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Husband
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For other uses, see Husband (disambiguation).

Relationships （Outline）
Types[show]
Genetic
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Family
Sibling
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By marriage
Husband
Wife
Open marriage
Polyandry
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Activities[show]
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unconditional
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Bride price
dower
dowry
service
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A newly wed husband kissing his bride
A husband is a male in a marital relationship. The rights and obligations of a husband regarding his spouse and others, and his status in the community and in law, vary between cultures and have varied over time.
In monogamous cultures, there are only two parties to a marriage. This is enforced by legal codes that outlaw two (bigamy) or more (polygamy) female spouses. Similarly, polyandry, marriage of one female partner with more than one male partner at the same time is not permitted. In polygamous and polyandrous cultures, there may be more than two parties to a marriage.
In marriages where both spouses are men, both may be referred to as husband.
In heterosexual marriages, the husband was traditionally regarded as the head of the household and was expected to be the sole provider or breadwinner, a role that is still maintained in some cultures (sometimes described as paternalistic).
The term continues to be applied to such a man who has separated from his spouse and ceases to be applied to him only when his marriage has come to an end following a legally recognized divorce or the death of his spouse. On the death of his spouse, a husband is referred to as a widower; after a divorce a man may be referred to as the "ex-husband" of his former spouse.
In today's society a husband is not necessarily considered the breadwinner of the family,[by whom?] especially if his spouse has a more financially rewarding occupation or career. In such cases, it is not uncommon for a husband to be considered a stay-at-home father if the married couple have children.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and etymology
2 Related terms
3 Western culture
3.1 Historical status
3.2 Contemporary status
4 Religion
4.1 Islam
4.2 Hinduism
4.3 Buddhism and Chinese folk religions
4.4 Christianity
5 Other cultures
6 Expectation of fidelity
7 See also
8 References
Origin and etymology[edit]
The term husband refers to Middle English huseband, from Old English hūsbōnda, from Old Norse hūsbōndi (hūs, "house" + bōndi, būandi, present participle of būa, "to dwell", so, etymologically, "a householder").
Related terms[edit]
At the conclusion of a valid wedding, the marrying parties acquire the status of married person and, while the marriage persists, a man is called a husband. In heterosexual marriages the woman is called a wife; in same-sex marriages between males, each male is called a husband; between females, each is called a wife. Regardless of gender, a married person is the spouse of the other party to the marriage.
Although "husband" is a close term to groom, the latter is a male participant in a wedding ceremony, while a husband is a married man after the wedding and for the duration of the marriage. The term husband refers to the institutionalized role of the married male, while the term father refers to the male in context of his offspring, a state which may or may not indicate that a marriage ceremony has taken place.
In some cases of heterosexual marriage, before the marriage, he or his family may have received a dowry, or have had to pay a bride price, or both were exchanged. The dowry not only supported the establishment of a household, but also served as a condition that if the husband committed grave offenses upon his wife, he had to return the dowry to the wife or her family. For the time of the marriage, they were made inalienable by the husband.[1] He might leave his wife (or wives), then widow (or widows), a dower (often a third or a half of his estate) to support her as dowager.[2]
"Husband" further refers to the institutionalized form in relation to the spouse and offspring, unlike father, a term that puts a man into the context of his children. Also compare the similar husbandry,[3] which in the 14th century referred to the care of the household, but today means the "control or judicious use of resources", conservation, and in agriculture, the cultivation of plants and animals, and the science about its profession.[4]
As an external symbol of the fact that they are married, each spouse commonly wears a wedding ring on the ring finger; whether this is on the left or right hand depends on the country's tradition.
Western culture[edit]
Historical status[edit]
Seuso and his wife
In premodern heterosexual unions (ancient Roman, medieval, and early modern history), a husband was obliged to protect and support not only his wife and children, but servants and animals of his domain, and the father (as the "patron") was awarded with much authority, differing from that of his wife (in these cultures, no polygamy existed).[5]
In the Middle Ages and Early Modern European history, it was unusual to marry out of love, but then doing so became an influential ideal.[6][7] During this period, a husband in a heterosexual marriage had more opportunities in society than his wife, who was not recognized as legally independent.[8]
Contemporary status[edit]
In contemporary secularized Western culture, the rights of the spouses have been made equal. The civil marriage generally forces the wealthier spouse "breadwinner" to provide alimony to the former spouse, even after separation and also after a divorce (see also Law and divorce around the world).
The legal status of marriage allows each spouse to speak on the other's behalf when one is incapacitated (e.g., in a coma); a husband is also responsible for his spouse's child(ren) in states where he is automatically assumed to be the biological father.[9]
Religion[edit]
Islam[edit]
In Islamic marital jurisprudence, husbands are considered protectors of the household and their wives. As protector, the husband has various rights and obligations that he is expected to fulfill and thus is offered opportunities different from that of his wife or wives, not only in legal and economical affairs of the family but within the family as well. As in most cases in Islam law and culture, everything is being related to the Qur'an.
