text:
Hyperplasia
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Hyperplasia
Whereas hypertrophy stems from an increase in cell size, hyperplasia results from an increase in cell number.
Specialty
Pathology
Types
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Hyperplasia of the breast(many more)[1][2]
Diagnostic method
Biopsy[3]
Treatment
Depends which type (see types)
Hyperplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπέρ huper, "over" + πλάσις plasis, "formation"), or hypergenesis, is an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation.[4] It may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ, and the term is sometimes confused with benign neoplasia or benign tumor.[5]
Hyperplasia is a common preneoplastic response to stimulus.[6] Microscopically, cells resemble normal cells but are increased in numbers. Sometimes cells may also be increased in size (hypertrophy).[7] Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy in that the adaptive cell change in hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Types
4 Treatment
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Hyperplasia is considered to be a physiological (normal) response to a specific stimulus, and the cells of a hyperplastic growth remain subject to normal regulatory control mechanisms.[5] However, hyperplasia can also occur as a pathological response, if an excess of hormone or growth factor is responsible for the stimuli. Similarly to physiological hyperplasia, cells that undergo pathologic hyperplasia are controlled by growth hormones, and cease to proliferate if such stimuli are removed.[9] This differs from neoplasia (the process underlying cancer and benign tumors), in which genetically abnormal cells manage to proliferate in a non-physiological manner which is unresponsive to normal stimuli.[10] That being said, the effects caused by pathologic hyperplasia can provide a suitable foundation from which neoplastic cells may develop.[9]
-plasia and -trophy
Anaplasia (structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells).
Aplasia (organ or part of organ missing)
Hypoplasia (congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate)
Hyperplasia (proliferation of cells)
Neoplasia (abnormal proliferation)
Dysplasia (change in cell or tissue phenotype)
Metaplasia (conversion in cell type)
Prosoplasia (development of new cell function)
Desmoplasia (connective tissue growth)
Atrophy (reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells)
Hypertrophy (increase in the volume of cells)
Hypotrophy (decrease in the volume of cells)
Abiotrophy (loss in vitality of organ or tissue)
Dystrophy (any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)
v
t
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Causes[edit]
Hyperplasia may be due to any number of causes, including proliferation of basal layer of epidermis to compensate skin loss, chronic inflammatory response, hormonal dysfunctions, or compensation for damage or disease elsewhere.[11] Hyperplasia may be harmless and occur on a particular tissue. An example of a normal hyperplastic response would be the growth and multiplication of milk-secreting glandular cells in the breast as a response to pregnancy, thus preparing for future breast feeding.[12]
Perhaps the most interesting and potent effect IGF has on the human body is its ability to cause hyperplasia, which is an actual splitting of cells.[13] By contrast, hypertrophy is what occurs, for example, to skeletal muscle cells during weight training and steroid use and is simply an increase in the size of the cells.[14] With IGF use, one is able to cause hyperplasia which actually increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue.[15] Weight training with or without anabolic steroid use enables these new cells to mature in size and strength. It is theorized that hyperplasia may also be induced through specific power output training for athletic performance, thus increasing the number of muscle fibers instead of increasing the size of a single fiber.[16]
Diagnosis[edit]
In the case of endometrial hyperplasia usually a Pap smear is done, also a biopsy during the pelvic examination, may be done of the individuals endometrial tissue. You may want to consult your doctor for further examination.[3] In regards to Cushing's disease, the diagnosis of salivary cortisol in an elevated level around "late-night" is a way to detect it in many patients.[17]
Types[edit]
Patient with hemihyperplasia involving the upper and lower left extremities. The leg length discrepancy can be noted by the pelvic tilt.
Some of the more commonly known clinical forms of hyperplasia, or conditions leading to hyperplasia, are:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, also known as prostate enlargement.[1]
Cushing's disease – Physiopathology of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex due to increased circulating level of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).[18]
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – Inherited disorder of gland (adrenal).[19]
Endometrial hyperplasia – Hyperproliferation of the endometrium, usually in response to unopposed estrogen stimulation in the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome or exogenous administration of hormones. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia may represent an early neoplastic process which can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma.[20] The development of endometrial adenocarcinoma from endometrial hyperplasia is a typical example of how the effects of pathologic hyperplasia can lead to neoplasia, and females who exhibit hyperplasia of the endometrium are indeed more likely to develop cancer of these cells.[9]
Hemihyperplasia when only half (or one side) of the body is affected, sometimes generating limbs of different lengths.[21]
Hyperplasia of the breast – "Hyperplastic" lesions of the breast include usual ductal hyperplasia, a focal expansion of the number of cells in a terminal breast duct, and atypical ductal hyperplasia, in which a more abnormal pattern of growth is seen, and which is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.[2]
Intimal hyperplasia – The thickening of the tunica intima of a blood vessel as a complication of a reconstruction procedure or endarterectomy. Intimal hyperplasia is the universal response of a vessel to injury and is an important reason of late bypass graft failure, particularly in vein and synthetic vascular grafts.[22]
Focal epithelial hyperplasia (also known as Heck's disease) – This is a wart-like growth in the mucous tissues of the mouth or, rarely, throat that is caused by certain sub-types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Heck's disease has not been known to cause cancer.[23]
Sebaceous hyperplasia – In this condition, small yellowish growths develop on the skin, usually on the face. This condition is neither contagious nor dangerous.[24]
Compensatory liver hyperplasia – The liver undergoes cellular division after acute injury, resulting in new cells that restore liver function back to baseline. Approximately 75% of the liver can be acutely damaged or resected with seemingly full regeneration through hepatocyte division, i.e., hyperplasia. This is what makes living-donor liver transplants possible.[25]
Treatment[edit]
The treatment of hyperplasia would consist upon which; in the case of benign prostate hyperplasia the combination of alpha-1-receptor blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are effective.[26]
See also[edit]
List of biological development disorders
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Prostate Enlargement: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Koerner, Frederick C. (2009). Diagnostic Problems in Breast Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 1416026126.
