social Science
Law
Literatures, Languages and Cultures
Moray House School of Education
Nursing Studies
Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences
Social and Political Sciences
College of Medicine and
Veterinary Medicine
Medical School
Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre
Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
College of Science and
Engineering
Chemistry
GeoSciences
Informatics
Physics and Astronomy
Facilities
Appleton Tower
Bedlam Theatre
Informatics Forum
King's Buildings
Edinburgh University Library
McEwan Hall
New College
Centre for Open Learning
Old College
Pollock Halls
Edinburgh University Press
Reid Concert Hall
The Royal Observatory
Talbot Rice Gallery
St Cecilia's Hall
St Leonard's Hall
Students
Students' Association
Sports Union
Men's Football Club
Women's Football Club
Boat Club
Bedlam Theatre
The Improverts
Edinburgh University RFC
Fresh Air
The Journal (newspaper)
Labour Students
Meadows Marathon
Music Society
The Pleasance
Potterrow Student Centre
Royal Medical Society
Socialist Society
The Scottish Varsity
The Student (newspaper)
Teviot Row House
[show]
v
t
e
Annual half marathons in Europe
France
Auray-Vannes
Boulogne-Billancourt
Humarathon
Lille
Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale
Nice
Paris
Italy
Cremona
Roma-Ostia
Stramilano
Udine
Netherlands
CPC Loop Den Haag
Egmond
Zwolle
Rotterdam (discontinued)
Portugal
Lisbon
Porto
Portugal
Spain
Azkoitia-Azpeitia
Granollers
Madrid
Valencia
United Kingdom
Barrathon
Bath
Bournemouth
Brighton
Bristol
Cardiff
Chester
Ealing
Fleet
Four Villages
Freckleton
Grand Shaftesbury Run
Great Birmingham Run
Great Cumbrian Run
Great Eastern Run
Great North Run
Great North West Half Marathon
Great Scottish Run
Great West Run
Hastings
Liverpool
Maidenhead
Meadows Marathon
Milton Keynes
Norwich
Nottingham
Paddock Wood
Reading
Royal Parks, London
Run to the Beat
Sheffield
Silverstone
Slough
Stroud
Tonbridge
Tunbridge Wells
Wilmslow
Windsor
Wokingham
Wolverhampton
York Brass Monkey
Elsewhere
Berlin (Germany)
Budapest (Hungary)
Copenhagen (Denmark)
Greifenseelauf (Switzerland)
Göteborgsvarvet (Sweden)
Stockholm (Sweden)
Hamburg (Germany)
Helsinki City Run (Finland)
Istanbul (Turkey)
Kärnten Läuft (Austria)
Kuldīga (Latvia)
Olomouc (Czech Republic)
Prague (Czech Republic)
Route du Vin (Luxembourg)
Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Żurrieq (Malta)
Kyiv (Ukraine)
See also
List of half marathon races
IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meadows_Marathon&oldid=821989445"
Categories:
University of Edinburgh
Half marathons in the United Kingdom
Sport in Edinburgh
Athletics competitions in Scotland
Marathons in Scotland
Road running in Scotland
Spring (season) events in Scotland
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from October 2017
Use British English from October 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 23 January 2018, at 20:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ed8; color: #000000;

values:
/wiki/Half_Marathon
mw-redirect
Half Marathon

values:
nofollow
http://www.meadowsmarathon.org.uk/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.escaonline.org/
external text

values: ;background:#8CACDF;color: white; border:2px solid #960018;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: Ancient university governance in Scotland

values: Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh

values: List of Principals of the University of Edinburgh

values: Old College, University of Edinburgh.JPG

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh

values: Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (UK Parliament constituency)

values: University of Edinburgh School of Economics

values: University of Edinburgh School of Health in Social Science

values: University of Edinburgh School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures

values: Nursing Studies, University of Edinburgh

values: University of Edinburgh School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences

values: University of Edinburgh School of Social and Political Sciences

values: University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry

values: University of Edinburgh School of GeoSciences

values: University of Edinburgh School of Informatics

values: University of Edinburgh School of Physics and Astronomy

values: Centre for Open Learning, University of Edinburgh

values: Edinburgh University Students' Association

values: Edinburgh University Hutchison Vale F.C.

values:
/wiki/Fresh_Air_(Edinburgh)
mw-redirect
Fresh Air (Edinburgh)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Cremona Half Marathon (page does not exist)

values: Azkoitia-Azpeitia Half Marathon (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Bristol_Half_Marathon
mw-redirect
Bristol Half Marathon

values:
/wiki/Sarajevo_Marathon
mw-redirect
Sarajevo Marathon

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Half marathons in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Athletics competitions in Scotland

values: Category:Spring (season) events in Scotland

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2017

values: Category:Use British English from October 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Meadows_Marathon
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Meadows_Marathon rootpage-Meadows_Marathon skin-vector action-view


text:
Neutral stimulus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Unconditioned, neutral, and conditioned stimuli as well as unconditioned and conditioned responses in Ivan Pavlov's research on digestion.
A neutral stimulus is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. With repeated presentations of both the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit a response as well, known as a conditioned response. Once the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus becomes known as a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the same as the unconditioned response, but occurs in the presence of the conditioned stimulus rather than the unconditioned stimulus.[1]
Pavlov's research in digestion[edit]
Ivan Pavlov conducted multiple experiments investigating digestion in dogs in which neutral, unconditioned, and conditioned stimuli were used. In these experiments, the neutral stimulus was the sound of a bell ringing. This sound was presented to the dogs along with food, which acted as an unconditioned stimulus. The presentation of a neutral stimulus does not result in any particular response, but the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus results in an unconditioned response, which was the dogs salivating in Pavlov's experiments. After conditioning, the bell ringing became a conditioned stimulus.[2] Pavlov later used the sound of a metronome as a neutral stimulus in studies on cerebral cortex activity.[3]
See also[edit]
Behavior modification
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning". Indiana University.
Jump up ^ Pavlov, Ivan (1902). The Work of the Digestive Glands. London: Charles Griffin & Company, Limited.
Jump up ^ Pavlov, Ivan (1927). "Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex". Classics in the History of Psychology.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutral_stimulus&oldid=790033548"
Categories:
Experimental psychology
Behavioral concepts
History of psychology
Behaviorism
Learning
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 11 July 2017, at 05:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: In the presence of an unconditioned stimulus, an unconditioned response is elicited.  In the presence of a neutral stimulus prior to conditioning, no response is elicited.  After conditioning, in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, a conditioned response is elicited.

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: href title

value: sup

value: p

value: span

attrs: class id

values: Edit section: Pavlov's research in digestion

values:
nofollow
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Neutral_stimulus
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Neutral_stimulus rootpage-Neutral_stimulus skin-vector action-view


