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Dream a Little Dream of Me
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This article is about the song. For other uses, see Dream a Little Dream of Me (disambiguation).
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"Dream a Little Dream of Me"
Song by Ozzie Nelson and His Orchestra
Released
1931
Recorded
February 16, 1931
Genre
Vocal jazz
pop
Label
Brunswick
Composer(s)
Fabian Andre
Wilbur Schwandt
Lyricist(s)
Gus Kahn
"Dream a Little Dream of Me" is a song, from circa 1931, with music by Fabian Andre and Wilbur Schwandt and lyrics by Gus Kahn. It was first recorded in February 1931 by Ozzie Nelson and also by Wayne King and His Orchestra, with vocal by Ernie Birchill. A popular standard, it has seen more than 60 other versions recorded, with one of the highest chart ratings by Mama Cass Elliot with the Mamas & the Papas in 1968.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early recordings
2 Cass Elliot version
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly singles charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Anita Harris version
5 Robbie Williams version
5.1 Music video
5.2 Track listings
5.3 Charts
5.4 Release history
6 List of recorded versions
7 In popular culture
8 References
9 External links
Early recordings[edit]
"Dream a Little Dream of Me" was recorded by Ozzie Nelson and his Orchestra, with vocal by Nelson, on February 16, 1931, for Brunswick Records. Two days later, Wayne King and His Orchestra, with vocal by Ernie Birchill, recorded the song for Victor Records. "Dream a Little Dream of Me" was also an early signature tune of Kate Smith. In summer 1950, seven recordings of "Dream a Little Dream of Me" were in release, with the versions by Frankie Laine and Jack Owens reaching the US top 20 at respectively numbers 18 and 14: the other versions were by Cathy Mastice, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Jordan, Vaughn Monroe, Dinah Shore and a duet by Bing Crosby and Georgia Gibbs. Other traditional pop acts to record "Dream a Little Dream of Me" include Louis Armstrong, Barbara Carroll, Nat King Cole, Doris Day, Joni James, and Dean Martin.
The song was again recorded in 1968 by Mama Cass Elliot with The Mamas & the Papas, and then by Anita Harris. More than 40 other versions followed, including by the Mills Brothers, Sylvie Vartan, Henry Mancini, The Beautiful South, Anne Murray, Erasure, Michael Bublé, and Italian vocal group Blue Penguin (see below: List of recorded versions).
Cass Elliot version[edit]
"Dream a Little Dream of Me"
Single by Mama Cass with the Mamas & the Papas
from the album The Papas & The Mamas
B-side
"Midnight Voyage"
Released
June 1968
Format
7-inch single
Genre
Pop
Length
3:14
Label
Dunhill
Composer(s)
Fabian Andre, Wilbur Schwandt
Lyricist(s)
Gus Kahn
Producer(s)
Lou Adler
The Mamas and the Papas singles chronology
"Safe in My Garden"
(1968) "Dream a Little Dream of Me"
(1968) "For the Love of Ivy"
(1968)
Audio sample
file
help
"Dream a Little Dream of Me" was recorded for the Mamas & the Papas April 1968 album release The Papas & The Mamas. The group had often sung the song for fun, having been familiarized with it by member Michelle Phillips, whose father had been friends with the song's co-writer, Fabian Andre, in Mexico City where Michelle Phillips' family had resided when she was a young girl. "Mama" Cass Elliot suggested to group leader John Phillips that the group record "Dream a Little Dream of Me". According to him she was unhappy while recording the song, objecting to its campiness. However, Elliot herself would later tell Melody Maker: "I tried to sing it like it was 1943 and somebody had just come in and said, 'Here's a new song.' I tried to sing it as if it were the first time."
In the album version, recorded with the Mamas and the Papas, a spoken introduction from an engineer is heard mentioning a drink, and then concluding with the words: "And now, to sing a lovely ballad, here is Mama Cass". Only the last part was heard on the single version of the song. Cass did her own whistling, which is heard before the song's fade.