Many Muslims may agree on a perfectly equal relationship.[10] Islam is the only major religion that puts a cap on polygamy, limiting the number of a man's wives to four—provided the husband can do justice to all of them. Although some religions, such as Catholicism for instance, puts a cap on polygamy all together, or even serial monogamy, allowing one spouse until death does them apart, not even accepting divorce. According to the teachings of Islam a Muslim man should have a valid reason and have to get permission from his existing wife (without any force) if he requires to marry again. Islam vehemently abhors any intimate relationship outside the bond of marriage.
There is no external sign to show his status as a husband, unless he adopted the tradition of wearing a wedding ring.
Hinduism[edit]
See also: Marriage in Hinduism
A Hindu husband traditionally took his wife to his home. He is expected to provide for her and to prove his abilities to do so. The marriage in Hinduism is a relationship for Seven births (सात जन्मों का रिश्ता). Before 1951 there was no divorce allowed in Hindu marriage. In past before 1750CE equal rights were given to both men and women and the same was extended in marriage as well.
In modern times once again after 1951, equal rights for women through society and law jurisdiction is given. In Hinduism based on the different regions marriage process is observed differently with the same Saat Pheras around agni kund (light pyre) to be taken to become a Husband and wife.
The Encyclopædia Britannica mentions that "In Hindu law, the male members of a joint family, together with their wives, widows, and children, are entitled to support out of the joint property."[11]
Buddhism and Chinese folk religions[edit]
China's family laws were changed by the Communist revolution; and in 1950, the People's Republic of China enacted a comprehensive marriage law including provisions giving the spouses equal rights with regard to ownership and management of marital property.[12]
Christianity[edit]
In Christianity, according to the Bible, a husband in a heterosexual marriage has a number of honors:
To present his bride to God throughout their lives as perfectly holy and virtuous as can be.[13]
To protect his wife with his own life, physically, emotionally and "spiritually".[14]
To "lay down" his life, counting her more important than himself.[15]
To lead his wife and his family into the best things for them.[16]
To be the best that he can be in God's power.[17]
To not withhold his body from her.[18]
Other cultures[edit]
In Japan, before enactment of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, all of the woman's property such as land or money passed to her husband except for personal clothing and a mirror stand.[19]
Expectation of fidelity[edit]
Main articles: Adultery and Open marriage
Although there is generally an expectation for a spouse not to have sexual relations with anyone other than his spouse(s), historically, in most cultures, this expectation was not as strong as in the case of wives, a situation which was evident in legal codes which prohibited adultery, with male adultery often being criminalized only if "aggravating" circumstances existed, such as if he brought his mistress in the conjugal home, or if there was public scandal.[20] The double standard was also evident in divorce laws of many countries, such as the UK or Australia, which differentiated between female adultery, which was a ground of adultery by itself, and male adultery, which was a ground only under certain circumstances.[21] This double standard continues to be seen today in many parts of the world. For instance, in the Philippines, a wife can be charged with the crime of adultery (for merely having one act of sexual intercourse with a man other than her husband), while a husband can only be charged with the related crime of concubinage, which is more loosely defined (it requires either keeping the mistress in the family home, or cohabiting with her, or having sexual relations under scandalous circumstances).[22][23]
A breach of this expectation of fidelity is commonly referred to as adultery or extramarital sex. Historically, adultery has been considered a serious offense, sometimes a crime. Even if that is not so, it may still have legal consequences, particularly a divorce. Adultery may be a factor to consider in a property settlement, it may affect the status of children, the custody of children, etc.
See also[edit]
Look up husband in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Husband
Husband-selling
Hypergamy
Polygamy in Christianity
Polyandry
References[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Husband.
Jump up ^ Britannica 2005, dowry
Jump up ^ "Dower - Definition of dower by Merriam-Webster". m-w.com.
Jump up ^ See Wiktionary husbandry
Jump up ^ Merriam–Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
Jump up ^ "The History of Rome, by Theodor Mommsen Book I Chapter 5 Section 2". About.com Ancient/Classical History.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Coontz on "classic marriage"
Jump up ^ William C. Horne, Making a heaven of hell: the problem of the companionate ideal in English marriage, poetry, 1650–1800 Athens (Georgia), 1993
Jump up ^ William Blackstone, Commentaries upon the Laws of England
Jump up ^ Cuckoo's egg in the nest, Spiegel 07, 2007
Jump up ^ Heba G. Kotb MD, Sexuality in Islam Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., PhD Thesis, Maimonides University, 2004
Jump up ^ Britannica, Economic aspects of family law (from family law)
Jump up ^ Britannica 2004, Legal limitations on marriage (from family law)
Jump up ^ "Ephesians 53A26-27 ESV - - Bible Gateway". www.biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Ephesians 5:28 In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Ephesians 5:25 Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Ephesians 5:29 After all, no one ever hated their own body, but they feed and care for their body, just as Christ does the church--". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Galatians 5:22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, forbearance, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "1 Corinthians 7:5 Do not deprive each other except perhaps by mutual consent and for a time, so that you may devote yourselves to prayer. Then come together again so that Satan will not tempt you because of your lack of self-control". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ Britannica, Legal limitations on marriages (from family law)
Jump up ^ Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe at Google Books
Jump up ^ http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/seminars/finlay.html
Jump up ^ "Gender Equality in Philippines - Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI)". genderindex.org.