text:
Ampere
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Ampère.
Ampere
Demonstration model of a moving iron ammeter. As the current through the coil increases, the plunger is drawn further into the coil and the pointer deflects to the right.
Unit information
Unit system
SI base unit
Unit of
Electric current
Symbol
A
Named after
André-Marie Ampère
The ampere (symbol: A),[1] often shortened to "amp",[2] is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI).[3][4] It is named after André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics.
SI defines the ampere in terms of other base units by measuring the electromagnetic force between electrical conductors carrying electric current. The earlier CGS measurement system had two different definitions of current, one essentially the same as the SI's and the other using electric charge as the base unit, with the unit of charge defined by measuring the force between two charged metal plates. The ampere was then defined as one coulomb of charge per second.[5] In SI, the unit of charge, the coulomb, is defined as the charge carried by one ampere during one second.
In the future, the SI definition may shift back to charge as the base unit, with the coulomb defined in terms of the elementary charge on electrons and protons (one coulomb equals the charge of roughly 7018624200000000000♠6.242×1018 protons).
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 History
3 Realization
4 Proposed future definition
5 Everyday examples
5.1 CPUs – 1 V DC
5.2 Portable devices
5.3 Internal combustion engine vehicles – 12 V DC
5.4 North American domestic supply – 120 V AC
5.5 European & Commonwealth domestic supply – 230–240 V AC
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Definition[edit]
Illustration of the definition of the ampere unit
SI defines ampere as follows:
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000♠2×10−7 newtons per metre of length.[6][3][7]
Ampère's force law[8][9] states that there is an attractive or repulsive force between two parallel wires carrying an electric current. This force is used in the formal definition of the ampere.
The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, "is the quantity of electricity carried in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere".[10] Conversely, a current of one ampere is one coulomb of charge going past a given point per second:
1 A = 1 C s . {\displaystyle {\rm {1\ A=1{\tfrac {C}{s}}.}}}
In general, charge Q is determined by steady current I flowing for a time t as Q = It.
Constant, instantaneous and average current are expressed in amperes (as in "the charging current is 1.2 A") and the charge accumulated, or passed through a circuit over a period of time is expressed in coulombs (as in "the battery charge is 7004300000000000000♠30000 C"). The relation of the ampere (C/s) to the coulomb is the same as that of the watt (J/s) to the joule.
History[edit]
Main article: International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units
The ampere was originally defined as one tenth of the unit of electric current in the centimetre–gram–second system of units. That unit, now known as the abampere, was defined as the amount of current that generates a force of two dynes per centimetre of length between two wires one centimetre apart.[11] The size of the unit was chosen so that the units derived from it in the MKSA system would be conveniently sized.
The "international ampere" was an early realization of the ampere, defined as the current that would deposit 6997111800000000000♠0.001118 grams of silver per second from a silver nitrate solution.[12] Later, more accurate measurements revealed that this current is 6999999850000000000♠0.99985 A.
Realization[edit]
The standard ampere is most accurately realized using a watt balance, but is in practice maintained via Ohm's law from the units of electromotive force and resistance, the volt and the ohm, since the latter two can be tied to physical phenomena that are relatively easy to reproduce, the Josephson junction and the quantum Hall effect, respectively.[13]
At present, techniques to establish the realization of an ampere have a relative uncertainty of approximately a few parts in 107, and involve realizations of the watt, the ohm and the volt.[13]
Proposed future definition[edit]
Main articles: New SI definitions and CODATA 2018
Rather than a definition in terms of the force between two current-carrying wires, it has been proposed that the ampere should be defined in terms of the rate of flow of elementary charges.[9] Since a coulomb is approximately equal to 7018624150930000000♠6.2415093×1018 elementary charges (such as those carried by protons, or the negative of those carried by electrons), one ampere is approximately equivalent to 7018624150930000000♠6.2415093×1018 elementary charges moving past a boundary in one second. (7018624150930000000♠6.2415093×1018 is the reciprocal of the value of the elementary charge in coulombs.[14]) The proposed change would define 1 A as being the current in the direction of flow of a particular number of elementary charges per second. In 2005, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) agreed to study the proposed change. The new definition was discussed at the 25th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2014 but for the time being was not adopted.
Everyday examples[edit]
Main article: Orders of magnitude (current)
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The current drawn by typical constant-voltage energy distribution systems is usually dictated by the power (watt) consumed by the system and the operating voltage. For this reason the examples given below are grouped by voltage level.
CPUs – 1 V DC[edit]
Current Notebook CPUs (up to 15...45 W at 1 V): up to 15...45 A
Current High End CPUs (up to 65...140 W at 1,15 V): up to 55...120 A
Portable devices[edit]
Hearing aid (typically 1 mW at 1.4 V): 700 µA
USB charging adapter (as power supply - typically 10 W at 5 V): 2 A
Internal combustion engine vehicles – 12 V DC[edit]
A typical motor vehicle has a 12 V battery. The various accessories that are powered by the battery might include:
Instrument panel light (typically 2 W): 166 mA
Headlight (each, typically 60 W): 5 A
Starter motor (typically 1–2 kW): 80–160 A
North American domestic supply – 120 V AC[edit]
Most Canada, Mexico and United States domestic power suppliers run at 120 V.
Household circuit breakers typically provide a maximum of 15 A or 20 A of current to a given set of outlets.
22-inch/56-centimeter portable television (35 W): 290 mA
Tungsten light bulb (60–100 W): 500–830 mA
Toaster, kettle (1.5 kW): 12.5 A
Hair dryer (1.8 kW): 15 A
USB charging adapter (as load - typically 10 W): 83 mA
European & Commonwealth domestic supply – 230–240 V AC[edit]
Most European domestic power supplies run at 230 V, and most Commonwealth domestic power supplies run at 240 V. For the same amount of power (in watts), the current drawn by a particular European or Commonwealth appliance (in Europe or a Commonwealth country) will be less than for an equivalent North American appliance.[Note 1] Typical circuit breakers will provide 16 A.
The current drawn by a number of typical appliances are:
22-inch/56-centimeter portable television (35 W): 145–150 mA
Tungsten light bulb (60–100 W): 240–450 mA
Compact fluorescent lamp (11–30 W): 56–112 mA
Toaster, kettle (2 kW): 9 A
Immersion heater (4.6 kW): 19–20 A
See also[edit]
Ammeter
Ampacity (current-carrying capacity)
Electric current
Electric shock
Hydraulic analogy
Magnetic constant
Orders of magnitude (current)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The formula for power is given by
P ( t ) = I ( t ) ⋅ V ( t ) {\displaystyle P(t)=I(t)\cdot V(t)\,}
so it follows that if the voltage is doubled and the power remains the same, the current will be halved.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2. SI base units", SI brochure (8th ed.), BIPM, retrieved 19 November 2011
Jump up ^ SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of abbreviations for units. "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures" (PDF). 2006. p. 130. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "2.1. Unit of electric current (ampere)", SI brochure (8th ed.), BIPM, retrieved 19 November 2011
Jump up ^ Base unit definitions: Ampere. Physics.nist.gov. Retrieved on 2010-09-28.
Jump up ^ Bodanis, David (2005), Electric Universe, New York: Three Rivers Press, ISBN 978-0-307-33598-2
Jump up ^ "BIPM - ampere". www.bipm.org. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ Monk, Paul MS (2004), Physical Chemistry: Understanding our Chemical World, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-49180-2
Jump up ^ Serway, Raymond A; Jewett, JW (2006). Serway's principles of physics: a calculus based text (Fourth ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/Cole. p. 746. ISBN 0-53449143-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Beyond the Kilogram: Redefining the International System of Units, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2006, archived from the original on 21 March 2008, retrieved 3 December 2008 .
Jump up ^ The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, p. 144 .
Jump up ^ Kowalski, L, A short history of the SI units in electricity, Montclair, archived from the original on 14 February 2002
Jump up ^ History of the ampere, Sizes, 1 April 2014, retrieved 2017-01-29
^ Jump up to: a b "Appendix 2: Practical realization of unit definitions: Electrical quantities", SI brochure, BIPM, archived from the original on April 14, 2013 .
Jump up ^ "Value", Physics, USA: NIST .
External links[edit]
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
NIST Definition of ampere and μ0
Tutorial video explaining amperes and current
[hide]
v
t
e
SI units
Authority: International System of Units (BIPM)
Base units
ampere
candela
kelvin
kilogram
metre
mole
second
Derived units with special names
becquerel
coulomb
degree Celsius
farad
gray
henry
hertz
joule
katal
lumen
lux
newton
ohm
pascal
radian
siemens
sievert
steradian
tesla
volt
watt
weber
Other accepted units
astronomical unit
bar
dalton
day
decibel
degree of arc
electronvolt
hectare
hour
litre
minute
minute of arc
neper
second of arc
tonne
atomic units
natural units
See also
Conversion of units
Metric prefixes
Proposed redefinitions
Systems of measurement
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampere&oldid=807004378"
Categories:
SI base units
Units of electric current
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from October 2017
All articles needing additional references
Use dmy dates from June 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gaeilge
Galego
贛語
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
La .lojban.
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Patois
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Тыва дыл
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 10:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Ampère (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

