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Get Up and Bar the Door
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Illustration by Alexander George Fraser of Get Up and Bar the Door
Get Up and Bar the Door is a medieval Scots ballad about a battle of wills between a husband and wife. It is Child ballad 275. According to Child, it was first published by David Herd.[1]
Contents
1 Synopsis
2 Recordings
3 References
4 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Illustration by Arthur Rackham of
Get Up and Bar the Door
The song begins with the wife busy in her cooking and other chores. As the wind picks up, the husband tells her to close and bar the door. They make a pact that the next person who speaks must bar the door, and the door remains open. At midnight two thieves enter the house and eat the puddings that the wife has just made. The husband and wife watch them, but still neither speaks out of stubborn pride. Amazed, one of the thieves proposes to molest the wife. Finally, the husband shouts "Will ye kiss my wife before my een, and scad me wi pudding bree?" The wife, having won the pact, tells the husband, "Goodman, you've spoken the foremost word; Get up and bar the door."
In some versions, the husband is named as Johnie Blunt of Crawford Moor.[2] Child notes that the song was used by Prince Hoare to provide one of the principal scenes in his musical entertainment, No Song, No Supper, performed at Drury Lane in 1790.
Among many things, this folk ballad talks about the sense of lasting competition in a relationship. The man tries to maintain his power but the woman refuses because she does not want to be treated like a doormat; each is too stubborn to do something that will benefit both. The ballad makes the point that being stubborn can be carried to ludicrous lengths, since by being stubborn they lost their Martinmas puddings and left their persons and household open to crime.[original research?]
Recordings[edit]
Martin Carthy - Shearwater (as "John Blunt")
Ewan MacColl sang it on "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (The Child Ballads) Volume I" (1956)
Maddy Prior and June Tabor sang a version on "No More to the Dance" as "The Barring o' the Door" (1988)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Herd, David (1732-1810): Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads etc.
Jump up ^ Child Vol. VIII p. 125
External links[edit]
Lyrics for three versions of "Get Up and Bar the Door"
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Contour plowing
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Contour plowing, Pennsylvania, 1938
"Contour bunding", Catalonia, 2007
Contour plowing or contour farming or Contour ploughing is the farming practice of plowing and or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of soil erosion. The water break also allows more time for the water to settle into the soil.[1] In contour plowing, the ruts made by the plow run perpendicular rather than parallel to the slopes, generally resulting in furrows that curve around the land and are level. This method is also known for preventing tillage erosion.[2] Tillage erosion is the soil movement and erosion by tilling a given plot of land.[3] A similar practice is contour bunding where stones are placed around the contours of slopes.Contour ploughing helps to reduce soil erosion.
Soil erosion prevention practices such as this can drastically decrease negative effects associated with soil erosion such as reduced crop productivity, worsened water quality, lower effective reservoir water levels, flooding, and habitat destruction.[4] Contour farming is considered an active form of sustainable agriculture.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Modern history
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout the Mediterranean. However, the Romans preferred cultivation in straight furrows and this practice became standard.
Modern history[edit]
This was one of the main procedures promoted by the UK Soil Conservation Service (the current Natural Resources Conservation Service) during the 1930s. The US Department of Agriculture established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the Dust Bowl when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem along with desertification.
The extent of the problem was such that the 1934 "Yearbook of Agriculture" noted that Approximately 35 million acres [142,000 km²] of formerly cultivated land have essentially been destroyed for crop production. . . . 100 million acres [405,000 km²] now in crops have lost all or most of the topsoil; 125 million acres [506,000 km²] of land now in crops are rapidly losing topsoil. This can lead to large scale desertification which can permanently transform a formerly productive landscape to an arid one that becomes increasingly intensive and expensive to farm.[6]
The Soil Conservation Service worked with state governments and universities with established agriculture programs such as the University of Nebraska to promote the method to farmers. By 1938, the introduction of new agricultural techniques such as contour plowing had reduced the loss of soil by 65% despite the continuation of the drought.
Demonstrations showed that contour farming, under ideal conditions, will increase yields of row crops by up to 50%, with increases of between 5 and 10% being common. Importantly, the technique also significantly reduces soil erosion, fertilizer loss, and overall makes farming less energy and resource intensive under most circumstances.[7] Reducing fertilizer loss not only saves the farmer time and money, but it also decreases risk of harming regional freshwater systems. Soil erosion caused from heavy rain can encourage the development of rills and gullies which carry excess nutrients into freshwater systems through the process of eutrophication[8]
