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Cyclone
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This article is about the meteorological phenomenon. For other uses, see Cyclone (disambiguation).
An extratropical cyclone near Iceland on September 4, 2003
In meteorology, a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure.[1][2] Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure.[3][4] The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale (the synoptic scale). Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale.[5] Mesocyclones, tornadoes and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale.[6] Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low, and can pinch off from the base of the tropical upper tropospheric trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones have also been seen on extraterrestrial planets, such as Mars and Neptune.[7][8] Cyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone formation and intensification.[9] Extratropical cyclones begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones. These zones contract and form weather fronts as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies. Later in their life cycle, extratropical cyclones occlude as cold air masses undercut the warmer air and become cold core systems. A cyclone's track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the steering flow of the subtropical jet stream.
Weather fronts mark the boundary between two masses of air of different temperature, humidity, and densities, and are associated with the most prominent meteorological phenomena. Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines. Such fronts form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east; warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. Warm fronts move poleward ahead of the cyclone path. Occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center.
Tropical cyclogenesis describes the process of development of tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm core.[10] Cyclones can transition between extratropical, subtropical, and tropical phases. Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation.[11] Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear.[12] In the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans, a tropical cyclone is generally referred to as a hurricane (from the name of the ancient Central American deity of wind, Huracan), in the Indian and south Pacific oceans it is called a cyclone, and in the northwestern Pacific it is called a typhoon.[13] The growth of instability in the vortices is not universal. For example, the size, intensity, moist-convection, surface evaporation, the value of potential temperature at each potential height can affect the nonlinear evolution of a vortex [14] [15].
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Structure
3 Formation
4 Synoptic scale
4.1 Surface-based types
4.1.1 Extratropical cyclone
4.1.1.1 Polar low
4.1.2 Subtropical
4.1.3 Tropical
4.2 Upper level types
4.2.1 Polar cyclone
4.2.2 TUTT cell
5 Mesoscale
5.1 Mesocyclone
5.2 Tornado
5.3 Dust devil
5.4 Waterspout
5.5 Steam devil
5.6 Fire whirl
6 Climate change
7 Other planets
8 References
9 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
Henry Piddington published almost 40 papers dealing with tropical storms from Calcutta between 1836 and 1855 in The Journal of the Asiatic Society. He also coined the term cyclone, meaning the coil of a snake. In 1842, he published his landmark thesis, Laws of the Storms.[16]
Structure[edit]
Comparison between extratropical and tropical cyclones on surface analysis
There are a number of structural characteristics common to all cyclones. A cyclone is a low-pressure area.[17] A cyclone's center (often known in a mature tropical cyclone as the eye), is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure in the region.[17] Near the center, the pressure gradient force (from the pressure in the center of the cyclone compared to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the force from the Coriolis effect must be in an approximate balance, or the cyclone would collapse on itself as a result of the difference in pressure.[18]
Because of the Coriolis effect, the wind flow around a large cyclone is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.[19] In the Northern Hemisphere, the fastest winds relative to the surface of the Earth therefore occur on the eastern side of a northward-moving cyclone and on the northern side of a westward-moving one; the opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere.[20] In contrast to low pressure systems, the wind flow around high pressure systems are clockwise (anticyclonic) in the northern hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Formation[edit]
The initial extratropical low-pressure area forms at the location of the red dot on the image. It is usually perpendicular (at a right angle to) the leaf-like cloud formation seen on satellite during the early stage of cyclogenesis. The location of the axis of the upper level jet stream is in light blue.
Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters.[21]
Main articles: Cyclogenesis and Tropical cyclogenesis
Cyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere.[9] Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several different processes that all result in the development of some sort of cyclone. It can occur at various scales, from the microscale to the synoptic scale.
Extratropical cyclones begin as waves along weather fronts before occluding later in their life cycle as cold-core systems. However, some intense extratropical cyclones can become warm-core systems when a warm seclusion occurs.
