text:
2018 t20 Blast
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2018 Vitality Blast
Dates
4 July 2018 (2018-07-04)–15 September 2018 (2018-09-15)
Administrator(s)
England and Wales Cricket Board
Cricket format
Twenty20
Tournament format(s)
Group stage and knockout
Participants
18
Official website
Vitality Blast
← 2017
The 2018 Vitality Blast is the 2018 season of the t20 Blast, a professional Twenty20 cricket league in England and Wales. It is the first season in which the domestic T20 competition, run by the ECB, has been branded as the Vitality Blast due to a new sponsorship deal. The league consists of the 18 first-class county teams divided into two divisions of nine teams each with fixtures played between July and September. The finals day will take place at Edgbaston Cricket Ground in Birmingham on 15 September 2018. Nottinghamshire Outlaws are the champions going into the tournament having beaten the Birmingham Bears by 22 runs in the 2017 final.
Contents
1 Competition format
2 Teams
3 League stage
3.1 North Division
3.2 South Division
4 Knockout stage
4.1 Quarter-finals
4.2 Semi-finals
4.3 Final
5 Statistics
5.1 Most runs
5.2 Most wickets
6 References
Competition format[edit]
The 18 first-class county cricket clubs are taking part in the competition. Teams are initially split into two divisions on a geographical basis (North and South) for the group stage of the competition, each group having nine teams. During the group stage, which ran from July until the middle of August, each county played 14 matches, playing six of the other sides in their group twice, once home and once away, and the other two teams once. The winners of each match received two points for a win, with one point awarded in the case of a tie or if a match was abandoned. Teams are ranked within their groups by total points, then net run rate. At the end of the group stage, the top four teams from each group entered the knockout stage of the competition.
Teams[edit]
Team
Division
Home grounds
Coach
Captain
Overseas Player(s)
Birmingham Bears North Edgbaston, Birmingham Jim Troughton Grant Elliott Jeetan Patel
Colin de Grandhomme
Derbyshire Falcons North County Cricket Ground, Derby John Wright Gary Wilson Wahab Riaz
Lockie Ferguson
Henry Nicholls
Durham Jets North Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street Jon Lewis Tom Latham Tom Latham
Imran Tahir
Essex Eagles South County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford Anthony McGrath Ryan ten Doeschate Neil Wagner
Adam Zampa
Peter Siddle
Glamorgan South Sophia Gardens, Cardiff Robert Croft Colin Ingram Usman Khawaja
Shaun Marsh
Joe Burns
Gloucestershire South Bristol County Ground
College Ground, Cheltenham Richard Dawson Michael Klinger Michael Klinger
Andrew Tye
Thisara Perera
Hampshire South Rose Bowl, Southampton Craig White James Vince Colin Munro
Mujeeb Ur Rahman
Dale Steyn
Kent Spitfires South St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury
County Cricket Ground, Beckenham Matt Walker Sam Billings Adam Milne
Marcus Stoinis
Carlos Brathwaite
Lancashire Lightning North Old Trafford, Manchester Glen Chapple Liam Livingstone Joe Mennie
James Faulkner
Zahir Khan
Leicestershire Foxes North Grace Road, Leicester Paul Nixon Colin Ackermann Mohammad Abbas
Mohammad Nabi
Middlesex South Lord's, London
Uxbridge Cricket Club Ground
Old Deer Park, Richmond, London Daniel Vettori Dawid Malan Hilton Cartwright
