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Right to Information Act, 2005
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This article is about the Indian federal law. For freedom of information in other countries, see Freedom of information legislation.
Right to Information Act, 2005
It is an act to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to under control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, the constitution of a Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Citation
Act No. 22 of 2005
Territorial extent
Whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir
Enacted by
Parliament of India
Date enacted
15-June-2005
Date assented to
22-June-2005
Date commenced
12-October-2005
First RTI application submitted by Shahid Raza Burney to a police station in Pune on 12 October 2005
Status: In force
A receipt for payment of fee for collecting information under RTI act
Right to Information (RTI) is an Act of the Parliament of India to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens and replaces the erstwhile Freedom of information Act, 2002. Under the provisions of the Act, any citizen of India may request information from a "public authority" (a body of Government or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days. The Act also requires every public authority to computerise their records for wide dissemination and to proactively certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for information formally.
This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 12 October 2005. The first application was given to a Pune police station. Information disclosure in India was restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws, which the new RTI Act relaxes. It codifies a fundamental right of citizens.
Contents
[hide]
1 Scope
2 Private bodies
3 Political parties
4 Right to Information(RTI Act 2005) Implementations, Controversies, and Digital India.
4.1 Digital Right to Information System
4.2 Activism around an efficient Right to Information
5 Intellectual Property Rights and Right to Information (RTI Act 2005).
6 Fees
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Scope[edit]
The Act covers the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir, where J&K Right to Information Act is in force. It covers all the constitutional authorities, including executive, legislature and judiciary; any institution or body established or constituted by an act of Parliament or a state legislature. It is also defined in the Act that bodies or authorities established or constituted by order or notification of appropriate government including bodies "owned, controlled or substantially financed" by government, or non-Government organizations "substantially financed, directly or indirectly by funds"
Private bodies[edit]
Private bodies are not within the Act's ambit directly. In a decision of Sarbjit roy vs Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission,[1] the Central Information Commission also reaffirmed that privatised public utility companies fall within the purview of RTI.[2] As of 2014, private institutions and NGOs receiving over 95% of their infrastructure funds from the government come under the Act.[3] Right to Information Act 2005 mandates timely response to citizen requests for government information. It is an initiative taken by Department of Personnel and Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions to provide a RTI Portal Gateway to the citizens for quick search of information on the details of first Appellate Authorities, PIOs etc. amongst others, besides access to RTI related information / disclosures published on the web by various Public Authorities under the Government of India as well as the State Governments.
Political parties[edit]
The Central Information Commission (CIC), consisting of Satyanand Mishra, M.L. Sharma and Annapurna Dixit, has held that the political parties are public authorities and are answerable to citizens under the RTI Act. The CIC, a quasi-judicial body, has said that six national parties - Congress, BJP, NCP, CPI(M), CPI and BSP and BJD - has been substantially funded indirectly by the Central Government and have the character of public authorities under the RTI Act as they perform public functions[4][5] In August 2013 the government introduced a Right To Information (Amendment) Bill which would remove political parties from the scope of the law.[6] In September 2013 the Bill was deferred to the Winter Session of Parliament.[7] In December 2013 the Standing Committee on Law and Personnel said in its report tabled in Parliament.[8]
Right to Information(RTI Act 2005) Implementations, Controversies, and Digital India.[edit]
The Right to information in India has been mired with controversies ranging from their use in political battles [9] asking opponent degrees, or cases of blatant refusals to provide information[10] on high profile projects to allegations of misuse by civil society.[11]
The Right to information in India is governed by two major bodies viz.
Central Information Commission (CIC)[12] – Chief Information commissioner who heads all the central departments and ministries- with their own public Information officers (PIO)s. CICs are directly under the President of India.
State Information Commissions-State Public Information Officers or SPIOs – Heading over all the state department and ministries the SPIO office is directly under the State Governor.
State and Central Information Commissions are independent bodies and Central Information Commission has no jurisdiction[12] over the State Information Commission.
Digital Right to Information System[edit]
Though there are recent efforts on digital governance, Right to Information has seen a neglect even after 11 years of its enactment.
A recent research on ballotboxIndia [13] outlines that thought central ministries are covered by a single Digital window to file Right to Information requests with integrated payment gateways, and tracking mechanism. None of the states have yet came forward to implement their versions or use the existing Right to Information Digital Infrastructure.
The research report[13] covering 29 states and union territories also highlights the responses from the SPIOs (State Public Information Officers).
Researchers in the study focussed on the Digital implementation and asked about plans or timeline to provide such facility. 64% State Public Information failed to respond. Rest of them merely took cognizance without any hard timelines.
The research also covers in details- the difficulty in filing manual Right to Information requests with the states with delays ranging many months of wait time and various follow ups and rejections.[14]
Every state in India has different rules and fee structures to file an application through registered post without any tracking mechanism as covered in details in the report.[13] Which puts Right to Information in India riddled with inefficiencies.
Activism around an efficient Right to Information[edit]
Researchers and Activists have been proposing changes to make the process easier, efficient and meaningful. One of it demands state and central information systems under one Digital System to streamline information flow and provide proactive information backed by streamlined mandatory reporting.
Right to Information (RTI Act 2005) - One RTI campaign flyer started by ballotboxIndia researchers after doing a survey with 28 states SPIOs and Central CIC.
The Right to information(RTI Act 2005) was touted as one law which would bring in transparency and eradicate corruption by civil society direct involvement. Failure to implement it in a thoroughly and efficiently has led to rough loss estimate of $245 million yearly as per one estimate.[13]
India being a federal state has many items in concurrent list and projects have multiple departments working on them, and sometimes projects are moved from one department to another.
With Central and State information commissions working in such a disconnect, and manual transfers of the request for information between departments lead to big delays, confusion, and loss of traceability.