Tropical cyclones form as a result of significant convective activity, and are warm core.[10] Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation.[11] Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear.[12] Cyclolysis is the opposite of cyclogenesis, and is the high-pressure system equivalent, which deals with the formation of high-pressure areas—Anticyclogenesis.[22]
A surface low can form in a variety of ways. Topography can create a surface low. Mesoscale convective systems can spawn surface lows that are initially warm core.[23] The disturbance can grow into a wave-like formation along the front and the low is positioned at the crest. Around the low, the flow becomes cyclonic. This rotational flow moves polar air towards the equator on the west side of the low, while warm air move towards the pole on the east side. A cold front appears on the west side, while a warm front forms on the east side. Usually, the cold front moves at a quicker pace than the warm front and "catches up" with it due to the slow erosion of higher density air mass out ahead of the cyclone. In addition, the higher density air mass sweeping in behind the cyclone strengthens the higher pressure, denser cold air mass. The cold front over takes the warm front, and reduces the length of the warm front.[24] At this point an occluded front forms where the warm air mass is pushed upwards into a trough of warm air aloft, which is also known as a trowal.[25]
Tropical cyclogenesis is the term that describes the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone.[26] The mechanisms by which tropical cyclogenesis occurs are distinctly different from those that produce mid-latitude cyclones. Tropical cyclogenesis, the development of a warm-core cyclone, begins with significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis:
sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures,[27]
atmospheric instability,
high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere
enough Coriolis force to develop a low-pressure center
a preexisting low-level focus or disturbance
low vertical wind shear.[28]
An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale).[29]
Synoptic scale[edit]
A fictitious synoptic chart of an extratropical cyclone affecting the UK and Ireland. The blue arrows between isobars indicate the direction of the wind, while the "L" symbol denotes the centre of the "low". Note the occluded, cold and warm frontal boundaries.
The following types of cyclones are identifiable in synoptic charts.
Surface-based types[edit]
See also: Low-pressure area
There are three main types of surface-based cyclones: Extratropical cyclones, Subtropical cyclones and Tropical cyclones
Extratropical cyclone[edit]
Main article: Extratropical cyclone
An extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale of low-pressure weather system that does not have tropical characteristics, as it is connected with fronts and horizontal gradients (rather than vertical) in temperature and dew point otherwise known as "baroclinic zones".[30]
"Extratropical" is applied to cyclones outside the tropics, in the middle latitudes. These systems may also be described as "mid-latitude cyclones" due to their area of formation, or "post-tropical cyclones" when a tropical cyclone has moved (extratropical transition) beyond the tropics.[30][31] They are often described as "depressions" or "lows" by weather forecasters and the general public. These are the everyday phenomena that, along with anti-cyclones, drive weather over much of the Earth.
Although extratropical cyclones are almost always classified as baroclinic since they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient within the westerlies, they can sometimes become barotropic late in their life cycle when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with radius.[32] An extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters sufficient to warm its core, and as a result develops central convection.[33] A particularly intense type of extratropical cyclone that strikes during winter is known colloquially as a nor'easter.
