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Umbra, penumbra and antumbra
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For other uses, see Umbra (disambiguation) and Penumbra (disambiguation).
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Umbra, penumbra and antumbra of Earth and images that could be seen at some points in these areas (note: the relative size and distance of the bodies shown are entirely fictitious).
Umbra (A) and penumbra (B)
The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are three distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after impinging on an opaque object. Assuming no diffraction, for a point source only the umbra is cast.
These names are most often used for the shadows cast by celestial bodies, though they are sometimes used to describe levels of darkness, such as in sunspots.
Contents
1 Umbra
2 Penumbra
3 Antumbra
4 See also
5 References
Umbra[edit]
Umbra, penumbra, and antumbra formed through windows and shutters
The umbra (Latin for "shadow") is the innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked by the occluding body. An observer in the umbra experiences a total eclipse. The umbra of a round body occluding a round light source forms a right circular cone; to a viewer at the cone's apex, the two bodies are equal in apparent size. The distance from the Moon to the apex of its umbra is roughly equal to that between the Moon and Earth (384,402 km (238,856 mi)). Since Earth's diameter is 3.70 times the Moon's, its umbra extends correspondingly farther: roughly 1,400,000 km (870,000 mi).[1]
Penumbra[edit]
"Penumbra" redirects here. For other uses, see Penumbra (disambiguation).
The penumbra (from the Latin paene "almost, nearly") is the region in which only a portion of the light source is obscured by the occluding body. An observer in the penumbra experiences a partial eclipse. An alternative definition is that the penumbra is the region where some or all of the light source is obscured (i.e., the umbra is a subset of the penumbra). For example, NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility defines that a body in the umbra is also within the penumbra.[2]
Scale diagram of Earth's shadow, showing how the umbral cone extends beyond the orbit of the Moon (the Moon is indicated by the yellow dot).
Antumbra[edit]
The antumbra (from Latin ante, "before") is the region from which the occluding body appears entirely within the disc of the light source. An observer in this region experiences an annular eclipse, in which a bright ring is visible around the eclipsing body. If the observer moves closer to the light source, the apparent size of the occluding body increases until it causes a full umbra.
See also[edit]
Antisolar point
Earth's shadow
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pogge, Richard. "Lecture 9: Eclipses of the Sun & Moon". Astronomy 161: An Introduction to Solar System Astronomy. Ohio State University. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Event Finding Subsystem Preview Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility.
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Dilophosaurus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dilophosaurus
Temporal range: Early Jurassic, 193 Ma
PreЄ
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Reconstructed cast of holotype specimen UCMP 37302 (cranial crests are not preserved in the original fossil), Royal Ontario Museum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Order: Saurischia
Suborder: Theropoda
Family: †Dilophosauridae
Genus: †Dilophosaurus
Welles, 1970
Species: †D. wetherilli
Binomial name
Dilophosaurus wetherilli
(Welles, 1954)
Synonyms
Megalosaurus wetherilli
Welles, 1954
Dilophosaurus (/daɪˌloʊfəˈsɔːrəs, -foʊ-/[1] dy-LOAF-o-SAWR-əs) is a genus of theropod dinosaur. It contains a single known species, D. wetherilli, known from fossil remains found in the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. This rock formation has been dated to the early Jurassic Period (Sinemurian age), about 193 million years ago. Dilophosaurus was among the largest carnivores of its time (about 7 meters long) and had a pair of rounded crests on its skull.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Cranial crests
2 History of discovery
3 Classification
4 Paleobiology
4.1 Feeding
4.2 Growth
4.3 Paleopathology
4.4 Paleoichnology
5 Paleoecology
6 Cultural significance
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description[edit]
Size of two specimens compared to a human
Dilophosaurus measured about 7 metres (23 ft) long and weighed about 400 kilograms (880 lb).[2]
The teeth of Dilophosaurus are long, but have a fairly small base and expand basally.[3] Dilophosaurus had 12 maxillary teeth and as many as 18 dentary teeth; the teeth were smaller in the tip of the upper jaw. The second and third front teeth feature serrations, which are absent in the fourth.[4] Another skull feature was a notch behind the first row of teeth, giving Dilophosaurus an almost crocodile-like appearance, similar to the putatively piscivorous spinosaurid dinosaurs. This "notch" existed by virtue of a weak connection between the premaxillary and maxillary bones of the skull.[5] The braincase is well known in Dilophosaurus, and is significant in that it bears a feature of the top side wall that is absent in ceratosaurians.[4] Compared with ceratosaurians, the distal scapular expansion in D. wetherilli is uniquely rectangular.[4] The upper leg bone (femur) is longer than the lower leg (tibia).[4]
A study by Robert J. Gay (2005) comparing various specimens found no indication that sexual dimorphism was present in Dilophosaurus, so males and females would have been largely the same in terms of skeletal anatomy.[6]
According to Rauhut (2000), Dilophosaurus can be distinguished based on the following features: a lacrimal bone with a thickened dorso-posterior rim; cervical vertebrae that have neural spines with a distinct central "cap" and an anterior and posterior "shoulder"; a scapular blade with a squared distal expansion; the presence of thin, paired nasolacrimal crests extending vertically from skull roof, each with a fingerlike posterior projection (according to Carrano, 2012)[7][4][8]