It not only denies timely information, creates high barriers to information only a few with very strong motivations and means can cross, but puts a common citizen at the risk by exposing them directly to the departments and agencies which they are trying to find information on.
Digital RTI mission was initiated by a policy think tank based in Kochi (CPPR) to make kerala the first RTI digital state in India. [15]
Intellectual Property Rights and Right to Information (RTI Act 2005).[edit]
Many civil society members have recently alleged the subversion of the right to information Act by the invocation of Intellectual Property rights argument by the government agencies from time to time.
Most notable are
The Right to Information denied by RBI on Demonetization citing Intellectual Property Laws.[16]
The Right to Information Denied by Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department after more than 8 months of a wait on under construction Gomti Riverfront Development Project. A group of researchers requested for environment Impact and Project Report on the project which is flagged for negative impacts, tax money wastage by environmental scientists and research reports.[10]
Fees[edit]
A citizen who desires to seek some information from a public authority is required to send, along with the application (a Postal order or DD (Demand draft) or a bankers cheque) payable to the Accounts Officer of the public authority as fee prescribed for seeking information. If the person is from a disadvantaged community, he/she need not pay.[citation needed]
The applicant may also be required to pay further fee towards the cost of providing the information, details of which shall be intimated to the applicant by the PIO as prescribed by the RTI ACT[17]
See also[edit]
Attacks on RTI activists in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/Decision_30112006_12.pdf
Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-03/news/30238465_1_rti-act-public-information-officer-pio. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Nayak, N. Dinesh. "Private institutions, NGOs now come under RTI Act: Information Commissioner". thehindu.com.
Jump up ^ PTI. "Khurshid sounds warning note on R.T.I ruling". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ PTI. "Political parties under RTI: Congress rejects CIC order". The Hindu Newspaper. Archived from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Subrahmaniam, Vidya (12 August 2013). "First-ever amendment to historic RTI Act tabled in Lok Sabha". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bill to amend RTI Act deferred to Winter Session". thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Parliament panel backs Bill to keep parties out of RTI". Press Trust of India
Jump up ^ "PM Modi degree issue: HC stays CIC order on 1978 DU records". The Indian Express. 2017-01-24. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gomti River front Development - Irrigation Department Denied Information". Gomti River front Development - Irrigation Department Denied Information. 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ Gandhi, Shailesh. "Right to information is misused, but those who do so make up less than 5% of total applicants". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "FAQ | Central Information Commission". cic.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Right to information (RTI Act 2005) India - One Nation #OneRTI". BallotBoxIndia. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Gomti Riverfront Development - Lucknow Development Authority (LDA) officially transferred the application of request on Gomti River Front Development DPR and EIA to the Irrigation Department". Gomti Riverfront Development - Lucknow Development Authority (LDA) officially transferred the application of request on Gomti River Front Development DPR and EIA to the Irrigation Department. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Centre for Public Policy Research". Wikipedia. 2017-09-25.
Jump up ^ "RBI's refusal to share details under RTI is sheer arrogance, says activist Shailesh Gandhi". Firstpost. 2016-12-31. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ http://rti.gov.in/RTICorner/Guide_2013-issue.pdf
External links[edit]
Right To Information Ministry Websites and their RTI links Search
RTI Act PDF and RTI Application form for all the States
Government of India links
Complete text of the Right to Information Act
ONLINE RTI
CIC - The Central Information Commission is empowered to decide complaints and appeals arising from use of the Right to Information Act, 2005.
CIC Online - New website of the Central Information Commission for filing complaints and appeals arising from use of the Right to Information Act, 2005.
DoPT - The Department of Personnel and Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions, is charged with being the nodal agency for the Right to Information Act, 2005. It has the powers to make rules regarding appeals, fees, etc.
Right to Information Act Portal
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Summer of '42
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Summer of '42
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Mulligan
Produced by
Richard A. Roth
Written by
Herman Raucher
Starring
Jennifer O'Neill
Gary Grimes
Jerry Houser
Oliver Conant
Narrated by
Robert Mulligan
Music by
Michel Legrand
Cinematography
Robert Surtees
Edited by
Folmar Blangsted
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
April 18, 1971 (1971-04-18)
Running time
104 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1 million
Box office
$32,063,634[2]
Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one-sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II.
The film was directed by Robert Mulligan, and starred Gary Grimes as Hermie, Jerry Houser as his best friend Oscy, Oliver Conant as their nerdy young friend Benjie, Jennifer O'Neill as the mysterious woman with whom Hermie becomes involved, and Katherine Allentuck and Christopher Norris as a pair of girls whom Hermie and Oscy attempt to seduce. Mulligan also has an uncredited role as the voice of the adult Hermie. Maureen Stapleton (Allentuck's mother) also appears in a small, uncredited voice role (calling after Hermie as he leaves the house in an early scene, and after he enters his room in a later scene).
Raucher's novelization of his screenplay of the same name was released prior to the film's release and became a runaway bestseller, to the point that audiences lost sight of the fact that the book was based on the film and not vice versa. Though a pop culture phenomenon in the first half of the 1970s, the novelization went out of print and slipped into obscurity throughout the next two decades until a Broadway adaptation in 2001 brought it back into the public light and prompted Barnes & Noble to acquire the publishing rights to the book.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Factual basis
5 Reception and awards
6 Sequel
7 Soundtrack
8 Cultural impact
8.1 Music
8.2 Film and television
8.3 Remakes
8.4 Off-Broadway musical
8.5 Alternate sequel
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
The film opens with a series of still photographs appearing over melancholic music, representing the abstract memories of the unseen Herman Raucher, now a middle-aged man. Raucher recalls the summer he spent on the island in 1942. The film flashes back to a day that then 15-year-old "Hermie" and his friends – jock Oscy and introverted nerd Benjie – spent playing on the beach. They spot a young soldier carrying his new bride into a house on the beach, and are struck by her beauty, especially Hermie, who is unable to get her out of his mind.