By the time of the album's release, there were strong indications that the Mamas & the Papas were set to disband, a perception strengthened by the failure of the lead single "Safe in My Garden". Having an opportunity to promote the group's best-known member as a soloist, Dunhill Records gave a June 1968 single release to the "Dream a Little Dream of Me" track with the credit reading - to John Phillips' displeasure -[1] "Mama Cass with the Mamas & the Papas"; in its UK release the artist credit simply read "Mama Cass". Promoted in the US press and on billboards with a photograph of a discreetly but obviously nude Elliot lying in a bed of daisies,[2] "Dream a Little Dream of Me" peaked at #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 that August (its Cash Box peak was #10 and in Record World it reached #8). The Billboard Easy Listening chart ranked the single as high as #2.[3] In the UK "Dream a Little Dream of Me" reached #11 that September; the track also afforded Mama Cass a hit in Ireland (#13) and South Africa (#8). In Australia the Go-Set Top 40 chart ranked "Dream a Little Dream of Me" at #1 for the weeks of 4 & 11 September 1968.[4] "Dream a Little Dream" was released as a single in Europe in 1992 - credited to the Mamas and the Papas and featuring that group's #1 hit "Monday, Monday" as the B-side - to reach #5 in Germany and #22 in Switzerland. In Australia the song spent two weeks at #1,[5] and was the 16th biggest hit of 1968.[6]
A slightly different version of "Dream a Little Dream of Me" was included on Elliot's solo debut album, Dream a Little Dream.[2]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1968)
Peak
position
Australia[7] 1
Canada[8] 7
Germany[7] 5
Ireland[9] 13
South Africa 8
Switzerland[10] 22
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[11] 11
US Billboard Hot 100[12] 12
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 2
US Cash Box Top 100 10
US Record World 8
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1968)
Rank
Australia [7] 14
Canada [13] 72
UK [14] 94
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15] 105
U.S. Cash Box [7] 85
Anita Harris version[edit]
The release of the Mama Cass single of "Dream a Little Dream of Me" prompted a cover by Anita Harris which was recorded at Olympic Studios in a session produced by Mike Margolis with Alan Tew as musical director. Released 26 July 1968, the Harris version debuted in the UK Top 50 dated 10 August 1968 at #46 ahead of the Cass version at #49 although the latter would vault into the Top 30 and then Top 20 over the next two weeks while the Harris version would never reach the Top 30. However Harris's version of "Dream a Little Dream of Me" would maintain a lower chart presence throughout the ascendancy of the Cass version with Harris's single peaking at #33 the week after Cass's peak at #11. Both Cass's and Harris's versions of the song have an inaccurate rendering of the middle eight bars.[citation needed]
Robbie Williams version[edit]
"Dream a Little Dream"
Single by Robbie Williams
from the album Swings Both Ways
Released
13 December 2013 (2013-12-13)
Genre
Swing
pop
Length
3:33
Label
Island
Composer(s)
Fabian Andre
Wilbur Schwandt
Lyricist(s)
Gus Kahn
Producer(s)
Guy Chambers
Music video
Robbie Williams featuring Lily Allen on YouTube
English singer-songwriter Robbie Williams recorded "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (retitled "Dream a Little Dream") for his tenth studio and second swing album, Swings Both Ways (2013). While the album version is a duet with Lily Allen, she was omitted from the single version, which was released on 13 December 2013 as the album's second single.
Music video[edit]
The video features Williams singing the song whilst presenting a Christmas show in the style of The Dean Martin Show.
