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Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
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Not to be confused with Siege of Louisbourg (1745).
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Siege of Louisbourg
Part of the French and Indian War

Siege of Louisbourg (1758): British burning warship Prudent and capturing Bienfaisant.
Date
8 June–26 July 1758
Location
Louisbourg, present-day Nova Scotia, then the French province of Île-Royale
Coordinates: 45°55′17″N 59°58′13″W / 45.92139°N 59.97028°W / 45.92139; -59.97028
Result
Decisive British victory[1][2]
Belligerents
Great Britain
British America Kingdom of France
Mi'kmaq militia
Acadian militia
Commanders and leaders
Jeffery Amherst
Edward Boscawen
James Wolfe
Charles Lawrence
Edward Whitmore Chevalier de Drucour (POW)
Jean Vauquelin
Marquis Charry des Gouttes
Beaussier de l'Isle
Strength
14,000 soldiers
12,000 sailors and marines
150 transport vessels
40 men-o-war 3,500 soldiers
3,500 sailors and marines
5 ships of the line
Casualties and losses
172 killed
355 wounded[3] 102 killed
303 wounded
6,600 surrendered[3]
4 ships of the line burned, 1 taken
[hide]
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Seven Years' War in North America: The French and Indian War, Atlantic theater
1st Northeast Coast
Cape Race
Chignecto
Bay of Fundy
Petitcodiac
2nd Northeast Coast
1st Lunenburg
1st Louisbourg
Bloody Creek
2nd Lunenburg
2nd Louisbourg
Petitcodiac River
Ile Saint-Jean
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Cape Sable
St. John River
Restigouche
St. John's
The Siege of Louisbourg was a pivotal operation of the Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War) in 1758 that ended the French colonial era in Atlantic Canada and led directly to the loss of Quebec in 1759 and the remainder of French North America the following year.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Order of battle
3 The siege
4 Capitulation
5 Aftermath
6 Royal Navy Fleet throughout the siege
7 Artifacts gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
Background[edit]
The British government realized that with the Fortress of Louisbourg under French control, the Royal Navy could not sail up the St. Lawrence River unmolested for an attack on Quebec. After an expedition against Louisbourg in 1757 led by Lord Loudon was turned back due to a strong French naval deployment, the British under the leadership of William Pitt resolved to try again with new commanders.
Pitt assigned the task of capturing the fortress to Major General Jeffrey Amherst. Amherst's brigadiers were Charles Lawrence, James Wolfe and Edward Whitmore, and command of naval operations was assigned to Admiral Edward Boscawen. The chief engineer was John Henry Bastide who had been present at the first siege of Louisbourg in 1745 and was chief engineer at Fort St Philip, Minorca, in 1756 when the British had surrendered the fort and island to the French after a long siege.
As they had in 1757, the French planned to defend Louisbourg by means of a large naval build-up. However, the British blockaded the French fleet sailing from Toulon when it arrived in Cartagena, and defeated a French relief force at the Battle of Cartagena. The French consequently abandoned their attempt to reinforce Louisbourg from the Mediterranean, and only 11 ships were available to oppose the British off Louisbourg. Most of the cannons and men were moved inside the fort and five ships (Appolon, Fidèle, Chèvre, Biche, Diane) were sunk to block the entrance to the harbour.[5] On July 9, the Echo tried to slip out of the harbour under the cover of a dense fog, but was intercepted and seized by HMS Scarborough and HMS Junon.
This left the French with only 5 half empty ships in the harbour : Célèbre (64), Entreprenant (74), Capricieux (64), Prudent (74) and Bienfaisant (64).

Order of battle[edit]
Siege Of Louisbourg Map 1758
Part of a series on the
Military history of
Nova Scotia
Citadel Hill
Events
Battle of Port Royal
1690
Siege of Port Royal
1710
Battle of Jeddore Harbour
1722
Northeast Coast Campaign
1745
Battle of Grand Pré
1747
Dartmouth Massacre
1751
Bay of Fundy Campaign
1755
Fall of Louisbourg
1758
Headquarters established for Royal Navy's North American Station
1758
Halifax Treaties
1760-61
Battle of Fort Cumberland
1776
Raid on Lunenburg
1782
Halifax Impressment Riot
1805
Establishment of New Ireland
1812
Capture of USS Chesapeake
1813
Battle at the Great Redan
1855
Siege of Lucknow
1857
CSS Tallahassee Escape
1861
Departing Halifax for Northwest Rebellion
1885
Departing Halifax for the Boer War
1899
Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky
1917
Jewish Legion formed
1917
Sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle
1918
Battle of the St. Lawrence
1942–44
Sinking of SS Point Pleasant Park
1945
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1945
Walter Callow Wheelchair Bus established
1947
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1756-62
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1775-84
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British forces assembled at Halifax, Nova Scotia where army and navy units spent most of May training together as the massive invasion fleet came together. After a large gathering at the Great Pontack, on 29 May the Royal Navy fleet departed from Halifax for Louisbourg. The fleet consisted of 150 transport ships and 40 men-of-war. Housed in these ships were almost 14,000 soldiers, almost all of whom were regulars (with the exception of four companies of American rangers). The force was divided into three divisions: Red, commanded by James Wolfe, Blue, commanded by Charles Lawrence and White commanded by Edward Whitmore. On 2 June the British force anchored in Gabarus Bay, 3 miles (4.8 km) from Louisbourg.
The French commander (and governor of Île-Royale (New France), the Chevalier de Drucour, had at his disposal some 3,500 regulars as well as approximately 3,500 marines and sailors from the French warships in the harbour. However, unlike the previous year, the French navy was unable to assemble in significant numbers, leaving the French squadron at Louisbourg outnumbered five to one by the British fleet. Drucour ordered trenches to be prepared and manned by some 2,000 French troops, along with other defences, such as an artillery battery, at Kennington Cove.
The siege[edit]
View of Louisbourg when the city was besieged in 1758
Weather conditions in the first week of June made any landing impossible and the British were only able to mount a bombardment of the improvised shore defenses of Gabarus Bay from a frigate. However, conditions improved, and at daybreak on 8 June Amherst launched his assault using a flotilla of large boats, organized in seven divisions, each commanded by one of his brigadiers. French defenses were initially successful and after heavy losses, Wolfe ordered a retreat. However, at the last minute, a boatload of light infantry in Wolfe's division (i.e., members of Rogers Rangers) found a rocky inlet protected from French fire and secured a beachhead. Wolfe redirected the rest of his division to follow. Outflanked, the French retreated rapidly back to their fortress.
