text:
American Counseling Association
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American Counseling Association
Formation
1952
Headquarters
Alexandria, Virginia, United States
President
Catherine B. Roland, Ed.D., LPC, NCC[1]
Website
counseling.org
The American Counseling Association (ACA) is a membership organization representing licensed professional counselors (LPCs), counseling students, and other counseling professionals in the United States. It is the world's largest association exclusively representing professional counselors.[2]
The nonprofit organization serves more than 55,000 members from various practice settings, including mental health counseling, marriage and family counseling, addictions and substance use disorder counseling, school counseling, rehabilitation counseling, and career and employment counseling. Counseling professors and students are also represented.
Its stated mission is to "enhance the quality of life in society by promoting the development of professional counselors, advancing the counseling profession, and using the profession and practice of counseling to promote respect for human dignity and diversity".[3]
The association headquarters is located in Alexandria, Virginia.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Branches & Divisions
3 Publications
4 ACA Takes a Stand
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Former headquarters of the American Personnel and Guidance Association in Washington, D.C.
The group was founded in 1952[5] as the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA), formed by the merger of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA), the National Association of Guidance and Counselor Trainers (NAGCT), the Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education (SPATE), and the American College Personnel Association (ACPA). The American Personnel and Guidance Association changed its name to the American Association of Counseling and Development (AACD) in 1983. On July 1, 1992, the association adopted its current name.[6]
Branches & Divisions[edit]
There are 20 chartered divisions[7] within the American Counseling Association. These divisions provide leadership, resources and information unique to specialized areas and/or principles of counseling. Divisions are chartered by ACA elect division officers who govern their activities independently and carry a voice in national ACA governance. Members enhance their professional identity and practice by joining one or more divisions. ACA has 56 chartered branches in the U.S., Europe and Latin America.
Publications[edit]
ACA publishes books, journals and other educational materials on counseling topics.[8] The organization's flagship magazine, Counseling Today,[9] is published once a month and sent to all ACA members via U.S. mail.
ACA Takes a Stand[edit]
In 2016, ACA moved its 2017 San Francisco Conference & Expo from Nashville, Tennessee to San Francisco, California after Tennessee's legislature passed a discriminatory bill, HB 1840/SB 1556, targeting members of the LGBTQ community and others. The bill allowed counselors in Tennessee to turn clients away based on "strongly held principles.'" "The legislation 'denies services to those most in need, targets the counseling profession' and violates the ACA's code of ethics, the group said."[10]
"Tennessee's governor, Republican Bill Haslam signed the bill into law on April 27, insisting it was not meant to be discriminatory. But opponents said the law permits therapists and counselors to deny treatment to gay, lesbian, transgender and other patients. After Haslam signed the bill, ACA members debated the issue and decided not to hold the meeting in Tennessee. Officials said the association received bids from 13 cities after deciding to nix Nashville, but chose San Francisco as 'the best choice and ... an inclusive and inviting city' for its members."[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.counseling.org/about-us/leadership/aca-president. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ American Counseling Association http://www.counseling.org/about-us/about-aca. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ ACA: About us http://www.counseling.org/about-us/about-aca/our-mission. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Contact Us". www.counseling.org. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ "History (Dr. Pope Welcomes You)". University of Missouri - St. Louis. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ ACA: Our History http://www.counseling.org/about-us/about-aca/our-history. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ ACA Divisions http://www.counseling.org/about-us/divisions-regions-and-branches. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ ACA Publications http://www.counseling.org/publications/overview. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Counseling Today http://ct.counseling.org. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/2016/06/counseling-san-francisco-nashville-lgbt-haslam.html". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-05-05. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/2016/06/counseling-san-francisco-nashville-lgbt-haslam.html". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-05-05. External link in |title= (help)
External links[edit]
American Counseling Association
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Space probe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Abandoned 1974 probe, Pioneer H, on display in the National Air and Space Museum.
Diagram of extant solar system missions.
A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that does not orbit the Earth, but instead, explores further into outer space.[1] A space probe may approach the Moon; travel through interplanetary space; flyby, orbit, or land on other planetary bodies; or enter interstellar space.