Polar low[edit]
Main article: Polar low
A polar low over the Sea of Japan in December 2009
A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure system (depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Polar lows were first identified on the meteorological satellite imagery that became available in the 1960s, which revealed many small-scale cloud vortices at high latitudes. The most active polar lows are found over certain ice-free maritime areas in or near the Arctic during the winter, such as the Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Labrador Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Polar lows dissipate rapidly when they make landfall. Antarctic systems tend to be weaker than their northern counterparts since the air-sea temperature differences around the continent are generally smaller[citation needed]. However, vigorous polar lows can be found over the Southern Ocean. During winter, when cold-core lows with temperatures in the mid-levels of the troposphere reach −45 °C (−49 °F) move over open waters, deep convection forms, which allows polar low development to become possible.[34] The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) and exist for no more than a couple of days. They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using conventional weather reports and are a hazard to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and gas and oil platforms. Polar lows have been referred to by many other terms, such as polar mesoscale vortex, Arctic hurricane, Arctic low, and cold air depression. Today the term is usually reserved for the more vigorous systems that have near-surface winds of at least 17 m/s.[35]
Subtropical[edit]
Subtropical Storm Alex in the north Atlantic Ocean in January 2016
Main article: Subtropical cyclone
A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel.[36] As early as the 1950s, meteorologists were unclear whether they should be characterized as tropical cyclones or extratropical cyclones, and used terms such as quasi-tropical and semi-tropical to describe the cyclone hybrids.[37] By 1972, the National Hurricane Center officially recognized this cyclone category.[38] Subtropical cyclones began to receive names off the official tropical cyclone list in the Atlantic Basin in 2002.[36] They have broad wind patterns with maximum sustained winds located farther from the center than typical tropical cyclones, and exist in areas of weak to moderate temperature gradient.[36]
Since they form from extratropical cyclones, which have colder temperatures aloft than normally found in the tropics, the sea surface temperatures required is around 23 degrees Celsius (73 °F) for their formation, which is three degrees Celsius (5 °F) lower than for tropical cyclones.[39] This means that subtropical cyclones are more likely to form outside the traditional bounds of the hurricane season. Although subtropical storms rarely have hurricane-force winds, they may become tropical in nature as their cores warm.[40]
Tropical[edit]
Main article: Tropical cyclone
2017 Atlantic hurricane season summary map
A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding rain. A tropical cyclone feeds on heat released when moist air rises, resulting in condensation of water vapour contained in the moist air. They are fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as nor'easters, European windstorms, and polar lows, leading to their classification as "warm core" storm systems.[10]
Hurricane Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004
The term "tropical" refers to both the geographic origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively in tropical regions of the globe, and their dependence on Maritime Tropical air masses for their formation. The term "cyclone" refers to the storms' cyclonic nature, with counterclockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere. Depending on their location and strength, tropical cyclones are referred to by other names, such as hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply as a cyclone.
While tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential rain, they are also able to produce high waves and a damaging storm surge.[41] Their winds increase the wave size, and in so doing they draw more heat and moisture into their system, thereby increasing their strength. They develop over large bodies of warm water,[42] and hence lose their strength if they move over land.[43] This is the reason coastal regions can receive significant damage from a tropical cyclone, while inland regions are relatively safe from strong winds. Heavy rains, however, can produce significant flooding inland. Storm surges are rises in sea level caused by the reduced pressure of the core that in effect "sucks" the water upward and from winds that in effect "pile" the water up. Storm surges can produce extensive coastal flooding up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the coastline. Although their effects on human populations can be devastating, tropical cyclones can also relieve drought conditions.[44] They also carry heat and energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes, which makes them an important part of the global atmospheric circulation mechanism. As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth's troposphere.
