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Welsh Government
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"Government of Wales" redirects here. For an overview of the political system of Wales, see Politics of Wales.
Welsh Government
Welsh: Llywodraeth Cymru
Overview
Established
12 May 1999
Polity
Wales
Leader
First Minister
Appointed by
Monarch
Main organ
Welsh Cabinet
Responsible to
National Assembly for Wales
Annual budget
£15.3 billion (2015/16)
Headquarters
Crown Buildings
Cardiff
Website
http://www.gov.wales
The Welsh Government (Welsh: Llywodraeth Cymru) is the devolved government for Wales.
It was established in 1999 as the Executive Committee of the National Assembly for Wales by the Government of Wales Act 1998, which created a devolved administration for Wales in line with the result of the 1997 referendum on Welsh devolution and formally separated from the assembly in 2007 as the Welsh Assembly Government by the Government of Wales Act 2006. The government consists of cabinet secretaries, who attend cabinet meetings, and ministers who do not, and also of a counsel general. It is led by the first minister, usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly, who selects cabinet secretaries, ministers and deputy ministers with the approval of the assembly. The government is responsible for tabling policy in devolved areas for consideration by the assembly and implementing policy that has been approved by it.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Executive Committee of the National Assembly for Wales 1999 to 2007
1.2 After the 2007 election of the National Assembly for Wales
1.2.1 Legal separation
1.2.2 Transfer of functions
1.2.3 Welsh ministers
1.3 2011 referendum on law-making powers
1.3.1 Functions and areas of competence
1.4 Renaming
2 Cabinet Secretaries, Ministers and Counsel General
2.1 Cabinet
3 Civil service
3.1 Permanent secretary
3.2 Directorates
3.3 Strategic Delivery and Performance Board
3.4 Welsh Government sponsored bodies
4 Offices
5 Budget
6 List of successive Welsh Governments
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Executive Committee of the National Assembly for Wales 1999 to 2007[edit]
Wales
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Wales
Government[show]
First Minister
Carwyn Jones AM
Cabinet
8th ministry
Counsel General
Theodore Huckle QC
Home Civil Service
Directorates
Sponsored bodies
Local government
National Assembly[show]
Presiding Officer
Elin Jones AM
Acts
Statutory Instruments
Leader of the Opposition
Leanne Wood AM
Shadow Cabinet
Members (AMs)
Elections
Constituencies and electoral regions
Law and justice[show]
Supreme Court (UK)
Courts of England and Wales
President of Welsh Tribunals
Welsh law
English law
Wales in the UK[show]
HM Government
Wales Office
Secretary of State
Alun Cairns MP
UK Parliament
Grand Committee
Select Committee
Government of Wales Act 2006
Elections
Constituencies
Current Westminster MPs
Wales in the EU[show]
European Parliament elections
Constituency
Administrative divisions[show]
Preserved counties
Principal areas
Communities
Local government
Other countries
Atlas
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As initially established, the Welsh Government had no independent executive powers in law (unlike, for instance, the Scottish ministers and British government ministers). The National Assembly was established as a body corporate by the Government of Wales Act 1998 and the executive, as a committee of the assembly, only had those powers that the assembly as a whole voted to delegate to ministers.
The Government of Wales Act 2006 formally separated the National Assembly for Wales and the Welsh Government, giving Welsh ministers independent executive authority, this taking effect after the May 2007 elections. Following separation, the Welsh ministers exercise functions in their own right. Further transfers of executive functions from the British government can be made directly to the Welsh ministers (with their consent) by an Order in Council approved by the British parliament.
Separation was designed to clarify the respective roles of the assembly and the government. Under the structures established by the Government of Wales Act 2006, the role of Welsh ministers is to make decisions; develop and implement policy; exercise executive functions and make statutory instruments. The 60 assembly members in the National Assembly scrutinise the government's decisions and policies; hold ministers to account; approve budgets for the Welsh Government's programmes; and enact acts of assembly on subjects that have been devolved to the Welsh administration.
The result mirrored much more closely the relationship between the British government and British parliament and that between the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament.
After the 2007 election of the National Assembly for Wales[edit]
Legal separation[edit]
The new arrangements provided for in the Government of Wales Act 2006 created a formal legal separation between the National Assembly for Wales, comprising 60 assembly members, and the Welsh Assembly Government, comprising the First Minister, Welsh ministers, deputy ministers and the counsel general. This separation between the two bodies took effect on the appointment of the First Minister by Queen Elizabeth II following the assembly election on 3 May 2007.
Separation was meant to clarify the respective roles of the assembly and the government. The role of the government is to make decisions; develop and implement policy; exercise executive functions and make statutory instruments. The 60 assembly members in the National Assembly scrutinise the Welsh Government's decisions and policies; hold ministers to account; approve budgets for the Welsh Government's programmes; and have the power to enact assembly measures on certain matters. Assembly measures can now go further than the subordinate legislation which the assembly had the power to make prior to 2007.
Transfer of functions[edit]
The assembly's functions, including that of making subordinate legislation, in the main, transferred to the Welsh ministers upon separation. A third body was also established under the 2006 Act from May 2007, called the National Assembly for Wales Commission. It employs the staff supporting the new National Assembly for Wales, and holds property, enters into contracts and provides support services on its behalf.