Jump up ^ "A brief discussion on Infidelity, Concubinage, Adultery and Bigamy". Philippine e-Legal Forum.
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GND: 4070668-0
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Journey to the Center of the Earth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Journey to the Centre of the Earth (disambiguation).
Journey to the Center of the Earth
Book cover made in 1874
Author
Jules Verne
Original title
Voyage au centre de la Terre
Illustrator
Édouard Riou
Cover artist
Édouard Riou
Country
France
Language
French
Series
The Extraordinary Voyages #3
Genre
Science fiction, adventure novel
Publisher
Pierre-Jules Hetzel
Publication date
1864
Published in English
1871
Media type
Print (hardback)
Pages
183
ISBN
0486440885
Preceded by
The Adventures of Captain Hatteras
Followed by
From the Earth to the Moon
Journey to the Center of the Earth (French: Voyage au centre de la Terre, also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne. The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull, encountering many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards, before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy, at the Stromboli volcano.
The genre of subterranean fiction already existed long before Verne. However, the present book considerably added to its popularity and influenced later such writings. For example, Edgar Rice Burroughs explicitly acknowledged Verne's influence on his own Pellucidar series.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Inspiration
3 Main characters
4 Prehistoric animals featured
5 Publication notes
6 Adaptations
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
6.3 Radio
6.4 Theatre
6.5 Theme park (themed areas) and rides
6.6 Other
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
The story begins in May 1863, in the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg, Germany, with Professor Lidenbrock rushing home to peruse his latest purchase, an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorri Sturluson (Snorre Tarleson in some versions of the story), "Heimskringla"; the chronicle of the Norwegian kings who ruled over Iceland. While looking through the book, Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a coded note written in runic script along with the name of a 16th-century Icelandic alchemist, Arne Saknussemm. (This was a first indication of Verne's love for cryptography. Coded, cryptic, or incomplete messages as a plot device would continue to appear in many of his works and in each case Verne would go a long way to explain not only the code used but also the mechanisms used to retrieve the original text.) Lidenbrock and Axel transliterate the runic characters into Latin letters, revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code. Lidenbrock attempts a decipherment, deducing the message to be a kind of transposition cipher; but his results are as meaningless as the original.
Professor Lidenbrock decides to lock everyone in the house and force himself and the others (Axel, and the maid, Martha) to go without food until he cracks the code. Axel discovers the answer when fanning himself with the deciphered text: Lidenbrock's decipherment was correct, and only needs to be read backwards to reveal sentences written in rough Latin.[a] Axel decides to keep the secret hidden from Professor Lidenbrock, afraid of what the Professor might do with the knowledge, but after two days without food he cannot stand the hunger and reveals the secret to his uncle. Lidenbrock translates the note, which is revealed to be a medieval note written by Saknussemm, who claims to have discovered a passage to the centre of the Earth via Snæfell in Iceland. In what Axel calls bad Latin, the deciphered message reads:
The Runic cryptogram
In Snefflls [sic] Iokulis kraterem kem delibat umbra Skartaris Iulii intra kalendas deskende, audas uiator, te [sic] terrestre kentrum attinges. Kod feki. Arne Saknussemm.
In slightly better Latin, with errors amended:
In Sneffels Jokulis craterem, quem delibat umbra Scartaris, Julii intra kalendas descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges; quod feci. Arne Saknussemm
which, when translated into English, reads:
Descend, bold traveller, into the crater of the jökull of Snæfell, which the shadow of Scartaris touches (lit: tastes) before the Kalends of July, and you will attain the centre of the earth. I did it. Arne Saknussemm
Snæfellsjökull.
Professor Lidenbrock is a man of astonishing impatience, and departs for Iceland immediately, taking his reluctant nephew with him. Axel, who, in comparison, is anti-adventurous, repeatedly tries to reason with him, explaining his fears of descending into a volcano and putting forward various scientific theories as to why the journey is impossible, but Professor Lidenbrock repeatedly keeps himself blinded against Axel's point of view. After a rapid journey via Kiel and Copenhagen, they arrive in Reykjavík, where the two procure the services of Hans Bjelke (a Danish-speaking Icelander eiderdown hunter) as their guide, and travel overland to the base of the volcano.
In late June, they reach the volcano, which has three craters. According to Saknussemm's message, the passage to the center of the Earth is through the one crater that is touched by the shadow of a nearby mountain peak at noon. However, the text also states that this is only true during the last days of June. During the next few days, with July rapidly approaching, the weather is too cloudy for any shadows. Axel silently rejoices, hoping this will force his uncle – who has repeatedly tried to impart courage to him only to succeed in making him even more cowardly still – to give up the project and return home. Alas for Axel, however, on the second to last day, the sun comes out and the mountain peak shows the correct crater to take.