Track listings[edit]
Irish digital download[16]
"Dream a Little Dream" – 3:10
German, Swiss and Austrian digital download[17]
"Dream a Little Dream" (single version) – 3:11
"You Got Old" – 3:43
"Puttin' on the Ritz" (remix) – 2:18
Charts[edit]
Album version featuring Lily Allen
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[18]
16
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[19]
34
Denmark (Tracklisten)[20]
18
France (SNEP)[21]
160
Germany (Official German Charts)[22]
88
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[23]
67
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24]
144
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ireland[16]
13 December 2013 Digital download Island
Austria[17]
Germany[25]
Switzerland[26]
List of recorded versions[edit]
Year
Performer
Album
Source
2001 Al Martino The Magic of Al Martino [27]
2004 Anne Murray I'll Be Seeing You [28]
2014 Barry Manilow My Dream Duets [29]
1995 Beautiful South French Kiss (Soundtrack)' [30]
1957 Bing Crosby Bing with a Beat [31]
2007 Blind Guardian Another Stranger Me
1959 Dean Martin Sleep Warm [32]
2007 Diana Krall We All Love Ella [33]
1990 Dinah Shore Long Songs Sung [34]
1958 Doris Day Day by Night [35]
2011 Eddie Vedder Ukulele Songs [36]
1993 Ella Fitzgerald 75th Birthday Celebration [37]
1957 Ella Mae Morse Barrelhouse, Boogie, and the Blues [38]
2013 Emilia Mitiku I Belong to You [39]
1963 Frankie Laine I Believe [40]
1994 Gerry Mulligan Dream a Little Dream [41]
2010 Gina Jeffreys Old Paint
1969 Henry Mancini A Warm Shade of Ivory [42]
1968 Louis Armstrong What a Wonderful World [43]
2010 Michael Bublé Special Delivery [44]
1999 Nat King Cole Dream a Little Dream of Me [45]
1968 The Mamas & the Papas The Papas and the Mamas [46]
2002 Tony Bennett & k.d. lang A Wonderful World [47]
2016 Vov Dylan World Lullabies [48]
1995 Terry Hall & Salad Help [49]
2015 Sarah Maclaine The Heart of Me [50]
In popular culture[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017)
During the mid- to late 1980s, the toy mechanical teddy bear Teddy Ruxpin "sang" several old love songs, including "Dream a Little Dream of Me".
It was the theme song in the 1989 movie Dream a Little Dream, and featured two versions: a solo by Mickey Thomas, and a duet by him and Mel Tormé.
At the beginning of the 1989 movie The Dream Team, an enfeebled man (played by singer-accordionist Bill Goffi), sitting in the sanatorium, sings it.
In the 1989 Carl Reiner film, Bert Rigby, You're a Fool, Bert (Robert Lindsay) sings the song to his girlfriend in a dream sequence homage to the movie "An American in Paris."
A 1989 French ad for Yoplait Yop brand yogurt,[51][52]
In Jim Henson's Muppet*Vision 3D (1991), Miss Piggy sings the song as a loosely parodied version of Mama Cass.
Burgess Meredith sang the song as a lullaby to the girl playing his great-granddaughter (Allie, played by Katie Sagona) in the 1995 movie Grumpier Old Men.
The song is heard in the final scene of the 1996 movie Beautiful Thing, as the two main characters dance outside their apartment complex.
A few verses were sung by John Crichton, portrayed by Ben Browder, in the Farscape 2000 episode "Dream a Little Dream".
Brittany Murphy can be heard singing parts of it throughout the 2001 film Don't Say a Word.
It is performed by the Egyptian actress Yousra in the 2006 movie The Yacoubian Building.
Zooey Deschanel performed live by at fashion designer Erin Fetherston's 2007 show.
Pete Doherty and Carl Barat performed it as a party piece during the first iteration of The Libertines. Most recently they performed it at the Hackney Empire on April 12, 2007, during a surprise reunion show for the duo. Barat often tap-dances during the performance.
Sung by Bobbi Eakes on the June 14, 2007, broadcast of ABC's All My Children.
The song provides the title for Season 3 Episode 10 (2008) of Supernatural.
The character Artie Abrams, portrayed by Kevin McHale, sings the song on Glee in the episode "Dream On" (2010).
The song is featured in Anand Tucker's 2010 movie Leap Year.
It can be heard during the final scene and closing credits of the 2010 movie Repo Men.
The Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong duet version of the song is featured in the 2011 Hallmark Channel movie The Lost Valentine.
Used for the opening and closing credits for the HBO film Cinema Verite (2011).
In a 2012 video advertisement for Premier Inn, an instrumental version of the song is background behind the announcer's voice.
Caro Emerald performed it on Dutch TV in connection with her winning De Gouden Notekraker for live musical performance in 2012.
Actress Sarah Paulson performs a snippet of the song in the second episode of the fourth season of American Horror Story, playing the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler.
Jaymay sang it for the 2014 movie A Good Marriage.
"Devil You Know", an episode of the TV series Boardwalk Empire's fifth and final season (2014) heavily features actress/singer Margot Bingham's version of the song. Bingham's version of the song is also featured briefly in the 2016 video game Battlefield 1.
A version of the song is used in the TV commercial for Travel Counsellors aired on UK channel ITV1 in June and July 2015.
