text:
Rotary dial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A traditional North American rotary phone dial stands at 2 inches tall (5 cm) and 3.5 inches wide (7 cm). The associative lettering was originally used for dialing named exchanges but was kept because it facilitated memorization of telephone numbers.
A rotary dial is a component of a telephone or a telephone switchboard that implements a signaling technology in telecommunications known as pulse dialing. It is used when initiating a telephone call to transmit the destination telephone number to a telephone exchange.
On the rotary dial, the digits are arranged in a circular layout so that a finger wheel may be rotated with one finger from the position of each digit to a fixed stop position, implemented by the finger stop, which is a mechanical barrier to prevent further rotation.
When released at the finger stop, the wheel returns to its home position by spring action at a speed regulated by a governor device. During this return rotation, the dial interrupts the direct electrical current of the telephone line (local loop) a specific number of times for each digit and thereby generates electrical pulses which the telephone exchange decodes into each dialed digit. Each of the ten digits is encoded in sequences of up to ten pulses so the method is sometimes called decadic dialling.
The first patent for a rotary dial was granted to Almon Brown Strowger (November 29, 1892) as U.S. Patent 486,909, but the commonly known form with holes in the finger wheel was not introduced until ca. 1904.[citation needed] While used in telephone systems of the independent telephone companies, rotary dial service in the Bell System in the United States was not common until the introduction of the Western Electric model 50AL in 1919.[1]
From the 1980s onward, the rotary dial was gradually supplanted by dual-tone multi-frequency push-button dialing, first introduced to the public at the 1962 World's Fair under the trade name "Touch-Tone". Touch-tone technology primarily used a keypad in form of a rectangular array of push-buttons for dialing.
The LM Ericsson Dialog from the 1960s that remained popular in Sweden up until the 1980s
Contents
1 History
2 Construction
2.1 Letters
3 Function
3.1 Emergency calling
3.2 Recoil spring
3.3 Dials within handsets
3.4 Push-button pulse phones
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
1910 advertisement for dial telephone service in Chicago from the Illinois Tunnel Company, showing an Automatic Electric-made phone
From as early as 1836 onward, various suggestions and inventions of dials for sending telegraph signals were reported. After the first commercial telephone exchange was installed in 1878, the need for an automated, user-controlled method of directing a telephone call became apparent. Addressing the technical shortcomings, Almon Brown Strowger invented a telephone dial in 1891.[2] Before 1891, numerous competing inventions, and 26 patents for dials, push-buttons, and similar mechanisms, specified methods of signalling a destination telephone station that a subscriber wanted to call. Most inventions involved costly, intricate mechanisms and required the user to perform complex manipulations.[citation needed]
The first commercial installation of a telephone dial accompanied the first commercial installation of a 99-line automatic telephone exchange in La Porte, Indiana, in 1892, which was based on the 1891 Strowger designs. The original dials required complex operational sequences. A workable, albeit error-prone, system was invented by the Automatic Electric Company using three push-buttons on the telephone. These buttons represented the hundreds, tens, and single units of a telephone number. When calling the subscriber number 163, for example, the user had to push the hundreds button once, followed by six presses of the tens button, and three presses of the units button.[3] In 1896, this system was supplanted by an automatic contact-making machine, or calling device. Further development continued during the 1890s and the early 1900s in conjunction with improvements in switching technology.
Almon Brown Strowger was the first to file a patent for a rotary dial on December 21, 1891, which was awarded on November 29, 1892, as U.S. Patent 486,909.[4][5] The early rotary dials used lugs on a finger plate instead of holes, and the pulse train was generated without the control of spring action or a governor on the forward movement of the wheel, which proved to be difficult to operate correctly.
On rotary dial phones smaller numbers, such as 2, are dialed more rapidly than longer numbers, such as 9 (because the dial turns much further with a 9). In 1947, area codes were introduced in the United States, so as to facilitate direct distance dialing first by operators, then by subscribers. In the original system in use until 1995, the first digit of the area code could not be a one or a zero, but the second number had to be a one or zero. This allowed mechanical switching equipment in the central offices to distinguish local from "long distance" calls.