Continuing heavy seas and the difficulty inherent to moving siege equipment over boggy terrain delayed the commencement of the formal siege. In the meantime, Wolfe was sent with 1,220 picked men around the harbour to seize Lighthouse Point, which dominated the harbour entrance. This he did on 12 June. After eleven days, on 19 June, the British artillery batteries were in position and the orders were given to open fire on the French. The British battery consisted of seventy cannons and mortars of all sizes. Within hours, the guns had destroyed walls and damaged several buildings.
Louis-Joseph Beaussier de l' Isle
On 21 July a mortar round from a British gun on Lighthouse Point struck a 64-gun French ship of the line, Le Célèbre , and set it ablaze. A stiff breeze fanned the fire, and shortly after Le Célèbre caught fire, two other French ships, L'Entreprenant and Le Capricieux, had also caught fire. L'Entreprenant sank later in the day, depriving the French of the largest ship in the Louisbourg fleet.
The next major blow to French morale came on the evening of 23 July, at 10:00. A British "hot shot" set the King's Bastion on fire. The King's Bastion was the fortress headquarters and the largest building in North America in 1758. Its destruction eroded confidence and reduced morale in the French troops and their hopes to lift the British siege.
Most historians regard the British actions of 25 July as the "straw that broke the camel's back". Using a thick fog as cover, Admiral Boscawen sent a cutting-out party to destroy the last two French ships in the harbour. The British raiders eliminated these two French ships of the line, capturing Bienfaisant and burning Prudent, thus clearing the way for the Royal Navy to enter the harbour. James Cook, who later became famous as an explorer, took part in this operation and recorded it in his ship's log book.[6]
Capitulation[edit]
Jean Vauquelin
Part of a series on the
History of Nova Scotia
Bluenose
Events
Port Royal established 1605
Conquest of Acadia 1710
Halifax established 1749
Bay of Fundy Campaign 1755
Fall of Louisbourg 1758
Representative Government established 1758
Halifax Treaties 1760-61
First significant Scottish immigration 1773
Battle of Fort Cumberland 1776
Birchtown established 1783
Capture of USS Chesapeake 1813
Freedom of the Press 1835
First Acadian MLA elected 1837
Responsible Government established 1848
Chesapeake Affair 1861
Co Op Movement begins 1861
Anti-Confederation Party elected 1867
Saxby Gale 1869
Launch of William D. Lawrence 1873
First airplane in the British Commonwealth 1909
Halifax Explosion 1917
Nova Scotia [Women’s] Franchise Act 1918
Launch of Bluenose 1922
Coal Miners' Memorial Day 1925
Pugwash Conferences established 1957
Springhill mining disaster 1958
NS Human Rights Commission established 1967
Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia established 1968
First 'Treaty Day' 1986
Westray Mine explosion 1992
First Black MLA elected 1993
Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum 1997
Viola Desmond Apology 2010
Other
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of the Acadians
Military history of the Mi’kmaq people
History of Halifax
Black Nova Scotians
Nova Scotia portal
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On 26 July the French surrendered. Having fought a spirited defence, the French expected to be accorded the honours of war, as they had given to the surrendering British at the Battle of Minorca. However, Amherst refused, tales of the atrocities supposedly committed by France's native allies at the surrender of Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry probably fresh in his mind[citation needed]. The defenders of Louisbourg were ordered to surrender all of their arms, equipment and flags. These actions outraged Drucour, but because the safety of the non-combatant inhabitants of Louisbourg depended upon him he reluctantly accepted the terms of surrender. The Cambis regiment refused to honour the terms of surrender, breaking its muskets and burning its regimental flags rather than hand them over to the British victors.[7] Brigadier-General Whitmore was appointed the new Governor of Louisbourg, and remained there with four regiments.[8]
Aftermath[edit]
Louisbourg had held out long enough to prevent an attack on Quebec in 1758. However the fall of the fortress led to the loss of French territory across Atlantic Canada. From Louisbourg, British forces spent the remainder of the year routing French forces and occupying French settlements in what is today New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. The second wave of the Acadian expulsion began. The British engaged in the St. John River Campaign, the Cape Sable Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the removal of Acadians in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758).
The loss of Louisbourg deprived New France of naval protection, opening the Saint Lawrence to attack. Louisbourg was used in 1759 as the staging point for General Wolfe's famous Siege of Quebec ending French rule in North America. Following the surrender of Quebec, British forces and engineers set about methodically destroying the fortress with explosives, ensuring that it could not return to French possession a second time in any eventual peace treaty. By 1760, the entire fortress was reduced to mounds of rubble. In 1763 the Treaty of Paris saw France formally cede Canada, including Cape Breton Island, to the British. In 1768 the last of the British garrison departed along with most of the remaining civilian inhabitants.[9]
Royal Navy Fleet throughout the siege[edit]
Ship
Guns
Admiral
Captain
HMS Namur 90 Edward Boscawen Matthew Buckle
HMS Royal William 84 Sir Charles Hardy Thomas Evans
HMS Princess Amelia 80 Admiral Philip Durell John Bray
HMS Invincible 74 John Bentley
HMS Dublin 74 George Rodney
HMS Terrible 74 Richard Collins
HMS Northumberland 70 Lord Colville
HMS Vanguard 70 Robert Swanton
HMS Orford 70 Richard Spry
HMS Burford 70 James Gambier
HMS Somerset 70 Edward Hughes
HMS Lancaster 70 George Edgcumbe
HMS Devonshire 66 William Gordon
HMS Bedford 64 Thorpe Fowke
HMS Captain 64 John Amherst
HMS Prince Frederick 64 Robert Mann
HMS Pembroke 60 John Simcoe
HMS Kingston 60 William Parry
HMS York 60 Hugh Pigot
HMS Prince of Orange 60 John Fergusson
HMS Defiance 60 Patrick Baird
HMS Nottingham 60 Samuel Marshall
HMS Centurion 54 William Mantell
HMS Sutherland 50 John Rous
[10]
Artifacts gallery[edit]
English propaganda against Louisbourg and French Canada in 1755
Edward Boscawen Medal
The fortress today, as seen from the harbour
Cannon from Le Prudent, currently at the Battlefields Park, Quebec City
French mortar used during the siege, displayed at the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.
Louisbourg Canons, Toronto
Map of Louisbourg (1758)
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Louisbourg (1758).