values: vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:10.476ex; height:3.676ex;

values: International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units

values:
/wiki/Watt_balance
mw-redirect
Watt balance

values:
/wiki/Electrical_resistance
mw-redirect
Electrical resistance

values:
/wiki/Josephson_junction
mw-redirect
Josephson junction

values:
/wiki/Relative_uncertainty
mw-redirect
Relative uncertainty

values: Edit section: Proposed future definition

values:
/wiki/New_SI_definitions
mw-redirect
New SI definitions

values:
/wiki/CODATA_2018
mw-redirect
CODATA 2018

values: International Committee for Weights and Measures

values: General Conference on Weights and Measures

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: Internal combustion engine vehicles – 12 V DC

values: Edit section: North American domestic supply – 120 V AC

values: Edit section: European & Commonwealth domestic supply – 230–240 V AC

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_constant
mw-redirect
Magnetic constant

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.962ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: National Institute of Standards and Technology

values: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sizes.com/units/ampHist.htm

values:
nofollow
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/
external text

values:
/wiki/File:SI_base_units.svg
image
SI base unit

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit
mw-redirect
Atomic mass unit

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ampere
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Ampere&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: أمبير – Arabic

values: এম্পিয়াৰ – Assamese

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperiu
Amperiu – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: অ্যাম্পিয়ার – Bangla

values: Ампер (адзінка вымярэння) – Belarusian

values: Ампэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values: ཨམ་ཕེར། – Tibetan

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Αμπέρ (μονάδα μέτρησης) – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperio
Amperio – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampero
Ampero – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpere
Anpere – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ամպեր (չափման միավոր) – Armenian

values: एम्पियर – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಎಂಪಿಯರ್ – Kannada

values: Ампер (өлшем бірлігі) – Kazakh

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampea
Ampea – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperas
Amperas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xampo
xampo – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: ॲम्पिअर – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: အမ်ပီယာ – Burmese

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampier
Ampier – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values: អំពែរ – Khmer

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperi
Amperi – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeer
Ambeer – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampeeri
Ampeeri – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Ampere – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperyo
Amperyo – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ஆம்பியர் – Tamil

values: ఆంపియర్ – Telugu

values: แอมแปร์ – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: ایمپئیر – Urdu