Therefore, the lowest and most quickly dialed code was 212; the highest and slowest 909. The Bell System, in developing the original area codes, assigned the lowest codes to the areas where they would be most used: the large cities. 212, the lowest number, was New York City. The next to lowest, 213 and 312, were Los Angeles and Chicago. 214 was Dallas and 412 was Pittsburgh. A high number like 919 was assigned to North Carolina. An even higher number, 907 (higher because the 0 counts as 10), was Alaska.
In the 1950s, plastic materials were introduced in dial construction, replacing metal which was heavier and subject to higher wear.
Despite their lack of modern features, rotary phones occasionally find special uses. For instance, the anti-drug Fairlawn Coalition of the Anacostia section of Washington, D.C., persuaded the phone company to reinstall rotary-dial pay phones in the 1980s to discourage loitering by drug purchasers, since the dials could not be used to call dealers' pagers.[why?][6] They are also retained for authenticity in historic properties such as the U.S. Route 66 Blue Swallow Motel, which date back to the era of named exchanges and pulse dialing.[7]
Construction[edit]
A 1931 Ericsson rotary dial telephone without lettering on the finger wheel, typical of European telephones. The 0 precedes 1.
A rotary dial typically features a circular construction. The shaft that actuates the mechanical switching mechanism is driven by the finger wheel, a disk that has ten finger holes aligned close to the circumference. The finger wheel may be transparent or opaque permitting the viewing of the face plate, or number plate below, either in whole, or only showing the number assignment for each finger hole. The faceplate is printed with numbers, and sometimes letters, corresponding to each finger hole. The 1 is normally set at approximately 60 degrees clockwise from the uppermost point of the dial, or approximately at the 2 o'clock position, and then the numbers progress counterclockwise, with the 0 being at about 5 o'clock.[citation needed] A curved device called a finger stop sits above the dial at approximately the 4 o'clock position. The physical nature of the dialing mechanism on rotary phones allowed the use of physical locking mechanisms to prevent unauthorized use. The lock could be integral to the phone itself or a separate device inserted through the finger hole nearest the finger stop to prevent the dial from rotating.
Letters[edit]
Main article: Telephone exchange names
In addition to the numbers, the faceplate is often printed with letters corresponding to each finger hole. In North America, traditional dials have letter codes displayed with the numbers under the finger holes in the following pattern: 1, 2 ABC, 3 DEF, 4 GHI, 5 JKL, 6 MNO, 7 PRS, 8 TUV, 9 WXY, and 0 (sometimes Z) Operator. Letters were associated with the dial numbers to represent telephone exchange names in communities having more than 9,999 telephone lines, and additionally given a meaningful mnemonic to facilitate memorization of individual telephone numbers by incorporating their exchange names. For example: "RE7-xxxx" represented "REgent 7-xxxx", 'Regent' being a local exchange name used in Canada, derived from an earlier precursor telephone number, '7xxxx' –with callers actually dialing '73-7xxxx' (737-xxxx).
The use of letters on dials was proposed in 1917 by W. G. Blauvelt of AT&T. Large cities like New York would ultimately require a seven-digit number, but some tests in the early 1900s indicated that the short-term memory span of many people could not handle seven digits and many dialling errors due to memory lapse might occur (the documentation for these tests is lost).[citation needed] Hence the first Panel automatic exchanges cutover in 1915 in Newark, New Jersey used "semiautomatic" operation with the local operator keying the number for the caller. And as large cities would have both manual and automatic exchanges for some years, the numbers for manual or automatic exchanges would have the same format (originally MULberry 3456, with three letters then four numbers), which could be either spoken or dialled. [8]
In the United Kingdom the letter "O" was combined with the digit "0" rather than "6". Older Australian rotary dial telephones had each number's corresponding letter printed on a paper disc in the centre of the plate, with space where the subscriber could add the phone number.[citation needed] The paper was protected by a clear plastic disc, held in place by a form of retaining ring which also served to locate the disc radially. The Australian letter-to-number mapping was A=1, B=2, F=3, J=4, L=5, M=6, U=7, W=8, X=9, Y=0, so the phone number BX 3701 was in fact 29 3701. When Australia around 1960 changed to all-numeric telephone dials, a mnemonic to help people associate letters with numbers was the sentence, "All Big Fish Jump Like Mad Under Water eXcept Yabbies." However, such letter codes were not used in all countries.
Phone with letters on its rotary dial (1950s, UK)