Contour plowing is also promoted in countries with similar rainfall patterns to the United States such as western Canada and Australia.
The practice is effective only on slopes with between 2% and 10% gradient and when rainfall does not exceed a certain amount within a certain period. On steeper slopes and areas with greater rainfall, a procedure known as strip cropping is used with contour farming to provide additional protection.[9] Contour farming is most effective when used with other soil conservation methods like strip cropping, terrace (agriculture) farming, and the use of a cover crop.[10] The proper combination of such farming methods can be determined by various climatic and soil conditions of that given area. Farming sites are often classified into five levels: insensitive, mild, moderate, high and extreme, depending on the regions soil sensitivity.[11]. Contour farming is applied in certain European countries such as Belgium, Italy, Greece, Romania, Slovenia and Spain in areas with higher than 10% slope[12].
P. A. Yeomans' Keyline Design system is critical of traditional contour plowing techniques, and improves the system through observing normal land form and topography. At one end of a contour the slope of the land will always be steeper than at the other. Thus when plowing parallel runs paralleling any contour the plow furrows soon deviate from a true contour. Rain water in these furrows will thus flow sideways along the falling "contour" line. This can often concentrate water in a ways that exacerbates erosion instead of reducing it. Yeomans was the first to appreciate the significance of this phenomenon. Keyline cultivation utilizes this "off contour" drift in cultivating furrows to control the movement of rain water for the benefit of the land. ( See Chapter 7 in Priority One History of Twentieth Century Soil Conservation and Keyline.)
Contour bunding has been widely adopted in Burkina Faso after it was suggested by British Oxfam worker Bill Hereford in the beginning of the 1980s.
See also[edit]
George Washington Carver
Soil conservation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Contour Farming for Cropland in the Pacific." University of Hawai‘i - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Ed. University of Hawaii at Manoa. USDA NRCS Practice (330), Web. <http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/wq/publications/Final_FactSheets/ContourFarmingCrop330.pdf>.
Jump up ^ Van Oost, K. K.; Govers, G. G.; de Alba, S. S.; Quine, T. A. (2006). "Tillage erosion: a review of controlling factors and implications for soil quality". Progress In Physical Geography. 30 (4): 443–466. doi:10.1191/0309133306pp487ra.
Jump up ^ Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. "Tillage Erosion." Agronomy Guide (Penn State Extension). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 2013. <http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec1/sec11e>.
Jump up ^ Xu, Lifen; Xu, Xuegong; Meng, Xiangwei (2013). "Risk assessment of soil erosion in different rainfall scenarios by RUSLE model coupled with Information Diffusion Model: A case study of Bohai Rim, China". CATENA. 100: 74–82. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2012.08.012.
Jump up ^ Roychoowdhury, Banerjee U; Sofkova, S; Yah, J (2013). "ORGANIC FARMING FOR CROPIMPROVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE ERA OF CLIMATE CHANGE". Online Journal of Biological Sciences. 13 (2): 50–65.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael C., and GreenFacts. "Desertification." Encyclopedia of Earth., 22 July 2010. Web. <http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151708/>.
Jump up ^ "Contour Farming." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ed. Encyclopædia Britannica., 2013. Web. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/135192/contour-farming>.
Jump up ^ Hasholt, Bent; et al. (1997). "Sediment delivery to streams from adjacent slopes on agricultural land in Denmark". IAHS Publications-Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern Assoc Hydrological Sciences. 245: 101–110.
Jump up ^ NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 330-Contour Farming
Jump up ^ Reinhardt, Claudia, and Bill Ganzel. "Contour Plowing & Terraces during the 1930s Depression." Living History Farm., 2003. Web. <http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/crops_11.html>.
Jump up ^ Zhang, Ronghua; Liu, Xia; Heathman, Gary C.; Yao, Xiaoyou; Hu, Xuli; Zhang, Guangcan (2013). "Assessment of soil erosion sensitivity and analysis of sensitivity factors in the Tongbai–Dabie mountainous area of China". CATENA. 101: 92–9. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2012.10.008.
Jump up ^ Panagos, Panos; Borrelli, Pasquale; Meusburger, Katrin; Zanden, Emma H. van der; Poesen, Jean; Alewell, Christine. "Modelling the effect of support practices (P-factor) on the reduction of soil erosion by water at European scale". Environmental Science & Policy. 51: 23–34. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.03.012.
External links[edit]
Media related to Contour farming at Wikimedia Commons
NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 330-Contour Farming 4 page pdf file
American Experience page on the dust bowl[permanent dead link]
Encyclopædia Britannica page on contour farming
Purdue University article on contour farming
Natural Resources Conservation Service page on sustainable farming
Manitoba Soil Conservation Resource Manual
Priority One. Together We Can Beat Global Warming
Pearce, F. (2002) Africans go back to the land as plants reclaim the desert, New Scientist 21. September, page 4.
Looking after our land - Soil and Water Conservation in Dryland Africa - Detailed instructions for contour bund construction.
BBC News - Sahara desert frontiers turn green
[1]-Article on Water Erosion from Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences
[2]-Article on Tillage Erosion from Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences
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Kalahari Desert
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (May 2017)
Kalahari
Desert
A satellite image of the Kalahari by NASA World Wind
Countries
Botswana, Namibia, South Africa
Landmarks
Botswana's Gemsbok National Park, Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Chobe National Park, Kalahari Basin, Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Makgadikgadi Pans
River
Orange River
Highest point
Brandberg Mountain 2,573 m (8,442 ft)
- coordinates 21°07′S 14°33′E / 21.117°S 14.550°E / -21.117; 14.550
Length
4,000 km (2,485 mi), E/W
Area
930,000 km2 (359,075 sq mi)
Biome
Semi-arid desert
The Kalahari Desert (shown in maroon) & Kalahari Basin (orange)
Kalahari in Namibia
Bird's eye view of the Kalahari in Namibia
The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for 900,000 square kilometres (350,000 sq mi), covering much of Botswana, parts of Namibia and regions of South Africa.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Vegetation and flora
5 Fauna
6 Threats and preservation
7 Population
8 Kalahari, San and diamonds
9 Settlements within the Kalahari
10 In popular culture
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Etymology[edit]
Kahalari is derived from the Tswana word Kgala, meaning "the great thirst", or Kgalagadi, meaning "a waterless place";[1] the Kalahari has vast areas covered by red sand without any permanent surface water.
Geography[edit]
Drainage of the desert is by dry valleys, seasonally inundated pans and the large salt pans of the Makgadikgadi Pan in Botswana and Etosha Pan in Namibia. The only permanent river, the Okavango, flows into a delta in the northwest, forming marshes that are rich in wildlife. Ancient dry riverbeds—called omuramba—traverse the central northern reaches of the Kalahari and provide standing pools of water during the rainy season.
A semi-desert, with huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains, the Kalahari supports more animals and plants than a true desert, such as the Namib Desert to the west. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. The driest areas usually receive 110–200 millimetres (4.3–7.9 in) of rain per year,[1] and the wettest just a little over 500 millimetres (20 in). The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) extending further into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Climate[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012)
North and east, approximately where the dry forests, savannahs and salt lakes prevail, the climate is sub-humid rather than semi-arid. South and west, where the vegetation is predominantly xeric savanna or even a semi-desert, the climate is "Kalaharian" semi-arid. The Kalaharian climate is subtropical (average annual temperature greater than or equal to 18 °C, with mean monthly temperature of the coldest month strictly below 18 °C), and is semi-arid with the dry season during the "cold" season, the coldest six months of the year. It is the southern tropical equivalent of the Sahelian climate. The altitude has been adduced as the explanation why the Kalaharian climate is not tropical; its altitude ranges from 600 to 1600 meters (and generally from 800 to 1200 meters), resulting in a cooler climate than that of the Sahel or Sahara. For example, winter frost is common from June to August, something rarely seen in the warmer Sahelian regions.[2] For the same reason, summer temperatures certainly can be very hot, but not in comparison to regions of low altitude in the Sahel or Sahara, where some stations record average temperatures of the warmest month around 38 °C, whereas the average temperature of the warmest month in any region in the Kalahari never exceeds 29 °C, though daily temperatures occasionally reach up to close to 45 °C (113 °F) (44.8 °C at Twee Rivieren Rest Camp in 2012).[3]
As in the Sahel, the wet season in the Kalahari is during the six coldest months of the year.
The dry season lasts eight months or more, and the wet season typically from less than one month to four months, depending on location. The southwestern Kalahari is the driest area, in particular a small region located towards the west-southwest of Tsaraxaibis (Southeast of Namibia). The average annual rainfall ranging from around 110 mm (close to aridity) to more than 500 mm in some areas of the north and east. In the driest and sunniest parts of the Kalahari, over 4,000 hours of sunshine are recorded annually on average.
In the Kalahari, there are two main mechanisms of atmospheric circulation, dominated by the Kalahari High anticyclone:[4]
The North and North-west of the Kalahari is subject to the alternation "Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)/"Continental Trade winds". The ITCZ is the meeting area of the boreal trade winds with their austral counterparts what meteorologists call "Meteorological equator" and the sailors "Doldrum" or "Pot-au-noir" : the ITCZ generates rains in the wet season, whereas the continental trade winds cause the dry season;
The rest of the Kalahari is subject to the maritime trade winds, that largely shed their moisture as they cross up and over the Southern African Great Escarpment before arriving over the Kalahari.
There are huge subterranean water reserves beneath parts of the Kalahari; the Dragon's Breath Cave, for example, is the largest documented non-subglacial underground lake on the planet. Such reserves may be in part the residues of ancient lakes; the Kalahari Desert was once a much wetter place. The ancient Lake Makgadikgadi dominated the area, covering the Makgadikgadi Pan and surrounding areas, but it drained or dried out some 10,000 years ago. It may have once covered as much as 120,000 square kilometres (46,000 sq mi).[5]