^ Jump up to: a b Dunphy, Lynne M.; Winland-Brown, Jill E. (2011-04-06). Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing. F.A. Davis. ISBN 9780803626478.
Jump up ^ "Hyperplasia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Sembulingam, K.; Sembulingam, Prema (2012-09-01). Essentials of Medical Physiology. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789350259368.
Jump up ^ Zachary, James F.; McGavin, M. Donald (2013-12-11). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323291729.
Jump up ^ Braun, Carie Ann; Anderson, Cindy Miller (2007). Pathophysiology: Functional Alterations in Human Health. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781762502.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Emanuel; Reisner, Howard M. (2009). Essentials of Rubin's Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781773249.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kumar, V., Abbas, A., Aster, J. (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier. p. 4. ISBN 9780808924326. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Hong, Waun Ki; Hait, William N. (2010). Holland Frei Cancer Medicine Eight. PMPH-USA. ISBN 9781607950141.
Jump up ^ Porth, Carol (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781582557243.
Jump up ^ Dirbas, Frederick; Scott-Conner, Carol (2011-01-15). Breast Surgical Techniques and Interdisciplinary Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781441960764.
Jump up ^ Gardiner, Phillip. Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology. Human Kinetics. ISBN 9781450412278.
Jump up ^ Metzl, Jordan D.; Shookhoff, Carol (2009-10-31). The Young Athlete: A Sports Doctor's Complete Guide for Parents. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316086738.
Jump up ^ Publishing, Britannica Educational (2011-11-01). The Endocrine System. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 9781615307319.
Jump up ^ Kisner, Carolyn; Colby, Lynn Allen (2012-10-08). Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques. F.A. Davis. ISBN 9780803638976.
Jump up ^ Cushing's Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions. 2013-07-22. ISBN 9781481651837.
Jump up ^ "Cushing disease: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Endometrial Hyperplasia - ACOG". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Hemihyperplasia - Glossary Entry". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
Jump up ^ Subbotin, Vladimir M (2007-10-31). "Analysis of arterial intimal hyperplasia: review and hypothesis". Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling. 4: 41. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-4-41. ISSN 1742-4682. PMC 2169223  . PMID 17974015.
Jump up ^ Purkait, Swapan Kumar (2011). Essentials of Oral Pathology. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789350252147.
Jump up ^ Evans, Colby Craig; High, Whitney A. (2011-10-01). Skin Diseases in the Elderly: A Color Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 9781840766158.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (2014-09-05). Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323296359.
Jump up ^ "Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Combination Therapy, Minimally Invasive Treatment". Medscape. eMedicine. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Bachmann, Alexander; Rosette, Jean de la (2011-11-24). Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199572779.
External links[edit]
Classification
D
MeSH: D006965
External resources
MedlinePlus: 003441
show
v
t
e
Overview of tumors, cancer and oncology (C00–D48, 140–239)
Conditions
Benign tumors
Hyperplasia
Cyst
Pseudocyst
Hamartoma
Malignant progression
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ
Cancer
Metastasis
Primary tumor
Sentinel lymph node
Topography
Head/Neck (Oral, Nasopharyngeal)
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Bone
Skin
Blood
Urogenital
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Histology
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Blastoma
Papilloma
Adenoma
Other
Precancerous condition
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Staging/grading
TNM
Ann Arbor
Prostate cancer staging
Gleason grading system
Dukes classification
Carcinogenesis
Cancer cell
Carcinogen
Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes
Clonally transmissible cancer
Oncovirus
Carcinogenic bacteria
Misc.
Research
Index of oncology articles
History
Cancer pain
Cancer and nausea
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v
t
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Pathology
Principles of pathology
Disease
Infection
Neoplasia
Cause
Pathogenesis
Hemodynamics
Ischemia
Inflammation
Cell damage
Wound healing
Cellular adaptation
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Squamous
Glandular
Cell death
Necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis
Accumulations
pigment
Hemosiderin
Lipochrome/Lipofuscin
Melanin
Steatosis
Anatomical pathology
Surgical pathology
Cytopathology
Autopsy
Molecular pathology
Forensic pathology
Oral and maxillofacial pathology
Gross examination
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Electron microscopy
Immunofluorescence
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Clinical pathology
Clinical chemistry
Hematopathology
Transfusion medicine
Medical microbiology
Diagnostic immunology
Immunopathology
Enzyme assay
Mass spectrometry
Chromatography
Flow cytometry
Blood bank
Microbiological culture
Serology
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CN Tower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the tower in Toronto. For the tower in Edmonton, see CN Tower (Edmonton).