See List of active Solar System probes for a list of active probes; the space agencies of the USSR (now Russia and Ukraine), the United States, the European Union, Japan, China and India have in the aggregate launched probes to several planets and moons of the Solar System as well as to a number of asteroids and comets. Approximately fifteen missions are currently operational.[2]
Contents
1 Interplanetary trajectories
2 Some notable probes
2.1 Luna 9
2.2 Luna 3
2.3 Luna 16
2.4 Lunokhod 1
2.5 Mariner 10
2.6 Venera 4
2.7 Venera 7
2.8 Mariner 9
2.9 Mars 3
2.10 Sojourner
2.11 Spirit and Opportunity
2.12 Halley Armada
2.12.1 ICE
2.12.2 Vega
2.12.3 Sakigake
2.12.4 Suisei
2.12.5 Giotto
2.13 Genesis
2.14 Stardust
2.15 NEAR Shoemaker
2.16 Hayabusa
2.17 Rosetta
2.18 Pioneer 10
2.19 Pioneer 11
2.20 Voyager 1
2.21 Voyager 2
2.22 Cassini–Huygens
2.23 New Horizons
2.24 Dawn
2.25 Juno
2.26 Chang'e 2
2.27 Beyond the Solar System
3 Probe imagers
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
Interplanetary trajectories[edit]
Once a probe has left the vicinity of Earth, its trajectory will likely take it along an orbit around the Sun similar to the Earth's orbit. To reach another planet, the simplest practical method is a Hohmann transfer orbit. More complex techniques, such as gravitational slingshots, can be more fuel-efficient, though they may require the probe to spend more time in transit. Some high Delta-V missions (such as those with high inclination changes) can only be performed, within the limits of modern propulsion, using gravitational slingshots. A technique using very little propulsion, but requiring a considerable amount of time, is to follow a trajectory on the Interplanetary Transport Network.[3]
Some notable probes[edit]
The Lunokhod 1 unmanned rover on the surface of Moon, displayed in Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.
The Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars.
The Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander nearing comet 67P.
Voyager 2 in interplanetary space.
Artist's concept of Deep Impact prior to its planned collision with comet Tempel 1.
Luna 9[edit]
First man-made object to soft land on the Moon, or any other extra terrestrial surface.[4]
Luna 3[edit]
First mission to photograph the far side of the Moon, launched in 1959.
Luna 16[edit]
First robotic sample return probe from the Moon.
Lunokhod 1[edit]
First rover on Moon. It was sent to the Moon on November 10, 1970.
Mariner 10[edit]
First probe to Mercury.
Venera 4[edit]
First successful in-place analysis of another planet. It may have also been the first space probe to impact the surface of another planet, although it is unclear whether it reached Venus' surface.[5]
Venera 7[edit]
The Venera 7 probe was the first spacecraft to successfully soft land on another planet (Venus) and to transmit data from there back to Earth.
Mariner 9[edit]
Upon its arrival at Mars on November 13, 1971, Mariner 9 became the first space probe to maintain orbit around another planet.[6]
The Huygens landing site on Titan
Mars 3[edit]
First soft landing on Mars (December 2, 1971[7]) The lander began transmitting to the Mars 3 orbiter 90 seconds after landing. After 20 seconds, transmission stopped for unknown reasons.[7]
Sojourner[edit]
First successful rover on Mars.[8]
Spirit and Opportunity[edit]
The Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity landed on Mars to explore the Martian surface and geology, and searched for clues to past water activity on Mars. They were each launched in 2003 and landed in 2004. Communication with Spirit stopped on sol 2210 (March 22, 2010).[9][10] JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended.[11][12][13] Opportunity arrived at Endeavour crater on 9 August 2011, at a landmark called Spirit Point named after its rover twin, after traversing 13 miles (21 km) from Victoria crater, over a three-year period.[14] As of January 26, 2016, Opportunity has lasted for more than twelve years on Mars — although the rovers were intended to last only three months.
Halley Armada[edit]
The first dedicated missions to a comet; in this case, to Halley's Comet during its 1985–86 journey through the inner Solar System. It was also the first massive international coordination of space probes on an interplanetary mission, with probes specifically launched by the Soviet (now Russian) Space Agency, European Space Agency, and Japan's ISAS (now integrated with NASDA to JAXA).
ICE[edit]
Originally a solar observatory in the International Sun-Earth Explorer series, it was sent into solar orbit to make the first close observations of a comet, Comet Giacobini–Zinner, in 1985 as a prelude to studies of Halley's Comet.
Vega[edit]
Two Russian/French spacecraft. They dropped landers and balloons (first weather balloons deployed on another planet) at Venus before their rendezvous with Halley's Comet.
Sakigake[edit]
This Japanese probe was the first non-US, non-Soviet interplanetary probe.[citation needed]
Suisei[edit]
A second Japanese probe, it made ultraviolet wavelength observations of the comet.[clarification needed]
Giotto[edit]
The first space probe to penetrate a comet's coma and take close-up images of its nucleus.
Genesis[edit]
First solar wind sample return probe from sun-earth L1.[15]
Stardust[edit]
First sample return probe from a comet tail.
NEAR Shoemaker[edit]
First probe to land on an asteroid.
Hayabusa[edit]
First sample return probe to launch from an asteroid.
Rosetta[edit]
The Rosetta space probe flew by two asteroids and made a rendezvous and orbited comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in November 2014.[16]
Pioneer 10[edit]
First probe to Jupiter. Radio communications were lost with Pioneer 10 on January 23, 2003, because of the loss of electric power for its radio transmitter, with the probe at a distance of 12 billion kilometers (80 AU) from Earth.
Pioneer 11[edit]
First probe to fly by Saturn. (Communications were later lost due to power constraints and vast distance.)