Ashton Agar
Dwayne Bravo
Northamptonshire Steelbacks North County Cricket Ground, Northampton David Ripley Alex Wakely Rory Kleinveldt
Seekuge Prasanna
Nottinghamshire Outlaws North Trent Bridge, Nottingham Peter Moores Dan Christian Dan Christian
Ish Sodhi
Somerset South County Ground, Taunton Andy Hurry Lewis Gregory Corey Anderson
Jerome Taylor
Surrey South The Oval, London Michael Di Venuto Jade Dernbach Aaron Finch
Nic Maddinson
Sussex Sharks South County Cricket Ground, Hove Jason Gillespie Luke Wright Rashid Khan
Tom Bruce
Worcestershire Rapids North New Road, Worcester Kevin Sharp Moeen Ali Travis Head
Martin Guptill
Callum Ferguson
Wayne Parnell
Yorkshire Vikings North Headingley, Leeds Andrew Gale Steven Patterson Kane Williamson
League stage[edit]
North Division[edit]
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Ded
Pts
NRR
Worcestershire Rapids 14 9 4 0 1 0 19 +0.595
Durham Jets 14 9 4 0 1 0 19 +0.556
Lancashire Lightning 14 8 5 0 1 0 17 +0.683
Nottinghamshire Outlaws 14 8 6 0 0 0 16 +0.073
Yorkshire Vikings 14 7 7 0 0 0 14 –0.035
Birmingham Bears 14 6 7 1 0 0 13 +0.033
Derbyshire Falcons 14 5 7 0 2 0 12 −0.047
Leicestershire Foxes 14 5 8 0 1 0 11 +0.038
Northants Steelbacks 14 2 11 1 0 0 5 –1.398
As of 17 August 2018
Sources: BBC Sport[1]; CricInfo[2]
South Division[edit]
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Ded
Pts
NRR
Somerset 14 10 4 0 0 0 20 +0.786
Kent Spitfires 14 8 2 0 4 0 20 +0.627
Sussex Sharks 14 7 3 0 4 0 18 +0.737
Gloucestershire 14 8 4 0 2 0 18 +0.381
Surrey 14 7 5 0 2 0 16 +0.989
Glamorgan 14 7 6 0 1 0 15 −0.144
Essex Eagles 14 2 8 1 3 0 8 –1.035
Hampshire 14 2 9 1 2 0 7 –0.824
Middlesex 14 2 12 0 0 0 4 −1.128
As of 17 August 2018
Sources: BBC Sport[1]; CricInfo[2]
The top four teams from each division qualified for the knockout stage.
Knockout stage[edit]
Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final
N1 Worcestershire Rapids 137/5
S4 Gloucestershire 136/8
N1 Worcestershire Rapids
N3 Lancashire Lightning
N3 Lancashire Lightning 134/4
S2 Kent Spitfires 133/9
N2 Durham Jets 140/7
S3 Sussex Sharks 144/5
S3 Sussex Sharks
S1 Somerset
N4 Nottinghamshire Outlaws 190
S1 Somerset 209/5
Quarter-finals[edit]
23 August (D/N)
Kent Spitfires (H)
133/9 (20 overs)
v
Lancashire Lightning
134/4 (18.4 overs)
Sam Billings 37 (37)
Toby Lester 2/34 (4 overs)
Keaton Jennings 46 (40)
Imran Qayyum 2/17 (4 overs)
Lancashire Lightning won by 6 wickets
St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury, Kent
Umpires: Mike Burns and Alex Wharf
Player of the match: Matt Parkinson
Kent Spitfires won the toss and elected to field first.
24 August (D/N)
Durham Jets (H)
140/7 (20 overs)
v
Sussex Sharks
144/5 (18.2 overs)
Ben Stokes 34 (24)
Will Beer 2/17 (4 overs)
Laurie Evans 63* (47)
Mark Wood 2/25 (4 overs)
Sussex Sharks won by 5 wickets
Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street, County Durham
Umpires: David Millns and Martin Saggers
Player of the match: Laurie Evans
Durham Jets won the toss and elected to bat first.
25 August
Gloucestershire
136/8 (20 overs)
v
Worcestershire Rapids (H)
137/5 (18.4 overs)
Miles Hammond 45 (31)
Brett D'Oliveira 4/26 (4 overs)
Callum Ferguson 64* (47)
Benny Howell 2/22 (4 overs)
Worcestershire Rapids won by 5 wickets
New Road, Worcester, Worcestershire
Umpires: Nick Cook (Eng) and Graham Lloyd (Eng)
Player of the match: Callum Ferguson
Worcestershire Rapids won the toss and elected to field first.
