text:
Homologous chromosome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with homoeologous chromosomes.
As this karyotype displays, a diploid human cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. The cell has two sets of each chromosome; one of the pair is derived from the mother and the other from the father. The maternal and paternal chromosomes in a homologous pair have the same genes at the same loci, but possibly different alleles.
A couple of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. Homologs have the same genes in the same loci where they provide points along each chromosome which enable a pair of chromosomes to align correctly with each other before separating during meiosis.[1] This is the basis for Mendelian inheritance which characterizes inheritance patterns of genetic material from an organism to its offspring parent developmental cell at the given time and area.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Structure
3.1 In humans
4 Functions
4.1 In meiosis
4.1.1 Prophase I
4.1.2 Metaphase I
4.1.3 Anaphase I
4.1.4 Meiosis II
4.2 In mitosis
4.3 In somatic cells
5 Problems
5.1 Nondisjunction
6 Other uses
7 Relevant research
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Overview[edit]
Chromosomes are linear arrangements of condensed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histone proteins, which form a complex called chromatin.[2] Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother; the other is inherited from the organism's father. After mitosis occurs within the daughter cells, they have the correct number of genes which are a mix of the two parents' genes. In diploid (2n) organisms, the genome is composed of one set of each homologous chromosome pair, as compared to tetraploid organisms which may have two sets of each homologous chromosome pair. The alleles on the homologous chromosomes may be different, resulting in different phenotypes of the same genes. This mixing of maternal and paternal traits is enhanced by crossing over during meiosis, wherein lengths of chromosomal arms and the DNA they contain within a homologous chromosome pair are exchanged with one another.[3]
History[edit]
Early in the 1900s William Bateson and Reginald Punnett were studying genetic inheritance and they noted that some combinations of alleles appeared more frequently than others. That data and information was further explored by Thomas Morgan. Using test cross experiments, he revealed that, for a single parent, the alleles of genes near to one another along the length of the chromosome move together. Using this logic he concluded that the two genes he was studying were located on homologous chromosomes. Later on during the 1930s Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock were studying meiosis in corn cells and examining gene loci on corn chromosomes.[2] Creighton and McClintock discovered that the new allele combinations present in the offspring and the event of crossing over were directly related.[2] This proved interchromosomal genetic recombination.[2]
Structure[edit]
Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes which contain the same genes in the same order along their chromosomal arms. There are two main properties of homologous chromosomes: the length of chromosomal arms and the placement of the centromere [4]
The actual length of the arm, in accordance with the gene locations, is critically important for proper alignment. Centromere placement can be characterized by four main arrangements, consisting of being either metacentric, submetacentric, telocentric, or acrocentric. Both of these properties are the main factors for creating structural homology between chromosomes. Therefore, when two chromosomes of the exact structure exist, they are able to pair together to form homologous chromosomes.[5]
Since homologous chromosomes are not identical and do not originate from the same organism, they are different from sister chromatids. Sister chromatids result after DNA replication has occurred, and thus are identical, side-by-side duplicates of each other.[6]
In humans[edit]
Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, but there are only 22 pairs of homologous autosomal chromosomes. The additional 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes, X and Y. If this pair is made up of an X and Y chromosome, then the pair of chromosomes is not homologous because their size and gene content differ greatly. The 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but code for different traits in their allelic forms since one was inherited from the mother and one from the father.[7] So humans have two homologous chromosome sets in each cell, meaning humans are diploid organisms.[2]
Functions[edit]
Homologous chromosomes are important in the processes of meiosis and mitosis. They allow for the recombination and random segregation of genetic material from the mother and father into new cells.[8]
In meiosis[edit]
During the process of meiosis, homologous chromosomes can recombine and produce new combinations of genes in the daughter cells.
Sorting of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Meiosis is a round of two cell divisions that results in four haploid daughter cells that each contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.[9] It reduces the chromosome number in a germ cell by half by first separating the homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and then the sister chromatids in meiosis II. The process of meiosis I is generally longer than meiosis II because it takes more time for the chromatin to replicate and for the homologous chromosomes to be properly oriented and segregated by the processes of pairing and synapsis in meiosis I.[6] During meiosis, genetic recombination (by random segregation) and crossing over produces daughter cells that each contain different combinations of maternally and paternally coded genes.[9] This recombination of genes allows for the introduction of new allele pairings and genetic variation.[2] Genetic variation among organisms helps make a population more stable by providing a wider range of genetic traits for natural selection to act on.[2]
Prophase I[edit]
In prophase I of meiosis I, each chromosome is aligned with its homologous partner and pairs completely. In prophase I, the DNA has already undergone replication so each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids connected by a common centromere.[9] During the zygotene stage of prophase I, the homologous chromosomes pair up with each other.[9] This pairing occurs by a synapsis process where the synaptonemal complex - a protein scaffold - is assembled and joins the homologous chromosomes along their lengths.[6] Cohesin crosslinking occurs between the homologous chromosomes and helps them resist being pulled apart until anaphase.[7] Genetic crossing-over, a type of recombination, occurs during the pachytene stage of prophase I.[9] In addition, another type of recombination referred to as synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) frequently occurs. SDSA recombination involves information exchange between paired homologous chromatids, but not physical exchange. SDSA recombination does not cause crossing-over.
In the process of crossing-over, genes are exchanged by the breaking and union of homologous portions of the chromosomes’ lengths.[6] Structures called chiasmata are the site of the exchange. Chiasmata physically link the homologous chromosomes once crossing over occurs and throughout the process of chromosomal segregation during meiosis.[6] Both the non-crossover and crossover types of recombination function as processes for repairing DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks. At the diplotene stage of prophase I the synaptonemal complex disassembles before which will allow the homologous chromosomes to separate, while the sister chromatids stay associated by their centromeres.[6]
Metaphase I[edit]
In metaphase I of meiosis I, the pairs of homologous chromosomes, also known as bivalents or tetrads, line up in a random order along the metaphase plate.[9] The random orientation is another way for cells to introduce genetic variation. Meiotic spindles emanating from opposite spindle poles attach to each of the homologs (each pair of sister chromatids) at the kinetochore.[7]
Anaphase I[edit]
In anaphase I of meiosis I the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart from each other. The homologs are cleaved by the enzyme separase to release the cohesin that held the homologous chromosome arms together.[7] This allows the chiasmata to release and the homologs to move to opposite poles of the cell.[7] The homologous chromosomes are now randomly segregated into two daughter cells that will undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid daughter germ cells.[2]
Meiosis II[edit]
After the tetrads of homologous chromosomes are separated in meiosis I, the sister chromatids from each pair are separated. The two haploid(because the chromosome no. has reduced to half. Earlier two sets of chromosomes were present, but now each set exists in two different daughter cells that have arisen from the single diploid parent cell by meiosis I) daughter cells resulting from meiosis I undergo another cell division in meiosis II but without another round of chromosomal replication. The sister chromatids in the two daughter cells are pulled apart during anaphase II by nuclear spindle fibers, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.[2]
In mitosis[edit]
Homologous chromosomes do not function the same in mitosis as they do in meiosis. Prior to every single mitotic division a cell undergoes, the chromosomes in the parent cell replicate themselves. The homologous chromosomes within the cell will ordinarily not pair up and undergo genetic recombination with each other.[9] Instead, the replicants, or sister chromatids, will line up along the metaphase plate and then separate in the same way as meiosis II - by being pulled apart at their centromeres by nuclear mitotic spindles.[10] If any crossing over does occur between sister chromatids during mitosis, it does not produce any new recombinant genotypes.[2]
In somatic cells[edit]
Main article: Homologous somatic pairing
Homologous pairing in most contexts will refer to germline cells, however also takes place in somatic cells. For example, in humans, somatic cells have very tightly regulated homologous pairing (separated into chromosomal territories, and pairing at specific loci under control of developmental signalling). Other species however (notably Drosophila) exhibit homologous pairing much more frequently. Various functions of homologous pairing in somatic cells have been elucidated through high-throughput screens in the early 21st century.
Problems[edit]
1. Meiosis I 2. Meiosis II 3. Fertilization 4. Zygote Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate normally resulting in a gain or loss of chromosomes. In the left image the blue arrow indicates nondisjunction taking place during meiosis II. In the right image the green arrow is indicating nondisjunction taking place during meiosis I.
There are severe repercussions when chromosomes do not segregate properly. Faulty segregation can lead to fertility problems, embryo death, birth defects, and cancer.[11] Though the mechanisms for pairing and adhering homologous chromosomes vary among organisms, proper functioning of those mechanisms is imperative in order for the final genetic material to be sorted correctly.[11]
Nondisjunction[edit]
Proper homologous chromosome separation in meiosis I is crucial for sister chromatid separation in meiosis II.[11] A failure to separate properly is known as nondisjunction. There are two main types of nondisjunction that occur: trisomy and monosomy. Trisomy is caused by the presence of one additional chromosomes in the zygote as compared to the normal number, and monosomy is characterized by the presence of one fewer chromosome in the zygote as compared to the normal number. If this uneven division occurs in meiosis I, then none of the daughter cells will have proper chromosomal distribution and severe effects can ensue, including Down’s syndrome.[12] Unequal division can also occur during the second meiotic division. Nondisjunction which occurs at this stage can result in normal daughter cells and deformed cells.[4]
Other uses[edit]
Diagram of the general process for double-stranded break repair as well as synthesis-dependent strand annealing.
While the main function of homologous chromosomes is their use in nuclear division, they are also used in repairing double-strand breaks of DNA.[13] These double-stranded breaks may occur in replicating DNA and are most often the result of interaction of DNA with naturally occurring damaging molecules such as reactive oxygen species. Homologous chromosomes can repair this damage by aligning themselves with chromosomes of the same genetic sequence.[13] Once the base pairs have been matched and oriented correctly between the two strands, the homologous chromosomes perform a process that is very similar to recombination, or crossing over as seen in meiosis. Part of the intact DNA sequence overlaps with that of the damaged chromosome's sequence. Replication proteins and complexes are then recruited to the site of damage, allowing for repair and proper replication to occur. Through this functioning, double-strand breaks can be repaired and DNA can function normally.[13]
Relevant research[edit]
Current and future research on the subject of homologous chromosome is heavily focused on the roles of various proteins during recombination or during DNA repair. In a recently published article by Pezza et al. the protein known as HOP2 is responsible for both homologous chromosome synapsis as well as double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. The deletion of HOP2 in mice has large repercussions in meiosis.[14] Other current studies focus on specific proteins involved in homologous recombination as well.
There is ongoing research concerning the ability of homologous chromosomes to repair double-strand DNA breaks. Researchers are investigating the possibility of exploiting this capability for regenerative medicine.[15] This medicine could be very prevalent in relation to cancer, as DNA damage is thought to be contributor to carcinogenesis. Manipulating the repair function of homologous chromosomes might allow for bettering a cell’s damage response system. While research has not yet confirmed the effectiveness of such treatment, it may become a useful therapy for cancer.[16]
See also[edit]
Homologous recombination
Mendelian inheritance
Developmental biology
Synapsis
Non-disjunction
Heredity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Homologous chromosomes". 2. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2008. pp. 815, 821–822. ISBN 1-4160-2255-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Griffiths JF, Gelbart WM, Lewontin RC, Wessler SR, Suzuki DT, Miller JH (2005). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 34–40, 473–476, 626–629. ISBN 0-7167-4939-4.
Jump up ^ Campbell NA, Reece JB (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Klug, William S. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. Boston: Pearson. pp. 21–22.
Jump up ^ Klug, William; Michael Cummings; Charlotte Spencer; Michael Pallodino (2009). "Chromosome Mutations: Variation in chromosome number and arrangement". In Beth Wilbur. Concepts of Genetics (9 ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cumming. pp. 213–214. ISBN 9780321540980.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pollard TD, Earnshaw WC, Lippincott-Schwartz J (2008). Cell Biology (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 815, 821–822. ISBN 1-4160-2255-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lodish HF (2013). Molecular cell biolog. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 355, 891. ISBN 1-4292-3413-X.
Jump up ^ Gregory MJ. "The Biology Web". Clinton Community College – State University of New York. Archived from the original on 2001-11-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gilbert SF (2014). Developmental Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 606–610. ISBN 978-0-87893-978-7.
Jump up ^ "The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial". The Biology Project. University of Arizona. Oct 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerton JL, Hawley RS (June 2005). "Homologous chromosome interactions in meiosis: diversity amidst conservation". Nat. Rev. Genet. 6 (6): 477–87. doi:10.1038/nrg1614. PMID 15931171.
Jump up ^ Tissot, Robert; Kaufman, Elliot. "Chromosomal Inheritance". Human Genetics. University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from the original on 1999-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sargent RG, Brenneman MA, Wilson JH (January 1997). "Repair of site-specific double-strand breaks in a mammalian chromosome by homologous and illegitimate recombination" (PDF). Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (1): 267–77. PMC 231751  . PMID 8972207.
Jump up ^ Petukhova GV, Romanienko PJ, Camerini-Otero RD (Dec 2003). "The Hop2 protein has a direct role in promoting interhomolog interactions during mouse meiosis". Dev Cell. 5 (6): 927–36. doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00369-1. PMID 14667414.
Jump up ^ González F, Georgieva D, Vanoli F, Shi ZD, Stadtfeld M, Ludwig T, Jasin M, Huangfu D (2013). "Homologous Recombination DNA Repair Genes Play a Critical Role in Reprogramming to a Pluripotent State". Cell Reports. 3 (3): 651–660. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.005. PMC 4315363  . PMID 23478019.
Jump up ^ Khanna KK, Jackson SP (2001). "DNA double-strand breaks: Signaling, repair and the cancer connection". Nature Genetics. 27 (3): 247–254. doi:10.1038/85798. PMID 11242102.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to homologous chromosomes.
Gilbert SF (2003). Developmental biolog. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-258-5.
OpenStaxCollege (25 Apr 2013). "Meiosis". Rice University.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homologous_chromosome&oldid=840552672"
Categories:
Chromosomes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Башҡортса
Bosanski
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Македонски
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
23 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 16:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: /wiki/Polyploid#Homoeologous Polyploid