Cranial crests[edit]
Skull cast, American Museum of Natural History
The most distinctive characteristic of Dilophosaurus is the pair of rounded crests on its skull, made up of extensions of the nasal and lacrimal bones. These are considered to be too delicate for anything but display purposes.[4][9] Dodson (1997) noted that cranial crests first appeared in Dilophosaurus and were later retained, in one form or another, by other theropods.[10]
The function of the crests on the skull of Dilophosaurus have been the subject of speculation among scientists ever since they were discovered. Traditionally, these bizarre cranial structures (and similar structures and post-cranial armor in other dinosaurs) were thought to be variously for attracting mates, intimidating/fighting rivals in the group, and intimidating potential predators of other species. However, Padian, Horner and Dhaliwal (2004) argued that phylogenetic, histological, and functional evidence indicates that these bizarre structures were most likely used for intra-species recognition.[11][12]
History of discovery[edit]
Front part of holotype cast, ROM
The first Dilophosaurus specimens were uncovered by Sam Welles in the summer of 1942 in the Kayenta Formation in Arizona.[13] The site had been found by a Navajo, Jesse Williams, in 1940. Three individuals were present but one of these was too weathered to make an excavation worthwhile. Two specimens were brought back to Berkeley for cleaning and mounting by the team of Wann Langston, the holotype UCMP 37302 (specimen on which a name is based), and a second skeleton, the paratype UCMP 37303. They were given the name Megalosaurus wetherilli in 1954 by Welles.[14] The specific name honoured John Wetherill who had explored the area of the find.[15]
Returning to the same formation in 1964 to determine from which time period the bones dated, Welles found a new specimen, UCMP 77270, not far from the location of the previous discovery. Based on the unique double crests preserved for the first time in the new skeleton, Welles realized that the species was significantly different from Megalosaurus. In 1970, he re-classified it in a new genus, which he named Dilophosaurus,[3][14] from the Greek words di (δι) meaning "two", lophos (λόφος) meaning "crest", and sauros (σαυρος) meaning "lizard"; thus, "two-crested lizard".[15] The available evidence strongly suggests that both the holotype of D. wetherilli and the second skeleton are juveniles.[4]
In 2001, Robert Gay reported the discovery of two, or possibly three, new specimens of Dilophosaurus wetherilli in the collections of the Museum of Northern Arizona. The specimens were found in 1978 in the Kayenta Formation, in the Rock Head Quadrangle. Gay found the specimens to compare favorably with the holotype (UCMP 37302). Gay noted that this material is significant in that it includes parts of the pelvis not preserved in either the holotype or in the "D. breedorum" specimen UCMP 77270.[3]
Gay reported that some elements in the MNA collection were representative of an infant specimen (MNA P1.3181). This included a partial humerus, a partial fibula, and a tooth fragment. The infant specimen is significant for several reasons; first, it lends insight into the growth rates of early dinosaurs, and second, it provides researchers with an opportunity to compare the growth rate of Dilophosaurus wetherilli with that of a related species like Coelophysis bauri which could provide insights into early theropod growth rates. This specimen is also the first known infant of the genus.[3]
Reconstructed skeleton of Sinosaurus sinensis, which was originally described as a species of Dilophosaurus
Hu Shaojin (1993) assigned specimen KMV 8701 to a second species, Dilophosaurus sinensis.[16] This species was recovered from the Yunnan Province of China in 1987, with the prosauropod Yunnanosaurus.[17] Compared to D. wetherilli, this species was larger and more robust. Lamanna et al. (1998b) examined the material ascribed to D. sinensis and found it to be synonymous with Sinosaurus triassicus.[18] This finding was confirmed in 2013.[19]
A proposed third species, D. breedorum, was coined by Samuel Welles through Welles and Pickering (1999) for the specimen UCMP 77270 collected in 1964. Tykoski (2005) performed an ontogenetic analysis in his thesis and concluded that D. breedorum is an adult Dilophosaurus wetherilli.[20] This was the first specimen of the genus to preserve a nearly complete cranial crest.[21] Welles concluded that differences between the original specimens and UCMP 77270 justified the naming of separate species.[4] He was unable to complete a manuscript describing this during his lifetime, and the name eventually came out in a private publication distributed by Pickering.[22] This species has not been accepted as valid in other reviews of the genus, which see it as a nomen nudum and/or a junior subjective synonym.[3][23]
Remains similar to Dilophosaurus were recovered in the Upper Member of the Dharmaram Formation, in Andhra Pradesh, India. The remains were discovered in mudstone that was deposited during the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic, approximately 196-189 million years ago.[24]
Classification[edit]
Restoration with hypothetical filaments.
Dilophosaurus has been examined several times over the years and has been assigned to no less than nine different theropod groups. Welles (1954) and the majority of subsequent phylogenetic analyses during the 1980s and 1990s have classified this genus as a large coelophysoid within the taxon Coelophysoidea.[9][25] However, most 21st century studies to date have found that Dilophosaurus and various other "dilophosaurids" were more closely related to tetanuran theropods than to true coelophysoids.[26][27]
The following family tree illustrates a synthesis of the relationships of the early theropod groups compiled by Hendrickx et al. in 2015, and illustrates the current consensus relationships of Dilophosaurus.[28]
Neotheropoda

