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Wall Street Crash of 1929
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"Wall Street Crash" and "Black Tuesday" redirect here. For another event of the same name, see Wall Street Crash of 2008. For the British vocal group, see Wall Street Crash (group). For other uses, see Black Tuesday (disambiguation).
Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29),[1] the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 ("Black Thursday"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States (acting as the most significant predicting indicator of the Great Depression), when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects.[2] The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signalled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Timeline
2 Analysis
2.1 Economic fundamentals
2.2 Subsequent actions
2.3 World War II
3 Effects
3.1 Effect on Europe
4 Academic debate
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
8 References
9 External links
Timeline[edit]
The Dow Jones Industrial Average, 1928–1930
The Roaring Twenties, the decade that followed World War I and led to the crash,[4] was a time of wealth and excess. Building on post-war optimism, rural Americans migrated to the cities in vast numbers throughout the decade with the hopes of finding a more prosperous life in the ever-growing expansion of America's industrial sector.[5] While the American cities prospered, the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade.[5] This would later be blamed as one of the key factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash.[6]
Despite the dangers of speculation, many believed that the stock market would continue to rise forever. On March 25, 1929, after the Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation, a mini crash occurred as investors started to sell stocks at a rapid pace, exposing the market's shaky foundation.[7] Two days later, banker Charles E. Mitchell announced his company the National City Bank would provide $25 million in credit to stop the market's slide.[7] Mitchell's move brought a temporary halt to the financial crisis and call money declined from 20 to 8 percent.[7] However, the American economy showed ominous signs of trouble:[7] steel production declined, construction was sluggish, automobile sales went down, and consumers were building up high debts because of easy credit.[7] Despite all these economic trouble signs and the market breaks in March and May 1929, stocks resumed their advance in June and the gains continued almost unabated until early September 1929 (the Dow Jones average gained more than 20% between June and September). The market had been on a nine-year run that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold, peaking at 381.17 on September 3, 1929.[7] Shortly before the crash, economist Irving Fisher famously proclaimed, "Stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau."[8] The optimism and financial gains of the great bull market were shaken after a well publicized early September prediction from financial expert Roger Babson that "a crash was coming". The initial September decline was thus called the "Babson Break" in the press. This was the start of the Great Crash, although until the severe phase of the crash in October, many investors regarded the September "Babson Break" as a "healthy correction" and buying opportunity.
On September 20, the London Stock Exchange crashed when top British investor Clarence Hatry and many of his associates were jailed for fraud and forgery.[9] The London crash greatly weakened the optimism of American investment in markets overseas.[9] In the days leading up to the crash, the market was severely unstable. Periods of selling and high volumes were interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery.
Selling intensified in mid-October. On October 24 ("Black Thursday"), the market lost 11 percent of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late, so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment, increasing panic. Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor.[10] The meeting included Thomas W. Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank; Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase National Bank; and Charles E. Mitchell, president of the National City Bank of New York. They chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to act on their behalf.
With the bankers' financial resources behind him, Whitney placed a bid to purchase a large block of shares in U.S. Steel at a price well above the current market. As traders watched, Whitney then placed similar bids on other "blue chip" stocks. This tactic was similar to one that ended the Panic of 1907. It succeeded in halting the slide. The Dow Jones Industrial Average recovered, closing with it down only 6.38 points for the day. The rally continued on Friday, October 25, and the half day session on Saturday the 26th but, unlike 1907, the respite was only temporary.
The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1930, six months after the crash of 1929
Over the weekend, the events were covered by the newspapers across the United States. On October 28, "Black Monday",[11] more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market, and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points, or 13%.
The next day, "Black Tuesday", October 29, 1929, about 16 million shares traded as the panic selling reached its peak. Some stocks actually had no buyers at any price that day ("air pockets"). The Dow lost an additional 30 points, or 12 percent.[12][13][14][15] The volume of stocks traded on October 29, 1929, was a record that was not broken for nearly 40 years.[13]
On October 29, William C. Durant joined with members of the Rockefeller family and other financial giants to buy large quantities of stocks to demonstrate to the public their confidence in the market, but their efforts failed to stop the large decline in prices. Due to the massive volume of stocks traded that day, the ticker did not stop running until about 7:45 p.m.. The market had lost over $30 billion in the space of two days which included $14 billion on October 29 alone.[16]
Dow Jones Industrial Average on Black Monday and Black Tuesday[17]
Date
Change
% Change
Close
October 28, 1929 −38.33 −12.82 260.64
October 29, 1929 −30.57 −11.73 230.07
After a one-day recovery on October 30, where the Dow regained an additional 28.40 points, or 12 percent, to close at 258.47, the market continued to fall, arriving at an interim bottom on November 13, 1929, with the Dow closing at 198.60. The market then recovered for several months, starting on November 14, with the Dow gaining 18.59 points to close at 217.28, and reaching a secondary closing peak (i.e., bear market rally) of 294.07 on April 17, 1930. The following year, the Dow embarked on another, much longer, steady slide from April 1931 to July 8, 1932, when it closed at 41.22—its lowest level of the 20th century, concluding an 89 percent loss rate for all of the market's stocks. For most of the 1930s, the Dow began slowly to regain the ground it lost during the 1929 crash and the three years following it, beginning on March 15, 1933, with the largest percentage increase of 15.34 percent, with the Dow Jones closing at 62.10, with an 8.26 point increase. The largest percentage increases of the Dow Jones occurred during the early and mid-1930s. In late 1937, there was a sharp dip in the stock market, but prices held well above the 1932 lows. The market would not return to the peak closing of September 3, 1929, until November 23, 1954.[18][19]
Analysis[edit]
Economic fundamentals[edit]
The crash followed a speculative boom that had taken hold in the late 1920s. During the later half of the 1920s, steel production, building construction, retail turnover, automobiles registered, even railway receipts advanced from record to record. The combined net profits of 536 manufacturing and trading companies showed an increase, in fact for the first six months of 1929, of 36.6% over 1928, itself a record half-year. Iron and steel led the way with doubled gains.[20] Such figures set up a crescendo of stock-exchange speculation which had led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market. A significant number of them were borrowing money to buy more stocks. By August 1929, brokers were routinely lending small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying. Over $8.5 billion was out on loan,[21] more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the U.S. at the time.[16][22]
The rising share prices encouraged more people to invest; people hoped the share prices would rise further. Speculation thus fueled further rises and created an economic bubble. Because of margin buying, investors stood to lose large sums of money if the market turned down—or even failed to advance quickly enough. The average P/E (price to earnings) ratio of S&P Composite stocks was 32.6 in September 1929,[23] clearly above historical norms.[24]
Sir George Paish
Good harvests had built up a mass of 250 million bushels of wheat to be "carried over" when 1929 opened. By May there was also a winter-wheat crop of 560 million bushels ready for harvest in the Mississippi Valley. This oversupply caused a drop in wheat prices so heavy that the net incomes of the farming population from wheat were threatened with extinction. Stock markets are always sensitive to the future state of commodity markets, and the slump in Wall Street predicted for May by Sir George Paish arrived on time. In June 1929, the position was saved by a severe drought in the Dakotas and the Canadian West, plus unfavorable seed times in Argentina and eastern Australia. The oversupply would now be wanted to fill the big gaps in the 1929 world wheat production. From 97¢ per bushel in May, the price of wheat rose to $1.49 in July. When it was seen that at this figure the American farmers would get rather more for their smaller crop than for that of 1928, up went stocks again and from far and wide orders came to buy shares for the profits to come.