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values: Depiction of chromosome 1 after undergoing homologous recombination in meiosis

values:
/wiki/Metaphase_I
mw-redirect
Metaphase I

values:
/wiki/Congenital_disorder
mw-redirect
Congenital disorder

values:
/wiki/Double-strand_breaks
mw-redirect
Double-strand breaks

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1614

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15931171

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8972207

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14667414

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23478019

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F85798

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11242102

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Homologous_chromosome
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: صبغي متماثل – Arabic

values: Гомологик хромосомалар – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ομόλογα χρωμοσώματα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کروموزوم همتا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 상동 염색체 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: כרומוזום הומולוגי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Гомологиялық хромосомалар – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Гомологиялык хромосомалар – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values: Хомологни хромозоми – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Гомологичные хромосомы – Russian

values: Хомологи хромозоми – Serbian

values: Гомологічні хромосоми – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Homologous_chromosome rootpage-Homologous_chromosome skin-vector action-view


text:
T-bone steak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"T-Bone" redirects here. For other uses, see T-Bone (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
T-bone steak
Beef Cuts (American terminology)
Type
Short loin and tenderloin cut of beef
Raw T-bone steak showing moderate marbling and the smaller tenderloin (or fillet) and larger strip steak portions
The T-bone and porterhouse are steaks of beef cut from the short loin (called the sirloin in Commonwealth countries). Both steaks include a "T-shaped" bone with meat on each side. Porterhouse steaks are cut from the rear end of the short loin and thus include more tenderloin steak, along with (on the other side of the bone) a large strip steak. T-bone steaks are cut closer to the front, and contain a smaller section of tenderloin. The smaller portion of a T-bone, when sold alone, is known as a filet mignon, especially if it's cut from the small forward end of the tenderloin.
There is little agreement among experts on how large the tenderloin must be to differentiate a T-bone steak from porterhouse. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications state that the tenderloin of a porterhouse must be at least 1.25 inches (32 mm) thick at its widest, while that of a T-bone must be at least 0.5 inches (13 mm). However, steaks with a large tenderloin are often called a "T-bone" in restaurants and steakhouses despite technically being porterhouse.[1]
Owing to their large size and the fact that they contain meat from two of the most prized cuts of beef (the short loin and the tenderloin), T-bone steaks are generally considered one of the highest quality steaks, and prices at steakhouses are accordingly high. Porterhouse steaks are even more highly valued owing to their larger tenderloin.
In the United States, the T-bone has the meat-cutting classification IMPS 1174; the porterhouse is IMPS 1173.
In British usage, followed in Commonwealth countries, "porterhouse" often means a UK sirloin steak (i.e. US strip steak) on the bone, i.e. without the tenderloin on the other side of T-bone.[2] However, nowadays some British on-line butchers also offer American style porterhouse steaks.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 "Porterhouse" etymology
2 Anatomy of the T-bone
3 Preparation
3.1 Bistecca alla Fiorentina
3.2 Cotoletta di Vitello alla Milanese
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
"Porterhouse" etymology[edit]
The origin of the term "porterhouse" is contentious, with several cities and establishments claiming to have coined it. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the etymology from proprietor Martin Morrison serving large T-bones in his Pearl Street (Manhattan) "Porter House" around 1814, while noting the lack of contemporary evidence to support the tale.[4] This origin story gained traction in the late 19th century, but others contend a Cambridge, Massachusetts hotel and restaurant proprietor named Zachariah B. Porter lent his name to the cut of beef, and others claim the steak takes its name from various 19th Century U.S. hotels or restaurants called Porter House, such as the Porter House Hotel in Flowery Branch, Georgia.[5]
Anatomy of the T-bone[edit]
To cut a T-bone from butchered cattle, a lumbar vertebra is sawn in half through the vertebral column. The downward prong of the 'T' is a transverse process of the vertebra, and the flesh surrounding it is the spinal muscles. The small semicircle at the top of the 'T' is half of the vertebral foramen.
Preparation[edit]
Florentine steak in Florence, Italy
T-bone and porterhouse steaks are suited to fast, dry heat cooking methods, such as grilling or broiling. Since they contain a small amount of collagen relative to other cuts, longer cooking times are not necessary to tenderize the meat.[citation needed] The bone also conducts heat within the meat so that it cooks more evenly and prevents meat drying out and shrinking during cooking.[6][7] The meat near the bone will cook more slowly than the rest of the steak, and the tenderloin will tend to reach the desired temperature before the strip.[8][9]
Bistecca alla Fiorentina[edit]
Bistecca alla fiorentina, or 'beefsteak Florentine style', consists of a T-bone traditionally sourced from either the Chianina or Maremmana breeds of cattle. A favorite of Tuscan cuisine, the steak is grilled over a wood or charcoal fire, seasoned with salt, sometimes with black pepper, and olive oil, applied immediately after the meat is retired from the heat. Thickly cut and very large, "Bistecca" are often shared between two or more persons, and traditionally served very rare, sometimes garnished with lemon wedges, if not accompanied by red wine, and accompanied by Tuscan beans as a side dish.[10]
Cotoletta di Vitello alla Milanese[edit]
The same cut of meat, but from a calf, is used for Cotoletta alla milanese, which consists of 1.5 cm-thick cuts which are battered in breadcrumbs and fried in clarified butter with salt.
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of steak dishes
Meat on the bone
Rib eye steak
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "INSTITUTIONAL MEAT PURCHASE SPECIFICATIONS FRESH BEEF SERIES 100" (PDF). USDA. USDA. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Great Berwick Organics: Porterhouse Steak Linked 2017-05-16
Jump up ^ Farmison & Co: Porterhouse Steak Linked 2017-05-16
Jump up ^ OED Online says "frequently supposed to derive its name from a well-known porterhouse in New York in the early 19th Century, although there is apparently no contemporary evidence to support this"
Jump up ^ e.g. Zachariah B. Porter of the defunct Porter House hotel in Porter Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts "When Cattle Was King". Retrieved 2007-06-25. ; Martin Morrison of a New York City porter-house proprietor, "The Big Apple: Porterhouse Steak". Retrieved 2007-06-25. ; the Porter House Hotel of Flowery Branch, Georgia "University of Georgia Better Hometown Program "Flowery Branch"" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-13. ; "North Georgia Mountain Travel Association Trivia". Retrieved 2008-04-13.
Jump up ^ Delia Smith:Lamb Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ LBC:Cooking in the credit crunch
Jump up ^ "Does It Look Cooked? A Review of Factors That Influence Cooked Meat Color". Journal of Food Science. 71: R31–R40. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00029.x. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Serious Eats (30 May 2014). "How to Grill a T-Bone Steak". Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Waverly Root, The Food of Italy, 1971, ISBN 0-394-72429-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to T-bone steaks.
"USDA Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications". (687 KiB)
"Beef Cuts Chart" (PDF).
Porter House name origin article
[show]
v
t
e
Cuts of beef
Upper
Chuck
Rib
Short loin
Sirloin
Tenderloin
Top sirloin
Bottom sirloin
Round
Lower
Brisket
Plate
Flank
Shank
[show]
v
t
e
Beef and veal
Production
Argentine beef
Beef cattle
Cow-calf operation
Feeder cattle
Kobe beef
Organic beef
Products
Cuts
Blade steak
Brisket
Chateaubriand steak
Chuck steak
Fajita
Filet mignon
Flank steak
Flap steak
Hanger steak
Plate
Ranch steak
Restructured steak
Rib eye
Rib steak
Round
Rump
Short loin
Short ribs
Shoulder tender
Sirloin
Top sirloin
Skirt steak
Spare ribs
Standing rib roast
Strip
Shank
T-bone
Tenderloin
Tri-tip
Trotters
Tail
Processed
Jerky
Aged
Bresaola
Cabeza
Corned beef
Frankfurter Rindswurst
Ground
Montreal smoked
Pastrami
Meat extract
Offal
Brain
Heart
Tongue
Tendon
Tripas
Tripe
Testicles
Dishes
Steak / Beefsteak
List of steak dishes
Blanquette de veau
Beef Wellington
Beef bourguignon
Beef bun
Beef Manhattan
Beef noodle soup
Beef on weck
Beef Stroganoff
Boiled beef
Bulgogi
Calf's liver and bacon
Cheesesteak
Chicken fried steak
Cordon bleu
Dendeng
Feu
French dip
Ginger beef
Galbi
Gored gored
Gyūdon
Hamburg steak
Hortobágyi palacsinta
Iga penyet
Italian beef
Jellied veal
Karađorđeva šnicla
Kitfo
Lanzhou beef lamian
London broil
Mongolian beef
Neobiani
Ossobuco
Pot roast
Pozharsky cutlet
P'tcha
Ragout fin
Rawon
Rendang
Roast beef
Roast beef sandwich
Salisbury steak
Saltimbocca
Sha cha beef
Shooter's sandwich
Steak and kidney pudding
Steak Diane
Steak and oyster pie
Steak au poivre
Tartare
Tafelspitz
Tongseng
Veal Milanese
Veal Orloff
Veal Oscar
Vitello tonnato
Wallenbergare
Related meats
American bison
Beefalo
Water buffalo
Żubroń
Other
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Beef hormone controversy
Beef ring
Carcass grade
Darkcutter
Meat on the bone
Ractopamine - Beef
USA beef imports
Japan
Taiwan
South Korea (2008 US beef protest in South Korea)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-bone_steak&oldid=796662292"
Categories:
Cuts of beef
Steak
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing additional references from December 2012
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Nederlands
Português
Svenska
Tsetsêhestâhese
粵語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 August 2017, at 09:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/T-Bone_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
T-Bone (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/British_Commonwealth
mw-redirect
British Commonwealth