The Kalahari has had a complex climatic history over the past million or so years, in line with major global changes. Changes in the last 250,000 years have been reconstructed form various data sources, and provide evidence of both former extensive lakes and periods drier than now. During the latter the area of the Kalahari has expanded to include parts of western Zimbabwe, Zambia and Angola.[6]
Vegetation and flora[edit]
Due to its low aridity, the Kalahari supports a variety of flora. The native flora includes acacia trees and many other herbs and grasses.[7] The kiwano fruit, also known as the horned melon, melano, African horned cucumber, jelly melon, or hedged gourd, is endemic to a region in the Kalahari Desert (specific region unknown).[8]
Even where the Kalahari "desert" is dry enough to qualify as a desert in the sense of having low precipitation, it is not strictly speaking a desert because it has too dense a ground cover. The main region that lacks ground cover is in the southwest Kalahari (southeast of Namibia, northwest of South Africa and southwest of Botswana) in the south of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. For instance in the ZF Mgcawu District Municipality of South Africa, total vegetation cover may be as low as 30.72% on non-protected (from cattle grazing) farmlands south of Twee Rivieren Rest Camp and 37.74% in the protected (from cattle grazing) South African side of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park:[9] these southernmost Kalahari xeric savanna areas are truly semi-deserts. However, in all the remaining Kalahari, except on salt pans during the dry season, the vegetation cover can be clearly denser, up to almost 100% in some limited areas.
In an area of about 600,000 km2 in the south and west of the Kalahari, the vegetation is mainly xeric savanna. This area is the ecoregion identified by World Wide Fund for Nature as Kalahari xeric savanna AT1309. Typical savanna grasses include (Schmidtia, Stipagrostis, Aristida, and Eragrostis) interspersed with trees such as camelthorn (Acacia erioloba), grey camelthorn (Acacia haematoxylon), shepherd’s tree (Boscia albitrunca), blackthorn (Acacia mellifera), and silver cluster-leaf (Terminalia sericea).
In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation. Examples include the north of the Siyanda District, itself in the north of South Africa, and the Keetmanshoop Rural in the southeast of Namibia. In the north and east, there are dry forests covering an area of over 300,000 km2 in which Rhodesian teak and several species of acacia are prominent. These regions are termed Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands AT0709.[10]
Outside the Kalahari "desert", but in the Kalahari basin, a halophytic vegetation to the north is adapted to pans, lakes that are completely dry during the dry season, and maybe for years during droughts, such as in Etosha (Etosha Pan halophytics AT0902) and Makgadikgadi (Zambezian halophytics AT0908).[10]
A totally different vegetation is adapted to the perennial fresh water of the Okavango Delta, an ecoregion termed (Zambezian flooded grasslands AT0907).[10]
Fauna[edit]
The Kalahari is home to many migratory birds and animals. Previously havens for wild animals from elephants to giraffes, and for predators such as lions and cheetahs, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopards and cheetahs can still be found. The area is now heavily grazed and cattle fences restrict the movement of wildlife. Among deserts of the Southern Hemisphere, the Kalahari most closely resembles some Australian deserts in its latitude and its mode of formation. The Kalahari Desert came into existence approximately sixty million years ago along with the formation of the African continent.
Although there are few endemic species, a wide variety of animals are found in the region, including large predators such as the Southern African lion (Panthera leo melanochaita), South African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus), African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus),[11] spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), brown hyena (Hyaena brunnea), and Cape wild dog (Lycaon pictus pictus). Birds of prey include the secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius), martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) and other eagles, the giant eagle owl (Bubo lacteus) and other owls, falcons, goshawks, kestrels, and kites. Other animals include wildebeest, springbok and other antelopes, porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis) and ostriches.[12]
Some of the areas within the Kalahari are seasonal wetlands, such as the Makgadikgadi Pans of Botswana. This area, for example, supports numerous halophilic species, and in the rainy season, tens of thousands of flamingos visit these pans.[13]
Threats and preservation[edit]
A meerkat in the Kalahari.
The endangered African wild dog in CKGR.
The Kalahari has a number of game reserves—Tswalu Kalahari, Southern Africa's largest private game reserve, the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (the world's second largest wildlife park), Khutse Game Reserve and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Animals that live in the region include brown hyenas, the Kalahari lion, meerkats, giraffes, common warthogs, jackals, chacma baboons, and several species of antelope (including the eland, gemsbok, springbok, hartebeest, steenbok, kudu, and duiker), and many species of birds and reptiles.
The biggest threat to wildlife are the fences erected to manage herds of grazing cattle, a practice which also removes the plant cover of the savanna itself. Cattle ranchers will also poison or hunt down predators from the rangeland, particularly targeting jackals and wild dogs.
Population[edit]