In August, the wheat price fell when France and Italy were bragging of a magnificent harvest, and the situation in Australia improved. This sent a shiver through Wall Street and stock prices quickly dropped, but word of cheap stocks brought a fresh rush of "stags", amateur speculators and investors. Congress had also voted for a 100 million dollar relief package for the farmers, hoping to stabilize wheat prices. By October though, the price had fallen to $1.31 per bushel.[25]
Other important economic barometers were also slowing or even falling by mid-1929, including car sales, house sales, and steel production. The falling commodity and industrial production may have dented even American self-confidence, and the stock market peaked on September 3 at 381.17 just after Labor Day, then started to falter after Roger Babson issued his prescient "market crash" forecast. By the end of September, the market was down 10% from the peak (the "Babson Break"). Selling intensified in early and mid October, with sharp down days punctuated by a few up days. Panic selling on huge volume started the week of October 21 and intensified and culminated on October 24, the 28th and especially the 29th ("Black Tuesday").[26]
The president of the Chase National Bank said at the time: "We are reaping the natural fruit of the orgy of speculation in which millions of people have indulged. It was inevitable, because of the tremendous increase in the number of stockholders in recent years, that the number of sellers would be greater than ever when the boom ended and selling took the place of buying."[27]
Subsequent actions[edit]
In 1932, the Pecora Commission was established by the U.S. Senate to study the causes of the crash. The following year, the U.S. Congress passed the Glass–Steagall Act mandating a separation between commercial banks, which take deposits and extend loans, and investment banks, which underwrite, issue, and distribute stocks, bonds, and other securities.
After the experience of the 1929 crash, stock markets around the world instituted measures to suspend trading in the event of rapid declines, claiming that the measures would prevent such panic sales. However, the one-day crash of Black Monday, October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6%, was worse in percentage terms than any single day of the 1929 crash (although the combined 25% decline of October 28–29, 1929 was larger than October 19, 1987, and remains the worst two-day decline ever).
World War II[edit]
The American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war.[28] World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the economy, and may have hastened the end of the Great Depression in the United States.[29] Government-financed capital spending accounted for only 5 percent of the annual U.S. investment in industrial capital in 1940; by 1943, the government accounted for 67 percent of U.S. capital investment.[29]
Effects[edit]
Further information: Causes of the Great Depression
Crowd at New York's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression
Together, the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression formed the largest financial crisis of the 20th century.[30] The panic of October 1929 has come to serve as a symbol of the economic contraction that gripped the world during the next decade.[31] The falls in share prices on October 24 and 29, 1929 were practically instantaneous in all financial markets, except Japan.[32]
The Wall Street Crash had a major impact on the U.S. and world economy, and it has been the source of intense academic debate—historical, economic, and political—from its aftermath until the present day. Some people believed that abuses by utility holding companies contributed to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Depression that followed.[33] Many people blamed the crash on commercial banks that were too eager to put deposits at risk on the stock market.[34]
In 1930, 1,352 banks held more than $853 million in deposits; in 1931, one year later, 2,294 banks went down with nearly $1.7 billion in deposits. Many businesses failed (28,285 failures and a daily rate of 133 in 1931).
The 1929 crash brought the Roaring Twenties to a shuddering halt.[35] As tentatively expressed by economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger, in 1929, there was no lender of last resort effectively present, which, if it had existed and were properly exercised, would have been key in shortening the business slowdown[s] that normally follows financial crises.[32] The crash marked the beginning of widespread and long-lasting consequences for the United States. Historians still debate the question: did the 1929 Crash spark The Great Depression,[36] or did it merely coincide with the bursting of a loose credit-inspired economic bubble? Only 16% of American households were invested in the stock market within the United States during the period leading up to the depression, suggesting that the crash carried somewhat less of a weight in causing the depression.
Unemployed men march in Toronto
However, the psychological effects of the crash reverberated across the nation as businesses became aware of the difficulties in securing capital market investments for new projects and expansions. Business uncertainty naturally affects job security for employees, and as the American worker (the consumer) faced uncertainty with regards to income, naturally the propensity to consume declined. The decline in stock prices caused bankruptcies and severe macroeconomic difficulties including contraction of credit, business closures, firing of workers, bank failures, decline of the money supply, and other economically depressing events.