Welsh ministers[edit]
The 2006 Act made new provision for the appointment of Welsh ministers. The First Minister is nominated by the Assembly and then appointed by Her Majesty the Queen. The First Minister then appoints the Welsh Ministers and the Deputy Welsh Ministers, with the approval of Her Majesty. The Act created a new post of Counsel General for Wales, the principal source of legal advice to the Welsh Government. The Counsel General is appointed by the Queen, on the nomination of the First Minister, whose recommendation must be agreed by the National Assembly. The Counsel General may be, but does not have to be, an Assembly Member. The Act permits a maximum of 12 Welsh Ministers, which includes Deputy Welsh Ministers, but excludes the First Minister and the Counsel General. Accordingly, the maximum size of the Welsh Government is 14.
2011 referendum on law-making powers[edit]
Functions and areas of competence[edit]
Following the "yes" vote in the referendum on further law-making powers for the assembly on 3 March 2011, the Welsh Government is now entitled to propose bills to the National Assembly for Wales on subjects within 20 fields of policy. Subject to limitations prescribed by the Government of Wales Act 2006, Acts of the National Assembly may make any provision that could be made by Act of Parliament. The 20 areas of responsibility devolved to the National Assembly for Wales (and within which Welsh ministers exercise executive functions) are:
Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development
Ancient monuments and historical buildings
Culture
Economic development
Education and training
Environment
Fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety
Food
Health and health services
Highways and transport
Housing
Local government
National Assembly for Wales
Public administration
Social welfare
Sport and recreation
Tourism
Town and country planning
Water and flood defences
Welsh language
Renaming[edit]
The Welsh Assembly Government was renamed Welsh Government (Llywodraeth Cymru) under the Wales Act 2014.[3]
Cabinet Secretaries, Ministers and Counsel General[edit]
The government is composed of cabinet secretaries and ministers. The counsel general attends cabinet meetings. The current government is formed by Welsh Labour, the sole Liberal Democrats Assembly Member, Kirsty Williams and Independent AM Dafydd Elis-Thomas.
Cabinet[edit]
Office
Name
Term
Party
Image
First Minister
Rt. Hon Carwyn Jones AM 2009– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Transport
Ken Skates AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Health and Social Services
Vaughan Gething AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Education
Kirsty Williams AM 2016– Liberal Democrats
Cabinet Secretary for Local Government and Public Services
Alun Davies AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Finance
Mark Drakeford AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Energy, Planning and Rural Affairs
Lesley Griffiths AM 2017– Labour
Leader of the House and Chief Whip
Julie James AM 2017– Labour
Ministers
Minister for Children, Older People and Social Care
Huw Irranca- Davies AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Welsh Language & Lifelong Learning
Rt. Hon Eluned Morgan AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Environment
Hannah Blythyn AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Housing and Regeneration
Rebecca Evans AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Culture, Tourism and Sport
Rt. Hon Dafydd Elis-Thomas AM 2017- Independent
Counsel General
Counsel General for Wales
Jeremy Miles AM 2017– Labour
Civil service[edit]
The Welsh Government also includes a civil service that supports the Welsh ministers. As of September 2017, there are 4,957 full-time equivalent civil servants working across Wales.[4] The civil service is a matter reserved to the British parliament at Westminster: Welsh Government civil servants work within the rules and customs of Her Majesty's Civil Service, but serve the devolved administration rather than the British government.[5]
Permanent secretary[edit]
The permanent secretary heads the civil service of the Welsh Government and chairs the Strategic Delivery and Performance Board.
The permanent secretary is a member of the Her Majesty's Civil Service, and therefore takes part in the permanent secretaries management group of the Civil Service[6] and is answerable to the most senior civil servant in Britain, the cabinet secretary, for his or her professional conduct. He or she remains, however, at the direction of the Welsh ministers.
Sir Jon Shortridge KCB (May 1999 to April 2008)
Dame Gillian Morgan DBE (May 2008 to August 2012)
Sir Derek Jones KCB (October 2012 to February 2017)[7]
Dame Shan Elizabeth Morgan DCMG (February 2017 to date)[7]
Directorates[edit]
Office of the First Minister & Brexit Group
Cabinet Division
Cabinet Office
Communications Division
European Transition Division
Welsh European Funding Office (WEFO)
Constitutional Affairs & Inter-Governmental Relations Division
Legal Services
Office of the Legislative Counsel
Permanent Secretary's Group
Finance
Welsh Treasury
Strategic Budgeting Division
Innovative Finance
Tax Policy and Legislation Development
Office of the Chief Economist
Governance & Performance
Corporate Services Directorate
Corporate Governance & Assurance Division
Economy, Skills & Natural Resources Group
Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser for Wales
Economic Infrastructure Directorate
International Relations, Trade and Investment Division
Economic Strategy & Decarbonisation Directorate
Business & Regions Directorate
Culture, Sport & Tourism Directorate
Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer
Agriculture & Food Direcrorate
Environment & Marine Directorate
Finance and Operations Directorate
Skills, Higher Education & Lifelong Learning Group
National Procurement Service & Value Wales
Education and Public Services Group
Education Directorate
Welsh Language Division
Local Government Directorate
Communities & Tackling Poverty Directorate
Office of the Chief Digital Officer
Housing & Regeneration Directorate
Care Inspectorate Wales
Health Inspectorate Wales
Health & Social Services Group
Population Health Directorate
Nursing Directorate
Social Services & Integration Directorate
NHS Delivery, Planning & Performance Directorate
NHS Finance Directorate
Mental Health, NHS Governance and Corporate Services Directorate
Mental Health and Vulnerable Groups Division
Substance Misuse Policy Division
Statistical Directorate
Office of the Chief Social Research Officer
Primary Care & Innovation Directorate
Workforce & Organisational Development Directorate
CAFCASS Cymru
Strategic Delivery and Performance Board[edit]
The Strategic Delivery and Performance Board translates the strategic direction set by the Welsh cabinet and its committees into work that is joined up across Welsh Government departments and makes the best use of its resources. The board is made up of four directors general, four directors and 3 non-executive directors, and is chaired by the permanent secretary.