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampe
Ampe – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperahe
Amperahe – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amper
Amper – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ampere rootpage-Ampere vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Casting couch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The casting couch, casting-couch syndrome, or casting-couch mentality is the demanding of sexual favors by an employer or person in a position of power and authority, from an apprentice employee, or subordinate to a superior in return for entry into an occupation, or for other career advancement within an organization.[citation needed] The term casting couch originated in the motion picture industry, with specific reference to couches in offices that could be used for sexual activity between casting directors or film producers and aspiring actors.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Within the adult entertainment industry, content featuring fictitious[7] casting couch scenarios has become a popular niche.[8]
Contents
1 Notable casting couch remarks and incidents
1.1 United States
1.2 Europe
1.3 Asia
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 Further viewing
6 External links
Notable casting couch remarks and incidents[edit]
United States[edit]
The legend of the Hollywood casting couch coincided with the rise of the studio system in the 1910s. Several mogul producers were rumoured to have been enthusiastic practitioners, and it has been claimed that many actresses attempted, with varying degrees of success, to attain stardom via this route.[9][10][11]
In 1945, Maureen O'Hara was quoted as saying, "I don't let the producer and director kiss me every morning or let them paw me".[12] In 2004, she repeated: "I wouldn't throw myself on the casting couch, and I know that cost me parts."[13]
In a 1996 interview, actor Woody Harrelson declared "every [acting] business I ever entered into in New York seemed to have a casting couch ... I've seen so many people sleep with people they loathe in order to further their ambition."[14]
At a 2005 class reunion, producer Chris Hanley told his former classmates that "almost every leading actress in all of [his] 24 films has slept with a director or producer or a leading actor to get the part that launched her career".[15]
In 2006, a New York City producer was accused of sexually harassing several members of the cast of the off-Broadway play Dog Sees God: Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead. She had previously been accused of harassing actors Gabriel Byrne, Aidan Quinn, Esai Morales and Joey McIntyre.[16]
In 2017, Lance Bass of 'N Sync wrote that "as a society, we've been become far too comfortable with the pervasive 'casting couch' adage that it no longer resembles what it truly is—sexual assault. ... I grew up in the entertainment business and I've experienced my share of unwanted advances from both men and women who saw me as a target."[17]
In 2009, Megan Fox stated that "Any casting couch shit I've experienced has been since I've become famous. It's really so heartbreaking. Some of these people! Like Hollywood legends. You think you're going to meet them and you're so excited, like, 'I can't believe this person wants to have a conversation with me,' and you get there and you realise that's not what they want, at all. It's happened a lot this year actually."[18]
In a 2009 interview with OK! Magazine, actress Charlize Theron claimed that when she was 18 she was propositioned at an audition by a pajama-clad Hollywood director.[19] "I thought it was a little odd that the audition was on a Saturday night at his house in Los Angeles, but I thought maybe that was normal."[20]
In a 2009 interview, actor Mickey Rourke declared: "There's definitely something called a casting couch... if you take a girl from the Midwest with a pretty face and instead of inviting them in for an audition in the morning, the directors invite them for dinner at night? ... I can recall with certain women, we'd go out, I'd park the car on Sunset and by the time I'd got to the curb there'd be three or four producers handing them cards. ... There's ways you get a job and ways you get a job."[21]
In a 2010 interview with Access Hollywood, actress Lisa Rinna said a producer had asked her for "a quickie" when she was a 24-year-old candidate for a role on a prominent television series.[22] At the same interview, Rinna's husband Harry Hamlin claimed that a female casting director attempted to seduce him in the late 1970s when he was 27.[23][24]
In 2011, Corey Feldman alleged that children were also victims of the casting couch.[25] Paul Petersen said that some of the culprits are "still in the game" and Alison Arngrim claimed that Feldman and Corey Haim were given drugs and "passed around" in the 1980s.[26] During the Harvey Weinstein scandal in 2017, Feldman launched a campaign to make a documentary to bring down a powerful Hollywood paedophile ring.[27]
In the November 2012 issue of Elle, Susan Sarandon spoke of a "really disgusting" casting-couch experience in New York City in the late 1960s or early 1970s. "I just went into a room and a guy practically threw me on the desk. It was my early days in New York and it was really disgusting. It wasn't like I gave it a second thought. It was so badly done."[28][29]
In 2015, Rebecca Carroll wrote a piece about being sexually assaulted when she was 14 by a famous New York City TV anchor.[30]
In July 2016, television executive Roger Ailes was accused of sexual harassment by former Fox News Channel anchor Gretchen Carlson. More than twenty other women, including Megyn Kelly and Andrea Tantaros, have since come forward with similar allegations about Ailes' predatory casting couch-like behavior in the television industry over a 50-year period.[31] Since then, Fox's Bill O'Reilly has also been accused by multiple women of sexual harassment; $45 million has so far been paid to six women.[32]
On 1 November 2016, defense lawyers for Bill Cosby, who has been accused of sexual assault by over 60 women, wrote that, "Even if proven (and it could not be), the age-old 'casting couch' is not unique to Mr. Cosby, and thus not a 'signature' nor a basis for the admissibility of these witnesses' stories, let alone a conviction."[citation needed] (Cosby was convicted of sexual assault charges on April 26th, 2018).
On 15 October 2017, Alison Doody and Ruth O'Neill recounted their experience of the Los Angeles casting couch.[33]
On 3 November 2017, Kyle Richards described a producer saying "very perverted things" to her when she met him to discuss a role at the Beverly Hills Hotel when she was younger.[34]
On 25 May 2018, Harvey Weinstein's attorney Benjamin Brafman imparted that Weinstein "did not invent the casting couch in Hollywood."[35] Brafman also later stated: "My job is to defend specific allegations of sexual misconduct, not the issue of the Hollywood casting couch over the last 30 or 100 years," before apologising for using the term "casting couch" and saying that he would "never" use the phrase again.[36]
Europe[edit]
In 1956, British fan magazine Picturegoer published a four-part casting-couch exposé entitled "The Perils of Show Business" featuring interviews with actresses such as Joy Webster, Dorinda Stevens, Anne Heywood and Marigold Russell.[37]
In 1998 and 1999, producer Alain Sarde and actor Robert de Niro were two of the high-profile filmmakers involved in two Parisian court cases exposing the borderline between the casting couch and prostitution for aspiring models and starlets.[38]
In 2002, actress Lesley-Anne Down spoke of finding fame in the late 1960s: "The casting couch was in full swing, people expected it... My teen-age years were pretty intense, a lot of pressure and a lot of horrible old men out there".[39] In a 1977 interview, she had also said: "I was promised lots of lovely big film parts by American producers if I went to bed with them... Believe me, the casting couch is no myth".[40]
In 2005, French film director Jean-Claude Brisseau was found guilty and convicted of "casting couch abuse" against two actresses between 1999 and 2001 during auditions for Choses Secrètes (2002).[41]
In 2007, actress Helen Mirren claimed director Michael Winner had treated her "like a piece of meat" at a casting call in 1964.[42][43] Asked about the incident, Winner told The Guardian: "I don't remember asking her to turn around but if I did I wasn't being serious. I was only doing what the [casting] agent asked me – and for this I get reviled! Helen's a lovely person, she's a great actress and I'm a huge fan, but her memory of that moment is a little flawed."[44]
In 2008, actress Ingrid Pitt described the unwelcome advances of two producers in hotels.[45]
In August 2012, actress Julie Delpy spoke out about casting-couch paedophiles in France in the 1980s.[46]
In 2013, Myleene Klass stated that, "I don't think there's a single person in the entertainment industry that hasn't, at some point, experienced the casting couch thing".[47] Earlier, in 2010, she revealed a major Hollywood star (named in 2017 as Harvey Weinstein)[48] wanted to sign a sex contract with her.[49]
In 2013, Thandie Newton told CNN of how, aged 18, she was auditioned by a male director and a female casting director. "The director asked me to sit with my legs apart – the camera was positioned where it could see up my skirt – to put my leg over the arm of the chair and before I started my dialogue, [I was told] to think about the character I was supposed to be having the dialogue with and how it felt to be made love to by this person. It turned out the director used to show that video late at night to interested parties at his house – a video of me touching myself with a camera up my skirt." She declined to name the director.[50]
On 20 October 2017, an article by English actress Sarah Solemani described the "inappropriate" behaviour of a director when she was 19 and the "appalling" audition room practices of a "toxic" industry.[51][52]
On 24 October 2017, discussing a sexual harassment he has allegedly experienced, actor Kevin Sorbo said that "Casting couches have always been around. I don't play that game, nor do I care to."[53]
Asia[edit]
In 2003 and 2006, Chinese actress Zhang Yu (张钰) released several graphic audio recordings and sex videos that she made herself to document her allegations that she won roles through the casting couch.[54] The videos were released on YouTube but have been subsequently removed.[55]
In 2009, Indian actress Suchitra Krishnamoorthi reported an incident in her blog where she narrowly escaped sexual advances from a producer while casting for a film role.[56]
In 2011, India TV unveiled a series of exposes on the Bollywood casting couch using hidden cameras. They showed young actresses routinely being asked by male personalities including actors, directors and producers to sleep with them in return for favours such as a good word to another director or producer. In a follow up interview by BBC, Shakti Kapoor described "Will you co-operate with me" as the code that was used by the Bollywood industry as a proposal to sleep with that person in return for a film role. Other Bollywood entities corroborated this.[57]
In 2014, Indian actor Shashi Kapoor said that the casting couch existed in India in the 1960s for newcomer leading men by established leading heroines. Therefore, he was grateful to star Nanda for not subjecting him to the casting couch when she agreed to star with him when he was an unknown actor.[58]
In 2015, Ranveer Singh described a "sleazy man in Andheri" who invited him to his house on the pretext of a lucrative opportunity.[59]
In 2016, actress Tisca Chopra recounted how she avoided the casting-couch plans of a producer.[60]
In March 2017, South Indian actress Varalaxmi Sarathkumar tweeted about being propositioned by the programming head of a leading TV channel and wrote that "I didn't come to the industry to be treated like a piece of meat."[61] Other Tollywood actresses have made similar accusations.[62]
In November 2017, Kangana Ranaut and several other actresses spoke out against Bollywood's casting couch.[63][64][65]
In April 2018, Sri Reddy, an Indian film actress, stripped herself in the public and protested against sexual harassment in the film industry. [66]