Voyager 1[edit]
Voyager 1's view of Solar System (artist's impression).[17]
Voyager 1 is a 733-kilogram probe launched September 5, 1977. It visited Jupiter and Saturn and was the first probe to provide detailed images of the moons of these planets.
Voyager 1 is the farthest human-made object from Earth, traveling away from both the Earth and the Sun at a relatively faster speed than any other probe.[18] As of September 12, 2013, Voyager 1 is about 12 billion miles (19 billion kilometers) from the Sun.[19]
On August 25, 2012, Voyager 1 became the first human made object to enter interstellar space.[20] Voyager 1 has not had a functioning plasma sensor since 1980, but a solar flare in 2012 allowed scientists from NASA to measure vibrations of the plasma surrounding the craft. The vibrations allowed scientists to measure the plasma to be much denser than measurements taken in the far layers of our heliosphere, thus concluding the craft had broken beyond the heliopause.
Voyager 2[edit]
Voyager 2 was launched by NASA on August 20, 1977. The probe's primary mission was to visit the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, which it completed on October 2, 1989. It is currently the only probe to have visited the ice giants. It is the fourth of five spacecraft to have left the solar system. It has been operational for 40 years and 5 months as of January 20, 2018.
Cassini–Huygens[edit]
Cassini–Huygens was a 5,712kg (12,593lb) space probe designed to study gas giant Saturn, along with its ringed system and moons. The NASA probe was launched with ESA lander Huygens on October 1, 1997 from Cape Canaveral. The Cassini probe entered Saturn orbit on July 1, 2004, and Huygens landed on Titan, Saturn's largest moon, on January 14, 2005.[21] On September 15, 2017, the probe was de-orbited and burned up in Saturn's atmosphere, after almost 20 years in space.
New Horizons[edit]
First probe to be launched to Pluto. Launched on January 19, 2006, it flew by the Pluto–Charon system on July 14, 2015.[22]
Dawn[edit]
First spacecraft to visit and orbit a protoplanet (4 Vesta), entering orbit on July 16, 2011.[23][24] Entered orbit around dwarf planet Ceres in early 2015. Currently orbiting Ceres as of February 2017.
Juno[edit]
First probe to Jupiter without atomic batteries,[25] launched August 8, 2011.
Chang'e 2[edit]
Chang'e 2 was deployed to orbit the Moon, visit Sun–Earth L2 Lagrangian point, and make a flyby of asteroid 4179 Toutatis.[citation needed]
Beyond the Solar System[edit]
Along with Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and its sister space probe Voyager 2, Voyager 1 is now an interstellar probe. Voyager 1 and 2 have both achieved solar escape velocity, meaning that their trajectories will not return them to the Solar System.[26][27]
Probe imagers[edit]
Examples of space probe imaging telescope/cameras (focused on visible spectrum).
Name
Aperture
cm (in.)
Type
Where
When
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter—HiRISE 50 cm (19.7″) R/C Mars orbit 2005
Mars Global Surveyor—MOC[28] 35 cm (13.8″) R/C Mars orbit 1996–2006
New Horizons—LORRI[citation needed] 20.8 cm (8.2″) R/C Space (33+ AU from Earth) 2006
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LROC-NAC[29] 19.5 cm (7.68″) Reflector Lunar orbit 2009
Cassini—ISS-NAC[30] 19 cm (7.5″) Reflector Saturn orbit 2004–2017
Galileo – Solid State Imager[31] 17.65 cm (6.95″) Reflector Jupiter 1989–2003
Voyager 1/2, ISS-NAC[32] 17.6 cm (6.92″) Catadioptric Space 1977
Mariner 10 – TV Photo Experiment (x2)[33] 15 cm (5.9″) Reflector Space 1973–1975
Deep Space 1—MICAS[34] 10 cm ( 3.94″) Reflector Solar orbit 1998–2001
Voyager 1/2, ISS-WAC[32] 6 cm (2.36″) Lens Space 1977
Cassini—ISS-WAC[30] 5.7 cm (2.2″) Lens Saturn orbit 2004
MESSENGER MDIS-WAC[35] 3 cm (1.18″) Lens Mercury orbit 2004
MESSENGER MDIS-NAC[36] 2.5 cm (0.98″) R/C Mercury orbit 2004
Dawn Framing Camera (FC1/FC2)[37] 2 cm (0.8″) Lens Asteroid belt 2007
Image forming systems on space probes typically have a multitude of specifications, but aperture can be useful because it constrains the best diffraction limit and light gathering area.[citation needed]
Gallery[edit]
Photograph of Voyager 1 / Voyager 2
Artist's concept of Pioneer 10 / Pioneer 11
Artist's concept of Pioneer 10 near Jupiter
Artist's concept of New Horizons approaching Pluto.
Artist's concept of New horizons near Pluto.