They continue spending afternoons on the beach where, in the midst of scantily-clad teenage girls, their thoughts invariably turn to sex. All of them are virgins: Oscy is obsessed with the act of sex, while Hermie finds himself developing romantic interest in the bride, whose husband he spots leaving the island on a water taxi one morning. Later that day, Hermie finds her trying to carry bags of groceries by herself, and helps get them back to her house. They strike up a friendship and he agrees to return to help her with chores.
Meanwhile, Oscy and Hermie, thanks to a sex manual discovered by Benjie, become convinced they know everything necessary to lose their virginity. Led by Oscy, they test this by going to the cinema and picking-up a trio of high-school girls. Oscy stakes out the most attractive one, Miriam, "giving" Hermie her less attractive friend, Aggie, and leaving Benjie with Gloria, a heavyset girl with braces. Frightened by the immediacy of sex, Benjie runs off, and is not seen by Hermie or Oscy again that night. Hermie and Oscy spend the entirety of the evening's film attempting to "put the moves" on Miriam and Aggie. Oscy pursues Miriam, eventually making out with her during the movie, and later learns her ways are well-known on the island. Hermie finds himself succeeding with Aggie, who allows him to grope what he thinks is her breast; Oscy later points out Hermie was fondling her arm.
The next morning, Hermie helps the bride move boxes into her attic and she thanks him by giving him a kiss on the forehead. Later, in preparation for a marshmallow roast on the beach with Aggie and Miriam, Hermie goes to the local drugstore. In a painfully humorous sequence, he builds up the nerve to ask the druggist (Lou Frizzell) for condoms.
That night, Hermie roasts marshmallows with Aggie while Oscy succeeds in having sex with Miriam between the dunes. He is so successful he sneaks over to Hermie and Aggie to ask for more condoms. Confused as to what's happening, Aggie follows Oscy back, where she sees him having sex with Miriam and runs home, upset.
The next day, Hermie comes across the bride sitting outside her house, writing to her husband. Hermie offers to keep her company that night and she says she looks forward to seeing him, revealing her name is Dorothy. An elated Hermie goes home and puts on a suit, dress shirt and heads back to Dorothy's house, running into Oscy on the way; Oscy relates that Miriam's appendix burst and she's been rushed to the mainland. Hermie, convinced he is at the brink of adulthood because of his relationship with Dorothy, brushes Oscy off.
He heads to her house, which is eerily quiet. Going in, he discovers a bottle of whiskey, several cigarette butts, and a telegram from the government. Dorothy's husband is dead, his plane shot down over France. Dorothy comes out of her bedroom, crying, and Hermie tells her "I'm sorry." The sense of empathy triggers her to channel to Hermie some of her loneliness. She turns on the record player and invites Hermie to dance with her. They kiss and embrace, tears on both their faces. Without speaking, and to the sound only of the waves, they move to the bedroom, where she draws him into bed and gently makes love with him. Afterward, withdrawing again into her world of hurt, Dorothy retires to the porch, leaving Hermie alone in her bedroom. He approaches her on the porch, where she can only quietly say "Good night, Hermie." He leaves, his last image of Dorothy being of her leaning against the railing, as she smokes a cigarette and stares into the night sky.
At dawn Hermie meets Oscy and the two share a moment of reconciliation, with Oscy informing Hermie that Miriam will recover. Oscy, in an uncharacteristic act of sensitivity, lets Hermie be by himself, departing with the words, "Sometimes life is one big pain in the ass."
Trying to sort out what has happened, Hermie goes back to Dorothy's house. Dorothy has fled the island in the night and an envelope is tacked to the front door with Hermie's name on it. Inside is a note from Dorothy, saying she hopes he understands she must go back home as there is much to do. She assures Hermie she will never forget him, and he will find his way of remembering what happened that night. Her note closes with the hope that Hermie may be spared the senseless tragedies of life.
In the final scene, Hermie, suddenly approaching manhood, is seen looking at Dorothy's old house and the ocean from a distance before he turns to join his friends. To bittersweet music, the adult Raucher sadly recounts that he has never seen Dorothy again or learned what became of her.