Great Britain in the Seven Years War
France in the Seven Years War
Military history of Nova Scotia
Louisburgh, County Mayo
References[edit]
Primary sources
Gordon's Journal of the Siege
The Daily Journals, Diaries, Letters, and Accounts of Louisbourg and Isle Royale (1713-1768)
Journal of John Wolcott
Memoirs of de Johnstone
Chapter III of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource includes a brief witness account of the battle
Guerre du Canada. 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis.(in French)
Endnotes
Jump up ^ New France was doomed, Chartrand p.84
Jump up ^ Brumwell p.158
^ Jump up to: a b Chartrand p.81
Jump up ^ Johnston, A.J.B. (2007). Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
Jump up ^ "Guerre du Canada. 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis". TOUT GALLICA. Retrieved 1 October 2017. .
Jump up ^ Hough p.21
Jump up ^ Fowler, p. 171
Jump up ^ Parkman, p.295
Jump up ^ Chartrand p.92
Jump up ^ The Naval Chronicle Vol. 07, p.202-203
Bibliography[edit]
Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War (2000) pp 250–256
Brumwell, Stephen. Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe. Hambledon Continuum, 2007 ISBN 9781847252081
Chartrand, Rene Louisbourg 1758
Hough, Richard. Captain James Cook: a biography. Hodder & Stoughton, 1995
Fowler, William M. Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle For North America. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2005
Hitsman, J. McKay and C.C.J. Bond. "The Assault Landing at Louisbourg, 1758," Canadian Historical Review (1954) 35:314-330.
A.J.B. Johnson, Endgame 1758:The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade, Sydney, NS: Capre Breton University Press, 2008
McLennan, J.S (2000, originally 1918). Louisbourg: From its Foundation to its Fall, 1713-1758. Halifax: The Book Room Limited.
Warner, Oliver. With Wolfe to Quebec. Toronto: William Collins Sons and Company Ltd., 1972 ISBN 0002119420
The Naval Chronicle. 07. Bunney & Gold.
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Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales
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This article needs to be updated. In particular: Largely only refers to plans as they were in 2007 – few references to the enacting of these changes in the past tense. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)
Raising of the school leaving age in England and Wales
Initial
1870
Latest
2015
Related Acts:
Elementary Education Act 1870
Elementary Education Act 1880
Education Act 1918
Education Act 1944
Act 1973 (unofficial title)
Act 2013
See raising of school leaving age for worldwide overview
The raising of school leaving age (shortened to ROSLA) is the name given by the government to refer to changes regarding the legal age a child is permitted to leave compulsory education as specified under an Education Act. In most countries, the school leaving age often reflects when young people are seen to be mature enough within their society, but not necessarily when they are old enough to be regarded as an adult.
In England and Wales, this age has been raised numerous times since the introduction of compulsory education in 1870. On 1 September 1972, the age was raised from 15 to 16, following preparations which began eight years earlier in 1964. This left a gap year of school leavers who, by law, had to complete an additional year of education from 1973 onwards.
There are several reasons why the government may wish to increase the school leaving age, considering it has raised the age numerous times over the 19th and 20th centuries, the last time being in 2015. With past age raisings, the reasons given have been focused mainly on generating more skilled labour by providing additional time for students to gain additional skills and qualifications. In recent years, it became apparent that most 16 to 18 year-olds have not been motivated to continue their education after completion of their GCSEs, thus increasing the overall unemployment rate given many are unable to find work.[1] The British government hoped that by making education compulsory up to the age of 17 by 2013 and 18 by 2015,[2] it could change this.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 19th century
2 20th century
2.1 The Fisher Act of 1918
2.2 Butler's post-war education changes
2.2.1 Reasons
2.2.2 Effects
2.3 Leaving age raised to 16
2.3.1 ROSLA Buildings
2.4 Education Act 1996
3 21st century
3.1 Education and Skills Act 2008
3.1.1 Participation Age
3.1.2 Reasons
3.1.3 Opposition
3.1.4 Effects
4 See also
5 Further reading
6 References
7 External links
19th century[edit]
William Edward Forster drafted the first Education Act in 1870
Prior to the 19th century, there were very few schools. Most of those that existed were run by the church, for the church, stressing religious education. In the latter part of the 19th Century, compulsory attendance at school ceased to be a matter for local option, with the introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 a milestone in the British school education system.[4] Children had to attend between the ages of 5 and 10 though with some local discretion such as early leaving in agricultural areas.[5]
The introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 (applying to England and Wales), commonly known as Forster's Education Act having been drawn up by William Edward Forster, created the concept of compulsory education for children under thirteen, although the decision to make education compulsory was at the discretion of school boards; education was compulsory in approximately 40% of schools by 1873.[6] In areas where education was considered a problem, elected school boards could be set up. These boards could, at their discretion, create local by-laws, confirmed by Parliament, to require attendance and fine the parents of children who did not attend.[4] There were exemptions for illness, living more than a certain distance (typically one mile) from a school, or certification of having reached the required standard (which varied by board) which were made mandatory across England and Wales by the 1880 Act.