Artist's concept of Cassini in Saturn's Orbit
Artist's concept of Galileo encounter with Io
Artist depiction of Stardust during the 'burn-to-depletion' phase
Artist depiction of Mars Global Surveyor
Titan4b on Launch pad
See also[edit]
Spaceflight portal
Space portal
Robotics portal
Interplanetary contamination
Interstellar probe
List of Solar System probes
Mariner 10 1973–1975
Orbit
Pioneer 10 1972–2003
Robotic spacecraft
Space capsule
Space exploration
Unmanned spacecraft
U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps
Viking program 1975–1982
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society. "Space Probes". National Geographic Education.
Jump up ^ "Planetary Exploration Timelines: A Look Ahead to 2016".
Jump up ^ "E&S+". E&S+.
Jump up ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details".
Jump up ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details".
Jump up ^ http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/mariner8-9.html
^ Jump up to: a b Mars 3 Lander. NASA Space Science Data Coordination. NASA
Jump up ^ Sojourner (rover)
Jump up ^ September 30 – October 05, 2010 Spirit Remains Silent at Troy NASA. 2010-10-05.
Jump up ^ A.J.S. Rayl Mars Exploration Rovers Update Planetary Society 30 November 2010
Jump up ^ Webster, Guy (25 May 2011). "NASA's Spirit Rover Completes Mission on Mars". NASA. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ "NASA Concludes Attempts to Contact Mars Rover Spirit". NASA. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Chang, Kenneth (May 24, 2011). "NASA to Abandon Mars Spirit Rover". New York Times.
Jump up ^ NASA Mars Rover Arrives at New Site on Martian Surface Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Genesis – Search for Origins". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Where Comets Emit Dust: Scientists Identify the Active Regions on the Surface of Comets" – ScienceDaily (Apr. 29, 2010)". sciencedaily.com.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1's view of Solar System (artist's impression)". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "NASA Voyager 1 Encounters New Region in Deep Space". NASA.
Jump up ^ JPL.NASA.GOV. "Voyager – The Interstellar Mission". nasa.gov.
Jump up ^ "NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey Into Interstellar Space". NASA.
Jump up ^ "Huygens Probe Separation and Coast Phase".
Jump up ^ Brown, Dwayne; Buckley, Michael; Stothoff, Maria (15 January 2015). "January 15, 2015 Release 15-011 – NASA's New Horizons Spacecraft Begins First Stages of Pluto Encounter". NASA. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "NASA's Dawn Spacecraft Hits Snag on Trip to 2 Asteroids". Space.com. August 15, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Gets Extra Time to Explore Vesta". NASA. April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NASA's Juno Mission to Jupiter to Be Farthest Solar-Powered Trip". Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Voyager-The Interstellar Mission: Fast Facts". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager-The Interstellar Mission". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mars Global Surveyor". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19.
Jump up ^ "eoportal – LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) – LROC". Archived from the original on 2012-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cassini Solstice Mission: ISS". Cassini Solstice Mission. Archived from the original on 2015-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Basics of Space Flight Section II. Space Flight Projects". nasa.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "Voyager". astronautix.com.
Jump up ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Experiment – Details".
Jump up ^ "Deep Space 1". nasa.gov.
Jump up ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Experiment – Details".
Jump up ^ "NASA PDS – MDIS". Archived from the original on 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Sierks, et al. – The Dawn Framing Camera: A Telescope En Route to the Asteroid Belt – MPS/DLR/IDA".
Sources[edit]
Deep Space: The NASA Mission Reports. edited by Robert Godwin (2005). ISBN 1-894959-15-9
Further reading[edit]
McNutt, et al. – Radioisotope Electric Propulsion (2006) – NASA Glenn Research Center (includes Centaur orbiter mission)
Scott W. Benson – Solar Power for Outer Planets Study (2007) – NASA Glenn Research Center
External links[edit]
Media related to Space probes at Wikimedia Commons
JPL – What Is a Space Probe? (2010)
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GND: 4135573-8
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text:
Russian River (California)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Russian River (disambiguation).