Board members are appointed at the discretion of and by the permanent secretary. Membership is not wholly dependent on functional responsibilities; it is designed to provide balanced advice and support to the permanent secretary, and collective leadership to the organisation as a whole.[8]
Position
Name
Permanent Secretary Dame Shan Morgan, CMG
Director General, Education and Public Services Group Tracey Burke
Director General, Economy, Skills & Natural Resources Group Andrew Slade
Director General, Health & Social Services and Chief Executive of NHS Wales Dr. Andrew Goodall
Director General, Office of the First Minister & Brexit Group Desmond Clifford
Director, Legal Services Jeff Godfrey
Director, Governance & Performance David Richards
Director, Finance Gawain Evans
Director, HR & Corporate Services Peter Kennedy
non-executive director Gareth Lynn
non-executive director Ann Keane
non-executive director Jeff Fararr
non-executive director Ellen Donovan
Welsh Government sponsored bodies[edit]
Main article: Welsh Government sponsored bodies
The Welsh Government is responsible for a number of Welsh Government sponsored bodies (WGSBs). These are, respectively,
executive WGSBs, which are non-departmental public bodies such as the Arts Council of Wales;
advisory WGSBs, which are non-departmental public bodies such as the Historic Buildings Council for Wales; and
tribunals such as the Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales.
WGSBs are staffed by public servants rather than civil servants.
The Welsh Government is also responsible for some public bodies that are not classed as WGSBs, such as NHS Wales, and the Welsh Offices of England and Wales legal offices.
Offices[edit]
The Welsh Government has a total of 22 core offices across Wales. It also has an office based in Westminster in London. The Government also has 15 offices located in 7 countries outside the United Kingdom, including China, India, United Arab Emirates and the United States.[9]
Historically, most Welsh Office staff were based in Cardiff, especially in Cathays Park. However, in 2002, the Fullerton Review concluded that "the Assembly could no longer sustain having the majority of its operational functions located in and around Cardiff".[10] Since 2004, Welsh Government civil servants have been relocated across Wales as part of the Location Strategy, which involved the creation of new offices at Merthyr Tydfil, Aberystwyth and Llandudno Junction.[11] In 2006, the mergers of ELWa, the Wales Tourist Board and the Welsh Development Agency into the Welsh Government brought these agencies' offices into the Welsh Government estate.
The office of the First Minister is in Tŷ Hywel in Cardiff Bay; an office is also kept at the Welsh Government building in Cathays Park where the majority of Cardiff-based Welsh Government civil servants are located.
The old Crown Building in Cathays Park – original home of the Welsh Office
The New Crown Building is today home to many of the Welsh Government's civil servants
Tŷ Hywel houses the offices of the cabinet
Budget[edit]
The Welsh Government receives a budget allocation from the UK Government[12] determined by the Barnett Formula.
List of successive Welsh Governments[edit]
Further information: List of Welsh Governments
See also[edit]
List of Wales-related topics
List of Plaid Cymru AMs
Government spending in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government: a quick guide" (PDF). Welsh Government. 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government: about". Welsh Government. 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welsh assembly report damns Cardiff government for failure to cut poverty". The Guardian website. Guardian News & Media. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government | Number of staff at the Welsh Government". gov.wales. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government civil service: how we work". Welsh Government. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Civil Service. PSMG Membership".
^ Jump up to: a b "Diplomat to be new Welsh Government permanent secretary". BBC News. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
Jump up ^ Welsh Government | Membership. Wales.gov.uk (18 March 2013). Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government | State of the estate report 2016-2017". gov.wales. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government – Update on Location Strategy".
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government – Location Strategy".
Jump up ^ Welsh Government | Budgets. Wales.gov.uk (8 July 2013). Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
British politics portal
External links[edit]
Website of the Welsh Government
Welsh Government Ministers
Government of Wales Act 2006 website[permanent dead link]
Law Wales Website – Home
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1. Rejected referendums are italicised. The others were fully or partially approved.
2. There is no law-making body for any regionally devolved area.
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text:
Chemical polarity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Polar molecule" and "Nonpolar" redirect here. For other uses of the term "Polar", see Polar.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A water molecule, a commonly used example of polarity. Two charges are present with a negative charge in the middle (red shade), and a positive charge at the ends (blue shade).
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.
Polar molecules must contain polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms. A polar molecule with two or more polar bonds must have a geometry which is asymmetric in at least one direction, so that the bond dipoles do not cancel each other.
Polar molecules interact through dipole–dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds. Polarity underlies a number of physical properties including surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling points.
Contents
[hide]
1 Polarity of bonds
1.1 Classification
2 Polarity of molecules
2.1 Polar molecules
2.2 Nonpolar molecules
2.3 Amphiphilic molecules
3 Predicting molecule polarity
4 Electrical deflection of water
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Polarity of bonds[edit]
In a molecule of hydrogen fluoride (HF), the more electronegative atom (fluoride) is shown in yellow. Because the electrons spend more time by the fluorine atom in the H−F bond, the red represents partially negatively charged regions, while blue represents partially positively charged regions.
Not all atoms attract electrons with the same force. The amount of "pull" an atom exerts on its electrons is called its electronegativity. Atoms with high electronegativities – such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen – exert a greater pull on electrons than atoms with lower electronegativities such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In a bond, this leads to unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms, as electrons will be drawn closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity.
