text:
Sailor Moon R: The Movie
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Sailor Moon R: The Movie
Japanese DVD cover
Directed by
Kunihiko Ikuhara
Produced by
Iriya Azuma
Screenplay by
Sukehiro Tomita
Based on
Sailor Moon
by Naoko Takeuchi
Starring
Kotono Mitsuishi
Aya Hisakawa
Michie Tomizawa
Emi Shinohara
Rika Fukami
Tōru Furuya
Hikaru Midorikawa
Music by
Takanori Arisawa
Cinematography
Motoi Takahashi
Edited by
Yasuhiro Yoshikawa
Production
company
Toei Animation
Distributed by
Toei Company
Release date
December 5, 1993 (1993-12-05)
Running time
60 minutes[1]
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Box office
¥1.3 billion[2]
$452,053[1]
Sailor Moon R: The Movie, known in Japan as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R: The Movie[3], is a 1993 Japanese anime fantasy film directed by Kunihiko Ikuhara and written by Sukehiro Tomita based on the Sailor Moon manga series written by Naoko Takeuchi. The film takes its name from the second arc of the Sailor Moon anime, Sailor Moon R, as Toei Company distributed it around the same time. The events portrayed seem to take place somewhere in the very end of the series, as Chibiusa knows about the identities of the Sailor Guardians, the characters are in the present rather than the future, and Mamoru and Usagi are back together. The film centers on the arrival of an alien named Fiore on Earth, who has a past with Mamoru and wishes to reunite with him. Unfortunately, Fiore is being controlled by an evil flower called Xenian Flower, forcing Usagi and her friends to save Mamoru and the Earth from destruction.
Japanese theaters featured a 15-minute short recap episode before the film titled Make Up! Sailor Soldier (メイクアップ!セーラー戦士, Meikuappu! Sērā senshi).
The film debuted in Japanese theaters on December 5, 1993 and Pioneer Entertainment released it in the United States on February 8, 2000 as Sailor Moon R: The Movie: The Promise of the Rose. On January 13, 2017, Viz Media re-released the movie re-dubbed and uncut for the first time in American theaters. The Sailor Moon R: The Movie redub also included the English dubbed 15-minute short Make Up! Sailor Guardians.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Make Up! Sailor Guardians
1.2 The Promise of the Rose
2 Cast
2.1 Make-up! Sailor Guardians
3 Production and release
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Make Up! Sailor Guardians[edit]
Usagi and Chibiusa overhear two girls talking about the Sailor Guardians after they see a poster. As the girls debate over the smartest, most elegant, strongest, and the leader of the Sailor Guardians, Usagi grandly claims those titles for herself. Chibiusa shakes her head at Usagi's delusion. Clips appear from the debut of each Sailor Guardian, and that girl's image song plays in the background. When even Tuxedo Mask has been mentioned, and the girls are about to leave, Usagi butts in on their conversation and asks them directly about Sailor Moon. The girls give a series of glowing compliments about Sailor Moon, but unlike their analysis of the other Sailor Guardians, they also list her faults. After the girls leave, Usagi sarcastically apologizes for being a clumsy cry-baby and then bursts into exaggerated tears.
The Promise of the Rose[edit]
A young Mamoru Chiba hands a mysterious boy a rose before he disappears, vowing to bring Mamoru a flower. In the present, Mamoru meets up with Usagi Tsukino and the Sailor Guardians at the Jindai Botanical Garden. Usagi attempts to kiss Mamoru, but when he suspects the other girls of spying on him, he walks off outside alone.
The stranger appears from the garden's fountain and takes Mamoru's hands into his own, which makes Usagi uncomfortable. Usagi tries to break the man's grasp from Mamoru, but is knocked down. The man vows that no one will prevent him from keeping his promise before disappearing again. Mamoru tells Usagi that the stranger's name is Fiore (フィオレ, Fiore). At Rei Hino's temple, the Sailor Guardians discuss an asteroid which has started to approach Earth and on which Luna and Artemis have discovered traces of vegetal life. The talk turns into rumors about Mamoru's and Fiore's possible relationship, while Usagi thinks about how Mamoru had told her that he had no family and was alone, and how she had promised him she would be his family from now on.
Fiore sends his flower-monster henchwoman, Glycina (グリシナ), to Tokyo to drain the population's life-energy, but the Sailor Guardians free them and destroy the monster. Fiore appears, revealing his responsibility for the attack, and uses a flower called a Xenian (キセニアン, Kisenian) before severely injuring the Sailor Guardians. Mamoru attempts to talk Fiore out of fighting but the Xenian controls Fiore's mind. After Mamoru saves Usagi from certain death by intercepting his attack, Fiore takes Mamoru to an asteroid rapidly approaching Earth and begins to revive him in a crystal filled with liquid. While in the crystal, Mamoru remembers meeting Fiore after his parents died in a car accident. Mamoru had previously assumed that he had made up the boy as an imaginary friend. Fiore explains that he had to leave Mamoru because of the Earth's unsuitable atmosphere; Mamoru gave Fiore a rose before disappearing. Fiore searched the galaxy to find a flower for Mamoru, finding the Xenian in the process. Seeking revenge on the humans for his loneliness, Fiore returns to Earth.
Meanwhile, Luna and Artemis tell the Sailor Guardians that the Xenian can destroy planets using weak-hearted people. Ami Mizuno realizes that the energy from the asteroid matches the flower-monster's evil energy, deducing that Fiore has hidden there. The Sailor Guardians decide to rescue Mamoru. Despite her initial reluctance, the Sailors and Chibiusa convince Usagi to save Mamoru and confront Fiore.