The San people have lived in the Kalahari for 20,000 years as hunter-gatherers.[14] They hunt wild game with bows and poison arrows and gather edible plants, such as berries, melons and nuts, as well as insects. The San get most of their water requirements from plant roots and desert melons found on or under the desert floor. They often store water in the blown-out shells of ostrich eggs. The San live in huts built from local materials—the frame is made of branches, and the roof is thatched with long grass. Most of their hunting and gathering techniques replicate our pre historic tribes. Their mythology has legends of god Chikara protecting them from starvation and death by sacrificing his own life by being hunted in the form of a deer and other wild games they hunt for food. While Bux is the enemy of Chikara and is in the form of snakes which are found in considerable numbers in the kalharian desert region. Bantu-speaking Tswana, Kgalagadi, and Herero and a small number of European settlers also live in the Kalahari desert. The city Windhoek is situated in the Kalahari Basin.
Kalahari, San and diamonds[edit]
See also: San people § Ancestral land conflict in Botswana
In 1996, De Beers evaluated the potential of diamond mining at Gope. In 1997, the eviction of the San and Bakgalagadi tribes in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve from their land began.[15] In 2006, a Botswana High Court ruled in favor of the San and Bakgalagadi tribes in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, claiming their eviction from the reserve was unlawful. The Government of Botswana granted a permit to De Beers' Gem Diamonds/Gope Exploration Company (Pty) Ltd. to conduct mining activities within the reserve.[16]
Settlements within the Kalahari[edit]
Botswana
Ghanzi
Tshane
Tshabong
Orapa
Namibia
Gobabis
Mariental
South Africa
Rietfontein
Noenieput
In popular culture[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017)
Desert Nights, 1929 silent film starring John Gilbert, Ernest Torrance, and Mary Nolan, set in the Kalahari Desert
Chander Pahar, 1937 Bengali adventure novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay
The Hunters, 1957 documentary filmed by John Marshall that documents the efforts of four San people hunting a giraffe in the Kalahari Desert of Namibia
The Lost World of the Kalahari, 1958 travel book by Laurens van der Post; a 6-part BBC series of the same name[17]
Sands of the Kalahari, 1965 adventure film
Lost in the Desert, 1969 adventure film
Animals Are Beautiful People, nature documentary film released in 1974
The Gods Must Be Crazy film series, 1980 onwards
Power of the Sword, 1986 historical novel by Wilbur Smith
A Far Off Place, 1993 film, starring Reese Witherspoon and Ethan Randall, based on the books A Story Like the Wind and A Far Off Place by Laurens Van Der Post
Meerkat Manor, 2005–2009 television series documenting the Kalahari Meerkat Project
Skeleton Coast, 2006 thriller novel by Clive Cussler with Jack DuBrul
"Kalahari", an 2007 episode of Survivorman, a survival television series featuring Les Stroud
Kalahari – Magnificent Desert, 2007 book by Erwin Niemand and Nicoleen Niemand, who spent two years photographing the desert
"Botswana Special", November 2007 episode of Top Gear, British television series, following a desert challenge in which Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May attempt to drive three old cars across Botswana, including the Kalahari Desert
"Lions of the Kalahari", a song by Sam Roberts from his 2008 album Love at the End of the World
Tornado and the Kalahari Horse Whisperer, 2012 film drama
Africa, 2012 BBC television series' first episode centres on the Kalahari Desert
See also[edit]
Kgalagadi (disambiguation)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Kalahari-Basin". 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ (in French) Les milieux désertiques, Jean Demangeot, Edmond Bernus, 2001. Editor: Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200251970, page 20 in particular.
Jump up ^ "World Record Temperatures -Highest Lowest Hottest Coldest temperatures-". www.mherrera.org.
Jump up ^ (in French) Tropicalité Jean Demangeot Géographie physique intertropicale, pages 44–45, Figure 19, source: Leroux 1989.
Jump up ^ Goudie, Andrew (2002). Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscapes and Evolution. Oxford University Press. p. 204.
Jump up ^ Thomas, D.S.G. and Shaw, P.A. 1991 'The Kalahari Environment'. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jump up ^ Martin Leipold, Plants of the Kalahari
Jump up ^ WikiHow, ' Kiwano Fruit
Jump up ^ Wasiolka, Bernd; Blaum, Niels (2011). "Comparing biodiversity between protected savanna and adjacent non-protected farmland in the southern Kalahari". Journal of Arid Environments. 75 (9): 836–841 [Table 2 on p. 838]. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Deserts and xeric shrublands - Biomes - WWF". World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ Kitchener, A.C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11.
Jump up ^ "Kalahari xeric savanna - Ecoregions - WWF". World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Makgadikgadi, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003), "Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana", National Geographic News, Johannesburg, retrieved 2009-04-22
Jump up ^ Workman, James (2009). Heart of Dryness. Walker Publishing. p. 323.
Jump up ^ "UN report condemns Botswana's treatment of Bushmen". Survival for Tribal Peoples. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ ""The Lost World of the Kalahari" (1956)". IMDb. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Main, Michael (1987). Kalahari : life's variety in dune and delta. ISBN 1868120015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Kalahari (category)
"Cry of the Kalahari"
Kalahari desert's forgotten influence on carbon levels
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Kalahari Gemsbok National Park