Cast[edit]
Jennifer O'Neill as Dorothy
Gary Grimes as Hermie
Jerry Houser as Oscy
Oliver Conant as Benjie
Katherine Allentuck as Aggie
Christopher Norris as Miriam
Lou Frizzell as Druggist
Robert Mulligan (uncredited voice) as Narrator/Older Herman Raucher
Walter Scott (uncredited) as Dorothy's husband
Maureen Stapleton (uncredited voice) as Hermie's Mother
Production[edit]
Herman Raucher wrote the film script in the 1950s during his tenure as a television writer, but "couldn't give it away."[3] In the 1960s, he met Robert Mulligan, best known for directing To Kill a Mockingbird. Raucher showed Mulligan the script, and Mulligan took it to Warner Bros., where Mulligan argued the film could be shot for the relatively low price of $1 million, and Warner approved it.[3] They had so little faith in the film becoming a box-office success, though, they shied from paying Raucher outright for the script, instead promising him ten percent of the gross.[3]
When casting for the role of Dorothy, Warner Bros. declined to audition any actresses younger than the age of 30; Jennifer O'Neill's agent, who had developed a fondness for the script, convinced the studio to audition his client, who was only 22 at the time. O'Neill auditioned for the role, albeit hesitantly, not wanting to perform any nude scenes. O'Neill got the role and Mulligan agreed to find a way to make the film work without blatant nudity.[4]
Nantucket Island was too far modernized in 1970 to be convincingly transformed to resemble an early 1940s resort, so production was taken to Mendocino, California, on the West Coast of the US.[3] Shooting took place over eight weeks, during which O'Neill was sequestered from the three boys cast as "The Terrible Trio," in order to ensure that they did not become close and ruin the sense of awkwardness and distance that their characters felt towards Dorothy. Production ran smoothly, finishing on schedule.[3]
After production, Warner Bros., still wary about the film only being a minor success, asked Raucher to adapt his script into a book.[3] Raucher wrote it in three weeks, and Warner Bros. released it prior to the film to build interest in the story.[3] The book quickly became a national bestseller, so that when trailers premiered in theaters, the film was billed as being "based on the national bestseller," despite the film having been completed first.[3][5] Ultimately, the book became one of the best selling novels of the first half of the 1970s, requiring 23 reprints between 1971 and 1974 to keep up with customer demand.[5]
Factual basis[edit]
The film (and subsequent novel) were memoirs written by Herman Raucher; they detailed the events in his life over the course of the summer he spent on Nantucket Island in 1942 when he was fourteen years old.[3] Originally, the film was meant to be a tribute to his friend Oscar "Oscy" Seltzer, an Army medic killed in the Korean War.[3][6] Seltzer was shot dead on a battlefield in Korea whilst attending to a wounded man; this happened on Raucher's birthday, and consequently, Raucher has not celebrated a birthday since. During the course of writing the screenplay, Raucher came to the realization that despite growing up with Oscy and having bonded with him through their formative years, the two had never really had any meaningful conversations or gotten to know one another on a more personal level.[3]
Instead, Raucher decided to focus on the first major adult experience of his life, that of falling in love for the first time. The woman (named Dorothy, like her screen counterpart) was a fellow vacationer on the island whom the 14-year old Raucher had befriended one day when he helped her carry groceries home; he became a friend of her and her husband and helped her with chores after her husband was called to fight in World War II. On the night memorialized in the film, Raucher randomly came to visit her, unaware his arrival was just minutes after she received notification of her husband's death. She was confused and upset, had been drinking heavily, and repeatedly called Raucher by her husband's name. Although both ultimately disrobed, contrary to popular opinion, sexual intercourse did not occur. Raucher admitted this in a 2002 interview saying it was mostly holding, but in the movie "We let you think what you want."[3] The next morning, Raucher discovered that she had left the island, leaving behind a note for him (which is read at the end of the film and reproduced in the book). He never saw her again; his last "encounter" with her, recounted on an episode of The Mike Douglas Show, came after the film's release in 1971, when she was one of over a dozen women who wrote letters to Raucher claiming to be "his" Dorothy.[7] Raucher recognized the "real" Dorothy's handwriting, and she confirmed her identity by making references to certain events only she could have known about.[7] She told Raucher that she had lived for years with the guilt that she had potentially traumatized him and ruined his life. She told Raucher that she was glad he turned out all right, and that they had best not re-visit the past.[3][7]
In a 2002 Scripps Treasure Coast Publishing interview, Raucher lamented never hearing from her again and expressed his hope that she was still alive.[3] Raucher's novelization of the screenplay, with the dedication, "To those I love, past and present," serves more as the tribute to Seltzer that he had intended the film to be, with the focus of the book being more on the two boys' relationship than Raucher's relationship with Dorothy. Consequently, the book also mentions Seltzer's death, which is absent from the film adaptation.[5]
Reception and awards[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2017)
The film became a blockbuster upon its release, grossing over $32 million, making it the sixth highest-grossing film of 1971 and one of the most successful films in history, with an expense-to-profit ratio of 1:32;[8] beyond that, it is estimated video rentals and purchases in the United States since the 1980s have produced an additional $20.5 million.[9] On this point, Raucher said in May 2002 that his ten percent of the gross, in addition to royalties from book sales, "has paid bills ever since."[3]
As well as being a commercial success, Summer of '42 also received rave critical reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 77% approval rating based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10.[10] It went on to be nominated for over a dozen awards, including Golden Globe Awards for "Best Motion Picture – Drama" and "Best Director", and five Academy Award nominations for Best Original Music Score, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Writing-Story and Best Screenplay.[11] Ultimately, the film won two awards: the 1972 44th Academy Awards Oscar for Original Dramatic Score, and the 1971 BAFTA Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music, both to Michel Legrand. It counted among its fans Stanley Kubrick, who had the film play on a television in a scene in The Shining.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[12]
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[13]
Sequel[edit]
In 1973, the film was followed by Class of '44, a slice-of-life film made up of vignettes about Herman Raucher and Oscar Seltzer's experiences in college. Class of '44 involves the boys facing army service in the last year of World War II. The only crew member from Summer of '42 to return to the project was Raucher himself, who wrote the script; a new director and composer were brought in to replace Mulligan and Legrand. Of the principal four cast members of Summer of '42, only Jerry Houser and Gary Grimes returned for prominent roles, with Oliver Conant making two brief appearances totaling less than two minutes of screen time. Jennifer O'Neill did not appear in the film at all, nor was the character of Dorothy mentioned.
The film is noted for featuring a young, slim John Candy briefly appearing in his first film role. The film met with poor critical reviews; the only three reviews available at Rotten Tomatoes are resoundingly negative,[14][15] with Channel 4 calling it "a big disappointment,"[16] and The New York Times stating "The only things worth attention in 'Class of '44 are the period details," and "'Class of '44' seems less like a movie than 95 minutes of animated wallpaper."[17]
Soundtrack[edit]
Summer of '42: Original Motion Picture Score
Soundtrack album by Michel Legrand
Released
1971
Label
Warner Bros. Records
The film's soundtrack consists almost entirely of compositions by Michel Legrand, many of which are variants upon "The Summer Knows", the film's theme. Lyrics are by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. Because the complete score runs just under 17 minutes, only the first and eighth tracks on the album are from Summer of '42; the rest of the music is taken from Legrand's score for 1969's The Picasso Summer.