Many tropical cyclones develop when the atmospheric conditions around a weak disturbance in the atmosphere are favorable. Others form when other types of cyclones acquire tropical characteristics. Tropical systems are then moved by steering winds in the troposphere; if the conditions remain favorable, the tropical disturbance intensifies, and can even develop an eye. On the other end of the spectrum, if the conditions around the system deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall, the system weakens and eventually dissipates. A tropical cyclone can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by condensation to differences in temperature between air masses.[10] A tropical cyclone is usually not considered to become subtropical during its extratropical transition.[45]
Atlantic hurricane
Pacific hurricane
Pacific typhoon
North Indian Ocean cyclone
South Pacific cyclone
Australian region cyclone
South-West Indian Ocean cyclone
Upper level types[edit]
Polar cyclone[edit]
Main article: Polar cyclone
A polar, sub-polar, or Arctic cyclone (also known as a polar vortex)[46] is a vast area of low pressure that strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer.[47] A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis acceleration acting on the air masses moving poleward at high altitude, causes a counterclockwise circulation at high altitude. The poleward movement of air originates from the air circulation of the Polar cell. The polar low is not driven by convection as are tropical cyclones, nor the cold and warm air mass interactions as are extratropical cyclones, but is an artifact of the global air movement of the Polar cell. The base of the polar low is in the mid to upper troposphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, the polar cyclone has two centers on average. One center lies near Baffin Island and the other over northeast Siberia.[46] In the southern hemisphere, it tends to be located near the edge of the Ross ice shelf near 160 west longitude.[48] When the polar vortex is strong, its effect can be felt at the surface as a westerly wind (toward the east). When the polar cyclone is weak, significant cold outbreaks occur.[49]
TUTT cell[edit]
Main article: Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
Under specific circumstances, upper level cold lows can break off from the base of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough (TUTT), which is located mid-ocean in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer months. These upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices, also known as TUTT cells or TUTT lows, usually move slowly from east-northeast to west-southwest, and their bases generally do not extend below 20,000 feet (6,100 m) in altitude. A weak inverted surface trough within the trade wind is generally found underneath them, and they may also be associated with broad areas of high-level clouds. Downward development results in an increase of cumulus clouds and the appearance of a surface vortex. In rare cases, they become warm-core tropical cyclones. Upper cyclones and the upper troughs that trail tropical cyclones can cause additional outflow channels and aid in their intensification. Developing tropical disturbances can help create or deepen upper troughs or upper lows in their wake due to the outflow jet emanating from the developing tropical disturbance/cyclone.[50][51]
Mesoscale[edit]
The following types of cyclones are not identifiable in synoptic charts.
Mesocyclone[edit]
Main article: Mesocyclone
A mesocyclone is a vortex of air, 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi) to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter (the mesoscale of meteorology), within a convective storm.[52] Air rises and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low-pressure systems in both northern and southern hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that is, associated with a localized low-pressure region within a supercell.[53] Such storms can feature strong surface winds and severe hail. Mesocyclones often occur together with updrafts in supercells, where tornadoes may form. About 1700 mesocyclones form annually across the United States, but only half produce tornadoes.[11]
Tornado[edit]
Main article: Tornado
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Also referred to as twisters, a collequial term in America, or cyclones, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology, in a wider sense, to name any closed low-pressure circulation.
Dust devil[edit]
Main article: Dust devil
A dust devil is a strong, well-formed, and relatively long-lived whirlwind, ranging from small (half a metre wide and a few metres tall) to large (more than 10 metres wide and more than 1000 metres tall). The primary vertical motion is upward. Dust devils are usually harmless, but can on rare occasions grow large enough to pose a threat to both people and property.
Waterspout[edit]
Main article: Waterspout
A waterspout is a columnar vortex forming over water that is, in its most common form, a non-supercell tornado over water that is connected to a cumuliform cloud. While it is often weaker than most of its land counterparts, stronger versions spawned by mesocyclones do occur.
Steam devil[edit]
Main article: Steam devil
A gentle vortex over calm water or wet land made visible by rising water vapour.
Fire whirl[edit]
Main article: Fire whirl
A fire whirl – also colloquially known as a fire devil, fire tornado, firenado, or fire twister – is a whirlwind induced by a fire and often made up of flame or ash.
