text:
Three-schema approach
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The notion of a three-schema model was first introduced in 1975 by the ANSI/X3/SPARC three level architecture, which determined three levels to model data.[1]
The three-schema approach, or three-schema concept, in software engineering is an approach to building information systems and systems information management that originated in the 1970s. It proposes three different views in systems development, with conceptual modelling being considered the key to achieving data integration.[2]
Contents
1 Overview
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Overview[edit]
The three-schema approach provides for three types of schemas with schema techniques based on formal language descriptions:[3]
External schema for user views
Conceptual schema integrates external schemata
Internal schema that defines physical storage structures
At the center, the conceptual schema defines the ontology of the concepts as the users think of them and talk about them. The physical schema according to Sowa (2004) "describes the internal formats of the data stored in the database, and the external schema defines the view of the data presented to the application programs."[4] The framework attempted to permit multiple data models to be used for external schemata.[5]
Over the years, the skill and interest in building information systems has grown tremendously. However, for the most part, the traditional approach to building systems has only focused on defining data from two distinct views, the "user view" and the "computer view". From the user view, which will be referred to as the “external schema,” the definition of data is in the context of reports and screens designed to aid individuals in doing their specific jobs. The required structure of data from a usage view changes with the business environment and the individual preferences of the user. From the computer view, which will be referred to as the "internal schema", data is defined in terms of file structures for storage and retrieval. The required structure of data for computer storage depends upon the specific computer technology employed and the need for efficient processing of data.[6]
Figure 1: Traditional View of Data[6]
Figure 2: Three schema approach[6]
These two traditional views of data have been defined by analysts over the years on an application by application basis as specific business needs were addressed, see Figure 1. Typically, the internal schema defined for an initial application cannot be readily used for subsequent applications, resulting in the creation of redundant and often inconsistent definition of the same data. Data was defined by the layout of physical records and processed sequentially in early information systems. The need for flexibility, however, led to the introduction of Database Management Systems (DBMSs), which allow for random access of logically connected pieces of data. The logical data structures within a DBMS are typically defined as either hierarchies, networks or relations. Although DBMSs have greatly improved the shareability of data, the use of a DBMS alone does not guarantee a consistent definition of data. Furthermore, most large companies have had to develop multiple databases which are often under the control of different DBMSs and still have the problems of redundancy and inconsistency.[6]
The recognition of this problem led the ANSI/X3/SPARC Study Group on Database Management Systems to conclude that in an ideal data management environment a third view of data is needed. This view, referred to as a "conceptual schema" is a single integrated definition of the data within an enterprise which is unbiased toward any single application of data and is independent of how the data is physically stored or accessed, see Figure 2. The primary objective of this conceptual schema is to provide a consistent definition of the meanings and interrelationship of data which can be used to integrate, share, and manage the integrity of data.[6]
History[edit]
Image of the six layers in the Zachman Framework.
The notion of a three-schema model consisting of a conceptual model, an external model, and an internal or physical model was first introduced by the ANSI/X3/SPARC Standards Planning and Requirements Committee directed by Charles Bachman in 1975. The ANSI/X3/SPARC Report characterized DBMSs as having a two schema organization. That is, DBMSs utilize an internal schema, which represents the structure of the data as viewed by the DBMS, and an external schema, which represents various structures of the data as viewed by the end user. The concept of a third schema (conceptual) was introduced in the report. The conceptual schema represents the basic underlying structure of data as viewed by the enterprise as a whole.[2]
The ANSI/SPARC report was intended as a basis for interoperable computer systems. All database vendors adopted the three-schema terminology, but they implemented it in incompatible ways. Over the next twenty years, various groups attempted to define standards for the conceptual schema and its mappings to databases and programming languages. Unfortunately, none of the vendors had a strong incentive to make their formats compatible with their competitors'. A few reports were produced, but no standards.[4]
As the practice of Data Administration has evolved and more graphical techniques have evolved, the term "schema" has given way to the term "model". The conceptual model represents the view of data that is negotiated between end users and database administrators covering those entities about which it is important to keep data, the meaning of the data, and the relationships of the data to each other.[2]
One further development is the IDEF1X information modeling methodology, which is based on the three-schema concept[citation needed]. Another is the Zachman Framework, proposed by John Zachman in 1987 and developed ever since in the field of Enterprise Architecture. In this framework, the three-schema model has evolved into a layer of six perspectives. In other Enterprise Architecture frameworks some kind of view model is incorporated.
See also[edit]
Conceptual schema
Data model
Data modeling
Entity-relationship model
Information systems
Object-role modeling
View model
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology website http://www.nist.gov.