In addition to Legrand's scoring, the film also features the song "Hold Tight" by The Andrews Sisters and the theme from Now, Voyager. On the Billboard 200, it debuted on 9/11/1971 and peaked at #52 on 11/20/1971.
Summer of '42: Original Motion Picture Score
No.
Title
Length
1. "Summer of '42 (Main Theme)" 3:51
2. "Summer Song" 4:21
3. "The Bacchanal" 1:48
4. "Lonely Two" 2:04
5. "The Danger" 2:13
6. "Montage: But Not Picasso / Full Awakening" 3:32
7. "High I.Q" 2:11
8. "The Summer Knows" 1:47
9. "The Entrance to Reality" 3:04
10. "La Guerre" 3:15
11. "Los Manos de Muerto" 3:29
12. "Awakening Awareness" 2:26
13. "And All the Time" 1:43
Total length: 35:44
In 2014 Intrada Records released Summer of '42 and The Picasso Summer on a limited-edition two-disc set, with the entire score for the former and the original album presentation of the latter (dubbed "The Picasso Suite") on disc 1, and the complete score for The Picasso Summer on disc 2.
Warner Bros. Publications released a sheet music folio, Summer of '42 & Other Hits of the Forties, which contains the movie theme and 34 other unrelated songs.
Cultural impact[edit]
Music[edit]
Legrand's theme song for the film, "The Summer Knows", has since become a pop standard, being recorded by such artists as Peter Nero (who had a charting hit with his 1971 version), Biddu, Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughan, Andy Williams, Jonny Fair, Scott Walker, Jackie Evancho, Oscar Peterson, Bill Evans, Toots Thielemans, and Barbra Streisand.
The 1973 song "Summer (The First Time)" by Bobby Goldsboro has almost exactly the same subject and apparent setting, although there is no direct credited link. Bryan Adams has, however, credited the film as being a partial inspiration for his 1985 hit "Summer of '69".[18]
Garth Brooks' 1993 hit "That Summer" features a similar story of a coming-of-age male in a romance with an older female.[19]
Film and television[edit]
In Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film version of Stephen King's The Shining, Wendy (Shelley Duvall) is shown watching Summer of '42 on a television which is strangely or ironically not plugged in; (a brief clip of the scene featuring Hermie helping Dorothy bring her groceries in the house is playing on the television in the background during the scene).
An episode of the 1970s sitcom Happy Days was loosely based upon Summer of '42, with Richie Cunningham befriending a Korean War widow. The film's title formed the basis of a Season 7 episode of The Simpsons, "Summer of 4 Ft. 2".
On the Happy Days 30th Anniversary Show it was actually a Drama called New Family In Town based on Summer Of '42 which was one of the most popular Movies at that time.
Remakes[edit]
In the years since the film's release, Warner Bros. has attempted to buy back Raucher's ten percent of the film as well as his rights to the story so it could be remade; Raucher has consistently declined.[3] The 1988 film Stealing Home has numerous similarities to both Summer of '42 and Class of '44, with several incidents (most notably a subplot dealing with the premature death of the protagonist's father and the protagonist's response to it) appearing to have been directly lifted from Raucher's own life; Jennifer O'Neill stated in 2002 she believes "Home" was an attempted remake of "Summer".[20]
Off-Broadway musical[edit]
In 2001, Raucher consented to the film being made into an off Broadway musical play.[3] He was on hand opening night, giving the cast a pep-talk which he concluded, "We've now done it every possible way – except go out and piss it in the snow!"[21] The play met with positive critical and fan response, and was endorsed by Raucher himself, but the play was forced to close down in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[3] Nevertheless, the play was enough to spark interest in the film and book with a new generation, prompting Warner to re-issue the book (which had since gone out of print, along with all of Raucher's other works) for sale with Barnes & Noble's online bookstore, and to restore the film and release it on DVD.[3] The musical has since been performed across the country, at venues such as Kalliope Stage in Cleveland Heights, Ohio in 2004 (directed by Paul Gurgol) and Mill Mountain Theatre in Roanoke, Virginia, (directed by Jere Hodgin and choreographed by Bernard Monroe), and was subsequently recorded as a concert by the York Theatre Company in 2006.
Alternate sequel[edit]
In 2002, O'Neill claimed to have obtained the rights to make a sequel to Summer of '42, based on a short story she wrote, which took place in an alternate reality where Herman Raucher had a son and divorced his wife, went back to Nantucket in 1962 with a still-living Oscar Seltzer, and encountered Dorothy again and married her.[4] As of 2017, this project – which O'Neill had hoped to produce with Lifetime television[22] – has not been realized, and it is unknown whether O'Neill is still attempting to get it produced, or if Raucher consented to its production.
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1971
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "SUMMER OF '42 (X)". British Board of Film Classification. 1971-04-15. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Summer of '42, Box Office Information". The Numbers. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Park, Louis Hillary (May 2002). "Herman Raucher Interview (extended)". TCPalm. Archived from the original on 2006-02-06. Retrieved July 5, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Park, Louis Hillary (June 2002). "Jennifer O'Neill Interview (extended)". TCPalm. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Raucher, Herman. Summer of '42. 23rd Edition. New York: Dell, 1974.
Jump up ^ Korean War Memorial – Oscar Seltzer koreanwar.org. Retrieved July 5, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Mike Douglas Show, Interview with Herman Raucher. Original date of broadcast unknown.