A French version of the song, "Les Yeux Ouverts," was sung by The Beautiful South in the 1995 film, "French Kiss." It is also on the film's Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ New York Times, 14 July 1968, p.D22
^ Jump up to: a b Fiegel, Eddi. Dream a Little Dream of Me: the Life of "Mama" Cass Elliot (London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 2005. ISBN 0-283-07331-4) pp.256, 261.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 153.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian charts ~ 1968". Poparchives.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian charts - 11 September 1968". Poparchives.com.au. 1968-09-11. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian charts - Top Records for the Year of 1968". Poparchives.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Songs from the Year 1968". Tsort.info. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - Search for "Mama Cass" or "Dream a Little Dream of Me"". IrishCharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Mama Cass - Dream a Little Dream of Me - hitparade.ch". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Mama Cass: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The Mamas The Papas Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1968 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "iTunes - Music - Dream a Little Dream - Single by Robbie Williams". Itunes.apple.com. 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "iTunes - Musik – "Dream a Little Dream - Single" von Robbie Williams". Itunes.apple.com. 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Robbie Williams feat. Lily Allen – Dream a Little Dream" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Robbie Williams feat. Lily Allen – Dream a Little Dream" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Robbie Williams feat. Lily Allen – Dream a Little Dream". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Robbie Williams feat. Lily Allen – Dream a Little Dream" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Robbie Williams – Dream a Little Dream". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Robbie Williams feat. Lily Allen – Dream a Little Dream". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ Zywietz, Tobias. "CHART: CLUK Update 30.11.2013 (wk47)". Zobbel. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Musik – "Dream a Little Dream - Single" von Robbie Williams". Itunes.apple.com. 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Musik – "Dream a Little Dream - Single" von Robbie Williams". Itunes.apple.com. 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
Jump up ^ Magic of Al Martino - Al Martino | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ I'll Be Seeing You - Anne Murray | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ My Dream Duets - Barry Manilow | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ French Kiss (soundtrack) | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Bing with a Beat - Bing Crosby | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Sleep Warm - Dean Martin | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Song - Various Artists | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Love Songs Sung - Dinah Shore | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Day by Night - Doris Day | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Ukulele Songs - Eddie Vedder | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ 75th Birthday Celebration - Ella Fitzgerald | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Barrelhouse, Boogie, And the Blues - Ella Mae Morse | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ I Belong To You by Emilia Mitiku: Amazon.co.uk: Music
Jump up ^ Frankie Laine - I Believe - Amazon.com Music
Jump up ^ Dream a Little Dream - Gerry Mulligan Quartet,Gerry Mulligan | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ A Warm Shade of Ivory - Henry Mancini | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ What a Wonderful World - Louis Armstrong | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Special Delivery - Michael Bublé | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ Dream a Little Dream of Me - Nat King Cole | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ The Papas & the Mamas - The Mamas & the Papas | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ A Wonderful World - Tony Bennett,k.d. lang | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Jump up ^ "World Lullabies". Sanity. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Help by Various Artists on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
Jump up ^ "The Heart of Me by Sarah Maclaine on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
Jump up ^ "1 spot(s) TV diffusé(s) en mai 1989 sur". Musiquedepub.tv. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Yoplait Yop : Yaourt A Boire - Publicité". Ina.fr (in French). 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
External links[edit]
NPR audio piece on "Dream a Little Dream of Me" being one of the 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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The Mamas & the Papas
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John Phillips
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Jill Gibson
Studio albums
If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears (1966)
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The Mamas & The Papas Deliver (1967)
The Papas & The Mamas (1968)
People Like Us (1971)
Compilations
Farewell to the First Golden Era (1967)
Golden Era, Vol. 2 (1968)
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The Best Of (1982)
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All the Leaves Are Brown (2001)
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"Look Through My Window" (1966)
"Dedicated to the One I Love" (1967)
"Creeque Alley" (1967)
"My Girl" (1967)
"Glad to Be Unhappy" (1967)
"Dancing Bear" (1967)
"Twelve Thirty" (1967)
"Safe in My Garden" (1968)
"Dream a Little Dream of Me" (1968)
"For the Love of Ivy" (1968)
"Do You Wanna Dance" (1968)
"Step Out" (1972)
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"A Song That Never Comes"
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"Don't Let the Good Life Pass You By"
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[show]
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Studio albums
With All My Heart (1955)
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Wanderlust (1963)
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"The 3:10 to Yuma"
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"The Ballad of High Noon"
"Cool Water"
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"Dream a Little Dream of Me"
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Sacraments of the Catholic Church
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Catholic rites. For other uses, see Sacrament (disambiguation).
