text:
Phosphorus cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle on land
The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth. The production of phosphine gas occurs in only specialized, local conditions.
On the land, phosphorus (chemical symbol, P) gradually becomes less available to plants over thousands of years, because it is slowly lost in runoff. Low concentration of P in soils reduces plant growth, and slows soil microbial growth - as shown in studies of soil microbial biomass. Soil microorganisms act as both sinks and sources of available P in the biogeochemical cycle.[1] Locally, transformations of P are chemical, biological and microbiological: the major long-term transfers in the global cycle, however, are driven by tectonic movements in geologic time.[2]
Humans have caused major changes to the global P cycle through shipping of P minerals, and use of P fertilizer, and also the shipping of food from farms to cities, where it is lost as effluent.
Contents
[hide]
1 Phosphorus in the environment
1.1 Ecological function
1.2 Biological function
1.3 Process of the cycle
1.4 Phosphatic minerals
2 Human influences
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Phosphorus in the environment[edit]
The aquatic phosphorus cycle
Ecological function[edit]
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals. Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms. Phosphorus forms parts of important life-sustaining molecules that are very common in the biosphere. Phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere, remaining mostly on land and in rock and soil minerals. Eighty percent of the mined phosphorus is used to make fertilizers. Phosphates from fertilizers, sewage and detergents can cause pollution in lakes and streams. Overenrichment of phosphate in both fresh and inshore marine waters can lead to massive algae blooms which, when they die and decay, leads to eutrophication of fresh waters only. An example of this is the Canadian Experimental Lakes Area. These freshwater algal blooms should not be confused with those in saltwater environments. Recent research suggests that the predominant pollutant responsible for algal blooms in salt water estuaries and coastal marine habitats is Nitrogen.[3]
Phosphorus occurs most abundantly in nature as part of the orthophosphate ion (PO4)3−, consisting of a P atom and 4 oxygen atoms. On land most phosphorus is found in rocks and minerals. Phosphorus rich deposits have generally formed in the ocean or from guano, and over time, geologic processes bring ocean sediments to land. Weathering of rocks and minerals release phosphorus in a soluble form where it is taken up by plants, and it is transformed into organic compounds. The plants may then be consumed by herbivores and the phosphorus is either incorporated into their tissues or excreted. After death, the animal or plant decays, and phosphorus is returned to the soil where a large part of the phosphorus is transformed into insoluble compounds. Runoff may carry a small part of the phosphorus back to the ocean. Generally with time (thousands of years) soils become deficient in phosphorus leading to ecosystem retrogression.[4]
Biological function[edit]
The primary biological importance of phosphates is as a component of nucleotides, which serve as energy storage within cells (ATP) or when linked together, form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. The double helix of our DNA is only possible because of the phosphate ester bridge that binds the helix. Besides making biomolecules, phosphorus is also found in bone and the enamel of mammalian teeth, whose strength is derived from calcium phosphate in the form of Hydroxylapatite. It is also found in the exoskeleton of insects, and phospholipids (found in all biological membranes).[5] It also functions as a buffering agent in maintaining acid base homeostasis in the human body.[6]
Process of the cycle[edit]
Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; however, the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow, making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles.[2][7]
Initially, phosphate weathers from rocks and minerals, the most common mineral being apatite. Overall small losses occur in terrestrial environments by leaching and erosion, through the action of rain. In soil, phosphate is adsorbed on iron oxides, aluminium hydroxides, clay surfaces, and organic matter particles, and becomes incorporated (immobilized or fixed). Plants and fungi can also be active in making P soluble.[citation needed]
Unlike other cycles, P is not normally found in the air as a gas; it only occurs under highly reducing conditions as the gas phosphine PH3.[citation needed]
Phosphatic minerals[edit]
The availability of phosphorus in an ecosystem is restricted by the rate of release of this element during weathering. The release of phosphorus from apatite dissolution is a key control on ecosystem productivity. The primary mineral with significant phosphorus content, apatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] undergoes carbonation.[2][8]