See also[edit]
Me Too movement
Sexual abuse in Hollywood
Weinstein effect
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Casting Couch': The Origins of a Pernicious Hollywood Cliché". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "In 1956, a Fan Magazine Published a Four-Part Casting Couch Exposé. It Didn't Go Well". Slate. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Casting-Couch Tactics Plagued Hollywood Long Before Harvey Weinstein". Variety. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Exploring the casting couch culture of LA". BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Elaine Dutka (15 October 1991). "Scenes From the Home of the Casting Couch: The Talk of the Country Has Hit a Nerve in the Industry That Creates the Images of Women in Popular Culture". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Pamela (October 19, 2017). "Moguls and starlets: 100 years of Hollywood's corrosive, systemic sexism". The Guardian. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Dirty Secret Behind Dirty Movies, by James King and Jesse Lenz (Maxim magazine - April 2014)". Pastebin. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Russo, Maria Del (September 6, 2017). "Why This Woman Wants People To Take A Closer Look At Casting Couch Porn". Refinery29. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Freedland, Michael (2009) The Men Who Made Hollywood: The Lives of the Great Movie Moguls, London: Aurum Press.
Jump up ^ Gil Troy (2017-10-15). "The Casting Couch Perverts Who Peddled Fairy Tales". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Moguls and starlets: 100 years of Hollywood's corrosive, systemic sexism". Guardian. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maureen O'Hara's comment about sexual harassment in Hollywood from 1945 is going viral". Indy100. 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maureen O'Hara: I wasn't going to play the whore". Indy100. 8 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Mansfield, "Wild and Woody", Chicago Sun-Times, July 5, 1996.
Jump up ^ "News from the casting couch", Chicago Sun-Times, June 10, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Turning tables on the casting couch". The Observer. 19 February 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lance Bass Opens Up About Unwanted Advances 'From Both Men and Women'". Variety. November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fox slams 'casting couch' directors". Express. 5 June 2009.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Susan Sarandon, Gwyneth Paltrow, Charlize Theron & More Casting Couch Horror Stories (Photos)". The Daily Beast. 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ Ben Arnold (7 June 2009). "What I know about women: Mickey Rourke, actor, 56, married twice, currently single". Guardian. London. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ Shuter, Rob (October 11, 2010). "Lisa Rinna's Horrifying Casting Couch Admission". Popeater. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Harry Hamlin & Lisa Rinna Were Both 'Casting Couch' Victims". Starpulse.com. 2010-10-13. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Access Investigates: Hollywood Casting Couch Horrors!". Access Hollywood. 2010-10-14. Archived from the original on 2013-10-27. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Paedophilia Hollywood's biggest problem alleges child star Corey Feldman". Daily Mail. 12 August 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood's dirty little secret: Child sexual abuse". American Thinker. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Corey Feldman launches campaign to expose Hollywood paedophilia". Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Susan Sarandon, Gwyneth Paltrow, Charlize Theron & More Casting Couch Horror Stories (Photos)". The Daily Beast. 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Celeste (14 October 2012). "'It was really disgusting': Susan Sarandon reveals she was exploited on the casting couch as a young actress". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "The power of the 'casting couch' is in how it's used to shame its victims". Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "6 More Women Allege That Roger Ailes Sexually Harassed Them". New York Magazine. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bill O'Reilly Settled New Harassment Claim, Then Fox Renewed His Contract". New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Weinstein effect - Irish women speak out: 'I saw him openly grope women at an Oscar party. Nobody did anything'". Independent. 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kyle Richards Tells Jeff Lewis About a Hollywood Casting Couch Situation That Made Her Uncomfortable". Bravo TV. 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Harvey Weinstein didn't invent the casting couch, his lawyer says". Page Six. 25 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Harvey Weinstein pleads not guilty on rape and criminal sex act charges". Guardian. 6 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "In 1956, a Fan Magazine Published a Four-Part Casting Couch Exposé. It Didn't Go Well". Slate. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
Jump up ^ "The princes and the call girls". The Independent. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Actress Lesley-Anne Down's career's definitely on the up and up". South Coast Today. 2002-02-24. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
Jump up ^ "Chatter". People Magazine. 1977-03-21. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
Jump up ^ Fouché, Gwladys (20 December 2005). "Director convicted of casting couch abuse". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Tim Walker (3 May 2013). "David Cameron keeps his distance from film director Michael Winner". Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Helen Mirren: The day Michael Winner treated me like a piece of meat". Daily Mail. London. 17 December 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Susan Sarandon, Gwyneth Paltrow, Charlize Theron & More Casting Couch Horror Stories (Photos)". The Daily Beast. 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "The Ingrid Pitt column: the reality of the casting couch". The Den of Geek. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
Jump up ^ Longworth, Karina (2012-08-02). "Julie Delpy Is Fighting Everything That's Wrong With Movies". LA Weekly. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Myleene Klass: I've been offered work in exchange for sexual favours. it's rife in showbiz". Mirror. 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
Jump up ^ "'HE REVOLTED ME' Harvey Weinstein 'offered Myleene Klass sex contract' – but she told him to f*** off". The Sun. 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
Jump up ^ "'A married Hollywood star asked me to sign a sex contract,' reveals Myleene Klass". Daily Mail. 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
Jump up ^ Nixon, Tim (2013-02-15). "Thandie Newton: I was abused on the casting couch". The Sun. London. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Sarah Solemani: 'The TV and film industries are toxic – and it starts in the audition room'". Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Three British Actors Explain Why Casting Couch Culture Isn't Just A Hollywood Problem". Huffpost. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Sorbo Alleges Designer Gianni Versace Sexually Harassed Him". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony Kuhn (January 20, 2007). "China Debates Morality, Exploitation of Women". NPR. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Sex, Lies And Videotape: Actress' Disclosure". China.org.cn. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "I experienced casting couch: Suchitra". India Today.
Jump up ^ "This world - Bollywood, the casting couch". BBC. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Nanda's last outing". www.telegraphindia.com.
Jump up ^ "It Happens To Men Too. In A Shocking Revelation, Ranveer Singh Admits He Also Faced The Casting Couch!". India Times. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tisca Chopra Reveals How She Escaped A Casting Couch Experience And It's Surprisingly Hilarious!". India Times. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Actress speaks out against 'casting couch culture'". Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Actresses Openly Confess about Casting Couch in Film Industry". Telegu FilmNagar. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "In the wake of Harvey Weinstein, Bollywood stars are speaking out about sexual harassment". Retrieved 13 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sri Reddy: Big directors, producers, and heroes use studios as brothels". 10 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "'He used to force me to have sex': Telugu actress Sri Reddy's shocking allegations against top producer's son, leaks pic". dnaindia.com. 11 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (8 April 2018). "Indian Actress Stages a Topless #MeToo Protest" – via NYTimes.com.
Further reading[edit]
Anger, Kenneth (1959). Hollywood Babylon. J.J. Pauvert.
Bardot, Bessie & Barker, Geoff (2012). Casting Couch Confidential. Momentum.
Ford, Derek & Selwyn, Alan (under the pseudonym "Selwyn Ford") (1990). The Casting Couch: Making It in Hollywood. London: Grafton. ISBN 0-586-20386-9
Freedland, Michael (2009). The Men Who Made Hollywood: The Lives of the Great Movie Moguls. JR Books Ltd.
Halperin, Ian (2007). Hollywood Undercover: Revealing the Sordid Secrets of Tinseltown. Mainstream Publishing.
Hofler, Robert (2005). The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson: The Pretty Boys and Dirty Deals of Henry Willson. University of Minnesota Press.
Mutti-Mewse, Austin and Mutti-Mewse, Howard (2014). I Used to Be in Pictures: An Untold Story of Hollywood. Antique Collectors' Club.
Phillips, Julia (1995). You'll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again. Random House.
Slide, Anthony (2012). Hollywood Unknowns: A History of Extras, Bit Players, and Stand-Ins. University Press of Mississippi.
Walker, Derek & Hutchinson, Tom (1956). "The Perils of Show Business". Picturegoer, 14 July.
Further viewing[edit]
David Stenn's documentary Girl 27 (2007) explores the political power of movie studios in 1930s Hollywood, as well as public attitudes toward sexual assault that discouraged victims from coming forward.
Ken Sheetz's documentary Discover Me! (2012) features a 6-minute section entitled "Sexual Politics" where several struggling actors describe their casting-couch experiences in Hollywood.
Amy Berg's documentary An Open Secret (2014) follows the stories of five former child actors whose lives were turned upside down by multiple predators, including the convicted sex offenders Marc Collins-Rector, Brian Peck, Martin Weiss and Bob Villard.
External links[edit]
Look up casting couch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Chowdhury, Chitra (November 6, 2016). "15 Celebrities Who Became Victim of Casting Couch in Bollywood". Postoast.
A selection of contemporary articles regarding the casting couch in the American silent film industry from Taylorology.
A storytelling podcast about the secret and/or forgotten histories of Hollywood’s first century by Karina Longworth.
hide
v
t
e
Weinstein effect
Cases
Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations
U.S. political sexual scandals (2017–18)
Westminster sexual scandals
Effects
Me Too movement
Shitty Media Men
Mosque Me Too
Time's Up movement
Related
Sexual abuse in Hollywood
Casting couch
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casting_couch&oldid=866213154"
Categories:
Film and video terminology
Human sexuality
Sex scandals
Entertainment scandals
Sexual harassment
Sexual misconduct
Sexual misconduct allegations
Sexual abuse cover-ups
Euphemisms
Sexual ethics
Hollywood history and culture
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Frysk
한국어
हिन्दी
Italiano
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Português
اردو
中文
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 00:33 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Sexual_favors
mw-redirect
Sexual favors

