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Climate of Antarctica
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Surface temperature of Antarctica in winter and summer from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
Antarctica has the coldest climate on the Earth. Antarctica's lowest air temperature record was set on 21 July 1983, with −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station.[1] Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, down to −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) at the cloud free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010.[2] It is also extremely dry (technically a desert), averaging 166 mm (6.5 in) of precipitation per year. On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, because of the katabatic winds. Most of Antarctica has an ice cap climate (Köppen EF) with very cold, generally extremely dry weather.
Contents
[hide]
1 Temperature
2 Precipitation
2.1 Weather condition classification
3 Ice cover
3.1 Ice shelves
4 Global warming
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
8.1 Climate
8.2 Climate change in Antarctica
8.3 Antarctic ice
Temperature[edit]
The Antarctic temperature changes during the last several glacial and interglacial cycles of the present ice age
The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) was on 21 July 1983 at Vostok Station.[3][4] For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (19.3 °F) colder than subliming dry ice (at sea level pressure). The altitude of the location is 3,900 meters (12,800 feet).
The lowest recorded temperature of any location on Earth's surface was −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) at 81°48′S 63°30′E / 81.8°S 63.5°E / -81.8; 63.5, which is on an unnamed Antarctic plateau between Dome A and Dome F, on 10 August 2010. The temperature was deduced from radiance measured by the Landsat 8 satellite, and discovered during a National Snow and Ice Data Center review of stored data in December, 2013.[5][6] This temperature is not directly comparable to the -89.2 quoted above, since it is a skin temperature deduced from satellite-measured upwelling radiance, rather than a thermometer-measured temperature of the air 1.5 m (4.9 ft) above the ground surface.
On the coast Antarctic average temperatures are around -10°C (in the warmest parts of Antarctica) and in the elevated inland they average about -55°C in Vostok.[7][8][9]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) at Esperanza Base, on the Antarctic Peninsula, on 24 March 2015.[10] The mean annual temperature of the interior is −57 °C (−70.6 °F). The coast is warmer. Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from −26 °C (−14.8 °F) in August to −3 °C (26.6 °F) in January.[11] At the South Pole, the highest temperature ever recorded was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on 25 December 2011.[12] Along the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures as high as 15 °C (59 °F) have been recorded,[clarification needed] though the summer temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F) most of the time. Severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean. East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation.[citation needed] The Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate. Higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing.
Precipitation[edit]
Map of average annual precipitation on Antarctica (mm liquid equivalent)
The total precipitation on Antarctica, averaged over the entire continent, is about 166 millimetres (6.5 inches) per year (Vaughan et al., J Climate, 1999). The actual rates vary widely, from high values over the Peninsula (15 to 25 inches a year) to very low values (as little as 50 millimetres (2.0 inches) in the high interior (Bromwich, Reviews of Geophysics, 1988). Areas that receive less than 250 millimetres (9.8 inches) of precipitation per year are classified as deserts. Almost all Antarctic precipitation falls as snow.[13] Rainfall is rare and mainly occurs during the summer in coastal areas and surrounding islands.[13] Note that the quoted precipitation is a measure of its equivalence to water, rather than being the actual depth of snow. The air in Antarctica is also very dry. The low temperatures result in a very low absolute humidity, which means that dry skin and cracked lips are a continual problem for scientists and expeditioners working in the continent.
Weather condition classification[edit]
See also: Antarctica Weather Danger Classification
The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable, and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time. There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation. In Antarctic, there are different stations scattered everywhere in Antarctica, 16 total in Antarctica (Amery, Burger Hills, Cape Poinsett, Casey, Davis, Dumont D'urville, Haupt Nunatak, Law Dome, Mawson, McMurdo, Mirnyj, Novolazarevskaja, Skiway South, Syowa, Whoop Whoop and Wilkins Runway) and one in sub-Antarctica (Macquarie Island). The three places that have the lowest temperature are Amery, Law Dome and Wilkins Runway (temperature in order: -24.1, -12.8,-10.2).[14][15][16][17]
Ice cover[edit]
Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is, on average, a mile thick or more (1.6 km). Antarctica contains 90% of the world's ice and more than 70% of its fresh water. If all the land-ice covering Antarctica were to melt — around 30 million cubic kilometres (7.2 million cubic miles) of ice — the seas would rise by over 60 metres (200 feet).[18] This is, however, very unlikely within the next few centuries. The Antarctic is so cold that even with increases of a few degrees, temperatures would generally remain below the melting point of ice. Higher temperatures are expected to lead to more snow, which would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica, offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans.[19] During a recent decade, East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 1.8 centimetres per year while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 0.9 centimetres per year.[20] For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change, see sea level rise. Because ice flows, albeit slowly, the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself.
Morphometric data for Antarctica (from Drewry, 1983)
Surface
Area
(km²)
Percent
Mean ice thickness
(m)
Volume
(km³)
Percent
Inland ice sheet 11,965,700 85.97 2,450 29,324,700 97.00
Ice shelves 1,541,710 11.08 475 731,900 2.43
Ice rises 78,970 .57 670 53,100 .18
Glacier ice (total)
13,586,380 2,160 30,109,800¹
Rock outcrop 331,690 2.38
Antarctica (total)
13,918,070 100.00 2,160 30,109,800¹ 100.00
¹The total ice volume is different from the sum of the component parts because individual figures have been rounded.
Regional ice data (from Drewry and others, 1982; Drewry, 1983)
Region
Area
(km²)
Mean ice
thickness
(m)
Volume
(km³)
East Antarctica
Inland ice 9,855,570 2,630 25,920,100
Ice shelves 293,510 400 117,400
Ice rises 4,090 400 1,600
West Antarctica (excluding Antarctic Peninsula)
Inland ice sheet 1,809,760 1,780 3,221,400
Ice shelves 104,860 375 39,300
Ice rises 3,550 375 1,300
Antarctic Peninsula
Inland ice sheet 300,380 610 183,200
Ice shelves 144,750 300 43,400
Ice rises 1,570 300 500
Ross Ice Shelf
Ice shelf 525,840 427 224,500
Ice rises 10,320 500 5,100
Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
Ice shelf 472,760 650 307,300
Ice rises 59,440 750 44,600
Ice shelves[edit]
This section needs attention from an expert in glaciers. The specific problem is: unintelligible English and lack of clarity. WikiProject Glaciers may be able to help recruit an expert. (April 2017)
Antarctic ice shelves, 1998
About 75% of the coastline of Antarctica is ice shelves. The utmost parts consist of floating ice until the grounding line of land based glaciers is reached, which is determined through affords such as Operation IceBridge. Ice shelves lose mass through iceberg breakup (calving), or basal melting (at the foot of the glacier, when warm ocean water impacts), and this can affect ice sheet stability when the land based glaciers start to retreat; melting or breakup of floating shelf ice does not directly affect global sea levels, however, when sea ice freezes, it preferentially expels salt, in the process becoming purer than the sea water it is floating in. Pure water is less dense than salty water, so when the ice melts it will overflow the 'hole in the water' that the ice had occupied, and when it overflows, it raises the water level.[21][22]
Known changes in coastline ice:
Around the Antarctic Peninsula:
1936–1989: Wordie Ice Shelf significantly reduced in size.