The Elementary Education Act 1880 insisted on compulsory attendance from 5–10 years.[4] For poorer families, ensuring their children attended school proved difficult, as it was more tempting to send them working if the opportunity to earn an extra income was available. Attendance Officers often visited the homes of children who failed to attend school, which often proved to be ineffective. Children under the age of 13 who were employed were required to have a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard; employers of these children who weren't able to show this were penalised.[7] An act brought into force thirteen years later went under the name of the Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893, which stated a raised minimum leaving age to 11. Later the same year, the act was also extended for blind and deaf children, who previously had no means of an official education. This act was later amended in 1899 to raise the school leaving age up to 12 years of age.[7][8]
20th century[edit]
The start of the 20th century saw school boards abolished in 1902 and replaced with local education authorities, which are still in use to the present day.[4]
The Fisher Act of 1918[edit]
The year 1918 saw the introduction of the Education Act 1918, commonly also known as the Fisher Act as it was devised by Herbert Fisher. The act enforced compulsory education from 5–14 years, but also included provision for compulsory part-time education for all 14 to 18-year-olds. There were also plans for expansion in tertiary education, by raising the participation age to 18 though cuts in public spending after World War I made this impractical. This is the first act which starting planning provisions for young people to remain in education until the age of 18.[9] The 1918 act was not implemented until a further act of 1921 was passed.[10]
Butler's post-war education changes[edit]
HORSA Huts, constructed circa 1947 to handle the increased student numbers as a result of the leaving age increase
In 1944, Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944 which amongst other changes, including the introduction of the Tripartite System, included raising the school leaving age to 15. Although the act should have been brought into effect as from September 1939, it was not implemented because of the effects of World War II, but was eventually enforced from April 1947.[7][3] The Comprehensive school system has since replaced the Tripartite System brought in by this act across most of England.[11] This act also recommended compulsory part-time education for all children until the age of 18, but was dropped, in similar fashion to the 1918 Act, to cut spending after World War II.[9]
Reasons[edit]
Changes in government approaches towards education meant that it was no longer regarded adequate for a child to leave education aged 14, as that is the age when they were seen to really understand and appreciate the value of education, as well as being the period when adolescence was at its height. It was beginning to be seen as the worst age for a sudden switch from education to employment, with around 80% of children in 1938 leaving education at this age, many having only had primary-school level education.[12] Although there were concerns about the effects of having less labour from these children, it was hoped that the outcome of a larger quantity of more qualified, skilled workers would eliminate the deficit problem from the loss of unskilled labour.[13]
Effects[edit]
This act introduced the 11+ examination to determine if a child should be eligible for a grammar school, secondary modern or technical college, under the Tripartite System,[3] but has since been phased out across the majority of the United Kingdom, with just several boroughs in England[14] and Northern Ireland[15] still using it. League tables published in March 2007 showed grammar schools throughout the country were outperforming comprehensive schools;[16] data published ten years later in 2017 suggested a similar clear division between student attainment in grammar schools compared to comprehensive schools.[17]
Changes in society and approaches towards education, including equal opportunities, has meant that it is now recognised that all children deserve to have the same educational opportunities without singling out those who learn at a slower rate than others, thus every child has the opportunity to gain secondary school level qualifications or similar, regardless of background or intelligence.
Leaving age raised to 16[edit]
In 1964, preparations began to raise the school leaving age to 16.[18] These were delayed in 1968, and eventually the decision was taken in 1971 that the new upper age limit be enforced from 1 September 1972 onwards.[7] As well as raising the school leaving age in 1972, the year also saw the introduction of the Education (Work Experience) Act, allowing LEAs to organise work experience for the additional final year school students.[19] In some counties around the country, these changes also led to the introduction of middle schools in 1968,[19] where students were kept at primary or junior school for an additional year, meaning that the number of students in secondary schools within these areas remained virtually constant through the change.[3] In others, more radical changes led to middle schools for pupils aged up to 13 opening in smaller secondary school buildings, with other schools accommodating students over 13. As of 2010, there are fewer than 300 middle schools across England, situated in just 22 local education authorities; the number of remaining middle schools has gradually fallen since the mid-1980s.[20][3]
ROSLA Buildings[edit]
For many secondary schools around England and Wales in areas without a Middle School, accommodating for the new 5th year students would be a struggle. A popular solution was to provide those schools with a pre-fabricated building (often referred to as ROSLA Buildings or ROSLA Blocks) that were in need of additional capacity,[3] providing them with the resources to cope with the new generation of 5th year students. This solution proved popular with many schools across the country, not least due to the low cost involved for materials and construction, but also the speed which these buildings could be erected. Many were supplied by F. Pratten and Co Ltd.[21][22][23][24]
The ROSLA Buildings were delivered to schools in self assembly packs, being assembled by a team often within days, regardless of weather conditions. Consequently, they were not intended to stand long-term, though some have proven to have stood much longer than was initially planned.[3] Many ROSLA Buildings shared similar exterior attributes such as their design, with the only difference being the separation of rooms within the building. The room separation within the building was decided upon by senior school management, hence many walls are false from being added in after construction.
Although the majority of schools around England and Wales have since replaced the ROSLA Building at their site, there are still numerous schools around the country which are still actively using these buildings.[citation needed]
Education Act 1996[edit]
Between 1976 and 1997, the minimum school leaving arrangements were:
A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 September to 31 January inclusive, may leave compulsory schooling at the end of the Spring term (the following Easter).
A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 February to 31 August, may leave on the Friday before the last Monday in May.
Under the Education Act 1996, a new single school leaving date was set for 1998 and all subsequent years thereafter. This was set as the last Friday in June in the school year which the child reaches the age of 16.[25]
21st century[edit]
Education and Skills Act 2008[edit]
Graph showing the percentage of young people in employment or training, at ages 16 and 18 respectively.[26]
Reports published in November 2006 suggested that Education Secretary Alan Johnson was exploring ways to raise the school leaving age in England to 18, just over 40 years later than the last rise in 1972, pointing to the decline in unskilled jobs and the need for young people to be equipped for modern day employment.[3]
Participation Age[edit]
A year later, on 6 November 2007, Prime Minister Gordon Brown unveiled the government's plans in his Queen's Speech. The plans included the duty for parents to assist their children in education or training participation until the date of their 18th birthday, as well as detailing proposed moves to reform the apprenticeship system and to improve achievement for children in care. The Education and Skills Act 2008, when it came into force in the 2013 academic year, initially required participation in some form of education or training until the school year in which the child turned 17, followed by the age being raised to the young person's 18th birthday in 2015.[27] This was referred to as raising the "participation age"[28] to distinguish it from the school leaving age which remains at 16.[29] To qualify as participation the young person must be in education or training for the equivalent of one day a week (at a minimum). The local council is responsible for ensuring that a suitable place is available.[28] The Act makes similar powers available to the National Assembly for Wales. A spokesperson for the Welsh Assembly indicated that it would want to encourage more young people to stay in education, but without compulsion,[30] so school leavers there are not required to continue with any education or training.[29]
Reasons[edit]
Figures were published in June 2006 showing that 76.2% of all young people aged 16–18 are already in further education or training, meaning that the rise might only affect around 25% of young people who may have otherwise sought employment immediately upon finishing compulsory education. This did not specifically state that young people would remain in secondary school, but rather by law be required to continue their education full or part-time, whether that be in sixth form, college or work based training.[5][31] Around 80% of 16-year-olds stay in full-time academic or vocational education, or go on a government-financed training course.[32] In a survey of 859 people, 9/10 supported the plans for the age increase.[33]
Proportion of 16-18 year olds in Education & training, employment and NEET.[34]
Reports published by the DfES showed that although there are around 70% of 16 year olds who remain in full-time education, this declines to less than 50% by the time they reach 18, with the majority finding unskilled employment and even fewer going into employment where their training has relevance. There is also a small increase in those who become unemployed by the time they reach 18, which the government hoped to reduce with the act.[26] It is these cases of unemployment which the government believes to be the toughest, whom it classifies as NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training). In 2006 an additional 7% of 16 year olds fell into this category and the proportion rose to 13% among 18 year olds.[26] In practice, only 1% of young people are classified as NEET during their time aged 16–18, due to churn between training, employment and NEET classification.[34] In 2015 the percentage of 16-18 classified as NEET fell to 7.5%, the lowest figure since 2000.[35]
The government believed that the changes were needed because of the collapse in unskilled jobs in the economy, which means that young school leavers at 16 years of age are finding it increasingly more difficult to find employment, consequentially in many cases making them unemployable. Within the last 40 years, the number of unskilled jobs available have more than halved, from 8 million in the 1960s to 3.5 by 2007, with predictions of further drops to just 600,000 by 2020 due to the increasing demand for skilled labour.[36] This, together with fewer students continuing their further education, increase the difficulty for young school leavers to find work if they were either not able, or chose not to, stay on at school and complete further education. s
Opposition[edit]
Whilst the government is eager to implement the changes, many oppose the proposal,[37] some on civil liberties grounds.[38] Compulsory school attendance is usually justified by reference to the argument that minors are incapable of making sufficiently reasoned choices. However, the 16-18 age group falls into a grey area, being regarded as effectively adult in a number of contexts. Indeed, in some jurisdictions (e.g. Scotland), individuals are considered to reach full maturity at 16.