CN Tower
Tour CN
CN Tower is the world's 9th tallest free-standing structure.[1][2]
Location within Toronto
Alternative names
Canadian National Tower, Canada's National Tower
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1975[3] to 2007[4][I]
Preceded by
Ostankino Tower
Surpassed by
Burj Khalifa
General information
Status
Complete
Type
Mixed use:
Observation, telecommunications, attraction, restaurant
Location
301 Front Street West
Toronto, Ontario
M5V 2T6
Coordinates
43°38′33.36″N 79°23′13.56″W / 43.6426000°N 79.3871000°W / 43.6426000; -79.3871000Coordinates: 43°38′33.36″N 79°23′13.56″W / 43.6426000°N 79.3871000°W / 43.6426000; -79.3871000
Construction started
1973[5][6]
Completed
1976
Opening
June 26, 1976
Cost
CDN $ 63,000,000[6]
Owner
Canada Lands Company
Height
Antenna spire
553.3 m (1,815.3 ft)
Roof
457.2 m (1,500.0 ft)
Top floor
446.5 m (1,464.9 ft)
Technical details
Floor count
Equivalent of a 147 story building
Lifts/elevators
9[7]
Design and construction
Architect
WZMH Architects:
John Andrews, Webb Zerafa, Menkes Housden[7]
Website
www.cntower.ca
References
[5][6][7]
The CN Tower (French: Tour CN) is a 553.3 m-high (1,815.3 ft) concrete communications and observation tower located in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[5][8] Built on the former Railway Lands, it was completed in 1976. Its name "CN" originally referred to Canadian National, the railway company that built the tower. Following the railway's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company's privatization in 1995, it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company, a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development.
The CN Tower held the record for the world's tallest free-standing structure for 32 years until 2007 and was the world's tallest tower until 2009 being overtaken by Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower, respectively.[9][10][11][12] It is now the ninth tallest tower in the world and remains the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. In 1995, the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers.[13][14][7]
It is a signature icon of Toronto's skyline,[15][16] and attracts more than two million international visitors annually.[7][17]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Construction
1.1.1 Phases of construction
1.1.2 Architects
1.2 Opening
2 Events
3 Structure
3.1 EdgeWalk
3.2 Falling ice danger
3.3 Safety features
4 Lighting
5 Height comparisons
5.1 Height distinction debate
5.1.1 "World's Tallest Tower" title
5.1.2 Height records
6 Use
6.1 Television broadcasters
6.2 Radio
6.3 Cellular and paging providers
6.4 Communications
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History
The CN Tower illuminated, as seen from the Toronto Islands
The original concept of the CN Tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway wanted to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area, as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular. These plans evolved over the next few years, and the project became official in 1972.
The tower would have been part of Metro Centre (see CityPlace), a large development south of Front Street on the Railway Lands, a large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by newer yards outside the city. Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer; John Andrews Architects; Webb, Zerafa, Menkes, Housden Architects; Foundation Building Construction; and Canron (Eastern Structural Division).[5][6][8]
As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core, most notably First Canadian Place. The reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new, higher antennas that were at least 300 m (980 ft) tall.
At the time, most data communications took place over point-to-point microwave links, whose dish antennae covered the roofs of large buildings. As each new skyscraper was added to the downtown, former line-of-sight links were no longer possible. CN intended to rent "hub" space for microwave links, visible from almost any building in the Toronto area.
The CN Tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy Street in Aurora, Ontario, approximately 40 km (25 mi) to the north. It is also viewable to the naked eye from 60 km (37 mi) east of Toronto in Oshawa, several points along the Niagara Escarpment west of Toronto in Hamilton, Ontario, and 48 km (30 mi) to the south from Fort Niagara State Park in the U.S. state of New York.[7][8]
The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical "pillars" linked at various heights by structural bridges. Had it been built, this design would have been considerably shorter, with the metal antenna located roughly where the concrete section between the main level and the SkyPod lies today. As the design effort continued, it evolved into the current design with a single continuous hexagonal core to the SkyPod, with three support legs blended into the hexagon below the main level, forming a large Y-shape structure at the ground level.[8][18]
The idea for the main level in its current form evolved around this time, but the Space Deck (now named SkyPod) was not part of the plans until some time later. One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for, and the costs in terms of construction were not prohibitive. It was also some time around this point that it was realized that the tower could become the world's tallest structure, and plans were changed to incorporate subtle modifications throughout the structure to this end.[8][18]
Construction
Map showing the location of the CN Tower and nearby buildings and structures
Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6, 1973, with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation. By the time the foundation was complete, 56,000 t (61,729 short tons; 55,116 long tons) of earth and shale were removed to a depth of 15 m (49.2 ft) in the centre, and a base incorporating 7,000 m3 (9,156 cu yd) of concrete with 450 t (496 short tons; 443 long tons) of rebar and 36 t (40 short tons; 35 long tons) of steel cable had been built to a thickness of 6.7 m (22.0 ft). This portion of the construction was fairly rapid, with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top.[18]
To create the main support pillar, workers constructed a hydraulically raised slipform at the base. This was a fairly unprecedented engineering feat on its own, consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m (19.7 ft) per day as the concrete below set. Concrete was poured continuously by a team of 1,532 people until February 22, 1974, during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada, surpassing the recently built Inco Superstack in Sudbury, which was built using similar methods.
In total, the tower contains 40,500 m3 (52,972 cu yd) of concrete, all of which was mixed on-site in order to ensure batch consistency. Through the pour, the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip form's location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it, observed by small telescopes from the ground. Over the height of the tower, it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm (1.1 in).[8][18]
Skycrane "Olga" lifting antenna segment
In August 1974, construction of the main level commenced. Using 45 hydraulic jacks attached to cables strung from a temporary steel crown anchored to the top of the tower, twelve giant steel and wooden bracket forms were slowly raised, ultimately taking about a week to crawl up to their final position. These forms were used to create the brackets that support the main level, as well as a base for the construction of the main level itself. The Space Deck (currently named SkyPod) was built of concrete poured into a wooden frame attached to rebar at the lower level deck, and then reinforced with a large steel compression band around the outside.[18]
The antenna was originally to be raised by crane as well, but during construction the Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane helicopter became available when the United States Army sold one to civilian operators. The helicopter, named "Olga", was first used to remove the crane, and then flew the antenna up in 36 sections.