Russian River (Ashokawna or Bidapte)
Slavianka River
Rio San Ygnacio, Rio San Ignacio[1]
River
The estuary of the Russian River, north of Bodega Bay
Country
United States
State
California
Regions
Sonoma County, Mendocino County
Tributaries
- left Mark West Creek, Maacama Creek, Green Valley Creek, Big Sulphur Creek
- right Dry Creek, Austin Creek, Fife Creek
Cities
Ukiah, Healdsburg
Source
Laughlin Range
- location 5 mi (8 km) east of Willits, California
- elevation 1,960 ft (597 m) [2]
- coordinates 39°23′0″N 123°14′18″W / 39.38333°N 123.23833°W / 39.38333; -123.23833 [3]
Mouth
Pacific Ocean
- location Jenner, California
- elevation 0 ft (0 m)
- coordinates 38°27′2″N 123°7′46″W / 38.45056°N 123.12944°W / 38.45056; -123.12944Coordinates: 38°27′2″N 123°7′46″W / 38.45056°N 123.12944°W / 38.45056; -123.12944 [3]
Length
110 mi (177 km) [4]
Basin
1,485 sq mi (3,846 km2) [4]
Discharge
for Guerneville
- average 2,261 cu ft/s (64.0 m3/s) [5]
- max 102,000 cu ft/s (2,888.3 m3/s)
- min 0.75 cu ft/s (0.0 m3/s)

[hide]
Russian River
Legend
River source
Corral Creek
Fisher Creek
Mariposa Creek
Rocky Creek
Redwood Valley
Salt Hollow Creek
Forsythe Creek
Lake Van Arsdale
Eel River transfers
Potter Valley
SR 20 Calpella
York Creek
Lake Mendocino
East Fork confluence
Hensley Creek
Howard Creek
Ackerman Creek
Sulphur Creek
Orrs Creek
Ukiah
SR 222 Talmadge
Robinson Creek
Howell Creek
Morrison Creek
Parsons Creek
McNab Creek
Crawford Creek
Dooley Creek
SR 175 Hopland
Feliz Creek
US 101
Pieta Creek
Frog Woman Rock
Commisky Creek
Edwards Creek
US 101
Ash Creek
Oat Valley Creek
Big Sulphur Creek
Cloverdale
Cloverdale Creek
Porterfield Creek
Icaria Creek
Barrelli Creek
Crocker Creek
Gill Creek
Asti
SR 128 Geyserville
Miller Creek
Peterson Creek
Gird Creek
Alexander Valley Road
Sausal Creek
Maacama Creek
Lake Sonoma
Northwestern Pacific RR
Healdsburg
US 101 Healdsburg
Dry Creek
Riverfront Regional Park
Porter Creek
Wohler Road
Mark West Creek
Green Valley Creek
River Road
Hobson Creek
Korbel
Rio Nido
SR 116 Guerneville
Pocket Canyon
Fife Creek
Livereau Creek
Hulbert Creek
Smith Creek
Monte Rio
Dutch Bill Creek
Austin Creek
Duncans Mills
Freezeout Creek
Orrs Creek
Sheephouse Creek
Willow Creek
SR 1 Jenner
Goat Rock Beach
The Russian River, a southward-flowing river, drains 1,485 square miles (3,846 km2)[4] of Sonoma and Mendocino counties in Northern California. With an annual average discharge of approximately 1,600,000 acre feet (2.0 km3),[6] it is the second-largest river (after the Sacramento River) flowing through the nine-county Greater San Francisco Bay Area, with a mainstem 110 miles (177 km.) long.
Contents
[hide]
1 Course
2 Geology
3 History
4 River modifications
5 Ecology
6 Russian River Valley
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Course[edit]
The Russian River downstream of Duncans Mills
The Russian River springs from the Laughlin Range about 5 mi (8 km) east of Willits in Mendocino County. It flows generally southward to Redwood Valley, then past Calpella, where it is bordered by U.S. Route 101, to join the East Fork Russian River just below Lake Mendocino.
From there the Russian River flows south, past Ukiah and Hopland, and crosses into Sonoma County just north of Cloverdale. Closely paralleled by U.S. Route 101, it descends into the Alexander Valley, where it is joined by Big Sulphur Creek. It flows south past Cloverdale, Asti, and Geyserville.
East of Healdsburg, Maacama Creek joins the Russian River. After it makes a series of sweeping bends, the Healdsburg Memorial Bridge carries Old Redwood Highway over the river just upstream of U.S. Route 101's Healdsburg crossing. It receives water from Lake Sonoma via Dry Creek. The river turns westward, where it is spanned by the Wohler Bridge, and it is joined by Mark West Creek north of Forestville, followed by Green Valley Creek to the south. The river passes Rio Nido and Guerneville. In that area, State Route 116 parallels the river, bordering it past Guernewood Park and Monte Rio.
Austin Creek enters from the north before the River passes through Duncans Mills. State Route 1 crosses over the river before it flows into the Pacific Ocean between Jenner and Goat Rock Beach. The Russian River estuary is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy.[7] The mouth is about 60 mi (100 km) north of the San Francisco Bay's Golden Gate bridge.
The lower Russian River is a popular spring, summer, and fall destination for navigation and recreation. It is very safe at that time for swimming and boating, with a gentle current.[8] The river is dangerous in the winter, with swift current and muddy water.
Geology[edit]
The geographer R. S. Holway wrote of the Russian River in his paper "The Russian River: A Characteristic Stream of the California Coast Ranges".[9] Originally, the Russian River was one of several rivers draining westward from the Mayacamas Mountains through the Mendocino Plateau to the sea, a region lifted up by tectonic forces. The Navarro River drained from the Cobb Mountain area, while the Russian River drained from the Mt. St. Helena area. Being at a lower elevation, the Russian River began cutting north into the drainage area of the Navarro River. Eroding up a fault line in Alexander Valley, the Russian River intersected the Navarro River just north of Cloverdale. In one fell swoop, the Russian River took Big Sulphur Creek (formerly the upper Navarro River) and the north fork of the Navarro River, going north to Hopland and to Ukiah. The high valleys were eroded into rocky canyons for ten miles north of Cloverdale and for five miles east of Cloverdale.