The proposal of using criminal sanctions to enforce attendance under this new system was opposed by MPs from both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, who believed compulsion and threats were the wrong approach to increasing participation.[9] A spokesperson for the DfES said the proposals were not about "forcing young people to do something they don't want to", and that "we are letting young people down if we allow them to leave education and training without skills at the age of 16."[39] However, the Prime Minister's Queen's Speech in November 2007, which discussed the raise in school leaving age, suggested that pupils who failed to comply with new laws are to be expected to face fines or community service, rather than custodial sentencing which had previously been proposed. Local Authorities will also be expected to ensure pupils are participating up to 18 years of age.[30]
Effects[edit]
The downward trend in the number of unskilled jobs available throughout the country is continuing. The government believes that the extension of compulsory education until the age of 18 will mean many more young people will leave education in a much better position to find skilled employment. Speaking in March 2007, Chancellor Gordon Brown stated that around 50,000 teenagers would be paid a training allowance to sign up to college-based courses, with estimates on the available number of apprenticeships available to double to around 500,000 by 2020,[40] with 80% being available in England, which will be an increase from the current 250,000 apprenticeships available, offered by 130,000 employers.[30]
A skills commission report released in 2013, backed by Labour MP Barry Sheerman, suggests that young people were being let down by the education system, with particular criticism aimed towards the lack of information, advice and guidance available to 14-19 year olds.[41] The government were hopeful that the changes would have an effect on preventing the increase in crime levels, as figures reported a substantial percentage of young people leaving school were turning to a life of crime, with many being unable to find suitable work due to lack of skills and qualifications.[33]
See also[edit]
School leaving age
Education in England
Compulsory education
Tripartite System
Further reading[edit]
http://www.thepotteries.org/dates/education.htm
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "School leaving age set to be 18". BBC News. 12 January 2007.
Jump up ^ What happens after the age of 16? BBC.co.uk, 19 November 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Education leaving age brief Politics.co.uk, 12 June 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lincolnshire School Resources Genuki.org.uk
^ Jump up to: a b School leaving age may be raised news.bbc.co.uk, 10 November 2006
Jump up ^ "Education Acts 1870 1873 1876". Intriguing History. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "15 Crucial Events in the History of English Schools". Oxford Royale. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Key dates in British Education (1000-1899) ThePotteries.org
^ Jump up to: a b c "Q&A: The new school leaving age". The Guardian. 29 November 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Education in England - 3 www.educationengland.org.uk
Jump up ^ "From tripartite to comprehensive schools and the New Right". Sociology Twynham. 21 December 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rab Butler's 1944 act brings free secondary education for all". BBC News. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Dent, H. C. (1 January 1947). "Raising the School-Leaving Age in Britain". The School Review. 55 (9): 523–525. JSTOR 1082674.
Jump up ^ "Grammar school and the 11+ explained". Relocate Global. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "11+ exam 'put people off study'". The Herald Scotland. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grammars still dominate league tables". The Telegraph. 2 March 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grammar school children excel while comprehensives fall behind, figures show". The Telegraph. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Education leaving age". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Education in England - Timeline educationengland.org.uk
Jump up ^ "Middle Schools in the UK". UK Middle Schools. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spaxton V.C.Primary School."
Jump up ^ "Wiltshire Community History". Wiltshire Council. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pratten Hut – St Dunstan School, Calne, Wiltshire - UK Schools".
Jump up ^ "School website for The Rainbow Pre-School Learning Centre Warminster with Ofsted inspection report".
Jump up ^ "Guidance for maintained schools, academies, independent schools and local authorities" (PDF). Gov.uk. November 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Staying on - The best days of their lives will soon drag on a bit longer". The Economist. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Raising the Participation Age - Timeline HMSO, 24 August 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Participation Age Myth Buster HMSO, 29 July 2013
^ Jump up to: a b School leaving age HMSO, 19 November 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c School leaving age plans unveiled BBC News, 6 November 2007
Jump up ^ "Brown backs idea of raising school-leaving age". The Guardian. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Sponsored by (18 January 2007). "School-leaving age: Staying on". The Economist. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Education until 18 will prevent life of crime". The Telegraph. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b http://readingroom.lsc.gov.uk/lsc/National/45_-_2006_NEET.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/454401/Quarterly_Brief_NEET_Q2_2015.pdf
Jump up ^ "Education and Training to be Compulsory for Under-18s". TrainingZone. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Plan to raise school leaving age to 18 'will leave thousands with worthless qualifications'". Daily Mail. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Sentenced to rot in their failed schools Sunday Times, 25 March 2007
Jump up ^ Staying on 'must not be forced' news.bbc.co.uk, 11 June 2007
Jump up ^ "School leaving age will be raised to 18". Telegraph.co.uk. 23 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Barry Sheerman backs Skills Commission report that says young people are being let down the education system". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales.
Text of the Education Act 1996 (c. 56) as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
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When I Fall in Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song. For other uses, see When I Fall in Love (disambiguation).
Original recording by Jeri Southern
"When I Fall in Love" is a popular song, written by Victor Young (music) and Edward Heyman (lyrics). It was introduced in the film One Minute to Zero. Jeri Southern sang on the first recording released in April 1952 with the song's composer, Victor Young, handling the arranging and conducting duties. The song has become a standard, with many artists recording it, though the first hit version was sung by Doris Day released in July 1952.