Dials outside Canada, the United States, and large cities in Britain (before all-figure dialling) usually did not bear alphabetic characters or an indication of the word "operator" in addition to numbers.[citation needed] Alphabetic designation of exchanges with Cyrillic letters (А, Б, В, Г, Д, Е, Ж, И, К, Л for each of the digits from 1 through 0 respectively) was also used for a short period in the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s, but by the next decade this practice was largely discontinued.[9][10]
Function[edit]
Rotary telephone from New Zealand which used a reversed ordering of the numerals
To dial a number, the user puts a finger in the corresponding finger hole and rotates the dial clockwise until it reaches the finger stop. The user then pulls out the finger, and a spring in the dial returns it to the resting position. For example, if the user dials "6" on a North American phone, electrical contacts wired through the cam mechanism inside the phone will open and close six times as the dial returns to home position, thus sending six pulses to the central office.
Different pulse systems are used, varying from country to country. For example, Sweden uses one pulse to signal the number zero, and 10 pulses to signal the number nine. New Zealand uses ten pulses minus the number desired; so dialing 7 produces three pulses. In Norway, the North American system with the number '1' corresponding to one pulse was used, except for the capital, Oslo, which used the same "inverse" system as in New Zealand.
For this reason, the numbers on the dial are shifted in different countries, or even in different areas of one country, to work with their system because of the difference of the number arrangement on the dial. The dial numbering can occur in four different formats, with 0 adjacent either to the 1 or the 9, and the numbers running in ascending or descending order, with either the 0, 1 or 9 being closest to the finger stop.
Rotary dial telephones have no redial feature; the complete number has to be dialed for every attempted call.
Since the late 1940s, telephones were redesigned with the numbers and letters on a ring outside the finger wheel to provide better visibility.[11]
Swedish rotary telephone. The 0 precedes 1.
Emergency calling[edit]
A relic of these differences is found in emergency telephone numbers used in various countries; the United Kingdom selected 999 due to the ease of converting call office dials to make free calls. "0" for the Operator was already free, and the cam that removed the shunt on the line when the dial was rotated to the "0" position could be altered to include the adjacent digit "9" (and "8" if required) so that calls to "0" and "999" could be made without inserting coins. In New Zealand 111 was selected for the same reason: on New Zealand reverse-numbered dials each digit "1" sends 9 pulses to the central office/telephone exchange (like "9" in Britain).[citation needed]
Play media
The back of a rotary dial in operation, with LEDs attached making the contacts' states visible
Recoil spring[edit]
Early dials worked by direct or forward action. The pulses were generated as the dial turned toward the finger stop position. When the user's hand motion was erratic, it produced wrong numbers. In the late 19th century, the dial was refined to operate automatically by a recoil spring. The user selected the digit to be dialed, rotated the dial to the finger stop, then released it. The spring caused the dial to rotate back to its home position during which time constant speed was maintained with a centrifugal governor.
Dials at user stations typically produced pulses at the rate of ten pulses per second (pps), while dials on operator consoles on Crossbar or electronic exchanges often pulsed at 20 pps.
The rotary dial governor is subject to wear and aging, and may require periodic cleaning, lubrication and adjustment by a telephone technician. In the video, the green LED shows the dial impulse pulses and the red LED shows the dial's off-normal contact function.
Off-normal contacts typically serve two additional functions. They may implement a shunt across the transmitter circuit and induction coil to maximize the pulsing signal of the dial by eliminating all internal impedances of the telephone set. Another function is to short-circuit the telephone receiver during dialing, to prevent audible clicking noise from being heard by the telephone user.
Dials within handsets[edit]
Some telephones include a small dial built into the handset, with a movable finger stop. The user rotates the dial clockwise until the finger stop ceases moving, then releases both. In this design the holes extend around the full circumference of the dial, allowing a reduced diameter. This was introduced by Western Electric on the compact Trimline telephone, the first to locate the dial in the handset. In Spain, such phones were manufactured for CTNE (Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España) by Málaga-based factory "CITESA", being named as "Góndola" phones by its particular shape. Spanish Góndola sets were fitted from the beginning with a red LED series connected with the line, allowing the dial ("disco" in Spanish) to be back-lighted while dialling. For that, the LED was bridged by an anti-parallel Zener diode, to allow the DC to pass even if the line polarity were reversed. In case of line polarity reversal, the LED would not light, but the phone would work anyway. The LED and Zener diode were contained in the same package for ease of assembly in manufacturing.