After descending into the crater, the three travellers set off into the bowels of the Earth, encountering many strange phenomena and great dangers, including a chamber filled with firedamp, and steep-sided wells around the "path". After taking a wrong turn, they run out of water and Axel almost dies, but Hans taps into a neighbouring subterranean river. Lidenbrock and Axel name the resulting stream the "Hansbach" in his honour and the three are saved. At another point, Axel becomes separated from the others and is lost several miles from them. Luckily, a strange acoustic phenomenon allows him to communicate with them from some miles away, and they are soon reunited.
After descending many miles, following the course of the Hansbach, they reach an unimaginably vast cavern. This underground world is lit by electrically charged gas at the ceiling, and is filled with a very deep subterranean ocean, surrounded by a rocky coastline covered in petrified trees and giant mushrooms. The travelers build a raft out of trees and set sail. The Professor names this sea the "Lidenbrock Sea" and the port as "Port Gräuben", after the name of his goddaughter. While on the water, they see several prehistoric creatures such as a giant Ichthyosaurus, which fights with a Plesiosaurus and wins. After the battle between the monsters, the party comes across an island with a huge geyser, which Lidenbrock names "Axel Island".
A lightning storm again threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers, but instead throws them onto the coastline. This part of the coast, Axel discovers, is alive with prehistoric plant and animal life forms, including giant insects and a herd of mastodons. On a beach covered with bones, Axel discovers an oversized human skull. Axel and Lidenbrock venture some way into the prehistoric forest, where Professor Lidenbrock points out, in a shaky voice, a prehistoric human, more than twelve feet in height, leaning against a tree and watching a herd of mastodons. Axel cannot be sure if he has really seen the man or not, and he and Professor Lidenbrock debate whether or not a proto-human civilization actually exists so far underground. The three wonder if the creature is a man-like ape, or an ape-like man. The sighting of the creature is considered the most alarming part of the story, and the explorers decide that it is better not to alert it to their presence as they fear it may be hostile.
The travellers continue to explore the coastline, and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead. However, it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave-in and two of the three, Hans and the Professor, despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall. The adventurers plan to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast. Upon executing the plan, however, they discover that behind the rockfall was a seemingly bottomless pit, not a passage to the center of the Earth. The travellers are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground. After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water, the raft ends up inside a large volcanic chimney filling with water and magma. Terrified, the three are rushed upwards, through stifling heat, and are ejected onto the surface from a side-vent of a stratovolcano. When they regain consciousness, they discover that they have been ejected from Stromboli, a volcanic island located in southern Italy. They return to Hamburg to great acclaim – Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history, Axel marries his sweetheart Gräuben, and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland. The Professor has some regret that their journey was cut short.
At the very end of the book, Axel and Lidenbrock realize why their compass was behaving strangely after their journey on the raft. They realize that the needle was pointing the wrong way after being struck by an electric fireball which nearly destroyed the wooden raft.
Inspiration[edit]
The book was inspired by Charles Lyell's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863 (and probably also influenced by Lyell's earlier ground-breaking work Principles of Geology, published 1830–33). By that time geologists had abandoned a literal biblical account of Earth's development and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity, but Lyell drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past. Lyell's book also influenced Louis Figuier's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge ("The Earth before the flood") which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes, in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition.[1]
It is noteworthy that at the time of writing Verne had no hesitation with having sympathetic German protagonists with whom the reader could identify. Verne's attitude to Germans would drastically change in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco-Prussian War. After 1871, the sympathetic if eccentric Professor Otto Lidenbrock would be replaced in Verne's fiction by the utterly evil and demonic Professor Schultze of The Begum's Fortune.
Main characters[edit]
Professor Otto Lidenbrock: a professor of geology.
Axel: the nephew of Professor Lidenbrock, overcautious and unadventurous student.
Hans Bjelke: a Danish-speaking Icelandic eiderduck hunter who becomes their guide; dependable, resourceful and imperturbable.
Gräuben: the goddaughter of Professor Lidenbrock with whom Axel is in love, from the Vierlande area of Hamburg.
Martha: the maid at the house of Professor Lidenbrock.
Prehistoric animals featured[edit]
Deinotherium (teeth only)
Pterichthys
Dipterides – a two-finned fish
Leptotherium – a gazelle-like creature
Merycotherium – a cattle-like creature
Lophiodon
Anoplotherium
Mastodon
Megatherium
Unidentified pterosaur, probably Pterodactylus
Unknown species of giant bird, probably a teratorn
Ichthyosaurus
Plesiosaurus
Glyptodon (shell only)
Publication notes[edit]
The first English edition was published in its entirety by Henry Vickers in 12 installments of a Boys magazine entitled "The Boys Journal". The plates are more numerous than the book form which was published with an 1872 title page. If it was released in 1871 as a single volume it was late in the year. This "True" first edition also found in an octavo normal book size (not Annual size), has been overlooked by bibliographers. It has a place of pre-eminence up to about a 3rd of the way through the 12 monthly issues and then slides down into the main body of the journal. The Magazine does not seem to have survived in its loose format of 12 individual parts.[2]
The 1871 English language edition published by Griffith and Farran (named Journey to the Centre of the Earth[3] at Project Gutenberg) is an abridged and altered translation. It changes the Professor's name to Hardwigg, Axel's name to Harry (or Henry) Lawson, and Gräuben's name to Gretchen. It omits some chapters, while rewriting or adding portions to others. The redactor's note by Norm Wolcott, at Project Gutenberg, claims that this translation is the most popularly reprinted one, despite the flaws. The 1877 translation by Ward, Lock, & Co., Ltd., translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson, is more faithful, though it too has some slight rewrites (according to the redactor at its Project Gutenberg page[4], where its title is translated as Journey to the Interior of the Earth).