values:
/wiki/Transverse_process
mw-redirect
Transverse process

values:
/wiki/Vertebral_foramen
mw-redirect
Vertebral foramen

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Heat_conduction
mw-redirect
Heat conduction

values:
/wiki/Tuscan_cuisine
mw-redirect
Tuscan cuisine

values: Edit section: Cotoletta di Vitello alla Milanese

values:
/wiki/Cotoletta_alla_milanese
mw-redirect
Cotoletta alla milanese

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/148164

values:
/wiki/Public_House
mw-redirect
Public House

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Plate_steak
mw-redirect
Plate steak

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Lanzhou_beef_lamian
mw-redirect
Lanzhou beef lamian

values: United States beef imports in South Korea

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/T-bone_steak
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: استیک تی-بن – Persian

values: 티본 스테이크 – Korean

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_T
Tulang T – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone
T-Bone – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-benstek
T-benstek – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-T-bone_steak rootpage-T-bone_steak skin-vector action-view


text:
Cheesesteak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Cheesesteak
A cheesesteak sandwich
Alternative names
Philadelphia cheesesteak, Philly cheesesteak
Course
Main course
Place of origin
United States
Region or state
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Created by
Pat & Harry Olivieri
Serving temperature
Hot
Main ingredients
Sliced steak, cheese, bread
Variations
Multiple
Food energy
(per serving)
759 kcal (3178 kJ)
Cookbook: Cheesesteak Media: Cheesesteak
Part of a series on
Steak
Main articles[show]
Steak
Beefsteak
Fish steak
Pork steak
List of steak dishes
Steakhouse
Steak dishes[show]
Asado
Beef Manhattan
Beef Wellington
Boiled beef
Bulgogi
Carpetbag steak
Carne asada
Chateaubriand steak
Cheesesteak
Chicken fried steak
Bistek Tagalog
Bollito Misto
Delmonico steak
Fajita
Finger steaks
Hamburg steak
London broil
Mongolian beef
Pepper steak
Pot roast
Prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gateau
Roast beef
Italian beef
Salisbury steak
Sha cha beef
Shawarma
Standing rib roast
Steak and eggs
Steak and kidney pie
Steak and kidney pudding
Steak and oyster pie
Steak au poivre
Steak burger
Steak de Burgo
Steak Diane
Steak frites
Steak sandwich
Steak tartare
Suadero
Surf and turf
Swiss steak
Cuts[show]
Cuts of beef
Forequarter cuts
Hindquarter cuts
Preparation[show]
Barbecue
Braising
Meat chop
Curing (food preservation)
Frying
Aging
Marination
Pickling
Poaching (cooking)
Roasting
Salt-cured meat
Smoked
Related topics[show]
List of beef dishes
Meat on the bone
Restructured steak
Steak knife
Steak sauce
v
t
e
A cheesesteak, also known as a Philadelphia cheesesteak, Philly cheesesteak, cheesesteak sandwich, cheese steak, or steak and cheese, is a sandwich made from thinly sliced pieces of beefsteak and melted cheese in a long hoagie roll.[1][2] A popular regional fast food, it has its roots in Philadelphia,[3] Pennsylvania, United States.
Contents
1 History
2 Description
2.1 Meat
2.2 Bread
2.3 Cheese
3 Variations
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The cheesesteak was developed in the early 20th century "by combining frizzled beef, onions, and cheese in a small loaf of bread", according to a 1987 exhibition catalog published by the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[4]
Philadelphians Pat and Harry Olivieri are often credited with inventing the sandwich by serving chopped steak on an Italian roll in the early 1930s.[5][6][7] The exact story behind its creation is debated, but in some accounts, Pat and Harry Olivieri originally owned a hot dog stand, and on one occasion, decided to make a new sandwich using chopped beef and grilled onions. While Pat was eating the sandwich, a cab driver stopped by and was interested in it, so he requested one for himself. After eating it, the cab driver suggested that Olivieri quit making hot dogs and instead focus on the new sandwich.[6][8] They began selling this variation of steak sandwiches at their hot dog stand near South Philadelphia's Italian Market. They became so popular that Pat opened up his own restaurant which still operates today as Pat's King of Steaks.[9] The sandwich was originally prepared without cheese; Olivieri said provolone cheese was first added by Joe "Cocky Joe" Lorenza, a manager at the Ridge Avenue location.[10]
Cheesesteaks have become popular at restaurants and food carts throughout the city with many locations being independently owned, family-run businesses.[11][12] Variations of cheesesteaks are now common in several fast food chains.[13] Versions of the sandwich can also be found at high-end restaurants.[14] Many establishments outside of Philadelphia refer to the sandwich as a "Philly cheesesteak."[8]
Description[edit]
Meat[edit]
The meat traditionally used is thinly sliced rib-eye or top round, although other cuts of beef are also used.[15] On a lightly oiled griddle at medium temperature, the steak slices are quickly browned and then scrambled into smaller pieces with a flat spatula. Slices of cheese are then placed over the meat, letting it melt, and then the roll is placed on top of the cheese. The mixture is then scooped up with a spatula and pressed into the roll, which is then cut in half.[16]
Common additions include sautéed onions, bell peppers, mushrooms, ketchup, hot sauce, salt, and pepper.
Bread[edit]
In Philadelphia, most cheesesteak places use Amoroso rolls; these rolls are long, soft, and slightly salted.[17] One source writes that "a proper cheesesteak consists of provolone or Cheez Whiz slathered on an Amoroso roll and stuffed with thinly shaved grilled meat,"[18] while a reader's letter to an Indianapolis magazine, lamenting the unavailability of good cheesesteaks, wrote that "the mention of the Amoroso roll brought tears to my eyes."[19] After commenting on the debates over types of cheese and "chopped steak or sliced," Risk and Insurance magazine declared "The only thing nearly everybody can agree on is that it all has to be piled onto a fresh, locally baked Amoroso roll."[20]
Cheese[edit]
A cheesesteak from Pat's with Cheez Whiz and onions
American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]
White American cheese, along with provolone cheese, are the favorites due to their mild flavor and medium consistency. Some establishments melt the American cheese to achieve the creamy consistency, while others place slices over the meat, letting them melt slightly under the heat. Philadelphia Inquirer restaurant critic Craig LaBan says "Provolone is for aficionados, extra-sharp for the most discriminating among them." Geno's owner, Joey Vento, said, "We always recommend the provolone. That's the real cheese."[21]
Cheez Whiz, first marketed in 1952, was not yet available for the original 1930 version, but has spread in popularity.[22] A 1986 New York Times article called Cheez Whiz "the sine qua non of cheesesteak connoisseurs."[23] In a 1985 interview, Pat Olivieri's nephew Frank Olivieri said that he uses "the processed cheese spread familiar to millions of parents who prize speed and ease in fixing the children's lunch for the same reason, because it is fast."[24] Cheez Whiz is "overwhelmingly the favorite" at Pat's, outselling runner-up American by a ratio of eight or ten to one, while Geno's claims to go through eight to ten cases of Cheez Whiz a day.[21]
In 2003, while running for President of the United States, John Kerry made what was considered a major faux pas when campaigning in Philadelphia and went to Pat's King of Steaks and ordered a cheesesteak with Swiss.[25]
Variations[edit]
A chicken cheesesteak is made with chicken instead of beef, sometimes referred to as a chicken Philly[26]
A pizza steak is a cheesesteak topped with marinara sauce and mozzarella cheese and may be toasted in a broiler[27]
A cheesesteak hoagie contains lettuce and tomato in addition to the ingredients found in the traditional steak sandwich, and may contain other elements often served in a hoagie.[28]
A vegan cheesesteak is a sandwich that replaces steak and cheese with vegan ingredients, such as seitan or mushrooms for the steak, and soy-based cheese.[29][30][31][32]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Philadelphia portal
Hoagie
Italian beef
Barros Luco
List of American sandwiches
List of regional dishes of the United States
List of sandwiches
List of steak dishes
Roast beef sandwich