Coelophysidae

Liliensternus

Zupaysaurus

Dilophosauridae

Dilophosaurus

Dracovenator

Averostra

Ceratosauria

Tetanurae

Cryolophosaurus

Sinosaurus

Monolophosaurus

Orionides

Paleobiology[edit]
Skull diagrams showing closed and open jaws
Dilophosaurus is considered to have been an obligate biped based on the presence of long hindlimbs oriented vertically under the pelvis, and short forelimbs that did not support quadrupedal locomotion. The hindlimbs suggest a fast and agile runner, as would be expected in a carnivorous theropod.[4]
Welles (1984) proposed that Dilophosaurus traveled in small groups, based on the fact that several individuals were found together.[4] Gay (2001b) noted that there was no direct evidence for this and noted that "flash floods would pick up scattered and isolated material from different individuals and deposit them together in the same area".[3] Cranial display features make sense in social, gregarious animals, where other members of the species are available to observe and interpret messages of sexual status.[10]
Feeding[edit]
The presence and distribution of non-interdigitating sutures in the skull of some reptilian groups, including Dilophosaurus, has been interpreted as indicating the presence of a system of levers, driven by jaw muscles, as an aid to predation.[29] Welles (1984) rejected this hypothesis and interpreted the potential mobility in the skull of Dilophosaurus as a sign of weakness, and argued that the loose connection of the premaxilla precluded the capture and subduing of prey.[4] This led to the early hypothesis that Dilophosaurus scavenged off carrion, because its teeth were too weak to bring down large prey.[5] Recently, some researchers have argued that Dilophosaurus may have been piscivorous, due to the presence of Eubrontes-sized swim tracks at some localities, as well as anatomical similarities with spinosaurids.[30]
Growth[edit]
Tkach (1996) conducted a study of the bone structure of the type species and concluded that Dilophosaurus wetherilli could have attained growth rates of nearly 35 kilograms (77 lb) in early life,[clarification needed] which reflects a rapid growth rate.[31]
Paleopathology[edit]
Main article: Theropod paleopathology
Pathologies in bones of the holotype specimen, plotted onto a life restoration
One Dilophosaurus wetherilli specimen bears a damaged vertebra that may have been injured during life and a potential abscess on the individual's upper arm bone. Another specimen has an unusually small left humerus compared to a very robust right arm, a possible example of fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry results from developmental disturbances and is more common in populations under stress and can therefore be informative about the quality of conditions a dinosaur lived under.[32] A specimen of Dilophosaurus from the University of California Museum of Paleontology labelled as UCMP 37302 displays eight different pathologies to its pectoral girdle and forelimb bones, including three bone tumors, broken and re-healed bones on both arms, deformed digits and an inability to utilize one forelimb. Though it is not certain, it is believed that most or all of the injuries on this specimen were acquired in a fight or an accident and that the theropod would have been in severe pain as it healed. The pathologies of this specimen were documented in the journal PLOS One.[33]
In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 60 foot bones referred to Dilophosaurus were examined for signs of stress fracture, but none were found.[34]
Paleoichnology[edit]
Assigned track in Red Fleet Dinosaur Tracks Park, Utah
In the Kayenta Formation in Arizona, the same formation that yielded the original specimens for this genus, the trackways known as Kayentapus hopii and Dilophosauripus williamsi were attributed to Dilophosaurus by Welles (1971). These ichnotaxa feature a series of three-toed footprints that are consistent with the expected size and shape of the feet of Dilophosaurus.[35] In 1991, trackway specialist Gerard Gierlinski re-examined tracks from the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland and renamed them Kayentapus soltykovensis, concluding that the "dilophosaur" form was the most appropriate candidate for making these ichnotaxa.[36]
Fossilized footprints, discovered in 200-million-year-old sedimentary rock, which were assigned to Dilophosaurus were discovered in the Höganäs Formation in Vallåkra, Sweden, during the 1970s. The footprints appears to show that these dinosaurs lived in herds.[37] Fossilized footprints assigned to Dilophosaurus have also been discovered in Sala, Sweden. Other tracks discovered in the Höganäs Formation have been assigned to the ichnogenus Grallator (Eubrontes) cf. giganteus, which were discovered in Rhaetian strata, and Grallator (Eubrontes) soltykovensis, which were discovered in Hettangian strata.[38] A few of the tracks were taken to museums, but most of them disappeared in natural floodings.[39] In 1994, Gierlinski and Ahlberg assigned these tracks from the Hoganas Formation of Sweden to Dilophosaurus as well.[40]
Eubrontes resting trace assigned to Dilophosaurus, Moenave Formation
Gierlinski (1996) observed unusual traces associated with a track specimen in the collection at the Pratt Museum in Amherst, Massachusetts. Specimen AC 1/7 is a "dinosaur sitting imprint", made when a dinosaur is resting its body on the ground, leaving an impression of its belly between a pair of footprints. Traces associated with AC 1/7 were interpreted by Gierlinski as the imprints of feathers, suggesting that Dilophosaurus was a feathered dinosaur.[40] Further analysis proved, however, that the lines that seemed to be feathers were in reality just cracks in the mud where the animal sat. While this does not rule out the possibility of feathery covering on this species, there is no evidence for it and it currently remains as speculation.[41]
Tracks of Eubrontes and Gigandipus of the Connecticut River Valley, which have been found in both Connecticut and in Massachusetts, have often been attributed to Dilophosaurus,[42][43] however no fossil remains of Dilophosaurus have been directly attributed to either one of the footprint types. The size and shape suggested they were made by a theropod around 20 feet long similar to that of Dilophosaurus, suggesting they were either made by Dilophosaurus or a very close relative. Two similar footprints, Anchisauripus and Grallator, also found in the valley, have often been attributed to Dilophosaur's smaller relatives, Podokesaurus and Coelophysis, and occasionally attributed to Dilophosaurus itself.[42]
Paleoecology[edit]
Cast of the skull and neck, ROM