Little of this released phosphorus is taken up by biota (organic form), whereas a larger proportion reacts with other soil minerals. This leads to precipitation into unavailable forms in the later stage of weathering and soil development. Available phosphorus is found in a biogeochemical cycle in the upper soil profile, while phosphorus found at lower depths is primarily involved in geochemical reactions with secondary minerals. Plant growth depends on the rapid root uptake of phosphorus released from dead organic matter in the biochemical cycle. Phosphorus is limited in supply for plant growth. Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; however, the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow, making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles.[2][7]
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids are found in soils. They originate from the activities of various microorganisms in soils or may be exuded from the roots of living plants. Several of those organic acids are capable of forming stable organo-metal complexes with various metal ions found in soil solutions. As a result, these processes may lead to the release of inorganic phosphorus associated with aluminium, iron, and calcium in soil minerals. The production and release of oxalic acid by mycorrhizal fungi explain their importance in maintaining and supplying phosphorus to plants.[2][9]
The availability of organic phosphorus to support microbial, plant and animal growth depends on the rate of their degradation to generate free phosphate. There are various enzymes such as phosphatases, nucleases and phytase involved for the degradation. Some of the abiotic pathways in the environment studied are hydrolytic reactions and photolytic reactions. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus is an essential step in the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle, including the phosphorus nutrition of plants and microorganisms and the transfer of organic phosphorus from soil to bodies of water.[1] Many organisms rely on the soil derived phosphorus for their phosphorus nutrition.[citation needed]
Human influences[edit]
Nutrients are important to the growth and survival of living organisms, and hence, are essential for development and maintenance of healthy ecosystems. Humans have greatly influenced the phosphorus cycle by mining phosphorus, converting it to fertilizer, and by shipping fertilizer and products around the globe. Transporting phosphorus in food from farms to cities has made a major change in the global Phosphorus cycle. However, excessive amounts of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, are detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. Waters are enriched in phosphorus from farms' run-off, and from effluent that is inadequately treated before it is discharged to waters. Natural eutrophication is a process by which lakes gradually age and become more productive and may take thousands of years to progress. Cultural or anthropogenic eutrophication, however, is water pollution caused by excessive plant nutrients; this results in excessive growth in the algal population; when this algae dies its putrefaction depletes the water of oxygen.Such eutrophication may also give rise to toxic algal bloom.Both these effects cause animal and plant death rates to increase as the plants take in poisonous water while the animals drink the poisoned water. Surface and subsurface runoff and erosion from high-phosphorus soils may be major contributing factors to this fresh water eutrophication. The processes controlling soil Phosphorus release to surface runoff and to subsurface flow are a complex interaction between the type of phosphorus input, soil type and management, and transport processes depending on hydrological conditions.[10][11]
Repeated application of liquid hog manure in excess to crop needs can have detrimental effects on soil phosphorus status. Also, application of biosolids may increase available phosphorus in soil.[12] In poorly drained soils or in areas where snowmelt can cause periodic waterlogging, dereducing conditions can be attained in 7–10 days. This causes a sharp increase in phosphorus concentration in solution and phosphorus can be leached. In addition, reduction of the soil causes a shift in phosphorus from resilient to more labile forms. This could eventually increase the potential for phosphorus loss. This is of particular concern for the environmentally sound management of such areas, where disposal of agricultural wastes has already become a problem. It is suggested that the water regime of soils that are to be used for organic wastes disposal is taken into account in the preparation of waste management regulations.[13]
Human interference in the phosphorus cycle occurs by overuse or careless use of phosphorus fertilizers. This results in increased amounts of phosphorus as pollutants in bodies of water resulting in eutrophication. Eutrophication devastates water ecosystems by inducing anoxic conditions.[14]
See also[edit]
Peak phosphorus
Planetary boundaries
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Turner B.L et al. (2003) Organic phosphorus in the environment. CABI publishing
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Schlesinger W.H. Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change. (1991)
Jump up ^ https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/green-infrastructure/important-terms/eutrophication
Jump up ^ Peltzer, D.A. et al. 2010. Understanding ecosystem retrogression. Ecological Monographs 80; 509-529.