The resultant rise of mass unemployment is seen as a result of the crash, although the crash is by no means the sole event that contributed to the depression. The Wall Street Crash is usually seen as having the greatest impact on the events that followed and therefore is widely regarded as signaling the downward economic slide that initiated the Great Depression. True or not, the consequences were dire for almost everybody. Most academic experts agree on one aspect of the crash: It wiped out billions of dollars of wealth in one day, and this immediately depressed consumer buying.[36]
The failure set off a worldwide run on US gold deposits (i.e. the dollar), and forced the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates into the slump. Some 4,000 banks and other lenders ultimately failed. Also, the uptick rule,[37] which allowed short selling only when the last tick in a stock's price was positive, was implemented after the 1929 market crash to prevent short sellers from driving the price of a stock down in a bear raid.[38]
Effect on Europe[edit]
The stock market crash of October 1929 led directly to the Great Depression in Europe. When stocks plummeted on the New York Stock Exchange, the world noticed immediately. Although financial leaders in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, vastly underestimated the extent of the crisis that would ensue, it soon became clear that the world's economies were more interconnected than ever. The effects of the disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy were soon felt throughout Europe.[39] During 1930 and 1931, in particular, unemployed workers went on strike, demonstrated in public, and otherwise took direct action to call public attention to their plight. Protests often focused on the so-called Means Test, which the government had instituted in 1931 as a way to limit the amount of unemployment payments made to individuals and families. For working people, the Means Test seemed an intrusive and insensitive way to deal with the chronic and relentless deprivation caused by the economic crisis. The strikes were met forcefully, with police breaking up protests, arresting demonstrators, and charging them with crimes related to the violation of public order.[39]
Academic debate[edit]
Economists and historians disagree as to what role the crash played in subsequent economic, social, and political events. The Economist argued in a 1998 article that the Depression did not start with the stock market crash,[40] nor was it clear at the time of the crash that a depression was starting. They asked, "Can a very serious Stock Exchange collapse produce a serious setback to industry when industrial production is for the most part in a healthy and balanced condition?" They argued that there must be some setback, but there was not yet sufficient evidence to prove that it will be long or that it need go to the length of producing a general industrial depression.[41]
But The Economist also cautioned that some bank failures are also to be expected and some banks may not have any reserves left for financing commercial and industrial enterprises. They concluded that the position of the banks is the key to the situation, but what was going to happen could not have been foreseen.[41]
Academics see the Wall Street Crash of 1929 as part of a historical process that was a part of the new theories of boom and bust. According to economists such as Joseph Schumpeter, Nikolai Kondratiev and Charles E. Mitchell, the crash was merely a historical event in the continuing process known as economic cycles. The impact of the crash was merely to increase the speed at which the cycle proceeded to its next level.
Milton Friedman's A Monetary History of the United States, co-written with Anna Schwartz, advances the argument that what made the "great contraction" so severe was not the downturn in the business cycle, protectionism, or the 1929 stock market crash in themselves – but instead, according to Friedman and Schwartz, what plunged the country into a deep depression was the collapse of the banking system during three waves of panics over the 1930–33 period.[42]
See also[edit]
United States portal
1920s portal
List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Depression & WWII (1929–1945)". Americaslibrary.gov. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bone, James. "The beginner's guide to stock markets". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2012. The most savage bear market of all time was the Wall Street Crash of 1929–1932, in which share prices fell by 89 per cent.
Jump up ^ "Stock Market Crash of 1929". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "America gets depressed by thoughts of 1929 revisited" The Sunday Times
^ Jump up to: a b Dan Bryan. "The Great (Farm) Depression of the 1920s". American History USA. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://millercenter.org/president/coolidge/essays/biography/8
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology". PBS. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Teach, Edward (May 1, 2007). "The Bright Side of Bubbles". CFO. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Harold Bierman, Jr. (April 1998). The Causes of the 1929 Stock Market Crash: A Speculative Orgy or a New Era?. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 19–29. ISBN 978-0-313-30629-7.
Jump up ^ The Great Depression, by Robert Goldston, pages 39–40
Jump up ^ "The Panic of 2008? What Do We Name the Crisis?" The Wall Street Journal
Jump up ^ "Timeline". NYSE Euronext. NYSE. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Weeks, Linton. "History's Advice During A Panic? Don't Panic". NPR. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Crash of 1929". PBS. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Salsman, Richard M. "The Cause and Consequences of the Great Depression, Part 1: What Made the Roaring '20s Roar", The Intellectual Activist, ISSN 0730-2355, June 2004, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b New York: A Documentary Film PBS
Jump up ^ "Dow Jones Industrial Average All-Time Largest One Day Gains and Losses". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "DJIA 1929 to Present", Yahoo! Finance
Jump up ^ "U.S. Industrial Stocks Pass 1929 Peak", The Times, November 24, 1954, p. 12.
Jump up ^ "Broad Facts of, Ilsa Crisis". The Daily News. Perth, Western Australia: National Library of Australia. November 1, 1929. p. 6 (Edition: Home Final Edition). Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lambert, Richard (July 19, 2008). "Crashes, Bangs & Wallops". Financial Times. Retrieved September 30, 2008. At the turn of the 20th century stock market speculation was restricted to professionals, but the 1920s saw millions of 'ordinary Americans' investing in the New York Stock Exchange. By August 1929, brokers had lent small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying on margin – more than $8.5bn was out on loan.
Jump up ^ Facing the facts: an economic diagnosis. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shiller, Robert (March 17, 2005). "Irrational Exuberance, Second Edition". Princeton University Press. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Doug Short (April 3, 2013). "The Stock Market's Valuation Rarely Gets This High". Business Insider.
Jump up ^ "Grain Plunges". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane, Qld: National Library of Australia. October 26, 1929. p. 19. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wild Selling. New York Panic.". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, NSW: National Library of Australia. October 26, 1929. p. 17. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Second Crash". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, NSW: National Library of Australia. October 30, 1929. p. 17. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Selective Service System. (May 27, 2003). Induction Statistics. In Inductions (by year) from World War I Through the End of the Draft (1973). Retrieved September 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyman, Louis (December 16, 2011). "How Did World War II End the Great Depression?: Echoes". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paulson affirms Bush assessment", The Washington Times
Jump up ^ Scardino, Albert (October 21, 1987). "The Market Turmoil: Past lessons, present advice; Did '29 Crash Spark The Depression?". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Crashes, Bangs & Wallops" Financial Times
Jump up ^ Jameson, Angela (August 10, 2005),"Pyramid structures brought down by Wall Street Crash" The Times, Retrieved March 17, 2010
Jump up ^ "Death of the Brokerage: The Future of Wall Street" National Public Radio
Jump up ^ "Kaboom!...and bust. The crash of 2008" The Times
^ Jump up to: a b "The Market Turmoil: Past lessons, present advice; Did '29 Crash Spark The Depression?" The New York Times
Jump up ^ "Practice has plenty of historical precedents" Financial Times
Jump up ^ "Funds want 'uptick' rule back" Financial Times
^ Jump up to: a b "Context :: European History". www.dhr.history.vt.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Economics focus: The Great Depression", The Economist (September 17, 1998)
^ Jump up to: a b "Reactions of the Wall Street slump", The Economist (November 23, 1929)
Jump up ^ "Panic control" The Washington Times
Further reading[edit]
Axon, Gordon V. The Stock Market Crash of 1929. London, England: Mason & Lipscomb Publishers Inc., 1974.