After establishing a connection to Clear Lake, the Russian River was beheaded from Clear Lake by a slide (at Cow Mountain, east of Ukiah). Now Clear Lake flows into the Sacramento River.[10] The river incised a canyon into Fitch Mountain at an early time, before land levels were eroded to their present levels.[11] The Russian River was prevented from flowing south into San Pablo Bay, due to a 113-foot high ridge at Cotati.[12] Guerneville is built on an abandoned meander of the river. Near Guerneville, another meander cut short Smith Creek.[13]
The Mendocino Plateau is a part of the Franciscan Assemblage.
History[edit]
An Autumnal Sunset on the Russian River Evening Glow by William Keith, 1878
The river was originally known among the Southern Pomo as Ashokawna (ʼaš:oʼkʰawna), "east water place" or "water to the east",[14] and as Bidapte, "big river".[15] Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo and his expedition may have made it as far north as the Russian River in November 1542, before storms forced them to turn back south towards Monterey. The earliest European name for the river, Slavyanka, appears on a Russian-American Company chart dated 1817.[16] In 1827 the Spanish called it the San Ygnacio,[1] and in 1843 the Spanish land grant referred to it as Rio Grande.[17]
The river takes its current name from Russian Ivan Kuskov of the Russian-American Company, who explored the river in the early 19th century and established the Fort Ross colony 10 mi (16 km) northwest of its mouth. The Russians called it the Slavyanka River, meaning "Slav River".[1] They established three ranches near Fort Ross, one of which, the Kostromitinov Ranch, was along the Russian River near the mouth of Willow Creek.[18] The redwoods that lined its banks drew loggers to the river in the late 19th century.
According to the USGS, variant names of the Russian River include Misallaako, Rio Ruso, Shabaikai, and Slavyanka.[3]
River modifications[edit]
A portion of the Eel River is diverted to headwaters of the Russian River in Potter Valley, via a scheme known as the Potter Valley Project. The Sonoma County Water Agency[19] draws drinking water from the Russian River for sale to several hundred thousand residents of Sonoma, Mendocino, and northern Marin counties.[20] Santa Rosa's Laguna Wastewater Treatment Plant treats sewage from several communities to tertiary standards and returns some of it to the river by way of the Laguna de Santa Rosa.
Water transferred from the Eel River and released from Lake Mendocino flows through the Russian River channel to withdrawal points in Sonoma County. Although this method of transport supports aquatic and riparian zone habitats, it is vulnerable to chemical contamination from transportation accidents where the river is in close proximity to highway 101 and Northwestern Pacific Railroad transportation corridors in locations like the canyon between Cloverdale and Hopland. This vulnerability was demonstrated in March 1982 when a tank car of formaldehyde was vandalized in Ukiah. Emergency response personnel were able to clean up approximately half of the 21,000 US gallons (79,000 l) spilled, and a fortuitous combination of Lake Mendocino reservoir inventory and late winter storms helped flush the remainder through the river and into the ocean before local water storage inventories were exhausted.[21]
Ecology[edit]
White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), almost 8 feet long, caught in 1998 in the Russian River's "Hacienda Hole" in Guerneville, California.
The river provides wildlife habitat including warm and cold freshwater habitat for fish migration and spawning.[8] Historically it is interesting as one of two Northern California coastal rivers mentioned in the early nineteenth century by Russian explorer K. T. Khlebnikov as hosting sturgeon, presumably White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), along with the Pajaro River.[22] Khlebnikov stated in his "1820 Travel Notes", "Mr. Kuskov had sent two baidarkas to the Slavianka River to catch sturgeon, and they returned today with ten fish...the largest one exceeding two arshins (4.67 feet) long".[23] Moyle's Inland Fishes of California states that there were historic runs of white, but not green, sturgeon in the Russian River.[24] White sturgeon are the largest freshwater fish in the United States.