The remains of the type specimen of Dilophosaurus wetherilli UCMP 37302 and partial skeleton UCMP 37303 were recovered in the Silty Facies Member of the Kayenta Formation, in northeastern Arizona. The remains were discovered in 1942 and 1964 in blue shale and brown/gray siltstone that was deposited during the Sinemurian-Pliensbachian stages of the Early Jurassic, approximately 196-183 million years ago. Two other specimens assigned to this genus were discovered in the same formation; one in 1982 (UCMP 130053) in channel sandstone and the other, a scapula in terrestrial sandstone.[44]
The Kayenta Formation is part of the Glen Canyon Group that includes formations not only in northern Arizona but also parts of southeastern Utah, western Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico. It is composed mostly of two facies, one dominated by silty deposition and the other dominated by sandstone. The siltstone facies is found in much of Arizona, while the sandstone facies is present in areas of northern Arizona, southern Utah, western Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico. The formation was primarily deposited by rivers, with the silty facies as the slower, more sluggish part of the river system. Kayenta Formation deposition was ended by the encroaching dune field that would become the Navajo Sandstone.[45] A definitive radiometric dating of this formation has not yet been made, and the available stratigraphic correlation has been based on a combination of radiometric dates from vertebrate fossils, magnetostratigraphy and pollen evidence.[44] It has been surmised that the Kayenta Formation was deposited during the Sinemurian and Pliensbachian stages of the Early Jurassic Period or approximately 196 to 183 million years ago.[46]
Restoration of Early Jurassic environment preserved at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site, with Dilophosaurus in bird-like resting pose
The Kayenta Formation has yielded a small but growing assemblage of organisms. Most fossils are from the silty facies.[47] Most organisms known so far are vertebrates. Non-vertebrates include microbial or "algal" limestone,[48] petrified wood,[49] plant impressions,[50] freshwater bivalves and snails,[45] ostracods,[51] and invertebrate trace fossils.[48]
Vertebrates are known from both body fossils and trace fossils. Vertebrates known from body fossils include (the following after Lucas et al. [2005],[47] except where noted): hybodont sharks, indeterminate bony fish, lungfish,[49] salamanders,[52] the frog Prosalirus, the caecilian Eocaecilia, the turtle Kayentachelys, a sphenodontian reptile, lizards,[53] several early crocodylomorphs including Calsoyasuchus, Eopneumatosuchus, Kayentasuchus, and Protosuchus), the pterosaur Rhamphinion, several theropods including Dilophosaurus, Kayentavenator[54] Coelophysis kayentakatae, and the "Shake N Bake" theropod, the basal sauropodomorph Sarahsaurus,[55] a heterodontosaurid, armored dinosaurs Scelidosaurus and Scutellosaurus, the tritylodontids synapsids Dinnebiton, Kayentatherium, and Oligokyphus, morganucodontids,[53] possible early true mammal Dinnetherium, and a haramyid mammal. The majority of these finds come from the vicinity of Gold Spring, Arizona.[47] Vertebrate trace fossils include coprolites[48] and the tracks of therapsids, lizard-like animals, and several types of dinosaur.[56]
Explorations in the 1970s and 1980s by James M. Clark, Farish Jenkins and David E. Fastovsky and collection and analysis by William R. Downs have produced several vertebrate specimens. The Kayenta Formation has produced several mass burial sites, and the remains of three coelophysoid taxa of different body size, which represents the most diverse ceratosaur fauna yet known.[57]
Cultural significance[edit]
Model nicknamed "Dyzio", Geological Museum, Warsaw
Dilophosaurus is featured in both Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 movie adaptation. It is depicted as venomous, being able to spit venom, aiming for the eyes to blind and paralyze its prey (much like a spitting cobra); in the film, it also has a retractable neck frill around its neck (much like a frill-necked lizard). There is no evidence to either prove or disprove either the frill or the venom spitting,[58] which was acknowledged by Crichton as artistic license.[59] In the film, Steven Spielberg also reduced the size of Dilophosaurus to 3 feet (0.91 m) tall and 5 feet (1.5 m) long in order to avoid confusion with Velociraptor.[60] Dilophosaurus was designated as the state dinosaur of Connecticut.[61]
See also[edit]
Dinosaurs portal
Eubrontes
Kayenta Formation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dilophosaurus". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 75
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gay, Robert (2001). "New specimens of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona". Western Association of Vertebrate Paleontologists annual meeting volume Mesa, Arizona. 1: 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Welles, S. P. (1984). "Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda), osteology and comparisons". Palaeontogr. Abt. A. 185: 85–180.
^ Jump up to: a b Norman, David (1985). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. New York: Crescent Books. pp. 62–67. ISBN 0-517-46890-5.
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Jump up ^ Carrano, Benson and Sampson, 2012. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10(2), 211–300.
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^ Jump up to: a b Welles, S. P. (1954). "New Jurassic dinosaur from the Kayenta formation of Arizona". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 65 (6): 591–598. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[591:NJDFTK]2.0.CO;2.
^ Jump up to: a b Dodson, P. (1997) Paleoecology In: Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, edited by Currie, P.J., and Padian, K., Academic Press.
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Jump up ^ Welles, Sam (2007). "Dilophosaurus Discovered". ucmp.berkeley.edu. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Welles, Sam (2007). "Dilophosaurus Details". ucmp.berkeley.edu. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Benton, Michael J. (2012). Prehistoric Life. Edinburgh, Scotland: Dorling Kindersley. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-7566-9910-9.
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Jump up ^ Tykoski, 2005. Anatomy, ontogeny and phylogeny of coelophysoid theropods. PhD Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin. 553 pp.
Jump up ^ Mortimer, Mickey (2012). "Coelophysoidea". Archived from the original on 2013-05-04.
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Jump up ^ Smith, Makovicky, Hammer and Currie, 2007. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 151, 377–421.
Jump up ^ Hendrickx, C., Hartman, S.A., & Mateus, O. (2015). An Overview of Non- Avian Theropod Discoveries and Classification. PalArch’s Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 12(1): 1-73.
