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Nose ring (animal)
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For nose rings as jewelry, see nose piercing.
Show halters and bulldog nose rings on cattle at an agricultural show in the United Kingdom
A nose ring is a ring made of metal designed to be installed through the nasal septum of domestic cattle, usually bulls. Nose rings are often required for bulls when exhibited at agricultural shows. There also is a clip-on ring design used for controlling other cattle for showing or handling. Nose rings are also used to prevent pigs rooting, and to encourage the weaning of young calves and other livestock by discouraging them from suckling.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Use
3 Construction and insertion
4 Other designs
4.1 Calf-weaning ring
4.2 Bulldogs
4.3 Bull tongs
5 Pig rings
6 Bull handling in the show ring
7 Bull handling on the farm or ranch
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The Standard of Ur
Historically, the use of nose rings for controlling animals dates to the dawn of recorded civilization. They were used in ancient Sumer and are seen on the Standard of Ur, where they were used on both draught cattle and equines.[1]
Use[edit]
The nose ring assists the handler to control a dangerous animal with minimal risk of injury or disruption by exerting stress on one of the most sensitive parts of the animal, the nose. Bulls, especially, are powerful and sometimes unpredictable animals which, if uncontrolled, can kill or severely injure a human handler.[2][3]
A nose ring is used to maintain control of this bull being exhibited at a livestock show.
Control of the bull may be done by holding the ring by hand, looping a piece of rope through it, clipping on a lead rope, or clipping on a stiff bull pole (bull staff). A rope or chain from the ring may be attached to a bull's horns or to a head-collar for additional control.
With an aggressive bull, a short length of chain or rope may be left hanging loose from the ring, so when he ducks in a threatening manner, the bull will step on the chain and be deterred from attacking.[4] This lead may also facilitate capture and control of a frisky bull.[5]
Construction and insertion[edit]
Bull rings are usually about 3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm) in diameter, depending on the size of the bull. Bull rings are commonly made from aluminium, stainless steel or copper, in the form of a pair of hinged semicircles, held closed by a small brass bolt whose head is broken off during installation. If a ring needs to be removed (for example, if the bull has grown out of it), it is cut or unscrewed.
The ring is normally placed on the bull between 9 and 12 months of age.[6] It is usually done by a veterinarian, who pierces the septum with a scalpel or punch. Self-piercing rings (with sharp ends designed to be pressed through the septum and then pulled together with a screw) have been available for many years; these are also usually installed by a veterinarian rather than the farmer.[7][8]
Other designs[edit]
Calf-weaning ring[edit]
Calf-weaning nose rings or nosebands provide an alternative to separating calves from their mothers during the weaning period. They have plastic spikes which are uncomfortable for the cow, causing her to reject the calf's efforts at suckling. Weaning nose rings are also available for sheep and goats. These nose rings (usually made of plastic) clip onto the nose without piercing it, and are reusable.
A spiked ring which prevents suckling
Bulldogs[edit]
Self-locking or spring-closing show-lead nose rings, also called "bulldogs" or nose grips, are removable rings that do not require the nose to be pierced. They are often used on steers and cows, along with a halter, at agricultural shows, or when handling cattle for examination, marking or treatment. They stay shut until released, and usually have a loop for the attachment of a cord or lead rope. They give similar control to a bull ring without the need for permanent attachment.
Show-lead nose ring (bulldogs), and bull tongs or bull-holders on the right
Bull tongs[edit]
Bull-holders, also known as bull-tongs, have a pliers action and are used for short periods on grown cattle when they are being mouthed or drenched. A chain, rope or strap keeps the grips closed and may be passed over a bar at the front of a head bail to elevate the head. The thumb and forefinger may also used in this way on smaller animals.
Pig rings[edit]
Nose rings on a young pig foraging on the New Forest
Pigs dig or "root" with their snouts, and such digging may be undesirable in some circumstances. Nose rings make digging uncomfortable for the animal, although a rung pig is still able to forage freely through leaf litter and surface vegetation. Pig ringing may sometimes be required by local regulations, as when pigs are turned out for pannage in public woods (such as on the New Forest in southern England).
Pig rings usually consist of open copper or steel wire rings with sharp ends, about one inch (about 2.5 cm) in diameter. These are clipped to the rim of the nose, not through the nostrils. Typically an adult pig will be given three or four rings, as they may sometimes become dislodged. Alternatively a ring may be placed through the septum, similarly to a bull's ring.
Bull handling in the show ring[edit]
For safety reasons, many show societies require bulls over 12 months to be led with a nose ring. A bull may be led by a rope tied through the ring, although a halter (headcollar) is usually also used so as not to rely unduly on the nose ring for control. If the bull has horns, the lead rope may also be fastened around those and then passed down through the nose ring. Some shows require other cattle to be led with nose grips (bulldogs). Several methods exist for handling a bull with a ring installed. One method of leading a bull is to have one person on either side of the bull with both halter lead ropes through the ring, which prevents the bull from gaining pace and also from running into the handlers.[9] Another practice is for one handler to use a rope and the other a bull-staff attached to the ring.[10][11]
Charolais & Murray Grey bulls on parade with nose rings and a show lead ring, Australia
Bull handling on the farm or ranch[edit]
It is estimated that 42% of all livestock-related human fatalities are a result of bull attacks, and only about one in twenty victims of a bull attack survives.[12] Dairy breed bulls are particularly dangerous and unpredictable; the hazards of bull handling are a significant cause of injury and death for dairy farmers in some parts of the United States.[13][14][15] Most cattle breeders recognize the importance of looking after expensive bulls that are expected to improve herds and profits. Nonetheless, the dangers of bull handling, particularly from dairy bulls in close quarters, are regularly proven by the obituaries.[16] Good bull management and safety practices require caution in handling beef and dairy bulls, and use of the nose ring and chain is a recommended precaution for modern farmers.[17][18]
However, in many regions, particularly in the beef industry, bulls do not have nose rings unless they are to be exhibited and they are generally driven about as other cattle would be.[19] Cows with young calves can be particularly dangerous if protecting their young, and cattle in general, including calves, steers and bullocks, do cause many serious human injuries and deaths.[20][21][22]
Generally the use of both a ring and a halter, and management of the bull by two people, is the preferred method today for controlling the bull. Typically, a bull was led by a wooden staff with a steel end that snapped into the ring.[23] A long rigid steel or wooden bull staff locked into the ring could also be used to push a bull out of a pen without requiring the handler to enter the pen for cleaning or feeding.[24] Because of the risk that the bull may drive the staff into the handler if the bull misbehaves[25] many handlers prefer to avoid their use nowadays. One current veterinary text still recommends the use of a staff in addition to the halter:
Many handlers rely on a nose ring to control a bull. But a ring in his nose is no good unless you have a bull staff and use it. A bull staff is a pole with a snap in the end that clips to the bull ring. Leading a bull with a staff gives you a lot more handling power as the bull can't get any closer to you than the length of the staff allows. Leading him only by a chain in the ring lets him run over you at will.[26]