1995: Ice in the Prince Gustav Channel disintegrated.
Parts of the Larsen Ice Shelf broke up in recent decades.
1995: The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995.
2001: 3,250 square kilometres (1,250 square miles) of the Larsen B ice shelf disintegrated in February 2001. It had been gradually retreating before the breakup event.
2015: A study concluded that the remaining Larsen B ice-shelf will disintegrate by the end of the decade, based on observations of faster flow and rapid thinning of glaciers in the area.[23]
The George VI Ice Shelf, which may be on the brink of instability,[24] has probably existed for approximately 8,000 years, after melting 1,500 years earlier.[25] Warm ocean currents may have been the cause of the melting.[26] Not only the ice sheets are losing mass, but they are losing mass at an accelerating rate.[27]
Global warming[edit]
Main article: Global warming in Antarctica
Antarctic Skin Temperature Trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal infrared observations made by a series of NOAA satellite sensors. Skin temperature trends do not necessarily reflect air temperature trends.
The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.[28][29][30][31] The West Antarctic ice sheet has warmed by more than 0.1 °C/decade in the last 50 years, and is strongest in winter and spring. Although this is partly offset by fall cooling in East Antarctica, this effect is restricted to the 1980s and 1990s.[28][29][30]
Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change:
"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author. Some of the effects also could be natural variability, he said.[32]
The British Antarctic Survey, which has undertaken the majority of Britain's scientific research in the area, stated in 2009:[33]
West Antarctic ice loss could contribute to 1.4 metres (4 feet 7 inches) sea level rise
Antarctica predicted to warm by around 3 °C (5.4 °F) over this century
10% increase in sea ice around the Antarctic
Rapid ice loss in parts of the Antarctic
Warming of the Southern Ocean will cause changes in Antarctic ecosystem
Hole in ozone layer, which has shielded most of Antarctica from global warming
0 September 2007 NASA map showing previously un-melted snowmelt
The area of strongest cooling appears at the South Pole, and the region of strongest warming lies along the Antarctic Peninsula. A possible explanation is that loss of UV-absorbing ozone may have cooled the stratosphere and strengthened the polar vortex, a pattern of spinning winds around the South Pole. The vortex acts like an atmospheric barrier, preventing warmer, coastal air from moving into the continent's interior. A stronger polar vortex might explain the cooling trend in the interior of Antarctica.[34]
In their latest study (20 September 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.[35]
There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula.[36]
Researchers reported on 21 December 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010, the average temperature at the mile-high Byrd Station rose by 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), with warming fastest in its winter and spring. The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth. In 2015, the temperature showed changes but in a stable manner and the only months that have drastic change in that year are August and September. It also did show that the temperature was very stable throughout the year.[37][38][39][40]
See also[edit]
Antarctica cooling controversy
Global warming in Antarctica
Climate of the Arctic
Effects of global warming
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Polar amplification
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat (105).
Jump up ^ "World: Lowest Temperature - ASU World Meteorological Organization". asu.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16.
Jump up ^ Natasha Vizcarra (2013-12-09). "Landsat 8 helps unveil the coldest place on Earth". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos (2013-12-09). "Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite". BBC News Science & Environment. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Antarctic weather". www.antarctica.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Climate statistics for Australian locations". www.bom.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
Jump up ^ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Antarctica Climate data and graphs, South Pole, McMurdo and Vostok". coolantarctica.com.
Jump up ^ Matthew A. Lazzara (2011-12-28). "Preliminary Report: Record Temperatures at South Pole (and nearby AWS sites…)". Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "La Antártida" (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Latest Weather Observations for Antarctica". www.bom.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Weathering The Conditions" (PDF). The Antarctic Sun. 18 October 1997. p. 8. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jim Scott. "Weather and Travel" (PDF). Welcome to McMurdo Station. McMurdo Station. p. 6. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Field Manual" (PDF). Antarctica New Zealand. New Zealand Government. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis". Grida.no. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis". Grida.no. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ Davis; et al. (2005). "Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea-Level Rise,". Science. 308 (5730): 1898–1901. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1898D. doi:10.1126/science.1110662. PMID 15905362.
Jump up ^ "Does Melting Sea Ice Raise Sea Levels? - Peace Legacy". peacelegacy.org.
Jump up ^ E. Rignot; S. Jacobs; J. Mouginot; B. Scheuchl. "Ice-Shelf Melting Around Antarctica". Science. 341: 266–270. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..266R. doi:10.1126/science.1235798. PMID 23765278.
Jump up ^ NASA (14 May 2015). "NASA Study Shows Antarctica's Larsen B Ice Shelf Nearing Its Final Act".
Jump up ^ Mike Bentley; Dominic Hodgson. "Millennial-scale variability of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula". Natural Environment Research Council. Archived from the original on 12 September 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Bentley, M.J. (1), Hjort, C. (2) Ingolfsson, O. (3) and Sugden, D.E. (4). "Holocene Instability of the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula". Archived from the original on 20 October 2004. Retrieved June 8, 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Press Release – New Year?s Honours for British Antarctic Survey Personnel". British Antarctic Survey. 2006-01-05. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "NASA - Is Antarctica Melting?". www.nasa.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b Tenney Naumer. "Climate Change: The Next Generation". climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Retrieved=2009-01-22 Archived December 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7228/full/nature07669.html Retrieved=2009-01-22
Jump up ^ "Global warming hitting all of Antarctica: scientists". The Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ Antarctica study challenges warming skeptics, Jan 21, 2009
Jump up ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/press/press_releases/press_release.php?id=1065
Jump up ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17257
Jump up ^ "NASA - NASA Researchers Find Snowmelt in Antarctica Creeping Inland". nasa.gov.
Jump up ^ IPCC 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2007, page 376.
Jump up ^ Nicolas, Julien. "Reconstructed Byrd temperature record". polarmet.osu.edu.
Jump up ^ Witze, Alexandra (14 April 2014). "West Antarctica warming fast".
Jump up ^ "Map of Antarctica and annual spatial footprint of the Byrd temperature record. : Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth". Nature Geoscience. 6: 139–145. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..139B. doi:10.1038/ngeo1671.
