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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Bowers
Produced by
Nina Jacobson
Brad Simpson
Screenplay by
Jeff Kinney
David Bowers
Based on
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
by Jeff Kinney
Starring
Jason Drucker
Alicia Silverstone
Tom Everett Scott
Charlie Wright
Owen Asztalos
Narrated by
Jason Drucker
Music by
Edward Shearmur
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures[1]
Color Force[1]
TSG Entertainment[2]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
Running time
91 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[4]
Box office
$40.1 million[3]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 4: The Long Haul) is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers. It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series, The Long Haul and Old School, and one element based on the eighth book Hard Luck.
Despite not being a reboot, the cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles, as they are replaced by a new cast.[5] It was theatrically released on May 19, 2017, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million production cost.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
4 Release
4.1 Trailer reaction
4.2 Box office
4.3 Critical response
4.4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
One year after the previous film, while at the Corny's family restaurant, the Heffley family — consists of Greg, Rodrick, Frank, Susan and Manny — plans to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday. However, after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny, who got stuck inside a tube in the play area, Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand, startling him. He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet, leading Greg to be dubbed as "Diaper Hands", much to Greg's devastation.
Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain newfound popularity. He plans to sneak off from the road trip to attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where their devices are immediately confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be "absolutely technology-free."
After arriving at a grimy motel, Greg discreetly gets into the Sienna to retrieve his phone and plans to use it. Later, when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub, Rodrick hears a notification from Greg's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo. Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan, saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in. Liking the idea, Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo.
Greg later encounters a family, whom he nicknames "the Beardos" due to the father's long beard, after being annoyed by a loud noise created by the Beardo siblings, who are playing with a cart, and storms out of the room in his underwear. He confronts them but Brandi, the eldest sibling, rolls the trolley into their Volkswagen, leaving a huge scratch. Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room, Brandi blames Greg for the damage and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he escapes. The next morning, Greg realizes he slept in the Beardos hotel room, but is able to escape.
The next day, the Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig. Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun yet again. Back on the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo. Susan was worried about them until Frank tells her that she didn't want them to use cell phones which Susan gets angry since she doesn't like being wrong. However, after Frank and Susan see their sons on live television, they go to get the boys themselves.
Upon Greg sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition, Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost, but the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public. Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together, and she accuses Greg of not caring. Infuriated, Greg snaps back at Susan, saying that she doesn't care about what he loves, which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place. Hurt by her son's words, Susan hands her phone to Greg because she doesn't care anymore.
After encountering the Beardos that stole their stuff, Susan breaks down, and other obstacles on the road, the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw's. Returning home, Manny manages to get the pig back. At the end, Greg explains that although the road trip wasn't perfect, he still wouldn't change a thing.
He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet, Rodrick was able to get a 2018 Toyota Sienna Limited AWD, and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family. Greg expresses excitement for where they'll be going next year, but Susan steps in to say they will be flying.
In a mid-credits scene, two girls take selfies with Greg, who they recognize as Diaper Hands.
Cast[edit]
Jason Drucker as Greg Heffley
Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]
Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes
Christopher A. Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film
Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife
Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blamed Greg for damaging their VW Bus
Mimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2012, the series' third entry, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise.[7][8] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[7][8][9]
Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[9] When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "Dog Days most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[7]
In March 2013, Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film. Previously, Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. but I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."
In 2016, it was announced that a live-action film adaptation of the ninth book The Long Haul was in development, and would be featuring a completely new cast playing the Heffleys.
Release[edit]
The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]
Trailer reaction[edit]
On February 23, 2017, a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released, and the following month, the official trailer was released. Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters. Many took to social media to further express their outrage and began using the hashtag "#NotMyRodrick", which eventually became a widespread meme. Other hashtags included "#NotMyHeffleys" and "#NotMyRowley".[10]
Box office[edit]
The film opened in about 3,174 theaters, the second biggest opening for a Diary of a Wimpy Kid film, after Dog Days, The Long Haul grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40.1 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3] It was the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[11]
In North America, the film was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $2 million on its first day, projections were lowered to $7 million. It ended up finishing with $7.1 million, placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise.[12]
When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #2, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales with £1,444,092.[13]
The film has grossed over $2.6 million in the United States through home video sales.[14]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an all-new cast but the same juvenile humor, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested – and largely unfunny – development."[15] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, down from the first three films' "A-".[17]
Home media[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[18][19]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rechtshaffen, Michael (May 15, 2017). "'Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Alien: Covenant,' No. 8 in the franchise, is poised to unseat 'Guardians' at the box office". Los Angeles Times. May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diary Of A Wimpy Kid: new film confirmed for 2017".
Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid (1 November 2016). "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek" – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zachary Gordon Talks "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days"". ClevverTV. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid: Dog Days". HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Cavna (3 August 2012). "Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film, 'Dog Days'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Hiramine, Brie. "YIKES: 'Diary of a Wimpy Kid' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley". J-14. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Brevet, Brad (September 20, 2017). "Disappointing August 2017 Closed Out the Worst Summer Movie Season in Over 10 Years". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why 'Alien: Covenant' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1M Opening, -34% From 'Prometheus'". Deadline Hollywood. May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekend box office 26th May 2017 - 28th May 2017". www.25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Diary-of-a-Wimpy-Kid-The-Long-Haul#tab=video-sales
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Release Date, News & Reviews - Releases.com". www.releases.com. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
External links[edit]
Official website
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul on IMDb
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul at Tomatazos
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid
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The Ugly Truth
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Hard Luck
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Flushed Away (2006)
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)
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Remote starter
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A remote starter is a radio controlled device, which is installed in a vehicle by the factory or an aftermarket installer to preheat or cool the vehicle before the owner gets into it. Once activated, by pushing a button on a special key chain remote, it starts the vehicle automatically for a predetermined time. Different models have keyless entry as well. Most newer vehicles need some kind of bypass module to bypass the factory anti-theft system, so the vehicle can be started without the ignition key in the ignition, this is bypassed only to start the vehicle, which after it is running returns to its original state. For cars with manual transmission additional safety features may need to be added to prevent the car from starting while it's parked in gear. Having a remote starter installed in a vehicle will usually not void the factory warranty when installed properly.[1]
The first manufacturer to introduce remote start bypass modules to bypass vehicle anti-theft systems was Fortin Electronic Systems based in Montreal, Quebec (Canada). By 1985 multiple manufacturers began producing the devices and automobile manufacturers began offering the remote start devices as an option.