After the Sailor Guardians fly to the asteroid, Fiore reveals his plans to scatter flower-seeds to drain humanity's energy on Earth. The Sailors Guardians then fight hundreds of flower-monsters, but they end up captured. When Fiore orders Usagi to surrender, she is unable to feel his loneliness; Fiore begins to drain her life-force. Mamoru escapes and saves Sailor Moon by throwing a rose at Fiore. The rose embedded in Fiore's chest blossoms, freeing him from the Xenian's control. The flowers on the asteroid disappear, but it continues to hurtle towards Earth. Usagi uses the Silver Crystal to transform into Princess Serenity to change the course of the asteroid. In an attempt to stop Usagi, Fiore soon realizes that when Usagi and Mamoru were children, she gave Mamoru the rose that was once given to him after Fiore had left. With Fiore and the Xenian destroyed by the Silver Crystal, Usagi, Mamoru and the Sailor Guardians combine their powers to divert the asteroid away from the Earth. The Silver Crystal is shattered and Usagi dies of exhaustion. Back on Earth, despite Luna and Artemis' concern over why the Sailor Guardians are taking too long, Chibiusa assures them that the girls are all right.
In the aftermath, the Guardians and Mamoru are devastated by Usagi's death, but Fiore reappears and thanks Mamoru. Using a nectar-filled flower with Fiore's life-energy, Mamoru wets his lips with the nectar and kisses Usagi, reviving her and repowering the Silver Crystal. Fiore, reduced to the form of a child again, ascends to the afterlife to live in peace.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Sailor Moon characters
Character name
Japanese voice actor
English voice actor
(Pioneer/Optimum Productions, 2000)
English voice actor
(Viz Media/Studiopolis, 2017)
Usagi Tsukino Kotono Mitsuishi Terri Hawkes as Serena Stephanie Sheh
Mamoru Chiba Toru Furuya
Megumi Ogata (young) Vincent Corazza (Vince Corroza) as Darien
Julie Lemieux (young)[4] Robbie Daymond
Rei Hino Michie Tomizawa Katie Griffin as Raye Cristina Vee
Ami Mizuno Aya Hisakawa Karen Bernstein as Amy Kate Higgins
Makoto Kino Emi Shinohara Susan Roman as Lita Amanda Miller
Minako Aino Rica Fukami Stephanie Morgenstern as Mina Cherami Leigh
Luna Keiko Han Jill Frappier Michelle Ruff
Artemis Yasuhiro Takato Ron Rubin Johnny Yong Bosch
Usagi "Chibiusa" Tsukino Kae Araki Tracey Hoyt as Rini Sandy Fox
Fiore Hikaru Midorikawa
Tomoko Maruo (young) Steven Bednarski
Mary Long (young) Benjamin Diskin
Xenian Flower Yumi Tōma Susan Aceron as Kisenian Blossom Carrie Keranen
Make-up! Sailor Guardians[edit]
Character name
Japanese voice actor
English voice actor
Yui Chieko Nanba TBA
Aya Rumi Kasahara TBA
Garoben Hiroko Emori Megan Hollingshead
Katarina Yūko Mita Veronica Taylor
Queen Beryl Keiko Han Cindy Robinson
Alan Keiichi Nanba Wally Wingert
Queen Serenity Mika Doi Wendee Lee
Production and release[edit]
The film was first released in North America on VHS by Pioneer Entertainment on August 31, 1999 in Japanese with English subtitles.[5] Pioneer later released the film to uncut bilingual DVD on February 8, 2000 alongside another VHS release containing an edited version of the English dub.[6][7] Pioneer re-released their DVD on January 6, 2004 under their "Geneon Signature Series" line.[8] The DVDs later fell out of print when Pioneer/Geneon lost the license to the film. The edited version was also shown on TV in Canada on YTV and in the US on Cartoon Network's Toonami block.
The English dub was produced in association with Optimum Productions in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and featured most of the original DiC English cast reprising their roles. The edited version of the dub was censored for content and replaced the music with cues from the DiC version of the first two seasons of the anime; the vocal song "Moon Revenge" was also replaced with "The Power of Love." The uncut version of the dub was only seen on the bilingual DVD, featured no censorship, and all of the original Japanese music was left intact, with the exception of the DiC theme song being used. However, no DVD or VHS release contained the "Make-up! Sailor Soldier" short.
In 2014, the film (including the "Make-Up! Sailor Guardian" short) was re-licensed for an updated English-language release in North America by Viz Media, who produced a new English dub of the film in association with Studiopolis in Los Angeles, California and re-released it to DVD and Blu-ray on April 18, 2017.[9] It has also been licensed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment.[10] In addition, Viz gave the film a limited theatrical release in the United States, beginning January 17, 2017.[11] The redub premiered in the United Artists Theater at the Ace Hotel, where it retained just the original title of Sailor Moon R: The Movie, rather than the subtitle The Promise of the Rose. The theatrical release included the "Make-Up! Sailor Guardian" short, and was available in both dubbed and subtitled screenings.
Reception[edit]
Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network gave the film's Viz Media dub an "A-". She praised the animation, stating that it was "several cuts above what we typically see in the TV series". She also praised the film for distilling the franchise's themes effectivelly, its soundtrack and use of imagery relating to flowers.[12] Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times also reacted positively to the film's portrayl of the main characters' "sisterly friendship" and praised Viz Media's dub for not censorsing Fiore's implied feelings for Mamoru, unlike previous English translations.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Sailor Moon R: The Movie (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "1994年 (1月～12月)". Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R: The Movie (Japanese: 劇場版 美少女戦士セーラームーンＲ, Hepburn: Gekijōban Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn Āru)