The 1877 translation by Ward Lock & Co Ltd., translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson was adapted by AD Classic Books' 2008 edition of Journey to the Center of the Earth[5]. In this edit by A.R. Roumanis, antiquated writing and out of date sayings were replaced which makes this the most modernized version available.
The novel frequently uses the device of the Professor explaining or arguing scientific matters with Axel, in order to communicate scientific facts on which the world-view is based. In the midst of their descent, this role reverses at one point, as Axel points out strata to the Professor as another example of the same story-telling method. Many things postulated in the novel are now known to be incorrect, including the temperature of space being minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit, and volcanoes erupting due to a reaction between water and chemicals in the Earth's crust.
Adaptations[edit]
Film[edit]
1959: Journey to the Center of the Earth, USA, directed by Henry Levin, starring James Mason and Pat Boone. In the film, the beginning locale is transferred from Hamburg to Edinburgh, "Professor Otto Lidenbrock" becomes "Professor Oliver Lindenbrook", and the nephew Axel becomes student Alec McEwan and is more adventurous than cowardly as he is in the novel. The film introduces two new main characters: a female explorer (Arlene Dahl) and a main antagonist (Thayer David).
1978: Viaje al centro de la Tierra, Spain, directed by Juan Piquer Simón, starring Kenneth More and Pep Munné. It was distributed in the UK and the US as Where Time Began.
1989: Journey to the Center of the Earth took only the title and a general idea from the Verne novel, and had a unique plot aimed at a teen audience. It was written by Debra Ricci, Regina Davis, Kitty Chalmers, and Rusty Lemorande, and was directed by Lemorande and Albert Pyun. It stars Emo Philips, Paul Carafotes, Jaclyn Bernstein, Kathy Ireland, Janet Du Plessis, Nicola Cowper, Lochner De Kock, and Ilan Mitchell-Smith. It was based on an uncompleted version, more faithful to Verne's text, written and directed by Lemorande, that had been left unfinished because of Cannon Films' premature closure.
2008: Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 3-D film by Eric Brevig. Cast members include Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem and Josh Hutcherson. The film follows as a sequel to the original book.
2008: Journey to the Center of the Earth was a direct-to-DVD release by The Asylum, which is a loose adaptation of the original book. It was released as Journey to Middle Earth in the United Kingdom.
Walt Disney Pictures began work on a Journey in the late 1990s, but was not happy with the appearance of the subterranean caverns, so the project was scrapped. The cavern scenes were altered and used in the production of their 2001 film Atlantis: The Lost Empire.
Television[edit]
An animated television series, Journey to the Center of the Earth, first broadcast in 1967 on ABC, starring the voices of Ted Knight, Pat Harrington, Jr., and Jane Webb, only loosely based on Verne's novel.[6]
The first part of the second season of Around the World with Willy Fog by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was "Journey to the Centre of the Earth".
A limited animation television special in the Famous Classic Tales series was aired by CBS in 1977.
In 1993, NBC aired a made-for-TV film version with a cast including John Neville, F. Murray Abraham and Kim Miyori. The film used the title and general premise of Verne's novel, but had its heroes carry out the journey in an earth-penetrating machine.[7] A television series was supposed to follow, but was never produced.[citation needed]
The Wishbone 1996 episode "Hot Diggety Dawg" was based on the novel, featuring several major scenes starring the title character as Professor Lidenbrock.
The 1999 Hallmark Entertainment miniseries starred Treat Williams, Jeremy London, Bryan Brown, Tushka Bergen, and Hugh Keays-Byrne (this version deviates considerably from Verne's original).
A TV film version by RHI Entertainment starring Rick Schroder, Peter Fonda, Victoria Pratt, Steven Grayhm and Mike Dopud was shot on location in and around Vancouver on high definition video during the summer of 2007. The show aired on February 4, 2008 and been released on DVD. Pratt and Fonda's characters were added to the original story.
Radio[edit]
A seven-part radio serial was broadcast on the BBC Home Service in 1962. It was produced by Claire Chovil, and starred Trevor Martin and Nigel Anthony.[8]
An eight-part radio serial was produced for BBC Radio 4 by Howard Jones in 1963. It starred Bernard Horsfall and Jeffrey Banks.
A radio drama adaptation was broadcast by National Public Radio in 2000 for its series Radio Tales.