Steak sandwich
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pham, K.; Shen, P.; Phillips, T. (2014). Food Truck Road Trip--A Cookbook: More Than 100 Recipes Collected from the Best Street Food Vendors Coast to Coast. Page Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62414-087-7.
Jump up ^ Fodor's Travel Publications, I.; Jabado, S.C. (2010). Fodor's 2010 Philadelphia & the Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Fodor's Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Fodor's Travel Pub. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-4000-0877-3.
Jump up ^ Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation (21 November 2008). "Philadelphia – African American Visitor's Guide and its suburbs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ Hines, Mary Anne; Marshall, Gordon; Weaver, William Woys (1987). The Larder Invaded. The Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-914076-70-1.
Jump up ^ Stuhldreher, Katie. "Rick's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court". Philly.com. Philly Online, LLC. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew F. Smith, ed. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford University Press. p. 451. ISBN 0195307968.
Jump up ^ Stuhldreher, Katie (30 July 2007). "Rick's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court". philly.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Ivory, Karen (2011). Philadelphia Icons: 50 Classic Views of the City of Brotherly Love. Globe Pequot. p. 18. ISBN 0762767650.
Jump up ^ Epting, Chris (2009). The Birthplace Book: A Guide to Birth Sites of Famous People, Places, & Things. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0811740188.
Jump up ^ Fiorillo, Victor (15 December 2008). "The Cheesesteak Cometh". Philadelphia Magazine. Archived from the original on 2010-07-18. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Brookes, Karin; et al. (2005). Zoë Ross, ed. Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings (Second (Updated) ed.). APA Publications. ISBN 1-58573-026-2.
Jump up ^ Price, Betsy (10 July 2009). "Tour de cheesesteak". The News Journal. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Hein, Kenneth (22 January 2009). "Domino's, Subway Battle Heats Up". Brandweek. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Horowitz, Rachel (11 April 2004). "Cheesesteak raises eyebrows and drains wallets". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Fischer, John. "How To Make a Philly Cheese Steak". About.com. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
Jump up ^ How to Make a Philly Cheesesteak. about.com. Event occurs at 2:10. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Hodgman, John (May 2002). "Philly Mignon". Men's Journal. Amoroso Baking Company. Archived from the original on 2008-03-25. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
Jump up ^ Fekete, Jeffery (2009). Making the Big Game. Mill City Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-935097-32-7.
Jump up ^ Powell, Warren (December 2000). "Beef Eaters". Indianapolis Magazine. p. 17. ISSN 0899-0328.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Michelle (April 2005). "Hungry for a taste of Philly?". Risk and Insurance. 16 (4). p. 20. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Mucha, Peter. (23 May 2008). "Whiz on a cheesesteak: Hit or myth?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Hevesi, Dennis (9 June 2007). "Edwin Traisman, 91, Dies; Helped Create Iconic Foods". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Cheese Steak: An Original". The New York Times. 21 May 1986. p. C6. Retrieved 1 July 2009. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Stevens, William K. (16 November 1985). "About Philadelphia: Where Cheesesteaks are King, One Family Has Assumed the Crown". The New York Times. p. 10. Retrieved 1 July 2009. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Kerry Eats a Cheesesteak Hoagie With Swiss". Philly.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks - Clearwater, FL". Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks.
Jump up ^ "Sonny's Famous Steaks, Old City, Philadelphia". Sonny's Famous Steaks.
Jump up ^ "Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks". Visit Philly.
Jump up ^ "Dinner on Deadline: Vegan version of the Philly Cheesesteak". Archived from the original on April 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016 Best Vegan Cheesesteak in Philly contest".
Jump up ^ "Five Philadelphia restaurants serving great vegan cheesesteaks".
Jump up ^ "A guide to vegan cheesesteaks and scrambles in philadelphia".
External links[edit]
An Illustrated History of the Philadelphia Cheesesteak
show
v
t
e
Beef and veal
Production
Argentine beef
Beef cattle
Cow-calf operation
Feeder cattle
Kobe beef
Organic beef
Products
Cuts
Blade steak
Brisket
Chateaubriand steak
Chuck steak
Fajita
Filet mignon
Flank steak
Flap steak
Hanger steak
Plate
Ranch steak
Restructured steak
Rib eye
Rib steak
Round
Rump
Short loin
Short ribs
Shoulder tender
Sirloin
Top sirloin
Skirt steak
Spare ribs
Standing rib roast
Strip
Shank
T-bone
Tenderloin
Tri-tip
Trotters
Tail
Processed
Jerky
Aged
Bresaola
Cabeza
Corned beef
Frankfurter Rindswurst
Ground
Montreal smoked
Pastrami
Meat extract
Offal
Brain
Heart
Tongue
Tendon
Tripas
Tripe
Testicles
Dishes
Beefsteak
List of steak dishes
Blanquette de veau
Beef Wellington
Beef bourguignon
Beef bun
Beef Manhattan
Beef noodle soup
Beef on weck
Beef Stroganoff
Boiled beef
Bulgogi
Cachopo
Calf's liver and bacon
Cheesesteak
Chicken fried steak
Cordon bleu
Dendeng
Feu
French dip
Ginger beef
Galbi
Gored gored
Gyūdon
Hamburg steak
Hortobágyi palacsinta
Iga penyet
Italian beef
Jellied veal
Karađorđeva šnicla
Kitfo
London broil
Mongolian beef
Neobiani
Ossobuco
Pot roast
Pozharsky cutlet
P'tcha
Ragout fin
Rawon
Rendang
Roast beef
Roast beef sandwich
Salisbury steak
Saltimbocca
Sha cha beef
Shooter's sandwich
Steak and kidney pudding
Steak Diane
Steak and eggs
Steak and oyster pie
Steak au poivre
Tartare
Tafelspitz
Tongseng
Veal Milanese
Veal Orloff
Veal Oscar
Vitello tonnato
Wallenbergare
Related meats
American bison
Beefalo
Water buffalo
Żubroń
Other
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Beef hormone controversy
Beef ring
Carcass grade
Darkcutter
Meat on the bone
Ractopamine - Beef
USA beef imports
Japan
Taiwan
South Korea (2008 US beef protest in South Korea)
show
v
t
e
Cheesesteak
Toppings
Cheese
Cheez Whiz
American
Provolone
Fried onions
Contributors
Pat Olivieri
Harry Olivieri
Tony Luke Jr.
Joey Vento
Restaurants in Philadelphia
Pat's King of Steaks
Geno's Steaks
Jim's Steaks
Tony Luke's
Steve's Prince of Steaks
John's Roast Pork
Dalessandro's Steaks
Joe's Steaks
Miscellaneous
Steak sandwich
show
v
t
e
Sandwiches
List of sandwiches
Afghani burger
Bagel toast
Bánh mì
Bocadillo
Breakfast
Bacon, egg and cheese
Bun kebab
Cemita
Chimichurris
Chip butty
Chocolate
Chopped Cheese
Chow mein
Crisp
Dagwood
Doughwich
Egg
Fluffernutter
Fool's Gold Loaf
Gatsby
Guajolota
Hamdog
Ice cream
Jam
Mitraillette
Mother-in-law
Pambazo
Peanut butter, banana and bacon
Pistolette
Pocket
Sabich
Sándwich de milanesa
Sandwiches de miga
Sincronizada
Smørrebrød
Spaghetti
Spatlo
Spiedie
St. Paul
Tea
Toast
Tramezzino
Trancapecho
Wrap
Cheese
Carrozza
Cheese and tomato
Cheese dream
Cheese on toast
Grilled cheese
Limburger
Melt
Pebete
Fish and seafood
Bake and Shark
Balık ekmek
Fischbrötchen
Fish finger
Lobster roll
Prawn roll
Salmon burger
Sol over Gudhjem
Tuna fish
Meat
American sub
Barbecue
Bauru
Bologna
Chacarero
Chicken
Chivito
Choripán
Club
Cuban
Cudighi
Doner kebab
Donkey Burger
Francesinha
Francesinha poveira
Fried-brain
Gua bao
Gyro
Italian
Jibarito
Kati roll
Kottenbutter
Medianoche
Pepito
Po' boy
Redonkadonk
Roujiamo
Sailor
Shawarma
Shooter's
Slider
Sloppy joe
Strammer Max
Submarine
Tonkatsu
Torta
Torta ahogada
Wrap roti
Wurstbrot
Beef
Barros Luco
Beef on weck
Cheesesteak
Corned beef
Denver
French dip
Hamburger
List of hamburgers
Italian beef
Montreal-style smoked meat
Pastrami on rye
Reuben
Roast beef
Sloppy joe
Steak burger
Steak
Tavern
Tongue
Ham and pork
Bacon
Barros Jarpa
BLT
Croque-monsieur
Flæskesteg
Ham and cheese
Ham and egg bun
Ham salad
Monte Cristo
Porchetta
Pork chop bun
Pork tenderloin
Toast Hawaii
Sausage
Braunschweiger
Liverwurst
Maxwell Street Polish
Mortadella
Polish Boy
Porilainen
Open
Butterbrot
Canapé
Dyrlægens natmad
Gerber
Horseshoe
Mollete
Muisjes
Obložené chlebíčky
Pan bagnat
Panini
Smørrebrød
Zapiekanka
Vegetarian
Baked bean
Cucumber
Dabeli
Doubles
Lettuce
Peanut butter and jelly
Tomato
Vada pav
Vegetable