Most dairy or beef farms traditionally had at least one, if not several, bulls for breeding purposes.[27][28] The handling of an aggressive, powerful animal was a practical issue with life-threatening consequences for the farmer.[2] The need to move the bull in and out of its pen to cover cows exposed the farmer to serious jeopardy of life and limb.[29] Being trampled, jammed against a wall or gored by a bull was one of the most frequent causes of death in the dairy industry prior to 1940.[30] As suggested in one popular farming magazine, "Handle [the bull] with a staff and take no chances. The gentle bull, not the vicious one, most often kills or maims his keeper." [31]
Bulls respond well to a good handler
When allowed outside its pen, the bull typically was kept in a halter connected by a strap snapped into the ring in his nose for ease of control.[32] In the bull pen, the use of a ring connected by a cable to a fixed point was recommended as a means of controlling and securing the bull while allowing a degree of movement by the subject bull.[33] If the pen was strong enough, the bull could be turned loose, and if needed, placed in a stanchion.[34] Farmers who lacked an assistant, or a bull staff, had no choice but to adopt other means. Some farmers elected to move their bulls by tying a rope to the ring and tying the other end of the rope to a farm tractor, providing both motive power and a degree of protection from the angry bull.[35] The efficacy of this technique is doubtful, and may depend on the size of the tractor and of the bull; one authority has "seen a bull lift the front end of a tractor like a toy".[26] Others used dogs and horses. Not all farmers could afford specially designed and manufactured bull handling products, which were not readily available until the 1980s. The experimental improvisation of techniques for bull handling, as in many aspects of family farming, was a common practice.[36][37]
See also[edit]
Nasal septum piercing (humans)
Animal husbandry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Calvin W. Schwabe, 'Cattle, Priests and Medicine', Vol.4, at p. 16 (U. of Minn. 1978), ISBN 0-8166-0825-3
^ Jump up to: a b Jack Albright, Why and how to read a cow or bull, Hoard's Dairyman Magazine, W.D. Hoard and Sons Co., Fort Atkinson, Wis., (Nov. 2000)
Jump up ^ Dairy Care Practices: Animal Care Series, Dairy Workgroup University of California Cooperative Extension (2008)
Jump up ^ Miller, William C., & Robertson, Major E D S, Practical Animal Husbandry Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 7th ed, 1959: p 16
Jump up ^ Thomas J. Divers, Simon Francis Peek, Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle
Jump up ^ Dairy Care Practices: Animal Care Series, Dairy Workgroup University of California Cooperative Extension
Jump up ^ C. Dalton, Noseringing a Bull
Jump up ^ Dairy Care Practices: Animal Care Series, Dairy Workgroup University of California Cooperative Extension (2008)
Jump up ^ Land Newspaper, Rural Press, Richmond, 20 March 2008 - p. 68
Jump up ^ Bucks County Agricultural Health and Safety Policy
Jump up ^ Bridgend County Show Health and Safety Policy
Jump up ^ Canadian Farming Administration, Handling Livestock Successfully, 2000
Jump up ^ Larry D. Jacobson, Extension Agricultural Engineer, Safe Work Practices on Dairy Farms, University of Minnesota Extension Services (1989)("During the last 10 years, 12 farmers in Minnesota were mauled and gored to death by dairy bulls").
Jump up ^ Cumberland County (Pa.) Sentinel, Shippensburg, Pa., February 12, 2008 A farmer in Southampton County, Michigan, was killed by a 2000 pound Holstein bull in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in February, 2008, prompting comments from experts ranging from "never trust a bull" to "always take a dog with you" when handling a bull.
Jump up ^ The Reading (Pennsylvania]Eagle), March 1, 2010 On February 28, 2010, a farmer near Reading, Pennsylvania was trampled and gored to death by a 2000 lb. black Angus bull that he had been urged to get rid of by friends after earlier mishaps. Michelle Park, "Bull attacks, kills owner at South Heidelberg Township farm".
Jump up ^ See C. Parsons, Students Mourn Teacher: FFA Advisor Killed by Bull, 81 Capital Press, No.38, page 1 (Sept. 19, 2008) (veteran agricultural instructor killed by a dairy bull after warning others not to enter pen)
Jump up ^ Kerri Ebert and Michael Dennis, Pa. Ag. Extension Service, Cattle Safety, National Ag Safety Database, 2001
Jump up ^ B. Grove & A. Mills, Bulls on the Dairy Farm, Kansas State University, Oct. 4, 2002
Jump up ^ W A Beattie, Beef Cattle Breeding and Management, Popular Books, 1990
Jump up ^ Cfa-fca.ca
Jump up ^ Serious Cattle-lnflicted Injuries
Jump up ^ Grandin.com. Injuries are caused by a steer or cow
Jump up ^ An example of a bull staff
Jump up ^ The James Way, The James Manufacturing Co., Ft. Atkinson, Wisc. (1914), at p. 103
Jump up ^ V G Cole, Beef Production Guide, Livestock & Grain Producers Association of NSW, 1978
^ Jump up to: a b C.E. Spaulding, D.V.M. & Jackie Clay, Veterinary Guide for Animal Owners, Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pa. (2d ed. 1998), p. 27.
Jump up ^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Yearbook 1922, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. (1922), pp. 325-28 (noting a national on-farm bull population of over 600,000 "scrub" bulls in addition to a multi-year supply of "pure bred" bulls)
Jump up ^ O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual No. 15, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902), pp.129-32 (recommending the keeping and testing of sires for dairy herd improvement).
Jump up ^ Alvin H. Clement, We Gotta Have More Jails, The Writer's Club Press, New York (1984-87), at pp. 79-80. A humorous description of moving a cow to a neighbor's Jersey bull for breeding purposes, and the use of a 12-foot bull staff to get the loose-running bull under control after he had already spotted the cow
Jump up ^ O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual No. 15, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902), at p. 125; The James Way, The James Manufacturing Co., Ft. Atkinson, Wisc. (1914), p. 103
Jump up ^ Helpful Information for Dairymen, The Farmer Webb Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, Mar. 12, 1927, p. 6
Jump up ^ O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual 15, p. 126, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902)
Jump up ^ The James Way, The James Manufacturing Co., Ft. Atkinson, Wisc. (1930), p. 114
Jump up ^ The James Way, The James Manufacturing Co., Ft. Atkinson, Wisc. (1914), p. 103
Jump up ^ Sara De Luca, Dancing the Cows Home: A Wisconsin Girlhood, Minn. Hist. Soc. Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1996) pp.99-100 (moving a heifer with a tractor)
Jump up ^ M. Cotter & B. Jackson, Voices of America: Growing Up on a Minnesota Farm, Arcadia Publishing Co., Chicago, Ill. (2001), pp. 23-24 (driving a 1500 pound Hereford bull named "Domino" by repeatedly firing a shotgun loaded with birdshot into its rear end)
Jump up ^ C.E. Spaulding, D.V.M. & Jackie Clay, Veterinary Guide for Animal Owners, Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pa. (2d ed. 1998), p. 27 (bull got a man down, knelt on him, and "ignored pitchforks stuck into him in an effort to get him away from the victim").
External links[edit]
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Counties of Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The 32 traditional counties of Ireland
The counties of Ireland (Irish: contaetha na hÉireann; Ulster-Scots: coonties o Airlann) are sub-national divisions that have been, and in some cases continue to be, used to geographically demarcate areas of local government. These land divisions were formed following the Norman invasion of Ireland in imitation of the counties then in use as units of local government in the Kingdom of England.[1] The older term "shire" was historically equivalent to "county". The principal function of the county was to impose royal control in the areas of taxation, security and the administration of justice at the local level. Cambro-Norman control was initially limited to the southeastern parts of Ireland; a further four centuries elapsed before the entire island was shired. At the same time, the now obsolete concept of county corporate elevated a small number of towns and cities to a status which was deemed to be no less important than the existing counties in which they lay. This double control mechanism of 32 counties plus 10 counties corporate remained unchanged for a little over two centuries until the early 19th century, since then counties have been adapted and in some cases divided by legislation to meet new administrative and political requirements.