Seven Sacraments Altarpiece by Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1448
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There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition. The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three groups: the sacraments of initiation (into the Church, the body of Christ), consisting of Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist; the sacraments of healing, consisting of Penance and Anointing of the Sick; and the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Enumeration
2 Faith and grace
3 Sacraments of initiation
3.1 Baptism
3.2 Confirmation
3.3 Eucharist
4 Sacraments of healing
4.1 Penance and Reconciliation (Confession)
4.2 Anointing of the Sick
5 Sacraments of Service
5.1 Holy Orders
5.2 Matrimony
6 Validity and liceity
6.1 Impediments
6.2 Conditional conferral
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Enumeration[edit]
The seven sacraments of the Catholic Church
The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists the sacraments as follows: "The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony."[2]
These seven sacraments were codified in the documents of the Council of Trent[3] (1545–1563), which stated:
CANON I.- If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ, our Lord; or that they are more, or less, than seven, to wit, Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Order, and Matrimony; or even that any one of these seven is not truly and properly a sacrament; let him be anathema.
CANON IV.- If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation, but superfluous; and that, without them, or without the desire thereof, men obtain of God, through faith alone, the grace of justification; -though all (the sacraments) are not necessary for every individual; let him be anathema.[4]
Faith and grace[edit]
Distribution of divine graces by means of the Catholic Church and the sacraments (Johannes Hopffe, Wrisberg epitaph, Hildesheim, before 1615)
The Catholic Church teaches that the sacraments are "efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions."[5]
While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation,[6][7] the sacraments of the Catholic Church in the strict sense[8] are seven sacraments that "touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life: they give birth and increase, healing and mission to the Christian's life of faith".[9] "The Church affirms that for believers the sacraments of the New Covenant are necessary for salvation", although not all are necessary for every individual,[10] and has placed under anathema those who deny it: "If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation, but superfluous; and that, without them, or without the desire thereof, men obtain of God, through faith alone, the grace of justification;-though all (the sacraments) are not indeed necessary for every individual; let him be anathema."[11]
The Church further teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes ex opere operato, by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it.[12] However, a recipient's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person. The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith.[13]
Sacraments of initiation[edit]
Main article: Sacraments of Initiation
The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments which establish the foundations of Christian life. The faithful born anew by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished by the Eucharist."[14]
Baptism[edit]
Main article: Baptism § Roman Catholicism
Scene of baptism. Stained glass, Paris, last quarter of the 12th century. From the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris.
The Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation.[15] In the Western or Latin Church, baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient's head, while reciting the baptismal formula: "I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (cf. Matthew 28:19). In the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite immersion or submersion is used, and the formula is: "The servant of God, N., is baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."[16] Though sprinkling is not normally used, its validity is accepted, provided that the water flows over the skin, since otherwise it is not a washing.[17][18]
Confirmation[edit]
Main article: Confirmation (Catholic Church)
Confirmation or Chrismation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation.[19] "It is called Chrismation (in the Eastern Churches: anointing with holy myron or chrism) because the essential rite of the sacrament is anointing with chrism. It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace."[20] It is conferred by "the anointing with Sacred Chrism (oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop), which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite."[21] These words, in both their Western and Eastern variants, refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit that marks the recipient as with a seal. Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is "strengthened and deepened."[22] Like baptism, confirmation may be received only once, and the recipient must be in a state of grace (meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin) in order to receive its effects. The "originating" minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop; if a priest (a "presbyter") confers the sacrament — as is done ordinarily in the Eastern Churches and in special cases (such as the baptism of an adult or in danger of the death of a young child) in the Latin Church (CCC 1312–1313) — the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil (known as "chrism" or "myron") blessed by the bishop on Holy Thursday itself or on a day close to it. In the East, which retains the ancient practice, the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism. In the West, where the sacrament is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance, it came to be postponed until the recipient's early adulthood; in the 20th century, after Pope Pius X introduced first Communion for children on reaching the age of discretion, the practice of receiving Confirmation later than the Eucharist became widespread;[23] but the traditional order, with Confirmation administered before First Communion, is being increasingly restored.[23][24]
Eucharist[edit]
Main article: Eucharist (Catholic Church)
Communion of Saint Teresa, by Juan Martín Cabezalero, Museum of Lázaro Galdiano, Madrid
The Eucharist, also called the Blessed Sacrament, is the sacrament (the third of Christian initiation,[25] the one that the Catechism of the Catholic Church says "completes Christian initiation")[26] by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and participate in his one sacrifice. The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion. The bread (which must be wheaten, and which is unleavened in the Latin, Armenian and Ethiopic Rites, but is leavened in most Eastern Rites) and wine (which must be from grapes) used in the Eucharistic rite are, in Catholic faith, transformed in their inner reality, though not in appearance, into the Body and Blood of Christ, a change that is called transubstantiation. "The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone."[27] The word "priest" here (in Latin sacerdos) includes both bishops and those priests who are also called presbyters.[28] Deacons as well as priests (sacerdotes) are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion, and lay people may be authorized in limited circumstances to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion. The Eucharist is seen as "the source and summit" of Christian living, the high point of God's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God, the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven. So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration (see Mass) is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation and is recommended on other days. Also recommended for those who participate in the Mass is reception, with the proper dispositions, of Holy Communion. This is seen as obligatory at least once a year, during Eastertide.