Jump up ^ Allmovie: Summer of '42 allmovie.com. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database: Summer of '42 Business Data IMDb.com Retrieved July 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Summer of '42 (1971)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Summer of '42 (1971) – Misc Notes". TCM.com. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes: Class of '44 rottentomatoes.com Retrieved August 11, 2006
Jump up ^ Timeout Film Review: Class of '44 timeout.com Retrieved August 11, 2006,
Jump up ^ Channel 4 Film Reviews: Class of '44 channel4.com Retrieved August 11, 2006
Jump up ^ New York Times Film Review: Class of '44 nytimes.com Retrieved August 11, 2006
Jump up ^ Summer of '69 lyrics explained by co-author Archived 2006-06-28 at the Wayback Machine. jimvallance.com Retrieved July 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Garth; Alger, Pat; Mahl-Brooks, Sandy (1992). "That Summer". Major Bob Music/Warner-Chappell Publications. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jennifer O'Neill in 2002 tv-now.com Retrieved August 11, 2006 Archived August 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Theatermania.com, Starry, Starry Morning: Charles Nelson's Casts and Forecasts. Retrieved September 3, 2007
Jump up ^ Summer of '42 Plus Twenty usatoday.com. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
External links[edit]
www.hermanraucher.com
Summer of '42 on IMDb
Summer of '42 at the TCM Movie Database
Summer of '42 by Andy Williamson – The Wordslinger dated April 14, 2008
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Films directed by Robert Mulligan
Fear Strikes Out (1957)
The Rat Race (1960)
The Great Impostor (1961)
Come September (1961)
The Spiral Road (1962)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
Love with the Proper Stranger (1963)
Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965)
Inside Daisy Clover (1965)
Up the Down Staircase (1967)
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text:
Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's Singles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Women's Singles
Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Champion
Monica Puig
Runner-up
Angelique Kerber
Final score
6–4, 4–6, 6–1
Events
Singles
men women
Doubles
men women mixed
← 2012 · Summer Olympics · 2020 →
Women's singles tennis
at the Games of the XXXI Olympiad
Venue
Olympic Tennis Centre
Date
6–13 August
Competitors
64 from 36 nations
Medalists
01 !
Monica Puig Puerto Rico
02 !
Angelique Kerber Germany
03 !
Petra Kvitová Czech Republic
← 2012
2020 →
Main article: Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics
The women's singles tennis tournament at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro was held at the Olympic Tennis Centre in the Barra Olympic Park in Barra da Tijuca in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 6 to 13 August 2016. The draw for the event was conducted at 11am local time on Thursday, 4 August.
Serena Williams was the defending champion, but she lost in the third round to Elina Svitolina.
Monica Puig won Puerto Rico's first ever Olympic gold medal, defeating Angelique Kerber in the final, 6–4, 4–6, 6–1.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Schedule
2 Seeds
3 Draw
3.1 Key
3.2 Finals
3.3 Top half
3.3.1 Section 1
3.3.2 Section 2
3.4 Bottom half
3.4.1 Section 3
3.4.2 Section 4
4 References
5 External links
Schedule[edit]
August
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
11:00
11:00
11:00
11:00
—
11:00
12:00
12:00
Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Play cancelled due to rain Quarter-finals Semi-finals Bronze medal match
Gold medal match
Seeds[edit]
01. Serena Williams (USA) (Third round)
02. Angelique Kerber (GER) (Final, silver medalist)
03. Garbiñe Muguruza (ESP) (Third round)
04. Agnieszka Radwańska (POL) (First round)
05. Venus Williams (USA) (First round)
06. Roberta Vinci (ITA) (First round)
07. Madison Keys (USA) (Semifinals, fourth place)
08. Svetlana Kuznetsova (RUS) (Third round)
09. Carla Suárez Navarro (ESP) (Third round)
10. Johanna Konta (GBR) (Quarterfinals)
11. Petra Kvitová (CZE) (Semifinals, bronze medalist)
12. Timea Bacsinszky (SUI) (First round)
13. Samantha Stosur (AUS) (Third round)
14. Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (RUS) (Second round)
15. Elina Svitolina (UKR) (Quarterfinals)
16. Barbora Strýcová (CZE) (Second round)
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.
Draw[edit]
Key[edit]
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild Card
LL = Lucky Loser
Alt = Alternate
SE = Special Exempt
PR = Protected Ranking
w/o = Walkover
r = Retired
d = Defaulted
TRI = Tripartite invitation
IP = ITF place
Finals[edit]
Quarterfinals Semifinals Final (Gold medal match)
15 Elina Svitolina (UKR) 2 0
11 Petra Kvitová (CZE) 6 6
11 Petra Kvitová (CZE) 4 6 3
Monica Puig (PUR) 6 1 6
Monica Puig (PUR) 6 6
Laura Siegemund (GER) 1 1
Monica Puig (PUR) 6 4 6
2 Angelique Kerber (GER) 4 6 1
7 Madison Keys (USA) 6 6
Daria Kasatkina (RUS) 3 1
7 Madison Keys (USA) 3 5 Bronze medal match
2 Angelique Kerber (GER) 6 7
10 Johanna Konta (GBR) 1 2 11 Petra Kvitová (CZE) 7 2 6
2 Angelique Kerber (GER) 6 6 7 Madison Keys (USA) 5 6 2
Top half[edit]
Section 1[edit]
First round Second round Third round Quarterfinals