Jump up ^ http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/480.html
Jump up ^ Voet D and Voet J.G. (2003) Biochemistry pg 607-608.
^ Jump up to: a b Oelkers E.H (2008) Phosphate mineral reactivity: from global cycles to sustainable development Mineralogical Magazine 72: 337 - 340.
Jump up ^ Filippelli G.M (2002) The Global Phosphorus Cycle. Reviews in Mineralogy and geochemistry 48: 391 – 425
Jump up ^ Harrold S.A. and Tabatabai M.A (2006) Release of Inorganic Phosphorus from Soils by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, volume, issue 9 & 10
Jump up ^ Branom J.R and Sarkar D (2004) Phosphorus bioavailability in sediments of a sludge-disposal lake. Environmental Geoscience 11: 42 - 52
Jump up ^ Schelde K et al. (2006) Effects of Manure Application and Plowing on Transport of Colloids and Phosphorus to Tile Drains. 5: 445 - 458.
Jump up ^ "The effects of incubation on phosphorus desorption properties, phosphorus availability, and salinity of biosolids-amended soils". Environmental Earth Sciences. 69: 899–908. doi:10.1007/s12665-012-1975-6.
Jump up ^ Ajmone-Marsan. F et al. (2005) Phosphorus transformations under reduction in long-term manured soils.
Jump up ^ Conley, Daniel J.; et al. (2009). "Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus". Science. 323: 1014–1015. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
External links[edit]
Part III of "Matter cycles": The phosphorus cycle, Lenntech Water treatment & air purification, Holding B.V. 2006
Environmental Literacy Council - Phosphorus Cycle
Monitoring and assessing water quality, section 5.6 Phosphorus - EPA
Prentice Hall Biology, Kenneth R. Miller and Joseph Levine 2001
Katie Corbin-Soil Microbiology
Environmental Literacy Council: Phosphorus Cycle
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Seasons in the Sun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Spell album, see Seasons in the Sun (album).
For the 2012 book about British history, see Dominic Sandbrook.
"Le Moribond (The Dying Man)"
Song by Jacques Brel
from the album Marieke
Released
1961
Recorded
February 22, 1961
Genre
Chanson
Length
3:06
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Jacques Brel
Marieke track listing
"Marieke"
(1) "Le Moribond (The Dying Man)"
(2) "Vivre Debout"
(3)
"Seasons in the Sun" is an English-language adaptation of the song "Le Moribond" by Belgian singer-songwriter Jacques Brel[1] with lyrics by American singer-poet Rod McKuen.[2] It became a worldwide hit in 1974 for Canadian singer Terry Jacks and became a Christmas number one in the UK in 1999 for Westlife. Jacks's version is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
1.1 Original version
1.2 Rod McKuen version
1.3 Terry Jacks version
2 Terry Jacks recording
2.1 Chart performance
2.1.1 Weekly charts
2.1.2 Year-end charts
3 Westlife recording
4 Other versions
5 Parodies and alternate lyrics
6 References
7 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The song is a dying protagonist's farewell to relatives and friends. The protagonist mentions how hard it will be to die now that the spring season has arrived (historically, spring is portrayed as the season of new life).
Original version[edit]
The original French-language song is a sardonic ballad, in which the speaker gives backhanded farewells to his adulterous wife and her lover and the priest he disagreed with while sarcastically expressing his wish that there should be singing and dancing when he is buried.
This is an English translation of the original final verse by Jacques Brel:
Good-bye, my wife, I loved you well
Good-bye, my wife, I loved you well, you know,
But I'm taking the train for the Good Lord,
I'm taking the train before yours
But you take whatever train you can;
Goodbye, my wife, I'm going to die,
It's hard to die in springtime, you know,
But I'm leaving for the flowers with my eyes closed, my wife,
Because I closed them so often,
I know you will take care of my soul.
("eyes closed" refers to closing his eyes to her infidelity, following on from the preceding verse in which he bids goodbye to his wife's lover Antoine).