Sacraments of healing[edit]
Penance and Reconciliation (Confession)[edit]
Main article: Sacrament of Penance
The Sacrament of Penance is the first of two sacraments of healing. The Catechism of the Catholic Church mentions in the following order and capitalization different names of the sacrament, calling it the sacrament of conversion, Penance, confession, forgiveness and Reconciliation.[29] It is the sacrament of spiritual healing of a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed. When people sin after baptism, they cannot have baptism as a remedy; Baptism, which is a spiritual regeneration, cannot be given a second time.
The sacrament involves four elements:
Contrition (the penitent's sincere remorse for wrongdoing or sin, repentance, without which the rite has no effect);
Confession to a priest who has the faculty to hear confessions (Canon 966.1) – while it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another, only a priest has the power to administer the sacrament;
Absolution by the priest; and,
Satisfaction or penance.
"Many sins wrong our neighbour. One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm (e.g., return stolen goods, restore the reputation of someone slandered, pay compensation for injuries). Simple justice requires as much. But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself, as well as his relationships with God and neighbour. Absolution takes away sin, but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused. Raised up from sin, the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for the sin: he must 'make satisfaction for' or 'expiate' his sins. This satisfaction is also called 'penance'" (CCC 1459). In early Christian centuries, this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution, but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform later, in order to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation.
The priest is bound by the "seal of confession", which is inviolable. "Accordingly, it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent, for any reason whatsoever, whether by word or in any other fashion."[30] A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See.[31]
In some dioceses, certain sins are "reserved" which means only certain confessors can absolve them. Some sins, such as violation of the sacramental seal, consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See, direct physical attacks on the Pope, and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See. A special case-by-case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary is normally required to absolve these sins.
Anointing of the Sick[edit]
Main article: Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
Extreme Unction, from Rogier van der Weyden's altarpiece
Anointing of the Sick is the second sacrament of healing. In this sacrament a priest anoints the sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose. "The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger by reason of illness or old age" (canon 1004; cf. CCC 1514). A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time.
When, in the Western Church, the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death, it came to be known as "Extreme Unction", i.e. "Final Anointing", administered as one of the Last Rites. The other Last Rites are Confession (if the dying person is physically unable to confess, at least absolution, conditional on the existence of contrition, is given), and the Eucharist, which when administered to the dying is known as "Viaticum", a word whose original meaning in Latin was "provision for a journey".
Sacraments of Service[edit]
Holy Orders[edit]
Main articles: Bishop (Catholic Church), Priesthood (Catholic Church), and Catholic Deacon
Holy Orders is the Sacrament by which a man is made a bishop, a priest, or a deacon, and thus dedicated to be an image of Christ. The three degrees are referred to as the episcopate, the presbyterate and the diaconate.[32] A bishop is the minister of this sacrament. Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament, making the bishop a member of the body of successors of the Apostles, and giving him the mission to teach, sanctify, and govern, along with the care of all the Churches. Ordination as a priest configures the priest to Christ the Head of the Church and the one essential High Priest, and conferring on him the power, as the bishops' assistant, to celebrate the sacraments and other liturgical acts, especially the Eucharist. Ordination as a deacon configures him at the service of the bishop, especially in the Church's exercising of Christian charity towards the poor and preaching of the word of God.