A 90-minute radio adaptation by Stephen Walker directed by Owen O'Callan was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 28 December 1995 and re-broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 20 November 2011, on 11 and 12 November 2012 and on 20 and 21 December 2014. Nicholas Le Prevost starred as Professor Otto Lidenbrock, Nathaniel Parker as Axel and Oliver Senton as Hans. Rosemary McNab, an original female character who funds and accompanies the expedition (and has affairs with both Hans and Otto along the way), was played by Kristen Millwood.[9]
A two-part BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Journey to the Center of the Earth was broadcast on 19 and 26 March 2017, with Stephen Critchlow as Professor Lidenbrock, Joel MacCormack as Axel and Gudmundur Ingi Thorvaldsson as Hans. It was directed and produced by Tracey Neale and adapted by Moya O'Shea.[10]
Theatre[edit]
A stage version of Journey to the Center of the Earth, written by Gerald Fitzgerald and directed by Steven-Shayle Rhodes, was produced at Pegasus Theatre in Dallas, Texas in 2000, with substantial changes made to the characters and the plot.
In 2014, Fitzgerald's 2-act script was adapted into a 3-act melodrama format and presented at the Pocket Sandwich Theatre in Dallas, directed by Joey Dietz.
Theme park (themed areas) and rides[edit]
A thrill ride based on the book, Journey to the Center of the Earth, is open at The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea's theme park. It also includes a dark ride based on Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.
Le Visionarium (Timekeeper), featuring Jules Verne in a circle vision ride (1992–2005) and Space Mountain, de la Terre à la Lune, in its original version (1995–2005), based directly on From the Earth to the Moon in Discoveryland (the hub facing part of the Land features steampunk-related theming) at Euro Disneyland (now Disneyland Paris) between 1992 and 2005
A water ride at Water World in Federal Heights, Colorado called Voyage to the Center of the Earth is loosely based on the book.
A mill chute ride, called Journey to the Center of the Earth and loosely based on the book, existed at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom from 1960 to 1992.
Other[edit]
Video games called Journey to the Center of the Earth: in 1984 by Ozisoft for the Commodore 64; in 1989 by Topo Soft[11] for the ZX Spectrum and in 2003 by Frogwares.[12]
A board game adaptation of the book designed by Rüdiger Dorn was released by Kosmos in 2008.[13]
Caedmon Records released an abridged recording of Journey to the Center of the Earth read by James Mason, in the 1960s.
Tom Baker was the reader for a recording released by Argo Records in 1977.
In 2011, Audible released an unabridged "Signature Performance" reading of the book by Tim Curry.
A concept album called Journey to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman was released in 1974. It combines song, narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story.
Wakeman released a second concept album called Return to the Centre of the Earth in 1999. It tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey.
Alien Voices, an audio theater group led by Leonard Nimoy and John de Lancie, released a dramatized version of Journey to the Center of the Earth through Simon and Schuster Audio in 1997.
Christopher Lloyd's character of Doctor Emmett Brown, one of the two main fictional characters of the Back to the Future film series, attributed the origins of his lifelong devotion to science to having read as a child the works of Jules Verne in general, and Journey to the Center of the Earth in particular. (This is evident when he reveals that he tried to dig to the center of the Earth at the age of twelve.) Back to the Future Part III, especially, pays homage to the book when Dr. Brown carves his initials in a mineshaft after storing the time machine, just like Arne Saknussemm did to help guide future explorers. At the end of the film, it is revealed that Dr. Brown's two sons are named Jules and Verne.
Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the Pellucidar series using the Journey to the Center of the Earth concept.
The surname of Kathy Ireland's character in Alien from L.A. (1988), a film about a girl who falls through the earth and discovers a repressive subterranean society, is Saknussemm.
The 1992 adventure/role-playing game Quest for Glory III by Sierra Entertainment used Arne Saknoosen the Aardvark as a bit character for exploration information, alluding to the explorer Arne Saknussemm.
The DC Comics comic book series Warlord takes place in Skartaris, a land supposed to exist within a Hollow Earth. Its creator, Mike Grell, has confirmed that "the name comes from the mountain peak Scartaris that points the way to the passage to the earth's core in Journey to the Center of the Earth."[14]
Louis MacNeice's final play Persons from Porlock contains a reference to Journey to the Center of the Earth at the beginning. Because his mother used to read it aloud to him, Hank became fascinated with "caves and pot-holes and things". At the end of the play Herr Professor Lidebrock is one of the characters Hank meets down the pot hole. Hank says to him, "Oh, my dear Professor, I've always wanted to meet you, since my mother used to read me your adventures. How you went down the volcano and ran into all those mastodons. But, of course, in your case you got out again." The Professor replies, "That was because I am a character in fiction... Jules Verne invented me".[15]
Halldór Laxness, the only Icelandic author to be awarded the Nobel Prize, set his novel Under the Glacier in the area of Snæfellsjökull. The glacier has a mystic quality in the story and there are several references to A Journey to the Center of the Earth in connection with it.
In the Exile computer game series and its remake, the Avernum series, the player's party is exiled to a vast underground cavern similar to the one described in A Journey to the Center of the Earth. It also contains a subterranean ocean and networks of tunnels, but it is lit by bioluminescent mushrooms rather than an electric phenomenon. One of the goals of several of the games is to escape from the cavern.