Newer cars with pushbutton starts can also be interfaced, but some do not have a "take over" procedure.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Will Installing a Remote Starter Void My Warranty?". Boston.com. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
Car Remotes
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Capital punishment in Singapore
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Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Singapore. The city-state had the second highest per-capita execution rate in the world between 1994 and 1998, estimated by the United Nations to be 13.83 executions annually per one million people during that period.[1] The highest was Turkmenistan (now an abolitionist country) with 14.92. However, since the 2010s, execution has become far less common, with some years having no executions at all. No one was executed in 2012 and 2013, and two persons were executed in 2014. Each execution in Singapore is carried out by long drop hanging in Changi Prison at dawn on Friday, except once on 20 May 2016 when the execution of Kho Jabing was carried out at 3:30 pm after his appeal for a stay of execution was dismissed that morning.[2] In a survey done in 2005, reported in The Straits Times, 95% of Singaporeans believe that their country should retain the death penalty.[3]
Singapore has had capital punishment since it was a British colony and became independent before the United Kingdom abolished capital punishment. The Singaporean procedure of hanging condemned individuals is similar to the methods formerly used in the United Kingdom.
In 2012, however, Singapore amended its laws to exempt some cases from the mandatory death sentence.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
1.1 Foreign nationals
2 Legislation
3 Capital offences
3.1 Penal Code
3.2 Arms Offences Act
3.3 Misuse of Drugs Act
3.4 Internal Security Act
3.5 Kidnapping Act
4 Public debate
4.1 Law Society review
4.2 Singapore government's response
5 Impact on official debate and discussion in the United States
6 Notable cases
6.1 Murder
6.2 Drug trafficking
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Statistics[edit]
The following table of executions was compiled by Amnesty International from several sources, including statistics supplied by the Ministry of Home Affairs in January 2001 and government figures reported to Agence France-Presse in September 2003.[5] Numbers in brackets are the number of foreign citizens executed, according to information disclosed by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Year
Murder
Drug-related
Firearms
Total
1991 19 7 0 26
1992 13 7 1 21
1993 10 2 0 12
1994 21 54 1 76
1995 20 52 1 73
1996 10 {7} 40 {10} 0 50
1997 {3} 11 {2} 5 15
1998 4 {1} 24 {5} 0 28
1999 8 {2} 35 {7} 0 43
2000 4 {2} 17 {5} 0 21
2000 ? 23 ? ?
2001 ? 22 ? ?
2002 ? ? ? ?
2003 ? ? ? 10
2004 ? ? ? 8{2}[6]
2005 ? ? ? 8{1}[6]
2006 ? ? ? 8{2}[6]
2007 1 2 0 3{2}[6]
2008 4 2 0 6{3}[7]
2009 1 3 1 5{2}[7]
2010 0 0 0 0[7]
2011 2? 2 0? 4[8]
2012 0 0 0 0[9]
2013 0 0 0 0[9]
2014 0 2 0 2[9]
2015 1 3 0 4[10]
2016 1 2 0 3[11][10]
2017 0 2 0 2[12][13]
Detailed statistics were not released by the Singapore government between 2000 and 2006. Singapore's Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong told the BBC in September 2003 that he believed there were "in the region of about 70 to 80" hangings in 2003. Two days later he retracted his statement, saying the number was in fact ten.[14]
The chief executioner, Darshan Singh, said that he has executed more than 850 people during his service from 1959 using the phrase: "I am going to send you to a better place than this. God bless you." This included 18 people on one day, using three ropes at a time. Singh also said that he has hanged seven people within 90 minutes.[15]
Foreign nationals[edit]
The people on death row include foreign nationals, many of whom were convicted of drug-related offences. These inmates come from a diverse range of countries, including United States, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. Figures released by the Singapore government show that between 1993 and 2003, 36% of those executed were foreigners, including some residents in Singapore (half of Singapore residents are foreigners).[16]
Legislation[edit]
Under Section 316 of the Criminal Procedure Code:[17]
"When any person is sentenced to death, the sentence shall direct that he shall be hanged by the neck till he is dead but shall not state the place where nor the time when the sentence is to be carried out."
Hangings always take place at dawn on Friday and are by the long drop method developed in the United Kingdom by William Marwood. The executioner refers to the Official Table of Drops. The government have said that they:
"…had previously studied the different methods of execution and found no reason to change from the current method used, that is, by hanging."[18]
Neither persons under the age of 18 at the time of their offence nor pregnant women can be sentenced to death.
Capital cases are heard by a single judge in the High Court. After conviction and sentencing, the sentenced has one appeal to the Court of Appeal. If the appeal fails, the final recourse rests with the President, who has the power to grant clemency on the advice of the Cabinet. In exceptional cases since 2012, the Court of Appeal would be asked to review its previous decisions in concluded criminal appeals where it was necessary to correct a miscarriage of justice, most of which involved drug cases attracting death penalty. The exact number of successful appeals is unknown. In November 1995, one Poh Kay Keong had his conviction overturned after the court found his statement to a Central Narcotics Bureau officer was made under duress.[5] Successful clemency applications are thought to be even rarer. Since 1965, the President's clemency has been granted six times.[19] The last clemency was in May 1998 when Mathavakannan Kalimuthu received pardon from President Ong Teng Cheong with the sentence commuted to life imprisonment.
In November 2012, capital punishment laws in Singapore were revised such that the mandatory death penalty for those convicted of drug trafficking or murder was lifted under certain specific conditions. Judges were empowered with the discretion to sentence such offenders to life imprisonment, which suggests the prisoner lives his entire natural life in jail with the possibility of appeal after 20 years.[20]
The condemned are given notice at least four days before execution. In the case of foreigners who have been sentenced to death, their families and diplomatic missions/embassies are given one to two weeks' notice.[16]
Amnesty International reports that death row inmates are housed in cells of roughly three square metres (32 square feet).[5] Walls make up three sides, while the fourth is vertical bars. They are equipped with a toilet, a sleeping mat, and a bucket for washing. Exercise is permitted twice a day for half an hour at a time.[16] Four days before the execution, the condemned is allowed to watch television or listen to the radio.[5] Special meals of their choice are also cooked, if within the prison budget. Visiting rights are increased from one 20 minute visit per week to a maximum of four hours each day,[16] though no physical contact is allowed with any visitors.[5]
Capital offences[edit]
In addition to the Penal Code, there are four Acts of Parliament that prescribe death as punishment for offences. According to a Singaporean civil rights group, the Think Centre, 70% of hangings are for drug-related offences.[21]
Penal Code[edit]
Under the Penal Code,[22] the commission of the following offences may result in the death penalty:
Waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Government
Offences against the President's person (in other words, treason)
Piracy that endangers life
Perjury that results in the execution of an innocent person
Murder
Abetting the suicide of a person under the age of 18 or an "insane" person
Attempted murder by a prisoner serving a life sentence
Kidnapping
Robbery committed by five or more people that results in the death of a person
Taking Drugs into Singapore
Since the Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2007,[23] Singapore no longer allows for the death penalty for rape nor mutiny.
Arms Offences Act[edit]
The Arms Offences Act under Singapore law regulates criminal offences dealing with firearms and weapons.[24] Any person who uses or attempts to use arms (Section 4) can face execution, as well as any person who uses or attempts to use arms to commit scheduled offences (Section 4A). These scheduled offences are being a member of an unlawful assembly; rioting; certain offences against the person; abduction or kidnapping; extortion; burglary; robbery; preventing or resisting arrest; vandalism; mischief. Any person who is an accomplice (Section 5) to a person convicted of arms use during a scheduled offence can likewise be executed.