Bierman, Harold (March 26, 2008). Whaples, Robert, ed. "The 1929 Stock Market Crash". EH.Net Encyclopedia. Santa Clara, California: Economic History Association. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Brooks, John. (1969). Once in Golconda: A True Drama of Wall Street 1920–1938. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-393-01375-8.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. "1929: New York City." Lapham's Quarterly, no. 2 (Spring 2015): 145–146
Galbraith, John Kenneth. (1954). The Great Crash, 1929. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-85999-9.
Klein, Maury. (2001). Rainbow's End: The Crash of 1929. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513516-4.
Klingaman, William K. (1989). 1929: The Year of the Great Crash. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-016081-0.
Leone, Bruno. The Great Depression: Opposing Viewpoints, 14–25. San Diego, CA: Bender, David L., 1994.
Pendergast, Tom. American Decades: 1920–1929. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL American Decades Publishing, 2003.
Reed, Lawrence W. (1981 & 2008). Great Myths of the Great Depression. Midland, Michigan: Mackinac Center.
Rothbard, Murray N. (2000). America's Great Depression (PDF) (5th ed.). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-0-945466-05-5. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Salsman, Richard M. "The Cause and Consequences of the Great Depression" in The Intellectual Activist, ISSN 0730-2355:
"Part 1: What Made the Roaring '20s Roar", June 2004, pp. 16–24.
"Part 2: Hoover's Progressive Assault on Business", July 2004, pp. 10–20.
"Part 3: Roosevelt's Raw Deal", August 2004, pp. 9–20.
"Part 4: Freedom and Prosperity", January 2005, pp. 14–23.
Shachtman, Tom. (1979). The Day America Crashed: A Narrative Account of the Great Stock Market Crash of October 24, 1929. New York: G.P. Putnam. ISBN 0-399-11613-3.
Thomas, Gordon and Morgan-Witts, Max. (1979). The Day the Bubble Burst: A Social History of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-14370-2.
Watkins, Tom H. The Great Depression: America in the 1930s, 22–55. New York, NY: Little, Brown & Company, 1993.
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Media related to Wall Street Crash of 1929 at Wikimedia Commons
The Crash of 1929, American Experience documentary
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Nathan West (General Hospital)
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Nathan West
General Hospital character
Portrayed by
Ryan Paevey
Duration
2013–18
First appearance
December 30, 2013
Last appearance
February 9, 2018
Created by
Ron Carlivati
Introduced by
Frank Valentini
Classification
Former; regular
Profile
Other names
James Nathan Reeves
James Nathan West
Occupation
Detective
showFamily
Family
Scorpio/Jones
Parents
Cesar Faison
Liesl Obrecht
Adoptive mother
Madeline Reeves
Sisters
Nina Reeves (adoptive)
Britt Westbourne
Half-brothers
Peter August
Spouse
Claudette Beaulieu (2006–16)
Maxie Jones (2017–18)
Sons
James West
Stepdaughters
Georgie Spinelli (2017–18)
Grandparents
Emil Krieg
Sybil McTavish
Aunts
Madeline Reeves
First cousins
Nina Reeves
Nathan West is a fictional character from General Hospital, an American soap opera on the ABC network, portrayed by Ryan Paevey. Created by head writer Ron Carlivati, Nathan was introduced in late 2013 by Frank Valentini as a love interest for Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms). In January 2018, Paevey announced he had opted to leave the serial of his own decision.
Paevey's casting was very well received. The character of Nathan becomes quite popular rather quickly among viewers and critics, becoming known as the show's resident heroic "good guy" as he tries to support his mess of a family. At the same time, Nathan's pairing with Maxie becomes a fan favorite pairing and their "slow burn" romance was praised by critics.
Contents
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
2.3 Introduction (2014)
2.4 Lineage
2.5 Relationships
3 Reception
4 References
Storylines[edit]
Detective Nathan West arrives in Port Charles, and meets Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms) when he sublets her apartment.[1] Maxie leaves on a vacation, while Nathan settles in Port Charles. He starts investigating Dr. Silas Clay (Michael Easton) in regards to the overdose of Silas' wife, Nina Reeves (Michelle Stafford), suspecting Silas is responsible. It's later revealed that Nathan is actually Nina's brother. Nathan's mother Madeline Reeves (Donna Mills) claims that Nina has died after Silas has relinquished his rights to Nina's vast estate.[2] Nathan is shocked when Madeline falls into the trap to catch the killer, and confesses that she drugged Nina to kill her unborn child. He arrests Madeline, and simultaneously reveals his identity. Maxie returns with her new manipulative boyfriend Levi Dunkleman (Zachary Garred), who Nathan immediately clashes with.
Nathan meets Britt Westbourne (Kelly Thiebaud) at the same time that it's revealed Nathan is the biological son of Liesl Obrecht (Kathleen Gati), Madeline's sister, and Britt is actually his sister. Madeline confesses to Nathan when he mentions almost sleeping with Britt. Nathan is shocked when Madeline reveals Nina is alive as she is carted off to prison.[3][4] Maxie is trying to regain custody of her daughter Georgie, but is discouraged about going to her hearing. Nathan encourages Maxie to fight for Georgie, then covers for her, lying that he threw her summons away by mistake. When the judge discovers Nathan lied for Maxie and she loses custody of her daughter, Nathan suspects Levi tipped off the judge, and tries to prove it.[5] Meanwhile, Nathan is reunited with Nina, who arrives in Port Charles. Levi later frames Nathan for tipping off immigration about Levi's expired visa, leading to Maxie throwing Nathan out of the apartment.[6] As Maxie is set to marry Levi, Nathan discovers Levi has stolen a family heirloom from Maxie's mother Felicia Scorpio (Kristina Wagner). With the help of his partner Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna), Nathan crashes the wedding, only for Levi to escape with Maxie and Dante's wife, Lulu (Emme Rylan), at gunpoint.[5][7] Nathan tracks down Maxie, but is kidnapped by Victor Cassadine (Thaao Penghlis). Nathan is about to kill Victor until Obrecht says that they are father and son. Nathan rescues Maxie, and the two end up killing Levi and his father, Peter Harrell (David Gautreaux). As they escape, it was revealed that Victor isn't Nathan's father, and Obrecht kills Victor to keep Nathan from finding out.