Related
Sandwich bread
Sandwich loaf
Soup and sandwich
Category:Sandwiches
Food portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheesesteak&oldid=853603509"
Categories:
American sandwiches
Cuisine of Philadelphia
Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states
Italian-American cuisine
Italian-American culture in Philadelphia
Fast food
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
日本語
Polski
Simple English
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 August 2018, at 22:21 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: caption

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/File:Ribeye-MCB-MaggieO.jpg
image
Beef steaks

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Italian_Market
mw-redirect
Italian Market

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-0328

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
nofollow
http://www.phillyslargo.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.sonnyscheesesteaks.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://veganjawn.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: United States beef imports in South Korea

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: navigation navbox Cheesesteak padding:3px

values:
/wiki/Chocolate_sandwich
mw-redirect
Chocolate sandwich

values: Peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich

values:
/wiki/File:French_Dip_Sandwich.jpg
image
A French dip sandwich

values:
/wiki/File:Sandwiches_Vienna.jpg
image
Seafood sandwiches

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: navigation navbox Sandwiches padding:3px

values: Category:Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states

values: Category:Italian-American culture in Philadelphia

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cheesesteak
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: چیزاستیک – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 치즈스테이크 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: チーズステーキ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: 費城牛肉芝士三明治 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cheesesteak rootpage-Cheesesteak skin-vector action-view