Climate change[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)
See also: Hurricanes and climate change
Scientists warn that climate change could increase the intensity of typhoons as climate change projections show that the difference in temperature between the ocean – the heat source for cyclones – and the storm tops – the cold parts of cyclones – are likely to increase.[54] Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of high-intensity storms in selected ocean basins.[55] While the effect changing climate is having on tropical storms remains largely unresolved[56] scientists and president of Vanuatu Baldwin Lonsdale say the devastation caused by Pam, was aggravated by climate change.[57][58]
Other planets[edit]
Cyclone on Mars, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope
Cyclones are not unique to Earth. Cyclonic storms are common on Jovian planets, such as the Small Dark Spot on Neptune. It is about one third the diameter of the Great Dark Spot and received the nickname "Wizard's Eye" because it looks like an eye. This appearance is caused by a white cloud in the middle of the Wizard's Eye.[8] Mars has also exhibited cyclonic storms.[7] Jovian storms like the Great Red Spot are usually mistakenly named as giant hurricanes or cyclonic storms. However, this is inaccurate, as the Great Red Spot is, in fact, the inverse phenomenon, an anticyclone.[59]
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Jump up ^ Clark Evans (January 5, 2006). "Favorable trough interactions on tropical cyclones". Flhurricane.com. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
Jump up ^ Deborah Hanley; John Molinari; Daniel Keyser (October 2001). "A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 129 (10): 2570–84. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.2570H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Mesocyclone". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office State College, Pennsylvania (2006-07-16). "Splitting Storm and Anti-cyclonic Rotating Mesocyclone in a Thunderstorm over Elk County July 10th, 2006". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Jump up ^ Alice Klein and Greta Keenan (8 July 2016). "Perfect storm hits Taiwan as China sees worst floods in 20 years". New Scientist. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Mendelsohn, Kerry Emanuel, Shun Chonabayashi and Laura Bakkensen (2012). "The Impact of Climate Change on Global Tropical Storm Damages". Nature Climate Change. 2 (3): 205. Bibcode:2012NatCC...2..205M. doi:10.1038/nclimate1357. SSRN 1955106  . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ How climate change makes hurricanes worse on YouTube August 28, 2017 Vox's channel
Jump up ^ Karl Mathiesen. "Climate change aggravating cyclone damage, scientists say". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Angela Fritz. "Top hurricane expert: Climate change influenced Tropical Cyclone Pam". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Ellen Cohen (2009). "Jupiter's Great Red Spot". Hayden Planetarium. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclones.
Look up cyclone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Fundamentals of Physical Geography: The Mid-Latitude Cyclone – Dr. Michael Pidwirny, University of British Columbia, Okanagan
Glossary Definition: Cyclogenesis – The National Snow and Ice Data Center
Glossary Definition: Cyclolysis – The National Snow and Ice Data Center
Weather Facts: The Polar Low – Weather Online UK
NOAA FAQ
Cyclones 'ClearlyExplained'
Cyclone Video Archive
The EM-DAT International Disaster Database by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
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text:
I Just Called to Say I Love You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Single by Stevie Wonder
from the album The Woman in Red (soundtrack)
B-side
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" (instrumental)
Released
August 1, 1984[1]
Length
6:44 (Extended version)
6:16 (Album version)
4:25 (Single version)
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Stevie Wonder[2]
Producer(s)
Stevie Wonder
Stevie Wonder singles chronology
"Front Line"
(1983) "I Just Called to Say I Love You"
(1984) "Love Light in Flight"
(1984)
Music video
"I Just Called To Say I Love You" on YouTube
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" is a ballad written, produced, and performed by Stevie Wonder.[2] It remains Wonder's best-selling single to date, having topped a record 19 charts.
The song was the lead single from the 1984 soundtrack album The Woman in Red,[2] along with two other songs by Wonder, and scored number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from October 13 to October 27, 1984. It also became his tenth number-one on the R&B chart, and his fourth on the adult contemporary chart; it spent three weeks atop both charts, and for the same weeks as on the Hot 100.[3] The song also became Wonder's only solo UK number-one success, staying at the top for six weeks, in the process also becoming Motown Records' biggest-selling single in the UK, a distinction it still holds as of 2018.[2] In addition, the song won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[2] The song also received three nominations at the 27th Grammy Awards for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Instrumental Performance.