Nathan and Maxie start dating, but when Maxie is threatened with losing custody of Georgie again, they're forced to stay apart. Nathan asks for help from his mother, who arranges for Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson) to appeal to the judge on Maxie's behalf. A thrilled Maxie gets visitation rights to Georgie, and she and Nathan finally start a relationship freely.[8] Nathan moves out at Maxie's request that they ease into their relationship. They later clash when Maxie helps fugitive Johnny Zacchara (Brandon Barash) skip town. Georgie returns with her father Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson), who is hoping to reunite with Maxie.[9] Maxie dumps Nathan after she blames him for accepting Spinelli's challenge to box for her affections. Nathan teams up with Spinelli's ex-girlfriend Ellie Trout (Emily Wilson), pretending to date to make their respective lovers jealous. The plan works, and Maxie and Nathan reunite after the Nurses' Ball. Silas is found dead, and Nina is accused of murdering him. Wanting to prove Nina innocent, Nathan investigates, and starts to suspect Ric Lansing (Rick Hearst), Nina's new husband whom she randomly married. Nathan figures out that Ric married Nina on Madeline's request, to drive Nina crazy and gain Nina's inheritance. Nathan gets Ric's cooperation, and is able to arrest Madeline for Silas' murder, disgusted by her actions.
When Nathan is shot in 2016, under the influence of drugs, he refers to Maxie as "Claudette." Maxie later asked Nathan who Claudette is, and he claims it was his dog. Nathan later admits she's his ex-wife, Claudette Beaulieu. Nathan admits that he and Claudette had a green card marriage, but he fell in love with her till he discovered she was cheating on him. Nathan later confesses to Obrecht that he didn't tell Maxie the entire story. After he and Maxie get engaged, Nathan admits that he discovered Claudette's infidelity when he walked in on her and her lover. Drunk and angry, he shot Claudette's lover, who disappeared.[10] Maxie is hesitant to trust Nathan, but they soon reconcile, only for Claudette (Bree Williamson) to show up in town. Maxie convinces Nathan to let Claudette stay to keep an eye on her. Nathan discovers that his recent confidant Griffin Munro (Matt Cohen) was Claudette's lover. Furious, he attacks Griffin, and Maxie and Claudette have to pull him off. Maxie accuses him of still being in love with Claudette, but he convinces her that this is not true, and he loves her.[11][12] Claudette asks Nathan for help to protect her daughter, Charlotte (Scarlett Fernandez) – who she claims is also Nathan's daughter – from Claudette's ex-lover, Valentin Cassadine (James Patrick Stuart). Rightfully suspicious, Maxie exposes that Charlotte is not Nathan's daughter. Claudette eventually skips town, and Nathan and Maxie get back to planning their wedding. They're set to marry on New Year's Eve, but Nathan finds out that his marriage to Claudette was never annulled, hence they're still married and he can't marry Maxie. He and Maxie fly to Canada to track down Claudette, and find out that she's dead. Nathan and Maxie return, and finally get married in early 2017.
When Maxie goes to Portland for work, Nathan is left to wonder if the marriage can survive the long distance. Nathan learns that Nurse Amy Driscoll (Risa Dorken) has been writing the "Ask Man Landers" advice blog, using his picture. Nathan is initially upset until Amy reveals she is writing the column to support her brother Chet (Chris Van Etten), a war veteran who was wounded in action. When Amy lands a book deal, he agrees to help her out so she can pay Chet's medical bills. Maxie returns, and aims to expose Ask Man Landers' identity forcing Nathan to lie. Amy gives Nathan her blessing to tell Maxie the truth just as Maxie begins to suspect they are having an affair. Nathan and Amy's secret is exposed in tabloids forcing them to do damage control. Chet steps in and tells his story, winning sympathy and keeping Nathan and Amy from being charged with fraud. On Thanksgiving, Nathan is thrilled when Maxie reveals that she's pregnant.
In preparation for the baby's arrival, Nathan request Victor's medical records. While Obrecht obtains the records, Nathan and Maxie realize the medical records are inconsistent with the Cassadine family's genetic history and a DNA test later confirms that Nathan is not a Cassadine after all. Obrecht is forced to admit that Cesar Faison (Anders Hove) is Nathan's biological father. Lulu convinces Nathan to do an exposé on him as Faison's son to help the authorities lure him out of hiding. Maxie fears the danger that Faison could bring to their doorstep, but Nathan is determined to bring his father to justice. As expected, Faison shows up and takes Maxie and her boss Peter August (Wes Ramsey) hostage. Nathan comes to Maxie's rescue only to be shot by Faison. While he survives emergency surgery, Nathan dies in recovery shortly after professing his love for Maxie. He was buried with full policeman honors. Maxie later gives birth to a baby boy; in memory of Nathan, she names their son James, Nathan's given name.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
In November 2013, the producers released a casting call for a contract role.[13] In late December 2013, head writer Ron Carlivati announced on Twitter that model turned actor Ryan Paevey had joined the cast in the contract role of Detective Nathan West.[14] The December 30th edition of Soap Opera Digest revealed that Paevey's first scenes were with Kirsten Storms, who played Maxie Jones.[15] ABC Soaps In Depth confirmed the character's full name to be Nathan West. Paevey made his debut as a contract cast member.[16] Though he was originally slated to appear on December 27, Paevey's first air date was pushed back to December 30, due to news coverage.[17]
During an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Paevey revealed that the rather unconventional casting process started when he was just lounging around with his close friends and management team and one of his managers suggested that Paevey should meet with casting director Mark Teschner.[18] Paevey revealed that when he first auditioned for the show, "there was no part. They just wanted some young blood on the show." The producers had the actor come in to read dummy sides quite a few times.[19] He was brought back to audition again for executive producer Frank Valentini and other people from the network.[18] During the audition process, he screen-tested opposite Storms and Chad Duell, who played Michael Corinthos.[20] Of his casting, Paevey said, "This is my first series regular role, the first time I have a dressing room with my name on the door. I'm not an ego guy, but by the same token, I also kind of wanted to my best to fit in quickly."[20] Paevey himself was shocked by his success because he had no prior acting experience when he auditioned for General Hospital.[21]
Characterization[edit]
Paevey on similarities to his character
I'm a straight shooter. I tell it like it is. I can be kind of blunt. I'm serious and stoic. I have great respect for justice. Truth and honesty are big things to me. I can tell when I'm being lied to. Always. Nathan is the same way. We both place importance on honesty, justice and fairness.