The powers exercised by the Cambro-Norman barons and the Old English nobility waned over time. New offices of political control came to be established at a county level. In the Republic of Ireland, some counties have been split resulting in the creation of new counties. Along with certain defined cities, counties still form the basis for the demarcation of areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland. Currently, there are 26 county level, 3 city level and 2 city and county entities – the modern equivalent of counties corporate – that are used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic.
In Northern Ireland, counties are no longer used for local government; districts are instead used. Upon the partition of Ireland in 1921, the county became one of the basic land divisions employed, along with county boroughs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 History
2.1 Pre-Norman divisions of Ireland
2.2 Plantagenet era
2.2.1 Lordships
2.2.2 Division of lordships
2.3 Passage to the Crown
2.4 Tudor era
2.5 Demarcation of counties and Tipperary
2.6 Sub-divisions of counties
2.7 Counties corporate
2.8 Exceptions to the county system of control
2.9 Evolution of functions
2.10 19th and 20th centuries
2.10.1 Historical and traditional counties
3 Current usage
3.1 In the Republic of Ireland
3.1.1 Education
3.1.2 Elections
3.2 In Northern Ireland
3.3 Other uses
4 List of counties
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Terminology[edit]
The word "county" has come to be used in different senses for different purposes. In common usage, many people have in mind the 32 counties that existed prior to 1838 – the so-called traditional counties. However, in official usage in the Republic of Ireland, the term often refers to the 28 modern counties. The term is also conflated with the 31 areas currently used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland at the level of LAU 1.
In Ireland, usage of the word county nearly always comes before rather than after the county name; thus "County Roscommon" in Ireland as opposed to "Roscommon County" in Michigan, United States. The former "King's County" and "Queen's County" were exceptions; these are now County Offaly and County Laois, respectively. The abbreviation Co. is used, as in "Co. Roscommon". A further exception occurs in the case of those counties created after 1994 which often drop the word county entirely, or use it after the name; thus for example internet search engines show many more uses (on Irish sites) of "Fingal" than of either "County Fingal" or "Fingal County". There appears to be no official guidance in the matter, as even the local council uses all three forms.[2] In informal use, the word county is often dropped except where necessary to distinguish between county and town or city; thus "Offaly" rather than "County Offaly", but "County Antrim" to distinguish it from Antrim town. The synonym shire is not used for Irish counties, although the Marquessate of Downshire was named in 1789 after County Down.
Parts of some towns and cities were exempt from the jurisdiction of the counties that surrounded them. These towns and cities had the status of a County corporate, many granted by Royal Charter, which had all the judicial, administrative and revenue raising powers of the regular counties.
History[edit]
Pre-Norman divisions of Ireland[edit]
The political geography of Ireland can be traced with some accuracy from the 6th century. At that time Ireland was divided into a patchwork of petty kingdoms with a fluid political hierarchy which, in general, had three traditional grades of king. The lowest level of political control existed at the level of the tuath (pl. tuatha). A tuath was an autonomous group of people of independent political jurisdiction under a rí túaithe, that is, a local petty king.[3] About 150 such units of government existed. Each rí tuaithe was in turn subject to a regional or "over-king" Irish: ruiri. There may have been as many as 20 genuine ruiri in Ireland at any time.
A "king of over-kings" Irish: rí ruirech was often a provincial (Irish: rí cóicid) or semi-provincial king to whom several ruiri were subordinate. No more than six genuine rí ruirech were ever contemporary. Usually, only five such "king of over-kings" existed contemporaneously and so are described in the Irish annals as fifths (cúigí in Irish). The areas under the control of these kings were: Ulster (Irish: Ulaidh), Leinster (Irish: Laighin), Connacht (Irish: Connachta), Munster (Irish: An Mhumhan) and Mide (Irish: An Mhídhe). Later record-makers dubbed them provinces, in imitation of Roman provinces. In the Norman period, the historic fifths of Leinster and Meath gradually merged, mainly due to the impact of the Pale, which straddled both, thereby forming the present-day province of Leinster.
The use of provinces as divisions of political power was supplanted by the system of counties after the Norman invasion. In modern times clusters of counties have been attributed to certain provinces but these clusters have no legal status. They are today seen mainly in a sporting context, as Ireland's four professional rugby teams play under the names of the provinces, and the Gaelic Athletic Association has separate Provincial councils and Provincial championships.
Plantagenet era[edit]
Lordships[edit]
With the arrival of Cambro-Norman knights in 1169, the Norman invasion of Ireland commenced. This was followed in 1172 by the invasion of King Henry II of England, commencing English royal involvement.[nb 1]
After his intervention in Ireland, Henry II effectively divided the English colony into liberties also known as lordships. These were effectively palatine counties and differed from ordinary counties in that they were disjoined from the crown and that whoever they were granted to essentially had the same authority as the king and that the king's writ had no effect except a writ of error.[4] This covered all land within the county that was not church land.[4] The reasons for the creating of such powerful entities in Ireland was due to the lack of authority the English crown had there.[4] The same process occurred after the Norman conquest of England where despite there being a strong central government, county palatines were needed in border areas with Wales and Scotland.[4] In Ireland this meant that the land was divided and granted to Richard de Clare and his followers who became lords (and sometimes called earls), with the only land which the English crown had any direct control over being the sea-coast towns and territories immediately adjacent.[4]
Of Henry II's grants, at least three of them—Leinster to Richard de Clare; Meath to Walter de Lacy; Ulster to John de Courcy—were equivalent to palatine counties in their bestowing of royal jurisdiction to the grantees.[4] Other grants include the liberties of Connaught and Tipperary.[4]
Division of lordships[edit]
Extent of Norman control in Ireland by 1300
The Pale (red), earldoms and lordships (blue) in 1450
These initial lordships were later subdivided into smaller "liberties", which appear to have enjoyed the same privileges as their predecessors.[4] The division of Leinster and Munster into smaller counties is commonly attributed to King John, mostly due to lack of prior documentary evidence, which has been destroyed. However, they may have had an earlier origin.[4] These counties were: in Leinster: Carlow (also known as Catherlogh), Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Louth (also known as Uriel), Meath, Wexford, Waterford; in Munster: Cork, Limerick, Kerry and Tipperary.[4] It is thought that these counties did not have the administrative purpose later attached to them until late in the reign of King John, and that no new counties were created until the Tudor dynasty.[4]
The most important office in those that were palatine was that of seneschal.[4] In those liberties that came under Crown control this office was held by a sheriff.[4] The sovereign could and did appoint sheriffs in palatines; however, their power was confined to the church lands, and they became known as sheriffs of a County of the Cross, of which there seem to have been as many in Ireland as there were county palatines.[4]
The exact boundaries of the liberties and shrievalties appears to have been in constant flux throughout the Plantagenet period, seemingly in line with the extent of English control.[4] For example, in 1297 it is recorded that Kildare had extended to include the lands that now comprise the modern-day counties of Offaly, Laois (Leix) and Wicklow (Arklow).[4] Some attempts had also been made to extend the county system to Ulster.[4]