Jump up ^ Matthew West and Julian Fowler (1999). High Quality Data Models. The European Process Industries STEP Technical Liaison Executive (EPISTLE).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Strap Section 2 Approach". Retrieved 30 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Loomis, Mary E.S. (1987). Data Base Book. Macmillan. p. 26. ISBN 9780023717604.
^ Jump up to: a b Sowa, John F. (2004). Ramadas, J.; Chunawala, S., eds. The Challenge of Knowledge Soup. Research Trends in Science, Technology and Mathematics Education. Homi Bhabha Centre, Mumbai.
Jump up ^ Ariav, Gad; Clifford, James (1986). New Directions for Database Systems: Revised Versions of the Papers. New York University Graduate School of Business Administration. Center for Research on Information Systems.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Integration Definition for Information Modeling (IDEFIX)". 21 Dec 1993. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
External links[edit]
Information Designing presentation by Walden 3d Inc.
Example of an application at the Office of Hydrologic Development at the US National Weather Service.
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Yad Vashem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Yad Vashem
יָד וַשֵׁם
Aerial view of Yad Vashem
Established
19 August 1953
Location
On the western slope of Mount Herzl, also known as the Mount of Remembrance, a height in western Jerusalem, Israel
Type
Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust
Visitors
One million per year
Website
www.yadvashem.org
Yad Vashem (Hebrew: יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a monument and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the dead; honoring Jews who fought against their Nazi oppressors and Gentiles who selflessly aided Jews in need; and researching the phenomenon of the Holocaust in particular and genocide in general, with the aim of avoiding such events in the future.
Established in 1953, Yad Vashem is on the western slope of Mount Herzl, also known as the Mount of Remembrance, a height in western Jerusalem, 804 meters (2,638 ft) above sea level and adjacent to the Jerusalem Forest. The memorial consists of a 180-dunam (18.0 ha; 44.5-acre) complex containing the Holocaust History Museum, memorial sites such as the Children's Memorial and the Hall of Remembrance, the Museum of Holocaust Art, sculptures, outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, a synagogue, a research institute with archives, a library, a publishing house, and an educational center, the International School/Institute for Holocaust Studies.
A core goal of Yad Vashem's founders was to recognize non-Jews who, at personal risk and without a financial or evangelistic motive, chose to save Jews from the ongoing genocide during the Holocaust. Those recognized by Israel as Righteous Among the Nations are honored in a section of Yad Vashem known as the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations.
Yad Vashem is the second-most-visited Israeli tourist site, after the Western Wall, with approximately one million visitors each year. It does not charge any fee for admission.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Objectives
3.1 Yad Vashem Studies
4 Museum
5 Architecture
6 Hall of Names
7 Archives
7.1 Examples of photos from the Yad Vashem Archive
8 Righteous Among the Nations
9 Art gallery
10 Prizes awarded by Yad Vashem
11 Awards bestowed upon Yad Vashem
12 Notable visitors
12.1 Royalty
12.2 Politicians
12.2.1 Presidents
12.2.2 Prime Ministers (Head of government)
12.2.3 International organizations
12.3 Religious figures
12.4 Others
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name "Yad Vashem" is taken from a verse in the Book of Isaiah: "To them I will give within my temple and its walls a memorial and a name better than sons and daughters; I will give them an everlasting name that will endure forever" (Isaiah 56:5). Naming the Holocaust memorial "yad vashem" (Biblical Hebrew יָ֣ד וָשֵׁ֔ם yād wā-šêm) conveys the idea of establishing a national depository for the names of Jewish victims who have no one to carry their name after death. The original verse referred to eunuchs who, although they could not have children, could still live for eternity with the Lord.[1]
History[edit]
The wagon (or cattle car) monument in memory of the Holocaust trains
The idea of establishing a memorial in the historical Jewish homeland for Jewish victims of the Nazi Holocaust was conceived during World War II, as a response to reports of the mass murder of Jews in Nazi-occupied countries. Yad Vashem was first proposed in September 1942, at a board meeting of the Jewish National Fund, by Mordecai Shenhavi, a member of Kibbutz Mishmar Ha'emek.[1] In August 1945, the plan was discussed in greater detail at a Zionist meeting in London. A provisional board of Zionist leaders was established that included David Remez as chairman, Shlomo Zalman Shragai, Baruch Zuckerman, and Shenhavi. In February 1946, Yad Vashem opened an office in Jerusalem and a branch office in Tel Aviv, and in June that year convened its first plenary session. In July 1947, the First Conference on Holocaust Research was held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. However, the outbreak in May 1948 of the War of Independence brought operations to a standstill for two years.