Jump up ^ Bromwich, D. H.; Nicolas, J. P.; Monaghan, A. J.; Lazzara, M. A.; Keller, L. M.; Weidner, G. A.; Wilson, A. B. (2012). "Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth". Nature Geoscience. 6 (2): 139–145. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..139B. doi:10.1038/ngeo1671.
Sources
D. G. Vaughan; G. J. Marshall; W. M. Connolley; J. C. King; R. M. Mulvaney (2001). "Devil in the detail". Science. 293 (5536): 1777–9. doi:10.1126/science.1065116. PMID 11546858.
M.J. Bentley; D.A. Hodgson; D.E. Sugden; S.J. Roberts; J.A. Smith; M.J. Leng; C. Bryant (2005). "Early Holocene retreat of the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula". Geology. 33 (3): 173–6. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..173B. doi:10.1130/G21203.1.
Further reading[edit]
Warm Snap Turned Antarctica Green Around the Edges; Thawed-out continent was lined with trees 15 million years ago, study says. June 20, 2012 National Geographic
Taking Antarctica's temperature; Frozen continent may not be immune to global warming July 27, 2013; Vol.184 #2 Science News
External links[edit]
Climate[edit]
Climate data from Antarctic surface stations with trends
Temperature data from the READER project
A pamphlet about the weather and climate of Antarctica
Antarctica's central ice cap grows while glaciers melt
"AWS and AMRC Real-Time Weather Observations and Data". University of Wisconsin-Madison's Antarctic Weather Stations Project and Antarctic Meteorological Research Center. Retrieved May 31, 2005.
Antarctica Climate and Weather
Climate change in Antarctica[edit]
Western Antarctica warming confirmed December 23, 2012 USA Today
NASA experts explain ice melt in Antarctica (2014)
Antarctic ice[edit]
"Sea Ice Index – Trends in extent – Southern Hemisphere (Antarctic)". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved Jan 9, 2009.
"Coastal-Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica". USGS Fact Sheet 2005–3055. Retrieved May 31, 2005.
"Coastal-Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica". USGS Fact Sheet 050–98. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area, Antarctica; 1972–2001". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I-2600-E. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast area, Antarctica; 1972–2002". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I-2600-F. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Saunders Coast area, Antarctica; 1972–1997". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I-2600-G. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World – Antarctica". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-B. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
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text:
Muffet McGraw
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Muffet McGraw
Sport(s)
Women's college basketball
Current position
Title
Head coach
Team
Notre Dame
Conference
ACC
Record
800–229 (.777)
Biographical details
Born
(1955-12-05) December 5, 1955 (age 62)
Pottsville, Pennsylvania
Playing career
1974–1977
Saint Joseph's
1979–1980
California Dreams
Position(s)
Guard
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1977–1979
Archbishop Carroll HS
1980–1982
Saint Joseph's (asst.)
1982–1987
Lehigh
1987–present
Notre Dame
Head coaching record
Overall
888–270 (.767)
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
2× NCAA Division I Tournament (2001, 2018)
8× NCAA Regional – Final Four (1997, 2001, 2011–2015, 2018)
4× ACC Tournament (2014–2017)
5× ACC regular season (2014–2018)
Big East Tournament (2013)
3× Big East regular season (2001, 2012, 2013)
5× MCC Tournament (1989–1992, 1994)
5× MCC regular season (1989–1991, 1994, 1995)
ECC Tournament (1986)
ECC regular season (1986)
Awards
4× AP Coach of the Year (2001, 2013, 2014, 2018)
3× WBCA Coach of the Year (2001, 2013, 2014)
2× USBWA Coach of the Year (2001, 2014)
Naismith Coach of the Year (2001)
John R. Wooden Legends of Coaching Award (2017)
Basketball Hall of Fame
Inducted in 2017 (profile)
Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
Ann O'Brien "Muffet" McGraw (born December 5, 1955) is an American basketball coach, currently the head women's basketball coach at Notre Dame, where she has compiled an 800–229 (.777) record over 31 seasons. She has led her team to 8 Final Fours (1997, 2001, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018), and won the National Championship in 2001 and 2018. McGraw has led the Irish to 24 NCAA tournament appearances including a current streak of 22 straight. In the current streak, Notre Dame made it to the second round in all but one of the appearances. McGraw graduated from Saint Joseph's University and briefly played professionally for the California Dreams of the Women's Professional Basketball League.
McGraw has compiled 50 wins over ranked opponents, including 40 over the last 8 seasons. Her teams appeared in the AP poll 139 times during her tenure. Notre Dame finished in the Top 3 of the Big East in 9 out of the 11 seasons they were in the league and finished in first place in the Atlantic Coast Conference in all 4 seasons since they entered the conference. Notre Dame also received 11 consecutive Top 20 ranked recruiting classes.[citation needed] She is the 27th coach in NCAA history to win over 500 career games, and is currently the 10th head coach in NCAA Division I basketball history to reach 800 career wins.
McGraw was awarded the US Basketball Writers Association (USBWA) Coach of the Year award, the Women's Basketball Coaches Association Coach of the Year and the Naismith College Coach of the Year in 2001. She was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2017.[1][2][3][4] In 2016, the John R Wooden award committee recognized McGraw with the 2017 Legends of Coaching Award.[5]
On April 1, 2018 McGraw achieved her 800th career victory at Notre Dame with a win over the Mississippi State Bulldogs in the National Championship game, marking her second national title with the Fighting Irish. She holds a record of 888–270 (.767) over 36 years of coaching, the past 31 years at Notre Dame.