Jump up ^ Unplugged Expo (September 7, 2013). "Unplugged Expo Welcomes Julie Lemieux". Retrieved August 31, 2014 – via Facebook.
Jump up ^ "Sailor Moon R [VHS]". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sailor Moon R - The Movie". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00003E47U/
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00012QLVE/
Jump up ^ "Viz Licenses Original Sailor Moon Franchise". Anime News Network. May 16, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Madman Entertainment Acquires Sailor Moon Series and Sailor Moon Crystal". November 28, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Viz Media Plans To Release Sailor Moon R Anime Film In U.S. Theaters In January". Anime News Network. November 11, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Silverman, Rebecca (19 January 2017). "Sailor Moon R: The Movie - Review". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Solomon, Charles (19 January 2017). "Girl power and pratfalls prevail in new dub of 1993's 'Sailor Moon R: The Movie'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R The Movie
Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R The Movie at AllMovie
Sailor Moon R: The Movie on IMDb
Animerica review
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text:
Central Powers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Axis powers.
Central Powers
Mittelmächte (German)
Központi hatalmak (Hungarian)
İttifak Devletleri (Turkish)
Централни сили (Bulgarian)
1914–1918
Allied Powers (and their colonies)
Central Powers (and their colonies)
Neutral Powers
Quadruple Alliance:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Co-belligerent states:
Dervish State
Transvaal
Sultanate of Darfur
Client states:
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Courland and Semigallia
Crim
Don
Finland
Jabal Shammar
Kuban
Lithuania
Northern Caucasus
Poland
Ukraine
Georgia
United Baltic Duchy
Status
Military alliance
Capital
none (de jure)
Berlin (de facto)
Historical era
World War I
• Dual Alliance
(Germany / Austria-Hungary)
7 October 1879
•
28 June 1914
• Ottoman–German Alliance
2 August 1914
• Bulgaria–Germany treaty
6 September 1915 (secret)
14 October 1915 (public)
• Dissolved
11 November 1918
Leaders of the Central Powers (left to right):
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany;
Kaiser and King Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary;
Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire;
Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria.
The Central Powers (German: Mittelmächte; Hungarian: Központi hatalmak; Turkish: İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; Bulgarian: Централни сили, translit. Tsentralni sili), consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria—hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance[1] (German: Vierbund)—was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).
It faced and was defeated by the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente. The Powers' origin was the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879. Despite having joined the alliance before, Italy refused to take part in World War I on the side of the Central Powers; the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria did not join until after World War I had begun, although the Ottoman Empire retained close relations with both Germany and Austria-Hungary since the beginning of the 20th century.
Contents
1 Member states
2 Combatants
2.1 Germany
2.1.1 War justifications
2.1.2 Colonies and dependencies
2.2 Austria-Hungary
2.2.1 War justifications
2.3 Ottoman Empire
2.3.1 War justifications
2.4 Bulgaria
2.4.1 War justifications
2.4.2 Declarations of war
3 Co-belligerents
3.1 Dervish State
3.2 South African Republic
3.3 Sultanate of Darfur
4 Client states
4.1 German client states
4.2 Ottoman client states
5 Controversial cases
5.1 Ethiopia
6 Non-state combatants
7 Armistice and treaties
8 Leaders
9 See also
10 Footnotes
11 References
Member states[edit]
The Central Powers consisted of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the beginning of the war. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers later in 1914. In 1915, the Kingdom of Bulgaria joined the alliance. The name "Central Powers" is derived from the location of these countries; all four (including the other groups that supported them except for Finland and Lithuania) were located between the Russian Empire in the east and France and the United Kingdom in the west. Finland, Azerbaijan, and Lithuania joined them in 1918 before the war ended and after the Russian Empire collapsed.
Allied and Central Powers during World War I
Allied Powers
Allied colonies, dominions, territories or occupations
Central Powers
Central Powers' colonies or occupations
Neutral countries
Europe in 1914.
The Central Powers were composed of the following nations:[2]
Nation
Entered WWI
Austria-Hungary 28 July 1914
German Empire 1 August 1914
Ottoman Empire 2 August 1914 (secret)
29 October 1914 (public)
Kingdom of Bulgaria 14 October 1915
Deaths of the Central powers
Economic statistics of the Central Powers [notes 1][3]
Population
(millions)
Land
(million km2)
GDP
($ billion)
GDP per capita
($)
German Empire (1914) Mainland 67.0 0.5 244.3 3,648
Colonies 10.7 3.0 6.4 601
Total 77.7 3.5 250.7
Austria–Hungary (1914) 50.6 0.6 100.5 1,986
Ottoman Empire (1914) 23.0 1.8 25.3 1,100
Kingdom of Bulgaria (1915) 4.8 0.1 7.4 1,527
Total 156.1 6.0 383.9 2,459
Military statistics of the Central Powers [4]