values: /wiki/Employee mw-redirect Employee

values:
/wiki/Job_(role)
mw-redirect
Job (role)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)

value: i

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Motion_picture_industry
mw-redirect
Motion picture industry

values:
/wiki/Casting_director
mw-redirect
Casting director

values:
/wiki/Film_producers
mw-redirect
Film producers

values:
/wiki/Adult_entertainment_industry
mw-redirect
Adult entertainment industry

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Notable casting couch remarks and incidents

values:
/wiki/Media_mogul
mw-redirect
Media mogul

values:
/wiki/OK!_Magazine
mw-redirect
OK! Magazine

values:
/wiki/Access_Hollywood
mw-redirect
Access Hollywood

values:
/wiki/Fox_News_Channel
mw-redirect
Fox News Channel

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)

values:
/wiki/Ruth_O%27Neill
mw-redirect
Ruth O'Neill

values:
/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Hotel
mw-redirect
Beverly Hills Hotel

values:
/wiki/Robert_de_Niro
mw-redirect
Robert de Niro

values:
/wiki/Choses_Secr%C3%A8tes
mw-redirect
Choses Secrètes

values:
/wiki/Casting_call
mw-redirect
Casting call

values:
/wiki/Audio_recordings
mw-redirect
Audio recordings

values:
/wiki/Tollywood_(Telugu)
mw-redirect
Tollywood (Telugu)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://pastebin.com/JXZz6baW

values:
/wiki/Child_actors
mw-redirect
Child actors

values: 2017–18 United States political sexual scandals

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Casting_couch
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values: 캐스팅 카우치 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: कास्टिंग काउच – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: کاسٹنگ کاؤچ – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Casting_couch rootpage-Casting_couch skin-vector action-view