However the Bruce Invasion of Ireland in 1315 resulted in the collapse of effective English rule in Ireland, with the land controlled by the crown continually shrinking to encompass Dublin, and parts of Meath, Louth and Kildare.[4] Throughout the rest of Ireland, English rule was upheld by the earls of Desmond, Ormond, and Kildare (all created in the 14th-century), with the extension of the county system all but impossible.[4] During the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) all franchises, grants and liberties had been temporarily revoked with power passed to the king's sheriffs over the seneschals.[4] This may have been due to the disorganisation caused by the Bruce invasion as well as the renouncing of the Connaught Burkes of their alligence to the crown.[4]
The Earls of Ulster divided their territory up into counties; however, these are not considered part of the Crown's shiring of Ireland. In 1333, the Earldom of Ulster is recorded as consisting of seven counties: Antrim, Blathewyc, Cragferus, Coulrath, del Art, Dun (also known as Ladcathel), and Twescard.[5][6]
Passage to the Crown[edit]
Of the original lordships or palatine counties:
Leinster had passed from Richard de Clare to his daughter, Isabel de Clare, who had married William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (second creation of title). This marriage was confirmed by King John, with Isabel's lands given to William as consort. The liberty was afterwards divided into five—Carlow, Kildare, Kilkenny, Leix and Wexford—one for each of Marshal's co-heiresses.[4]
Meath was divided between the granddaughters of Walter de Lacy: Maud and Margery. Maud's half became the liberty of Trim, and she married Geoffrey de Geneville. Margery's half retained the name Meath, and she married John de Verdon. After the marriage of Maud's daughter Joan to Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Trim later passed via their descendants to the English Crown. Meath, which had passed to the Talbots, was resumed by Henry VIII under the Statute of Absentees.[4]
Ulster was regranted to the de Lacys from John de Courcy, whilst Connaught, which had been granted to William de Burgh, was at some point divided into the liberties of Connaught and Roscommon. William's grandson Walter de Burgh was in 1264 also made lord of Ulster, bringing both Connaught and Ulster under the same lord. In 1352 Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster married Lionel of Antwerp, a son of king Edward III. Their daughter Philippa married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March. Upon the death of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March in 1425, both lordships were inherited by Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York and thus passed to the Crown.[4]
Tipperary was resumed by King James I, however under Charles II in 1662 was reconstituted for James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde.[4]
With the passing of liberties to the Crown, the number of Counties of the Cross declined, and only one, Tipperary, survived into the Stuart era; the others had ceased to exist by the reign of Henry VIII.[4]
Tudor era[edit]
It was not until the Tudors, specifically the reign of Henry VIII (1506-1547), that crown control started to once again extend throughout Ireland.[4] Having declared himself King of Ireland in 1541, Henry VIII went about converting Irish chiefs into feudal subjects of the crown with land divided into districts, which were eventually amalgamated into the modern counties.[4] County boundaries were still ill-defined; however, in 1543 Meath was split into Meath and Westmeath.[4] Around 1545, the Byrnes and O'Tooles, both native septs who had constantly been a pain for the English administration of the Pale, petitioned the Lord Deputy of Ireland to turn their district into its own county, Wicklow, however this was ignored.[4]
During the reigns of the last two Tudor monarchs, Mary I (1553-1558) and Elizabeth I (1568-1603), the majority of the work for the foundation of the modern counties was carried out under the auspices of three Lord Deputies: Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Sir Henry Sydney, and Sir John Perrot.[4]
Mary's reign saw the first addition of actual new counties since the reign of King John. Radclyffe had conquered the districts of Glenmaliry, Irry, Leix, Offaly, and Slewmargy from the O'Moores and O'Connors, and in 1556 a statute decreed that Offaly and part of Glenmaliry would be made into the county of King's County, whilst the rest of Glenmarliry along with Irry, Leix and Slewmargy was formed into Queen's County.[4] Radclyffe brought forth legislation to shire all land as yet unshired throughout Ireland and sought to divide the island into six parts—Connaught, Leinster, Meath, Nether Munster, Ulster, and Upper Munster. However, his administrative reign in Ireland was cut short, and it was not until the reign of Mary's successor, Elizabeth, that this legislation was re-adopted. Under Elizabeth, Radclyffe was brought back to implement it.[4]
Sydney during his three tenures as Lord Deputy created two presidencies to administer Connaught and Munster. He shired Connaught into the counties of Galway, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo.[4] In 1565 the territory of the O'Rourkes within Roscommon was made into the county of Leitrim. In an attempt to reduce the importance of the province of Munster, Sydney, using the River Shannon as a natural boundary took the former kingdom of Thomond (North Munster) and made it into the county of Clare as part of the presidency of Connaught in 1569.[4] A commission headed by Perrot and others in 1571 declared that the territory of Desmond in Munster was to be made a county of itself, and it had its own sheriff appointed, however in 1606 it was merged with the county of Kerry.[4] In 1575 Sydney made an expedition to Ulster to plan its shiring. However, nothing came to bear.[4]
In 1578 the go-ahead was given for turning the districts of the Byrnes and O'Tooles into the county of Wicklow. However, with the outbreak of war in Munster and then Ulster, they resumed their independence.[4] Sydney also sought to split Wexford into two smaller counties, the northern half of which was to be called Ferns, but the matter was dropped as it was considered impossible to properly administer.[4] The territory of the O'Farrells of Annaly, however, which was in Westmeath, in 1583 was formed into the county of Longford and transferred to Connaught.[4][7] The Desmond rebellion (1579-1583) that was taking place in Munster stopped Sydney's work and by the time it had been defeated Sir John Perrot was now Lord Deputy, being appointed in 1584.[4]
Perrot would be most remembered for shiring the only province of Ireland that remained effectively outside of English control, that of Ulster.[4] Prior to his tenancy the only proper county in Ulster was Louth, which had been part of the Pale.[4] There were two other long recognised entities north of Louth—Antrim and Down—that had at one time been "counties" of the Earldom of Ulster and were regarded as apart from the unreformed parts of the province.[4] The date Antrim and Down became constituted is unknown.[4] Perrot was recalled in 1588 and the shiring of Ulster would for two decades basically exist on paper as the territory affected remained firmly outside of English control until the defeat of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone in the Nine Years' War.[4] These counties were: Armagh, Cavan, Coleraine, Donegal, Fermanagh, Monaghan, and Tyrone.[4] Cavan was formed from the territory of the O'Reilly's of East Breifne in 1584 and had been transferred from Connaught to Ulster.[8] After O'Neill and his allies fled Ireland in 1607 in the Flight of the Earls, their lands became escheated to the Crown and the county divisions designed by Perrot were used as the basis for the grants of the subsequent Plantation of Ulster effected by King James I, which officially started in 1609.[4]
Around 1600 near the end of Elizabeth's reign, Clare was made an entirely distinct presidency of its own under the Earls of Thomond and would not return to being part of Munster until after the Restoration in 1660.[4]
It was not until the subjugation of the Byrnes and O'Tooles by Lord Deputy Sir Arthur Chichester that in 1606 Wicklow was finally shired.[4] Ironically, this county was one of the last to be created, yet was the closest to the center of English power in Ireland.[4]
County Londonderry was incorporated in 1613 by the merger of County Coleraine with the barony of Loughinsholin (in County Tyrone), the North West Liberties of Londonderry (in County Donegal), and the North East Liberties of Coleraine (in County Antrim).