text:
Requiem for a Dream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Requiem for a Dream (disambiguation).
Requiem for a Dream
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Darren Aronofsky
Produced by
Eric Watson
Palmer West
Screenplay by
Hubert Selby, Jr.
Darren Aronofsky
Based on
Requiem for a Dream
by Hubert Selby, Jr.
Starring
Ellen Burstyn
Jared Leto
Jennifer Connelly
Marlon Wayans
Music by
Clint Mansell
Cinematography
Matthew Libatique
Edited by
Jay Rabinowitz
Production
company
Thousand Words
Protozoa Pictures
Distributed by
Artisan Entertainment
Release date
May 14, 2000 (2000-05-14) (Cannes)
October 27, 2000 (2000-10-27) (US)
Running time
101 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$4.5 million
Box office
$7.4 million[2]
Requiem for a Dream is a 2000 American psychological drama film directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Ellen Burstyn, Jared Leto, Jennifer Connelly, and Marlon Wayans. The film is based on the 1978 novel of the same name by Hubert Selby, Jr., with whom Aronofsky wrote the screenplay.
The film depicts four different forms of drug addiction, which lead to the characters' imprisonment in a world of delusion and reckless desperation that is subsequently overtaken by reality, thus leaving them as hollow shells of their former selves.[3]
Requiem for a Dream was screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival[4] and received positive reviews from critics upon its U.S. release. Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Themes
5 Style
6 Release
6.1 Rating
6.2 Critical reception
6.3 Accolades
7 Soundtrack
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
During the summer in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, widow Sara Goldfarb spends her time watching infomercials. Meanwhile, her son Harry occasionally pawns her television set to fund his, his girlfriend Marion's, and his best friend Tyrone's drug use.
After Sara receives a call that she has won a spot on a television game show, she becomes excited about attending it. To fit back into her red dress, the favorite of her deceased husband Seymour's, she attempts to lose weight through unsuccessful diets. At the recommendation of a friend, she visits an unscrupulous physician who prescribes her a regimen of weight-loss amphetamines. She begins losing weight, and is excited by how much energy she has.
Harry and Tyrone plan to sell heroin to make enough to live off; that summer, their small-time dealing business thrives. Harry and Marion plan to open up a dress shop for Marion's designs, and Tyrone dreams of escaping the ghetto to make his mother proud. Sara and her friends wait expectantly every day for the game show invitation to arrive. With the extra money, Harry stops by to tell his mother he ordered her a new television set, but when he implores her to get off the amphetamines, she confesses that the only thing she has to live for anymore is the dream of looking glamorous on a television stage, and the extra attention she receives now from her friends.
As Sara’s tolerance for the amphetamines increases, she craves the high she once had, while becoming frantic about the invitation. When she increases her dosage she develops amphetamine psychosis. During a drug deal, Tyrone is caught in a shootout between the two rival gangs. He flees the scene and is arrested. Harry has to use most of their earned money to post bail. The local supply of heroin becomes restricted, and they are unable to find any for either use or sale. Eventually, Tyrone hears of a large shipment coming, but the price is doubled and the minimum high. Harry, desperate, suggests Marion ask her psychiatrist, Arnold, for money in exchange for sex, straining their relationship. When the drug buy goes bad, Harry returns empty-handed to Marion. He departs after giving her the number of a pimp, Big Tim, who trades heroin for sex. Harry and Tyrone decide that to put their business back on track, they will drive to Florida to buy directly from the wholesaler there.
After a series of horrifying hallucinations, Sara flees her apartment for the office of the casting agency in Manhattan, to confirm when she will be on TV. She is taken away by ambulance and committed to a psychiatric ward where she is subjected to degrading treatments. When none work, the physician induces a barely lucid Sara to approve electroconvulsive therapy.
On the drive to Miami, Harry and Tyrone visit a hospital because of Harry's increasingly infected needle injection sites. The doctor notices the symptoms of drug abuse, and Harry and Tyrone are arrested. Back in New York, a desperate Marion has sex with the pimp to get heroin. Recognizing her addiction, he entices her with a bigger score of heroin if she returns that weekend for a party. Tyrone is taunted by racist prison guards whilst enduring manual labor. Harry’s infected arm is amputated. Sara undergoes violent electroshock therapy. Marion is humiliated as the subject of a graphic sex show.
When Sara's friends come to the hospital to visit, they are distraught by her almost vegetative state. Harry wakes emotionally distraught after the amputation, knowing that Marion will not be visiting him. Tyrone thinks of his mother in prison and suffers from drug withdrawal. Marion comes home from the show and lies on her sofa, clutching her score of heroin. Sara dreams that she is on television, and has won the grand prize, with Harry as the guest of honor.
Cast[edit]
Ellen Burstyn as Sara Goldfarb
Jared Leto as Harry Goldfarb
Jennifer Connelly as Marion Silver
Marlon Wayans as Tyrone C. Love
Christopher McDonald as Tappy Tibbons
Mark Margolis as Mr. Rabinowitz
Louise Lasser as Ada
Marcia Jean Kurtz as Rae
Sean Gullette as Arnold, Marion's psychiatrist
Keith David as Big Tim, Marion's pimp
Dylan Baker as Southern Doctor
Ajay Naidu as Mailman
Ben Shenkman as Dr. Spencer
Hubert Selby, Jr. as Laughing guard
Darren Aronofsky (uncredited) as Visitor
Production[edit]
The film rights to Hubert Selby, Jr.'s book were optioned by Scott Vogel for Truth and Soul Pictures in 1997 prior to the release of Aronofsky's film π.
Themes[edit]
The majority of reviewers characterized Requiem for a Dream in the genre of "drug movies", along with films like The Basketball Diaries, Trainspotting, Spun, and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.[5][6]
However, Aronofsky has said:[7]
Requiem for a Dream is not about heroin or about drugs… The Harry-Tyrone-Marion story is a very traditional heroin story. But putting it side by side with the Sara story, we suddenly say, 'Oh, my God, what is a drug?' The idea that the same inner monologue goes through a person's head when they're trying to quit drugs, as with cigarettes, as when they're trying to not eat food so they can lose 20 pounds, was really fascinating to me. I thought it was an idea that we hadn't seen on film and I wanted to bring it up on the screen.
In the book, Selby refers to the "American Dream" as amorphous and unattainable, a compilation of the various desires of the story's characters.
Style[edit]
Rapid cuts in Requiem for a Dream
Play media
One of the filmmaking techniques in Requiem for a Dream is the use of rapid cuts or a hip hop montage. Whenever the characters use street drugs, a rapid succession of images illustrates their transition from sobriety to intoxication. In this scene, Harry and Tyrone deal drugs and Marion uses cocaine while she designs clothes. The speed of the footage and the cuts alternates as the characters become intoxicated and sober.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
As in his previous film, π, Aronofsky uses montages of extremely short shots throughout the film (sometimes termed a hip hop montage).[5] While an average 100-minute film has 600 to 700 cuts, Requiem features more than 2,000. Split-screen is used extensively, along with extremely tight closeups.[5][8] Long tracking shots (including those shot with an apparatus strapping a camera to an actor, called the Snorricam) and time-lapse photography are also prominent stylistic devices.[9]
To portray the shift from the objective, community-based narrative to the subjective, isolated state of the characters' perspectives, Aronofsky alternates between extreme closeups and extreme distance from the action and intercuts reality with a character's fantasy.[8] Aronofsky aims to subjectivize emotion, and the effect of his stylistic choices is personalization rather than alienation.[9] The camera serves as a vehicle for exploring the characters' states of mind, hallucinations, visual distortions, and corrupted sense of time.[10]
The film's distancing itself from empathy is structurally advanced by the use of intertitles (Summer, Fall, Winter), marking the temporal progress of addiction.[9] The average scene length shortens as the film progresses (beginning around 90 seconds to two minutes) until the movie's climactic scenes, which are cut together very rapidly (many changes per second) and are accompanied by a score which increases in intensity accordingly. After the climax, there is a short period of serenity, during which idyllic dreams of what may have been are juxtaposed with portraits of the four shattered lives.[8]
Release[edit]
Requiem for a Dream premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival on May 14, 2000 and the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 before a wide release on October 27.
Rating[edit]