Contents
[hide]
1 Awards and honors
2 Head coaching record
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Awards and honors[edit]
2001—Naismith Coach of the Year
2001—AP College Basketball Coach of the Year[6]
2001—Russell Athletic/WBCA National Coach of the Year[3]
2009—Carol Eckman Award[7]
2011—Women's Basketball Hall of Fame[4]
2013—Naismith Women's College Coach of the Year[8]
2013—AP College Basketball Coach of the Year[8]
2013—Women's Basketball Coaches Association (WBCA) Division I Coach of the Year[8]
2014—espnW Coach of the Year[9]
2014—AP College Basketball Coach of the Year[10]
2014—USBWA Coach of the Year [11]
2014—Russell Athletic/WBCA National Coach of the Year[3]
2016—Legends of Coaching Award (2017)[5]
2017—Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame[12]
2018—AP College Basketball Coach of the Year
Head coaching record[edit]
Season
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason
Lehigh Engineers (East Coast Conference) (1982–1987)
1982–83 Lehigh 14–9
1983–84 Lehigh 13–9
1984–85 Lehigh 20–8
1985–86 Lehigh 24–4
1986–87 Lehigh 17–11
Lehigh: 88–41 (.682)
Notre Dame Fighting Irish (North Star Conference) (1987–1988)
1987–88 Notre Dame 20–8 7–3 2nd
Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Midwestern Collegiate Conference) (1988–1995)
1988–89 Notre Dame 21–11 12–2 T-1st WNIT Seventh Place
1989–90 Notre Dame 23–6 16–0 1st
1990–91 Notre Dame 23–9 15–1 1st WNIT Eighth Place
1991–92 Notre Dame 14–17 8–4 2nd NCAA First Round
1992–93 Notre Dame 15–12 11–5 T-2nd
1993–94 Notre Dame 22–7 10–2 1st NCAA First Round
1994–95 Notre Dame 21–10 15–1 1st WNIT Third Place
Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Big East Conference) (1995–2013)
1995–96 Notre Dame 23–8 15–3 2nd NCAA Second Round
1996–97 Notre Dame 31–7 17–1 2nd NCAA Final Four
1997–98 Notre Dame 22–10 12–6 T-4th NCAA Sweet Sixteen
1998–99 Notre Dame 26–5 15–3 3rd NCAA Second Round
1999–00 Notre Dame 27–5 15–1 2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen
2000–01 Notre Dame 34–2 15–1 T-1st NCAA Champions
2001–02 Notre Dame 20–10 13–3 2nd NCAA Second Round
2002–03 Notre Dame 21–11 10–6 T-5th NCAA Sweet Sixteen
2003–04 Notre Dame 21–11 12–4 T-2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen
2004–05 Notre Dame 27–6 13–3 T-2nd NCAA Second Round
2005–06 Notre Dame 18–12 8–8 10th NCAA First Round
2006–07 Notre Dame 20–12 10–6 T-5th NCAA Second Round
2007–08 Notre Dame 25–9 11–5 4th NCAA Sweet Sixteen
2008–09 Notre Dame 22–9 10–6 T-4th NCAA First Round
2009–10 Notre Dame 29–6 12–4 T-4th NCAA Sweet Sixteen
2010–11 Notre Dame 31–8 13–3 T-2nd NCAA Runner-Up
2011–12 Notre Dame 35–4 15–1 1st NCAA Runner-Up
2012–13 Notre Dame 35–2 16–0 1st NCAA Final Four
Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Atlantic Coast Conference) (2013–present)
2013–14 Notre Dame 37–1 16–0 1st NCAA Runner-Up
2014–15 Notre Dame 36–3 15–1 1st NCAA Runner-Up
2015–16 Notre Dame 33–2 16–0 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen
2016–17 Notre Dame 33–4 15–1 1st NCAA Elite Eight
2017–18 Notre Dame 35–3 15–1 T-1st NCAA Champions
Notre Dame: 800–229 (.777) 404–85 (.826)
Total: 888–270 (.767)[13]
National champion Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion
See also[edit]
List of college women's basketball coaches with 600 wins
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Naismith College Coach of the Year". Atlanta Tipoff Club. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "USBWA WOMEN'S HONORS". USBWA. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Past Russell Athletic/WBCA National Coaches of the Year". Women's Basketball Coaches Association. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Muffet McGraw". Women's Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 5, 2015. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b WNDU. "Muffet McGraw Named 2017 Wooden Legends of Coaching Award Recipient". Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Notre Dame's Muffet McGraw is AP Coach of the Year". CNS News. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Carol Eckman Award". Women's Basketball Coaches Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Muffet McGraw Sweeps National Coach Of The Year Honors". Notre Dame Athletics. April 9, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Smith, Michelle (March 14, 2014). "Stewart is espnW player of the year". ESPN. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Breanna Stewart wins as sophomore". ESPN. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S. BASKETBALL WRITERS AWARDS". U.S. Basketball Writers Association. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-women/article/2017-04-02/notre-dame-coach-muffet-mcgraws-road-basketball-hall-fame
Jump up ^ "Women's Basketball Coaches Career". NCAA. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "keyes" is not used in the content (see the help page).
External links[edit]
"Muffet McGraw – University of Notre Dame Official Athletics Site". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
[show]
v
t
e
Current women's basketball head coaches of the Atlantic Coast Conference
Joanna Bernabei-McNamee (Boston College)
Amanda Butler (Clemson)
Joanne P. McCallie (Duke)
Sue Semrau (Florida State)
MaChelle Joseph (Georgia Tech)
Jeff Walz (Louisville)
Katie Meier (Miami)
Wes Moore (NC State)
Sylvia Hatchell (North Carolina)
Muffet McGraw (Notre Dame)
Vacant (Pittsburgh)
Quentin Hillsman (Syracuse)
Kenny Brooks (Virginia Tech)
Tina Thompson (Virginia)
Jennifer Hoover (Wake Forest)
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball head coaches
Sharon Petro (1977–1980)
Mary DiStanislao (1980–1987)
Muffet McGraw (1987– )
[show]
v
t
e
Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball 2000–01 NCAA Champions
00 Ruth Riley (MOP)
3 Ericka Haney
4 Le'Tania Severe
5 Jeneka Joyce
11 Karen Swanson