Because electrons have a negative charge, the unequal sharing of electrons within a bond leads to the formation of an electric dipole: a separation of positive and negative electric charge. Because the amount of charge separated in such dipoles is usually smaller than a fundamental charge, they are called partial charges, denoted as δ+ (delta plus) and δ− (delta minus). These symbols were introduced by Christopher Kelk Ingold and Edith Hilda Ingold in 1926.[1][2] The bond dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the amount of charge separated and the distance between the charges.
These dipoles within molecules can interact with dipoles in other molecules, creating dipole-dipole intermolecular forces.
Classification[edit]
Bonds can fall between one of two extremes – being completely nonpolar or completely polar. A completely nonpolar bond occurs when the electronegativities are identical and therefore possess a difference of zero. A completely polar bond is more correctly called an ionic bond, and occurs when the difference between electronegativities is large enough that one atom actually takes an electron from the other. The terms "polar" and "nonpolar" are usually applied to covalent bonds, that is, bonds where the polarity is not complete. To determine the polarity of a covalent bond using numerical means, the difference between the electronegativity of the atoms is used.
Bond polarity is typically divided into three groups that are loosely based on the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. According to the Pauling scale:
Nonpolar bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is less than 0.5
Polar bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is roughly between 0.5 and 2.0
Ionic bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 2.0
Pauling based this classification scheme on the partial ionic character of a bond, which is an approximate function of the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. He estimated that a difference of 1.7 corresponds to 50% ionic character, so that a greater difference corresponds to a bond which is predominantly ionic.[3]
As a quantum-mechanical description, Pauling proposed that the wave function for a polar molecule AB is a linear combination of wave functions for covalent and ionic molecules: ψ = aψ(A:B) + bψ(A+B−). The amount of covalent and ionic character depends on the values of the squared coefficients a2 and b2.[4]
Polarity of molecules[edit]
See also: Dipole § Molecular dipoles
While the molecules can be described as "polar covalent", "nonpolar covalent", or "ionic", this is often a relative term, with one molecule simply being more polar or more nonpolar than another. However, the following properties are typical of such molecules.
A molecule is composed of one or more chemical bonds between molecular orbitals of different atoms. A molecule may be polar either as a result of polar bonds due to differences in electronegativity as described above, or as a result of an asymmetric arrangement of nonpolar covalent bonds and non-bonding pairs of electrons known as a full molecular orbital.
Polar molecules[edit]
The water molecule is made up of oxygen and hydrogen, with respective electronegativities of 3.44 and 2.20. The dipoles from each of the two bonds (red arrows) add together to make the overall molecule polar.
A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (H2O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out resulting in a net dipole. Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Other examples include sugars (like sucrose), which have many polar oxygen–hydrogen (−OH) groups and are overall highly polar.
If the bond dipole moments of the molecule do not cancel, the molecule is polar. For example, the water molecule (H2O) contains two polar O−H bonds in a bent (nonlinear) geometry. The bond dipole moments do not cancel, so that the molecule forms a molecular dipole with its negative pole at the oxygen and its positive pole midway between the two hydrogen atoms. In the figure each bond joins the central O atom with a negative charge (red) to an H atom with a positive charge (blue).
The ammonia molecule, NH3, is polar as a result of its molecular geometry. The red represents partially negatively charged regions.
The hydrogen fluoride, HF, molecule is polar by virtue of polar covalent bonds – in the covalent bond electrons are displaced toward the more electronegative fluorine atom. Ammonia, NH3, molecule the three N−H bonds have only a slight polarity (toward the more electronegative nitrogen atom). The molecule has two lone electrons in an orbital, that points towards the fourth apex of the approximate tetrahedron, (VSEPR). This orbital is not participating in covalent bonding; it is electron-rich, which results in a powerful dipole across the whole ammonia molecule.
In ozone (O3) molecules, the two O−O bonds are nonpolar (there is no electronegativity difference between atoms of the same element). However, the distribution of other electrons is uneven – since the central atom has to share electrons with two other atoms, but each of the outer atoms has to share electrons with only one other atom, the central atom is more deprived of electrons than the others (the central atom has a formal charge of +1, while the outer atoms each have a formal charge of −1⁄2). Since the molecule has a bent geometry, the result is a dipole across the whole ozone molecule.
When comparing a polar and nonpolar molecule with similar molar masses, the polar molecule in general has a higher boiling point, because the dipole–dipole interaction between polar molecules results in stronger intermolecular attractions. One common form of polar interaction is the hydrogen bond, which is also known as the H-bond. For example, water forms H-bonds and has a molar mass M = 18 and a boiling point of +100 °C, compared to nonpolar methane with M = 16 and a boiling point of –161 °C.
Nonpolar molecules[edit]
A molecule may be nonpolar either when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because of the symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds in a more complex molecule. For example, boron trifluoride (BF3) has a trigonal planar arrangement of three polar bonds at 120°. This results in no overall dipole in the molecule.
In a molecule of boron trifluoride, the trigonal planar arrangement of three polar bonds results in no overall dipole.
Carbon dioxide has two polar C-O bonds in a linear geometry.
Not every molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has two polar C=O bonds, but the geometry of CO2 is linear so that the two bond dipole moments cancel and there is no net molecular dipole moment; the molecule is nonpolar.
In methane, the bonds are arranged symmetrically (in a tetrahedral arrangement) so there is no overall dipole.