In the United States, the film was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA, but Aronofsky appealed the rating, claiming that cutting any portion of the film would dilute its message. The appeal was denied and Artisan decided to release the film unrated.[11] An R-rated version was released on video, with the sex scene edited, but the rest of the film identical to the unrated version.
In the United Kingdom, the film was given an 18 certificate by the BBFC for "drug depiction, coarse language and sex".[1] In Australia the film was rated R18+ by the ACB for "drug use and adult themes".
Critical reception[edit]
Requiem for a Dream received positive reviews from critics and has an approval rating of 78% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 133 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10. The critical consensus states, "Though the movie may be too intense for some to stomach, the wonderful performances and the bleak imagery are hard to forget."[12] The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[13] Film critic James Berardinelli considered Requiem for a Dream the second best film of the decade, behind The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.[14] Roger Ebert gave the film 3½ stars out of four, stating that "What is fascinating about Requiem for a Dream,...is how well [Aronofsky] portrays the mental states of his addicts. When they use, a window opens briefly into a world where everything is right. Then it slides shut, and life reduces itself to a search for the money and drugs to open it again."[15] Elvis Mitchell, writing for The New York Times, gave the film a positive review, stating that "After the young director's phenomenal debut with the barely budgeted Pi, which was like watching a middleweight boxer win a fight purely on reflexes, he comes back with a picture that shows maturation."[16]
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, lauded the film. "His agonising and unflinchingly grim portrait of drug abuse, taken from a novel by Hubert Selby Jr (with whom Aronofsky co-wrote the screenplay), is a formally pleasing piece of work - if pleasing can possibly be the right word."[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that "no one interested in the power and magic of movies should miss it."[18] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the work an "A" grade, argued that it "may be the first movie to fully capture the way drugs dislocate us from ourselves" and said, "The movie, a full-throttle mind-bender, is hypnotically harrowing and intense, a visual and spiritual plunge into the seduction and terror of drug addiction."[19] Scott Brake of IGN gave the film a 9.0 out of 10 and argued, "The reason it works so well as a film about addiction is that, in every frame, the film itself is addictive. It's absolutely relentless, from Aronofsky's bravura cinematic techniques (split screens, complex cross-cutting schemes, hallucinatory visuals) to Clint Mansell's driving, hypnotic score (performed by the Kronos Quartet), the movie compels you to watch it."[20]
Some critics were less positive, however. On Mr. Showbiz, Kevin Maynard stated that the film is "never the heart-wrenching emotional experience it seems intended to be." J. Rentilly billed the work as "chilling and technically proficient and, also, fairly hollow." Desson Thompson of The Washington Post argued that its characters are "mostly relegated to human mannequins in Aronofsky's visual schemes". David Sterritt of the Christian Science Monitor wrote that "Aronofsky's filmmaking gets addicted to its own flashy cynicism".[21]
Accolades[edit]
Ellen Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Sara Goldfarb,[22] but lost to Julia Roberts in the title role of Erin Brockovich. She was nominated for several other awards including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.[23]
In 2007, Requiem for a Dream was picked as one of the 400 nominated films for the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition).[24] In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed Requiem for a Dream as the 29th best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its members.[25] In a 2016 international critics' poll conducted by BBC, the film, Toni Erdmann and Carlos were tied together and were three voted together as the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000.[26]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main articles: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack) and Lux Aeterna (Mansell)
The soundtrack was composed by Clint Mansell with the string ensemble performed by Kronos Quartet. The string quartet arrangements were written by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer David Lang.
The soundtrack was re-released with the album Requiem for a Dream: Remixed, which contains remixes of the music by Paul Oakenfold, Josh Wink, Jagz Kooner, and Delerium, among others.
See also[edit]
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "REQUIEM FOR A DREAM (18)". British Board of Film Classification. November 23, 2000. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Dream (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. January 1, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 3, 2000). "Requiem for a Dream". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Requiem for a Dream". Festival-Cannes.com. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Booker, M. (2007). Postmodern Hollywood. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-99900-9.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Susan (2008). Hooked. New York: Routledge. pp. 97–98. ISBN 0-415-95706-0.
Jump up ^ "It's a punk movie". Salon.com (October 13, 2000). Retrieved 2010-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dancyger, Ken (2002). The Technique of Film and Video Editing. London: Focal. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-240-80420-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Powell, Anna (2007). Deleuze, Altered States and Film. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-7486-3282-4.
Jump up ^ Skorin-Kapov, Jadranka (2015) Darren Aronofsky's Films and the Fragility of Hope, p.32 Bloomsbury Academic
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Eugene; Anthony Kaufman (August 25, 2000). "MPAA Upholds NC-17 Rating for Aronofsky's "Requiem for a Dream"; Artisan Stands Behind Film and Will Release Film Unrated". indieWIRE. SnagFilms. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Dream Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Dream Reviews". Metacritic. n.d. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Movies of the Decade". ReelViews.com. Retrieved March 1, 2011
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 3, 2000). "Requiem for a Dream". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Elvis (October 6, 2000). "Movie Review: Requiem for a Dream". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (January 18, 2001). "Living in Oblivion". The Guardian. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (December 11, 2000). "Requiem for a Dream". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (October 13, 2000). "Movie Review: 'Requiem for a Dream' Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review of Requiem for a Dream". IGN. October 20, 2000. Retrieved December 13, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Critic Reviews for Requiem for a Dream". Metacritic. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lyman, Rick (March 4, 2001). "OSCAR FILMS/ACTORS: An Angry Man and an Underused Woman; Ellen Burstyn Enjoys Her Second Act". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Award Nominees – 2000". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Oscars.org. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
Jump up ^ "The 75 Best Edited Films". Editors Guild Magazine. 1 (3). May 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 21st century's 100 greatest films". BBC. August 23, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Requiem for a Dream
Requiem for a Dream on IMDb
Requiem for a Dream at AllMovie
Requiem for a Dream at Box Office Mojo
Requiem for a Dream at Rotten Tomatoes
Requiem for a Dream at Metacritic
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Darren Aronofsky
Pi (1998)
Requiem for a Dream (2000)
The Fountain (2006)
The Wrestler (2008)
Black Swan (2010)
Noah (2014)
Mother! (2017)
Unrealized projects
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 7669191-3
VIAF: 316751968
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requiem_for_a_Dream&oldid=850734397"
Categories:
2000 films
English-language films
2000s independent films
2000s psychological drama films
American independent films
American psychological drama films
Films directed by Darren Aronofsky
Films about heroin addiction
Films about prostitution
Films based on American novels
Films set in Brooklyn
Films shot in New York City
Artisan Entertainment films
Screenplays by Darren Aronofsky
Films scored by Clint Mansell
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films about television
Protozoa Pictures films
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from May 2016
Articles with hAudio microformats
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
35 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 July 2018, at 18:16 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Hubert_Selby,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Hubert Selby, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Psychological_drama
mw-redirect
Psychological drama