The Russian River is the largest river in the Central California Coast Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Distinct population segment. Natural waterfalls and the two major dams, Warm Springs (built in 1982) and Coyote (built in 1959), have isolated anadromous steelhead from its non-oceangoing rainbow trout form above the impassable barriers. Recent genetic studies on steelhead collected at 20 different sites both above and below passage barriers in the watershed found that despite the fact that 30 million hatchery trout were stocked in the river from 1911 to 1925, the steelhead remain of native and not hatchery stock.[25]
Until recently, most reviews indicated that Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were always scarce on the Russian River. However, in 2007, the Sonoma County Water Agency completed a comprehensive re-evaluation of historical records, coupled with a 5-year monitoring program using underwater cameras at two fish ladders just north of Forestville. They found that Chinook always were, and still are, "a relatively abundant, widely distributed, and naturally self-sustaining population". The authors found historic information dating to 1881 suggesting the presence of an ancestral population, and their genetic analysis found the Chinook both above and below barriers to fish passage to be of native, and not hatchery stock.[26]
In 2001 the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) had dwindled to less than four returning spawners per year. These low numbers were the catalyst for the Russian River Coho Salmon Captive Broodstock Program, a recovery effort in which offspring from hatchery-reared adults are released into the river system. In 2011, biologists estimate that more than 190 adult coho may have returned to the Russian River watershed, beginning with early storms in October and peaking in December.[27] High priority tributaries for restoration of stream flows and habitat for Coho include Dutch Bill, Grape, Green Valley, Mark West and Mill Creeks.[28]
Similarly, early twentieth-century naturalists were skeptical that California Golden beaver (Castor canadensis subauratus) were extant in the coastal streams of the Bay Area.[29] However, the Russian-American Company's Ivan Kuskov sailed into Bodega Bay in 1809 on the Kodiak and, after exploring 50 miles of the Russian River, returned to Novo Arkhangelsk, Alaska (Sitka), with beaver skins and over 2,000 sea otter (Enhydra lutris) pelts.[30] The Russians' stated reason for establishing a settlement in Alta California was, "The rich, fertile soil [and] the abundance of seal, otter and beaver were the principal factors which favored this colonization."[31] An 1816 report by the Russian-American Company's Board of Directors said that it was establishing a settlement to introduce agriculture.(page 33, After December 16, 1813: A report to Emperor Alexander I from the Russian American Company Council, concerning trade with California and the establishment of Fort Ross)[32] Before establishing a southern colony at Fort Ross, the Russian-American Company contracted with American ships beginning in 1806, providing them with Aleuts and their baidarkas (kayaks) to hunt otter on the coast of Spanish California.[33] Hudson's Bay Company's Alexander R. McLeod reported in 1829, "The Country to the northward of Bodega is said to be rich in Beaver and no encouragement given to the Indians to hunt."[34] The fur trapper Ewing Young, led an expedition up Putah Creek to Clear Lake and on to the Mendocino County Coast in March, 1833.[35] James Weeks, a member of Young's 1833 fur brigade wrote: "They broke up all the beaver lodges on the lake, I believe the finest and largest beaver we caught there, we arrived at the Russian River and pitched camp sent out, trappers found signs set traps caught beavers..."[36] This historical observer record is consistent with the Southern Pomo, who inhabited the lower half of the Russian River, having a word for beaver ṱ’ek:e (N. Alexander Walker, personal communication, 2011-01-23) and beavers in their "Coyote Stories".[37] In 1881 the Sacramento Daily Union newspaper reported, "Beavers are being trapped near Healdsburg" (placing them again on the Russian River).[38]
The Russian River State Marine Reserve and Russian River State Marine Conservation Area protect the Russian River Estuary. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean and freshwater wildlife and marine ecosystems.
Russian River Valley[edit]
See also: Russian River Valley AVA
View of the Russian River and the Russian River Valley
The river provides groundwater recharge and a water supply for agriculture.[8] The river's floodplain includes many vineyards, and an area of the Russian River Valley was approved as an American Viticultural Area in 1983 and enlarged in 2006.[39] It produces award-winning Chardonnay and Pinot noir wines in addition to other wine varietals, and is home to many small and several large commercial wineries.
See also[edit]
Bohemian Grove
List of rivers in California
List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area
Russian River State Marine Reserve & Russian River State Marine Conservation Area
Sonoma County wine
Frog Woman Rock
California Wine Country
California Fur Rush
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Erwin G. Gudde, William Bright (2004). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 323. Retrieved June 27, 2010. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for source coordinates
^ Jump up to: a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Russian River
^ Jump up to: a b c "Water Supply". Sonoma County Water Agency. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "USGS Gage #11467000 on the Russian River near Guerneville, CA" (PDF). National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
Jump up ^ Langridge, Ruth; Christian-Smith, Juliet; Lohse, Kathleen A. (2006). "Access and Resilience: Analyzing the Construction of Social Resilience to the Threat of Water Scarcity". Ecology and Society. 11 (2): 18. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ State Water Resources Control Board Water Quality Control Policy for the Enclosed Bays and Estuaries of California (1974) State of California
^ Jump up to: a b c State of California Water Quality Control Plan North Coastal Basin 1B July 1975 p.13
Jump up ^ Ruliff Stephen Holway (1917). The Russian River: A Characteristic Stream of the California Coast Ranges. University of California Press. p. 12.
Jump up ^ Holway, page 13
Jump up ^ Holway, pages 20-21
Jump up ^ Holway, pages 25-26
Jump up ^ Holway, page 29
Jump up ^ Oswalt, Robert (1981). Southern Pomo Word List and Map of Native Place Names in the Warm Springs Dam Area. San Francisco, CA: US Army Corps of Engineers.
Jump up ^ Oswalt, Robert; Peri, David W.; Fredrickson, Vera-Mae (1979). Language Study. San Francisco, CA: US Army Corps of Engineers.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Derek (2007). Historical Atlas of California. Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 978-0-520-25258-5.