Jump up ^ Bradley, O. C. 1903. The muscles of mastication and movements of the skull in Lacertilia. Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Anatomie 18: 475–486.
Jump up ^ Milner, A.; Kirkland, J. (2007). "The case for fishing dinosaurs at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm" (PDF). Survey Notes of the Utah Geological Survey. 39: 1–3.
Jump up ^ Tkach, J. S., 1996, Multi-element osteohistological analysis of Dilphosaurus wetherilli: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 16, supplement to n. 3, Abstracts of Papers, Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, October 16–19.
Jump up ^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.
Jump up ^ "Record-Breaking Pain: The Largest Number and Variety of Forelimb Bone Maladies in a Theropod Dinosaur". Journals.plos.org. 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
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Jump up ^ Welles, S.P. (1971). Dinosaur footprints from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona: Plateau, v. 44, pp. 27–38.
Jump up ^ Gierlinski, G.(1991) New dinosaur ichnotaxa from the Early Jurassic of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimat.,Palaeoecol.,85(1–2): 137–148
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Jump up ^ Kent Lungren. "Tankar i tiden: Kontakt med Trias och Jura". Kentlundgren.blogspot.se. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Glut, D. F. (1999). Dinosaurs, the Encyclopedia, Supplement 1: McFarland & Company, Inc., 442pp.
Jump up ^ Martin, A. J. & Rainforth, E. C. 2004. A theropod resting trace that is also a locomotion trace: case study of Hitchcock’s specimen AC 1/7. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 36 (2), 96.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dinosaur footprints of the Connecticut River Valley". Nash Dinosaur Track Site and Rock Shop.
Jump up ^ "10 Crested Facts About Dilophosaurus". Mental Floss.
^ Jump up to: a b J. M. Clark and D. E. Fastovsky. 1986. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Glen Canyon Group in northern Arizona. The Beginning of the Age of the Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, N. C. Fraser and H.-D. Sues (eds.), Cambridge University Press 285–301
^ Jump up to: a b Harshbarger, J. W.; Repenning, C. A.; Irwin, J. H. (1957). Stratigraphy of the uppermost Triassic and the Jurassic rocks of the Navajo country. Professional Paper. 291. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Padian, K (1997) Glen Canyon Group In: Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, edited by Currie, P. J., and Padian, K., Academic Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lucas, S. G.; Heckert, A. B.; Tanner, L. H. (2005). "Arizona's Jurassic fossil vertebrates and the age of the Glen Canyon Group". In Heckert, A. B.; Lucas, S. G. Vertebrate paleontology in Arizona. Bulletin. 29. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 95–104.
^ Jump up to: a b c Luttrell, P. R., and Morales, M. 1993. Bridging the gap across Moenkopi Wash: a lithostratigraphic correlation. Aspects of Mesozoic geology and paleontology of the Colorado Plateau. Pages 111–127 in Morales, M., editor. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ. Bulletin 59.
^ Jump up to: a b Jenkins, F. A., Jr. and Shubin, N. H. 1998. Prosalirus bitis and the anuran caudopelvic mechanism. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(3):495–510.
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Jump up ^ Lucas, S. G., and Tanner L. H. 2007. Tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Triassic-Jurassic transition on the southern Colorado Plateau, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 244(1–4):242–256.
Jump up ^ Curtis, K., and Padian, K. 1999. An Early Jurassic microvertebrate fauna from the Kayenta Formation of northeastern Arizona: microfaunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. PaleoBios 19(2):19–37.
^ Jump up to: a b Jenkins, F. A., Jr., Crompton, A. W., and Downs, W. R. 1983. Mesozoic mammals from Arizona: new evidence in mammalian evolution. Science 222(4629):1233–1235.
Jump up ^ Gay, R. 2010. Kayentavenator elysiae, a new tetanuran from the early Jurassic of Arizona. Pages 27–43 in Gay, R. Notes on early Mesozoic theropods. Lulu Press (on-demand online press).
Jump up ^ Rowe, T. B., Sues, H.-D., and Reisz, R. R. 2011. Dispersal and diversity in the earliest North American sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with a description of a new taxon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278(1708):1044–1053.
Jump up ^ Hamblin, A. H., and Foster, J. R. 2000. Ancient animal footprints and traces in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, south-central Utah. Pages 557–568 in Sprinkel, D. A., Chidsey, T. C., Jr., and Anderson, P. B. editors. Geology of Utah's parks and monuments. Utah Geological Association, Salt Lake City, UT. Publication 28.
Jump up ^ Tykoski, R. S., 1998, The Osteology of Syntarsus kayentakatae and its Implications for Ceratosaurid Phylogeny: Theses, The University of Texas, December 1998.
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Jump up ^ Crichton, Michael (1990). Jurassic Park. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-58816-9.
Jump up ^ The Making of Jurassic Park by Don Shay & Jody Duncan, Boxtree Ltd; 1st Edition. edition (30 Jun 1993), ISBN 1-85283-774-8
Jump up ^ Altimari, Daniela. "Bill Naming State Dinosaur Signed by the Governor". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
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Avemetatarsalians (Dinosauromorpha and relatives)
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Archosaurs
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilophosaurus&oldid=813649227"
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text:
International Film Festival of India
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International Film Festival of India
Logo of International Film Festival of India
Location
Goa, India
Founded
1952
Hosted by
Entertainment Society of Goa
Website
www.iffi.nic.in
The International Film Festival of India (IFFI), founded in 1952,[1][2] is one of the most significant film festivals in Asia. Held annually, currently in the state of Goa, on the western coast of the country, the festival aims at providing a common platform for the cinemas of the world to project the excellence of the film art; contributing to the understanding and appreciation of film cultures of different nations in the context of their social and cultural ethos; and promoting friendship and cooperation among people of the world.