Examples of household nonpolar compounds include fats, oil, and petrol/gasoline. Therefore, most nonpolar molecules are water-insoluble (hydrophobic) at room temperature. Many nonpolar organic solvents, such as turpentine, are able to dissolve polar substances.
In the methane molecule (CH4) the four C−H bonds are arranged tetrahedrally around the carbon atom. Each bond has polarity (though not very strong). However, the bonds are arranged symmetrically so there is no overall dipole in the molecule. The diatomic oxygen molecule (O2) does not have polarity in the covalent bond because of equal electronegativity, hence there is no polarity in the molecule.
Amphiphilic molecules[edit]
Large molecules that have one end with polar groups attached and another end with nonpolar groups are described as amphiphiles or amphiphilic molecules. They are good surfactants and can aid in the formation of stable emulsions, or blends, of water and fats. Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water by adsorbing at the liquid–liquid interface.
This amphiphilic molecule has several polar groups (hydrophilic, water-loving) on the right side and a long nonpolar chain (lipophilic, fat-loving) at the left side. This gives it surfactant properties
A micelle – the lipophilic ends of the surfactant molecules dissolve in the oil, while the hydrophilic charged ends remain outside in the water phase, shielding the rest of the hydrophobic micelle. In this way, the small oil droplet becomes water-soluble.
Phospholipids are effective natural surfactants that have important biological functions
Cross section view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids. They can form a micelle and are a vital in forming cell membranes
Predicting molecule polarity[edit]
Formula
Description
Example
Name
Polar
AB Linear molecules CO Carbon monoxide
HAx Molecules with a single H HF Hydrogen fluoride
AxOH Molecules with an OH at one end C2H5OH Ethanol
OxAy Molecules with an O at one end H2O Water
NxAy Molecules with an N at one end NH3 Ammonia
Nonpolar
A2 Diatomic molecules of the same element O2 Dioxygen
CxAy Most carbon compounds CO2 Carbon dioxide
Determining the point group is a useful way to predict polarity of a molecule. In general, a molecule will not possess dipole moment, if the individual bond dipole moments of the molecule cancel each other out. This is because dipole moments are euclidean vector quantities with magnitude and direction, and a two equal vectors who oppose each other will cancel out.
Any molecule with a centre of inversion ("i") or a horizontal mirror plane ("σh") will not possess dipole moments. Likewise, a molecule with more than one Cn axis will not possess dipole moment because dipole moments cannot lie in more than one dimension. As a consequence of that constraint, all molecules with D symmetry (Schönflies notation) will, therefore, not have dipole moment because, by definition, D point groups have two or multiple Cn axis.
Since C1, Cs,C∞h Cn and Cnv point groups do not have a centre of inversion, horizontal mirror planes or multiple Cn axis, molecules in one of those point groups will have dipole moment.
Electrical deflection of water[edit]
Contrary to popular misconception, the electrical deflection of a stream of water from a charged object is not based on polarity. The deflection occurs because of electrically charged droplets in the stream, which the charged object induces. A stream of water can also be deflected in a uniform electrical field, which cannot exert force on polar molecules. Additionally, after a stream of water is grounded, it can no longer be deflected. Weak deflection is even possible for nonpolar liquids.[5]
See also[edit]
Chemistry portal
Polar point group
Bond dipole moment
Colloid
Detergent
Compounds of thorium. Thorium monoxide has the highest known internal electric field of any molecule.
Chemical properties
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jensen, William B. (2009). "The Origin of the "Delta" Symbol for Fractional Charges". J. Chem. Educ. 86: 545. Bibcode:2009JChEd..86..545J. doi:10.1021/ed086p545.
Jump up ^ Ingold, C. K.; Ingold, E. H. (1926). "The Nature of the Alternating Effect in Carbon Chains. Part V. A Discussion of Aromatic Substitution with Special Reference to Respective Roles of Polar and Nonpolar Dissociation; and a Further Study of the Relative Directive Efficiencies of Oxygen and Nitrogen". J. Chem. Soc.: 1310–1328.
Jump up ^ Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0801403332.
Jump up ^ Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0801403332.
Jump up ^ Ziaei-Moayyed, Maryam; Goodman, Edward; Williams, Peter (2000-11-01). "Electrical Deflection of Polar Liquid Streams: A Misunderstood Demonstration". Journal of Chemical Education. 77 (11): 1520. Bibcode:2000JChEd..77.1520Z. doi:10.1021/ed077p1520. ISSN 0021-9584.
External links[edit]
Chemical Bonding
Polarity of Bonds and Molecules
Molecule Polarity
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Giancarlo Esposito
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Giancarlo Esposito
Esposito in 2012
Born
(1958-04-26) April 26, 1958 (age 60)
Copenhagen, Denmark
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actor, Director
Years active
1966–present
Spouse(s)
Joy McManigal (1995–?; divorced)
Children
4
Giancarlo Giuseppe Alessandro Esposito (Italian pronunciation: [dʒaŋˈkarlo dʒuˈzɛppe alesˈsandro eˈspɔːzito]; born April 26, 1958) is a Danish-born American actor and director. He has played Gustavo "Gus" Fring on the AMC shows Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul, a role for which he won the Best Supporting Actor in a Drama award at the 2012 Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for an Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series award at the 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards.