The flights of the antenna pieces were a minor tourist attraction of their own, and the schedule was printed in the local newspapers. Use of the helicopter saved months of construction time, with this phase taking only three and a half weeks instead of the planned six months. The tower was topped-off on April 2, 1975, after 26 months of construction, officially capturing the height record from Moscow's Ostankino Tower, and bringing the total mass to 118,000 t (130,073 short tons; 116,136 long tons).
Two years into the construction, plans for Metro Centre were scrapped, leaving the tower isolated on the Railway Lands in what was then a largely abandoned light-industrial space. This caused serious problems for tourists to access the tower. Ned Baldwin, project architect with John Andrews, wrote at the time that "All of the logic which dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset," and that "Under such ludicrous circumstances Canadian National would hardly have chosen this location to build."[19]
Phases of construction
Constructing the base, July 1973
Brackets being raised, August 1974
Helicopter lifting part of antenna, March 1975
Main pod construction, April 1975
Nearing completion, December 1975
Two months after opening, August 1976
Architects
WZMH Architects
John Hamilton Andrews
Webb Zerafa
Menkes Housden with the help of E.R. Baldwin
Opening
View of Toronto's Financial District from the CN Tower in 2008
The CN Tower opened to the public on June 26, 1976.[20] The construction costs of approximately CA$63 million ($260 million in 2016 dollars)[21] were repaid in fifteen years. Canadian National Railway sold the tower prior to taking the company private in 1995, when it decided to divest all operations not directly related to its core freight shipping businesses.
From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, the CN Tower was practically the only development along Front Street West; it was still possible to see Lake Ontario from the foot of the CN Tower due to the expansive parking lots and lack of development in the area at the time. As the area around the tower was developed, particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in 1984 and the SkyDome in 1989 (renamed Rogers Centre in 2005), the former Railway Lands were redeveloped and the tower became the centre of a newly developing entertainment area. Access was greatly improved with the construction of the SkyWalk in 1989, which connected the tower and SkyDome to the nearby Union Station railway and subway station, and, in turn, to the city's PATH underground pedestrian system. By the mid-1990s, it was the centre of a thriving tourist district. The entire area continues to be an area of intense building, notably a boom in condominium construction in the first two decades of the 21st century, as well as the 2013 opening of the Ripley's Aquarium by the base of the tower.[7][8][18]
Events
Fireworks display on the CN Tower during the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games.
While still under construction, the CN Tower officially became the world's tallest free-standing structure on March 31, 1975.[3]
When the CN Tower opened in 1976, there were three public observation points: the SkyPod (then known as the Space Deck) that stands at 447 m (1,467 ft), the Indoor Observation Level (later named Indoor Lookout Level) at 346 m (1,135 ft), and the Outdoor Observation Terrace (at the same level as the Glass Floor) at 342 m (1,122 ft).[7][18] One floor above the Indoor Observation Level was the Top of Toronto Restaurant, which completed a revolution once every 72 minutes.[22]
Stuntman Dar Robinson jumped off of the CN Tower on two occasions in 1979 and 1980. The first was for a scene from the movie Highpoint, in which Robinson received $250,000 for the stunt. The second was for a personal documentary. Both stunts used a wire decelerator attached to his back.[23]
On June 26, 1986, the ten-year anniversary of the tower's opening, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin, in a sponsored publicity event, used his hands and feet to climb the outside of the tower, a feat he performed twice on the same day. Following both ascents, he used multiple rappels to descend to the ground.[24]
The Glass Floor, at an elevation of 342 m (1,122 ft), opened to the public on June 26, 1994.[18]
From 1997 to January 2004, TrizecHahn Corporation managed the tower and instituted several expansion projects including a C$26 million entertainment expansion and revitalization that included the 1997 addition of two new elevators (to a total of six) and the consequential relocation of the staircase from the north side leg to inside the core of the building, a conversion that also added nine stairs to the climb. TrizecHahn also owned the Willis Tower (Sears Tower at the time) in Chicago approximately at the same time.
In 2007, light-emitting diode (LED) lights replaced the incandescent lights that lit the CN Tower at night, the reason cited that LED lights are more cost and energy efficient than the incandescent lights. The colour of the LED lights can change, compared to the constant white colour of the incandescent lights.
On September 12, 2007, Burj Khalifa, then under construction, surpassed the CN Tower as the world's tallest free-standing structure.[25]
In 2008, glass panels were installed in one of the CN Tower elevators, which established a world record (346 m) for highest glass floor panelled elevator in the world.
The CN Tower was closed during the G20 summit on June 26–27, 2010, for security reasons, given its proximity to the Metro Toronto Convention Centre.
In 2011, EdgeWalk (where at an elevation of 356 metres (1,168 ft), visitors tethered to an overhead rail system can walk on the roof of the main pod) opened to the public.[18]
On July 10, 2015, the CN Tower was incorporated into the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games. A pre-recorded segment featured Bruny Surin passing the flame to Donovan Bailey on the EdgeWalk and parachuting into Rogers Centre. A fireworks display off the tower served as the ceremony's finale.
On July 1, 2017, as part of the nationwide celebrations for Canada 150, fireworks were once again shot from the tower, in a five-minute display coordinated with the tower lights and music broadcast on a local radio station.