Day's recording was made on June 5, 1952. It was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 39786 and issued with the flip side "Take Me in Your Arms". The song reached number 20 on the Billboard chart.[1]
A 1996 cover by Natalie Cole, a "duet" with her father Nat King Cole by way of vocals from his 1956 cover, won 1996 Grammys for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and Best Instrumental Arrangement with Accompanying Vocal(s).
Contents
[hide]
1 Recordings
2 Rick Astley version
2.1 Charts
3 Celine Dion and Clive Griffin version
3.1 Critical reception
3.2 Formats and track listings
3.3 Charts
3.3.1 Weekly charts
3.3.2 Year-end charts
3.4 Release history
4 Recorded versions
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Recordings[edit]
A version was recorded by Nat King Cole on December 28, 1956. It was issued by Capitol Records on an LP album entitled Love Is the Thing, catalog number SW824. The song was also used in the movie called Istanbul (1957). Cole played in the movie and sang the song. The single was released in the UK in 1957, and reached number 2 on the UK singles chart. This recording was re-released in 1987 and reached number 4. Since 2014, Cole's version of the song has featured in adverts for SSE.
Natalie Cole recorded two different versions of the song: The first, a contemporary R&B/smooth jazz version for her 1987 album, Everlasting (#14 U.S. AC), then a more traditional version for her 1996 Stardust album, as a virtual duet with her father, Nat King Cole, which included recordings of his vocals from his 1956 version. This version won two awards at the 39th Grammy Awards: Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and Best Instrumental Arrangement with Accompanying Vocal(s) for arrangers Alan Broadbent and David Foster.
Johnny Mathis recorded it on his 1959 album Open Fire, Two Guitars, which charted in the UK and many other countries.
Sandra Dee covered the song in 1960.
Blues-lounge singer Etta Jones released a version on the song in 1960, which spent 8 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 65.[2]
A version by The Lettermen was issued as a single in 1961 and became quite popular, spending 14 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 7,[3] while reaching No. 1 on the Billboard's Easy Listening chart.[4] Veteran drummer Earl Palmer played on this version.[5]
Big-band leader Guy Lombardo recorded the song. His version was released in 1962, and appears on his Decca LP By Special Request.
Teen idol/TV star Johnny Crawford recorded the song. His version was released in 1963.
Donny Osmond covered the song in 1973 for his album, A Time for Us. It spent 13 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 55,[6] while reaching No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart.[7]
The Carpenters recorded this song for their last television special, Music, Music, Music!. Richard Carpenter officially released it on their album Lovelines in 1989, six years after his sister's death. The song appeared on their second compilation, Interpretations, in 1994. Carpenter also released a VHS tape called Interpretations, which held the "When I Fall in Love" music video.
In 1984, Linda Ronstadt released the song as the lead track on her album Lush Life and as a single. Ronstadt's version reached No. 24 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart.[8]
Little Willie Littlefield recorded a version for his 1990 album Singalong with Little Willie Littlefield.
Tom Jones recorded a version that was released on his 1966 Decca album From the Heart.
Country singer Kenny Rogers included his version on his collection of love songs Always and Forever.
Barry Manilow included a version of this song on his 2006 album of classic songs from the 1960s.
Opera singer Lesley Garrett recorded the song on her 2007 album and entitled the album after it.
More under the "Recorded versions" section here.
Rick Astley version[edit]
"When I Fall in Love"
Single by Rick Astley
from the album Whenever You Need Somebody
B-side
"My Arms Keep Missing You"
Released
November 30, 1987
Format
CD
CS
3"
7"
Recorded
1987
Genre
Traditional pop
Length
3:02
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Edward Heyman
Victor Young
Producer(s)
Stock Aitken Waterman
Rick Astley singles chronology
"Whenever You Need Somebody"
(1987) "When I Fall in Love"
(1987) "My Arms Keep Missing You"
(1987)
"Whenever You Need Somebody"
(1987) "When I Fall in Love"
(1987) "My Arms Keep Missing You"
(1987)
Audio sample
file
help
The version by Rick Astley was released in November 30, 1987, coinciding with the 30th anniversary of the release of Nat King Cole's version of the song. This single is mainly remembered for a closely fought contest for UK Christmas number one. Rivals EMI hoping to see their act, Pet Shop Boys, reach number one, re-released the version by Nat King Cole.[9][10] This led to a slow down of purchases of Astley's version, allowing Pet Shop Boys to reach the coveted top spot. Despite selling over 250,000 copies and gaining a Silver certification from the BPI,[11] it peaked in the UK at number 2 for two weeks. The re-release by Nat King Cole reached number 4. Since the single was released as a double A-side, the other half of the single was "My Arms Keep Missing You", which was successful in its own right in Europe.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1987–88)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[12]
5
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13]
21
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[15]
6
Iceland (RÚV)[16]
11
Ireland (IRMA)[17]
2
Italy (Hit Parade)[18]
16
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[19]
4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[20]
3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21]
25
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[22]
12
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[23]
14
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24]
2
Celine Dion and Clive Griffin version[edit]
"When I Fall in Love"
Single by Celine Dion and Clive Griffin
from the album Sleepless in Seattle and The Colour of My Love
Released
July 12, 1993 (1993-07-12)
Format
CD
CS
3"
7"
Genre
Traditional pop
Length
4:20
Label
Columbia
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Edward Heyman
Victor Young
Producer(s)
David Foster
Celine Dion singles chronology
"Did You Give Enough Love"
(1993) Did You Give Enough Love1993 "When I Fall in Love"
(1993) When I Fall in Love1993 "Plus haut que moi"
(1993) Plus haut que moi1993
Music video
"When I Fall in Love" on YouTube
The version by Celine Dion and Clive Griffin was featured in the romantic comedy Sleepless in Seattle and released as a single in July 1993. The song was recorded expressly for the soundtrack and was originally intended as a duet between Dion and Stevie Wonder, but according to Celine Dion when she heard the demo performed by Warren Wiebe she preferred that would be her duet with Wiebe. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1994, and won a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s). The award went to David Foster and Jeremy Lubbock. The song appears on both, the Sleepless in Seattle soundtrack (number one on the Billboard 200 and 4x Platinum RIAA certification for selling over 4 million copies in the US), and later on Dion's album The Colour of My Love, released in November 1993.[25]
The music video was directed by Dominic Orlando in Hollywood, Los Angeles.