Demarcation of counties and Tipperary[edit]
Throughout the Elizabethan era and the reign of her successor James I, the exact boundaries of the provinces and the counties they consisted off remained uncertain. In 1598 Meath is considered a province in Hayne's Description of Ireland, and included the counties of Cavan, East Meath, Longford, and Westmeath.[4] This contrasts to George Carew's 1602 survey where there were only four provinces with Longford part of Connaught and Cavan not mentioned at all with only three counties mentioned for Ulster.[4] During Perrot's tenure as Lord President of Munster before he became Lord Deputy, Munster contained as many as eight counties rather than the six it later consisted of.[4] These eight counties were: the five English counties of Cork, Limerick, Kerry, Tipperary, and Waterford; and the three Irish counties of Desmond, Ormond, and Thomond.[4]
Perrot's divisions in Ulster were for the main confirmed by a series of inquisitions between 1606 and 1610 that settled the demarcation of the counties of Connaught and Ulster.[4] John Speed's Description of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1610 showed that there was still a vagueness over what counties constituted the provinces, however Meath was no longer reckoned a province.[4] By 1616 when the Attorney General for Ireland Sir John Davies departed Ireland, almost all counties had been delimited.[4] The only exception was the county of Tipperary, which still belonged to the palatinate of Ormond.[4]
Tipperary would remain an anomaly being in effect two counties, one palatine, the other of the Cross until 1715 during the reign of King George I where an act abolished the "royalties and liberties of the County of Tipperary" and "that whatsoever hath been denominated or called Tipperary or Cross Tipperary, shall henceforth be and remain one county for ever, under the name of the County of Tipperary."[4]
Sub-divisions of counties[edit]
To correspond with the subdivisions of the English shires into honours or baronies, Irish counties were granted out to the Anglo-Norman noblemen in cantreds, later known as baronies, which in turn were subdivided, as in England, into parishes. Parishes were composed of townlands. However, in many cases, these divisions correspond to earlier, pre-Norman, divisions. While there are 331[citation needed] baronies in Ireland, and more than a thousand civil parishes, there are around sixty thousand townlands that range in size from one to several thousand hectares. Townlands were often traditionally divided into smaller units called quarters, but these subdivisions are not legally defined.
Counties corporate[edit]
The following towns/cities had charters specifically granting them the status of a county corporate:
County of the Town of Carrickfergus (by 1325)
County of the City of Cork (1608)
County of the Town of Drogheda (1412)
County of the City of Dublin (1548)
County of the Town of Galway (1610)
County of the City of Kilkenny (1610)
County of the City of Limerick (1609)
County of the City of Waterford (1574)
The only entirely new counties created in 1898 were the county boroughs of Londonderry and Belfast. Carrickfergus, Drogheda and Kilkenny were abolished; Galway was also abolished, but recreated in 1986.
Exceptions to the county system of control[edit]
Regional presidencies of Connacht and Munster remained in existence until 1672, with special powers over their subsidiary counties. Tipperary remained a county palatine until the passing of the County Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715, with different officials and procedures from other counties. At the same time, Dublin, until the 19th century, had ecclesiastical liberties with rules outside those applying to the rest of Dublin city and county. Exclaves of the county of Dublin existed in counties Kildare and Wicklow. At least eight other enclaves of one county inside another, or between two others, existed. The various enclaves and exclaves were merged into neighbouring and surrounding counties, primarily in the mid-19th century under a series of Orders in Council.
Evolution of functions[edit]
The Church of Ireland exercised functions at the level of civil parish that would later be exercised by county authorities. Vestigial feudal power structures of major old estates remained well into the 18th century. Urban corporations operated individual royal charters. Management of counties came to be exercised by grand juries. Members of grand juries were the local payers of rates who historically held judicial functions, taking maintenance roles in regard to roads and bridges, and the collection of "county cess" taxes. They were usually composed of wealthy "country gentlemen" (i.e. landowners, farmers and merchants):
A country gentleman as a member of a Grand Jury...levied the local taxes, appointed the nephews of his old friends to collect them, and spent them when they were gathered in. He controlled the boards of guardians and appointed the dispensary doctors, regulated the diet of paupers, inflicted fines and administered the law at petty sessions.[9]
The counties were initially used for judicial purposes, but began to take on some governmental functions in the 17th century, notably with grand juries.
19th and 20th centuries[edit]
In 1836, the use of counties as local government units was further developed, with grand-jury powers extended under the Grand Jury (Ireland) Act 1836. The traditional county of Tipperary was split into two judicial counties (or ridings) following the establishment of assize courts in 1838. Also in that year, local poor law boards, with a mix of magistrates and elected "guardians" took over the health and social welfare functions of the grand juries.
Sixty years later, a more radical reorganisation of local government took place with the passage of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. This Act established a county council for each of the thirty-three Irish administrative counties. Elected county councils took over the powers of the grand juries.The boundaries of the traditional counties changed on a number of occasions. The 1898 Act changed the boundaries of Counties Galway, Clare, Mayo, Roscommon, Sligo, Waterford, Kilkenny, Meath and Louth, and others. County Tipperary was divided into two regions: North Riding and South Riding. Areas of the cities of Belfast, Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Derry and Waterford were carved from their surrounding counties to become county boroughs in their own right and given powers equivalent to those of administrative counties.[10][11][12]
Under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the island was partitioned between Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland. For the purposes of the Act,
... Northern Ireland shall consist of the parliamentary counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone, and the parliamentary boroughs of Belfast and Londonderry, and Southern Ireland shall consist of so much of Ireland as is not comprised within the said parliamentary counties and boroughs.[13]
The county and county borough borders were thus used to determine the line of partition. Southern Ireland shortly afterwards became the Irish Free State. This partition was entrenched in the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which was ratified in 1922, by which the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland making the decision to not separate two days later.
Under the Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1976, part of the urban area of Drogheda, which lay in County Meath, was transferred to County Louth on 1 January 1977. This resulted in the land area of County Louth increasing slightly at the expense of County Meath.[14] The possibility of a similar action with regard to Waterford City has been raised in recent years, though opposition from Kilkenny has been strong.
Historical and traditional counties[edit]
Areas that were shired by 1607 and continued as counties until the local government reforms of 1836, 1898 and 2001 are sometimes referred to as "traditional" or "historic" counties. These were distinct from the counties corporate that existed in some of the larger towns and cities, although linked to the county at large for other purposes. From 1898 to 2001, areas with county councils were known as administrative counties, while the counties corporate were designated as county boroughs. In other cases, the "traditional" county was divided to form two administrative counties. From 2001, certain administrative counties, which were originally "traditional" counties, underwent further splitting.
Current usage[edit]
In the Republic of Ireland[edit]
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In the Republic of Ireland the traditional counties are, in general, the basis for local government, planning and community development purposes, are governed by county councils and are still generally respected for other purposes. Administrative borders have been altered to allocate various towns (e.g. Bray) exclusively into one county having been originally split between two counties.
There are now 26 county councils, three city councils and two city and county councils – a total of 31 local government entities.
County Tipperary was split into North and South Ridings in 1838. These Ridings were established as separate administrative counties under the Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898.
County Dublin was abolished as an administrative county in 1994, while also remaining a point of reference for purposes other than local government. Its territory was divided into three administrative counties: Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, and South Dublin. The county borough of Dublin, together with the county boroughs of Cork, Galway, Limerick and Waterford, were re-styled as city councils under the Local Government Act 2001, with the same status in law as county councils.
The city councils of Limerick and Waterford were merged with their respective county councils by the Local Government Reform Act 2014, to form new city and county councils. Anomalously, the city of Kilkenny does not have a "city council" as it was a borough but not a county borough. It is now administered by its eponymous county council but is, exceptionally, permitted to retain the style of "city" for ornament only. Also, the 2014 Act abolished North Tipperary and South Tipperary, and re-established County Tipperary.