Mobilized
Killed in action
Wounded
Missing in action
Total casualties
Percentage casualties of total force mobilized
German Empire 13,250,000 1,808,546 (13.65%) 4,247,143 1,152,800 7,208,489 66%
Austria–Hungary 7,800,000 922,500 (11.82%) 3,620,000 2,200,000 6,742,500 86%
Ottoman Empire 2,998,321 325,000 (10.84%) 400,000 250,000 975,000 34%
Kingdom of Bulgaria 1,200,000 75,844 (6.32%) 153,390 27,029 255,263 21%
Total 25,257,321 3,131,890 8,419,533 3,629,829 15,181,252 66%
Combatants[edit]
Germany[edit]
Main article: German Empire
War justifications[edit]
German soldiers in the battlefield in August 1914 on the Western Front shortly after the outbreak of war.
German cavalry entering Warsaw in 1915.
German battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz heavily damaged after the Battle of Jutland.
German Fokker Dr.I fighter aircraft of Jasta 26 at Erchin in German-occupied territory of France.
In early July 1914, in the aftermath of the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the immediate likelihood of war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German government informed the Austro-Hungarian government that Germany would uphold its alliance with Austria-Hungary and defend it from possible Russian intervention if a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia took place.[5] When Russia enacted a general mobilization, Germany viewed the act as provocative.[6] The Russian government promised Germany that its general mobilization did not mean preparation for war with Germany but was a reaction to the events between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.[6] The German government regarded the Russian promise of no war with Germany to be nonsense in light of its general mobilization, and Germany, in turn, mobilized for war.[6] On 1 August, Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia stating that since both Germany and Russia were in a state of military mobilization, an effective state of war existed between the two countries.[7] Later that day, France, an ally of Russia, declared a state of general mobilization.[7]
In August 1914, Germany waged war on Russia, the German government justified military action against Russia as necessary because of Russian aggression as demonstrated by the mobilization of the Russian army that had resulted in Germany mobilizing in response.[8]
After Germany declared war on Russia, France with its alliance with Russia prepared a general mobilization in expectation of war. On 3 August 1914, Germany responded to this action by declaring war on France.[9] Germany, facing a two-front war, enacted what was known as the Schlieffen Plan, that involved German armed forces needing to move through Belgium and swing south into France and towards the French capital of Paris. This plan was hoped to quickly gain victory against the French and allow German forces to concentrate on the Eastern Front. Belgium was a neutral country and would not accept German forces crossing its territory. Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality and invaded the country to launch an offensive towards Paris. This caused Great Britain to declare war against the German Empire, as the action violated the Treaty of London that both nations signed in 1839 guaranteeing Belgian neutrality and defense of the kingdom if a nation reneged.
Subsequently, several states declared war on Germany in late August 1914, with Italy declaring war on Austria-Hungary in 1915 and Germany on 27 August 1916, the United States declaring war on Germany on 6 April 1917 and Greece declaring war on Germany in July 1917.
Colonies and dependencies[edit]
Main article: German colonial empire
Europe
Upon its founding in 1871, the German Empire controlled Alsace-Lorraine as an "imperial territory" incorporated from France after the Franco-Prussian War. It was held as part of Germany's sovereign territory.
Africa
Germany held multiple African colonies at the time of World War I. All of Germany's African colonies were invaded and occupied by Allied forces during the war.
Cameroon, German East Africa, and German Southwest Africa were German colonies in Africa. Togoland was a German protectorate in Africa.
Asia
The Kiautschou Bay concession was a German dependency in East Asia leased from China in 1898. It was occupied by Japanese forces following the Siege of Tsingtao.
Pacific
German New Guinea was a German protectorate in the Pacific. It was occupied by Australian forces in 1914.
German Samoa was a German protectorate following the Tripartite Convention. It was occupied by the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in 1914.
Austria-Hungary[edit]
Main article: Austria-Hungary
Austro-Hungarian soldiers in trench on the Italian front during World War I.
Austro-Hungarian soldiers marching up Mount Zion in Jerusalem in the Ottoman Empire, during the Middle Eastern campaign.
War justifications[edit]
Austria-Hungary regarded the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand as being orchestrated with the assistance of Serbia.[5] The country viewed the assassination as setting a dangerous precedent of encouraging the country's South Slav population to rebel and threaten to tear apart the multinational country.[6] Austria-Hungary formally sent an ultimatum to Serbia demanding a full-scale investigation of Serbian government complicity in the assassination, and complete compliance by Serbia in agreeing to the terms demanded by Austria-Hungary.[5] Serbia submitted to accept most of the demands, however Austria-Hungary viewed this as insufficient and used this lack of full compliance to justify military intervention.[10] These demands have been viewed as a diplomatic cover for what was going to be an inevitable Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia.[10]