26–27 August
Somerset (H)
209/5 (20 overs)
v
Nottinghamshire Outlaws
190 (20 overs)
James Hildreth 52 (28)
Samit Patel 1/16 (3 overs)
Alex Hales 45 (28)
Jamie Overton 5/47 (4 overs)
Somerset won by 19 runs
County Ground, Taunton, Somerset
Umpires: Neil Mallender (Eng) and Steve O'Shaughnessy (Eng)
Player of the match: Lewis Gregory
Nottinghamshire Outlaws won the toss and elected elected to field first.
Semi-finals[edit]
15 September
11:00
Lancashire Lightning
v
Worcestershire Rapids
Edgbaston, Birmingham, Warwickshire
15 September
14:30
Somerset
v
Sussex Sharks
Edgbaston, Birmingham, Warwickshire
Final[edit]
15 September (D/N)
TBD
v
TBD
Edgbaston, Birmingham, Warwickshire
Statistics[edit]
Most runs[edit]
Player
Team
Mat
Inns
Runs
SR
HS
100
50
Aaron Finch Surrey 9 9 589 182.35 131* 2 3
Ian Bell Birmingham Bears 14 14 580 139.09 131 1 4
Laurie Evans Sussex Sharks 13 12 554 138.50 96 0 6
[3] Source: ESPNCricInfo
Most wickets[edit]
Player
Team
Mat
Wkts
Ave
Econ
BBI
SR
Pat Brown Worcesteshire Rapids 14 27 14.00 8.19 3/21 10.26
Matthew Parkinson Lancashire Lightning 14 23 17.04 7.44 3/19 13.74
Nathan Rimmington Durham Jets 14 22 18.55 8.97 4/28 12.41
[4] Source: ESPNCricinfo
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Vitality Blast Tables, BBC Sport.
^ Jump up to: a b Twenty20 Cup (England) Table - 2018, CricInfo.
Jump up ^ "Cricket Records | Records | Vitality Blast, 2018 | | Most runs | ESPNcricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Cricket Records | Records | Vitality Blast, 2018 | | Most wickets | ESPNcricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
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2018
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text:
India national cricket team record by opponent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Indian national cricket team at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 2012.
The India national cricket team represents India in international cricket and is a full member of the International Cricket Council with Test and One Day International (ODI) status.[1] They first competed in international cricket in 1932, when they played against England in a three-day Test match; England won the match by 158 runs.[2] India's first Test series as an independent country was against Australia.[3] They secured their first Test win against England in 1952 at Madras Cricket Club Ground.[4][A] As of 7 January 2014[update], India have played 476 Test matches; they have won 121 matches, lost 150 matches, and 204 matches were drawn with one being tied.[5] India played their first ODI match against England in 1974,[6] but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975.[7] As of 7 January 2014[update], India have played 844 ODI matches, winning 423 matches and losing 378; 6 matches were tied and 37 matches had no result.[8] They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups,[9] along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy.[10][11] [B] India played their first Twenty20 International (T20I) against South Africa in 2006, winning the match by six wickets,[12] and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007.[13] As of 7 January 2014[update], they have played 46 T20I matches and won 25 of them; 19 were lost, with one being tied and one having no result.[14]
India have faced nine teams in Test cricket, with their most frequent opponent being England, against whom they have played 107 matches.[15] India have registered more wins against Australia than any other team, with 24.[15] In ODI matches, India have played against 18 teams.[16] They have played against Sri Lanka more frequently in ODI matches, with a winning percentage of 59.30 in 143 matches.[16] India have defeated Sri Lanka on 78 occasions, which is their best record in ODIs.[16] The team have played 11 countries in T20Is, and have played eight matches with Australia.[17] They have recorded the most victories against South Africa, defeating them in five matches.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Test cricket
3 One Day International
4 Twenty20 International
5 Notes
6 References
Key[edit]
Key for the tables
Symbol
Meaning
M
Number of matches played
W
Number of matches won
L
Number of matches lost
T
Number of matches tied
D
Number of matches ended in a draw
NR
Number of matches ended with no result
Tie+W
Number of matches tied and then won in a tiebreaker such as a bowl-out or Super Over
Tie+L
Number of matches tied and then lost in a tiebreaker such as a bowl-out or Super Over
Win%
Percentage of games won to those played[C]
Loss%
Percentage of games lost to those played[C]
Draw%
Percentage of games drawn to those played[C]
First
Year of the first match played by India against the country
Last
Year of the last match played by India against the country
Test cricket[edit]
Statistics are correct as of India in South Africa Test series.