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Christopher_McDonald_(actor)
mw-redirect
Christopher McDonald (actor)

values:
/wiki/%CE%A0_(film)
mw-redirect
Π (film)

values:
/wiki/Drug_movies
mw-redirect
Drug movies

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv/424px--Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:424px;height:236px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="20" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 424 × 236 (866 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="424" data-height="236" data-bandwidth="865720" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/8/8d/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="118" data-bandwidth="169272" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/8/8d/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="288" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="180608" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/8/8d/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv/Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="178" data-bandwidth="212120" data-framerate="25"/><track src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Requiem_for_a_Dream_rapid_cuts.ogv.en.srt" data-mwprovider="local" data-dir="ltr"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Hip_hop_montage
mw-redirect
Hip hop montage

values:
/wiki/Montage_(filming)
mw-redirect
Montage (filming)

values:
/wiki/Film_premiere
mw-redirect
Film premiere

values: 2000 Toronto International Film Festival

values: Motion Picture Association of America film rating system

values: 18 (British Board of Film Classification)

values:
/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor
mw-redirect
Christian Science Monitor

values:
/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic
mw-redirect
Bloomsbury Academic

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0180093/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v186747

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7669191-3

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/316751968

values: Category:2000s psychological drama films

values: Category:American psychological drama films

values: Category:Films directed by Darren Aronofsky

values: Category:Screenplays by Darren Aronofsky

values: Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Dream
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: مرثية حلم – Arabic

values: Реквием за една мечта – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ρέκβιεμ για ένα όνειρο – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: مرثیه‌ای بر یک رؤیا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Ռեքվիեմ երազանքի համար (ֆիլմ) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: רקוויאם לחלום (סרט) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Кыял реквиеми – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values: Rekviem svajonei (2000 filmas) – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Реквием за еден сон – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: レクイエム・フォー・ドリーム – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਰੈੱਕਵੀਅਮ ਫ਼ਾਰ ਅ ਡਰੀਮ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Реквием по мечте – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Реквијем за снове – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Реквієм за мрією (фільм) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Requiem_for_a_Dream rootpage-Requiem_for_a_Dream skin-vector action-view