Austria-Hungary had been warned by Russia that the Russian government would not tolerate Austria-Hungary crushing Serbia.[10] However, with Germany supporting Austria-Hungary's actions, the Austro-Hungarian government hoped that Russia would not intervene and that the conflict with Serbia would be a regional conflict.[5]
Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia resulted in Russia declaring war on the country and Germany in turn declared war on Russia, setting off the beginning of the clash of alliances that resulted in the World War.
Territory
Austria-Hungary was internally divided into two states with their own governments, joined in communion through the Habsburg throne. Austrian Cisleithania contained various duchies and principalities but also the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Dalmatia, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Hungarian Transleithania comprised the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. In Bosnia and Herzegovina sovereign authority was shared by both Austria and Hungary.
Ottoman Empire[edit]
Main article: Ottoman Empire
Ottoman soldiers in military preparations for an assault on the Suez Canal in 1914.
Kaiser Wilhelm II visiting the Turkish cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim during his stay in Istanbul in October 1917 as a guest of Sultan Mehmed V.
War justifications[edit]
The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Central Powers in November 1914. The Ottoman Empire had gained strong economic connections with Germany through the Berlin-to-Baghdad railway project that was still incomplete at the time.[11] The Ottoman Empire made a formal alliance with Germany signed on 2 August 1914.[12] The alliance treaty expected that the Ottoman Empire would become involved in the conflict in a short amount of time.[12] However, for the first several months of the war the Ottoman Empire maintained neutrality though it allowed a German naval squadron to enter and stay near the strait of Bosphorus.[13] Ottoman officials informed the German government that the country needed time to prepare for conflict.[13] Germany provided financial aid and weapons shipments to the Ottoman Empire.[12]
After pressure escalated from the German government demanding that the Ottoman Empire fulfill its treaty obligations, or else Germany would expel the country from the alliance and terminate economic and military assistance, the Ottoman government entered the war with the recently acquired cruisers from Germany, the Yavuz Sultan Selim (formerly SMS Goeben) and the Midilli (formerly SMS Breslau) launching a naval raid on the Russian port of Odessa, thus engaging in a military action in accordance with its alliance obligations with Germany. Russia and the Triple Entente declared war on the Ottoman Empire.[14]
Bulgaria[edit]
Main article: Kingdom of Bulgaria
See also: Bulgaria during World War I
War justifications[edit]
Bulgarian soldiers firing at an incoming aircraft.
Bulgaria was still resentful after its defeat in July 1913 at the hands of Serbia, Greece and Romania. It signed a treaty of defensive alliance with the Ottoman Empire on 19 August 1914. It was the last country to join the Central Powers, which Bulgaria did in October 1915 by declaring war on Serbia. It invaded Serbia in conjunction with German and Austro-Hungarian forces. Bulgaria held claims on the region of Vardar Macedonia then held by Serbia following the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 and (from the Bulgarian point of view), the costly Treaty of Bucharest (1913).[15] As a condition of entering WW1 on the side of the Central Powers, Bulgaria was granted the right to reclaim that territory.[16]
Declarations of war[edit]
Date
Declared by
km
1915
14 October Bulgaria Serbia
15 October United Kingdom
Montenegro Bulgaria
16 October France Bulgaria
19 October Italy
Russia Bulgaria
1916
1 September Bulgaria Romania
1917
2 July Greece Bulgaria
Co-belligerents[edit]
Dervish State[edit]
The Dervish State was a rebel Somali state seeking independence of Somali territories. Dervish forces fought against Italian and British forces in Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland during World War I in the Somaliland Campaign. The Dervish State received support from Germany and the Ottoman Empire. It also briefly received support by the Ethiopian Empire from 1915–1916.[17]
South African Republic[edit]
In opposition to the Union of South Africa, which had joined the war, Boer rebels founded the South African Republic in 1914 and engaged in the Maritz Rebellion. Germany assisted the rebels, and the rebels operated in and out of the German colony of German South-West Africa. The rebels were defeated by British imperial forces.
Sultanate of Darfur[edit]
The Sultanate of Darfur forces fought against British forces in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan during World War I in the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition.
Client states[edit]
During 1917 and 1918, the Finns under Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and Lithuanian nationalists fought Russia for a common cause. With the Bolshevik attack of late 1917, the General Secretariat of Ukraine sought military protection first from the Central Powers and later from the armed forces of the Entente.
The Ottoman Empire also had its own allies in Azerbaijan and the Northern Caucasus. The three nations fought alongside each other under the Army of Islam in the Battle of Baku.
German client states[edit]
Belarus (Belarusian People's Republic)
The Belarusian People's Republic was a client state of Germany created in 1918.
Courland and Semigallia