India's Test cricket record by opponent[15]
Opponent
M
W
L
T
D
Win%
Loss%
Draw%
First
Last
Australia
86 24 38 1 23 27.90 44.18 26.74 1947 2013
Bangladesh
7 6 0 0 1 85.71 0.00 14.28 2000 2010
England
107 20 40 0 47 18.69 37.38 43.92 1932 2012
New Zealand
52 18 9 0 25 34.61 17.30 48.07 1955 2012
Pakistan
59 9 12 0 38 15.25 20.33 64.40 1952 2007
South Africa
29 7 13 0 9 24.13 44.82 31.03 1992 2013
Sri Lanka
35 14 6 0 15 40.00 17.14 42.85 1982 2011
West Indies
90 16 30 0 44 17.77 33.33 48.88 1948 2013
Zimbabwe
11 7 2 0 2 63.63 18.18 18.18 1992 2005
Total[5]
476 121 150 1 204 25.42 31.51 42.85 1932 2013
One Day International[edit]
Statistics are correct as of India in South Africa ODI series.
India's One Day International record by opponent[16]
Opponent
M
W
L
T
NR
Win%
First
Last
Australia
123 42 72 0 8 34.14 1980 2013
Bangladesh
24 21 3 0 0 87.50 1988 2012
Bermuda
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007
East Africa
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 1975 1975
England
87 47 35 2 3 57.14 1974 2013
Hong Kong
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008
Ireland
2 2 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2011
Kenya
13 11 2 0 0 84.61 1996 2004
Namibia
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003
Netherlands
2 2 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011
New Zealand
88 46 37 0 5 55.42 1975 2011
Pakistan
129 52 73 0 4 41.60 1978 2017
Scotland
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007
South Africa
70 25 42 0 3 37.31 1991 2013
Sri Lanka
143 78 53 1 11 59.46 1979 2013
United Arab Emirates
2 2 0 0 0 100.00 1994 2004
West Indies
112 50 59 1 2 45.90 1979 2013
Zimbabwe
56 44 10 2 0 80.35 1983 2013
Total[8]
844 423 378 6 37 52.78 1974 2013
Twenty20 International[edit]
Statistics are correct as of New Zealand in India T20I Series.
India's Twenty20 International record by opponent[17]
Opponent
M
W
L
T
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win%
First
Last
Afghanistan
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2010 2012
Australia
15 10 5 0 0 0 0 66.6 2007 2017
Bangladesh
5 5 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2016
England
11 5 6 0 0 0 0 45.3 2007 2017
Ireland
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009
New Zealand
6 0 5 0 0 0 1 0.00 2007 2016
Pakistan
8 6 1 0 1 0 0 75.00 2007 2016
Scotland
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 !— 2007 2007
South Africa
10 6 4 0 0 0 0 60.0 2006 2015
West Indies
8 2 5 0 0 0 0 25.0 2009 2017
Zimbabwe
7 5 2 0 0 0 0 71.4 2010 2016
Total[14]
46 25 19 0 1 0 1 56.66 2006 2013
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Madras Cricket Club Ground was later renamed M. A. Chidambaram Stadium.