22 Alicia Ratay
23 Monique Hernandez
31 Amanda Barksdale
33 Niele Ivey
41 Imani Dunbar
44 Meaghan Leahy
50 Kelley Siemon
Head Coach
Muffet McGraw
Assistant Coaches
Kevin McGuff
Coquese Washington
[show]
v
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e
Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball 2017–18 NCAA Champions
3 Marina Mabrey
5 Jackie Young
11 Brianna Turner
21 Kristina Nelson
23 Jessica Shepard
24 Arike Ogunbowale (MOP)
33 Kathryn Westbeld
Head Coach
Muffet McGraw
Assistant Coaches
Beth Cunningham
Niele Ivey
[show]
v
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e
Naismith College Coaches of the Year
Men's coaches
1987: Knight
1988: Brown
1989: Krzyzewski
1990: Cremins
1991: Ayers
1992: Krzyzewski
1993: D. Smith
1994: Richardson
1995: Harrick
1996: Calipari
1997: Williams
1998: Guthridge
1999: Krzyzewski
2000: Montgomery
2001: Barnes
2002: Howland
2003: T. Smith
2004: Martelli
2005: Weber
2006: Wright
2007: Bennett
2008: Calipari
2009: Dixon
2010: Boeheim
2011: Fisher
2012: Self
2013: Larrañaga
2014: Marshall
2015: Calipari
2016: Wright
2017: Few
2018: Bennett
Women's coaches
1987: Summitt
1988: Barmore
1989: Summitt
1990: VanDerveer
1991: Ryan
1992: Weller
1993: Stringer
1994: Summitt
1995: Auriemma
1996: Landers
1997: Auriemma
1998: Summitt
1999: Peck
2000: Auriemma
2001: McGraw
2002: Auriemma
2003: Goestenkors
2004: Summitt
2005: Chatman
2006: Hatchell
2007: Goestenkors
2008: Auriemma
2009: Auriemma
2010: Yori
2011: VanDerveer
2012: Mulkey
2013: McGraw
2014: McGraw
2015: Banghart
2016: Auriemma
2017: Auriemma
2018: Schaefer
[show]
v
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Associated Press College Women's Basketball Coach of the Year winners
1995: Auriemma
1996: Lee
1997: Auriemma
1998: Summitt
1999: Peck
2000: Auriemma
2001: McGraw
2002: Oldfield
2003: Auriemma
2004: Curl
2005: McCallie
2006: Hatchell
2007: Goestenkors
2008: Auriemma
2009: Auriemma
2010: Yori
2011: Auriemma, Meier & VanDerveer
2012: Mulkey
2013: McGraw
2014: McGraw
2015: Semrau
2016: Auriemma
2017: Auriemma
2018: McGraw
[show]
v
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e
Carol Eckman Award winners
1986: Mapp
1987: Conradt
1988: Yow
1989: Hill-McDonald
1990: Jeremiah
1991: Washington
1992: Hutchinson
1993: Stringer
1994: Gunter
1995: Barry
1996: Rutherford
1997: Ruley
1998: James
1999: Summons
2000: Delaney-Smith
2001: Simpson
2002: Stevens
2003: Sharp
2004: Kane
2005: Henrickson
2006: Goestenkors
2007: Grentz
2008: Bruno
2009: McGraw
2010: Cook
2011: Boyle
2012: Ramsey
2013: Ross
2014: Albright
2015: Bluder
[show]
v
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USBWA Women's National Coach of the Year Award winners
1990: VanDerveer
1991: Ryan
1992: Weller
1993: Foster
1994: Barry
1995: Auriemma
1996: Barmore
1997: Larry
1998: Summitt
1999: Peck
2000: Landers
2001: McGraw
2002: Oldfield
2003: Auriemma
2004: Curl
2005: Chatman
2006: Hatchell
2007: Goestenkors
2008: Auriemma
2009: Auriemma
2010: Yori
2011: Mulkey
2012: Mulkey
2013: McGraw
2014: McGraw
2015: Banghart
2016: Auriemma
2017: Auriemma
2018: Schaefer
[show]
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Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Players
Guards
R. Allen
Archibald
Beckman
Belov
Bing
Blazejowski
Borgmann
Brennan
Cervi
Cheeks
Clayton
Cooper-Dyke
Cousy
Dampier
Davies
Drexler
Dumars
Edwards
Frazier
Friedman
Galis
Gervin
Goodrich
Greer
Guerin
Hanson
Haynes
Holman
Hyatt
Isaacs
Iverson
Jeannette
D. Johnson
E. Johnson
K. Jones
S. Jones
Jordan
Kidd
Lieberman
Maravich
Marcari
Marčiulionis
Martin
McDermott
McGrady
D. McGuire
Meyers
R. Miller
Monroe
C. Murphy
Nash
Page
Payton
Petrović
Phillip
Posey
Richmond
Robertson
Rodgers
Roosma
J. Russell
Schommer
Scott
Sedran
Sharman
K. Smith
Staley
Steinmetz
Stockton
Swoopes
Thomas
Thompson
Vandivier
Wanzer
West
J. White
Wilkens
Woodard
Wooden
Forwards
Arizin
Barkley
Barry
Baylor
Bird
Bradley
R. Brown
Cunningham
Curry
Dalipagić
Dantley
DeBusschere
Dehnert
Endacott
English
Erving
Foster
Fulks
Gale
Gates
Gola
Hagan
Havlicek
Hawkins
Hayes
Haywood
Heinsohn
Hill
Howell
G. Johnson
King
Lucas
Luisetti
K. Malone
McClain
B. McCracken
J. McCracken
McGinnis
McHale
Mikkelsen
C. Miller
Mullin
Pettit
Pippen
Pollard
Radja
Ramsey
Rodman
Schayes
E. Schmidt
O. Schmidt
Stokes
C. Thompson
T. Thompson
Twyman
Walker
Washington
N. White
Wilkes
Wilkins
Worthy
Yardley
Centers
Abdul-Jabbar
Barlow
Beaty
Bellamy
Chamberlain
Ćosić
Cowens
Crawford
Daniels
DeBernardi
Donovan
Ewing
Gallatin
Gilmore
Gruenig
Harris-Stewart
Houbregs
Issel
W. Johnson
Johnston
M. Krause
Kurland
Lanier
Leslie
Lovellette
Lapchick
Macauley
M. Malone
McAdoo
Meneghin
Mikan
Mourning
S. Murphy
Mutombo
Olajuwon
O'Neal
Parish
Pereira
Reed
Risen
Robinson
B. Russell
Sabonis
Sampson
Semjonova
Thurmond
Unseld
Wachter
Walton
Yao
Coaches
Alexeeva
P. Allen
Anderson
Auerbach
Auriemma
Barmore
Barry
Blood
Boeheim
L. Brown
Calhoun
Calipari
Cann
Carlson
Carnesecca
Carnevale
Carril
Case
Chancellor
Chaney
Conradt
Crum
Daly
Dean
Díaz-Miguel
Diddle
Drake
Driesell
Ferrándiz
Gaines
Gamba
Gardner
Gaze
Gill
Gomelsky
Gunter
Hannum
Harshman
Haskins
Hatchell
Heinsohn
Hickey
Hobson
Holzman
Hughes
Hurley
Iba
Izzo
P. Jackson
Julian
Keaney
Keogan
Knight
Krzyzewski
Kundla
Lambert
Leonard
Lewis
Litwack
Loeffler
Lonborg
Magee
McCutchan
McGraw
A. McGuire
F. McGuire
McLendon
Meanwell
Meyer
Miller
Moore
Nelson
Nikolić
Novosel
Olson
Pitino
Ramsay
Richardson
Riley
Rubini
Rupp
Rush
Sachs
Self
Sharman
Shelton
Sloan
D. Smith
Stringer
Summitt
Tarkanian
Taylor
Teague
J. Thompson
VanDerveer
Wade
Watts
Wilkens
G. Williams
R. Williams
Wooden
Woolpert
Wootten
Yow
Contributors
Abbott
Barksdale
Bee
Biasone
H. Brown
W. Brown
Bunn
Buss
Clifton
Colangelo
Cooper
Davidson
Douglas
Duer
Embry
Fagan
Fisher
Fleisher
Gavitt
Gottlieb
Granik
Gulick
Harrison
Hearn
Henderson
Hepp
Hickox
Hinkle
Irish
M. Jackson
Jernstedt
Jones
Kennedy