Trafficking in arms (Section 6) is a capital offence in Singapore. Under the Arms Offences Act, trafficking is defined as being in unlawful possession of more than two firearms.
Misuse of Drugs Act[edit]
The Singapore embarkation card contains a warning to visitors about the death penalty for drug trafficking. Warning signs can also be found at the Johor-Singapore Causeway and other border entries.
Under Schedule 2 of the Misuse of Drugs Act,[25][26] any person importing, exporting, or found in possession of more than the following quantities of drugs receives a mandatory death sentence:
1200 grams of opium and containing more than 30 grams of morphine (§5 and §7, (2)(b));
30 grams of morphine (§5 and §7, (3)(b));
15 grams of diamorphine (heroin) (diamo (§5 and §7, (4)(b));
30 grams of cocaine (§5 and §7, (5)(b));
500 grams of cannabis (§5 and §7, (6)(b));
1000 grams of cannabis mixture (§5 and §7, (7)(b));
200 grams of cannabis resin (§5 and §7, (8)(b));
250 grams of methamphetamine (§5 and §7, (9)(b)).
Death sentences are also mandatory for any person caught manufacturing :
Morphine, or any salt of morphine, ester of morphine or salt of ester of morphine (§6, (2));
Diamorphine (heroin) or any salt of diamorphine (§6, (3));
Cocaine or any salt of cocaine (§6, (4));
Methamphetamine (§6, (5)).
Under the Act:
"any person who is proved to have had in his possession or custody or under his control —
(a) anything containing a controlled drug;
(b) the keys of anything containing a controlled drug;
(c) the keys of any place or premises or any part thereof in which a controlled drug is found; or
(d) a document of title relating to a controlled drug or any other document intended for the delivery of a controlled drug,
shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to have had that drug in his possession."
Furthermore, any person who has a controlled drug in his possession shall be presumed to have known the nature of that drug.[citation needed]
Death penalty supporters, such as the blogger Benjamin Chang, claim that Singapore has one of the lowest prevalence of drug abuse worldwide: he claims, for instance, that over two decades, the number of drug abusers arrested each year has declined by two-thirds, from over 6,000 in the early 1990s to about 2,000 in 2011.[27] The validity of these figures is disputed by other Singaporeans, such as the Singaporean drugs counsellor Tony Tan.[28] The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes that Singapore remains a transit destination for drug traffickers in Asia, drug seizures continue to increase and heroin drug use within Singapore is continuing to rise.[29]
Internal Security Act[edit]
The preamble of the Internal Security Act states that it is an Act to "provide for the internal security of Singapore, preventive detention, the prevention of subversion, the suppression of organised violence against persons and property in specified areas of Singapore, and for matters incidental thereto."[30] The President of Singapore has the power to designate certain security areas. Any person caught in the possession or with someone in possession of firearms, ammunition or explosives in a security area can be punished by death.
Kidnapping Act[edit]
The terms of the Kidnapping Act designate abduction, wrongful restraint or wrongful confinement for ransom as capital offences.[31]
Public debate[edit]
Public debate in the Singaporean news media on the death penalty is almost non-existent, although the topic does occasionally get discussed in the midst of major, well-known criminal cases. Efforts to garner public opinion on the issue are rare, although it has been suggested that the population is influenced by a traditional Chinese view which held that harsh punishment deters crime and helps maintain social peace and harmony.[32] In October 2007, Senior Minister of State for Law and Home Affairs Ho Peng Kee said in Parliament that "Certain of us may hold the view that the death penalty should be abolished. But in a survey done two years ago, reported in The Straits Times, 95% of Singaporeans feel that the death penalty should stay. This is something which has helped us to be safe and secure all these years and it is only reserved for a very few select offences." [3]
Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam, a former opposition Member of Parliament, was reportedly only given a few minutes to speak in Parliament on the issue before his comments were rebutted by Ho Peng Kee.[5][33]
Few other opposition Members of Parliament would bring up the issue, which may be reflective of a population generally indifferent to the matter.
Before the hanging of Shanmugam Murugesu, a three-hour vigil was held on 6 May 2005. The organisers of the event at the Furama Hotel said it was the first such public gathering organised solely by members of the public against the death penalty in Singapore. Murugesu had been arrested after being caught in possession of six packets containing just over 1 kilograms of cannabis after returning from Malaysia. He admitted knowledge of one of the packets, which contained 300 grams, but not the other five.[34][35] The event went unreported on the partially state-owned media and the police shut down an open microphone session just as the first person began to speak.[34][36]
After the hanging of Van Tuong Nguyen, a Vietnamese-Australian from Melbourne, on 2 December 2005, Sister Susan Chia, province leader of the Good Shepherd Sisters in Singapore, declared that "The death penalty is cruel, inhumane and it violates the right to life." Chia and several other nuns comforted Nguyen's mother two weeks before his execution for heroin trafficking.[37]
Singapore's death penalty laws have drawn comments in the media. For example, science fiction author William Gibson, while a journalist, wrote a travel piece on Singapore that he sarcastically titled Disneyland with the Death Penalty.[38]
In 2010 British author Alan Shadrake published his book Once a Jolly Hangman: Singapore Justice in the Dock, which was critical of the Singapore judicial system.[39] Shadrake was arrested whilst promoting the book in Singapore and later sentenced to six weeks in prison for contempt of court. He is also charged with criminal defamation. The case attracted worldwide attention, putting the Singapore legal system in the spotlight.[40][41] Shadrake apologised to the court if he had offended the sensitivities of the judiciary and did not mean to undermine the judges or the judiciary, but stood by his book, apart from one small mistake.[42]
My so-called apology was to merely point out that my book was sub-titled Singapore Justice in the Dock - NOT Singapore Judiciary in the Dock. I did not 'apologise' at all and welcomed the prison sentence which drew even more attention to the real issues. The many cases I exposed where various judges sentenced some accused to death despite dubious, suspect evidence concocted by the police and their informers while others with powerful countries behind them had their charges inexplicably reduced to a non-hanging offence. But Judge Loh completely ignored the evidence I produced in Once a Jolly Hangman even though he claimed to have read it from cover to cover. This proved again that the judiciary is not independent from the executive - a fact which the International Bar Association ably pointed out in its 2008 report on Singapore - and that the judiciary has to do the government's bidding when it suits them.