Push-button pulse phones[edit]
In the UK, some early phones (in the mid to late 1960's) were built which continued to provide the same rotary dial signalling on their PABX by using a separate converter to give 10-PPS, but were operated with buttons. Some of these, such as the GPO 726 or 728 can be distinguished from touch-tone phones by the lack of * and # keys and unusual key layout.[12][not in citation given]
Later so-called "Self-Contained" (SC) Keyphones used a line-powered electronic circuit within the phone to convert the keyed-in digits to give 10-PPS that was required to work to normal Strowger, Crossbar or Electronic public exchanges. They are GPO (BT) type 756 (no-battery), 1/764 & 2/764 or 765 (with NiCD batteries), or 766 (no-battery) to name a few. These also do not have the * or # keys.
See also[edit]
AIOD leads (automatic identified outward dialing)
Crossbar switch
Dial tone
Direct distance dialing (DDD)
History of the telephone
Single-frequency signaling
Stepping switch
Title 47 CFR Part 68
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roberts, William Lee. "A look at the evolution of the Dial Telephone". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Fiber Optics Weekly Update. Information Gatekeepers Inc.
Jump up ^ Smith, A. B.; Campbell, W. L., Automatic Telephony, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1921, p. 38.
Jump up ^ "When Dials Were Round and Clicks Were Plentiful". Catherine Greenman. Archived from the original on 2007-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Automatic Telephone or Other Electrical Exchange". United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Jump up ^ Benson, Bruce L. (1998). "Private Justice in America". To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-8147-1327-0.
Jump up ^ John Flinn (October 5, 2012). "Route 66 still has some kicks". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
Jump up ^ A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The Early Years (1875-1925) p578 by M. D. Fagen (editor) & Bell Labs technical staff (1975, Bell Telephone Laboratories)
Jump up ^ History of Moscow City Telephone Network Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
Jump up ^ A short history of telephone numbers, includes copy of the 1968 flyer notifying about abolishing letters in Moscow telephone numbers from the museum of Moscow City Telephone Network
Jump up ^ Vanderbilt, Tom (2012-05-15). "Hello?". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
Jump up ^ "TELEPHONE No. 728". www.britishtelephones.com. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rotary dials.
Spring 1957 Issue of The Kansas Historical Quarterly
"How Your Dial Phone Works", August 1946, Popular Science detailed article on subject with illustrations
AT&T Archives Director's Cut - Now You Can Dial (YouTube), from the AT&T archives
show
v
t
e
Telecommunications
History
Beacon
Broadcasting
Cable protection system
Cable TV
Communications satellite
Computer network
Drums
Electrical telegraph
Fax
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Internet
Mass media
Mobile phone
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Pager
Photophone
Prepay mobile phone
Radio
Radiotelephone
Satellite communications
Semaphore
Smartphone
Smoke signals
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
Telephone
The Telephone Cases
Television
Timeline of communication technology
Undersea telegraph line
Videoconferencing
Videophone
Videotelephony
Whistled language
Pioneers
Edwin Howard Armstrong
John Logie Baird
Paul Baran
Alexander Graham Bell
Tim Berners-Lee
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Donald Davies
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Erna Schneider Hoover
Charles K. Kao
Hedy Lamarr
Innocenzo Manzetti
Guglielmo Marconi
Antonio Meucci
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Johann Philipp Reis
Nikola Tesla
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission
media
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
Radio waves
Transmission line
Network topology
and switching
Links
Nodes
Terminal node
Network switching (circuit
packet)
Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Networks
ARPANET
BITNET
Cellular network
Computer
CYCLADES
Ethernet
FidoNet
Internet
ISDN
LAN
Mobile
NGN
NPL network
Public Switched Telephone
Radio
Telecommunications equipment
Television
Telex
WAN
Wireless
World Wide Web
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary_dial&oldid=856077072"
Categories:
American inventions
Telephony signals
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing additional references from February 2015
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from May 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 August 2018, at 18:18 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US486909