Jump up ^ India were the joint-champion with Sri Lanka in the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy.[10]
^ Jump up to: a b c Games that did not have a result are not taken into consideration while calculating the result percentage. Ties are counted as half a win.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ICC Members Countries". International Cricket Council. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Only Test: England v India at Lord's, Jun 25–28, 1932". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "India in Australia Test Series, 1947/48 / Results". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "5th Test: India v England at Chennai, Feb 6–10, 1952". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "1st ODI: England v India at Leeds, Jul 13, 1974". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "6th Match: East Africa v India at Leeds, Jun 11, 1975". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records / One-Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Andrew (2 April 2011). "Dhoni and Gambhir lead India to World Cup glory". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Final: Sri Lanka v India at Colombo (RPS), Sep 30, 2002". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Final: England v India at Birmingham, Jun 23, 2013". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of South Africa, 2006/07 / Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Chevallier, Hugh. "India v Pakistan". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Records / India / Test matches / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Records / India / One-Day Internationals / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Records / India / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
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SAT Subject Test in Biology E/M
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This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Jllm06 (talk | contribs) at 12:48, 13 April 2017 (added Category:Bioscience education using HotCat). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
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The SAT Subject Test in Biology is the name of a one-hour multiple choice test given on biology by The College Board. A student chooses whether to take the test depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools in which the student is planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tests; and from 1995 until January 2005, they were known as SAT IIs. Of all SAT subject tests, the Biology E/M test is the only SAT II that allows the test taker a choice between the ecological or molecular tests. A set of 60 questions is taken by all test takers for Biology and a choice of 20 questions is allowed between either the E or M tests. This test is graded on a scale between 200 and 800. The average for Molecular is 630 while Ecological is 591.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
2 Preparation
3 See also
4 References
Format[edit]
This test has 80 multiple-choice questions that are to be answered in one hour. All questions have five answer choices. Students receive one point for each correct answer, lose ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and receive 0 points for questions left blank.[2] The student's score is based entirely on his or her performance in answering the multiple-choice questions.
The questions cover a broad range of topics in general biology. There are more specific questions related respectively on ecological concepts (such as population studies and general Ecology) on the E test and molecular concepts such as DNA structure, translation, and biochemistry on the M test.[3]
Preparation[edit]
The College Board suggests a year-long course in biology at the college preparatory level, as well as a one-year course in algebra, and lab experience as preparation for the test. The test requires understanding of biological data and concepts, science-related terms, and the ability to effectively synthesize and interpret data from charts, maps, and other visual media.[3] However, most questions from this test are derived from, or are similar to, the pre-2012 AP Biology multiple choice questions.[citation needed] By taking an AP class or a class with similar rigor, one's chances at doing well on this test should improve.
See also[edit]
SAT
SAT Subject Tests
PSAT/NMSQT
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "SAT Subject Test Percentile Ranks" (PDF). The College Board. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ "SAT How the Test Is Scored". The College Board. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "SAT Subject Test in Biology". The College Board. Retrieved August 27, 2009. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SATsubjecttestinbiology" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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text:
Ecological collapse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ecological collapse refers to a situation where an ecosystem suffers a drastic, possibly permanent, reduction in carrying capacity for all organisms, often resulting in mass extinction. Usually, an ecological collapse is precipitated by a disastrous event occurring on a short time scale.
Ecosystems have the ability to rebound from a disruptive agent. The difference between collapse or a gentle rebound is determined by two factors—the toxicity of the introduced element and the resiliency of the original ecosystem.[1]
Through natural selection the planet's species have continuously adapted to change through variation in their biological composition and distribution. Mathematically it can be demonstrated that greater numbers of different biological factors tend to dampen fluctuations in each of the individual factors.[1]
Scientists can predict tipping points for ecological collapse. The most frequently used model for predicting food web collapse is called R50, which is a reliable measurement model for food web robustness.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes and examples
2 Rainforest collapse
2.1 Carboniferous period
3 Today
4 Consequences
5 See also
6 References
Causes and examples[edit]
Although, there is no single cause for ecological collapse, attributing factors include asteroid impacts, extremely large volcanic eruptions, and abrupt climate change. The snowball effect of these attributing factors and ecological collapse are demonstrated within the fossil record. Prehistoric examples include the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and other mass extinctions. For example, effects of climate change as a contributing factor towards ecological collapse are demonstrated in the Ordovician–Silurian extinction events.[3] A possible cause of the Ordovician Extinction was global cooling which affected the habitats of marine life. Consequently, sea creatures such as trilobites, brachiopods, and graptolites became extinct.[4] Furthermore, Karabonov and colleagues conducted a study to show how during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), alternations in the environment and climate led to ecological collapse in Lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol which then led to species evolution in these systems.[5] The collapse of Hovsgol's ecosystem during the LGM brought forth a new ecosystem, with limited biodiversity in species and low levels of endemism, in Hovsgol during the Holocene. Karabonov's study also shows that ecological collapse during LGM in Lake Hovsgol led to higher levels of diversity and higher levels of endemism as a byproduct of evolution following the ecological collapse of the LGM[5]. The Ordovician Extinction event and Lake Baikal and Hovsgol demonstrate two effects of ecological collapse on prehistoric environments.