The judge, Quentin Loh, dismissed his apology as "nothing more than a tactical ploy in court to obtain a reduced sentence".[43] Shadrake's conviction for scandalising the court was upheld by the Court of Appeal.[44]
Law Society review[edit]
In December 2005, the Law Society revealed that it has set up a committee, named Review Committee on Capital Punishment, to examine capital punishment in the country. The President of the Society, Senior Counsel Philip Jeyaretnam, said that the main focus of the review was on issues regarding administering the death penalty such as whether it should be mandatory. A report of the review would be submitted to the Ministry of Law.[45] On 6 November 2006, they were invited to give its views on proposed amendments to the Penal Code to the Ministry of Home Affairs. In their report, issued on 30 March 2007, they argued against the mandatory death penalty:
The death penalty should be discretionary for the offences where the death sentence is mandatory - murder, drug trafficking, firearms offences and sedition - a position similar to that for the offence of kidnapping. There are strong arguments for changing the mandatory nature of capital punishment in Singapore. Judges should be given the discretion to impose the death penalty only where deemed appropriate.[46]
Singapore government's response[edit]
The Singapore government states that the death penalty is only used in the most serious of crimes, sending, they say, a strong message to potential offenders. They point out that in 1994 and 1999 the United Nations General Assembly failed to adopt resolutions calling for a moratorium on the death penalty worldwide, as a majority of countries opposed such a move.
Singapore's Permanent Representative to the United Nations wrote a letter to the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in 2001 which stated:
"…the death penalty is primarily a criminal justice issue, and therefore is a question for the sovereign jurisdiction of each country […] the right to life is not the only right, and […] it is the duty of societies and governments to decide how to balance competing rights against each other."[5]
In January 2004, the Ministry of Home Affairs issued a response to Amnesty International's report, "Singapore: The death penalty - A hidden toll of executions". It defended Singapore's policy to retain the death penalty, predicating its arguments on, amongst others, the following grounds:[16]
There is no international consensus on whether the death penalty should be abolished.
Each country has the sovereign right to decide on its own judicial system, taking into account its own circumstances.
The death penalty has been effective in keeping Singapore one of the safest places in the world to work and live in.
The application of the death penalty is only reserved for "very serious crimes".
The Ministry of Home Affairs also refuted Amnesty International's claims of the majority of the executed being foreigners, and that it was "mostly the poor, least educated, and vulnerable people who are executed." The Ministry stated: "Singaporeans, and not foreigners, were the majority of those executed... Of those executed from 1993 to 2003, 95% were above 21 years of age, and 80% had received formal education. About 80% of those who had been sentenced to capital punishment had employment before their convictions".[16]
Following the hanging of Van Tuong Nguyen in 2005, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong reiterated the government's position, stating that "The evil inflicted on thousands of people with drug trafficking demands that we must tackle the source by punishing the traffickers rather than trying to pick up the pieces afterwards... It's a law which is approved of by Singapore's inhabitants and which allows us to reduce the drug problem."[47]
Prior to the United Nations General Assembly's voting on a moratorium on the death penalty in November 2007, Singapore's ambassador Vanu Gopala Menon said, "My delegation would like to remind this committee that capital punishment is not prohibited under international law. Yet it is clear that the sponsors of this draft resolution have decided that there can only be one view on capital punishment, and that only one set of choices should be respected... [the death penalty] is an important component of the administration of law and our justice system, and is imposed only for the most serious crimes and serves as a deterrent. We have proper legal safeguards in place to prevent any miscarriage of justice."[48]
Impact on official debate and discussion in the United States[edit]
In 2012, a couple of American elected officials and office-seekers have suggested that Singapore's success in combating drug abuse should be examined as a model for the United States. Michael Bloomberg, a former Mayor of New York City, said that the United States could learn a thing or two from nations like Singapore when it came to drug trafficking, noting that "executing a handful of people saves thousands and thousands of lives."[49] The last execution in New York took place in 1963. Several courts have ruled that the death penalty violates the New York Constitution (see People v. LaValle). In 2007, the state of New York abolished the death penalty, bringing the number of American states without the death penalty to 19, including Washington, D.C.. However, certain states, such as Texas, still have similar or even higher rates of execution than Singapore.
Even when an American politician mentions capital punishment in Singapore, the application of the death penalty in the United States is limited by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution to only aggravated murders committed by mentally competent adults. For example, former presidential candidate Newt Gingrich repeated his longstanding advocacy for Singaporean methods in the United States's War on Drugs during campaign interviews and speeches.[50][51]) Nevertheless, the use of the death penalty for drug offences in the United States constitutes "cruel and unusual punishment", which is why it is considered unconstitutional.
Notable cases[edit]
Murder[edit]
Usman bin Haji Muhammad Ali and Harun Thahir, two Indonesian marines sentenced to death in 1968 for the MacDonald House bombing which killed three people.
Adrian Lim, Tan Mui Choo, and Hoe Kah Hong, sentenced to death for murdering a nine-year-old girl and a ten-year-old boy in 1981. The three were hanged in 1988. See Toa Payoh ritual murders for details on the case.
Flor Contemplacion, a Filipino domestic worker executed in 1995 for murdering another Filipino domestic worker and a four-year-old boy. Her execution severely strained relations between Singapore and the Philippines and caused many Filipinos to vent their frustration at their own government and the Singaporean government over the helplessness, abuse, and mental stresses that many Filipino overseas workers face around the world.
John Martin Scripps, a British spree killer hanged in April 1996 for murdering three tourists. He was the first Briton to be executed in Singapore since the country gained independence in 1965.
Took Leng How, a Malaysian-born vegetable packer hanged in 2006 for murdering Huang Na, an eight-year-old girl from China. Took's appeal to the Court of Appeal was dismissed, and a clemency petition submitted by his relatives to President S. R. Nathan was also rejected. See Murder of Huang Na for details on the case.
Leong Siew Chor, convicted in May 2006 for strangling a Chinese national Liu Hongmei, chopping up her body and dumping the body parts into the Kallang River.[52] He was hanged in November 2007.[53]
Tan Chor Jin, nicknamed "One Eyed Dragon" by the Singapore media, sentenced to death in May 2007 for the shooting and murder of a nightclub owner. Tan represented himself in court without a lawyer initially, but later tasked veteran criminal lawyer Subhas Anandan with his defence. In the end, he asked the judge to give him the death sentence[54] and was hanged in January 2009.[55]
Drug trafficking[edit]
Johannes van Damme, a Dutch engineer hanged in September 1994. He was the first European to be executed in Singapore since the country gained independence in 1965.
Tong Ching-man, Lam Cheuk-wang, and Poon Yuen-chung, three Hong Kong women hanged in April 1995. Tong and Poon were both 18 years old when they were caught with heroin in their possession at Changi Airport in 1988 and 1991 respectively.[56]
Angel Mou Pui-peng, a Macau-born Hong Kong woman hanged in December 1995. A single mother, she was 25 at the time of her execution.[57][58]
Shanmugam Murugesu, hanged in May 2005. Before his execution, around 120 people attended a three-hour vigil held for him in Furama Hotel. An earlier petition for clemency was rejected by President S. R. Nathan.[59]
Van Tuong Nguyen, a Vietnamese-Australian hanged in December 2005 for drug trafficking. A plea for clemency from the Australian government was rejected by the Singapore authorities.
Iwuchukwu Amara Tochi, a Nigerian hanged in January 2007. Pleas for clemency from Amnesty International, the United Nations, and Nigeria's President Olusegun Obasanjo were rejected by President S. R. Nathan.