See also[edit]
Subterranean fiction
Pellucidar
Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ To produce the cipher, the text is written backwards, and then each letter and punctuation mark is placed in a separate cell of a 7x3 matrix, going row by row. When each cell is filled with the first 21 letters, the 22nd letter is placed in the first cell, and so again through the matrix repeatedly until the message is complete. To decipher, one copies out the first letter of each cell, then the second, and so forth, and finally the resulting message is read backwards.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Criticism: Browne, E. Janet (2002), Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place, London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 130, 218, 515, ISBN 0-7126-6837-3
Jump up ^ The Boys Journal. Published By Henry Vickers, London. 1870
Jump up ^ Verne, Jules (18 July 2006). "A Journey to the Centre of the Earth" – via Project Gutenberg.
Jump up ^ Verne, Jules (1 February 2003). "A Journey into the Interior of the Earth" – via Project Gutenberg.
Jump up ^ Verne, Jules (27 June 2008). Roumanis, A. R., ed. "A Journey to the Center of the Earth". AD Classic – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "Journey to the Center of the Earth". IMDb. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Journey to the Center of the Earth". IMDb. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Journey to the Centre of the Earth". BBC Genome. BBC. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jules Verne- Journey to the Centre of the Earth", BBC Radio 4 Extra, 20 Nov 2011.
Jump up ^ [1]"Radio 4 relevant page"
Jump up ^ "Viaje al Centro de la Tierra - World of Spectrum". www.worldofspectrum.org.
Jump up ^ "Journey to the Center of the Earth for Windows (2003) - MobyGames". MobyGames.
Jump up ^ "Journey to the Center of the Earth". BoardGameGeek.
Jump up ^ Brian Cronin, 2006, "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #54!" (archive)
Jump up ^ Louis MacNeice, Persons from Porlock, London: BBC, 1969.
Further reading[edit]
Debus, Allen (July 2007). "Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth". Science Fiction Studies. 33 (3): 405–20. JSTOR 4241461. .
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Journey into the Interior of the Earth
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Voyage au centre de la Terre
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journey to the Center of the Earth.
Journey to the Centre of the Earth and PDF Full text of the Oxford University Press translation, with introduction, notes and appendices. Most modern translation available online.
Journey into the Interior of the Earth (Malleson, trans.; Ward, Lock & Co., 1877) from JV.Gilead.org.il
A Journey to the Interior of the Earth (Malleson, trans.; Ward, Lock & Co., 1877) – in easy to read HTML format.
A Journey to the Interior of the Earth at Project Gutenberg (English)
Journey to the Interior of the Earth public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Listen to the 1963 BBC Radio serial of Journey to the Center of the Earth
Listen to the 1995 BBC Radio adaptation of Journey to the Center of the Earth
Listen to the BBC Radio Classic Serial: "Journey to the Center of the Earth" (2017)
Free Audio Book of "Journey to the Center of the Earth" from The Drama Pod
Journey to the Center of the Earth – Classics Illustrated comic book
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Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth
Films
1959 film
1978 film
1989 film
1993 TV film
2008 TV film
2008 Asylum film
2008 theatrical film
Other
1967 series
1999 miniseries
1974 album
2008 video game
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
Journey Through the Impossible
show
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Works by Jules Verne
Voyages
extraordinaires
Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863)
Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864)
From the Earth to the Moon (1865)
The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (1866)
In Search of the Castaways (1867–68)
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869–70)
Around the Moon (1870)
A Floating City (1871)
The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (1872)
The Fur Country (1873)
Around the World in Eighty Days (1873)
The Mysterious Island (1874–75)
The Survivors of the Chancellor (1875)
Michael Strogoff (1876)
Off on a Comet (1877)
The Child of the Cavern (1877)
Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (1878)
The Begum's Fortune (1879)
Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (1879)
The Steam House (1880)
Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (1881)
Godfrey Morgan (1882)
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Eleven Days' Siege (1861)
A Nephew from America (1873)
Around the World in 80 Days (1874)
The Children of Captain Grant (1878)
Michael Strogoff (1880)
Journey Through the Impossible (1882)
Kéraban the Pigheaded (1883)
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The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne (1907)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth&oldid=865854623"
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text:
Tennessee State Capitol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tennessee State Capitol
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Tennessee State Capitol
Show map of Tennessee Show map of the US Show all
Location
Capitol Hill
Nashville, Tennessee
Coordinates
36°9′57″N 86°47′3″W / 36.16583°N 86.78417°W / 36.16583; -86.78417Coordinates: 36°9′57″N 86°47′3″W / 36.16583°N 86.78417°W / 36.16583; -86.78417
Area
4.9 acres (2.0 ha)
Built
1845-1859
Architect
William Strickland (1788-1854)
Architectural style
Greek Revival style
NRHP reference #
70000894
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
July 8, 1970; 47 years ago (July 8, 1970)[1]
Designated NHL
November 11, 1971; 46 years ago (November 11, 1971)[2]