On 19 August 1953, the Knesset, Israel's Parliament, unanimously passed the Yad Vashem Law, establishing the Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, the aim of which was “the commemoration in the Homeland of all those members of the Jewish people who gave their lives, or rose up and fought the Nazi enemy and its collaborators,” and to set up “a memorial to them, and to the communities, organizations and institutions that were destroyed because they belonged to the Jewish people.”[2]
Valley of the Destroyed Communities
On 29 July 1954, the cornerstone for the Yad Vashem building was laid on a hill in western Jerusalem, to be known as the Mount of Remembrance (Hebrew: Har HaZikaron); the organization had already begun projects to collect the names of individuals killed in the Holocaust; acquire Holocaust documentation and personal testimonies of survivors for the Archives and Library; and develop research and publications. The memorial and museum opened to the public in 1957.[3][4]
The location of Yad Vashem on the western side of Mount Herzl, an area devoid of weighty historical associations, was chosen to convey a symbolic message of "rebirth" after destruction, distinct from the Chamber of the Holocaust, founded in 1948 on Mount Zion.[5][6] Thus, the latter museum, whose walls are lined with plaques memorializing over 2,000 Jewish communities destroyed during the Holocaust,[7][8] portrays the Holocaust as a continuation of the "death and destruction" that plagued Jewish communities throughout Jewish history.[9]
On 15 March 2005, a new Museum complex four times larger than the old one opened at Yad Vashem. It included the Holocaust History Museum with a new Hall of Names, a Museum of Holocaust Art, an Exhibitions Pavilion, a Learning Center and a Visual Center.[10][11]
The new Yad Vashem museum was designed by Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie, replacing the previous 30-year-old exhibition.[12] It was the culmination of a $100 million decade-long expansion project.[13]
Buchenwald concentration camp, April 16, 1945, after liberation. Eli Wiesel, later Vice Chairman of Yad Vashem, is in the 2nd row from the bottom, 7th from the left, next to the bunk post.[14]
In November 2008, Rabbi Yisrael Meir Lau was appointed Chairman of Yad Vashem's Council, replacing Tommy Lapid.[15] The Vice Chairmen of the Council are Yitzhak Arad and Moshe Kantor. Elie Wiesel was Vice Chairman of the Council until his death on July 2, 2016.[16]
The Chairman of the Directorate is (since 1993) Avner Shalev, who replaced Yitzhak Arad, who had served in this position for 21 years. The Director General is Dorit Novak. The Head of the International Institute for Holocaust Research and Incumbent is John Najmann. The Chair for Holocaust Studies is Prof. Dan Michman. The Chief Historian is Prof. Dina Porat. The Academic Advisor is Prof. Yehuda Bauer.[16]
The Members of the Yad Vashem Directorate are Yossi Ahimeir, Daniel Atar, Michal Cohen, Matityahu Drobles, Abraham Duvdevani, Prof. Boleslaw (Bolek) Goldman, Vera H. Golovensky, Moshe Ha-Elion, Adv. Shlomit Kasirer, Yossi Katribas, Yehiel Leket, Baruch Shub, Dalit Stauber, Dr. Zehava Tanne, Adv. Shoshana Weinshall, and Dudi Zilbershlag.[16]
Objectives[edit]
The Eternal Flame
The aims of Yad Vashem are education, research and documentation, and commemoration.[17] Yad Vashem organizes professional development courses for educators both in Israel and throughout the world; develops age-appropriate study programs, curricula, and educational materials for Israeli and foreign schools in order to teach students of all ages about the Holocaust; holds exhibitions about the Holocaust; collects the names of Holocaust victims;[18] collects photos, documents, and personal artifacts; and collects Pages of Testimony memorializing victims of the Holocaust.[19] Yad Vashem seeks to preserve the memory and names of the six million Jews murdered during the Holocaust, and the numerous Jewish communities destroyed during that time. It holds ceremonies of remembrance and commemoration; supports Holocaust research projects; develops and coordinates symposia, workshops, and international conferences; and publishes research, memoirs, documents, albums, and diaries related to the Holocaust.[20] Yad Vashem also honors non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.