Muhammad Ridzuan Md Ali, executed on 19 May 2017 at Changi Prison.[60] His appeals were all thrown out.
See also[edit]
Singapore portal
Criminal justice portal
Crime in Singapore
Law of Singapore
References[edit]
Jump up ^ para 68 UNODC.org (page 18)
Jump up ^ "Kho Jabing executed at 3.30pm, first execution in Singapore not carried out at dawn of Friday". The Online Citizen. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Ho, Peng Kee, Singapore Parliamentary Reports, 11th Parliament, Session 1, Volume 83, 23 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Chen, Sharon (2012-11-14). "Singapore Amends Death Penalty Law to Exempt Some Offences". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Singapore: The death penalty - A hidden toll of executions" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2004-01-14. Retrieved 2007-12-29. Amnesty International recognizes the need to combat drug trafficking, and the harm that illicit drugs can cause. However there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty deters would-be traffickers more effectively than other punishments; Amnesty International is gravely concerned that such presumptions erode the right to a fair trial, increasing the risk that an innocent person may be executed, particularly as the law provides for a mandatory death sentence; Amnesty International opposes the death penalty worldwide in all cases without exception; Relatives have informed Amnesty International that prisoners under sentence of death are kept in strict isolation in individual cells measuring approximately three square meters. The cells are thought to have walls on three sides, with bars on the remaining side. Cells are sparse, furnished only with a toilet and a mat for sleeping, but no bedding. Inmates are allowed the use of a bucket for washing; They may receive one 20-minute visit per week in a special area where they are separated from visitors by a thick pane of glass and have to communicate via a telephone. About four days before the execution date, as a special concession, prisoners are permitted to watch television or listen to the radio and are given meals of their choice, within the prison’s budget. They are also allowed extra visits from relatives but no physical contact is permitted at any time before the execution; In July 2001 then parliamentarian and prominent human rights campaigner, J.B. Jeyaretnam, called for a parliamentary debate about the case of a drug user who was facing execution, urging the Cabinet to consider various aspects of the case during examination of his clemency appeal. J.B. Jeyaretnam was given just a few minutes to speak before his arguments were rebutted by the Minister of State for Law and Home Affairs.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Written Answer to Parliamentary Question on Judicial Executions From 2004 to 2010, 21 October 2011, MHA Archived 5 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Prisons Annual Report 2011 Part 4 Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Singapore court rejects death-row Malaysian's appeal". According to official figures, there were four executions in 2011, two of them for drug-related offences
^ Jump up to: a b c Massive leap backwards as Singapore resumes executions
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/11/189707/malaysian-nigerian-men-hanged-singapore-drug-trafficking
Jump up ^ https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/05/20/kho-jabing-executed-at-3-30pm-first-execution-in-singapore-not-carried-out-at-dawn-of-friday/
Jump up ^ https://publichouse.sg/hanged-because-he-had-not-substantively-assisted-the-cnb/
Jump up ^ http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-executes-malaysian-for-drug-trafficking-9031266
Jump up ^ "More people executed in Singapore". The Age. Melbourne. AFP. 25 September 2003. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
Jump up ^ Shadrake, Alan (28 October 2005). "Nguyen executioner revealed". The Australian. Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia: News Limited. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2007. Mr Singh joined the British colonial prison service in the mid-1950s after arriving from Malaysia. When the long-established British hangman Mr Seymour retired, Singh, then 27, volunteered for the job. He was attracted by the bonus payment for executions. Mr Singh is credited with being the only executioner in the world to single-handedly hang 18 men in one day -- three at a time. They had been convicted of murdering four prison officers during a riot on the penal island of Pulau Senang in 1963. He also hanged seven condemned men within 90 minutes a few years later. They had been convicted in what became known as the "gold bars murders", in which a merchant and two employees were killed during a robbery. One of the most controversial executions in his career was the 1991 hanging of a young Filipina maid, Flor Contemplacion, who was convicted of the murder of a co-worker, Delia Maga, and her four-year-old son, on what many believed was shaky evidence. He carries out the executions wearing simple casual clothes, often just a T-shirt, shorts, sports shoes and knee-length socks. To mark his 500th hanging four years ago, four of his former colleagues turned up at his home to celebrate the event with a couple of bottles of Dom Perignon. Mr Singh boasts that he has never botched an execution. "Mr Seymour taught him just how long the drop should be according to weight and height and exactly where the knot should be placed at the back of the neck," his colleague said. "Death has always come instantaneously and painlessly. In that split second, at precisely 6am, it's all over."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Singapore Government's Response To Amnesty International's Report "Singapore - The Death Penalty: A Hidden Toll Of Executions"". Ministry of Home Affairs. 30 January 2004. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-30. Contrary to AI's claims, Singaporeans, not foreigners, were the majority of those executed in Singapore. From 1993 to 2003, 64% of those executed were Singaporeans. In the last five years, 73% executed were Singaporeans. Given that one in four residents in Singapore is a foreigner, it is not only false but mischievous to allege that a significant proportion of prisoners executed were foreigners; Although family members are not with the inmate at the moment of execution, they are informed four days before the executions (for foreigners, the families and embassy will be informed earlier, usually seven to fourteen days) and allowed daily visits lasting up to four hours for each visit during these four days. The execution is carried out in the presence of a Prison medical doctor. Upon request, a priest or a religious minister is allowed to be present, to pray for the person to be executed; Our prison conditions are spartan but adequate. Visiting Justices, who are prominent members of the community, conduct regular unannounced visits to the prison institutions to make sure that prisoners, including those on death row, are not ill-treated. It is not true that prisoners are not allowed to exercise. All prisoners, including condemned prisoners, are entitled to their daily exercises. In fact, there are two exercise yards dedicated for this use. They are normally allowed to exercise twice a day, half an hour each time, one or two at a time.
Jump up ^ Cap. 68, 1985 Rev. Ed.
Jump up ^ "Singapore stands by hanging". 21 November 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
Jump up ^ Rita Zahara (29 December 2006). "19 murders in first 11 months of 2006, one more than same period in 2005". Channel NewsAsia.
Jump up ^ Abu Baker, Jalelah (16 January 2015). "Murderer fails to escape the gallows: 6 other cases involving the revised death penalty laws". Straits Times. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Death Penalty Shrouded In Silence". Reuters. 12 April 2002. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
Jump up ^ Cap. 224, 1985 Rev. Ed.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Statutes Online - Results". statutes.agc.gov.sg. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ Cap. 14, 1998 Rev. Ed.
Jump up ^ Cap. 185, 2001 Rev. Ed.
Jump up ^ SECOND SCHEDULE - OFFENCES PUNISHABLE ON CONVICTION
Jump up ^ "Results on Poll: Would you support a total abolishment of the death sentence?". Five Stars And a Moon. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Drug Addiction and Rehabilitation in Draconian Singapore". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Singapore". The Global SMART programme. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
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Jump up ^ Cap. 151, 1999 Rev. Ed.
Jump up ^ Baradan Kuppusamy (3 December 2007). "DEATH PENALTY-SINGAPORE: Stand at UN Leaves Many Angered". IPS.