"When I Fall in Love" reached top 40 in a few countries, including number 22 in New Zealand, number 23 in the United States, and number 37 in the Netherlands. It was popular on the US Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, peaking at number 6.
In 1998, Anne Murray performed "When I Fall in Love" with Dion live and included it on her DVD called An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray...Live. Later, this version appeared on Murray's 2007 album Anne Murray Duets: Friends & Legends.
Critical reception[edit]
AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that Dion's album, The Colour of My Love, which featured the song, had "careful production, professional songwriting (highlighted by "When I Fall in Love," "The Power of Love," and "Think Twice").[26]
Formats and track listings[edit]
Worldwide CD single
"When I Fall in Love" – 4:20
"If I Were You" – 5:07
UK CD maxi single
"When I Fall in Love" – 4:20
"If You Asked Me To" – 3:55
"Marc Shaiman : An Affair to Remember" (instrumental) – 3:30
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1993–94)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[27]
93
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[28]
21
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[29]
2
Canada (The Record's Contemporary Hit Radio)[30]
31
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[31]
37
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[32]
22
US Billboard Hot 100[33]
23
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[34]
6
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Position
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[35]
24
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[36]
28
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
United States[37]
July 13, 1993
cassette
7"
Recorded versions[edit]
Andy Abraham[38]
Bebi Dol
Ray Anthony[39]
Rick Astley[40]
Chet Baker[41]
Tony Bennett
Brook Benton
Bob Berg
Cilla Black
Andrea Bocelli
Alfie Boe
Chris Botti
Boyz II Men and Michael Bublé
Ruby Braff
Karen Carpenter
Betty Carter
Chang Fei
Alma Cogan
Natalie Cole
Nat King Cole
Perry Como
Sam Cooke
Kevin Covais
Johnny Crawford
Michael Crawford
Miles Davis
Doris Day
Sandra Dee
Celine Dion and Clive Griffin
Ken Dodd
Echo & the Bunnymen
Duane Eddy
Jackie Edwards
Jackie Evancho
Bill Evans
The Flamingos
The Four Preps
Glenn Fredly and Dewi Sandra
Janie Fricke
Bill Frisell
Lesley Garrett
Stan Getz
Kathie Lee Gifford
Eydie Gormé
Jim Hall
Marcia Hines
Lena Horne
Engelbert Humperdinck
Bobby Hutcherson
Brian Hyland
Julio Iglesias
Joni James
Keith Jarrett
Etta Jones
Oliver Jones
Tom Jones
Stan Kenton
Jonathan King
Tommy Körberg
Brenda Lee
The Lettermen
Yeng Constantino
Little Willie Littlefield
Julie London
Laura Main and Stephen McGann
Mike Mainieri
Barry Manilow
Johnny Mathis
Maysa
Les McCann
Jack McDuff
Jackie McLean
Carmen McRae
Brad Mehldau
Helen Merrill
Marcus Miller
Hank Mobley
Matt Monro
Nana Mouskouri
Anne Murray
Siti Nurhaliza
Laura Nyro
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez
Peter & Gordon
Peter and the Test Tube Babies
The Platters
Arthur Prysock
Donny Osmond
Lou Rawls
The Real Group
Kenny Rogers
Linda Ronstadt
Diane Schuur
Sandie Shaw
Jeri Southern
Brent Spiner
Rod Stewart
Toots Thielemans
Jaclyn Victor
Bobby Vinton
Dinah Washington
Grover Washington, Jr.
Russell Watson
Ben Webster
Westlife
Joe Williams
Wynonna
Faron Young
Jim Verraros
Mia Žnidarič
Christopher Wong
Shugo Tokumaru
Vov Dylan
See also[edit]
Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1962 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1973). Top Pop Records 1940–1955. Record Research.
Jump up ^ Etta Jones - Chart History - The Hot 100, Billboard.com. Accessed August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Lettermen - Chart History - The Hot 100, Billboard.com. Accessed August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Scherman, Tony, Backbeat: The Earl Palmer Story, forward by Wynton Marsalis, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1999, p. 175
Jump up ^ Donny Osmond - Chart History - The Hot 100, Billboard.com. Accessed August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Donny Osmond - Full Official Chart History, Official Charts Company. Accessed August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Linda Ronstadt - Chart History - Adult Contemporary, Billboard.com. Accessed August 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Ultimate Collection by Rick Astley". itunes.apple.com. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Discography – When I Fall In Love". www.rickastley.co.uk. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Certified Awards Search". BPI. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). Sydney: Australian Chart Book. p. 20. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Rick Astley – When I Fall In Love" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Rick Astley – When I Fall In Love / My Arms Keep Missing You" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Rick Astley Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rick Astley Chart History". RÚV. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – When I Fall in Love". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "HitParadeItalia - Astley, Rick" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 3, 1988" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Rick Astley – When I Fall In Love / My Arms Keep Missing You" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Rick Astley – When I Fall In Love". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Rick Astley – When I Fall In Love". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Rick Astley – When I Fall In Love". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rick Astley: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ The Colour of My Love. Retrieved January 31, 1996.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "Celine Dion - The Colour of My Love" review, AllMusic.
Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2263." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 2253." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin (1999). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Music Data Canada. ISBN 1-896594-13-1.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Céline Dion & Clive Griffin – When I Fall in Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Céline Dion & Clive Griffin – When I Fall in Love". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Celine Dion Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Celine Dion Chart History (Adult Contemporary)" Billboard. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "The RPM Top 100 AC Tracks of 1993". RPM. December 18, 1993. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Year in Music: 1993" (PDF). Billboard. December 25, 1993. p. 46. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Celine Dion – When I Fall in Love". Discogs. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andy Abraham – The Impossible Dream
Jump up ^ Ray Anthony › Songs List
Jump up ^ When I Fall In Love Lyrics
Jump up ^ Chet Baker When I Fall in Love
External links[edit]
Celine Dion and Clive Griffin – "When I Fall in Love" on YouTube
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British and French declaration of war on Germany
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The Declaration of war by France and the United Kingdom was given on 3 September 1939, after German forces invaded Poland. Despite the speech being the official announcement of both France and the United Kingdom, the speech was given by the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, in Westminster, London.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 The Speech
2 Historical Context
3 In Popular Culture
4 References
The Speech[edit]
Below is the speech, given by Neville Chamberlain.
British and French Declaration of War

I am speaking to you from the Cabinet Room at 10, Downing Street.
This morning the British Ambassador in Berlin Nevile Henderson handed the German Government a final note stating that unless we heard from them by 11 o'clock, that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland, that a state of war would exist between us.