He has appeared in Spike Lee films such as Do the Right Thing, School Daze, and Mo' Better Blues. His other film appearances include Fresh, Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man, The Usual Suspects and King of New York. He has portrayed Sidney Glass/the Magic Mirror on ABC's Once Upon a Time and Major Tom Neville in the NBC series Revolution. He has had roles in two Netflix original series: The Get Down, wherein he portrays Pastor Ramon Cruz, and Dear White People, which he narrates. He also voiced "The Dentist" in the video game Payday 2.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Giancarlo Giuseppe Alessandro Esposito was born in Copenhagen, the son of Giovanni Esposito, an Italian stagehand and carpenter from Naples, and Elizabeth Foster, an African American opera and nightclub singer from Alabama.[1][2][3][4]
Esposito was raised in Denmark until the age of 6, when his family settled in Manhattan, New York. He attended Elizabeth Seton College in New York and earned a two-year degree in radio and television communications.[5]
Career[edit]
Esposito made his Broadway debut (1966) at age 8 playing a slave child opposite Shirley Jones in the short-lived musical Maggie Flynn (1968), set during the New York Draft Riots of 1863.[6]
During the 1980s, Esposito appeared in films such as Taps, Maximum Overdrive, King of New York, and Trading Places. He also performed in TV shows such as Miami Vice and Spenser: For Hire. He played J. C. Pierce, a cadet in the 1981 movie Taps.[citation needed]
In 1988 he landed his breakout role as the leader ("Dean Big Brother Almighty") of the black fraternity "Gamma Phi Gamma" in director Spike Lee's film School Daze, exploring color relations at black colleges. Over the next four years, Esposito and Lee collaborated on three other movies: Do the Right Thing, Mo' Better Blues, and Malcolm X. During the 1990s Esposito appeared in the acclaimed indie films Night on Earth, Fresh and Smoke, as well as its sequel Blue in the Face. He also appeared in the mainstream film Reckless with Mia Farrow, and Waiting to Exhale starring Whitney Houston and Angela Bassett.
Esposito at the 2013 Monte-Carlo Television Festival
Esposito played FBI agent Mike Giardello on the TV crime drama Homicide: Life on the Street. That role drew from both his African American and Italian ancestry. He played this character during the show's seventh and final season. Mike's estranged father, shift lieutenant Al Giardello, is portrayed as subject to racism, something Esposito's character practiced in School Daze. Another multiracial role was as Sergeant Paul Gigante in the television comedy series, Bakersfield P.D. (Fox Broadcasting Company, 1993–94).[citation needed]
In 1997 Esposito played the film roles of Darryl in Trouble on the Corner and Charlie Dunt in Nothing to Lose. Other TV credits include NYPD Blue, Law & Order, The Practice, New York Undercover, and Fallen Angels: Fearless.[citation needed]
Esposito has portrayed drug dealers (Fresh, Breaking Bad, King of New York, Better Call Saul), policemen (The Usual Suspects, Derailed), political radicals (Bob Roberts, Do the Right Thing), and a demonic version of the Greek God of Sleep Hypnos from another dimension (Monkeybone). In 2001, he played Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr. in Ali, and Miguel Algarín, friend and collaborator of Nuyorican poet Miguel Piñero, in Piñero.[citation needed]
In 2006 Esposito starred in Last Holiday as Senator Dillings, alongside Queen Latifah and Timothy Hutton. Also in 2006, he played an unsympathetic detective named Esposito in the 2005 film, Hate Crime. The film explores homophobia.[citation needed]
Esposito played Robert Fuentes, a Miami businessman with shady connections, on the UPN television series South Beach. He has appeared in New Amsterdam and CSI: Miami. In Feel the Noise (2007), he played ex-musician Roberto, the Puerto Rican father of Omarion Grandberry's character, aspiring rap star "Rob".[citation needed]
He made his directorial debut with Gospel Hill (2008); he also produced the film and starred in it.
Esposito at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International
New York theatre credits for Esposito include The Me Nobody Knows, Lost in the Stars, Seesaw, and Merrily We Roll Along. In 2008 he appeared on Broadway as Gooper in an African American production of Tennessee Williams' Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, directed by Debbie Allen and starring James Earl Jones, Phylicia Rashad, Anika Noni Rose, and Terrence Howard.[citation needed]
From 2009 to 2011, Esposito appeared in seasons 2 through 4 of the AMC drama Breaking Bad, as Gus Fring, the head of a New Mexico-based methamphetamine drug ring. In the fourth season, he was the show's primary antagonist. He received critical acclaim for this role. He won the Best Supporting Actor in a Drama award at the 2012 Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for an Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series award at the 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards, but lost to co-star Aaron Paul.
He appeared in the film Rabbit Hole (2010).[citation needed]
Esposito appeared in the first season of the ABC program Once Upon a Time, which debuted in October 2011. He portrayed the split role of Sidney, a reporter for The Daily Mirror in the town of Storybrooke, Maine, who is the Magic Mirror, possessed by The Evil Queen in a parallel fairy tale world.[7]
Esposito appeared in Revolution as Major Tom Neville, a central character who kills Ben Matheson in the pilot. He escorts a captured Danny to the capital Philadelphia of the Monroe Republic.[8]
Esposito also appeared in Community as a guest star for the episode entitled "Digital Estate Planning". He performed again in the fourth season, in the episode titled "Paranormal Parentage".[9] Esposito has additionally appeared in a video of the action role-playing sci-fi first-person shooter game Destiny, as well as plays The Dentist, a non-playable story character, in the game Payday 2.