1 S Williams (USA) 6 6
D Gavrilova (AUS) 4 2 1 S Williams (USA) 77 6
J Larsson (SWE) 1 6 3 A Cornet (FRA) 65 2
A Cornet (FRA) 6 2 6 1 S Williams (USA) 4 3
H Watson (GBR) 6 65 6 15 E Svitolina (UKR) 6 6
PR S Peng (CHN) 4 77 3 H Watson (GBR) 3 6 3
A Petkovic (GER) 6 1 3 15 E Svitolina (UKR) 6 1 6
15 E Svitolina (UKR) 2 6 6 15 E Svitolina (UKR) 2 0
11 P Kvitová (CZE) 6 6 11 P Kvitová (CZE) 6 6
T Babos (HUN) 1 2 11 P Kvitová (CZE) 6 6
C Wozniacki (DEN) 6 6 C Wozniacki (DEN) 2 4
Alt L Hradecká (CZE) 2 2 11 P Kvitová (CZE) 4 6 6
E Makarova (RUS) 3 6 78 E Makarova (RUS) 6 4 4
Ç Büyükakçay (TUR) 6 0 66 E Makarova (RUS) 3 6 6
AK Schmiedlová (SVK) 7 6 AK Schmiedlová (SVK) 6 4 2
6 R Vinci (ITA) 5 4
Section 2[edit]
First round Second round Third round Quarterfinals
3 G Muguruza (ESP) 6 6
Alt A Mitu (ROU) 2 2 3 G Muguruza (ESP) 6 6
N Hibino (JPN) 6 3 6 N Hibino (JPN) 1 1
I-C Begu (ROU) 4 6 3 3 G Muguruza (ESP) 1 1
M Puig (PUR) 6 6 M Puig (PUR) 6 6
IP P Hercog (SLO) 3 2 M Puig (PUR) 6 6
IP M Linette (POL) 0 3 14 A Pavlyuchenkova (RUS) 3 2
14 A Pavlyuchenkova (RUS) 6 6 M Puig (PUR) 6 6
12 T Bacsinszky (SUI) 77 4 67 L Siegemund (GER) 1 1
S Zhang (CHN) 64 6 79 S Zhang (CHN) 2 4
L Siegemund (GER) 1 6 6 L Siegemund (GER) 6 6
T Pironkova (BUL) 6 4 2 L Siegemund (GER) 6 6
L Šafářová (CZE) 4 6 6 K Flipkens (BEL) 4 3
PR K Knapp (ITA) 6 1 1 L Šafářová (CZE) 2 0r
K Flipkens (BEL) 4 6 77 K Flipkens (BEL) 6 0
5 V Williams (USA) 6 3 65
Bottom half[edit]
Section 3[edit]
First round Second round Third round Quarterfinals
7 M Keys (USA) 6 6
D Kovinić (MNE) 3 3 7 M Keys (USA) 7 64 77
Alt A Krunić (SRB) 1 4 K Mladenovic (FRA) 5 77 65
K Mladenovic (FRA) 6 6 7 M Keys (USA) 6 3 6
A Konjuh (CRO) 77 6 9 C Suárez Navarro (ESP) 3 6 3
A Beck (GER) 65 1 A Konjuh (CRO) 65 3
A Ivanovic (SRB) 6 1 2 9 C Suárez Navarro (ESP) 77 6
9 C Suárez Navarro (ESP) 2 6 6 7 M Keys (USA) 6 6
16 B Strýcová (CZE) 78 6 D Kasatkina (RUS) 3 1
Y Wickmayer (BEL) 66 1 16 B Strýcová (CZE) 2 2
S Errani (ITA) 4 6 6 S Errani (ITA) 6 6
K Bertens (NED) 6 4 3 S Errani (ITA) 5 2
IP O Jabeur (TUN) 6 64 1 D Kasatkina (RUS) 7 6
D Kasatkina (RUS) 3 77 6 D Kasatkina (RUS) 6 6
IP S Zheng (CHN) 6 7 IP S Zheng (CHN) 1 4
4 A Radwańska (POL) 4 5
Section 4[edit]
First round Second round Third round Quarterfinals
8 S Kuznetsova (RUS) 6 4 6
Q Wang (CHN) 1 6 0 8 S Kuznetsova (RUS) w/o
M Niculescu (ROU) 6 6 M Niculescu (ROU)
TRI V Cepede Royg (PAR) 2 3 8 S Kuznetsova (RUS) 6 5 5
C Garcia (FRA) 6 6 10 J Konta (GBR) 3 7 7
IP T Pereira (BRA) 1 2 C Garcia (FRA) 2 3
TRI S Vogt (LIE) 3 1 10 J Konta (GBR) 6 6
10 J Konta (GBR) 6 6 10 J Konta (GBR) 1 2
13 S Stosur (AUS) 1 6 6 2 A Kerber (GER) 6 6
J Ostapenko (LAT) 6 3 2 13 S Stosur (AUS) 6 6
M Doi (JPN) 6 6 M Doi (JPN) 3 4
Alt Y Shvedova (KAZ) 3 4 13 S Stosur (AUS) 0 5
E Bouchard (CAN) 6 6 2 A Kerber (GER) 6 7
S Stephens (USA) 3 3 E Bouchard (CAN) 4 2
IP M Duque Mariño (COL) 3 5 2 A Kerber (GER) 6 6
2 A Kerber (GER) 6 7
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Monica Puig makes Puerto Rico gold medal history in women's singles". Guardian. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
External links[edit]
Women's Singles Drawsheet: Results
Olympic Tennis Event
Entry List
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text:
1991 Indian economic crisis
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The 1991 Indian economic crisis had its roots in 1985 when India began having balance of payments problems as imports swelled, leaving the country in a twin deficit: the Indian trade balance was in deficit at a time when the government was running on a large fiscal deficit.[1] By the end of 1990 in the run-up to the Gulf War, the situation became so serious that the Indian foreign exchange reserves could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports while the government came close to defaulting on its financial obligations. By July that year, the low reserves had led to a sharp devaluation of the rupee, which in turn exacerbated the twin deficit problem.[2]
This led the Indian government to airlift national gold reserves as a pledge to a large conditional bail out from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank in exchange for a loan to cover balance of payment debts.[3]
The crisis led to the liberalisation of the Indian economy, as one of the conditions stipulated in the World Bank loan (structural reform), requiring India to open itself up to participation from foreign entitit4es in its industries, including state owned enterprises.[4]
Contents
1 Causes and consequences
2 Recovery
3 Aftermath
4 See also
5 References
Causes and consequences[edit]
The crisis was caused by currency devaluation;[5] the current account deficit, and investor confidence played significant role in the sharp exchange rate depreciation.[6][7][8]
The economic crisis was primarily due to the large and growing fiscal imbalances over the 1980s. During the mid-eighties, India started having balance of payments problems. Precipitated by the Gulf War, India’s oil import bill swelled, exports slumped, credit dried up, and investors took their money out.[9] Large fiscal deficits, over time, had a spillover effect on the trade deficit culminating in an external payments crisis. By the end of the 1980s, India was in serious economic trouble.