text:
A Christmas Carol (2009 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the film. For the soundtrack, see A Christmas Carol (soundtrack). For other uses, see A Christmas Carol (disambiguation).
A Christmas Carol
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Zemeckis
Produced by
Jack Rapke
Steve Starkey
Robert Zemeckis
Screenplay by
Robert Zemeckis
Based on
A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens
Starring
Jim Carrey
Gary Oldman
Colin Firth
Bob Hoskins
Robin Wright
Cary Elwes
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Robert Presley
Edited by
Jeremiah O'Driscoll
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
ImageMovers Digital
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
November 3, 2009 (2009-11-03) (London Premiere)
November 6, 2009 (2009-11-06) (United States)
Running time
95 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$175 million[2][3]
Box office
$325.3 million[4]
A Christmas Carol is a 2009 American 3D computer animated motion-capture dark fantasy film written, co-produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is an adaptation of the Charles Dickens story of the same name and stars Jim Carrey in a multitude of roles, including Ebenezer Scrooge as a young, middle-aged, and old man, and the three ghosts who haunt Scrooge.[5] The film also features supporting roles done by Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, Bob Hoskins, Robin Wright, and Cary Elwes.
The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its visuals and the performances of Carrey and Oldman but criticized its dark tone. It earned $325.3 million on a $175–200 million budget. The 3D film was produced through the process of motion capture, a technique Zemeckis previously used in his films The Polar Express (2004), and Beowulf (2007).[5] A Christmas Carol began filming in February 2008 and was released on November 3, 2009, by Walt Disney Pictures.[6] It received its world premiere in London, coinciding with the switching-on of the annual Oxford Street and Regent Street Christmas lights, which in 2009 had a Dickens theme.[7][8]
The film was released in Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3-D. It is also Disney's third film retelling of A Christmas Carol following 1983's Mickey's Christmas Carol and 1992's The Muppet Christmas Carol.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Awards and nominations
6 Soundtrack
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1843, on Christmas Eve, Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly old moneylender at a London counting house, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his cheerful nephew Fred Holywell's invitation to a Christmas dinner party, and rejects two gentlemen's offer to collect money for charity. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit asks Scrooge to allow him to have a day off on Christmas Day to spend time with his family, to which Scrooge reluctantly agrees before leaving. In his house, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like he was, carrying heavy chains forged from his own greediness. Jacob informs Scrooge that three spirits will visit to guide him out of his misery.
Scrooge is visited by the candle-like Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. They visit Scrooge's boarding school and Scrooge sees his sister Fanie, who died after giving birth to Fred. Scrooge later begins a successful career in business and money lending as an employee under Fezziwig, and he becomes engaged to a woman named Belle. However, the Ghost shows Scrooge how Belle left him when he became obsessed with wealth. A devastated Scrooge extinguishes the spirit with its candle snuffer cap but Scrooge is rocketed thousands of feet into the air while clinging onto the snuffer, only to have it disappear, resulting in Scrooge falling down to earth, back into his bedroom for the next visitation.
Scrooge meets the merry Ghost of Christmas Present, which shows him the joys and wonder of Christmas Day. Scrooge and the Ghost visit Bob's house, learning his family is content with their small dinner, Scrooge taking pity on Bob's ill son Tiny Tim. The Ghost abruptly ages, commenting that Tiny Tim will likely not survive until next Christmas. The Ghost warns Scrooge about the evils of "Ignorance" and "Want"; Big Ben begins tolling midnight as "Ignorance" and "Want" manifest themselves before Scrooge as two wretched children who grow into violent, insane individuals, leaving the spirit withering away, dying at length when midnight strikes (to the point of dissolving into a skeleton before the twelfth strike).
The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come arrives, appearing as a dark shadow, and takes Scrooge into the future. He witnesses a group of businessmen discussing the death of an unnamed man where they would only attend the funeral if lunch is provided; Scrooge is then chased across London by the Ghost and later discovers that his possessions are stolen and sold by his maid Mrs. Dilber. Shortly afterwards, Scrooge sees a covered corpse on a bed, followed by his nephew's family relieved he is dead, as they have more time to pay off their debt. The spirit transports Scrooge to Bob's residence, discovering that Tiny Tim has died. Scrooge is then taken to a cemetery, where the Ghost points out his own grave, confirming Scrooge was the man who died. Scrooge promises to change his ways just as the Ghost forces him to fall into his empty coffin lying in a deep grave that sits above the fires of Hell.
Waking up in his own room on Christmas Day, with love and happiness in his heart, a gleeful Scrooge decides to surprise Bob's family with a turkey dinner, and ventures out with the charity workers and the citizens of London to spread happiness in the city, and later attends his nephew's annual Christmas dinner, where he is warmly welcomed. The following day, he gives Cratchit a raise and becomes like "a second father" to Tiny Tim, who escapes death. A changed man, Scrooge now treats everyone with kindness, generosity, and compassion; he now embodies the spirit of Christmas.
Cast[edit]
Jim Carrey as:
Ebenezer Scrooge, a stingy, selfish old man, whose sheer miserly nature leads him to despise Christmas and all things which engender happiness.
Ghost of Christmas Past, the first of the three spirits that haunt Scrooge in order to prompt him to repent. He is depicted as an androgynous man with a flickering flame for a head and a body like a candle, with a soft and aloof Irish accent.
Ghost of Christmas Present, the second of the three spirits. He is depicted as a towering man with red hair, a full beard, and a green ermine robe. He is a jolly figure prone to hearty laughter, talking with a Northern English accent[disambiguation needed].
Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, the third of the three spirits. It is depicted as a shadowy Grim Reaper cast across the ground or a wall (usually in place of Scrooge's own shadow) and occasionally emerges into three dimensions to point at something or to chase Scrooge in a large, shadow-like horse-drawn hearse, pulled by stampeding horses. Due to its face resembling a black skull, the spirit is implied by some to be that of Death.
Gary Oldman as:
Bob Cratchit, Scrooge's underpaid clerk.
Jacob Marley, The ghost of Scrooge's former colleague, bound in chains and damned to walk the earth in penance of a cold-hearted life.
Tiny Tim, Cratchit's youngest son. While Gary Oldman provided the motion capture, Tiny Tim's voice is provided by Ryan Ochoa.
Colin Firth as Fred Holywell, Scrooge's cheerful nephew and only living relative. Fred is the son of Scrooge's little sister Fran. Fran died during childbirth. Scrooge blames Fred for Fran's death.
Bob Hoskins as:
Mr. Fezziwig, the proprietor of a warehouse business for whom Scrooge worked as a young apprentice.
Old Joe, a fence who buys the belongings of the deceased Scrooge from Mrs. Dilber.
Robin Wright as Fran/Belle
Cary Elwes as Portly Gentleman #1/Dick Wilkins/Mad Fiddler/Guest #2/Business Man #1. (Elwes would also act as a stand-in for Scrooge, the Ghost of Christmas Past, and the Ghost of Christmas Present in scenes where two Carrey characters appear together, standing-in as the character interacting with Carrey during filming of his (Carrey's) scenes. An example would be, that whenever filming scenes with Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Past, Carrey would perform as the Ghost, while Elwes would act as a stand-in for Scrooge, feeding that character's lines to Carrey, as vice-versa when Carrey performed as the Ghost.)
Fionnula Flanagan as Mrs. Dilber
Steve Valentine as Funerary Undertaker/Topper
Daryl Sabara as Undertaker's Apprentice/Tattered Caroler #1/Beggar Boy #1/Peter Cratchit/Well-Dressed Caroler #1
Sage Ryan as Tattered Caroler #2
Amber Gainey Meade as Tattered Caroler #3/ Well-Dressed Caroler #2
Ryan Ochoa as Tattered Caroler #4/Beggar Boy #2/Young Cratchit Boy/Ignorance Boy/Young Boy with Sleigh
Bobbi Page as Tattered Caroler #5/ Well-Dressed Caroler #3
Ron Bottitta as Tattered Caroler #6/ Well-Dressed Caroler #4
Sammi Hanratty as Beggar Boy #3/Young Cratchit Girl/Want Girl
Julian Holloway as Fat Cook/Portly Gentleman #2/Business Man #3
Jacquie Barnbrook as Mrs. Fezziwig/Fred's sister-in-law/Well-Dressed Caroler #5
Lesley Manville as Mrs. Cratchit
Molly C. Quinn as Belinda Cratchit
Fay Masterson as Martha Cratchit/Guest #1/Caroline
Leslie Zemeckis as Janet Holywell, Fred's wife
Paul Blackthorne as Guest #3/Business Man #2
Michael Hyland as Guest #4
Kerry Hoyt as Adult Ignorance
Julene Renee-Preciado as Adult Want
Production[edit]
Robert Zemeckis has stated previously that A Christmas Carol is one of his favorite stories dealing with time travel.[9] Carrey has described the film as "a classical version of A Christmas Carol […] There are a lot of vocal things, a lot of physical things, I have to do. Not to mention doing the accents properly, the English, Irish accents […] I want it to fly in the UK. I want it to be good and I want them to go, 'Yeah, that's for real.' We were very true to the book. It's beautiful. It's an incredible film."[10] Also, the Scrooge puppet seen in The Polar Express, which was also directed by Robert Zemeckis served as the basis for Ebenezer Scrooge in this movie.In The Polar Express , the ebenezer Scrooge puppet is the main antagonist of the film and video game who is keeping the children who are believing in Santa Claus away by stealing their tickets and having them kicked out of the train scared and running away screaming to their homes so they cannot go to the North Pole.
Disney partnered with Amtrak to promote the film with a special nationwide train tour through the summer and fall of 2009.
Release[edit]
A Christmas Carol premiered in London on November 3, 2009, and was theatrically released on November 6, 2009, in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures.
Home media[edit]
Disney released the film on November 16, 2010[11] in a single-disc DVD, two-disc 2D Blu-ray/DVD combo and in a four-disc combo pack that includes a Blu-ray 3D, a Blu-ray 2D, a DVD and a digital copy. This marked the first time that a film was available in Blu-ray 3D the same day as a standard Blu-ray 2D,[citation needed] as well as Disney's first in the Blu-ray 3D market along with Alice in Wonderland.[12] The DVD contains deleted scenes and two featurettes called "On Set with Sammi" and "Capturing A Christmas Carol". The Blu-ray 2D also has a "Digital Advent Calendar" and the featurette "Behind the Carol: The Full Motion Capture Experience". The Blu-ray 3D has an exclusive 3D game called "Mr. Scrooge's Wild Ride".
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film opened at #1 in 3,683 theaters, grossing $30,051,075 its opening weekend, with an average of $8,159 per theater.[3] The film has come to gross an estimated $137,481,366 in the United States and Canada and $181,000,000 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $318,481,366.[4] In the UK, A Christmas Carol topped the box office on two separate occasions; the first was when it opened, the second was five weeks later when it leapfrogged box office chart toppers 2012, The Twilight Saga: New Moon and Paranormal Activity despite family competition from Nativity!, another Christmas-themed movie.
Critical response[edit]
The film received mixed reviews from American film critics. In his review, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars (out of four), calling it "an exhilarating visual experience".[13] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A, applauding the film as "a marvelous and touching yuletide toy of a movie".[14] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film 3/5 stars and stated the film "is well-crafted but artless, detailed but lacking soul."[15] Mary Elizabeth Williams of Salon.com gave the film a mixed review claiming the movie "is a triumph of something—but it's certainly not the Christmas spirit."[16] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal wrote in his review that the film's "tone is joyless, despite an extended passage of bizarre laughter, several dazzling flights of digital fancy, a succession of striking images and Jim Carrey's voicing of Scrooge plus half a dozen other roles."[17] The Daily Telegraph reviewer Tim Robey wrote, "How much is gained by the half-real visual style for this story is open to question—the early scenes are laborious and never quite alive, and the explosion of jollity at the end lacks the virtue of being funny."[18] Peter Bradshaw in The Guardian also criticized the technology: "The hi-tech sheen is impressive but in an unexciting way. I wanted to see real human faces convey real human emotions."[19] Time Out London praised the film for sticking to Dickens' original dialogue but also questioned the technology by saying, "To an extent, this 'Christmas Carol' is a case of style—and stylisation—overwhelming substance."[20]
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 54% of 186 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.9 out of 10. The site's consensus is: "Robert Zemeckis' 3-D animated take on the Dickens classic tries hard, but its dazzling special effects distract from an array of fine performances from Jim Carrey and Gary Oldman."[21] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 55 based on 32 reviews.[22]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
2010 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie Jim Carrey Won
Favorite Animated Movie A Christmas Carol Nominated
36th Saturn Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: A Christmas Carol (soundtrack)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A CHRISTMAS CAROL (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. October 7, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (October 26, 2009). "Disney Hopes Christmas Carol Lives Up to Its Blockbuster Marketing". New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Christmas Carol (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Disney's A Christmas Carol- Box Office Data". The Numbers. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming, Michael. "Jim Carrey set for 'Christmas Carol': Zemeckis directing Dickens adaptation", Variety, July 6, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (February 7, 2008). "Studios rush to fill '09 schedule". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Dickens theme for festive lights". BBC News. September 13, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hall, James (September 12, 2009). "Disney's A Christmas Carol will be theme for London's Christmas lights". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Making the Trilogy: Part 1 featurette on the Back to the Future (film series)|Back to the Future Trilogy]] DVD box set.
Jump up ^ "In the Future: Jim Carrey", ComingSoon.net, March 7, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
Jump up ^ Orndorf, Brian (November 8, 2010). "Disney's A Christmas Carol (Blu-ray)". DVD Talk. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Garrett, Diane (January 7, 2010). "3D for the home coming". Variety. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney's A Christmas Carol Movie Review". Chicago Sun-Times. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Disney's A Christmas Carol Movie Review". Entertainment Weekly. November 6, 2009. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Neumaier, Joe (November 5, 2009). "Disney's A Christmas Carol in Disney Digital 3D: Blah, humbug! 'A Christmas Carol's 3-D spin on Dickens well done in parts but lacks spirit". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Williams, Mary Elizabeth (November 5, 2009). "Disney's "A Christmas Carol": Bah, humbug!". Salon.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Morgenstern, Joe (November 6, 2009). "'A Christmas Carol': Carrey, Disney Play Scrooge". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robey, Tim (November 5, 2009). "A Christmas Carol, review". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw (November 6, 2009). "Film review: A Christmas Carol | Film". London: The Guardian. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "A Christmas Carol Review. Movie Reviews - Film - Time Out London". Timeout.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Disney's A Christmas Carol (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Disney's A Christmas Carol: Reviews (2009)". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 26, 2009. [permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Christmas Carol (2009 film)
Official website
A Christmas Carol on IMDb
A Christmas Carol at the TCM Movie Database
A Christmas Carol at The Big Cartoon DataBase
A Christmas Carol at AllMovie
A Christmas Carol at Box Office Mojo
A Christmas Carol at Rotten Tomatoes
A Christmas Carol at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978)
Used Cars (1980)
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Back to the Future (1985)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part III (1990)
Two-Fisted Tales (1992)
Death Becomes Her (1992)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Contact (1997)
What Lies Beneath (2000)
Cast Away (2000)
The Polar Express (2004)
Beowulf (2007)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Flight (2012)
The Walk (2015)
Doc Brown Saves the World (2015)
Allied (2016)
The Women of Marwen (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol
Characters
Ebenezer Scrooge
Bob Cratchit
Mr. Fezziwig
Ghost of Christmas Past
Ghost of Christmas Present
Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come
Jacob Marley
Tiny Tim
Films
Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost
A Christmas Carol (1908)
A Christmas Carol (1910)
Scrooge (1913)
Scrooge (1935)
A Christmas Carol (1938)
Scrooge (1951)
It's Never Too Late
A Christmas Carol (1960)
Scrooge (1970)
A Christmas Carol (1971)
An American Christmas Carol
Mickey's Christmas Carol
Scrooged
The Muppet Christmas Carol
A Christmas Carol (1997)
A Diva's Christmas Carol
Christmas Carol: The Movie
A Carol Christmas
Springtime with Roo
Chasing Christmas
A Christmas Carol (2006)
A Dennis the Menace Christmas
An American Carol
Ghosts of Girlfriends Past
A Christmas Carol (2009)
The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol (2011)
Television
"The Christmas Carol" (1949)
A Christmas Carol (1954)
Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol
A Carol for Another Christmas
Rich Little's Christmas Carol
A Special Sesame Street Christmas
The Stingiest Man in Town
Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol
A Christmas Carol (1982)
A Christmas Carol (1984)
Blackadder's Christmas Carol
A Flintstones Christmas Carol
Ebbie
Ebenezer
An All Dogs Christmas Carol
A Christmas Carol (1999)
A Christmas Carol (2000)
An Easter Carol
A Christmas Carol (2004)
Karroll's Christmas
Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas
Nan's Christmas Carol
"A Christmas Carol" (Doctor Who)
It's Christmas, Carol!
Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale
Musicals
Scrooge (1992)
A Christmas Carol (1994)
Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge (2002)
Plays
A Christmas Carol (1988)
Fellow Passengers (2004)
A Klingon Christmas Carol (2007)
Soundtracks
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (2011)
Other
Adaptations of A Christmas Carol
Batman: Noël (comic)
"Green Christmas" (single)
The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins
[show]
v
t
e
Disney Christmas films
Theatrical shorts
Empty Socks (1927)
Mickey's Orphans (1931)
Santa's Workshop (1932)
Mickey's Good Deed (1932)
The Night Before Christmas (1933)
Broken Toys (1935)
Toy Tinkers (1949)
Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952)
The Small One (1978)
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)
The Little Matchgirl (2006)
Olaf's Frozen Adventure (2017)
Theatrical features
Babes in Toyland (1961)
One Magic Christmas (1985)
The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
The Santa Clause (1994)
I'll Be Home for Christmas (1998)
The Santa Clause 2 (2002)
The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006)
Disney's A Christmas Carol (2009)
Direct-to-video
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street (2001)
Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh: Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007)
Santa Buddies (2009)
The Search for Santa Paws (2010)
Santa Paws 2: The Santa Pups (2012)
Made for TV
Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too (special, 1991)
The Ultimate Christmas Present (DCOM, 2000)
'Twas the Night (DCOM, 2001)
A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (special, 2008)
Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation (episode, 2009)
Prep & Landing (special 2009)
Prep & Landing: Operation: Secret Santa (special 2010)
Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas! (DCOM, 2011)
Prep & Landing: Naughty vs. Nice (special, 2011)
Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (special, 2013)
Toy Story That Time Forgot (special, 2014)
[show]
v
t
e
Disney theatrical animated features
Walt Disney
Animation Studios
films
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Live-action films
with animation
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
DisneyToon Studios
films
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Return to Never Land (2002)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Bambi II (2006)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Other Disney units films
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
Teacher's Pet (2004)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Related lists
Unproduced films
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)&oldid=824163431"
Categories:
2009 films
English-language films
Films based on A Christmas Carol
2000s 3D films
2000s comedy-drama films
2000s fantasy films
American films
American 3D films
American comedy-drama films
American fantasy adventure films
American children's animated fantasy films
Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
Screenplays by Robert Zemeckis
Animated Christmas films
Computer-animated films
Animated films based on novels
Films set in London
Films with live action and animation
American Christmas films
Ghost films
IMAX films
Performance capture in film
Size change in fiction
Time travel films
Films set in the Victorian era
ImageMovers films
Disney animated films
Walt Disney Pictures films
Films scored by Alan Silvestri
Films set in 1843
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use mdy dates from November 2013
All articles with links needing disambiguation
Articles with links needing disambiguation from December 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 February 2018, at 18:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Christmas_Day
mw-redirect
Christmas Day