Aspirants to the priesthood are required by canon law (canon 1032 of the Code of Canon Law) to go through a seminary program that includes, as well as graduate level philosophical and theological studies, a formation program that includes spiritual direction, retreats, apostolate experience, Latin training, etc. The course of studies in preparation for ordination as a permanent deacon is decided by the episcopal conference concerned.
Matrimony[edit]
Main article: Marriage in the Catholic Church
Matrimony, from Rogier Van der Weyden's altarpiece
Matrimony, or Marriage, is another sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church, and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission. This sacrament, seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church, establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond, sealed by God. Accordingly, a marriage between baptized people, validly entered into and consummated, cannot be dissolved. The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children. As a condition for validity, the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary or Parish Priest or of a cleric delegated by them (or in certain limited circumstances a lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference and the permission of the Holy See) and at least two other witnesses,[33] though in the theological tradition of the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament are the couple themselves. For a valid marriage, a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self-giving to the other, excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage. If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian, their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained. If one of the two is not a Christian (i.e. has not been baptized), the competent authority's dispensation is necessary for validity.
Validity and liceity[edit]
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As stated above, the effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato (by the very fact of being administered). Since it is Christ who works through them, their effectiveness does not depend on the worthiness of the minister. The belief that the validity of the sacrament is dependent upon the holiness of the administrator was rejected in the Donatist crisis.
However, an apparent administration of a sacrament is invalid, if the person acting as minister does not have the necessary power (as if a deacon were to celebrate Mass). They are also invalid if the required "matter" or "form" is lacking. The matter is the perceptible material object, such as water in baptism or wheaten bread and grape wine for the Eucharist, or the visible action. The form is the verbal statement that specifies the signification of the matter, such as, (in the Western Church), "N., I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost". Furthermore, if the minister positively excludes some essential aspect of the sacrament, the sacrament is invalid. This last condition lies behind the 1896 judgement of the Holy See denying the validity of Anglican Orders.
A sacrament may be administered validly, but illicitly, if a condition imposed by canon law is not observed. Obvious cases are administration of a sacrament by a priest under a penalty of excommunication or suspension, or an episcopal ordination without the Pontifical mandate (except in certain circumstances outlined in Canon Law).
Impediments[edit]
Main article: Impediment (canon law)
See also: Declaration of nullity
Canon law specifies impediments to reception of the sacraments of orders and marriage. Those concerning the first of these two sacraments only concern liceity, but "a diriment impediment renders a person incapable of validly contracting a marriage" (canon 1073).
In the Latin Church, only the Holy See can authentically declare when divine law prohibits or invalidates a marriage, and only the Holy See has the right to establish for those who are baptised other impediments to marriage (canon 1075). But individual Eastern Catholic Churches, after having fulfilled certain requirements that include consulting (but not necessarily obtaining approval from) the Holy See, may establish impediments.[34]
If an impediment is imposed by merely ecclesiastical law, rather than being a matter of divine law, the Church may grant a dispensation from the impediment.
Conditions for validity of marriage such as sufficient use of reason (canon 1095) and freedom from coercion (canon 1103), and the requirement that, normally, a marriage be contracted in the presence of the local Ordinary or parish priest or of the priest or deacon delegated by either of them, and in the presence of two witnesses (canon 1108), are not classified in the Code of Canon Law as impediments, but have much the same effect.