Knight
J. Krause
Lemon
Liston
Lloyd
McLendon
Lobo
Mokray
Morgan
Morgenweck
Naismith
Newell
Newton
J. O'Brien
L. O'Brien
Olsen
Podoloff
Porter
Raveling
Reid
Reinsdorf
Ripley
Sanders
Saperstein
Schabinger
St. John
Stagg
Stanković
Steitz
Stern
Taylor
Thorn
Tower
Trester
Vitale
Wells
Welts
Wilke
Winter
Zollner
Referees
Bavetta
Enright
Garretson
Hepbron
Hoyt
Kennedy
Leith
Mihalik
Nichols
Nucatola
Quigley
Rudolph
Shirley
Strom
Tobey
Walsh
Teams
1960 United States Olympic Team
1992 United States Olympic Team
All-American Red Heads
Buffalo Germans
The First Team
Harlem Globetrotters
Immaculata College
New York Renaissance
Original Celtics
Texas Western
[show]
v
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Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
Based in Knoxville, Tennessee
[hide]
Coaches (49)
Lidia Alexeyeva
Leta Andrews
Geno Auriemma
Leon Barmore
Breezy Bishop
Gary Blair
Joanne Bracker
Kurt Budke
Van Chancellor
Joe Ciampi
Jody Conradt
Lin Dunn
Nancy Fahey
Jim Foster
Fran Garmon
Dorothy Gaters
Gail Goestenkors
Theresa Grentz
Sue Gunter
Sylvia Hatchell
John Head
Jill Hutchison
Sonja Hogg
Rick Insell
Andy Landers
Lin L. Laursen
Muffet McGraw
Sandra Meadows
Billie Moore
Lorene Ramsey
Harley Redin
Cathy Rush
Debbie Ryan
Amy Ruley
Linda K. Sharp
Marsha Sharp
Jim Smiddy
Brad Smith
Marianne Crawford Stanley
Barbara Stevens
C. Vivian Stringer
Pat Head Summitt
Edna Tarbutton
Bertha Teague
Tara VanDerveer
Margaret Wade
Marian Washington
Dean Weese
Chris Weller
Dixie Woodall
Kay Yow
[show]
Contributors (20)
Val Ackerman
Senda Abbott
Mildred Barnes
Patty Broderick
E. Wayne Cooley
Carol Eckman
Betty Jo Graber
Christine Grant
Mel Greenberg
Mimi Griffin
Phyllis Holmes
Claude Hutcherson
Betty Jaynes
George E. Killian
Darlene May
Shin-Ja Park
Lea Plarski
Gloria Ray
Robin Roberts
Borislav Stankovic
William L. Wall
Charlotte West
Marcy Weston
[show]
Players (57)
Janeth Arcain
Jennifer Azzi
Carol Blazejowski
Ruthie Bolton
Cindy Brogdon
Vicky Bullett
Daedra Charles-Furlow
Cynthia Cooper
Denise Curry
Andrea Lloyd-Curry
Clarissa Davis-Wrightsil
Anne Donovan
Nancy Dunkle
Michelle Edwards
Teresa Edwards
Kamie Ethridge
Jennifer Gillom
Peggie Gillom-Granderson
Bridgette Gordon
Yolanda Griffith
Janet Harris
Lusia Harris-Stewart
Tara Heiss
Pamela Kelly-Flowers
Janice Lawrence Braxton
Lisa Leslie
Nancy Lieberman
Kelli Litsch
Rebecca Lobo
Hortência Marcari
Katrina McClain Johnson
Suzie McConnell-Serio
Nikki McCray
Pamela McGee
Ann Meyers-Drysdale
Cheryl Miller
Pearl Moore
Kim Mulkey
Inge Nissen
Cindy Noble Hauserman
Jasmina Perazić
LaTaunya Pollard
Jennifer Rizzotti
Patricia Roberts
Susan Rojcewicz
Jill Rankin Schneider
Uljana Semjonova
Maria Paula Gonçalves da Silva
Juliene Brazinski Simpson
Bev Smith
Annette Smith-Knight
Dawn Staley
Olga Sukharnova
Sheryl Swoopes
Michele Timms
Vanya Voynova
Rosie Walker
Holly Warlick
Teresa Weatherspoon
Sue Wicks
Kara Wolters
Lynette Woodard
[show]
Veterans (12)
Alline Banks Sprouse
Joan Crawford
Margaret Sexton Gleaves
Rita Horky
Patsy Neal
Lometa Odom
Doris Rogers
Lurlyne Greer Rogers
Hazel Walker
Katherine Washington
Ora Washington
Nera White
[show]
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Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2017
Players
Zack Clayton
Nikos Galis
George McGinnis
Tracy McGrady
Coaches
Robert Hughes
Muffet McGraw
Bill Self
Contributors
Mannie Jackson
Tom Jernstedt
Jerry Krause
Rebecca Lobo
[show]
v
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e
WBCA Division I National Coach of the Year Award
1983: Summitt
1984: Conradt
1985: Foster
1986: Conradt
1987: Grentz
1988: Stringer
1989: VanDerveer
1990: Yow
1991: Portland
1992: Labati
1993: Stringer
1994: Sharp
1995: Summitt
1996: Barmore
1997: Auriemma
1998: Summitt
1999: Peck
2000: Auriemma
2001: McGraw
2002: Auriemma
2003: Goestenkors
2004: Portland
2005: Chatman
2006: Hatchell
2007: Goestenkors
2008: Auriemma
2009: Auriemma
2010: Yori
2011: VanDerveer
2012: Mulkey
2013: McGraw
2014: McGraw
2015: Semrau
2016: Auriemma
2017: Auriemma
2018: Schaefer
[show]
v
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John R. Wooden Legends of Coaching Award winners
1999: D. Smith
2000: Krzyzewski
2001: Olson
2002: Crum
2003: Williams
2004: Montgomery
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2017: McGraw
2018: Wright
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WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n2003105555
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muffet_McGraw&oldid=836509400"
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text:
List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is part of a series on the
Indian National Congress
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The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the major political party and Oldest, Only freedom fighting political party in the political system of Republic of India The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public, developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms. The President of the All India Congress Committee, and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party (INC) as a whole, is known as the Congress President.
Since the party was established in 1885, 59 people have served as president. The first, Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December. The most recently serving president is Sonia Gandhi. The president of INC at the time of India's independence was J. B. Kripalani. Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas, Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Presidents
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Traditionally, the post rotated between prominent members of the party, successive terms for the same person being frowned upon. During Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Legislative Party.