— ABC Soaps In Depth (2014)[19]
The initial casting notice described the character as a "Caucasian" in his "late 20s" who is "handsome, sexy" and "dynamic." The character was further described as a "rich, privileged, charming badboy."[13] However, the "badboy" characteristic appeared to have been dropped by the time of Paevey's casting. In an interview with Soap Opera Digest, Paevey described Nathan as a "good guy," who is "guided by a moral compass. He's a straight-shooter."[20] Paevey described Nathan's demeanor as a cop as "hawklike focus."[22] Ron Carlivati described Nathan as a "hard-nosed, buttoned-down, practical guy."[23] Soap Opera Digest described Nathan as a "hard-driving cop character."[20] Paevey told Soaps In Depth that Nathan's birth name, "James represents a part his family [and himself] that is restricted." This complicates things further because he loves his family very much and there are several aspects of that family that make Nathan who he is.[22] Paevey said that during the audition process when the character was being formed, he noticed that he and the character had a lot in common.[19] Since the character's introduction, it has been very clear that "he's a law-abiding, true-seeking good guy."[24] Paevey immediately rejected the notion that Nathan could have a dark side because of his genetics – "I don't think he's the type" Paevey insisted.[24] "Sometimes a good egg comes out of a bad nest."[25] According to Paevey, Nathan is not "morally ambiguous." He doesn't have some deep dark sketchy past that he is trying to live down. Nathan is "straight and he's clear. My gut tells me that," Paevey said.[24] Paevey later said "I think the fact that his family was so busted up is the reason he's a good guy."[26]
Introduction (2014)[edit]
Not attaching Nathan to a specific love interest immediately allows for the writers to slowly integrate him into the canvas.[7] Soaps In Depth reported that Nathan's isn't just some "run-of-the-mill" cop, but "he's on a mission to stir things up for a few people!"[16] It is soon revealed that Nathan is in town investigating his estranged brother-in-law Silas Clay (Michael Easton) in the attempted murder of his comatose sister Nina. However, Silas's former mistress Ava Jerome (Maura West) is also at the top of the suspect list.[27] In 2014, legendary actress Donna Mills, known for her portrayal of Abby Cunningham on the prime time soap, Knots Landing was cast in the role of Madeline Reeves—Nathan's mother. It is revealed that Madeline raised Nathan to believe Silas was guilty and he is working on her behalf to lock Silas up for Nina's condition.[28] Despite acting to avenge his sister, Nathan tolerates Madeline's disdain for his career choice because she thinks it is "below them."[22] Nathan partners up with Silas and his girlfriend Sam Morgan (Kelly Monaco) to set a trap for Ava believing she is guilty. However, the sting operation doesn't go as planned when Madeline is revealed to be the culprit—and Nathan is forced to arrest her.[2]
Lineage[edit]
Veteran actresses Donna Mills (left) and Kathleen Gati (right) portray Nathan's aunt Madeline Reeves who raised him as her own and Nathan's biological mother Liesl Obrecht, respectively.
Madeline's arrest sets the stage for several more revelations starting with Nathan being revealed to be the biological son of Madeline's estranged sister, Liesl Obrecht (Kathleen Gati) and therefore the half-brother of Obrecht's daughter Britt Westbourne (Kelly Thiebaud). Nathan is "dumbfounded" by the shift in his family dynamics, much like Paevey himself.[22][29] Madeline is forced to come clean after learning that Nathan and Britt nearly slept together. Soaps In Depth said Nathan is in a "rock and hard place" with mothers like Obrecht and Madeline. Nathan must come to terms with the fact that "the murderer he thought to be his mother is actually his aunt. And the murderer he believed to be just another nutjob is actually his biological mother!"[3] According to Paevey, Nathan is immediately put off by the revelation of his connection to Obrecht due to her less than stellar reputation and he is reluctant to have anything to do with her. While she is genuinely interested in building a relationship, he is not. Though Paevey expected Nathan to eventually bond with Obrecht, Ron Carlivati insisted it would take much more than the information for Nathan to come to see Liesl as his mother especially because of his feelings towards Madeline.[3][22] Nathan struggles with trusting anyone because his entire life has been a lie. And because there is so much happening in his life at the time Nathan's feelings about the situation get pushed to the side.[29] As Madeline is carted off to prison, she drops yet another bomb on Nathan by revealing that Nina (Michelle Stafford) is very much alive.[3][30] For Nathan, his relationship with Nina has always been "sacrosanct" and he is that one good thing in her life which makes him vulnerable to her schemes.[29] According to Paevey, "Nina is the one pure memory of [Nathan's] childhood."[31] When Madeline is released from prison, Nathan tries to give her the benefit of the doubt because her actions don't negate the good she did in raising him.[32] As for his feelings toward Obrecht, Nathan recognizes she isn't "all-bad."[21] Despite giving them a chance, Paevey said "nothing really surprises him anymore" when it comes to his family. Nathan's expectations are not too high because "he already knows that everybody in his family is a mess."[26] In 2014, Paevey said "Nathan is intrinsically distrustful of the concept of his family."[25]
Despite the recent revelations about Nathan's other familial connections, in May 2014 Paevey himself wondered if Nathan's paternity would be addressed.[22] With the reveal that Obrecht is his mother, On-Air On-Soaps immediately speculated that Cesar Faison (Anders Hove) who had recently been revealed as his sister Britt's father could be Nathan's father too.[33] However, Carol Baroom from SoapHub said the Faison theory "doesn't make sense" because there would have been no reason for Obrecht to give Nathan up—she would have raised him with Faison and Britt.[34] Faison as Nathan's father would also contradict Obrecht's prior disappointment with being unable to give him a male heir.[35] Baroom also suggested that Obrecht feels it would hurt Faison to know she had another man's child.[34] In December 2014, it is made clear that Faison would have never accepted another man's child.[36]
Obrecht: You and I are the only ones who know he's not your son. What's that saying? "Two people can keep a secret... if one of them is dead." I needed to keep this a secret.
Victor: Yes, well, that I understand. What I don't understand... is why.
Obrecht: Nathan must believe you are his father... because the truth is far, far worse.