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency
mw-redirect
Dual-tone multi-frequency

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Automatic_telephone_exchange
mw-redirect
Automatic telephone exchange

values: Fairlawn Coalition (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Faceplate_(housing)
mw-redirect
Faceplate (housing)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)

values: List of North American Numbering Plan area codes

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

values:
/wiki/Yabby_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Yabby (disambiguation)

values: File:Rotary Dial, Dialing Back with LEDs.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv/854px--Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="15.9159" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Rotary_Dial,_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1090176" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1126672" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="2196816" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,920 × 1,080 (11.19 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="11193973" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="206320" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="317520" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv/Rotary_Dial%2C_Dialing_Back_with_LEDs.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="574856" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2017)

values:
nofollow
http://www.arctos.com/dial/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://oldphones.com/nytimes.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339

values:
/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg
image
Telecommunications symbol

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: navigation navbox Telecommunications padding:3px

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from May 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rotary_dial
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallskive
Tallskive – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Номеронабиратель – Russian

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rotary_dial rootpage-Rotary_dial skin-vector action-view


text:
Khao Phing Kan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Khao Phing Kan
Native name: Thai: เขาพิงกัน
Khao Phing Kan
Geography
Location
Southeast Asia
Coordinates
8°16′29″N 98°30′04″E / 8.274591°N 98.501151°E / 8.274591; 98.501151
Administration
Thailand
"James Bond Island" redirects here. For the island featured in Skyfall, see Hashima Island.
Khao Phing Kan (Thai: เขาพิงกัน, pronounced [kʰǎw pʰīŋ kān]) or Ko Khao Phing Kan (เกาะเขาพิงกัน, [kɔ̀ʔ kʰǎw pʰīŋ kān]) is an island in Thailand, in Phang Nga Bay northeast of Phuket. The islands are limestone tower karsts[1] and are a part of Ao Phang Nga National Park.
About 40 metres (130 ft) from the shores of Khao Phing Kan lies a 20-metre (66 ft) tall islet called Ko Ta Pu (เกาะตาปู, [kɔ̀ʔ tāː pūː]) or Ko Tapu (เกาะตะปู, [kɔ̀ʔ tā.pūː]). Since 1974, when they were featured in the James Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun, Khao Phing Kan and Ko Ta Pu have been popularly called James Bond Island.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography
3.1 Khao Phing Kan
3.2 Ko Ta Pu
4 Climate
5 Flora and fauna
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
Khao Phing Kan means "hills leaning against each other" in Thai,[2] reflecting the connected nature of the islands. Ko Ta Pu can be literally translated as "crab's eye" island, and Ko Tapu can be translated as "nail" or "spike" island, reflecting its shape. With "ko" (Thai: เกาะ) meaning "island" and "khao" (Thai: เขา) meaning "hill", the terms ko, khao, and Ko Khao are frequently interchanged in the naming of the islands.[3] After appearing in the 1974 James Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun, Khao Phing Kan[4][5][6][7][8] and sometimes Ko Ta Pu[9] became widely referred to as James Bond Island, especially in tourist guides, and their original names are rarely used by locals.[10]
History[edit]
Before 1974, the island was a rarely visited indigenous area. However, it was chosen as one of the locations for the 1974 James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun as the hideout for Bond's antagonist, Francisco Scaramanga. After the movie release it turned into a popular tourist destination.[11] Popularity and increased tourism left Khao Phing Kan substantial litter.[10]
In 1981, the island became the most famous part of the newly established Ao Phang Nga Marine National Park.[4] Since 1998, it is forbidden for tourist boats to approach Ko Ta Pu. This measure aims to stop erosion of the limestone rocks on and near the islet that might eventually result in the island's collapse.[12]
Geography[edit]
Khao Phing Kan[edit]
Khao Phing Kan consists of two forest-covered islands with steep shores. They lie in the northwestern part of Phang Nga Bay, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the mainland, amid a group of a dozen of other islands. Its western part is about 130 metres (430 ft) in diameter whereas the eastern part is about 240 metres (790 ft) long and 140 metres (460 ft) wide and is elongated northwards. The island has a few caves and two sandy beaches, in the southwest and between the twin islands. The former hosts the government office where every visitor has to pay a tax. The latter is used as the port for the tourist boats arriving from the mainland and has several souvenir shops selling items like coral and shells and plastic-encased butterflies, scorpions, and spiders.[4] Beaches and caves are regularly flooded with the tides, which have an amplitude of 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft), so access to some caves is only possible during low tide.[3] The Thai name for Khao Phing Kan reflects the particular shape of the island which appears as if a flat limestone cliff tumbled sideways and leaned on a similar rock in the centre of the island.[4]