Indira Gandhi however, institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969. Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice.
Narasimha Rao, too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister's posts. Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out. But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership, he didn't hold the two posts together.
In 2004, when the INC was voted back into power, Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister, not to be the president of the party. Sonia Gandhi is the current Congress President and the longest serving president of the congress party.[1]
Presidents[edit]
Name of President
Picture
Life span
Year of Presidency
Place of Conference
Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 – 1906 1885 Bombay
Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1886 Calcutta
Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 – 1906 1887 Madras
George Yule 1829–1892 1888 Allahabad
William Wedderburn 1838–1918 1889 Bombay
Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 – 1915 1890 Calcutta
Anandacharlu August 1843 – 1908 1891 Nagpur
Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 – 1906 1892 Allahabad
Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1893 Lahore
Alfred Webb 1834–1908 1894 Madras
Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 – 1925 1895 Poona
Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 – 1902 1896 Calcutta
C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 – 1934 1897 Amravati
Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 – 1906 1898 Madras
Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 – 1909 1899 Lucknow
N. G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 – 1923 1900 Lahore
Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 – 1936 1901 Calcutta
Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 – 1917 1902 Ahmedabad
Lalmohan Ghosh 1848–1909 1903 Madras
Henry Cotton 1845–1915 1904 Bombay
Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 – 1915 1905 Benares
Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1906 Calcutta
Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 – 1921 1907 Surat
Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 – 1921 1908 Madras
Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1909 Lahore
William Wedderburn 1838–1918 1910 Allahabad
Bishan Narayan Dar 1864–1916 1911 Calcutta
Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857–1921 1912 Bankipore
Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ?–1919 1913 Karachi
Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859–1924 1914 Madras
Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 – 1928 1915 Bombay
Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850–1922 1916 Lucknow
Annie Besant 1 October 1847 – 1933 1917 Calcutta
Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1918 Delhi
Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 – 1933 1918 Bombay (Special Session)
Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar
Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta
C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 – 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur (Special Session)
Hakim Ajmal Khan 1863 – 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad
Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya
Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada
Abul Kalam Azad 1888 – 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi (Special Session)
Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum
Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur
S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11, 1874 – 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati
Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 – 10 May 1936 1927 Madras
Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta
Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore
Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi
Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1932 Delhi
Nellie Sengupta 1886–1973 1933 Calcutta
Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay
Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow
Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1937 Faizpur
Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura
Subhas Chandra Bose (resigned)
Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after
the session. 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945 1939 Jabalpur
Abul Kalam Azad 1888 – 22 February 1958 1940–46 Ramgarh
J. B. Kripalani 1888 – 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut
Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 – 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur
Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 – 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik
Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad
Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta
U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1955 Avadi
U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1956 Amritsar
U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1957 Indore
U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1958 Gauhati
U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1959 Nagpur
Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi (Special Session)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna
K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar
K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur
K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur
S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad
S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad
Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay
Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999 1972–74 Calcutta
Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 – 1996 1975–77 Chandigarh
Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1978–83 Delhi
Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta
Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991 1985–91 Bombay
P. V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004 1992–96 Tirupati
Sitaram Kesri November 1919 – 24 October 2000 1996–98 Calcutta
Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 – 1998–present Calcutta
See also[edit]
List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sonia Gandhi (Indian politician)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
External links[edit]
[1]Official Indian National Congress website
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Presidents
Banerjee
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S. V. Patel
Malaviya (1932–1933)
Nellie Sengupta
Rajendra Prasad (1934–1935)
Jawaharlal Nehru (1936–1937)
S. C. Bose (1938–1939)
A. K. Azad (1940–1946)
J. B. Kripalani
Sitaramayya (1948–1949)
Tandon
Jawaharlal Nehru (1951–1954)
Dhebar (1955–1959)
Indira Gandhi
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1960–1963)
K. Kamaraj (1964–1967)
S. Nijalingappa (1968–1969)
Jagjivan Ram (1970–1971)
S. D. Sharma (1972–1974)
Baruah (1975–1977)
Indira Gandhi (1978–1984)
Rajiv Gandhi (1985–1991)
Narasimha Rao (1992–1996)
Kesri (1996–1998)
Sonia Gandhi (1998–present)
Leaders in the Lok Sabha
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Category
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List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom
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This is a list of countries and territories formerly ruled or administered by the United Kingdom or part of the British Empire, with their independence days. Some countries did not gain their independence on a single date, therefore the latest day of independence is shown with a break down of dates further down.
Contents
1 Colonies
2 Evolution of Dominions to Independence
3 Former British Crown Colonies that became part of another British Crown Colony then later restored previous status
4 British Overseas Territories that have voted against another independent country sharing sovereignty over the territory with the British Crown
5 British Overseas Territories that have voted to retain their British Overseas Territory status
6 British Overseas Territories that have voted not to be an independent country
7 Countries or province forming part of the United Kingdom that have voted to remain part of the United Kingdom
8 Countries forming part of the United Kingdom that have voted not to be an independent country
9 Countries which did not vote to terminate British rule yet were relinquished
10 See also
11 References
Colonies[edit]
Country
Date
Year of Independence
Notes
Afghanistan 19 August 1919 Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919
Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981
Australia 1 January 1901 Australia Act 1986

Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia on 16 September 1975.
The Bahamas 10 July 1973
Bahrain 15 August 1971
Barbados 30 November 1966 Barbados Independence Act 1966
Belize 21 September 1981 September Celebrations of Belize
Botswana 30 September 1966
Brunei 1 January 1984
Canada 1 July 1867 British North America Act 1867, Canada Day

Constitution Act, 1982
Cyprus 1 October 1960 16 August 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on 1 October.[1]
Dominica 3 November 1978
Egypt 28 February 1922
Fiji 10 October 1970
The Gambia 18 February 1965
Ghana 6 March 1957
Grenada 7 February 1974 Independence Day (Grenada)
Guyana 26 May 1966
India 15 August 1947 Independence Day (India)
Ireland 6 December 1922 Republic of Ireland Act and Ireland Act 1949
Iraq 3 October 1932
Jamaica 6 August 1962 Independence Day (6 August)
Jordan 25 May 1946
Kenya 12 December 1963
Kiribati 12 July 1979
Kuwait 19 June 1961
Lesotho 4 October 1966
Libya 24 December 1951 Libya had been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire since the middle of the sixteenth century. Following the Italo-Turkish war of 1912, Libya became an Italian colony. With their defeat in World War II, the Italians lost control of Libya. The country came under UN administration. Control was split between France and Britain, with France administering the province Fezzan while the British administered the provinces of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania. In 1949, the UN General Assembly declared that Libya should become an independent country by 1 January 1952. On 24 December 1951, Libya declared its independence from France and Britain becoming the United Kingdom of Libya, a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under King Idris.