— Obrecht and Victor discuss Nathan's paternity. (2014)[37]
In June 2014, when Thaao Penghlis announced that he would reprise his role as Victor Cassadine, Daytime Confidential speculated that Victor could turn out to be Nathan's father.[38] During an interview in July 2014, Ryan Paevey guessed that his character would turn out to be a member of the famous, yet infamous Cassadine family.[29] Meanwhile, speculation increased when Penghlis invited Paevey to appear with him at his book signing and fed into the rumors with cryptic messages on social media. However, Penghlis refused to confirm or deny the potential plot twist when he was questioned by Soaps In Depth.[39] Then head writer Ron Carlivati revealed that there was much more to Victor and Obrecht's relationship than expected.[40] Though she viewed Victor as the more "feasible" candidate for Nathan's father, Carol Baroom immediately questioned Obrecht's motives for hiding Nathan from Victor and vice versa.[34] Obrecht claims Victor as Nathan's father in September 2014 only for Victor to order a DNA test which disproves that theory. However, Obrecht kills Victor before he can tell Nathan that they aren't father and son after all. She then allows Nathan and the rest of the world to believe her lie.[41]
In March 2015, Janette Smith of Soap Opera Spy recognized that Obrecht "fears for the safety of Nathan if his father is ever revealed" and proposed yet another potential candidate as Nathan's father. Based on Obrecht going to such extreme lengths to keep Nathan from questioning his paternity, Smith speculated that Nathan's father could actually be the never before seen Valentin Cassadine—a character that was slated to be introduced in 2009, but the story was terminated before it hit airwaves. Even the notoriously evil Helena Cassadine (Constance Towers) who had wreaked havoc on Port Charles for years was visibly terrified of Valentin when the character was first mentioned in 2009 as he was supposed to be more much more lethal than any of the other Cassadines.[41] In May 2016, Paevey commented on the character's paternity plot taking a backseat as his story progressed and felt it would definitely be addressed sometime in the future. However, Paevey admitted that the writers were very adamant about a Cassadine connection.[18] When Valentin (James Patrick Stuart) comes after Nathan's supposed daughter Charlotte in October 2016, SoapHub's Hope Campbell speculated that the series had finally set the stage to solve the two-year long mystery of Nathan's paternity.[12][42]
Relationships[edit]
Australian actor Zachary Garred played Levi, who does his best to isolate Maxie from her loved ones, putting him at odds with Nathan.
Nathan's only significant romance within the series to date is his relationship with Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms). Ron Carlivati recalled during an interview with Soap Opera Digest, "When we saw Ryan [Paevey, Nathan] we thought, 'Oh, wow, he'd be really great for Maxie.'"[7] The purpose of their first scenes, which are Storms's final scenes before her maternity leave to make sure viewers saw the obvious chemistry. Carlivati said "These two may be arguing, bickering, or sparring, but you can see there is a spark there."[23] According to Ryan Paevey, Nathan and Maxie clash because they complete opposites and that is what appeals to Nathan. He finds her to be "charming." Meanwhile, Nathan clashes with Maxie's new boyfriend Levi Dunkleman (Zachary Garred) and a triangle evolves from the storyline with Levi exploiting the existing tension between Nathan and Maxie.[22][43] Unlike Levi, Nathan is supportive of any decision Maxie makes on her own—but they struggle to recognize how right they are each other.[44] But it Nathan's willingness to break the law for Maxie by committing perjury that allows for fans to root for the couple.[29] With Maxie and Levi set to marry to prevent him from being deported, Nathan admits to himself that he has feelings for Maxie.[5] The triangle culminates with Levi proving to be even more dangerous than even Nathan could have thought. Levi and Maxie's wedding sets the stage for Levi's exposure and also allows for Nathan to play hero to Maxie. Carlivati said that he enjoyed the slow build between Maxie and Nathan.[7] Nathan would do anything to give Maxie some stability in her life, even overlooking when she breaks the law for a friend.[9] Throughout the triangle, Nathan finds an ally in Maxie's stepfather Mac Scorpio (John J. York).[31]
The couple's next obstacle comes in the form of Maxie's ex-boyfriend and father of her child, Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson). They briefly split and Maxie goes back to Spinelli. Nathan steps back and allows for Maxie to realize what she really wants. According to Paevey, Nathan understands Maxie's need to make it work with Spinelli for the child's sake and knows there will "always" be love between them.[32] Nathan is briefly paired with Spinelli's girlfriend Ellie Trout (Emily Wilson) when they team up to make their respective loves jealous.[21]
In 2016, the writers began exploring Nathan's past by revealing that he was once married to a woman named Claudette—something he had chosen to keep from Maxie—and everyone else. In the meantime, Maxie and Nathan become engaged. In May 2016, it was announced that Bree Williamson had been cast in the role of Claudette and was set to debut in July 2016.[45] Though there seems to be more to the story than Nathan is willing to admit, according to Ryan Paevey, it is Nathan's honest nature that forces him to come clean. Nathan "recognizes how glaringly out of character" the consistent lying is. Though he has some encouragement from Griffin Munro (Matt Cohen), Paevey insisted that Nathan would've eventually came clean on his own—but confiding in the doctor-priest helped hasten his decision. Despite the lie, Nathan fears that "knowing all these things is going to make [Maxie] view him as someone that she doesn't want to be with." Nathan doesn't have any cards left to play once he comes clean. He confesses and hopes "their feelings are strong enough to carry them through this."[10]
Reception[edit]
Ryan Paevey's "good looks" drew comparisons to former General Hospital heartthrob Antonio Sabàto Jr. who played top cop Jagger Cates in the 1990s.[46]
Carlivati's Twitter announcement garnered quite the reaction with fans wondering about Paevey and his role on the show.[14] Shortly after Paevey's debut, a fan created a fake Twitter account, pretending to be the actor.[47][48] Of the fan reaction, ABC Soaps In Depth said Paevey was an "instant hit on social media and the internet," and described as the "next big thing."[49] Connie Passalacqua of the soap opera website, Marlena De Lacroix listed Paevey as one of the daytime four actors to watch in 2014. She said: "Paevey is quite good looking, can act well and plays a police detective quite believably."[50] Soaps In Depth listed the character at number 5 in the "5 Things We're Loving" section in the February 3, 2014 edition.[51] Sara Bibel said that while "GH is full off good looking men." Paevey is one that makes others say "Damn, he's good looking." Bibel also likened the character of Nathan to a young Mac Scorpio.[31] Of the character's introduction, the magazine said, "We can't help but love a man of mystery, and that's what General Hospital's Nathan –– whom we've dubbed Detective Sexypants –– is to us right now."[52] One viewer praised the casting of Paevey and Ryan Carnes (Lucas Jones) and the fan mail was featured in Soap Opera Digest: "great job adding [Paevey and Carnes]; drop-dead gorgeous and they can act too!"[53] The character of Nathan became quite popular with fans, despite viewer complaints that there were too many characters on canvas.[29] Carol Boorom from SoapHub said Paevey "whose good looks are only out shined by his good heart, is a special treat to watch."[54] DashboardGirl from General Hospital Blog said "Ryan Paevey has been such a delightful newcomer to the GH cast." She continued, "he's easy on the eyes, and his role as Detective West is nothing short of sweet, sexy, compassionate, and much more."[55] On Britt and Nathan being siblings, Soaps In Depth said, "They may well be the hottest siblings ever."[56] Paevey "has become quite the sensation in short amount of time" said Michael Fairman in November 2014. Paevey's popularity led to the 30-year-old being featured in People's "Sexiest Man Alive" issue in "The Sexiest Men At Every Age" list.[57] In 2015, Jenn Bishop of TVSource Magazine included the character in the list of several new characters that she enjoyed from Ron Carlivati.[58] In 2015, Rosemary A. Rossi described Paevey as "one of the hottest properties on daytime." Paevey's popularity also landed him a reporting gig on the syndicated TV newsmagazine Extra.[21]
Within Paevey's first year on the series, his character entered into a relationship with Maxie Jones that became quite popular with viewers and critics alike. ABC Soaps In Depth described the chemistry between Paevey's Nathan and Storms' Maxie as "instant."[59] General Hospital Blog praised the duo's chemistry described Nathan and Maxie (known as Naxie) as "one of the most loveable couples on GH."[55][60] TVSource Magazine praised the duo's chemistry as well as the "slow burn" writing for the pairing: "Nathan and Maxie have reminded us what a soap couple worth for looks like."[61]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Melodie (December 30, 2013). "SPOILERS: Is Sabrina Pregnant on General Hospital?". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved December 31, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dangerous Liaisons". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (15): 26–29. April 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Exit Strategy!". Cover story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (19): 26–29. May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Some Like It Hot (Summer preview)". General Hospital. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (22): 32. June 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Levi Is Caught!". News. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (33): 4. August 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GH: Maxie Unleashes Her Fury". Late-breaking news. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (29): 10. July 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levinsky, Mara (August 18, 2014). "Cold Feat". On the Cover. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (33): 30–33.