Structure
Play media
Elevator going up
Play media
View from 360 Restaurant
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)
The CN Tower consists of several substructures. The main portion of the tower is a hollow concrete hexagonal pillar containing the stairwells and power and plumbing connections. The Tower's six elevators are located in the three inverted angles created by the Tower's hexagonal shape (two elevators per angle). Each of the three elevator shafts is lined with glass, allowing for views of the city as the glass-windowed elevators make their way through the Tower. The stairwell was originally located in one of these angles (the one facing north), but was moved into the central hollow of the Tower; the Tower's new fifth and sixth elevators were placed in the hexagonal angle that once contained the stairwell. On top of the main concrete portion of the Tower is a 102-metre (334.6 ft) tall metal broadcast antenna, carrying TV and radio signals. There are three visitor areas: the Glass Floor and Outdoor Observation Terrace which are both located at an elevation of 342 metres (1,122 ft), the Indoor Lookout Level (formerly known as "Indoor Observation Level") located at 346 metres (1,135 ft), and the higher SkyPod (formerly known as "Space Deck") at 446.5 metres (1,465 ft),[26] just below the metal antenna. The hexagonal shape can be seen between the two areas; however, below the main deck, three large supporting legs give the tower the appearance of a large tripod.
The main deck level is seven storeys, some of which are open to the public. Below the public areas — at 338 m (1,108.9 ft) — is a large white donut-shaped radome containing the structure's microwave receivers. The glass floor and outdoor observation deck are at 342 metres (1,122.0 ft). The glass floor has an area of 24 m2 (258 sq ft) and can withstand a pressure of 4,100 kilopascals (595 psi). The floor's thermal glass units are 64 mm (2.5 in) thick, consisting of a pane of 25-millimetre (1.0 in) laminated glass, 25 mm (1.0 in) airspace and a pane of 13 mm (0.5 in) laminated glass. Some people experience acrophobia when standing on the glass floor and looking down at the ground 342 m (1,122.0 ft) below. In 2008, one elevator was upgraded to add a glass floor panel, believed to have the highest vertical rise of any elevator equipped with this feature.[27] The Horizons Cafe and the lookout level are at 346 metres (1,135.2 ft). The 360 Restaurant, a revolving restaurant that completes a full rotation once every 72 minutes, is at 351 m (1,151.6 ft). When the tower first opened, it also featured a disco named Sparkles (at the Indoor Observation Level), billed as the highest disco and dance floor in the world.[28]
The SkyPod was once the highest public observation deck in the world until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center in 2008.[29]
A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps,[7][30] and the SkyPod 100 m (328 ft) above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for twice per year for charity stair-climb events.[31][31][32] The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer.[32] In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair. The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower (facing north), with a glass view, but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core.[30] Top climbs on the new, windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes.[33]
Inside 360 Restaurant
Main Pod
Cross-section of Main Pod
Standing on glass floor
View though glass floor
EdgeWalk
The EdgeWalk
On August 1, 2011, the CN Tower opened the EdgeWalk, an amusement in which thrill-seekers can walk on and around the roof of the main pod of the tower at 356 m (1,168.0 ft), which is directly above the 360 Restaurant.[34] It is the world's highest full-circle, hands-free walk. Visitors are tethered to an overhead rail system and walk around the edge of the CN Tower's main pod above the 360 Restaurant on a 1.5 m (4.9 ft) metal floor.[35] The attraction is closed throughout the winter season and during periods of electrical storms and high winds.
One of the notable guests who visited EdgeWalk includes Canadian comedian Rick Mercer, as featured on his CBC Television news satire show, Rick Mercer Report. He was accompanied by Canadian pop singer Jann Arden.[36]
Falling ice danger
Looking east at the CN Tower from the Gardiner Expressway
A freezing rain storm on March 2, 2007, resulted in a layer of ice several centimetres thick forming on the side of the tower and other downtown buildings. The sun thawed the ice, and winds of up to 90 km/h (56 mph) blew some of it away from the structure. There were fears that cars and windows of nearby buildings would be smashed by large chunks of ice. In response, police closed some streets surrounding the tower. During morning rush hour on March 5 of the same year, police expanded the area of closed streets to include the Gardiner Expressway 310 metres (1,017 ft) away from the tower, as increased winds blew the ice farther away, as far north as King Street, 490 m (1,608 ft) away, where a taxicab window was shattered. Subsequently, on March 6, 2007, the Gardiner Expressway reopened after winds abated.[37]
On April 16, 2018, falling ice from the CN Tower punctured the roof of the nearby Rogers Centre, causing the Toronto Blue Jays to postpone the game that day to the following day as a doubleheader. On April 20, the CN Tower reopened.[38]
Safety features
In August 2000, a fire broke out at the Ostankino Tower in Moscow killing three people and causing extensive damage. The fire was blamed on poor maintenance and outdated equipment. The failure of the fire-suppression systems and the lack of proper equipment for firefighters allowed the fire to destroy most of the interior and spark fears the tower might even collapse.