I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received, and that consequently this country is at war with Germany.
You can imagine what a bitter blow it is to me that all my long struggle to win peace has failed. Yet I cannot believe that there is anything more or anything different that I could have done and that would have been more successful.
Up to the very last it would have been quite possible to have arranged a peaceful and honourable settlement between Germany and Poland, but Hitler would not have it.
He had evidently made up his mind to attack Poland whatever happened; and although he now says he put forward reasonable proposals which were rejected by the Poles, that is not a true statement.
The proposals were never shown to the Poles nor to us; and though they were announced in a German broadcast on Thursday night, Hitler did not wait to hear comments on them, but ordered his troops to cross the Polish frontier the next morning.
His action shows convincingly that there is no chance of expecting that this man will ever give up his practice of using force to gain his will. He can only be stopped by force, and we and France are today, in fulfilment of our obligations, going to the aid of Poland, who is so bravely resisting this wicked and unprovoked attack upon her people. We have a clear conscience. We have done all that any country could do to establish peace. The situation in which no word given by Germany’s ruler could be trusted and no people or country could feel itself safe has become intolerable.
And now that we have resolved to finish it, I know that you will all play your part with calmness and courage.
At such a moment as this the assurances of support that we have received from the Empire are a source of profound encouragement to us.
When I have finished speaking certain detailed announcements will be made on behalf of the Government. Give these your closest attention.
The Government have made plans under which it will be possible to carry on the work of the nation in the days of stress and strain that may be ahead. But these plans need your help.
You may be taking part in the fighting Services or as a volunteer in one of the branches of civil defence. If so you will report for duty in accordance with the instructions you have received.
You may be engaged in work essential to the prosecution of war for the maintenance of the life of the people – in factories, in transport, in public utility concerns or in the supply of other necessaries of life. If so, it is of vital importance that you should carry on with your jobs.
Now may God bless you all. May He defend the right. It is the evil things that we shall be fighting against – brute force, bad faith, injustice, oppression and persecution – and against them I am certain that the right will prevail.
Historical Context[edit]
See also: Events preceding World War II in Europe
At the conclusion of the First World War, the German Empire signed the First Armistice at Compiègne on 11 November 1918 as an end to hostilities with France, the British Empire, and the United States during the convoluted German Revolution of 1918–19, which began 29 October 1918.
Negotiations between the Allied powers regarding post-war Europe started on 18 January 1919 in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. Seventy delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations. The opposing nations of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were excluded from the negotiations. At first a "Council of Ten" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms. It became the "Big Four" when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly. In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. Gustav Bauer, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including articles 227, 230 and 231. In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours. On 23 June 1919, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty.
On 28 June 1919, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty which ended the formal state of war and imposed various punitive measures upon Germany, including military restriction, loss of territory and colonies, war debt, and effective acceptance of blame for the initiation of hostilities in World War I. At the time of the armistice, an attempted Communist revolution transpired (October 1918-August 1919), resulting in the abdication of the Emperor of Germany in November 1918, and what became known as the Weimar Republic was subsequently established in the wake of the uprising. The transition from monarchy to republic was difficult, and many in the new government were not supportive of the democratic system of government. The officer class gave little support to the Republic, and Germany was forced to borrow money from the United States and others to pay its war debt, imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. In the early 1920s a period of hyperinflation made the Reichsmark almost worthless. In January 1922, one US dollar was worth 191 Marks, but by November of the same year it was equal to 4,200,000,000 Marks.[2]
In 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich following a contentious election. Under Hitler's leadership, the Reichstag turned the government into an effective dictatorship under Hitler's oversight on 21 March 1933 with the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933, and the economic hardships were significantly diminished via implementation of new economic and social policies. After five years in power, Hitler annexed Austria, former component of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (allies of the former German Empire), into Germany, despite such an act (specifically, "prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations") being banned by both the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Treaty of Versailles. In early November 1938, the First Vienna Award was signed, allowing Germany to seize the Sudetenland, a German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia which had been a part of the German Empire-allied Austro-Hungarian Empire. Soon after, Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia and also gained Memelland (part of the former German Empire from 1871-1920) through the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania.
While some sources claim Hitler still wanted more, to create Lebensraum, or "living space", for Germany, other sources claim evidence of hostility on behalf of Polish partisans toward ethnic Germans in the Danzig Corridor (territory lost to Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles) which may have served as a motivating factor for the German invasion (often portrayed as propaganda to justify German expansionism).
Two Western powers, the United Kingdom and France, gave guarantees to Poland that they would declare war if Polish independence came under threat, as presented in a statement to the House of Commons by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 31 March 1939 (formalized by the British 6 April 1939; not ratified until 4 September 1939 by the French):
... in the event of any action which clearly threatened Polish independence, and which the Polish Government accordingly considered it vital to resist with their national forces, His Majesty's Government would feel themselves bound at once to lend the Polish Government all support in their power. They have given the Polish Government an assurance to this effect.
I may add that the French Government have authorised me to make it plain that they stand in the same position in this matter as do His Majesty's Government.[3]
Although they honoured these guarantees by declaring war soon after Germany's Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939,[4] and although the dominions of the British Empire quickly followed suit, so little practical assistance was given to Poland, which was soon defeated, that in its early stages the war declared by Britain and France was described as a "Phoney War".
Further, neither the British Empire, nor the French, ever declared war upon the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland on 17 September 1939 (17 days after Nazi Germany invaded from the West) and held sway over the former-Polish territory at the war's conclusion, having become a part of the Allied front in the course of World War II. At the insistence of Joseph Stalin, the post-war Yalta Conference in 1945 sanctioned the formation of a new provisional pro-Communist coalition government in Moscow, which ignored the Polish government-in-exile based in London.
In Popular Culture[edit]
The following excerpts of the speech were sampled by the drum and bass artist S.P.Y. in his remix of Black Sun Empire's track "Potemkin":[5]
- "that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland, a state of war would exist between us"
- "I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received, and that consequently this country is at war with Germany",
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Britain and France declare war on Germany". The History Channel. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Kalfus, Richard. "Weimar Republic 1919-1923" (PDF). St. Luis Community College. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Statement by the Prime Minister in the House of Commons on March 31, 1939.
Jump up ^ Rapten, Pema Dechen. "Political Disorder: The Weimar Republic and Revolt 1918-23". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPNwrpwygCc%7CBlack Sun Empire - Potemkin (S.P.Y. Remix) on their official YouTube channel
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