The Tennessee State Capitol, located in Nashville, Tennessee, is the home of the General Assembly of Tennessee (state legislature), the location of the governor's office, and a National Historic Landmark. Designed by architect William Strickland (1788-1854), of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Nashville, it is one of Nashville's most prominent examples of Greek Revival architecture. It is one of only twelve state capitols (along with those of Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, and Virginia) that does not have a dome.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and construction
2 Monuments
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Design and construction[edit]
Tennessee State Capitol during the Civil War
The prominent Nashville hilltop site of what is now the Tennessee State Capitol was formerly occupied by the Holy Rosary Cathedral (no longer extant), the first Roman Catholic cathedral church in Nashville (with the Diocese of Nashville at that time once comprising the entire territory of the State of Tennessee).[3][4][5]
The State Capitol was designed by renowned Philadelphia architect William Strickland, who modeled it after a Greek Ionic temple. The prominent lantern structure located above the roof line of the Tennessee state capitol is a design based upon the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens that honors the Greek god Dionysus doing battle with Tyrrhenian pirates.[6] The cornerstone of the Tennessee state capitol was itself laid on July 4, 1845 and the building was completed fourteen years later in 1859.[7]
The American Society of Civil Engineers has listed the building as a civil engineering landmark in recognition of its innovative construction, which made unusually extensive use of stone and was an early example of the use of structural iron. Both the interior and exterior are built with limestone from a quarry about 1-mile (1.6 km) from the site. Some interior columns were built from single pieces of stone, requiring massive wooden derricks to hoist them into place. Wrought iron, instead of wood, was used for the roof trusses to reduce the building's vulnerability to fire.[8]
Tennessee State Capitol depicted on an 1864 Confederate $20 banknote
Commercial, convict, and slave labor were used in the project. Fifteen enslaved Black men worked on carving the Capitol's limestone cellar from 1845 to 1847; Nashville stonemason A.G. Payne was paid $18 a month for their labor. It is believed to be "the most significant project where the [Tennessee] state government rented slave labor."[9]
Strickland died five years before the building's completion and was entombed in its northeast wall. His son, F. W. Strickland, supervised completion of the structure. William Strickland also designed the St. Mary’s Cathedral (located along the base of the capitol hill), as well as Downtown Presbyterian church located just a few blocks away from the state capitol.[4]
Samuel Dold Morgan (1798–1880), chairman of the State Building Commission overseeing the construction of the Tennessee State Capitol, is entombed in the southeast corner near the south entrance.
Monuments[edit]
Monuments on the Capitol grounds include statues of two of the three Tennessee residents who served as President of the United States: Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills and Andrew Johnson by Jim Gray. The second President from Tennessee, James K. Polk, is buried in a tomb on the grounds, together with his wife, Sarah Childress Polk.[10][11] Other monuments on the grounds include the Sgt. Alvin C. York Memorial by Felix de Weldon, the Tennessee Holocaust Commission Memorial, the Sam Davis Memorial at the southwest corner of the Capitol grounds, the Sen. Edward Ward Carmack Memorial located above the Motlow Tunnel near the south entrance, and the Memorial to Africans during the Middle Passage at the southwest corner of Capitol grounds. The Charles Warterfield Reliquary is a group of broken limestone columns and fragments removed and saved from the State Capitol during the mid-1950s restoration, located near the northern belvedere on Capitol Drive.
Inside the House Chamber from the viewing gallery
Inside the House Chamber as seen from the floor
Andrew Jackson Statue located on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol
Night time view of the Capitol
See also[edit]
List of National Historic Landmarks in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, Tennessee
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Tennessee State Capitol". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
Jump up ^ "FIRST - Catholic Church in Tennessee - Nashville, Tennessee - First of its Kind on Waymarking.com". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Capitols and churches: Built and buried in Nashville • Tennessee Star Journal". Tnsjournal.com. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nashville". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Choragic Monument of Lysicrates". famouswonders.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ The Tennessee State Capitol: A Self-Guided Walking Tour. Tennessee State Museum. 2009.
Jump up ^ Tennessee State Capitol Archived 2012-09-05 at WebCite, History & Heritage of Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers website
Jump up ^ Iv, Thomas Joseph Broderick (2008-06-03). "They Moved the Earth: The Slaves Who Built the Tennessee State Capitol". Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal. 4. ISSN 1555-788X. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
Jump up ^ Burke, Sheila (March 24, 2017). "Plan to dig up President Polk's body – again – stirs trouble". Yahoo. Associated Press. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Resolution to move former President James K. Polk's body approved - CBS News
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tennessee State Capitol.
Tennessee State Museum - State Capitol information
Tennessee Legislature Website
Documentary: Tennessee State Capitol - Grounded in Tradition
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_State_Capitol&oldid=828498202"
Categories:
Government buildings completed in 1859
State capitols in the United States
Government of Tennessee
National Historic Landmarks in Tennessee
Buildings and structures in Nashville, Tennessee
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Government buildings in Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Nashville, Tennessee
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee
James K. Polk
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