The Ostankino Tower was completed nine years before the CN Tower, and is only 13 m (43 ft) shorter.[39] The parallels between the towers led to some concern that the CN Tower could be at risk of a similar tragedy. However, Canadian officials subsequently stated that it is "highly unlikely" that a similar disaster could occur at the CN Tower, as it has important safeguards that were not present in the Ostankino Tower. Specifically, officials cited:
the fireproof building materials used in the tower's construction,
frequent and stringent safety inspections,
an extensive sprinkler system,
a 24-hour emergency monitoring operation,
two 68,160-litre (15,000-imperial gallon; 18,006-US gallon) water reservoirs at the top, which are automatically replenished,
a fire hose at the base of the structure capable of sending 2725 litres (600 imperial gallons; 720 US Gallon) a minute to any location in the tower,
a ban on natural gas appliances anywhere in the tower (including the restaurant in the main pod),
an elevator that can be used during a fire as it runs up the outside of the building and can be powered by three emergency generators at the base of the structure (unlike the elevator at the Ostankino Tower, which malfunctioned).[40]
Officials also noted that the CN Tower has an excellent safety record, although there was an electrical fire in the antennae on August 16, 2017 — the tower's first fire.[40][41][42][43] Moreover, other supertall structures built between 1967 and 1976 — such as the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), the World Trade Center (until its destruction on September 11, 2001), the Fernsehturm Berlin, the Aon Center, 875 North Michigan Avenue (formerly the John Hancock Center), and First Canadian Place — also have excellent safety records, which suggests that the Ostankino Tower accident was a rare safety failure, and that the likelihood of similar events occurring at other supertall structures is extremely low.
Panoramic view from the CN Tower. The Toronto Islands and the island airport on Lake Ontario are visible on the left side of the image while buildings of Toronto's Financial District are visible on the right.
Lighting
The CN Tower illuminated in the colours of the French flag in memoriam to the November 2015 Paris attacks
The CN Tower was originally lit at night with incandescent lights, which were removed in 1997, because they were inefficient and expensive to repair. In June 2007, the tower was outfitted with 1,330 super-bright LED lights inside the elevator shafts, shooting over the main pod and upward to the top of the tower's mast to light the tower from dusk until 2 a.m. The official opening ceremony took place on June 28 before the Canada Day holiday weekend.
The tower changes its lighting scheme on holidays and to commemorate major events. After the 95th Grey Cup in Toronto, the tower was lit in green and white to represent the colours of the Grey Cup champion Saskatchewan Roughriders.[44] From sundown on August 27, 2011, to sunrise the following day, the tower was lit in orange, the official colour of the New Democratic Party (NDP), to commemorate the death of federal NDP leader and leader of the official opposition Jack Layton.[45] When former South African president Nelson Mandela died, the tower was lit in the colours of the South African flag. When former federal finance minister under Stephen Harper's Conservatives Jim Flaherty died, the tower was lit in green to reflect his Irish Canadian heritage. On the night of the attacks on Paris on November 13, 2015, the tower displayed the colours of the French flag.
Programmed from a desktop computer with a wireless network interface controller in Burlington, Ontario, the LEDs use less energy to light than the previous incandescent lights (10% less energy than the dimly lit version and 60% less than the brightly lit version).[46] The estimated cost to use the LEDs is $1,000 per month.
During the spring and autumn bird migration seasons, the lights would be turned off to comply with the voluntary Fatal Light Awareness Program, which "encourages buildings to dim unnecessary exterior lighting to mitigate bird mortality during spring and summer migration."[47]
Date
Colour
Occasion
Ongoing Red and White Top of the hour CN Tower light show
January 26 Light Blue and Yellow World Alzheimer Day
February 4 Orange and Blue World Cancer Day
February 14 Red Valentine's Day
March 17 Green Saint Patrick's Day
March 21–June 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during spring bird migration
September 23–December 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during autumn bird migration
December Red and Green Season's Greetings
December 1 Red World AIDS Day
December 6 Purple White Ribbon Day
December 10 Yellow Human Rights Day
December 21 Blue and White First Day of Winter
December 31 Countdown to 2019 and Light Show New Year's Eve
Height comparisons
CN Tower as seen from its base.
• Burj Khalifa, Dubai
• CN Tower, Toronto
• Willis Tower, Chicago
Comparison of the CN Tower with the world's seven tallest towers
The CN Tower is the tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere. As of 2013, there are only two other freestanding structures in the Western Hemisphere which exceed 500 m (1,640.4 ft) in height; the Willis Tower in Chicago, which stands at 527 m (1,729.0 ft) when measured to its pinnacle; and the topped-out One World Trade Center in New York City, which has a pinnacle height of 541.33 m (1,776.0 ft), or approximately 12 m (39.4 ft) shorter than the CN Tower. Due to the symbolism of the number 1776 (the year of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence), the height of One World Trade Center is unlikely to be increased. The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010.[48]
Height distinction debate
"World's Tallest Tower" title
Guinness World Records has called the CN Tower "the world's tallest self-supporting tower" and "the world's tallest free-standing tower".[49][50] Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading "tallest building" at least once,[50] it has also listed it under "tallest tower", omitting it from its list of "tallest buildings."[49] In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to "World's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure". Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world's tallest free-standing structure on land, and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building, thereby awarding the title of world's tallest building to Taipei 101, which is 44 metres (144 ft) shorter than the CN Tower.[14][51] The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa, then under construction, exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 (see below).
Although the CN Tower contains a restaurant, a gift shop and multiple observation levels, it does not have floors continuously from the ground, and therefore it is not considered a building by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) or Emporis. CTBUH defines a building as "a structure that is designed for residential, business, or manufacturing purposes. An essential characteristic of a building is that it has floors."[51] The CN Tower and other similar structures—such as the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia; the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai, China; the Stratosphere Tower in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA; and the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France—are categorized as "towers", which are free-standing structures that may have observation decks and a few other habitable levels, but do not have floors from the ground up. The CN Tower was the tallest tower by this definition, until 2010 (see below).[14]
Taller than the CN Tower are numerous radio masts and towers, which are held in place by guy-wires, the tallest being the KVLY-TV mast in Blanchard, North Dakota, USA at 628 metres (2,060 ft) tall, leading to a distinction between these and "free-standing" structures. Additionally, the Petronius Platform stands 610 metres (2,001 ft) above its base on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, but only the top 75 metres (246 ft) of this oil and natural gas platform are above water, and the structure is thus partially supported by its buoyancy. Like the CN Tower, none of these taller structures are commonly considered buildings.