The International School/Institute for Holocaust Studies at Yad Vashem, founded in 1993, offers guides and seminars for students, teachers, and educators, and develops pedagogic tools for use in the classroom.[21] Yad Vashem trains 10,000 domestic and foreign teachers every year.[22] The organization operates a web site in several languages, including German, Hebrew, Farsi, and Arabic. In 2013 Yad Vashem launched an online campaign in Arabic, promoting Yad Vashem's website. The campaign reached over 2.4 million Arabic speakers from around the globe, and the traffic to Yad Vashem's website was tripled.[23]
The institution's policy is that the Holocaust "cannot be compared to any other event". In 2009 Yad Vashem fired a docent for comparing the trauma Jews suffered in the Holocaust to the trauma Palestinians suffered during Israel's War of Independence, including the Deir Yassin massacre.[24]
Yad Vashem Studies[edit]
Yad Vashem Studies is a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholarly journal on the Holocaust. Published since 1957, it appears in both English and Hebrew editions.[25]
Museum[edit]
View of Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum
Yad Vashem opened to the public in 1957. Its exhibits focused on Jewish resistance in the Warsaw ghetto, the uprisings in Sobibor and Treblinka death camps, and the struggle of survivors to reach Israel.[26]
In 1993, planning began for a larger, more technologically advanced museum to replace the old one. The new building, designed by Canadian-Israeli architect Moshe Safdie, consists of a long corridor connected to 10 exhibition halls, each dedicated to a different chapter of the Holocaust. The museum combines the personal stories of 90 Holocaust victims and survivors, and presents approximately 2,500 personal items including artwork and letters donated by survivors and others. The old historical displays revolving around anti-Semitism and the rise of Nazism have been replaced by exhibits that focus on the personal stories of Jews killed in the Holocaust. According to Avner Shalev, the museum's curator and chairman, a visit to the new museum revolves around "looking into the eyes of the individuals. There weren't six million victims, there were six million individual murders."[26]
The new museum was dedicated on 15 March 2005 in the presence of leaders from 40 states and former Secretary General of the UN Kofi Annan. President of Israel Moshe Katzav said that Yad Vashem serves as "an important signpost to all of humankind, a signpost that warns how short the distance is between hatred and murder, between racism and genocide".[27] According to Jonathan Kis-Lev, in recent years the Museum was visited by a growing number of Palestinians, as part of efforts of various organizations to bridge the gap between Israelis and Palestinians. "Learning about the Holocaust," Kis-Lev wrote, "helped the Palestinian members of our binational group better understand the Jewish perspective, and was a turning point in improving our relationship."[28][page needed]
Architecture[edit]
Prism skylight
The museum, designed by Moshe Safdie, is shaped like a triangular concrete prism that cuts through the landscape, illuminated by a 200 meters (656 ft)-long skylight. Visitors follow a preset route that takes them through underground galleries that branch off from the main hall.[13]
Hall of Names[edit]
The Hall of Names containing Pages of Testimony commemorating the millions of Jews who were murdered during the Holocaust
The Hall of Names is a memorial to the six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust. The main hall is composed of two cones: one ten meters high, with a reciprocal well-like cone excavated into the underground rock, its base filled with water. On the upper cone is a display featuring 600 photographs of Holocaust victims and fragments of Pages of Testimony. These are reflected in the water at the bottom of the lower cone, commemorating those victims whose names remain unknown. Surrounding the platform is the circular repository, housing the approximately 2.2 million Pages of Testimony collected to date, with empty spaces for those yet to be submitted.
Since the 1950s, Yad Vashem has collected approximately 110,000 audio, video, and written testimonies by Holocaust survivors. As the survivors age, the program has expanded to visiting survivors in their homes, to tape interviews. Adjoining the hall is a study area with a computerized data bank where visitors can do online searches for the names of Holocaust victims.
Archives[edit]
The Archive is the oldest department of Yad Vashem. Before presenting an exhibition, Yad Vashem collects items. The best known of these are the historical photographs, as well as the Pages of Testimonies collected from survivors. The latter is a database of personal information about those who survived and those who perished in the Holocaust. Yad Vashem has also acquired access to the database of the International Tracing Service of Bad Arolsen of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and these two databases complement each other for research purposes.