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Sagittarius serpentarius

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Polemaetus bellicosus

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Bubo lacteus

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Hystrix africaeaustralis

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Springbok (antelope)

values: Edit section: Kalahari, San and diamonds

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Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay

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Laurens Van Der Post

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Jack DuBrul

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Kgalagadi (disambiguation)

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external text
http://www.mherrera.org/records.htm

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http://kalahari.kastlwerk.de/
external text

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African desert

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Dasht-e Loot

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Extreme North (Russia)

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Forty Mile Desert

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Zealandia (continent)

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Congo craton

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Kalahari craton

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North China craton

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East Antarctic craton

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values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: صحراء كالاهاري – Arabic

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaxari
Kalaxari – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: কালাহারি মরুভূমি – Bangla

values: Калахари – Bashkir

values: Калахары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Калахари – Bulgarian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Έρημος Καλαχάρι – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaharo
Kalaharo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: بیابان کالاهاری – Persian

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https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

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https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahary
Kalahary – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: 칼라하리 사막 – Korean

values: Կալահարի – Armenian

values: कालाहारी मरुस्थल – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: קלהארי – Hebrew

values: ಕಲಹರಿ ಮರುಭೂಮಿ – Kannada

values: კალაჰარი – Georgian

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https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

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https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaharis
Kalaharis – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

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Kalahari – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

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Kalahari – Norwegian Nynorsk
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nn
interlanguage-link-target

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Kalahari – Uzbek
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uz
interlanguage-link-target

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Kalahari – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

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Kalahari – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

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https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallahari
Kallahari – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari
Kalahari – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

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Kalahari – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

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