Jump up ^ Tan Kong Soon (19 July 2001). "Death Penalty Case Gets an Airing in Parliament". Think Centre. Retrieved 2007-12-30. The Parliamentary session of July 11, 2001 saw a veteran politician broach the issue of clemency for a death row-bound, Malay male convicted of drugs trafficking; Within the span of allocated time, JBJ managed to raise only three points of the clemency plea before interrupted by the Speaker of the House; Rising to reply JBJ’s tirades was the Minister of State for Law and Home Affairs Associate Professor Ho Peng Kee.
^ Jump up to: a b Aglionby, John (8 May 2005). "Singapore finally finds a voice in death row protest". World. London: The Observer. Retrieved 2007-12-30. Murugesu, 38, a former jet ski champion, military veteran and civil servant, was arrested in August 2003 after six packets containing a total of just over a kilo of cannabis were found in his bags when he returned home after a trip to Malaysia. He admitted to knowing about one of the packets, containing 300g, but nothing about the others; The government clearly does not want the campaign gathering momentum. The partially state-owned local media ignored the vigil and the police shut down the open mike session just as the first person was getting into his stride.
Jump up ^ "IR Legislation; Death Row in Singapore". The Law Report. Melbourne: ABC Radio National. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-30. [...] he was caught for one one kilogram of cannabis which is what he was charged for, although he admitted only one packet.
Jump up ^ Martin Abbugao (AFP) (16 May 2005). "Singapore anti-death penalty fight lives on". World. Hong Kong: The Standard. Retrieved 2007-12-30. In an example of the extent authorities still monitor dissenters, an "open mike session" at the vigil in which the audience was invited to speak was abruptly ended just after the first speaker began to talk. Organizers said plainclothes police officers stepped in and asked them to scrap that portion of the program.The death row is about a couple weeks long, and only one appeal is permitted
Jump up ^ Butcher, Steve (4 December 2005). "End death penalty: Singapore nun". Melbourne: The Age.
Jump up ^ Gibson, William (September 1993). "Disneyland with the Death Penalty". Wired.
Jump up ^ England, Vaudine (20 July 2010). "British death penalty author freed on bail in Singapore". BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "British author of death penalty book held in Singapore". BBC News. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
Jump up ^ British author jailed for contempt by Singapore court, The Guardian, 16 November 2010
Jump up ^ "British author Alan Shadrake jailed in Singapore". Telegraph. London. 16 Nov 2010. Retrieved 16 Nov 2010.
Jump up ^ Guardian, as above
Jump up ^ Shadrake v. Attorney-General [2011] SGCA 26, [2011] 3 S.L.R. 778, Court of Appeal (Singapore)
Jump up ^ Ansley Ng (2006-01-13). "Singapore's Law Society to give death penalty a fair airing". Today (Singapore newspaper).
Jump up ^ Extract of the Council’s Report on the proposed Penal Code Amendments submitted to the Ministry of Home Affairs, March 30, 2007, lawsociety.org Archived 16 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Drug trafficking 'deserves death penalty': Singapore PM". ABC News Online. 29 November 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
Jump up ^ Deen, Thalif (1 November 2007). "Death Penalty Threatens to Split World Body". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg, DNA - Manhattan News March 26, 2012
Jump up ^ Newt Gingrich on Singapore's Drug laws (2012 interview)
Jump up ^ Newt Gingrich on U.S. drug policy and drug laws
Jump up ^ Rita Zahara (19 May 2006). "Kallang body parts murderer gets death sentence". Channel NewsAsia.
Jump up ^ "Property agents obliged to reveal history of flat?". 2 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Valarie Tan (2007-01-24). ""One-Eyed Dragon" asked to be hanged to stop death threats on family". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28.
Jump up ^ "One-eye Dragon hanged". Straits Times. 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Document - Singapore: Further information on death penalty: Tong Ching-man (f), 24, unemployed waitress; Lam Cheuk-wang, 25, car park attendant; and new name: Poon Yuen-chung, (f), 22, sales assistant". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Tan Ee Lyn (1995-01-07). "mother hanged as drug-runner". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Singapore: Further information on death penalty: Angel Mou Puipeng | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
Jump up ^ John Aglionby in Singapore (7 May 2005). "Singapore finally finds a voice in death row protest | World news | The Observer". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Singaporean drug trafficker executed at Changi Prison for heroin offence". The Straits Times. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
Aglionby, John (8 May 2005). "Singapore finally finds a voice in death row protest". London: The Observer. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
"Singapore death penalty shrouded in silence". Reuters. 12 April 2002.
"Singapore clings to death penalty". Agence France-Presse. 21 November 2005.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Capital punishment in Singapore
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Singapore — The death penalty: A hidden toll of executions from Amnesty International
The Singapore Government's Response To Amnesty International's Report from 30 January 2004
Asia Death Penalty monitors the death penalty in Asia, including in Singapore
Singapore: Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.
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text:
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cartoonist W. A. Rogers in 1906 sees the political uses of Oz: he depicts William Randolph Hearst as Scarecrow stuck in his own Ooze in Harper's Weekly
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz include treatments of the modern fairy tale (written by L. Frank Baum and first published in 1900) as an allegory or metaphor for the political, economic, and social events of America in the 1890s. Scholars have examined four quite different versions of Oz: the novel of 1900,[1] the Broadway play of 1901,[2] the Hollywood film of 1939,[3] and the numerous follow-up Oz novels written after 1900 by Baum and others.[4]
The political interpretations focus on the first three, and emphasize the close relationship between the visual images and the story line to the political interests of the day. Biographers report that Baum had been a political activist in the 1890s with a special interest in the money question of gold and silver, and the illustrator Denslow was a full-time editorial cartoonist for a major daily newspaper. For the 1901 Broadway production Baum inserted explicit references to prominent political characters such as President Theodore Roosevelt.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 References
3 Bibliography
4 Further reading
Overview[edit]
In a 1964 article,[5] educator and historian Henry Littlefield outlined an allegory in the book of the late 19th-century debate regarding monetary policy. According to this view, for instance, the Yellow Brick Road represents the gold standard, and the silver slippers (ruby in the 1939 film version) represent the Silverite sixteen to one silver ratio (dancing down the road).