He has joined the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series. He played Ra's al Ghul in Son of Batman and Black Spider in Batman: Assault on Arkham. He had a recurring role in the first season of The Get Down on Netflix. In 2017, Esposito reprised his role as Gus Fring in the Breaking Bad prequel series, Better Call Saul. In the show's second season, an anagram of the first letters of every episode name spelled out "FRING'S BACK", which was revealed to be intentional by showrunners Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould. Esposito appeared in a teaser for the third season portraying Gus as the Los Pollos Hermanos owner, officially confirming Esposito's involvement in season 3.[citation needed]
Personal life[edit]
Esposito married Joy McManigal in 1995; they later divorced. He has four daughters.[10]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1979 Running Puerto Rican Teenager
1981 Taps Cadet Captain JC Pierce
1983 Trading Places Cellmate
1983 Enormous Changes at the Last Minute Julio
1984 Go Tell It on the Mountain Elisha
1984 The Cotton Club Bumpy Hood
1985 Desperately Seeking Susan Street Vendor
1986 Maximum Overdrive Videoplayer
1987 Sweet Lorraine Howie
1988 School Daze Julian
1989 Do the Right Thing Buggin' Out
1990 Mo' Better Blues Left Hand Lacey
1990 King of New York Lance
1991 Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man Jimmy Jiles
1991 Night on Earth YoYo
1992 Bob Roberts John Alijah "Bugs" Raplin
1992 Malcolm X Thomas Hayer
1994 Fresh Esteban
1995 The Usual Suspects Jack Baer
1995 Blue in the Face Tommy
1995 The Keeper Paul Lamont Also co-producer
1995 Waiting to Exhale David Matthews Uncredited
1997 Nothing to Lose Charlie Dunt
1997 Big City Blues Georgie
1998 Twilight Reuben Escobar
1998 Phoenix Louie
2001 Josephine Spike
2001 Monkeybone Hypnos
2001 Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr.
2001 Piñero Miguel Algarín
2003 Ash Tuesday Karl
2003 Blind Horizon JC Reynolds
2004 Noise Hank
2004 Doing Hard Time Captain Pierce Direct-to-DVD
2004 A Killer Within Vargas
2005 Hate Crime Det. Esposito
2005 Chupacabra: Dark Seas Dr. Peña Direct-to-DVD
2005 I Will Avenge You, Iago! Director
2005 Back in the Day Benson Copper
2005 Carlito's Way: Rise to Power Little Jeff Direct-to-DVD
2005 Derailed Detective Franklin Church
2006 Last Holiday Senator Dillings
2006 Sherrybaby Parole Officer Hernandez
2006 Rain Ken Arnold
2007 Racing Daylight Fred / Drifter
2007 The Box Detective Dwayne Burkhalter
2007 Mano Nino Short film
2007 Feel the Noise Roberto
2008 Gospel Hill Dr. Palmer Also director and producer
2010 Rabbit Hole Auggie
2011 S.W.A.T.: Firefight Inspector Hollander Direct-to-DVD
2011 Certainty Father Heery
2012 Alex Cross Daramus Holiday
2012 Dreaming American Daytona LeMans Short film
2014 Requiem for the Big East Narrator [11]
2014 Son of Batman Ra's al Ghul (voice) Direct-to-DVD
2014 Batman: Assault on Arkham Black Spider (voice) Direct-to-DVD
2014 Poker Night Bernard
2015 Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials Jorge
2016 The Pills – Sempre meglio che lavorare (it) Bangla Boss
2016 The Jungle Book Akela (voice) [12]
2016 Money Monster Captain Marcus Powell
2016 Brother Nature Congressman Frank McClaren
2017 The Show Mason Washington Also director and producer
2017 Stuck Lloyd
2017 Okja Frank Dawson
2017 Unacknowledged Narrator
2018 Maze Runner: The Death Cure Jorge
2018 The Long Home William Tell Oliver Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1981 The Gentleman Bandit Jamie Television film
1982 Sesame Street Mickey 5 episodes
1982 Another World Willie Armstrong Episode: "4498"
1982 Guiding Light Clay Tynan
1984–85 Miami Vice Luther / Ricky / Adonis Jackson 3 episodes
1985 Finnegan Begin Again Intruder Television film
1985 CBS Schoolbreak Special Kyle Episode: "The Exchange Student"
1985–86 American Playhouse Elisha / Simon Fernandes 2 episodes
1986 The Equalizer Jumpin' Jack Episode: "The Line"
1986 Rockabye Marcus Television film
1987 Spenser: For Hire Ramos Episode: "On the Night He Was Betrayed"
1987 Leg Work Tyson Episode: "Blind Trust"
1990 Lifestories Julio Episode: "Jerry Forchette"
1993 The American Experience Dr. Kenneth Clark Episode: "Simple Justice"
1993–94 Bakersfield P.D. Detective Paul Gigante 17 episodes
1995 New York Undercover Adolfo Guzman 3 episodes
1995 Fallen Angels Paris Minton Episode: "Fearless"
1996 Chicago Hope Cherchez LaFemme Episode: "Right to Life"
1996 Swift Justice Andrew Coffin 3 episodes
1996–98 NYPD Blue Ferdinand Hollie / Jamaal 2 episodes
1996 Living Single Jackson Turner Episode: "Kiss of the Spider Man"
1996 The Tomorrow Man Jonathan Driscoll Pilot
1996–2005 Law & Order Mr. Baylor / Rodney Fallon 3 episodes
1998 The Hunger Vampire Episode: "Fly-By-Night"
1998 Stardust Mr. Peavy Television film
1998 Creature Lt. Thomas Peniston Television film
1998 Thirst Dr. Lawrence Carver Television film
1998 Naked City: Justice with a Bullet Chaz Villanueva Television film
1998–99 Homicide: Life on the Street Federal Agent Mike Giardello 22 episodes
2000 Touched by an Angel Antonio Episode: "Here I Am"
2000 Homicide: The Movie Officer Mike Giardello Television film
2000–01 The $treet Tom Divack 12 episodes
2001 Strong Medicine James Bell Episode: "Mortality"
2001 100 Centre Street Jacob Lenz Episode: "Andromeda and the Monster"