Waters around the island are only few metres deep and are pale-green in colour. The bottom is covered with silt which is brought to the Phang Nga Bay by several rivers from the north.[13]
Ko Ta Pu
Ko Ta Pu[edit]
Ko Ta Pu is a limestone rock about 20 metres (66 ft) tall with the diameter increasing from about 4 metres (13 ft) near the water level to about 8 metres (26 ft) at the top. It lies about 40 metres (130 ft) to the west from the northern part of Khao Phing Kan.
A local legend explains the formation of Ko Ta Pu as follows. Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman who used to bring home many fish every time he went to the sea. However, one day he could not catch any fish despite many attempts and only picked up a nail with his net. He kept throwing the nail back into the sea and catching it again. Furious, he took his sword and cut the nail in half with all his strength. Upon impact, one half of the nail jumped up and speared into the sea, forming Ko Ta Pu.[14]
A scientific version of the Ko Ta Pu formation says that in the Permian period, the area was a barrier reef. Then, upon tectonic movements, it ruptured, and its parts were dispersed over the area and flooded by the rising ocean. Wind, waves, water currents, and tides gradually eroded the islands thus formed, sometimes producing peculiar shapes, such as Ko Ta Pu.[13] Tide-related erosion is visible at the bottom of the rock.
In the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun, Francisco Scaramanga describes Ko Ta Pu as a "mushroom-shaped rock", which houses two large solar panels which come up on top of Ko Ta Pu and lock on to the Sun.
Ko Ta Pu is also featured in another James Bond film (Tomorrow Never Dies, identified as in Vietnam) and in the Italian film Quo Vado? (identified as in the Philippines).
Khao Phing Kan and Ko Ta Pu
Climate[edit]
The area has a tropical marine climate, which is characterized by frequent rains and stable temperature. According to the data collected between 1961 and 1990, average number of rainy days is 189 per year bringing 3,560.5 millimetres (140.18 in) of precipitation, mostly between May and October. The temperature varies between 23 °C (73 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F) and the average relative humidity is 83%.[14]
Flora and fauna[edit]
Butterflyfish
Most of the island is covered with deciduous limestone shrubland and evergreen trees. Some plants, such as Pandanus, cycads, euphorbs and prickly pear cactus grow on nearly soil-free cliffs, such as those of Ko Ta Pu, penetrating their roots into the numerous cracks and surviving on rainwater.[13]
Shallow water depth, warm, stable temperature, and rich nutrient supply from mangrove forests and several rivers running into Phang Nga Bay result in abundant plankton and other marine life. The bay island hosts 26 species of reptiles, 24 species of fish, 14 species of shrimp, 15 species of crab, and 16 species of manta rays, sharks, and game fish. Most fishes are typical of coral reefs, such as butterflyfish. Other common inhabitants are blue crab, swimming crab, mudskipper, humpback shrimp, mud lobster, pomfret, sole, anchovy, scad, rock cod, rainbow cuttlefish, soft cuttlefish, musk crab, mackerel, moray eel, puffer fish, rabbitfish, groupers, black sea cucumber, brain coral, staghorn coral and flowerlike soft coral. Amphibians include Fejervarya raja, cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) and the common tree frog. Aquatic plants are represented by red algae, Halimeda, seagrass, and plant plankton. There are more than 100 species of birds in the area such as the striated heron, Pacific reef heron, little egret and others.[14]
See also[edit]
List of islands of Thailand
List of James Bond film locations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Thailand: Ko Khao Phing Kan (James Bond Island), Ao Phang Nga (Phangnga Bay) National Park, Phang Nga Province". Pictures from History. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Phang-nga Town
^ Jump up to: a b Approaching James Bond Island, 6 Apr 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c d Joe Cummings, Becca Blond, Morgan Konn Thailand, Lonely Planet (2005) ISBN 1-74059-697-8 p. 642 web version
Jump up ^ Thailand: All quiet on the Andaman Sea, Telegraph.co.uk, 20 Nov 2000
Jump up ^ Time to move on, Telegraph.co.uk, 18 January 2006
Jump up ^ Sykes, Martin (30 March 2010). "Phuket: Like a limestone cowboy". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 Oct 2011.
Jump up ^ Thailand's Yao Noi Island, an idyllic retreat good enough for James Bond himself, DailyMail.co.uk, 12 Dec 2009
Jump up ^ Travel like 007, Msnbc.com, 11 Nov 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Claudia Springer James Dean transfigured: the many faces of rebel iconography, University of Texas Press, 2007 ISBN 0292714440 p. 195
Jump up ^ The Man With the Golden Gun film locations
Jump up ^ Ko Tapu is closed for tourists, Travel.ru (in Russian)
^ Jump up to: a b c Phang Nga Bay National Park, National Park Division, Royal Forestry Department
^ Jump up to: a b c Ao Phang-nga National Park, Official Web Site
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ko Ta Pu.
Khao Phing Kan: Ao Phang Nga National Park, Thailand.
Phang Nga Bay travel guide from Wikivoyage
Coordinates: 8°16′31.36″N 98°30′02.02″E / 8.2753778°N 98.5005611°E / 8.2753778; 98.5005611
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khao_Phing_Kan&oldid=808983727"
Categories:
Geography of Phang Nga Province
Islands of Thailand
Stacks (geology)
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2013
Articles containing Thai-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Cebuano
Deutsch
Esperanto
Français
हिन्दी
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Suomi
Türkçe
اردو
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 12:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: href title