The gross fiscal deficit of the government (centre and states) rose from 9.0 percent of GDP in 1980-81 to 10.4 percent in 1985-86 and to 12.7 percent in 1990-91. For the centre alone, the gross fiscal deficit rose from 6.1 percent of GDP in 1980-81 to 8.3 percent in 1985-86 and to 8.4 percent in 1990-91. Since these deficits had to be met by borrowings, the internal debt of the government accumulated rapidly, rising from 35 percent of GDP at the end of 1980-81 to 53 percent of GDP at the end of 1990-91. The foreign exchange reserves had dried up to the point that India could barely finance three weeks worth of imports.[10]
In mid-1991, India's exchange rate was subjected to a severe adjustment. This event began with a slide in the value of the Indian rupee leading up to mid-1991. The authorities at the Reserve Bank of India took partial action, defending the currency by expending international reserves and slowing the decline in value. However, in mid-1991, with foreign reserves nearly depleted, the Indian government permitted a sharp devaluation that took place in two steps within three days (1 July and 3 July 1991) against major currencies.
Recovery[edit]
Further information: Economic liberalisation in India
With India’s foreign exchange reserves at $1.2 billion in January 1991[11][12][13] and depleted by half by June,[13] barely enough to last for roughly 3 weeks of essential imports,[12][14] India was only weeks away from defaulting on its external balance of payment obligations.[12][13]
Government of India's immediate response was to secure an emergency loan of $2.2 billion[15][16][17] from the International Monetary Fund by pledging 67 tons of India's gold reserves as collateral security.[3][16] The Reserve Bank of India had to airlift 47 tons of gold to the Bank of England[9][11] and 20 tons of gold to the Union Bank of Switzerland to raise $600 million.[9][11][18] National sentiments were outraged and there was public outcry when it was learned that the government had pledged the country's entire gold reserves against the loan.[9][14] It was later revealed[according to whom?] that the van transporting the gold to the airport broke down en route and panic followed.[3] A chartered plane ferried the precious cargo to London between 21 May and 31 May 1991, jolting the country out of an economic slumber.[9] The Chandra Shekhar government had collapsed a few months after having authorised the airlift.[9] The move helped tide over the balance of payment crisis and kick-started P.V. Narasimha Rao’s economic reform process.[11]
P. V. Narasimha Rao took over as Prime Minister in June, and roped in Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister.[9] The Narasimha Rao government ushered in several reforms that are collectively termed as liberalisation in the Indian media. There was significant opposition to such reforms, suggesting they were an "interference with India's autonomy". Then Prime Minister Rao's speech a week after he took office highlighted the necessity for reforms, as New York Times reported, "Mr. Rao, who was sworn in as Prime Minister last week, has already sent a signal to the nation—as well as the I.M.F.—that India faced no "soft options" and must open the door to foreign investment, reduce red tape that often cripples initiative, and streamline industrial policy. Mr. Rao made his comments in a speech to the nation Saturday night." [19] The foreign reserves started picking up with the onset of the liberalisation policies and reached an all-time high US$ 426.1 billion as on 13th of April 2018 [20]
18 years after the incident, in 2009, India bought 200 Metric tons of gold from International Monetary Fund,which was nearly three times the amount which India pawned to IMF in 1991 proving the fact that the economic reforms had worked wonders. [21]
Aftermath[edit]
A program of economic policy reform 1991 was put in place which has yielded mixed results so far.[22]
See also[edit]
Economic liberalisation in India
Corruption in India
Economic history of India
Economy of India
License Raj
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "India - Structural Adjustment Credit Project (English) - Presidents report". www.documents.worldbank.org. World bank. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India?" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. VALERIE CERRA and SWETA CHAMAN SAXENA.
^ Jump up to: a b c "I think a stimulus package is necessary, yes. Bailouts, no". Rediff News. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Structural adjustments in India - a reportof the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG)". www.lnweb90.worldbank.org. World bank. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India?" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. VALERIE CERRA and SWETA CHAMAN SAXENA.
Jump up ^ Pathways Through Financial Crisis: India Archived 25 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Arunabha Ghosh, Global Governance 12 (2006), 413–429.
Jump up ^ India's Pathway through Financial Crisis Archived 12 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Arunabha Ghosh. Global Economic Governance Programme. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.
Jump up ^ http://findebookee.com/c/crisi-in-india
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "India shining, India scraping". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Project proposal - Structured adjustment of India". www.documents.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rajghatta, Chidanand; Sinha, Prabhakar. "Full circle: India buys 200 tons gold from IMF". Rediff News. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Why India bought IMF gold". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "RBI to buy 200 tonnes of IMF gold". LiveMint. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "RBI's gold buying has its own sentimental value: FM". PTI. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
Jump up ^ Meredith, Robyn (2007). The Elephant and the Dragon. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06236-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "RBI buys 200 tonnes of gold from MF". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
Jump up ^ "1991 Country Economic Memorandum" (PDF). World Bank. India Country Department.
Jump up ^ "Only Indians, not foreigners, are exercised over swadeshi: FM". Rediff News. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
Jump up ^ Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid, New York Times, 29 June 1991
Jump up ^ https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/india-s-forex-reserves-at-a-life-time-high-of-426-082-billion/story-VN1S40wNLq6LG3thW1Eb6O.html
Jump up ^ http://m.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/Full-circle-India-buys-200-tons-gold-from-IMF/articleshow/5194338.cms
Jump up ^ "India: 1991 country economic memorandum" (PDF). www.documents.worldbank.org. World bank. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
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