Rod McKuen version[edit]
Rod McKuen, in his translation, attempted to retain the sarcastic tone of the original French song. The last verse in McKuen's three verse freehand rendering retains Brel's reference to the wife's infidelity but with a different sensibility:
Adieu, Françoise, my faithful wife;
Without you I'd have had a lonely life.
You cheated lots of times but then,
I forgave you in the end
Though your lover was my friend.
Adieu, Françoise, it's hard to die
When all the birds are singing in the sky.
Now that the spring is in the air
With your lovers everywhere,
Just be careful; I'll be there.
Terry Jacks version[edit]
Terry Jacks modified the McKuen translation to make the song more positive and sentimental. In each verse, the protagonist bids farewell to someone important in his life:
The first verse refers to "a trusted friend" that he had known since he was "9 or 10". The original specifically names the friend as "Émile", which Jacks's versions does not.
The second verse refers to the protagonist's father (who unsuccessfully tried to warn him of his lifestyle); this verse differed from the original as it was sung in a manner which downplayed the original's bitter tone of regret.
The third verse refers to "Michelle, my little one" (implied to be his daughter, who will now grow up without her father). This verse completely replaced the third and fourth verses referring to infidelity in the French original.
Terry Jacks's new third verse reads:
Goodbye, Michelle, my little one;
You gave me love and helped me find the sun,
And every time that I was down
You would always come around
And get my feet back on the ground.
Goodbye, Michelle, it's hard to die
When all the birds are singing in the sky;
Now that the spring is in the air,
With the flowers everywhere,
I wish that we could both be there!
Terry Jacks recording[edit]
"Seasons in the Sun"
Single by Terry Jacks
from the album Seasons in the Sun
B-side
"Put the Bone In"
Released
December 1973
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1973
Genre
Pop
Length
3:24
Label
Bell
Songwriter(s)
Jacques Brel, Rod McKuen
Producer(s)
Terry Jacks
Terry Jacks singles chronology
"Concrete Sea"
(1972) "Seasons in the Sun"
(1973) "If You Go Away"
(1974)
Music video
"Seasons in the Sun" on YouTube
Terry Jacks recorded "Seasons in the Sun" in Vancouver in 1973 with his then-wife Susan Jacks. They made the decision to record the song when The Beach Boys, who had recorded a version with Terry Jacks producing, decided to abandon their recording.
Jacks released his version as a single in 1973 on his own label, Goldfish Records. "Put the Bone In", an original composition about burying a deceased pet dog, was included as the B-side. The single soon topped the record charts in the U.S. (where it was released on Bell Records), in Canada, and the UK,[3] selling over 14 million copies worldwide.
Jacks's version was released in the United States in December 1973, and made the Billboard Hot 100 a month later. On March 2, 1974, the song began a three-week run at number one atop the Hot 100, and remained in the top 40 until almost Memorial Day weekend. Jacks's version also spent one week on the Easy Listening charts.[4] Billboard ranked it as the number two song for 1974.[5] Although he released several other singles that were moderately successful in Canada, "Seasons in the Sun" would become Jacks's only major solo hit in the United States.[6] In Canada, the single (Gold Fish GF 100) reached number sone on the RPM Magazine charts January 26, 1974, and remained there four weeks.