Historic examples include the collapse of the Grand Banks cod in the early 1990s, attributed to overfishing.
Important pressures contributing to current and future ecological collapse include habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, overgrazing, overexploitation of ecosystems by humans, human industrial growth and overpopulation,[6] climate change, ocean acidification, pollution, and invasive species.[7]
Rainforest collapse[edit]
Rainforest collapse refers to the actual past and theoretical future ecological collapse of rainforests. It may involve habitat fragmentation to the point where little rainforest biome is left, and rainforest species only survive in isolated refugia. Habitat fragmentation can be caused by roads. When humans start to cut down the trees for logging, secondary roads are created that will go unused after its primary use. Once abandoned, the plants of the rainforest will find it difficult to grow back in that area.[8] Forest fragmentation also opens the path for illegal hunting. Species have a hard time finding a new place to settle in these fragments causing ecological collapse. This leads to extinction of many animals in the rainforest.
Carboniferous period[edit]
Main article: Carboniferous rainforest collapse
In the Carboniferous period, coal forests, great tropical wetlands, extended over much of Euramerica (Europe and America). This land supported towering lycopsids which fragmented and collapsed abruptly.[9] The collapse of the rainforests during the Carboniferous has been attributed to multiple causes, including climate change.[10] Specifically, at this time climate became cooler and drier, conditions that are not favourable to the growth of rainforests and much of the biodiversity within them. This sudden collapse affected several large groups including lycopsids and amphibians. Reptiles prospered in the new environment due to adaptations that let them thrive in drier conditions.[9]
Fishbone pattern of rainforest fragmentation
Today[edit]
A classic pattern of forest fragmentation is occurring in many rainforests including those of the Amazon, specifically a 'fishbone' pattern formed by the development of roads into the forest. This is of great concern, not only because of the loss of a biome with many untapped resources and wholesale death of living organisms, but also because plant and animal species extinction is known to correlate with habitat fragmentation.[11]
Overgrazing was found to cause land degradation, specifically in Southern Europe, which is another driver of ecological collapse and natural landscape loss. Proper management of pastoral landscapes can mitigate risk of desertification.[12]
In 2010 roughly 170 million gallons of oil was dumped into the Gulf of Mexico when BP's Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded. The effects of the BP oil spill are still being felt today, more than 8,000 marine birds, sea turtles and marine mammals were found dead or injured within months of the clean up effort. The impact of this disaster has unbalanced the food web of the environment. The oil spill occurred at the height of breeding season and as result affected egg and larval animals to the worst extent wiping entire age classes. This loss of a generation down the line will prove dire for future predators of the ecosystem.[13]
In addition, a major concern for marine biologists is the effects of ecological collapse on the coral reefs (who based on fossil evidence are more vulnerable to extinction but also demonstrate greater resilience[14]). An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.[14] Human activity, such as fishing, mining, deforestation, etc., serves as a threat for coral reefs by affecting the niche of the coral reefs. For example, Edinger and colleagues[15] demonstrate a correlation between a loss in diversity of coral reefs by 30-60% and human activity such as sewage and/or industrial pollution.
The ocean is in great danger of collapse. In a study of 154 different marine fish species, David Byler found out that many factors such as overfishing, climate change, and fast growth of fish populations will cause ecosystem collapse.[16] When humans fish, they usually will fish the populations of the higher trophic levels such as salmon and tuna. The depletion of these trophic levels allow the lower trophic level to overpopulate, or populate very rapidly. For example, when the population of catfish is depleting due to overfishing, plankton will then overpopulate because their natural predator is being killed off. This causes an issue called eutrophication. Since the population all consumes oxygen the dissolved oxygen(DO) levels will plummet. The DO levels dropping will cause all the species in that area to have to leave, or they will suffocate. This along with climate change, and ocean acidification can cause the collapse of an ecosystem.
Although global climate change and human dominance are inevitable, humans can institute greater self-awareness in order to aid the habits of creatures such as coral reefs.