Conditional conferral[edit]
See also: Conditional baptism
Three of the sacraments may not be repeated: Baptism, Confirmation and Holy Orders: their effect is permanent. This teaching has been expressed by the images of, in the West, an indelible character or mark and of, in the East, a seal (CCC 698). However, if there is doubt about the validity of the administration of one or more of these sacraments, a conditional form of conferral may be used, such as: "If you are not already baptized, I baptize you …"[35]
In the recent past, it was common practice in the Catholic Church to baptize conditionally almost every convert from Protestantism because of a perceived difficulty in judging about the validity in any concrete instance. In the case of the major Protestant denominations, agreements involving assurances about the manner in which they administer baptism has ended this practice, which sometimes continues for other groups of Protestant tradition. The Catholic Church has always recognized the validity of baptism in the Eastern Orthodox Church,[citation needed] but it has explicitly denied the validity of the baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[36] It does not recognize a baptismal ceremony in which the names of the three divine persons (or hypostases) of the Trinity—Father, Son and Holy Spirit—are replaced by descriptors such as Creator, Redeemer and Sanctifier, or Creator, Liberator, and Sustainer, and requires that the conditional form should not be used when baptizing those who have received this kind of baptism.[37]
See also[edit]
Catholicism portal
Thomistic sacramental theology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1211
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1113
Jump up ^ J. Waterworth (1848). "The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent" (PDF). Documenta Catholica Omnia. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ The Seventh Session of the Council of Trent. London: Dolman: Hanover Historical Texts Project. 1848. pp. 53–67. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1131
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 774–776
Jump up ^ "Lumen Gentium: chapter 7, section 48, paragraph 2". Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1117
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1210
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1129
Jump up ^ Council of Trent, Seventh Session, canon IV
Jump up ^ New Catholic Dictionary
Jump up ^ Sacrosanctum Concilium, 59, quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1123
Jump up ^ sacraments of Christian initiation Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 251
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1212
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1239–1240
Jump up ^ Charles Coppens, S.J., The Catholic Religion
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Baptism
Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 251
Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 266
Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 267
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1303
^ Jump up to: a b Liam G. Walsh, Sacraments of Initiation (Liturgy Training Publications 2011 ISBN 978-1-59525035-3), pp. 153-154
Jump up ^ John Flader, "The age for Confirmation" in Question Time (Taylor Trade 2010 ISBN 978-1-58979594-5), pp. 86-87
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1212
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1322
Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 900 §1
Jump up ^ While in the English language, the word "priest" usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders (also called the presbyterate) but not into the highest, that of bishop, the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos, which comprises both bishops and, in the common English sense, priests. To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense, Latin uses the word presbyter. See Dennis Chester Smolarski, The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969–2002: A Commentary (Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 9780814629369), p. 24.
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1423–1424
Jump up ^ canon 983 of the Code of Canon Law
Jump up ^ canon 1388
Jump up ^ US Conference of Catholic Bishops. Compendium: Catechism of the Catholic Church. USCCB Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-57455-720-6.
Jump up ^ canons 1108 and 1112 of the Code of Canon Law
Jump up ^ Canon 792, Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 869; cf. New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law By John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, Thomas J., pp. 1057–1059.
Jump up ^ "Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith". Vatican.va. 5 June 2001. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith". Vatican.va. 1 February 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
Bibliography[edit]
Raniero Cantalamessa OFMCap, Introduction, in: Easter in the Early Church. An Anthology of Jewish and Early Christian Texts, (1993), J.M. Quigley SJ, J.T. Lienhard SJ (translators & editors), Collegville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, pp. 254, ISBN 0-8146-2164-3
Kenan B. Osborne, OFM, (1987), The Christian Sacraments of Initiation. Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, New York-Mahwah: Paulist Press, ISBN 0-8091-2886-1
Poschmann Bernhard SJ (1963). Penance and the Anointing of the Sick. The Herder History of Dogma. Fr. Courtney SJ (transl. from German). Freiburg – London: Herder - Burns & Oates. p. 257.
Liam G. Walsh OP (1988), The Sacraments of Christian Initiation. Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist. London: Geoffrey Chapman, ISBN 0 225 66499 2, pp. 317.
Vogel C. (1982). Le pécheur et la pénitence dans l'Église ancienne. Paris: Cerf. p. 213. ISBN 2-204-01949-6.
Vogel C. (1982). Le pécheur et la pénitence au moyen-age. Paris: Cerf. p. 245. ISBN 2-204-01950-X.
Edward Yarnold SJ, (1971) The awe inspiring rites of initiation. Baptismal homilies of the fourth century, Slough: St. Paul Publications, pp. 292 ISBN 0 85439 082 0
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, "On the Sacraments in general (III qq. 60–64)"
Catechism of the Catholic Church on the Seven Sacraments
The Council of Trent on the Sacraments
Seven Catholic Sacraments' Signs and Instruments of God's Grace
The Sacraments Through the Ages produced by EWTN hosted by Fr. Charles Connor – RealAudio
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