On September 12, 2007, Burj Khalifa, which is a hotel, residential and commercial building in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and was formerly known as Burj Dubai before opening, passed the CN Tower's 553.33-metre[8] height. The CN Tower held the record of tallest free-standing structure on land for over 30 years.[25]
After Burj Khalifa had been formally recognized by the Guinness World Records as the world's tallest freestanding structure, Guinness re-certified CN Tower as the world's tallest freestanding tower.[52] The tower definition used by Guinness was defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as 'a building in which less than 50% of the construction is usable floor space'. Guinness World Records editor-in-chief Craig Glenday announced that Burj Khalifa was not classified as a tower because it has too much usable floor space to be considered to be a tower.[53] CN Tower still held world records for highest above ground wine cellar (in 360 Restaurant) at 351 metres, highest above ground restaurant at 346 metres (Horizons Restaurant),[54] and tallest free-standing concrete tower during Guinness's recertification. The CN Tower was surpassed in 2009 by the Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China, which stands at 604 metres (1,982 ft) tall, as the world's tallest tower; which in turn was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2011, which currently is the tallest tower at 634.0 metres (2,080.1 ft) in height.[12][55] The CN Tower, as of 2018, stands as the ninth-tallest free-standing structure on land and remains the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere.[1]
Height records
The CN Tower as seen from the interior of the Rogers Centre stadium
Since the construction of the tower had been completed, it has gained the following world height records:[3]
Record
Owner
Value
Time period
Succeeded by
World's tallest free-standing structure CN Tower 553.33 metres (1,815.4 ft) March 31, 1975 to September 12, 2007 Burj Khalifa
World's tallest tower CN Tower 553.33 metres (1,815.4 ft) 1975 to 2009 Canton Tower
World's highest public observation gallery SkyPod 447 metres (1,467 ft)
World's highest glass floor paneled elevator CN Tower 346 metres (1,135 ft) 2008 to present —
World's longest metal staircase CN Tower 2,579 steps
World's highest glass floor CN Tower 342 metres (1,122 ft) 2008 to July 2, 2009 Willis Tower
World's highest and largest revolving restaurant 360 Restaurant 351 metres (1,152 ft)
World's highest bar Horizons Restaurant 346 metres (1,135 ft) September 21, 2009 to present —
World's highest wine cellar 360 Restaurant 351 metres (1,152 ft)
Use
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This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2014)
Main Pod and broadcast antennas
The CN Tower has been and continues to be used as a communications tower for a number of different media and by numerous companies.
Television broadcasters
VHF
UHF
Virtual
Callsign
Affiliation
Branding
9 — 9.1 CFTO-DT CTV CTV Toronto
— 19 19.1 CICA-DT TVOntario TVO
— 20 5.1 CBLT-DT CBC Television CBC Toronto
— 25 25.1 CBLFT-DT Ici Radio-Canada Télé ICI Toronto
— 40 40.1 CJMT-DT Omni Television Omni.2
— 41 41.1 CIII-DT-41 Global Global Toronto
— 44 57.1 CITY-DT City City Toronto
— 47 47.1 CFMT-DT Omni Television Omni.1
Radio
There is no AM broadcasting on the CN Tower.[56] The FM antennas are situated 421 metres (1,381 ft) above ground.
Frequency
kW
Callsign[57]
Branding
Notes
91.1 MHz 40 CJRT JAZZ.FM91
94.1 MHz 38 CBL CBC Radio 2
97.3 MHz 28.9 CHBM boom 97.3
98.1 MHz 44 CHFI 98.1 CHFI
99.9 MHz 40 CKFM Virgin Radio 99.9FM
100.7 MHz 4 CHIN CHIN Radio Primarily in Italian and Portuguese
102.1 MHz 35 CFNY 102.1 the Edge
104.5 MHz 40 CHUM 104.5 CHUM FM
107.1 MHz 40 CILQ Classic Rock Q 107
Cellular and paging providers
Bell Mobility[citation needed]
Motorola[citation needed]
Rogers Wireless[citation needed]
Communications
Bell Canada
Toronto Transit Commission
Amateur radio repeaters "2-Tango" (VHF) and "4-Tango" (440/70 cm UHF) — owned and operated by the Toronto FM Communications Society, under callsign VE3TWR[58]
In popular culture
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The CN Tower has been featured in numerous films, television shows, and video games, as well as having its own official mascot.
Highpoint is a Canadian 1982 action film starring Richard Harris, Christopher Plummer and Beverly D'Angelo. It features a shot of stuntman Dar Robinson jumping off of the Toronto CN Tower in 1979. The stunt used a parachute hidden under his coat.
Views is a 2016 studio album released on April 29, 2016 by Canadian rapper Drake. The cover artwork for, which features Drake sitting atop the CN Tower in Toronto. Drake appeared significantly larger than life-size on the cover, and CN Tower's Twitter account later confirmed it to be photo shopped. The album cover and booklet were shot by Toronto-based photographer Caitlin Cronenberg.
Rookie Blue is a Canadian police drama television series that depicts the CN Tower and the Toronto skyline in its title sequence.