values: Link needs disambiguation. (December 2016)

values:
/wiki/Grim_Reaper
mw-redirect
Grim Reaper

values:
/wiki/Molly_C._Quinn
mw-redirect
Molly C. Quinn

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Weighted_mean
mw-redirect
Weighted mean

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values:
nofollow
http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF261239/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: q:Special:Search/A Christmas Carol (2009 film)

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1067106/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v406987

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/An_Easter_Carol
mw-redirect
An Easter Carol

values: Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge

values: Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (soundtrack)

values: The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins

values: Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street

values: List of United States Christmas television specials

values: List of United States Christmas television episodes

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Disney theatrical animated features

values: Template talk:Disney theatrical animated features

values: List of Disney theatrical animated features

values: List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films

values: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)

values: Animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company

values: List of unproduced Disney animated shorts and feature films

values: Book:Disney theatrical animated features

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Films based on A Christmas Carol

values: Category:American fantasy adventure films

values: Category:American children's animated fantasy films

values: Category:Films directed by Robert Zemeckis

values: Category:Films with live action and animation

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2013

values: Category:All articles with links needing disambiguation

values: Category:Articles with links needing disambiguation from December 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: أنشودة عيد الميلاد (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Коледна песен (филм, 2009) – Bulgarian

values: Disneys Eine Weihnachtsgeschichte – German

values: سرود کریسمس (فیلم ۲۰۰۹) – Persian

values: A Christmas Carol (filme de 2009) – Galician

values: A Christmas Carol (film 2009) – Indonesian

values: רוחות חג המולד – Hebrew

values: Karácsonyi ének (film, 2009) – Hungarian

values: Рождественская история (фильм, 2009) – Russian

values: A Christmas Carol (2009 film) – Albanian

values: A Christmas Carol (2009 movie) – Simple English

values: Saiturin joulu (vuoden 2009 elokuva) – Finnish

values: Різдвяна історія (фільм, 2009) – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-A_Christmas_Carol_2009_film rootpage-A_Christmas_Carol_2009_film skin-vector action-view