Though the song enjoyed contemporary success, modern criticism has tended to be more critical of Jacks's overly sentimentalized rewriting of the original song. Jacks's version is commonly held up as an example of bad music, having been called one of the worst pop songs ever recorded, and ranking number five in a CNN poll in 2006.[7]
Jacks also released a German language version in Germany with lyrics by Gerd Müller-Schwanke, "In den Gärten der Zeit".[8]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973–74)
Peak
position
Australia KMR [9] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10] 1
Belgium [11] 1
Canada RPM Top Singles [11] 1
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 1,
Denmark [11] 1
France [11] 1
Germany [11] 1
Ireland [11] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[12] 7
Norway (VG-lista)[13] 1
South Africa [11] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[14] 1
New Zealand [15] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 1
US Adult Contemporary ('Billboard)[18] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 [19] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia [20] 5
Canada RPM Top Singles [21] 1
Denmark [11] 5
Netherlands [11] 6
South Africa [11] 6
Switzerland [22] 1
UK [23] 5
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [24] 2
U.S. Cash Box [25] 9
Westlife recording[edit]
"Seasons in the Sun"
Single by Westlife
from the album Westlife
A-side
"I Have a Dream"
Released
December 19, 1999
Format
CD single
Studio
PWL Studios, London
Genre
Pop
Length
4:09
Label
BMG
Songwriter(s)
Jacques Brel, Rod McKuen
Westlife singles chronology
"Flying Without Wings"
(1999) "Seasons in the Sun"
(1999) "Fool Again"
(2000)
Music video
"Seasons in the Sun" on YouTube
Irish boy band Westlife covered "Seasons in the Sun" for their self-titled debut album Westlife (1999). It was released on December 19, 1999, as a double A-side with a cover of ABBA's "I Have a Dream" and became the 1999 Christmas number one. It has sold over 650,000 copies in UK so far. [26]
Westlife's "Seasons In The Sun" music video was shot in late-1999 and directed by Cameron Casey & Simon Brand.
Other versions[edit]
There have been numerous cover versions of the song. Before Jacks popularized the song, earlier recordings had been released by The Kingston Trio, with the first cover version of McKuen's translation in 1963, and The Fortunes in 1968.
Generally, English-language versions since the Terry Jacks version was released have used his lyrics for the song.
Swedish dansband Vikingarna covered the song in Swedish in 1974, as "Sommar varje dag" on the album Här kommer Vikingarna.[27] The song has also been covered by Andy Williams, The Beach Boys, Nana Mouskouri, Bud Dashiell, Bad Religion, Too Much Joy, the Squirrels, Spell, Black Box Recorder, Nirvana, Indochine, Karel Gott (Léta prázdnin), Klaus Hoffmann (in German), Pearls Before Swine, Alcazar, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, Second Run, The Others, Television Personalities, and Gob featuring blink-182.
In 1993, Nirvana recorded an informal version of the song which was never intended for release, but was eventually included on the DVD portion of their 2004 box-set With the Lights Out. Nirvana's lead singer, Kurt Cobain, would often reference the song in interviews, mentioning the fact that it made him cry as a child.
Another cover version, by Bobby Wright (son of Johnnie Wright and Kitty Wells), reached the Top 40 of the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in 1974.
The Manchester-based Coachmen's version was recorded at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in July 1966 and released on Columbia DB8057 in November 1966.
Spanish versions are entitled 'Epocas de Sol, Estaciones en el Sol, or Etapas de mi Vida.
There is a German version called Adieu Emile by Klaus Hoffmann published in 1975. The translated lyrics are very close to the French ones but the melody is slightly altered and the whole song has a 3/4 beat.[28]
Italian singer/songwriter Roberto Vecchioni recorded an Italian version called "Stagioni nel sole" for his 2005 acoustic, jazz-influenced live album Il Contastorie. The title of his version is a literal translation of "Seasons in the Sun", but both the lyrics (rewritten by Vecchioni himself) and the musical structure of Vecchioni's version are much closer to Jacques Brel's original (including a vague allusion to the protagonist's wife being unfaithful) than to the Jacks/McKuen version. The accompaniment of this rendition, played on acoustic guitar, piano and double bass (with no drums) is march-like, similar to Brel's, and pointedly un-romantic.
A second French-language version, Adieu la Vie, Adieu Soleil, was recorded in 1974 by Quebec musician Jacques Amar; this version is the Québécois adaptation of Terry Jacks' version.[29]
Croatian singer-songwriter Arsen Dedić recorded a Croatian version of the song in 1983 under the title Pjesma umirućeg. Dedić's lyrics draw more heavily on McKuen's English translation.