Jump up ^ "Happy Holidays?". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (1): 26–29. January 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Couples in Crisis". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (9): 26–29. March 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "GH's Nathan Comes Clean with Maxie about Claudette". Late-breaking News. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 41 (24): 8. June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Can Nathan And Griffin Be Friends?". News. CBS Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 20 (38): 6. September 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Is Valentin Coming For Nathan's Daughter?". Ins & Outs. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 20 (43): 10. October 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (November 5, 2013). "General Hospital Casting Sexy, Rich, Charming, Bad Boy! Who Would You Suggest For The Role?". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (December 21, 2013). "Ryan Paevey Cast as Nathan West On General Hospital! A New Hottie Set To Arrive In Port Charles!". On-Air On Soaps. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Paevey (Nathan)". Comings and Goings. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 38 (52): 10. December 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hot Cop Alert!". Ins&Outs. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (1): 12. January 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Errol (December 26, 2013). "The 'General Hospital' Shift, Plus Comings & Goings". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c General Hospital; Ryan Paevey (May 15, 2016). "General Hospital for May 8th - May 13th, 2016 Review w/ Ryan Paevey". AfterBuzz TV (Livestream). Interviewed by Frank Moran; Lacretia Lyon; James Lotts, Jr. Los Angeles. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Parallel Lives". Up-close & Personal. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (25): 44. June 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levinsky, Mara (March 3, 2014). "Beginner's Luck". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (9): 54–57.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rossi, Rosemary A (July 6, 2015). "Overnight Sensation". ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (27): 42–45.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rossi, Rosemary A (May 26, 2014). "Paging Detective Sexypants". Feature Interview. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (21): 46–49.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (May 20, 2014). "GH's Head Writer Ron Carlivati Interview Part Two: Who's Luke? State of Patrick & Sabrina, Michelle Stafford, Julexis & Daytime Emmy Snubs!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How Far Will Nathan Go?". News. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (27): 6. July 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Will Nathan Go Rogue?". News. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (41): 6. October 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Clifford, Kambra (August 12, 2015). "INTERVIEW: GH's Ryan Paevey on love, loss, and a little craziness". soapcentral.com. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sweep It Up". General Hospital. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (6): 23. February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (March 17, 2014). "Knots Landing Alum Donna Mills Dishes Her Hot New Gig on General Hospital". TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Young, Candace (July 1, 2014). "Soaps.com Interview: General Hospital's Ryan Paevey". Soaps.com. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (May 2, 2014). "GENERAL HOSPITAL: Nina Clay Is Alive!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (July 9, 2014). "INTERVIEW: GH's Ryan Paevey on His Good Looks and Nathan and Maxie Going From Friends to Lovers". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved July 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Summer Hotter than Others: (General Hospital): Hot Star of Summer". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (25): 30. June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (April 10, 2014). "GENERAL HOSPITAL: Liesl Obrecht and Madeline Reeves Are Sisters ... And There's More!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Baroom, Carol (August 19, 2014). "Nathan is a Cassadine". SoapHub. Retrieved July 3, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "15 Soap Opera Moms Who Didn't Deserve Anything For Mother's Day". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). May 12, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Perkie's Observations: Just How Many Flipping Flukes Are There On General Hospital?". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). December 4, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frank Valentini (Executive producer); Ron Carlivati (Head writer) (September 16, 2014). General Hospital. Season 51. General Hospital Transcript Tuesday 9/16/14. ABC.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (June 16, 2014). "Is General Hospital Gearing Up For a Cassadine/Westbourne Family Reunion?". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Like Father, Like Son?". Ins&Outs. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (33): 12. August 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff (July 7, 2014). "GH's Kathleen Gati and Ron Carlivati Interview – The Mutter and the Head Writer On The Making Of Dr. O!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Janette (March 16, 2015). "'General Hospital' Spoilers: Victor Cassadine Returns - Will Nathan's Dad Finally Be Revealed As Valentin Cassadine, Arch Villain?". Soap Opera Spy. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Hope (October 20, 2016). "The Triumphant Return of Valentin on General Hospital". SoapHub. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "May Sweeps Preview". General Hospital. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (18): 31. May 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "General Hospital: Nathan Plays Hero to Maxie". Hot Plots Preview. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (23): 14. June 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (May 26, 2016). "Bree Williamson Cast as General Hospital's Claudette (Exclusive)". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ DashboardGirl (June 24, 2014). "Click Here to See More of Det. Nathan West!". General Hospital Blog. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Welcome Changes". Sound Off. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (12): 94. March 24, 2014.
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Jump up ^ DashboardGirl (February 13, 2015). "General Hospital's Ryan Paevey to Co-Host ABC's 'The View'". General Hospital Blog. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Year In Soaps: Best Couples of 2014". TVSource Magazine. SoSource Media LLC. January 5, 2015. p. 3. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
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