Malawi 6 July 1964
Malaysia 31 August 1957 Hari Merdeka

Singapore gained independence from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.
Maldives 26 July 1965
Malta 21 September 1964
Mauritius 12 March 1968
Myanmar 4 January 1948 Gained independence as Burma. Renamed Myanmar in 1989, but still officially known by the United Kingdom government as Burma.
Nauru 31 January 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand on 31 January 1968.
New Zealand 26 September 1907 Dominion Day

Samoa gained independence from New Zealand on 1 January 1962.

New Zealand has responsibilities for two freely associated states:
Cook Islands (from 4 August 1965)
Niue (from 19 October 1974)
Nigeria 1 October 1960
Pakistan 14 August 1947 Independence Day (Pakistan)

Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971 (recognised in 1972).
Qatar 3 September 1971 Qatar National Day
Saint Lucia 22 February 1979
Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979
Seychelles 29 June 1976
Sierra Leone 27 April 1961
Solomon Islands 7 July 1978
Somalia 1 July 1960 The State of Somaliland gained independence from Britain on 26 June 1960 and later was unified with the Trust Territory of Somaliland which was under Italian administration to form the Somali Republic on 1 July 1960.
South Africa 11 December 1910 1931 adoption of Statute of Westminster. Not a public holiday. Union of South Africa formed on 31 May 1910 and Republic declared on 31 May 1961 and left the British Commonwealth on the same day. South Africa later rejoined the British Commonwealth in 1994.

Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990.
Sri Lanka 4 February 1948 Gained independence as the Dominion of Ceylon. Renamed Sri Lanka in 1972.
Sudan 1 January 1956 South Sudan gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011.
Swaziland 6 September 1968
Tanzania 9 December 1961
Tonga 4 June 1970
Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962
Tuvalu 1 October 1978
Uganda 9 October 1962
United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 National Day (United Arab Emirates)
United States 4 July 1776 Fourth of July. Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1776. Independence achieved de facto 1781, and de jure 1783.
Vanuatu 30 July 1980 Independence from United Kingdom and France in 1980
Yemen 30 November 1967 South Yemen 1967
Zambia 24 October 1964
Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 Rhodesia declared independence from United Kingdom on 11 November 1965
Evolution of Dominions to Independence[edit]
Country
Date of Dominion Status
Date of adoption of the Statute of Westminster
Date of final relinquish of British powers
Final Event in question.
Other important Dates
Australia 1 January 1902 9 October 1942 (effective from 1939) 3 March 1986 Australia Act 1986
Canada 1 July 1867 11 December 1931 17 April 1982 Canada Act 1982
Ireland 6 December 1922 11 December 1931 18 April 1949 Republic of Ireland Act and Ireland Act 1949 The 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic and 1919 Irish Declaration of Independence were never recognised by the UK but given symbolic priority by post-1922 Irish leaders. From the 1932 Irish election, successive governments unilaterally amended the state's status: the Constitution (Removal of Oath) Act on 3 May 1933 implicitly abrogated the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty; the 27th amendment and External Relations Act, both on 12 December 1936, attenuated the role of the monarchy; the enactment of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 established the office of President; the Republic of Ireland Act came into force on 18 April 1949 with Ireland formally leaving the British Commonwealth. Related UK statutes included the Éire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act 1938 and the Ireland Act 1949.
Dominion of Newfoundland 26 September 1907 — 17 April 1982 Canada Act 1982 Newfoundland voted to join Canada in 1948 in a 52-48 vote; this became effective on 31 March 1949.
South Africa 31 May 1910 11 December 1931 21 May 1961 South African Constitution of 1961
New Zealand 26 September 1907 25 November 1947 13 December 1986 Constitution Act 1986 Declaration of Independence of New Zealand 1835, Treaty of Waitangi 1840
Former British Crown Colonies that became part of another British Crown Colony then later restored previous status[edit]
Country
Date
Year
Notes
Anguilla July 1971
Anguilla declared independence from St Kitts and Nevis in 1967, following a revolution; in favour of returning to British authority in 1971 with full British Crown Colony status (renamed in 2002 as British Overseas Territory status) returning in 1980.
British Overseas Territories that have voted against another independent country sharing sovereignty over the territory with the British Crown[edit]
Country
Date
Year
Notes
Gibraltar 7 November 2002 Gibraltar held a referendum on whether or not to share sovereignty with Spain. They rejected the proposal by 98.48% to 1.02% in favour of remaining solely a British overseas territory.
British Overseas Territories that have voted to retain their British Overseas Territory status[edit]
Country
Date
Year
Notes
Falkland Islands 11 March 2013 Falkland Islanders voted in favour of remaining a British overseas territory by 99.8% to 0.2%.
British Overseas Territories that have voted not to be an independent country[edit]
Country
Date
Year
Notes
Bermuda 16 August 1995 Bermudians voted against independence for the territory in a 1995 referendum by 73.6% to 25.7%.
Countries or province forming part of the United Kingdom that have voted to remain part of the United Kingdom[edit]
Country
Date
Year
Notes
Northern Ireland 8 March 1973 In the Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum, 1973, voters in Northern Ireland were asked to decide if they wanted to remain in the United Kingdom or to leave and join with the Republic of Ireland. They voted in favour of the United Kingdom by 98.9% to 1.1%, although Irish Republicans boycotted the vote.
Countries forming part of the United Kingdom that have voted not to be an independent country[edit]
Country
Date
Year
Notes
Scotland 18 September 2014 In the Scottish independence referendum, 2014, 55.3% of voters who qualified as residents of Scotland, chose 'No' to the question: 'Should Scotland be an independent country?' 44.7% of voters chose 'Yes'. In March 2017, permission to run a second referendum was requested from Westminster by the Scottish Parliament, triggered by the Brexit vote, which saw a majority of voters in England and Wales vote to leave the EU while a majority in Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain.
Countries which did not vote to terminate British rule yet were relinquished[edit]
Country
Date
Year
Notes
Hong Kong 30 June 1997 In 1984 the British government signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration with China and agreed to turn over Hong Kong and its dependencies in 1997. It was never put forward to the people of the territory to decide in the form of a referendum, and neither was it ever agreed by an elected legislature. British rule ended on 30 June 1997, with China taking over at midnight, 1 July 1997.
See also[edit]
Self-determination
Commonwealth of Nations
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Special Committee on Decolonization
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "United Nations Member States". Un.org. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
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List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom
1 Sovereign Base Areas. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty.
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