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a client state of Germany created in 1918.
Crim (Crimean Regional Government)
The Crimean Regional Government was a client state of Germany created in 1918.
Don (Don Republic)
The Don Republic was closely associated with the German Empire and fought against the Bolsheviks.
Finland (Kingdom of Finland)
The Kingdom of Finland was a client state of Germany created in 1918. Prior to the declaration of the kingdom, Finland existed as an autonomous Grand Dutchy of Russia since 1809.
Kuban (Kuban People's Republic)
The Kuban People's Republic was a client state of Germany created in 1918.
Lithuania (Kingdom of Lithuania)
The Kingdom of Lithuania was a client state of Germany created in 1918.
Northern Caucasus (Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus)
The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was associated with the Central Powers.
Georgia (Democratic Republic of Georgia)
The Democratic Republic of Georgia declared independence in 1918 which then to led border conflicts between newly formed republic and Ottoman Empire. Soon after Ottoman Empire invaded republic and quickly reached Borjomi. this forced Georgia to ask for help from Germany which they got. Germany forced Ottomans too withdraw from Georgian territories and recognize its sovereignty on its borders. Germany, Georgia and Ottomans signed a peace treaty, the Treaty of Batum which ended conflict with last two. in return Georgia become Germany's "ally". this time period of Georgian-German friendship was known as German Caucasus expedition.
Poland (Kingdom of Poland)
The Kingdom of Poland was a client state of Germany created in 1916.[18] This government was recognized by the emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary in November 1916, and it adopted a constitution in 1917.[19] The decision to create a state of Poland was taken by Germany in order to attempt to legitimize its military occupation amongst the Polish inhabitants, following upon German propaganda sent to Polish inhabitants in 1915 that German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by Russia.[20] The state was utilized by the German government alongside punitive threats to induce Polish landowners living in the German-occupied Baltic territories to move to the state and sell their Baltic property to Germans in exchange for moving to Poland, and efforts were made to induce similar emigration of Poles from Prussia to the state.[21]
Ukraine (Ukrainian State)
The Ukrainian State was a client state of Germany led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi, who overthrew the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic.[22]
United Baltic Duchy
The United Baltic Duchy was a proposed client state of Germany created in 1918.
Ottoman client states[edit]
Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Democratic Republic)
In 1918, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, facing Bolshevik revolution and opposition from the Muslim Musavat Party, was then occupied by the Ottoman Empire, which expelled the Bolsheviks while supporting the Musavat Party.[23] The Ottoman Empire maintained a presence in Azerbaijan until the end of the war in November 1918.[23]
Jabal Shammar
Jabal Shammar was an Arab state in the Middle East that was closely associated with the Ottoman Empire.[24]
Controversial cases[edit]
States listed in this section were not officially members of the Central Powers, but at some point during the war engaged in cooperation with one or more Central Powers members on level that makes their neutrality disputable.
Ethiopia[edit]
During the Somaliland Campaign, from the period of 1915 to 1916, the Ethiopian Empire gave aid to the Dervish state.
Non-state combatants[edit]
See also: Zimmermann Telegram
Other movements supported the efforts of the Central Powers for their own reasons, such as the radical Irish Nationalists who launched the Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916; they referred to their "gallant allies in Europe". However, the majority of Irish Nationalists supported the British and allied war effort up until 1916 when the Irish political landscape was changing. In 1914, Józef Piłsudski was permitted by Germany and Austria-Hungary to form independent Polish legions. Piłsudski wanted his legions to help the Central Powers defeat Russia and then side with France and the UK and win the war with them.
Kaocen revolt
Zaian War
Irish Republican Brotherhood
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Mexican Revolution
Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition
Senussi Campaign
Polish Legions
Volta-Bani War
BMORK
Armistice and treaties[edit]
Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies on 29 September 1918, following a successful Allied advance in Macedonia. The Ottoman Empire followed suit on 30 October 1918 in the face of British and Arab gains in Palestine and Syria. Austria and Hungary concluded ceasefires separately during the first week of November following the disintegration of the Habsburg Empire and the Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto; Germany signed the armistice ending the war on the morning of 11 November 1918 after the Hundred Days Offensive, and a succession of advances by New Zealand, Australian, Canadian, Belgian, British, French and US forces in north-eastern France and Belgium. There was no unified treaty ending the war; the Central Powers were dealt with in separate treaties.[25]
Central Powers by date of armistice
Flag
Name
Date
Bulgaria 29 September 1918
Ottoman Empire 30 October 1918
Austria-Hungary 4 November 1918
German Empire 11 November 1918
Central Powers treaties
Flag
Name
Treaty of
Austria Saint-Germain
Bulgaria Neuilly
Germany Versailles
Hungary Trianon