These 31 "county-level" entities correspond to the first level of local administrative unit for EU and Eurostat purposes. The second level of local administrative unit (LAU) is the District electoral division. Of the administrative structures established under the 1898 Local Government Act, the only type to have been completely abolished was the Rural District, which was rendered void in the early years of the Irish Free State amidst widespread allegations of corruption. At a level above that of LAU is the Region which clusters counties together for NUTS purposes. The Regions are administered by Regional Authorities which were established by the Local Government Act 1991 and came into existence in 1994.
Education[edit]
In 2013 Education and Training Boards (ETBs) were formed throughout the Republic of Ireland, replacing the system of Vocational Education Committees (VECs) created in 1930. Originally, VECs were formed for each administrative county and county borough, and also in a number of larger towns. In 1997 the majority of town VECs were absorbed by the surrounding county. The 33 VEC areas were reduced to 16 ETB areas, with each consisting of one or more local government county or city.[15]
The Institute of technology system was organised on the committee areas or "functional areas", these still remain legal but are not as important as originally envisioned as the institutes are now more national in character and are only really applied today when selecting governing councils, similarly Dublin Institute of Technology was originally a group of several colleges of the City of Dublin committee.
Elections[edit]
Where possible, parliamentary constituencies in the Republic of Ireland follow county boundaries. Under the Electoral Act 1997 a Constituency Commission is established following the publication of census figures every five years. The Commission is charged with defining constituency boundaries, and the 1997 Act provides that the breaching of county boundaries shall be avoided as far as practicable.[16] This provision does not apply to the boundaries between cities and counties, or between the three counties in the Dublin area.
This system usually results in more populated counties having several constituencies: Dublin, including Dublin city, is subdivided into twelve constituencies, Cork into five. On the other hand, smaller counties such as Carlow and Kilkenny or Laois and Offaly may be paired to form constituencies. An extreme case is the splitting of Ireland's least populated county of Leitrim between the constituencies of Sligo–North Leitrim and Roscommon–South Leitrim.
Each county or city is divided into Local electoral areas for the election of councillors. The boundaries of the areas and the number of councillors assigned are fixed from time to time by order of the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government, following a report by the Local Government Commission, and based on population changes recorded in the census.[17]
In Northern Ireland[edit]
Main articles: Counties of Northern Ireland and Local government in Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, a major reorganisation of local government in 1973 replaced the six traditional counties and two county boroughs (Belfast and Derry[nb 2] ) with 26 single-tier districts for local government purposes. In 2015, as a result of a reform process that started in 2005, these districts were merged to form 11 new single-tier "super districts".
The six traditional counties remain in use for some purposes, including the three-letter coding of vehicle number plates, the Royal Mail Postcode Address File (which records counties in all addresses although they are no longer required for postcoded mail) and Lord Lieutenancies (for which the former county boroughs are also used). There are no longer official 'county towns'. However the counties are still very widely acknowledged, for example as administrative divisions for sporting and cultural organisations.
Other uses[edit]
The administrative division of the island along the lines of the traditional 32 counties was also adopted by non-governmental and cultural organisations. In particular the Gaelic Athletic Association continues to organise its activities on the basis of GAA counties that, throughout the island, correspond almost exactly to the 32 traditional counties in use at the time of the foundation of that organisation in 1884. The GAA also uses the term "county" for some of its organisational units in Britain and further afield.
List of counties[edit]
The 34 divisions listed below include the "traditional" counties of Ireland as well as those created or re-created after the 19th century. Twenty four counties still delimit the remit of local government divisions in the Republic of Ireland (in some cases with slightly redrawn boundaries). In Northern Ireland, the counties listed no longer serve this purpose. The Irish-language names of counties in the Republic of Ireland are prescribed by ministerial order, which in the case of three newer counties, omits the word contae (county).[18] Irish names form the basis for all English-language county names except Waterford, Wexford, and Wicklow, which are of Norse origin.
In the "Region" column of the table below, except for the six Northern Ireland counties the reference is to NUTS 3 statistical regions of the Republic of Ireland. "County town" is the current or former administrative capital of the county.
Cities which, in the Republic, are currently administered outside the county system, but with the same legal status as administrative counties, are not shown separately: these are Cork, Dublin and, Galway. Also omitted are the former county boroughs of Londonderry and Belfast which in Northern Ireland had the same legal status as the six counties until the reorganisation of local government in 1973.
County
Irish name[19]
Ulster-Scots
name(s)
County town
Most
populous
city/town
Province
Region
Antrim Aontroim
(Contae Aontroma) Anthrim[20]
Antrìm[21]
Entrim[22] Ballymena (formerly
Carrickfergus 1850–1970) Belfast (part) Ulster Northern Ireland – UKN0
Armagh Ard Mhacha
(Contae Ard Mhacha) Airmagh[23] Armagh Craigavon Ulster Northern Ireland – UKN0
Carlow Ceatharlach
(Contae Cheatharlach) Carlow Carlow Leinster South-East – IE024 ‡
Cavan An Cabhán
(Contae an Chabháin) Cavan Cavan Ulster Border – IE011 ‡
Clare An Clár
(Contae an Chláir) Ennis Ennis Munster Mid-West – IE023 ‡
Cork Corcaigh
(Contae Chorcaí) Coark[24] Cork Cork Munster South-West – IE025
Donegal Dún na nGall
(Contae Dhún na nGall) Dinnygal
Dunnygal[24] Lifford Letterkenny Ulster Border – IE011 ‡
Down An Dún
(Contae an Dúin) Doon
Doun Downpatrick Belfast (part) Ulster Northern Ireland – UKN0
Fermanagh Fear Manach
(Contae Fhear Manach) Fermanay Enniskillen Enniskillen Ulster Northern Ireland – UKN0
Galway Gaillimh
(Contae na Gaillimhe) Galway Galway Connacht West – IE013
Kerry Ciarraí
(Contae Chiarraí) Tralee Tralee Munster South-West – IE025 ‡
Kildare Cill Dara
(Contae Chill Dara) Naas Newbridge Leinster Mid-East – IE022 ‡
Kilkenny Cill Chainnigh
(Contae Chill Chainnigh) Kilkenny Kilkenny Leinster South-East – IE024 ‡
Laois Laois
(Contae Laoise) Portlaoise Portlaoise Leinster Midlands – IE012 ‡
Leitrim Liatroim
(Contae Liatroma) Carrick-on-Shannon Carrick-on-Shannon Connacht Border – IE011 ‡
Limerick Luimneach
(Contae Luimnigh) Lïmerick[24] Limerick Limerick Munster Mid-West – IE023
Londonderry[nb 3] Doire
(Contae Dhoire) Lunnonderrie Coleraine Derry Ulster Northern Ireland – UKN0
Longford An Longfort
(Contae an Longfoirt) Langfurd[24] Longford Longford Leinster Midlands – IE012 ‡
Louth Lú
(Contae Lú) Dundalk Drogheda Leinster Border – IE011 ‡
Mayo Maigh Eo
(Contae Mhaigh Eo) Castlebar Castlebar Connacht West – IE013 ‡
Meath An Mhí
(Contae na Mí) Navan
(formerly Trim) Navan Leinster Mid-East – IE022 ‡
Monaghan Muineachán
(Contae Mhuineacháin) Ronelann[25] Monaghan Monaghan Ulster Border – IE011 ‡
Offaly Uíbh Fhailí
(Contae Uíbh Fhailí) Tullamore (formerly
Philipstown) Tullamore Leinster Midlands – IE012 ‡
Roscommon Ros Comáin
(Contae Ros Comáin) Roscommon Roscommon Connacht West – IE013 ‡
Sligo Sligeach
(Contae Shligigh) Sligo Sligo Connacht Border – IE011 ‡
Tipperary Tiobraid Árann
(Contae Thiobraid Árann) Nenagh (formerly Clonmel
& Cashel) Clonmel Munster ‡
Tyrone Tír Eoghain
(Contae Thír Eoghain) Owenslann[25] Omagh Omagh Ulster Northern Ireland – UKN0
Waterford Port Láirge
(Contae Phort Láirge) Wattèrford[24] Dungarvan
(formerly Waterford) Waterford Munster South-East – IE024
Westmeath An Iarmhí
(Contae na hIarmhí) Mullingar Athlone Leinster South-East – IE024 ‡
Wexford Loch Garman
(Contae Loch Garman) Wexford Wexford Leinster South-East – IE024 ‡
Wicklow Cill Mhantáin
(Contae Chill Mhantáin) Wicklow Bray Leinster Mid-East – IE022 ‡
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Dún Laoghaire–Ráth an Dúin Dún Laoghaire Dún Laoghaire Leinster Dublin – IE021 ‡
Fingal Fine Gall Swords Swords Leinster Dublin – IE021 ‡
South Dublin Áth Cliath Theas Tallaght Tallaght Leinster Dublin – IE021 ‡
‡ Also administrative
See also[edit]
Gaelic Athletic Association county
History of Ireland
History of the United Kingdom
Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Ireland
Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom – Northern Ireland
List of Irish counties by area
List of Irish counties by population
List of Irish counties' coats of arms
List of Irish county towns
ISO 3166-2:GB
ISO 3166-2:IE
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Whilst often today called English, a term which would not have been understood at the time, Henry II was in fact a Norman Frenchman, born in Le Mans and spent most of his early life there. His accession, which was essentially by force from his mother's cousin Stephen, was the continuance of the Norman subjugation of England
Jump up ^ Londonderry is often called Derry – see Derry/Londonderry name dispute
Jump up ^ Londonderry is often called Derry – see Derry/Londonderry name dispute
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bryne, T., Local Government in Britain, (1994)
Jump up ^ Fingal County Council website, where (apart from references to the Council itself) both "Fingal County" and "County Fingal" appear, but much less frequently than "Fingal" alone.