The thesis achieved considerable popular interest and elaboration by many scholars in history, economics and other fields,[6] but that thesis has been challenged.[7][8][9] Certainly the 1901 musical version of Oz written by Baum, was for an adult audience and had numerous explicit references to contemporary politics,[2] though in these references Baum seems just to have been "playing for laughs".[10] The 1902 stage adaptation mentioned, by name, President Theodore Roosevelt and other political celebrities.[11] For example, the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller", the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."[2]
Littlefield's knowledge of the 1890s was thin, and he made numerous errors, but since his article was published, scholars in history,[8] political science,[1] and economics[7] have asserted that the images and characters used by Baum closely resemble political images that were well known in the 1890s. Quentin Taylor, for example, claimed that many of the events and characters of the book resemble the actual political personalities, events and ideas of the 1890s.[11] Dorothy—naïve, young and simple—represents the American people. She is Everyman, led astray and seeking the way back home.[11] Moreover, following the road of gold leads eventually only to the Emerald City, which may symbolize the fraudulent world of greenback paper money that only pretends to have value.[11] It is ruled by a scheming politician (the Wizard) who uses publicity devices and tricks to fool the people (and even the Good Witches) into believing he is benevolent, wise, and powerful when really he is a selfish, evil humbug. He sends Dorothy into severe danger hoping she will rid him of his enemy the Wicked Witch of the West. He is powerless and, as he admits to Dorothy, "I'm a very bad Wizard".[12]
Historian Quentin Taylor sees additional metaphors, including:
The Scarecrow as a representation of American farmers and their troubles in the late 19th century
The Tin Man representing the industrial workers, especially those of American steel industries
The Cowardly Lion as a metaphor for William Jennings Bryan
Taylor also claimed a sort of iconography for the cyclone: it was used in the 1890s as a metaphor for a political revolution that would transform the drab country into a land of color and unlimited prosperity. It was also used by editorial cartoonists of the 1890s to represent political upheaval.[11]
Other putative allegorical devices of the book include the Wicked Witch of the West as a figure for the actual American West; if this is true, then the Winged Monkeys could represent another western danger: Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The King of the Winged Monkeys tells Dorothy, "Once we were a free people, living happily in the great forest, flying from tree to tree, eating nuts and fruit and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master. ... This was many years ago, long before Oz came out of the clouds to rule over this land."[10]
In fact, Baum proposed in two editorials he wrote in December 1890 for his newspaper, the Saturday Pioneer, the total genocidal slaughter of all remaining indigenous peoples. "The Whites," Baum wrote, "by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians. Why not annihilation?"[13][14]
Other writers have used the same evidence to lead to precisely opposite allegorical interpretations.[8]
Apart from intentional symbolism, scholars have speculated on the sources of Baum's ideas and imagery. The "man behind the curtain" could be a reference to automated store window displays of the sort famous at Christmas season in big city department stores; many people watching the fancy clockwork motions of animals and mannequins thought there must be an operator behind the curtain pulling the levers to make them move (Baum was the editor of the trade magazine read by window dressers).[15]
Additional allegories have been developed, without claims that they were originally intended by Baum. The text has been treated as a theosophical allegory.[16] In 1993, W. Geoffrey Seeley recast the story as an exercise in treachery, suggesting the supposed "Good Witch Glinda" used an innocent, ignorant patsy (Dorothy) to overthrow both her own sister witch (Witch of the West) and the Wizard of Oz, leaving herself as undisputed master of all four corners of Oz: North, East, West and South (and presumably the Emerald City). She even showed her truest "Machiavellian brilliance" by allowing the story to be entitled after the weakest of her three opponents. Glinda could have told Dorothy that the "silver slippers would easily do the job [of returning Dorothy to her beloved home] but decided that a destabilizing force such as Dorothy might be just the thing to shake up her other rival [The Wizard of Oz]."[17] Kassinger, in her book Gold: From Greek Myth to Computer Chips, purports that "The Wizard symbolizes bankers who support the gold standard and oppose adding silver to it... Only Dorothy's silver slippers can take her home to Kansas," meaning that by Dorothy not realizing that she had the silver slippers the whole time, Dorothy, or "the westerners", never realized they already had a viable currency of the people.[18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Ritter, Gretchen (August 1997). "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics". Journal of American Studies. 31 (2): 171–203. JSTOR 27556260. doi:10.1017/s0021875897005628.
^ Jump up to: a b c Swartz, Mark Evan (2000). Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" on Stage and Screen to 1939. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6477-1.
Jump up ^ Olson, James (2001). Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression, 1929–1940. Greenwood. pp. 315–316. ISBN 0-313-30618-4.
Jump up ^ Hearn, Michael Patrick, ed. (2000). The Annotated Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04992-2.
Jump up ^ Littlefield, Henry (1964). "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism" (PDF). American Quarterly. 16 (1): 47–58. doi:10.2307/2710826. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
Jump up ^ Sanders, Mitch (July 1991). "Setting the Standards on the Road to Oz". The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association: 1042–1050. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Hansen, Bradley A. (2002). "The Fable of the Allegory: The Wizard of Oz in Economics" (PDF). Journal of Economic Education. 33 (3). JSTOR 1183440. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2003. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c Parker, David B. (1994). "The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a 'Parable on Populism'". Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians. 15: 49–63. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Jump up ^ Gjovaag, Eric (2006). "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Frequently Asked Questions: About The Oz Books". The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Dighe, Ranjit S., ed. (2002). The historian's Wizard of Oz: reading L. Frank Baum's classic as a political and Monetary Allegory. ISBN 0-275-97418-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Taylor, Quentin P. (2004-12-02). "Money and Politics in the Land of Oz". The Independent Institute. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Jump up ^ Baum, L. Frank; Denslow, William Wallace; Hearn, Michael Patrick (2000), Denslow, William Wallace; Hearn, Michael Patrick, eds., The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, W. W. Norton & Company, p. 271, ISBN 9780393049923
Jump up ^ Byrd, Jodi A. (Spring 2007). "'Living My Native Life Deadly': Red Lake, Ward Churchill, and the Discourses of Competing Genocides". American Indian Quarterly. 31 (2): 310–332; 319.
Jump up ^ Hastings, A. Waller. "L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation". Northern.edu. Complete text of Baum's editorials. Archived from the original on August 13, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Culver, Stuart (1988). "What Manikins Want: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors". Representations. 21: 97–116. doi:10.1525/rep.1988.21.1.99p02045.
Jump up ^ Algeo, John (1988). "Oz and Kansas: A Theosophical Quest". In Gannon, Susan R.; Thompson, Ruth Anne. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Children's Literature Association. Kansas City: University of Missouri. pp. 135–39. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Jump up ^ Seeley, W. Geoffrey (1993-12-26). "The Geo-Politics of Oz; Now It Can Be Told! Treachery, Tin Men, Hegemony and Toto". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Jump up ^ Kassinger, Ruth (2003). Gold: From Greek Myth to Computer Chips. 21st Century. ISBN 0-7613-2110-1.
Bibliography[edit]
Barrett, Laura (March 22, 2006). "From Wonderland to Wasteland: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The Great Gatsby, and the New American Fairy Tale". Papers on Language and Literature. Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Baum, L. Frank. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), online edition with black and white illustrations; online version from Gutenberg, without illustrations; online version with color illustrations
Blythe, Martin (2006). "Oz is China: A Political Fable of Chinese Dragons and White Tigers". Sexual Fables. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Bernstein, Robin (2011). Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights,. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8708-3.
Clanton, Gene (1991). Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890–1900. Twayne Pub. ISBN 0-8057-9744-0.
Culver, Stuart (1992). "Growing Up in Oz". American Literary History. 4 (4). JSTOR 489788.