Ottoman Empire
Turkey Sèvres
Lausanne
Central Powers' military deaths.
A postcard depicting the flags of the Central Powers' countries.
The collapse of the Central Powers in 1918.
The Leaders of Central Powers in 1914.
Leaders[edit]
Main article: Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I
See also[edit]
World War I portal
Participants in World War I
Treaty of Versailles
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ All figures presented are for the year 1913.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hindenburg, Paul von. "Out of my life". Internet Archive. p. 113.
Jump up ^ Meyer, G.J. (2007). A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918. Delta Trade Paperback. ISBN 0-553-38240-3.
Jump up ^ S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War I. illustrated ed. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 9-10.
Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker (1996). "The European Powers in the First World War". p. 173.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cashman, Greg; Robinson, Leonard C. An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. P57
^ Jump up to: a b c d Meyer, G.J. A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918. Delta Book. 2006. P39.
^ Jump up to: a b Meyer, G.J. A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918. Delta Book. 2006. P95.
Jump up ^ Hagen, William W. German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation. P228.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1556.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cashman, Greg; Robinson, Leonard C. An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. P61
Jump up ^ Hickey, Michael. The First World War: Volume 4 The Mediterranean Front 1914–1923. P31.
^ Jump up to: a b c Afflerbach, Holger; David Stevenson, David. An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War 1 and European Political Culture. Berghan Books. 2012. P. 292.
^ Jump up to: a b Kent, Mary. The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. end ed. Frank Cass. 1998. P119
Jump up ^ Afflerbach, Holger; David Stevenson, David. An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War I and European Political Culture. Berghan Books. 2012. P. 293.
Jump up ^ Hall, Richard C. "Bulgaria in the First World War". Russia's Great War and Revolution. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (1986). The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804–1920 (1st pbk. ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 284–297. ISBN 978-0-295-96413-3.
Jump up ^ Mukhtar, Mohammed (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 126. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history (Google Print, p. 910); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland (Google Print, p. 218); by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History (Google Print, p. 454); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe (Google Print, p. 68: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").
Jump up ^ J. M. Roberts. Europe 1880–1945. P. 232.
Jump up ^ Aviel Roshwald. Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–23. Routledge, 2002. P. 117.
Jump up ^ Annemarie Sammartino. The Impossible Border: Germany and the East, 1914–1922. Cornell University, 2010. P. 36-37.
Jump up ^ Kataryna Wolczuk. The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. P37.
^ Jump up to: a b Zvi Lerman, David Sedik. Rural Transition in Azerbaijan. P12.
Jump up ^ Hala Mundhir Fattah. The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745–1900. P121.
Jump up ^ Davis, Robert T., ed. (2010). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-313-38385-4.
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values: *      Allied Powers (and their colonies) *      Central Powers (and their colonies) *      Neutral Powers   Quadruple Alliance: *  Germany *  Austria-Hungary *  Ottoman Empire *  Bulgaria    Co-belligerent states: *  Dervish State *  Transvaal *  Sultanate of Darfur    Client states: *  Azerbaijan *  Belarus *  Courland and Semigallia *  Crim *  Don *  Finland *  Jabal Shammar *  Kuban *  Lithuania *  Northern Caucasus *  Poland *  Ukraine *  Georgia *  United Baltic Duchy