There was a dispute among Wonder, his former writing partner Lee Garrett, and Lloyd Chiate as to who actually wrote the song. Chiate claimed in a lawsuit that he and Garrett wrote the song years before its 1984 release; however, a jury ultimately sided with Wonder.[4]
Contents
1 Personnel
2 Charts and certifications
2.1 Charts
2.2 Year-end charts
2.3 Decade-end charts
2.4 Sales and certifications
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Personnel[edit]
Stevie Wonder – vocals, synthesizer, drums, vocoder, organ
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA) 1
Austrian Singles Chart[5] 1
Canadian Singles Chart[6] 1
Danish Singles Chart 1
Dutch Singles Chart[7] 1
European Billboard Hot 100 Singles 1
French Singles Chart[8] 1
German Singles Chart[9] 1
Irish Singles Chart[10] 1
Italian Singles Chart[11] 1
Norwegian Singles Chart[12] 1
New Zealand Singles Chart 1
Spain (AFYVE)[13] 1
Swedish Singles Chart[14] 1
Swiss Singles Chart[15] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[17] 1
US Billboard Hot Black Singles[17] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100 25
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1980–1989)
Position
Australian Singles Chart 5
UK Singles Chart 3
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[18]
3× Platinum 300,000^
France (SNEP)[19]
Gold 926,000[20]
Germany (BVMI)[21]
Gold 250,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[22]
Platinum 1,874,225[23]
United States (RIAA)[24]
Gold 1,000,000
Total available sales:
4,326,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1980s
List of RPM number-one singles of 1984
List of European number-one hits of 1984
List of number-one hits of 1984 (France)
List of number-one hits of 1984 (Germany)
List of number-one singles of 1984 (Ireland)
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1984
List of number-one singles in 1984 (New Zealand)
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one hits (Sweden)
List of number-one hits of 1984 (Switzerland)
List of number-one singles from the 1980s (UK)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1984 (U.S.)
List of number-one R&B singles of 1984 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1984 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Database". Riaa.org. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 136. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "I Just Called to Say I Love You" topped the Billboard Hot 100, Adult Contemporary, and R&B charts simultaneously from October 13 to 27, 1984:
Hot 100 singles chart. Billboard. October 27, 1984. p. 64. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Hot Adult Contemporary chart. Billboard. October 27, 1984. p. 19. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Hot Black Singles chart. Billboard. October 27, 1984. p. 50. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Henry (February 23, 1990). "Wonder Wins Suit Over Song". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". austriancharts.at. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lwin, Nanda. Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Mississauga, Ontario: 1999.
Jump up ^ "De Nederlandse Top 40, week 41, 1984". Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". lescharts.com. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived January 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived June 3, 2009, at WebCite (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia (Retrieved May 30, 2008)
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". hitparade.ch. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stevie Wonder: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Billboard AllMusic. (Retrieved April 17, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Canadian certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You". Music Canada. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "French certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved March 29, 2012. Select STEVIE WONDER and click OK
Jump up ^ "Les Singles en Or :" (in French). Infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Stevie Wonder; 'I Just Called to Say I Love You')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "British certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 29, 2012. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter I Just Called to Say I Love You in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (September 19, 2017). "The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Stevie Wonder
Studio albums
The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie
Tribute to Uncle Ray
With a Song in My Heart
Stevie at the Beach
Up-Tight
Down to Earth
I Was Made to Love Her
Someday at Christmas
Eivets Rednow
For Once in My Life
My Cherie Amour
Signed, Sealed & Delivered
Where I'm Coming From
Music of My Mind
Talking Book
Innervisions
Fulfillingness' First Finale
Songs in the Key of Life
Hotter than July
In Square Circle
Characters
Conversation Peace
A Time to Love
Live albums
Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius
Stevie Wonder Live
Live at the Talk of the Town
Natural Wonder
Soundtracks
Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"
The Woman in Red
Jungle Fever
Compilations
Looking Back
Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I
Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection
At the Close of a Century
Ballad Collection
The Definitive Collection
20th Century Masters
The Complete Stevie Wonder
Top ten singles
"Fingertips - Part 2"
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)"
"Blowin' in the Wind"
"A Place in the Sun"
"I Was Made to Love Her"
"I'm Wondering"
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day"
"For Once in My Life"
"My Cherie Amour"
"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday"
"Never Had a Dream Come True"
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
"Heaven Help Us All"
"If You Really Love Me"
"Superstition"
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life"
"Higher Ground"
"Living for the City"
"He's Misstra Know-It-All"
"You Haven't Done Nothin'"
"Boogie On Reggae Woman"
"I Wish"
"Sir Duke"
"Send One Your Love"
"Master Blaster (Jammin')"