The band Beirut has covered "Le Moribond" live on a number of occasions. A version performed for KEXP was recorded along with "My Family's Role in the World Revolution" for the third track on the Elephant Gun EP. Beirut performs a cover that is quite faithful to the original Jacques Brel version, maintaining the French lyrics and the marching up-beat tempo.
The Finnish schlager singer Arto Sotavalta have recorded a Finnish version of the song called Päivät kuin unta (Eng. Days like dreams). The Finnish translation is very similar to the English text.
The Vietnamese version, called "Những mùa nắng đẹp" was translated by musician Pham Duy. The translated lyrics are quite similar to the English ones. A number of Vietnamese singers have covered this version.
Swedish Eurodance group Alcazar covered this song for their debut album Casino.
British musician Damon Albarn recorded an acoustic version[30] of this song for a BBC Radio 2 show with Dermot O'Leary.
Parodies and alternate lyrics[edit]
The 1993 song "Twice My Age" by Shabba Ranks uses the melody of "Seasons in the Sun" with a different set of lyrics. Sean Kingston covered "Twice My Age" on his 2011 mixtape King of Kingz.
In 2002 a satirical version of the song lambasting the Canadian government's ageing Sea King helicopters was leaked to Esprit de Corps magazine. The lyrics were published in the Ottawa Citizen on November 20, 2002.
Another spoof was recorded in 2006 by Dundee United fan under the alias 'Terry Jack'. This version mocks the possible demise of Dundee United's archrivals, Dundee FC who were suffering severe financial difficulties at the time.[31] This version contains swearing and adult themes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "30 years since the death of Jacques Brel: his life, his art, his legacy - World Socialist Web Site". Wsws.org. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Jump up ^ "My first experience with Brel (...in 1964...) consisted of doing an unauthorized adaptation of 'Le Moribund'(...written by Brel for the singer Jean Sablon...), which I called 'Seasons in the Sun'...I subsequently learned that Brel had received my recording...," liner notes from Rod McKuen Sings Rod McKuen, Jacques Brel Songbook, April 2000, posted at Rod McKuen - Flight Plan. 'Rod's gift to his many fans', maintained by Stanyan Music Group, of Hollywood CA. Accessed: 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 299. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 123.
Jump up ^ "Number One Song of the Year: 1946-2015". bobborst.com. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel, "Top Pop Hits: 1955-2006, 2007.
Jump up ^ Todd Leopold. "The worst song of all time, part II - Apr 26, 2006". CNN.com. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
Jump up ^ "In den Gärten der Zeit" at 45cat.com
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Song artist 781 - Terry Jacks". Tsort.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – TERRY JACKS – SEASONS IN THE SUN". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "TERRY JACKS".
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary Music Chart". Billboard. 1974-03-09. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 3/09/74". Tropicalglen.com. 1974-03-09. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Swiss Year-End Charts, 1974
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974". Tropicalglen.com. 1974-12-28. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Westlife | Official Top 20 | MTV UK". Mtv.co.uk. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Här kommer Vikingarna" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. 1974. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Klaus Hoffmann". Klaus Hoffmann. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Jump up ^ "JACQUES AMAR.....ADIEU LA VIE ADIEU SOLEIL (SEASONS IN THE SUN)...1974" on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Damon Albarn covers 'Seasons In The Sun'". NME.COM. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 2012-12-01 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Seasons in the Sun" dated 2005-12-10, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Seasons in the Sun at Super Seventies.