Jump up ^ Michael Richter, Medieval Ireland, Revised edition, Dublin 2005
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Falkiner, Caesar Litton. The Counties of Ireland: An Historical Sketch of Their Origin, Constitution, and Gradual Delimitation. Royal Irish Academy.
Jump up ^ Bardon, Jonathan: A History of Ulster, page 45. The Black Staff Press, 2005. ISBN 0-85640-764-X
Jump up ^ Hughes and Hannan: Place-Names of Northern Ireland, Volume Two, County Down II, The Ards, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1992. ISBN 085389-450-7
Jump up ^ John G. Crawford, Anglicising the Government of Ireland: The Irish Privy Council & the Expansion of Tudor Rule 1556–1578, Blackrock, 1993
Jump up ^ Desmond Roche, Local Government in Ireland, Dublin, 1982
Jump up ^ McDowell, R. B (1975). T.W. Moody; J.C. Beckett; J.V. Kelleher, eds. The Church of Ireland, 1869–1969. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 2. ISBN 0 7100 8072 7. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Proposed Alterations in Counties". Irish Times. 19 July 1898. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Orders declaring the boundaries of administrative counties and defining county electoral divisions". 27th Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland (Cmd.9480). Dublin: HMSO. 1900. pp. 235–330.
Jump up ^ A Handbook of Local Government in Ireland (1899) "containing an Explanatory Introduction to the Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898: together with the Text of the Act, the Orders in Council, and the Rules made thereunder relating to County Council, Rural District Council, and Guardian's Elections. With an Index"
Jump up ^ Government of Ireland Act 1920 -text
Jump up ^ Tully, James (19 October 1976). "Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act, 1976". Office of the Irish Attorney General. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "01 July, 2013– Education and Training Boards replace VECs". Department of Education and Skills. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Electoral Act 1997
Jump up ^ "Local Government Act 2001, Section 23". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Ministerial Order, 2003 setting out Irish-language names
Jump up ^ Gasaitéar na hÉireann / Gazetteer of Ireland. Dublin: Brainse Logainmneacha na Suirbhéireachta Ordanáis / Placenames Branch of the Ordnance Survey. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7076-0076-5.
Jump up ^ "Yierly report 2008". Tourism Ireland. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Bonamargy Friary (Ulster-Scots Translation)" (PDF). Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland). Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "The Ulster-Scot, June 2011". Ulster-Scots Agency. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Jump up ^ North-South Ministerial Council: 2006 Annual Report in Ulster Scots Archived 27 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e North/South Ministerial Council. "Noarth/Sooth Cooncil o Männystèrs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fair faa ye tae Rathgannon Sooth Owenslann Burgh Cooncil". Dungannon & South Tyrone Borough Council. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
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Eliza Bennett
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the British actress. For Jane Austen's heroine, see Elizabeth Bennet.
Eliza Bennett
Bennett in 2009
Born
Eliza Hope Bennett
(1992-03-17) 17 March 1992 (age 25)
Reading, Berkshire, England
Other names
Eliza Hope Bennett
Occupation
Actress, singer
Years active
2004–present
Eliza Hope Bennett[1] (born 17 March 1992)[2] is an English actress and singer. Her most notable roles have been those of Meggie Folchart in the film Inkheart,[3][4] Tora in the film Nanny McPhee,[5][3] Susan in From Time to Time[6] and playing Holly Manson in the West End musical Loserville.[7][8][9] Bennett starred on the MTV black comedy series Sweet/Vicious as Jules Thomas.[10][11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Film career
3 Music career
4 Filmography
5 Theatre
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Bennett was born and grew up in Reading, Berkshire[12] with her older brother and sister[13] and attended Leighton Park School.[14][15][16]
Film career[edit]
Bennett landed her first role as Jemima in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the London Palladium in 2002 aged nine.[9] She got her first film role playing Princess Arabella in 2004's The Prince and Me.[17][18] In 2005 Bennett landed one of her biggest film roles, playing Tora in Nanny McPhee.[5][3]
In 2005, she played Hayley in the TV movie Supernova,[19] Young Anne in the 2006 film Victims, Emily in The Contractor with Wesley Snipes[20][21] and television work as Nora in the Agatha Christie's Marple episode "By the Pricking of My Thumbs".[22][23]
In 2006, she played the role of Meggie Folchart in the film Inkheart,[3][4] based on the novel by Cornelia Funke. In 2009, Eliza went on to land the role of Susan in Julian Fellowes' film From Time to Time.[6]
In 2010, she played the role of Kate Anderson in Johannes Roberts' thriller film F,[24][25] Roadkill.[26][27] In 2012, Eliza portrayed the psychopathic character of Kayleigh in the thriller film Confine[28][29]; a role for which she received a best supporting actress nomination at the Wild Rose Independent Film Festival, eventually receiving a distinctive achievement award.[30] and also winning Best Actress Award for Confine at CYIFF 2013[citation needed]
In 2012 she played the role of Kayleigh in the film Confine,[28][29] Alex/Brittany in the 2015 film H8RZ[31][32]and Agathe Von Trapp in the 2015 film The von Trapp Family: A Life of Music.[33][34]
Music career[edit]
Bennett performed a song for Inkheart's soundtrack, called "My Declaration", originally written and performed by Tom Baxter.[35][36]
In 2012, Eliza then went back to musical theatre when she was cast as Holly in the West End musical Loserville.[7][8][9] This was first performed at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds,[7] before getting a West End transfer to the Garrick Theatre in 2012.[37]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
Refs.