value: span

attrs: lang xml:lang

values: th th

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Isla Tapu, Phuket, Tailandia, 2013-08-20, DD 36.JPG

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Portunus_pelagicus
mw-redirect
Portunus pelagicus

values:
/wiki/Fejervarya_raja
mw-redirect
Fejervarya raja

values:
nofollow
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27164973/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Geography of Phang Nga Province

values: Category:Articles containing Thai-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Khao_Phing_Kan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: खाओ फिंग कान – Hindi

values: کھاو پھینگ کان – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Khao_Phing_Kan rootpage-Khao_Phing_Kan vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Seat belt use rates in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
U.S. MUTCD seat belt symbol
Seat belt use rates in the United States has been rising steadily since 1983, from 14% to 86% in 2012. Seat belt use in the country in 2012 ranged from a minimum of 66.5% in South Dakota to a maximum of 96.9% in Washington. Other states and territories with use rates of 90% and higher include California, Washington D.C., Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Texas, and Washington.[1]
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's 2008 survey, seat belt use remained lower among 16- to 24-year-olds than other age groups, with a rate of 77%; and also was lower among African Americans than other races, with a use rate of 75%. The survey also found that seat belt use continued to be higher among females (86%) than males (79%).[2]
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's 2013 survey, seat belt use in jurisdictions with stronger seatbelt enforcement laws continue to exhibit generally higher use rates than those with weaker laws.[3]
The following list shows national percentage of people wearing seat belts between 1983 and 2013:[citation needed]
Historical seat belt use in the United States
1983-2013
Year % Year % Year %
2013 87[3] 2001 73[4] 1989 46
2012 86[1] 2000 71[4] 1988 45
2011 84[5] 1999 67[4] 1987 42
2010 85[6] 1998 65[4] 1986 37
2009 84[7] 1997 69 1985 21
2008 83[2] 1996 61[4] 1984 14
2007 82[2] 1995 68 1983 14
2006 81[4] 1994 58[4]
2005 82[4] 1993 66
2004 80[4] 1992 62
2003 79[4] 1991 59
2002 75[4] 1990 49
The only years in which the rate did not increase were 1994, when usage dropped eight percentage points, 1996, when usage dropped seven percentage points, and 2006, when usage dropped one percentage point.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Seat belt usage by state/territory
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Seat belt usage by state/territory[edit]
Seat belt Usage by State 2003-2012 (%) [6] [5]
STATE
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Alabama
77.40 80.00 81.80 82.90 82.30 86.10 90.00 91.40 88.00 88.9 97.3
Alaska
78.90 76.70 78.40 83.20 82.40 84.90 86.10 86.80 89.30 88.1 86.1
Arizona
86.20 95.30 94.20 78.90 80.90 79.90 80.80 81.80 82.90 82.2 84.7
Arkansas
62.80 64.20 68.30 69.30 69.90 70.40 74.40 78.30 78.40 71.9 76.7
California
91.20 90.40 92.50 93.40 94.60 95.70 95.30 96.20 96.60 95.5 97.4
Colorado
77.70 79.30 79.20 80.30 81.10 81.70 81.10 82.90 82.10 80.7 82.1
Connecticut
78.00 82.90 81.60 83.50 85.80 88.00 85.90 88.20 88.40 86.8 86.6
Delaware
74.90 82.30 83.80 86.10 86.60 91.30 88.40 90.70 90.30 87.9 92.2
District of Columbia
84.90 87.10 88.80 85.40 87.10 90.00 93.00 92.30 95.20 92.4 87.5
Florida
72.60 76.30 73.90 80.70 79.10 81.70 85.20 87.40 88.10 87.4 87.2
Georgia
84.50 86.70 89.90 90.00 89.00 89.60 88.90 89.60 93.00 93.4 95.5
Hawaii
91.80 95.10 95.30 92.50 97.60 97.00 97.90 97.60 96.00 93.4 94.0
Idaho
71.70 74.00 76.00 79.80 78.50 76.90 79.20 77.90 79.10 79.0 81.6
Illinois
80.10 83.00 86.00 87.80 90.10 90.50 91.70 92.60 92.90 93.6 93.7
Indiana
82.30 83.40 81.20 84.30 87.90 91.20 92.60 92.40 93.20 93.6 91.6
Iowa
86.80 86.40 87.10 89.60 91.30 92.90 93.10 93.10 93.50 93.6 91.9
Kansas
63.60 68.30 69.00 73.50 75.00 77.40 77.00 81.80 82.90 79.5 80.7
Kentucky
65.50 66.00 66.70 67.20 71.80 73.30 79.70 80.30 82.20 83.7 85.0
Louisiana
73.80 75.00 77.70 74.80 75.20 75.50 74.50 75.90 77.70 79.3 82.5
Maine
N/A 72.30 75.80 77.20 79.80 83.00 82.60 82.00 81.60 84.4 83.0
Maryland
87.90 89.00 91.10 91.10 93.10 93.30 94.00 94.70 94.20 91.1 90.7
Massachusetts
61.70 63.30 64.80 66.90 68.70 66.80 73.60 73.70 73.20 72.7 74.8
Michigan
84.80 90.50 92.90 94.30 93.70 97.20 98.00 95.20 94.50 93.6 93.0