Erisman, Fred L. (1968). "L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma". American Quarterly. 20 (3): 616–623. JSTOR 2711021. doi:10.2307/2711021.
Gessel, Michael; Koupal, Nancy Tystad; Erisman, Fred (2001). "The Politics of Oz: a Symposium". South Dakota History. 31 (2): 146–168. ISSN 0361-8676.
Gilead, Sarah (March 1991). "Magic Abjured: Closure in Children's Fantasy Fiction". PMLA. 106 (2). JSTOR 462663.
Griswold, Jerry (1987). "There's No Place But Home: The Wizard of Oz". The Antioch Review. 45 (4): 462–75. doi:10.2307/4611799.
Jahangir, Rumeana (2009-03-17). "Secrets of the Wizard of Oz". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Jensen, Richard (1971). The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-39825-0. chapter 10
Karp, Andrew (1998). "Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baum's Oz". Utopian Studies. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Kim, Helen M. (1996). "Strategic Credulity: Oz as Mass Cultural Parable". Cultural Critique (33): 213–233. JSTOR 1354392.
Leach, William. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (1993), pp. 248–260. excerpt and text search
Leach, William. "The Clown from Syracuse: The Life and Times of L. Frank Baum. " introduction to Leach, ed. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 1991. pp 1–34.
Nesbet, Anne (2001). "In Borrowed Balloons: The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation". The Slavic and East European Journal. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages. 45 (1): 80–95. JSTOR 3086411. doi:10.2307/3086411.
Riley, Michael O. (1997). Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. University of Kansas Press. ISBN 0-7006-0832-X.
Ritter, Gretchen (1999). Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65392-4.
Rockoff, Hugh (August 1990). "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory" (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 98 (4). JSTOR 2937766. doi:10.1086/261704.
Velde, Francois R. (2002). "Following the Yellow Brick Road: How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard". Economic Perspectives. 26 (2). SSRN 377760  . doi:10.2139/ssrn.377760.
Ziaukas, Tim (1998). "100 Years of Oz: Baum's 'Wizard of Oz' as Gilded Age Public Relations". Public Relations Quarterly. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Further reading[edit]
The Yellow Brick Road to Utopia—a comparison of the book and film
Pros and cons of Oz as an allegory
[show]
v
t
e
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Canonical books
L. Frank Baum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Ruth Plumly
Thompson
The Royal Book of Oz (1921)
Kabumpo in Oz (1922)
The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)
Grampa in Oz (1924)
The Lost King of Oz (1925)
The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)
The Gnome King of Oz (1927)
The Giant Horse of Oz (1928)
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)
The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)
Pirates in Oz (1931)
The Purple Prince of Oz (1932)
Ojo in Oz (1933)
Speedy in Oz (1934)
The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)
Captain Salt in Oz (1936)
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937)
The Silver Princess in Oz (1938)
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)
Others
The Wonder City of Oz (1940)
The Scalawagons of Oz (1941)
Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942)
The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)
The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)
The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)
Merry Go Round in Oz (1963)
Yankee in Oz (1972)
The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)
The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)
The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)
The Giant Garden of Oz (1993)
The Runaway in Oz (1995)
The Rundelstone of Oz (2000)
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Alternate
Dorothy of Oz (1989)
Locations
and elements
Land of Oz
Emerald City
Munchkin Country
Gillikin Country
Winkie Country
Quadling Country
Yellow brick road
Oogaboo
Deadly Desert
Nonestica
Forest of Burzee
Land of Ev
Merryland
Mo
Ix
Nome Kingdom
Noland
Ruby slippers
Silver Shoes
Apocrypha
The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
Characters
Dorothy Gale
Toto
Princess Ozma
The Wizard of Oz
Scarecrow
Tin Woodman
Cowardly Lion
Jack Pumpkinhead
Tik-Tok
Sawhorse
Trot
Hungry Tiger
Good Witch of the North
Glinda, the Good Witch of the South
Wicked Witch of the West
Wicked Witch of the East
Aunt Em
Uncle Henry
Betsy Bobbin
Billina
Boq
Button-Bright
Cap'n Bill
Eureka
Herby
Jellia Jamb
Jenny Jump
Jinjur
Jinnicky the Red Jinn
John Dough
Kabumpo
Mombi
Munchkins
Nome King
Ojo the Lucky
Pastoria
Patchwork Girl
Peter Brown
Pigasus
Polychrome
Queen Lurline
Shaggy Man
Soldier with the Green Whiskers
Winged monkeys
Woggle-Bug
Other writers
Authors
John R. Neill
Jack Snow
Rachel Cosgrove Payes
Eloise Jarvis McGraw
Dick Martin
Alexander Volkov
Gregory Maguire
Sherwood Smith
Roger S. Baum
Illustrators
William Wallace Denslow
Frank Kramer
Dirk Gringhuis
Dick Martin
Eric Shanower
William Stout
[show]
Adaptations and other derivative works
Films
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910)
Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz (1910)
The Land of Oz (1910)
John Dough and the Cherub (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)
The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914)
The Wizard of Oz (1925)
The Wizard of Oz (1933)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Return to Oz (1964)
The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)
Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971)
Journey Back to Oz (1974)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1975)
The Wiz (1978)
The Wizard of Oz (1982)
Return to Oz (1985)
Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987)
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990)
Lion of Oz (2000)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2011)
After the Wizard (2011)
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)
Ozland (2014)
Guardians of Oz (2015)
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)
Stage
The Wizard of Oz (1902)
The Woggle-Bug (1905)
The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913)
The Wizard of Oz (1942)
The Wiz (1974)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981)
The Wizard of Oz (1987)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2000)
The Wizard of Oz (2011)
The Woodsman (2012)
Television
Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961)
Off to See the Wizard (1967)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986)
The Wizard of Oz (1990)
The Oz Kids (1996)
Lost in Oz (2002)
Once Upon a Time (since 2011)
The Wiz Live! (2015)
Lost In Oz (2015)
Emerald City (2017)
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017)
Comics
Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05)
Adventures in Oz (1986–92)
The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986)
Oz Squad (1991)
Lost Girls (1991–92)
Oz (1994)
Dorothy of Oz (2006)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009)
Video
games
The Wizard of Oz (1993)
The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008)
Emerald City Confidential (2009)
Parodies
The Wozard of Iz
Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's
Wizard of Odd
Reimagining
The Wizard of Mars (1965)
Hunter (1973)
Zardoz (1974)
Oz (1976)
The Number of the Beast (1980)
A Barnstormer in Oz (1982)
The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987)
The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1990)
Twister (1994)
The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass (1997)
Tin Man (2007)
Dorothy Must Die (2014)
The Wicked Will Rise (2015)
The Wicked
Years
Wicked
Son of a Witch
A Lion Among Men
Out of Oz
Wicked (musical)
Characters
Others
Rainbow Road to Oz
MÄR
The Wizard of Oz (pinball)
The Wizard of Oz (arcade game)
Related
The International Wizard of Oz Club
The Baum Bugle
Category
Portal
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