Some scientists predict that a global ecological collapse will occur after 50% of the natural landscape is gone due to human development.[17]
Consequences[edit]
Although the causes of ecological collapse are due to factors unique to their environment, they all for the most part share similar ramifications such as loss in biodiversity, trophic cascades, and even extinction. For example, the urbanization and deforestation of the South east Asian Pacific has led to the extinction of three plant species and eight animal species in 2003.[18]
See also[edit]
Environmental degradation
Overshoot (ecology)
Arctic shrinkage
Global catastrophic risks § Ecological disaster
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gopi (2010). Basic Civil Engineering. India: Pearson Education. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Jonsson, Tomas; Berg, Sofia; Pimenov, Alexander; Palmer, Catherine; Emmerson, Mark (2015-04-01). "The reliability of R50 as a measure of vulnerability of food webs to sequential species deletions". Oikos. 124 (4): 446–457. ISSN 1600-0706. doi:10.1111/oik.01588.
Jump up ^ "BBC Nature". Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ "BBC Nature". Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ Karabanov, Eugene; Williams, Douglas; Kuzmin, Mikhail; Sideleva, Valentina; Khursevich, Galina; Prokopenko, Alexander; Solotchina, Emilia; Tkachenko, Lilia; Fedenya, Svetlana (2004-07-06). "Ecological collapse of Lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol ecosystems during the Last Glacial and consequences for aquatic species diversity". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. High Latitude Eurasian Palaeoenvironments. 209 (1–4): 227–243. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.017.
Jump up ^ "On Overpopulation and Ecosystem Collapse | EcoInternet - Earth Blog". Retrieved 2015-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Living Planet Report". World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ Kleinschroth, Fritz; Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie; Sist, Plinio; Mortier, Fréderic; Healey, John R. (2015-04-01). "Legacy of logging roads in the Congo Basin: How persistent are the scars in forest cover?". Ecosphere. 6 (4): art64. ISSN 2150-8925. doi:10.1890/ES14-00488.1.
^ Jump up to: a b Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica" (PDF). Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Fielding, C.R.; Frank, T.D.; Birgenheier, L.P.; Rygel, M.C.; Jones, A.T.; and Roberts, J. (2008). "Stratigraphic imprint of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age in eastern Australia: A record of alternating glacial and nonglacial climate regime". Geological Society of London Journal. 165: 129–140. doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-036.
Jump up ^ Rosenzweig, Michael L. (1995). Species diversity in space & time. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Kairis, Orestis; Karavitis, Christos; Salvati, Luca; Kounalaki, Aikaterini; Kosmas, Kostas (2015-07-03). "Exploring the Impact of Overgrazing on Soil Erosion and Land Degradation in a Dry Mediterranean Agro-Forest Landscape (Crete, Greece)". Arid Land Research and Management. 29 (3): 360–374. ISSN 1532-4982. doi:10.1080/15324982.2014.968691.
Jump up ^ "How Does the BP Oil Spill Impact Wildlife and Habitat?". National Wildlife Federation. 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Knowlton, Nancy (2001-05-08). "The future of coral reefs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (10): 5419–5425. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 33228  . PMID 11344288. doi:10.1073/pnas.091092998.
Jump up ^ Edinger, Evan N; Jompa, Jamaluddin; Limmon, Gino V; Widjatmoko, Wisnu; Risk, Michael J (1998-08-01). "Reef degradation and coral biodiversity in indonesia: Effects of land-based pollution, destructive fishing practices and changes over time". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 36 (8): 617–630. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00047-2.
Jump up ^ Pinsky, Malin L.; Byler, David (2015-08-22). "Fishing, fast growth and climate variability increase the risk of collapse". Proc. R. Soc. B. 282 (1813): 20151053. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4632620  . PMID 26246548. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1053.
Jump up ^ "Scientists Fear Global Ecological Collapse Once 50% of the Natural Landscape is Gone". TreeHugger. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ Sodhi, Koh, Brook, Ng, Navjot, Lian, Barry, Peter (December 2004). "Southeast Asian Biodiversity and impending disaster". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 19 (12): 654–660. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.006. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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