Minnesota
79.40 82.10 83.90 83.30 87.80 86.70 90.20 92.30 92.70 93.6 94.8
Mississippi
62.20 63.20 60.80 73.60 71.80 71.30 76.00 81.00 81.90 83.2 74.4
Missouri
72.90 75.90 77.40 75.20 77.20 75.80 77.20 76.00 79.00 79.4 80.1
Montana
79.50 80.90 80.00 79.00 79.60 79.30 79.20 78.90 76.90 76.3 74.0
Nebraska
76.10 79.20 79.20 76.00 78.70 82.60 84.80 84.10 84.20 78.6 79.1
Nevada
78.70 86.60 94.80 91.20 92.20 90.90 91.00 93.20 94.10 90.5 94.8
New Hampshire
49.60 N/A N/A 63.50 63.80 69.20 68.90 72.20 75.00 68.6 73.0
New Jersey
81.20 82.00 86.00 90.00 91.40 91.80 92.70 93.70 94.50 88.3 91.0
New Mexico
87.20 89.70 89.50 89.60 91.50 91.10 90.10 89.80 90.50 91.4 92.0
New York
84.60 85.00 85.00 83.00 83.50 89.10 88.00 89.80 90.50 90.4 91.1
North Carolina
86.10 86.10 86.70 88.50 88.80 89.80 89.50 89.70 89.50 87.5 88.6
North Dakota
63.70 67.40 76.30 79.00 82.20 81.60 81.50 74.80 76.70 80.9 77.7
Ohio
74.70 74.10 78.70 81.70 81.60 82.70 83.60 83.80 84.10 82.0 84.5
Oklahoma
76.70 80.30 83.10 83.70 83.10 84.30 84.20 85.90 85.90 83.8 83.6
Oregon
90.40 92.60 93.30 94.10 95.30 96.30 96.60 97.00 96.60 96.8 98.2
Pennsylvania
79.00 81.80 83.30 86.30 86.70 85.10 87.90 86.00 83.80 83.5 84.0
Rhode Island
74.20 76.20 74.70 74.00 79.10 72.00 74.70 78.00 80.40 77.5 85.6
South Carolina
72.80 65.70 69.70 72.50 74.50 79.00 81.50
South Dakota
69.90 69.40 68.80 71.30 73.00 71.80 72.10 74.50 73.40 66.5 69.7
Tennessee
68.50 72.00 74.40 78.60 80.20 81.50 80.60 87.10 87.40 83.7 84.8
Texas
84.30 83.20 89.90 90.40 91.80 91.20 92.90 93.80 93.70 94.0 90.3
Utah
85.20 85.70 86.90 88.60 86.80 86.00 86.10 89.00 89.20 81.9 82.4
Vermont
82.40 79.90 84.70 82.40 87.10 87.30 85.30 85.20 84.70 84.2 84.9
Virginia
74.60 79.90 80.40 78.70 79.90 80.60 82.30 80.50 81.80 78.4 79.7
Washington
94.80 94.20 95.20 96.30 96.40 96.50 96.40 97.60 97.50 96.9 94.5
West Virginia
73.60 75.80 84.90 88.50 89.60 89.50 87.00 82.10 84.90 84.0 82.2
Wisconsin
69.80 72.40 73.30 75.40 75.30 74.20 73.80 79.20 79.00 79.9 82.4
Wyoming
N/A 70.10 N/A 63.50 72.20 68.60 67.60 78.90 82.60 77.0 81.9
See also[edit]
Seat belt use rates by country
Transportation safety in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Seat Belt Use in 2012—Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-31. DOT HS 811 809: A Brief Statistical Summary
^ Jump up to: a b c "Seat Belt Use in 2008—Demographic Results" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. August 2009. Retrieved 2011-08-23. DOT HS 811 183: Traffic Safety Facts - A Research Note
^ Jump up to: a b "Seat Belt Use in 2013—Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. May 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-31. DOT HS 812 030: A Brief Statistical Summary
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Seat Belt Use in 2011—Overall Results" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. December 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2013. DOT HS 811 544: Traffic Safety Facts - A Research Note
^ Jump up to: a b "Seat Belt Use in 2011—Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. August 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-06. DOT HS 811 651: A Brief Statistical Summary
^ Jump up to: a b "Seat Belt Use in 2010—Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-23. DOT HS 811 493: A Brief Statistical Summary
Jump up ^ "Seat Belt Use in 2009—Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. May 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-23. DOT HS 811 324: A Brief Statistical Summary
External links[edit]
U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seat_belt_use_rates_in_the_United_States&oldid=789893788"
Categories:
Car safety
Transportation in the United States
Seat belts
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 10 July 2017, at 09:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: /wiki/MUTCD mw-redirect MUTCD

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Washington_D.C.
mw-redirect
Washington D.C.

values:
/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)
mw-redirect
Washington (U.S. state)

values:
/wiki/African_American
mw-redirect
African American

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Seat belt usage by state/territory

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
margin: 1em auto 1em auto;padding:1em;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Transportation in the United States

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Seat_belt_use_rates_in_the_United_States rootpage-Seat_belt_use_rates_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view