"List of 'Le Moribond' covers", Brelitude.net
"Goodbye, Papa, It's Hard to Die: The enduring appeal of an abominable pop song" (Slate.com, March 16, 2005)
Rod McKuen on the song's origins
Lyrics of Andy Williams cover at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Time in a Bottle" by Jim Croce Canadian RPM 100 number-one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
January 26, 1974 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"The Way We Were" by Barbra Streisand
Preceded by
"The Way We Were" by Barbra Streisand US Billboard Hot 100 number one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
March 2, 1974 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"Dark Lady" by Cher
Preceded by
"Last Time I Saw Him" by Diana Ross US Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
March 9, 1974 (one week) Succeeded by
"Sunshine on My Shoulders" by John Denver
Preceded by
"Billy Don't Be a Hero" by Paper Lace UK Singles Chart number one single
(Terry Jacks's version)
April 6, 1974 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"Waterloo" by ABBA
Preceded by
"Goodbye" by Spice Girls UK Singles Chart Christmas number-one single
(Westlife's version)
1999 Succeeded by
"Can We Fix It?" by Bob the Builder
Preceded by
"I Try" by Macy Gray Irish IRMA number one single
(Westlife's version)
18 December 1999 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Born to Make You Happy" by Britney Spears
Preceded by
"The Millennium Prayer" by Cliff Richard UK Singles Chart number-one single
(Westlife's version)
19 December 1999 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"The Masses Against the Classes" by Manic Street Preachers
[show]
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Article Seven of the United States Constitution
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For the closing endorsement following Article Seven, see Signing of the United States Constitution
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Article VII of the United States Constitution
This article is part of a series on the
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United States of America
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v
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Article Seven of the United States Constitution sets the number of state ratifications necessary in order for the Constitution to take effect and prescribes the method through which the states may ratify it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
3 Implementation
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
Text[edit]
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.[1]
Background[edit]
On September 20, 1787, three days after its adoption by the Constitutional Convention, the drafted Constitution was submitted to the Congress of the Confederation for its endorsement. After eight days of debate, the opposing sides came to the first of many compromises that would define the ratification process. The Confederation Congress voted to release the proposed Constitution to the states for their consideration, but neither endorsed nor opposed its ratification.[2]
Implementation[edit]
In 1787 and 1788, following the Constitutional Convention, a great debate took place throughout the United States over the Constitution that had been proposed. The supporters of the Constitution began the ratification campaign in those states where there was little or no controversy, postponing until later the more difficult ones.
New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the proposed constitution on June 21, 1788, thus establishing it as the new framework of governance for the United States. Though officially enacted, four states, Virginia, New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island remained outside the new government. The Congress of the Confederation chose March 4, 1789 as the day "for commencing proceedings under the Constitution."[3] Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution before the members of the new Congress assembled on the appointed day to bring the new Government into operation. North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified only after Congress sent a series of constitutional amendments to the states (specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights; clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings; and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people) for ratification.
The Constitution was ratified by the 13 states between December 7, 1787 and May 29, 1790 as follows:[4]
State and date
Votes
PCT
Yea
Nay
1 Delaware – December 7, 1787 30 0 100%
2 Pennsylvania – December 12, 1787 46 23 67%
3 New Jersey – December 18, 1787 38 0 100%
4 Georgia – January 2, 1788 26 0 100%
5 Connecticut – January 9, 1788 128 40 76%
6 Massachusetts – February 6, 1788 187 168 53%
7 Maryland – April 28, 1788 63 11 85%
8 South Carolina – May 23, 1788 149 73 67%
9 New Hampshire – June 21, 1788 57 47 55%
10 Virginia – June 25, 1788 89 79 53%
11 New York – July 26, 1788 30 27 53%
12 North Carolina – November 21, 1789 194 77 72%
13 Rhode Island – May 29, 1790 34 32 52%
Total:
1071
577
65%
See also[edit]
Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
External links[edit]
Gary Lawson & Guy Seidman, When Did the Constitution become Law, 77Notre Dame L. Rev.1 (2001)
Steve Mount, The Federalists and Anti-Federalists, usconstitution.net (2003)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Article VII, Ratification". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Six Stages of Ratification - Teaching American History".
Jump up ^ "Article VII. Ratification". Justia.com.
Jump up ^ "The States and the Ratification Process". Center for the Study of the American Constitution, University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of History.
[hide]
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United States Constitution
Text
(via Wikisource)
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Amendments 1–10
Amendments 11–27
Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments
Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution
Preamble
and articles
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I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
Bill of Rights
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Others
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
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Titles of Nobility
Corwin Amendment
Child Labor
Repealed
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