The festival is conducted jointly by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Directorate of Film Festivals and the Government of Goa. The 48th edition (latest) of IFFI was held at Panjim Goa from 20 November 2017 inaugurated by SRK.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Vision
2 History
3 Golden Peacock Award winners
4 Miscellany
5 Indian Film Personality of the Year
6 References
7 External links
Vision[edit]
Ayam nijam paroveti gananā laghuchetasām, Udāracharitānām tu vasudhaiva kutumbakam[4]
(Extract from the Vedic scripture Maha Upanishad, meaning "This is for me and that is for other – is the thinking of a narrow-minded person. For those who are broad-minded, liberals, or noble people, the entire world is a one big family.")[4]
History[edit]
The 1st edition of IFFI was organised by the Films Division, Government of India, with the patronage of the first Prime Minister of India. Held in Mumbai[2] from 24 January to 1 February 1952,[citation needed] the Festival was subsequently taken to Madras, Delhi, Calcutta and Trivandrum.[5] In all it had about 40 features and 100 short films. In Delhi, the IFFI was inaugurated by Prime Minister Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 21 February 1952.[6]
The first edition was non-competitive, had 23 countries including the United States participating with 40 feature films and about a hundred short films. The Indian entries for the festival were Awara (Hindi), Patala Bhairavi (Telugu), Amar Bhoopali (Marathi) and Babla (Bengali). This was the first International Film Festival held anywhere in Asia. The notable films shown during the festival were Bicycle Thieves, Miracle of Milan & Open City from Italy. Yukiwarisoo (Japan), Dancing Fleese (UK), The River (USA) and Fall of Berlin (USSR).
It was for the first time that the Indian Film Industry was exposed to a vast range of outstanding post-war era films. From the 3rd edition in January 1965, IFFI became competitive. It has since then moved to Trivandrum, capital of Kerala. In 1975 the Filmotsav, non-competitive and to be held in other film-making cities in alternate years, was introduced. Later, Filmotsavs were merged in IFFI. In 2004 the IFFI was moved to Goa from Trivandrum. Since then IFFI has been an annual event and competitive.[7]
World's first Sanskrit 3D film 'Anurakthi is among the main attraction in 3D category at the ongoing International Film Festival of India in Panaji in Goa. Asokan PK-directed film throws light on the ancient theatrical tradition of Koodiyattam in Kerala. The movie narrates the story of 'Vasudha', a Punjabi danseuse, who comes to Kerala to learn Koodiyattam from a practitioner called Paramesharwan Chakkiar.
Golden Peacock Award winners[edit]
The first Prize for Best Film in 1987 was a Special Jury Award. 2006 and 2007 were also Special Jury Awards. In 2009 the Best Feature Film prize was a Silver Peacock Award.
Year
Film
Original Title
Director
Country
1965 Gamperaliya Lester James Peries Sri Lanka
1980 Aakrosh Govind Nihalani India
1987 Wisdom Tree Rajan Khosa India
2003 At Five in the Afternoon Panj é asr Samira Makhmalbaf Iran / France
2004 The Beautiful City Shah-re ziba Asghar Farhadi Iran
2005 Iron Island Jazireh ahani Mohammad Rasoulof Iran
2006 Forever Flows Nirontor Abu Sayeed Bangladesh
2007 On the Wings of Dreams Swopnodanay Golam Rabbany Biplob Bangladesh
More Than Anything in the World Más que a nada en el mundo Andrés León Becker / Javier Solar Mexico
2008 Tulpan Sergei Dvortsevoy Kazakhstan / Russia
2009 The Other Bank Gagma napiri George Ovashvili Georgia / Kazakhstan
2011 Porfirio Alejandro Landes Colombia / Argentina
2012 Anhe Ghore Da Daan Gurvinder Singh India
2013 Beatriz's War A Guerra da Beatriz Luigi Acquisto / Bety Reis Timor-Leste
2014 Leviathan Leviafan Andrey Zvyagintsev Russia
2015 Embrace of the Serpent El abrazo de la serpiente Ciro Guerra Colombia
2016 Daughter Dokthar Reza Mirkarimi Iran
2017 BPM (Beats per Minute) Robin Campillo France
Miscellany[edit]
The first IFFI was held in 1952, and American director Frank Capra attended as a part of the US delegation.[8]
On the eve of IFFI 2006, journalist and author Mario Cabral e Sa's book Location Goa, highlighting Goa's contribution to the Hindi film world, was released on 21 November 2006.
Since 2004, Goa has hosted IFFI every year. This brings in more visitors to the State, and also coincides with the novenas and feast of the 16th-century Basque missionary-saint Francis Xavier.
Indian Film Personality of the Year[edit]
Since 2013, on the occasion of 100 years of Cinema of India, the "Centenary Award" for the "Indian Film Personality of the Year" was instituted. The annual award is given to an Indian film veteran for their outstanding Contribution in Indian Film Industry through their film craft. This Award consists of a Silver Peacock Medal, a certificate and a Cash Prize of Rs. 10 Lakhs.[9][10]
Year
Awardee
Craft
2013 Waheeda Rahman Actress
2014 Rajinikanth Actor
2015 Ilaiyaraaja Composer
2016 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Playback singer and composer
2017 Amitabh Bachchan Actor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ M. Mohan Mathews (2001). India, Facts & Figures. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-81-207-2285-9. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Gulzar; Govind Nihalani; Saibal Chatterjee (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Key highlights of the 46th International Film Festival of India". PIB. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Festival Showcasing Talent of Lights, Camera and Action! – International Film Festival of India – 2011". Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Saverio Giovacchini; Robert Sklar (1 December 2011). Global Neorealism: The Transnational History of a Film Style. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-1-61703-122-9. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Jawaharlal Nehru (1972). Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru. Orient Longman. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-19-563745-8. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "International Film Festival Of India 2017 | Goa Film festival | IFFI Awards | Onmanorama". OnManorama. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
Jump up ^ Capra, Frank. The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography Vintage Bools, New York, 1985, p. 43
Jump up ^ "Who will be the Indian Film Personality of the Year at IFFI 2017?". 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Waheeda receives Indian Film Personality of the Year award at IFFI".
External links[edit]
Template:Official festival website operated by DFF
Official Festival Website operated by Entertainment Society of Goa
Commemorating the first edition of IFFI - broken link
Pandit Nehru inaugurating the first IFFI, NPL auditorium, Feb 21, 1952
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values: International Film Festival of India – German