"I Ain't Gonna Stand for It"
"Happy Birthday"
"That Girl"
"Do I Do"
"Ebony and Ivory"
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
"Love Light in Flight"
"Part-Time Lover"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"Go Home"
Other singles
"Hey Harmonica Man"
"Hey Love"
"I Don't Know Why"
"Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer"
"Superwoman (Where Were You When I Needed You)"
"Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing"
"As"
"Another Star"
"Lately"
"Ribbon in the Sky"
"Overjoyed"
"Faith"
Other songs
"You and I (We Can Conquer the World)"
"Golden Lady
"All in Love Is Fair"
"They Won't Go When I Go"
"Knocks Me Off My Feet"
"Pastime Paradise"
"Isn't She Lovely"
"Black Man"
Collaborations
"Ebony and Ivory"
"We Are the World"
"Just Good Friends"
"California Roll"
Related articles
Discography
Lula Mae Hardaway
Syreeta Wright
KJLH
Wonderin'
"Wonder-ful"
Book
Category
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Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish Upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"Remember Me"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2017)
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Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
1960s
"Town Without Pity" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1961)
"Circus World" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1964)
"Forget Domani" Lyrics by Norman Newell, Music by Riz Ortolani (1965)
"Strangers in the Night" Lyrics by Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder, Music by Bert Kaempfert (1966)
"If Ever I Would Leave You" Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, Music by Frederick Loewe (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Michel Legrand (1968)
"Jean" Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen (1969)
1970s
"Whistling Away the Dark" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Henry Mancini (1970)
"Life Is What You Make It" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1971)
"Ben" Lyrics by Don Black, Music by Walter Scharf (1972)
"The Way We Were" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1973)
"I Feel Love" Lyrics by Betty Box, Music by Euel Box (1974)
"I'm Easy" Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen" Lyrics by Paul Williams, Music by Barbra Streisand (1976)
"You Light Up My Life" Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance" Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara (1978)
"The Rose" Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom (1979)
1980s
"Fame" Lyrics by Dean Pitchford, Music by Michael Gore (1980)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen, Burt Bacharach, Christopher Cross, & Carole Bayer Sager (1981)
"Up Where We Belong" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte-Marie (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" Lyrics by Irene Cara, Keith Forsey, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me" Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away" Lyrics by Tom Whitlock, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" Lyrics by Franke Previte, Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz (1987)
"Let the River Run" Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon/"Two Hearts" Lyrics by Phil Collins, Music by Lamont Dozier (1988)
"Under the Sea" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1989)
1990s
"Blaze of Glory" Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi (1990)
"Beauty and the Beast" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1991)
"A Whole New World" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Alan Menken (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Elton John (1994)
"Colors of the Wind" Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, Music by Alan Menken (1995)
"You Must Love Me" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by James Horner (1997)
"The Prayer" Music & Lyrics by David Foster, Tony Renis, Carole Bayer Sager, Alberto Testa (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart" Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins (1999)
2000s
"Things Have Changed" Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan (2000)
"Until..." Music and lyrics by Sting (2001)
"The Hands That Built America" Music and lyrics by Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. (2002)
"Into the West" Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox, Howard Shore & Frances Walsh (2003)
"Old Habits Die Hard" Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart (2004)
"A Love That Will Never Grow Old" Lyrics by Bernie Taupin, Music by Gustavo Santaolalla (2005)
"The Song of the Heart" Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson (2006)
"Guaranteed" Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder (2007)
"The Wrestler" Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (2008)
"The Weary Kind" Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett (2009)
2010s
"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me" Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren (2010)
"Masterpiece" Music & Lyrics by Madonna, Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry (2011)
"Skyfall" by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Ordinary Love" by U2 and Danger Mouse (2013)
"Glory" by Common and John Legend (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes (2015)
"City of Stars" by Justin Hurwitz, Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"This Is Me" by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2017)
Complete List
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Just_Called_to_Say_I_Love_You&oldid=856112754"
Categories:
1984 singles
Stevie Wonder songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Songs written by Stevie Wonder
Songs about telephone calls
Motown singles
1984 songs
Hidden categories:
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List of number-one hits in Norway

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List of number-one hits (Sweden)

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values: I Just Called to Say I Love You – German

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