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values: Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

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/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93German_Alliance
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Ottoman–German Alliance

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values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

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/wiki/German_Colonial_Empire
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German Colonial Empire

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/wiki/General_mobilization
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General mobilization

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/wiki/German_Southwest_Africa
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German Southwest Africa

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/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand

values: Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary

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/wiki/Dervish_State
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Dervish State

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/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion
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Maritz Rebellion

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/wiki/German_South-West_Africa
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German South-West Africa

values: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

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/wiki/Ottoman_Army_of_Islam
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Ottoman Army of Islam

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/wiki/Musavat_Party
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Musavat Party

values: Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

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/wiki/German_Austria
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German Austria

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/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic
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Hungarian Democratic Republic

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/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)
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Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

values: Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I

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values: Military operations in North Africa during World War I

values: Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I

values: Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I

values: Military history of Italy during World War I

values: History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

values: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

values: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

values: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)

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/wiki/Battle_of_Aghsu
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Battle of Aghsu

values: Battle of Kyurdamir (page does not exist)

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/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919
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Egyptian revolution of 1919

values: List of military engagements of World War I

values: List of last World War I veterans by country

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/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic
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1918 flu pandemic

values: German occupation of Belgium during World War I

values: German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I

values: German occupation of north-east France during World War I

values: German prisoners of war in the United States

values: Centenary of the outbreak of World War I

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values: South African Overseas Expeditionary Force

values: Military history of Canada during World War I

values: German occupation of Estonia during World War I

values: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I

values: Military history of Australia during World War I

values: Military history of New Zealand during World War I

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values: Category:1914 establishments in Austria-Hungary

values: Category:1914 establishments in Bulgaria

values: Category:1914 establishments in the Ottoman Empire

values: Category:1918 disestablishments in Austria

values: Category:1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary

values: Category:1918 disestablishments in Bulgaria

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values: Category:1918 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire

values: Category:20th century in international relations

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values: Category:Military alliances involving Bulgaria

values: Category:Military alliances involving the German Empire

values: Category:Military alliances involving the Ottoman Empire

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