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values: Festival Film Internasional India – Indonesian

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values: Hindistan Uluslararası Film Festivali – Turkish

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values: بھارت کا بین الاقوامی فلمی تہوار – Urdu

values: 印度國際影展 – Chinese

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text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2013 June 6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
< Wikipedia:Reference desk | Archives | Language
Jump to: navigation, search
Language desk
< June 5
<< May | June | Jul >>
Current desk >
Welcome to the Wikipedia Language Reference Desk Archives
The page you are currently viewing is an archive page. While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the current reference desk pages.

Contents
[hide]
1 June 6
1.1 An unpoked pig
1.2 What is the etymology of the "dukes" part of "ma dukes" or "mama dukes"
June 6[edit]
An unpoked pig[edit]
I responded to a request for a WP:3O involving a dispute between two editors over the use of a comma after the word newspaper in the first sentence of the lede of William Hickey (columnist):
"'William Hickey' is the pseudonymous byline of a gossip column published in the British newspaper the Daily Express."
I opined that it shouldn't be there and it has now been removed by the editor who objected to its presence, but the other editor has — quite reasonably, in my opinion — expressed incredulity over whether that awkward construction could possibly be correct. I've suggested some changes to make it slightly less awkward, but they seem rather like putting lipstick on a pig. The original comma-objector is probably only interested in commas and the original comma-keeper says he's giving up. Should we keep the pig, paint 'er up, or just leave her as she is in all her glory? Regards, TransporterMan (TALK) 17:18, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
I'm not sure the reference desk is really all that useful in dispute resolution issues. If you seek a wider audience than WP:3R perhaps WP:DRN would be useful to you? --Jayron32 17:30, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
I haven't read the discussion, but why not "... in the British newspaper Daily Express"? Deor (talk) 17:36, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
...or "...the Daily Express, a British newspaper", which neatly avoids the problem (and it's hard to contest the comma clause in this case). Andrew Gray (talk) 17:40, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
(edit conflict) Uh, I'm the most active volunteer at DRN. I was really looking for some expert opinion on English grammar in the belief that the dispute at that page had gone away and, perhaps, left the page in a less than desirable state about which I was less than certain. (And one can, I fear, derive some indication of my grammatical skills from that last sentence.) One of the disputants has now weighed back in on the talk page; if the other one does as well, then perhaps I'm wrong about the dispute having gone away, but whatever happens some expert advice would be useful. Still, if this is too DRish, I'll see if some of my DR colleagues have opinions on this matter. Regards, TransporterMan (TALK) 17:42, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
If this page is not best suited for the discussion to take place, this is not pertinent here, but I should make a clarification nonetheless that I think is of utmost importance: when the second editor "expressed incredulity over whether that awkward construction could possibly be correct", this was with regards to the totally incorrect wording (ie, lack of a comma) in "...a gossip column published in the Daily Express a British newspaper.", not the original edit, "...a gossip column published in the British newspaper the Daily Express". (Though he may also feel incredulous over that edit.) Deor, I did suggest that wording, but on further consideration I see no reason to drop the "the" over some very slight clunkiness when you would otherwise always use it (eg. "I bought the Daily Express", not "I bought Daily Express"). Please see Talk:William Hickey (columnist) for the full discussion. Alexetc (talk) 17:44, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
That's correct. As the "other editor", I certainly did not express incredulity over the fact that Alexetc's wording "could possibly be correct". I objected to it initially (and still dislike it), but what I did express incredulity over was TransporterMan's claim that the same principle of omitting the comma should be applied to a further ("C") wording that I had proposed (and, at that point, implemented), which was precisely the wording suggested above by User:Andrew Gray. Anyone still interested in further discussion had better go back to the article talk page ! Ghmyrtle (talk) 17:59, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
I think I've been wrong about just about everything here. This does, indeed, need to go back to the article talk page and, if no resolution can be had there (in which I will not participate further), should go on to DRN, where I will also not participate. Sheepishly, TransporterMan (TALK) 18:18, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
TransporterMan, please see me most recent post on Talk:William Hickey (columnist) (as at 22:11, 6 June 2013); unfortunately Ghmyrtle has been significantly inconsistent on two counts and I think that this has poisoned the well and sabotaged your adjudication. I was confident that when you said "now I've done some research on the matter", you had reached the same conclusion as me and your decsision was correct; if you do feel however you've "been wrong about just about everything here", that is up to you to say (I was certainly concerned by some of the suggested alternatives - yours and others - beyond Wording C, but I think, that aside, you did in essence get the argument!). It really does boil down to one of the most basic English rules - you don't put a comma between an adjective and a noun - and my latest post explains this with specific regard to a united common and proper name. I've begun to explain why Wording C is unnecessary with regard to "clunkiness" and is not the WP consensus with regard to the normal phrasing used in such sentences; I've already gone on enough but I would be more than happy to expand on this if requested to. Wording B really is the only option. I would welcome your response. Alexetc (talk) 22:33, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