2002 A Nero Wolfe Mystery Ambassador Theodore Kelefy Episode: "Immune to Murder"
2002 The Practice Ray McMurphy Episode: "Pro Se"
2002 Third Watch Father Romero Episode: "The Unforgiven"
2002 Girl Club Nicholas Hahn 9 episodes
2004 5ive Days to Midnight Tim Sanders 4 episodes
2004 NYPD 2069 Lt. Garner Pilot
2004 Soul Food Jules 2 episodes
2005 Law & Order: Trial by Jury Orlando Ramirez Episode: "Boys Will Be Boys"
2006 South Beach Robert Fuentes 5 episodes
2006 Ghost Whisperer Ely Fisher Episode: "Fury"
2006 Bones Richard Benoit Episode: "The Man in the Morgue"
2006 Las Vegas Reggie Archibald Episode: "White Christmas"
2006–08 CSI: Miami Chief Braga 2 episodes
2007 Kidnapped Vance 2 episodes
2008 New Amsterdam Special Agent James Lawson Episode: "Legacy"
2008 Xenophobia Young Television film
2009–11 Breaking Bad Gustavo "Gus" Fring 24 episodes
2010 Leverage Alexander Moto Episode: "The Scheherazade Job"
2010 Lie to Me Beau Hackman Episode: "Black and White"
2010 Detroit 1-8-7 Eddie Henderson Episode: "Shelter"
2011 Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior Gordon Ramirez Episode: "The Time is Now"
2011–17 Once Upon a Time Sidney Glass/Magic Mirror 14 episodes
2012–13 Community Gilbert Lawson 2 episodes
2012 NYC 22 Harvey Williams 2 episodes
2012–14 Revolution Tom Neville 41 episodes
2013 Timms Valley Pruit Normings (voice) Pilot
2013 Axe Cop Army Chihuahua (voice) 2 episodes
2013 Over / Under Oliver Ohrt Television film
2015 Allegiance Oscar Christoph 7 episodes
2015 Drunk History Andrés Pico Episode: "Los Angeles"
2016–17 The Get Down Pastor Ramon Cruz 10 episodes
2017 Rebel Charles Gold 4 episodes
2017–present Better Call Saul Gustavo "Gus" Fring 8 episodes
2017–present Dear White People Narrator (voice) 20 episodes
2018 Westworld El Lazo Episode: "Reunion"
2018 Dallas & Robo Victor Goldsmith (voice) 5 episodes
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2014 Payday 2 The Dentist Also likeness in trailers
2014 Destiny Father Trailer
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
1995 Independent Spirit Awards Best Supporting Male Fresh Nominated
1995 National Board of Review Best Cast The Usual Suspects Won
1999 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Homicide: Life on the Street Nominated
2011 Breaking Bad Nominated
2011 Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television Nominated
2012 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Won
2012 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
2012 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
2012 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated
2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated
2013 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Revolution Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ferraro, Thomas J. (2005). Feeling Italian: The Art of Ethnicity in America.
Jump up ^ LeVasseur, Andrea (2003). "Giancarlo Esposito Pictures, Biography, Filmography, News, Videos". All Movie Guide. Starpulse. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Giancarlo Esposito Biography (1958–)". Film Reference. NetIndustries, LLC. Retrieved 2009-04-10. Giancarlo Giuseppi Alessandro Esposito; born April 26, 1958, in Copenhagen, Denmark; raised in New York, N.Y., father, a stagehand and carpenter; mother, an opera and nightclub singer; married Joy McManigal (a producer), June 1995; children: Shayne Lyra, Kale Lyn
Jump up ^ "Giancarlo Esposito and confrontation". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Giancarlo Esposito heads to Reggae Film Festival". Jamaica Gleaner. March 26, 2012. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Bio: Giancarlo Esposito", Starpulse.com; accessed June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 18, 2011). "TV BITS: Giancarlo Esposito To Join ABC Series, Howie Mandel To Produce Reality Format, Ben Silveran To Publish Comic". Deadline. Mail.com Media Corp. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Major Tom Neville". IMDB. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kronke, David (February 17, 2012). "Exclusive: Giancarlo Esposito Talks About His Community Guest Shot". TV Guide. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Heisler, Steve (October 7, 2011). "Giancarlo Esposito". AV Club. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Spender, Sheldon. "ICYMI: The week on Front Row PLUS Inside new #BigEast 30 for 30 film debuting Sunday". ESPN.
Jump up ^ "Disney's 'Jungle Book' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito". deadline.com. July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
External links[edit]
Giancarlo Esposito on IMDb
Giancarlo Esposito at the Internet Broadway Database
Giancarlo Esposito at AllMovie
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Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
John Noble (2011)
Giancarlo Esposito (2012)
Michael Cudlitz (2013)
Aaron Paul (2014)
Jonathan Banks (2015)
Christian Slater (2016)
John Lithgow (2016)
David Harbour (2017)
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb141755734 (data)
GND: 1061608816
ISNI: 0000 0000 6308 4193
LCCN: no92026504
SNAC: w6sn3mqh
SUDOC: 081382219
VIAF: 2680640
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giancarlo_Esposito&oldid=854699285"
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