2004 The Prince and Me Princess Arabella [17][18]
2005 Nanny McPhee Tora Brown [5][4]
2005 Supernova Haley Richardson TV film [19]
2006 Agatha Christie's Marple Nora Johnson Episode; By the Pricking of My Thumbs [22][23]
2007 The Contractor Emily Day [20][21]
2008 Inkheart Meggie Folchart Credited as Eliza Hope Bennett [3][4]
2009 From Time to Time Susan Oldknow [6]
2009 Perfect Life Young Anne [38]
2010 F Kate Anderson [24][25]
2011 Roadkill Hailey [26][27]
2012 Grimm's Snow White Snow White [39][40]
2012 Confine Kayleigh [28][29]
2013 The Midnight Beast Amy [41]
2014 BBC Comedy Feeds Sofie Flat TV [42][43]
2014 Plebs Ambrosia Episode; The Election [44][45][46]
2015 Valentine's Kiss Lily Whiteley [47][48]
2015 Broadchurch Lisa Newbery Series 2 [49][50][51]
2015 Strike Back Chloe Foster Series 5 [52][53][54]
2015 H8RZ Alex Thomas / Brittany Tammand [31][32]
2015 The von Trapp Family: A Life of Music Agathe Von Trapp [33][34]
2016 Grantchester Kitty Lawson Season 2 [55][56][57]
2016–17 Sweet/Vicious Jules Thomas Main role [10][11]
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs.
April 2002 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Jemima Potts London Palladium [9]
July 2012 Loserville Holly Manson West Yorkshire Playhouse [7]
2012–13 Loserville Holly Manson Garrick Theatre [37]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Category
Award
Result
Refs.
2007 Best Young Ensemble in a Feature Film for Nanny McPhee
Shared with Thomas Sangster, Raphaël Coleman, Jennifer Rae Daykin, Holly Gibbs & Samuel Honywood.
Young Artist Award Nominated [58]
2012 Best Supporting Actress for Confine Wild Rose Independent Film Festival Nominated [citation needed]
2012 Best Leading Actress in a Musical for Loserville Broadwayworld West End Awards Nominated [citation needed]
2013 Best Actress Award for "Confine" CYIFF Won [30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Q&A: Talking with Eliza Hope Bennett of Loserville". Love Theatre. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Jeez Jules stop taking my birthday so seriously."". Twitter. 17 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "New DVD: Inkheart (PG)". GetReading. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gritten, David (11 December 2008). "Inkheart - review". Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nanny McPhee". RadioTimes. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Castro, Adam-Troy (14 December 2012). "Inkheart's Eliza Bennett will time-travel in her next fantasy film". SyfyWire. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d ""I can finally say that I will be in @JamesBourne Loserville at @WYPlayhouse!! Come and book tickets nowwwww!!"". Twitter. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer, Charles (18 October 2012). "Loserville, Garrick Theatre, review". Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cook, Caroline (16 October 2012). "Reading actress takes to the West End stage in Loserville". Get Reading. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan, Maureen (14 November 2016). "Review: MTV’s ‘Sweet/Vicious’". Variety. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnes, Katie (25 January 2017). "MTV's 'Sweet/Vicious' is the best show you haven't been watching". ESPN. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Perryman, Francesca (19 March 2016). "Former Reading pupil nominated for prestigious Olivier award". Get Reading. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""So excited my brother is getting married next month and now my sister is ENGAGED!! 💍💃"". Twitter. 3 January 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Old Leightonians". Leighton Park School. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""The Crucible" cast announced". News. Leighton Park School. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
Jump up ^ SACLAO, CHRISTIAN (26 January 2017). "‘Sweet/Vicious’ Creator Shares New Story Ideas For Potential Season 2". International Business Times. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Prince and Me - Credits". BBC. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ebert, Roger (November 2005). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2006. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 543. ISBN 9780740755385. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "SUPERNOVA". Sonar Entertainment. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Contracter". Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Contractor". RadioTimes. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Agatha Christie's Marple - By the Pricking of My Thumbs". RadioTimes. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "By the Pricking of My Thumbs - Full Cast and Credits". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "DVD Releases: 'F' (Review)". Cinevue. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kermode, Jennie (8 September 2010). "F (2010) Film Review". Eye For Film. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Roadkill". RadioTimes. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Roadkill". Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chafey, Alex (4 July 2013). "Confine – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c NICHOLSON, BEN. "Film Review: 'Confine'". Cinevue. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2012 WRIFF AWARD WINNERS - Wild Rose Film Festival". Wildrosefilmfest.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "H8RZ". Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Yarrow, Marcia. "H8RZ (Review)". The American Mag. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Von Trapp Family - A Life of Music [DVD]". Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Von Trapp Family: A Life of Music 2 For £10 DVD £5.99". HMV. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "MY DECLARATION - ELIZA BENNETT". MTV. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "My Declaration ("Inkheart")". Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b ""@hughbon well if your back you should come and see #Loserville at the Garrick theatre! It's so fun. PS I'm so happy Downton is back on my TV"". Twitter. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Perfect Life [DVD] (2010) Eliza Bennett, Chris Bearne, Steven Berkoff". Ebay. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grimm's Snow White". RadioTimes. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grimm's Snow White". Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Midnight Beast - Series 2, Episode 4 - Going Solo". Comedy.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Comedy Feeds - Flat TV". BBC. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Tom (15 May 2015). "BBC Three orders Flat TV". www.chortle.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Hello English Telly Owners. I shall be on your TV sets TONIGHT on #Plebs on @Itv2Tony at 10pm."". Twitter. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Thank you for the kind words about this weeks #Plebs ep. I has a blast working on it. If you missed it, catch it on ITVplayer. Innit bruv."". Twitter. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Series 2 - Episode 6 - The Candidate". RadioTimes. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "VALENTINE'S KISS [Episodes 1-2]". BBFC. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valentine’s Kiss". Letterboxd. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Hey peeps! Watch @BroadchurchTV tonight @ITV 9pm. If you watch every week, you might just see my face. Had a lovely little time on this job."". Twitter. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ JEFFERY, MORGAN (24 February 2015). "Broadchurch 2: What worked, what didn't?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Ihnat, Gwen (25 March 2015). "Broadchurch: “Season Two, Episode Four”". AVClub. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Woken up feeling exhausted just from 1st day filming on Strike Back! #training #filming #strikeback"". Twitter. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Curt, Wagner (22 September 2014). "Michelle Yeoh, Dustin Clare join 'Strike Back' cast". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cinemax's STRIKE BACK to Return for Fourth & Final Season, 7/31". Broadway. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ""I guest star on #Grantchester tonight on #ITV at 9pm. Tune in if you fancy! Lovely cast and people"". Twitter. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grantchester - Press Centre". ITV. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grantchester - S2 - Episode 4". Radio Times. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Sangster Awards". Ace Showbiz. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 2007 Got nomination for Young Artist Award Best Young Ensemble in a Feature Film for Nanny McPhee (2005) shared with Eliza Bennett, Jennifer Rae Daykin, Holly Gibbs
External links[edit]
Eliza Bennett on IMDb
Eliza Bennett on Twitter
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VIAF: 161996895
LCCN: no2009124614
ISNI: 0000 0001 1499 4032
GND: 1062344383
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eliza_Bennett&oldid=801505642"
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1992 births
English child actresses
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