Oh dear me. I made one mistake in confusing wordings A and B - a mistake now duplicated by Alexetc in his own latest post ("..me most recent post...") on that talk page. These things happen - I'm very sorry. But it's not very important, and to suggest that in some way I have "sabotaged" an "adjudication" (which wasn't an adjudication anyway, it was an opinion) is as completely preposterous as the suggestion that the sentence can only be worded in one way. Anyway, not a matter for this page, I think. Ghmyrtle (talk) 23:15, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
Thank you for your clarification and correction of your confusion over Wording A and B. It seems I have done the same in my last post, so I in turn also apologise and have corrected it. I also apologise for the use of the word adjudication, it is indeed an opinion. If that opinion wasn't subsequently put into doubt, though, I think we would now be on Wording B, since TransporterMan's initial opinion ended, "thus no comma [as in Wording B]" and made no mention of a Wording C. Until TransporterMan or someone else provides an opinion, that I guess is moot at the current time. So, we both made a mistake in confusing wordings A and B, have apologised and corrected it; I'm fine with that. Attacking a spelling mistake ("me") that has no material impact on the discussion, though, is not going to get you very far (though it marks one of the very few actual arguments you've made); accidents happen (see your "Oh dear me. I made one mistake..."). My point about your change to Wording C still stands, as I have now discussed back over on Talk:William_Hickey_(columnist). Please check my posts, however; I have never made "the suggestion", nor for that matter explicitly said, "that the sentence can only be worded in one way". It clearly can be, but as I have argued, should not be: I said, "Wording C has no WP:CONSENSUS on how such sentences are normally phrased on the majority of pages and should not be used". Again, I've now discussed this back over on Talk:William_Hickey_(columnist). Alexetc (talk) 11:45, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
"Wording B really is the only option." (your words). That is, "..the sentence can only be worded in one way." (my words) Ghmyrtle (talk) 12:52, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
It's further nit-picking without contributing your own argument, as I would have said "only correct wording" if that's what I meant, but I should have been more clear: Wording B really is the only option that should be considered. That is very different to your "..the sentence can only be worded in one way.", which I never said and certainly haven't argued. In addressing this exact point, I just said, "I have never made "the suggestion", nor for that matter explicitly said, "that the sentence can only be worded in one way". It clearly can be, but as I have argued, should not be", before going on to explain myself fully and rigorously. Alexetc (talk) 15:55, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
What is the etymology of the "dukes" part of "ma dukes" or "mama dukes"[edit]
In some African American dialects, you can refer to your mom as "ma dukes". What does the dukes part mean?--Jerk of Thrones (talk) 18:52, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
Etymology on Line almost always has the answer. I suspected Cockney rhyming slang, and EO says either that or Romany. See this. μηδείς (talk)
Oops, I read your headline, but not the comment. Can you give a source for that phrase? I have never heard it. It may come from the name, as in Marmaduke. Urban dictionary says. μηδείς (talk) 19:27, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
The Cockney rhyming slang "dukes" is now entirely obsolete, but in my 1960s childhood, people still used to say "put up your dukes" (ie, "raise your fists") if they were jokingly challenging someone to a fight. I haven't heard it said in years. Alansplodge (talk) 09:55, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
Biggie Smalls uses the phrase in some of his raps when referring to his mother. I have heard other people from Brooklyn say it as well. There also use to be a soul food restaurant called Mama Dukes in my neighborhood. And where does urban dictionary (hardly a reliable source, but that's beside the point) say it comes from Marmaduke?--Jerk of Thrones (talk) 20:01, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
I don't know, you tell me. Where does Urban Dictionary say that? μηδείς (talk) 22:37, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
More to the point, where does any reliable source make such a claim? -- Jack of Oz [Talk] 23:54, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
I don't know, Jack. Whoever is suggesting there is one should post it. μηδείς (talk) 00:07, 8 June 2013 (UTC)
We're only discussing Marmaduke because someone - their name escapes me for the moment - speculated that it might be the source of "dukes". If that person cannot come up with a source, they should withdraw their speculation and promise never to speculate again, in accordance with their frequent enjoinder to others. -- Jack of Oz [Talk] 00:15, 8 June 2013 (UTC)
It doesn't. That would be more of that speculation we welcome with open arms around here. -- Jack of Oz [Talk] 20:12, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
Open arms and closed fists ... Clarityfiend (talk) 21:05, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
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values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

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navigation
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p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

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values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
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values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

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values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

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values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

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Language settings
0
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true

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display: none; font-size: 13px;

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