Jump up ^ Praetzellis, Mary; Praetzellis, Adrian; Stewart, Suzanne B. (1985). "Before Warm Springs Dam: A History of the Lake Sonoma Area" (PDF). US Army Corps of Engineers. p. 28. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Tsim D. (2006). "New Thoughts on the Kostromitinov Ranch, Sonoma County, California" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology. 19: 36–39. ISSN 0897-0947. OCLC 17396569. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Sonoma County Water Agency
Jump up ^ Sonoma County Water Agency Structure
Jump up ^ "Formaldehyde released down Russian River". Lodi News-Sentinel. Lodi, California. 31 March 1982. p. 4.
Jump up ^ K. T. Khlebnikov (1940). "Memoirs of California". Pacific Historical Review. 9: 307–336. JSTOR 3632910. doi:10.2307/3632910.
Jump up ^ Kiril T. Khlebnikov, translated by John Bisk and edited by Leon Shur (1990). The Khlebnikov Archive: Unpublished Journal (1800–1837) and Travel Notes (1820, 1822 and 1824). University of Alaska Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-912006-42-0.
Jump up ^ Peter B. Moyle (2002). Inland Fishes of California. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-520-22754-5. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
Jump up ^ Kristy Deiner, John Carlos Garza, Robert Coey, Derek J. Girman (2007). "Population structure and genetic diversity of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) above and below natural and man-made barriers in the Russian River, California" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 8: 437–454. doi:10.1007/s10592-006-9183-0. Retrieved 2011-06-11. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Shawn D. Chase, David J. Manning, David G. Cook, Sean K. White (2007). "Historic Accounts, Recent Abundance, and Current Distribution of Threatened Chinook Salmon in the Russian River, California" (PDF). California Fish and Game: 130–148. Retrieved 2011-06-11. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Paul Olin, Christina S. Johnson (2011-03-23). Endangered Coho Salmon Return to Russian River (Report). California Sea Grant. Retrieved 2011-06-12. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Russian River Coho Water Resources Partnership". Retrieved 2011-06-12.
Jump up ^ Tappe, Donald T. (1942). "The Status of Beavers in California". Game Bulletin No. 3. California Department of Fish & Game.
Jump up ^ Thompson, R. A. (1896). The Russian Settlement in California Known as Fort Ross, Founded 1812...Abandoned 1841: Why They Came and Why They Left. Santa Rosa, California: Sonoma Democrat Publishing Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-559-89342-6. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
Jump up ^ T. Blok, translated by St. Petersburg (September 1933). "The Russian Colonies in California: A Russian Version". California Historical Quarterly. JSTOR 25178215.
Jump up ^ Dmytryshin, Basil; Crownhart-Vaughan, E.A.P.; Vaughan, Thomas (1989). The Russian American Colonies 1789–1867. Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-147-3.
Jump up ^ Adele Ogden (1975). The California sea otter trade, 1784–1848. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-520-02806-7. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
Jump up ^ Nunis, Doyce (1968). A. R. McLeod, Esq. to John McLoughlin, Esq. Dated Fort Vancouver 15 Feby. 1830, in The Hudson's Bay Company's First Fur Brigade to the Sacramento Valley: Alexander McLeod's 1829 Hunt. Fair Oaks, California: The Sacramento Book Collectors Club. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Holmes (1967). Ewing Young: Master Trapper. Portland, Oregon: Binsford and Mort, Publishers. p. 87.
Jump up ^ J. W. Weeks (1877). James W. Weeks reminiscences. Uvas Creek, California.
Jump up ^ Herbert W. Luthin (2002). Surviving through the days: translations of Native California stories and Songs. University of California Press. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-520-22270-0. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Pacific Coast Items". Sacramento Daily Union. 1881. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
Jump up ^ Russian River Valley Winegrowers Association
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Russian River (California) (category)
Russian River Watersheds at Fish Friendly Farming
Russian River Chamber of Commerce
"District Watersheds". Sonoma Resource Conservation District.
"Stewardship Guide for the Russian River" (PDF). Sonoma Resource Conservation District.
Google Street View Aug 2015
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Emil Minty
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Emil Minty
Born
1972 (age 45–46)
Sydney, Australia
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1981–1992
Emil Minty (born 1972) is an Australian former child actor. He played The Feral Kid, a feral child in the 1981 film Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior. As an actor, he had no lines in the film. After Mad Max 2, Minty had minor parts in Fluteman (1982) and in The Winds of Jarrah (1983). In 1990 he appeared in a few episodes of A Country Practice.
Minty withdrew from acting when he finished school. He became a jeweller, and has worked at Chris Lewis Jewellers in Sydney's Gladesville since the early 1990s. He is a father of two.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Filmography
2 References
3 Bibliography
4 External links
Filmography[edit]
Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981) - The Feral Kid
Fluteman (1982) - Toby
The Winds of Jarrah (1983) - Andy Marlow
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lehmann, Megan (May 9, 2015). "From Mad Max’s feral child... to Sydney jeweller". The Daily Telegraph.
Bibliography[edit]
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 394.
External links[edit]
Emil Minty on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 91608591

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Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Emil_Minty rootpage-Emil_Minty skin-vector action-view