SimCity 2000 has the CN Tower as an alternate skin for a reward structure
Civilization V: Gods & Kings includes the CN Tower as a world wonder
Tormenta en el paraíso is a Mexican soap opera that had an episode featuring the CN Tower[59]
Rick Mercer Report featured Rick Mercer and Jann Arden visiting the CN Tower
The CN Tower has its own mascot, which resembles the tower itself.[60]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to CN Tower.
Architecture of Toronto
List of tallest buildings in Toronto
List of tallest structures in Canada
List of tallest freestanding structures
List of tallest towers
List of tallest buildings and structures
List of tallest structures
Views, album cover by Canadian rapper Drake featuring the CN Tower's Main Pod
Architecture portal
Toronto portal
References
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Jump up ^ Canadian Press (April 9, 2008). "CN Tower's glass-floor elevator aims for record". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2008. Both linked pages include a video of the elevator with glass floor in operation.
Jump up ^ Malcolm, Andrew. "A New High for Disco in Toronto's Tower", The New York Times, October 10, 1979. Accessed February 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Shanghai World Financial Center". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Man climbs CN Tower steps in wheelchair". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. September 27, 2002. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "18th Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF Canada". World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Canada. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferenc, Leslie (October 15, 2007). "Corporate climbers ready to step up for charity". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "21st Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF-Canada". WWF. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New CN Tower attraction offers a walk on the outside". Toronto Star. May 9, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Toronto's Most Extreme Attraction". CN Tower. Retrieved February 25, 2012. It is the world’s highest full circle hands-free walk on a 5 ft (1.5 metres) wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower’s main pod, 356m/1168ft (116 storeys) above the ground.
Jump up ^ "Season 9 - Episode 1". Rick Mercer Report. CBC. April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Video: Falling CN Tower Ice". CITY-DT. March 2, 2007. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ "CN Tower, closed since Monday due to falling ice concerns, reopens". cbc.ca. 20 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Womackin, Helen (August 29, 2000). "Fire in 1,800ft TV tower adds to Russians' feeling of doom". The Independent.
^ Jump up to: a b "What if the CN Tower Caught Fire?". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 10, 2000. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Doherty, Brennan (August 16, 2017). "Fire crews tackle smouldering fire at CN Tower antenna". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press.
Jump up ^ McLaughlin, Amara (August 16, 2017). "Fire inside broadcasting antenna atop CN Tower now extinguished". CBC News. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Codi (August 16, 2017). "CN Tower open for business after early morning fire in antenna mast". CTV Toronto News. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Highlighting the CN Tower — Testing of Innovative Illumination Technology Begins Early June 2007" (PDF) (Press release). CN Tower. June 28, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Jack Layton's 'passion, civility' honoured at funeral". CBC News. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Black, Debra (May 30, 2007). "Come Canada Day, CN Tower will once again light up the night". Toronto Star. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "CN Tower in Toronto receives LED lighting treatment". LEDs Magazine. June 18, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Calatrava Dances onto a New Stage". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b McWhirter, Norris (1981). Guinness Book of World Records 1982. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 704. ISBN 978-0-8069-0225-8. OCLC 7902975. Reference is on page 275.
^ Jump up to: a b "Guinness Book of World Records 2005 – Science and Technology << Buildings". Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "CTBUH Tall Building Database". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Daubs, Katie (September 22, 2009). "CN tower now the 'world's tallest freestanding tower'". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CN Tower remains world's tallest tower, Guinness says". National Post. September 18, 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "CN Tower still world's tallest: Guinness". CBC News. September 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Owen, James (November 29, 2011). "World's Tallest Tower Rises in Tokyo". National Geographic News.
Jump up ^ "AM Query & AM List Results". Federal Communications Commission – Audio Division. April 9, 2008. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "FM Query & FM List Results". Federal Communications Commission – Audio Division. April 9, 2008. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Toronto ARES Channels". October 26, 2005. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ Doolittle, Robyn (July 29, 2008). "Toronto a hot spot for Mexican tourists". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fearon, Emily (July 19, 2017). "A new mascot for the CN Tower is a mini CN Tower". Toronto Star.
External links
CBC Archives – CN Tower opens to the public. (Multimedia)
Official CN Tower Website
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values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_CN
Torre CN – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: সিএন টাওয়ার – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Сі-Эн Таўэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Си Ен Тауър – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_CN
Torre CN – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: ސީ.އެން. ޓަވަރު – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πύργος CN – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_CN
Torre CN – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Dorrea
CN Dorrea – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: برج سی‌ان – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_CN
Tour CN – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Սի Էն աշտարակ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_toranj
CN toranj – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_CN
Menara CN – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Си-Эн Тауэр – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: מגדל סי אן – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_CN
Menara CN – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಸಿ. ಎನ್. ಟವರ್, ಟೊರಾಂಟೋ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ტორონტოს ტელეანძა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turris_CN
Turris CN – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_tornis
CN tornis – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Macedonian
mk
mk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: सी.एन. टॉवर – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_CN
Menara CN – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ਸੀ.ਐੱਨ. ਬੁਰਜ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_CN
Torre CN – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Си-Эн Тауэр – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Канадски национални торањ – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_toranj
CN toranj – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
CN Tower – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: சி. என். கோபுரம் – Tamil

values: ซีเอ็นทาวเวอร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Kulesi
CN Kulesi – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Сі-Ен Тауер – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: سی این ٹاور – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_CN
Torre CN – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: 加拿大國家電視塔 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-CN_Tower rootpage-CN_Tower skin-vector action-view