Examples of photos from the Yad Vashem Archive[edit]
Michael Redwitz (de), Yad Vashem Photo Archive
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Yad Vashem Photo Archive
Photo acquired from an East German/GDR archive (ADN)
Righteous Among the Nations[edit]
Main article: Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous
among the Nations
The Holocaust
Rescuers of Jews
Righteousness
Seven Laws of Noah
Yad Vashem
Notable individuals
Irena Adamowicz
Gino Bartali
Archbishop Damaskinos
Odoardo Focherini
Francis Foley
Feng-Shan Ho
Constantin Karadja
Jan Karski
Valdemar Langlet
Carl Lutz
Aristides de Sousa Mendes
Tadeusz Pankiewicz
Giorgio Perlasca
Marion Pritchard
Ángel Sanz Briz
Ona Šimaitė
Oskar Schindler
Irena Sendler
Klymentiy Sheptytsky
Henryk Sławik
Chiune Sugihara
Corrie ten Boom
Johan van Hulst
Raoul Wallenberg
Johan Hendrik Weidner
Rudolf Weigl
Jan Zwartendijk
By country
Albanian
Austrian
Chinese
Croatian
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Polish
Serbian
Ukrainian
v
t
e
Tree, memorial honoring Irena Sendler (Polish nurse who saved 2,500 Jews when it was forbidden during the Holocaust) in Jerusalem, Israel
Janusz Korczak and the children, memorial
Memorial to the Jewish children murdered by the Nazis
One of Yad Vashem's tasks is to honor non-Jews who risked their lives, liberty, or positions to save Jews during the Holocaust. To this end, a special independent Commission, headed by a retired Supreme Court Justice, was established. The commission members, including historians, public figures, lawyers, and Holocaust survivors, examine and evaluate each case according to a well-defined set of criteria and regulations. The Righteous receive a certificate of honor and a medal, and their names are commemorated in the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations,[29] on the Mount of Remembrance, Yad Vashem. This is an ongoing project that will continue for as long as there are valid requests, substantiated by testimonies or documentation. 555 individuals were recognized during 2011, and as of 2011[update], more than 24,300 individuals have been recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.[citation needed]
Art gallery[edit]
Yad Vashem houses the world's largest collection of artwork produced by Jews and other victims of Nazi occupation in 1933–1945. The Yad Vashem Art Department supervises a 10,000-piece collection, adding 300 pieces a year, most of them donated by survivors' families or discovered in attics.[30] Included in the collection are works by Alexander Bogen, Alice Lok Cahana, Samuel Bak, and Felix Nussbaum.
Prizes awarded by Yad Vashem[edit]
Yad Vashem awards the following book prizes:
Yad Vashem Prize for Children's Holocaust Literature
Yad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research, established in 2011 in memory of Abraham Meir Schwartzbaum, Holocaust survivor, and his family who was murdered in the Holocaust. It is awarded annually in recognition of high scholarly research and writing on the Holocaust.[31]
Sussman Prize for Paintings of the Shoah.
The annual Buchman Foundation Memorial Prize, for writers and scholars for Holocaust-related works. Recipients include:[32]
2007: Hanoch Bartov, for Beyond the Horizon, Across the Street
2007: Shlomo Aharonson, for Hitler, the Allies and the Jews
Earlier: Aharon Appelfeld, Alona Frankel (2005),[33] Ida Fink, Dina Porat, Lizzie Doron, Amir Gottfreund, and Itamar Levin.
Awards bestowed upon Yad Vashem[edit]
In 1973, the Pinkas HaKehillot (Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities) project of Yad Vashem was awarded the Israel Prize, for its special contribution to society and the State.[34]
In 2003, Yad Vashem was awarded the Israel Prize, for lifetime achievement and its special contribution to society and the State.[35][36]
In September 2007, Yad Vashem received the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord.[37] The Prince of Asturias Awards is presented in 8 categories. The Award for Concord is bestowed upon the person, persons, or institution whose work has made an exemplary and outstanding contribution to mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence among men, to the struggle against injustice or ignorance, to the defense of freedom, or whose work has widened the horizons of knowledge or has been outstanding in protecting and preserving mankind's heritage.
On 25 October 2007, Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev was awarded the Légion d’honneur for his "extraordinary work on behalf of Holocaust remembrance worldwide." French President Nicolas Sarkozy presented Shalev with the award in a special ceremony at the Elysee Palace.
In 2011, Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev received the City of Jerusalem’s Patron of Jerusalem Award in recognition of his work in the city.[38]
Notable visitors[edit]
Royalty[edit]
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (1995)
Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark (2013)[39]
Politicians[edit]
Presidents[edit]
President Donald Trump at Yad Vashem, May 2017
François Tombalbaye (1965)[40]
Luis Echeverría (1975)[41]
Anwar Sadat (1977)[42]
Richard von Weizsäcker (1985)[43]
Bill Clinton (1994)[44]
Emil Constantinescu (2000)[45]
Stjepan Mesić (2001)[46]
Horst Köhler (2005)[47]
Boris Tadić (2005)[48]
Vladimir Putin (2005)[49]
Lech Kaczyński (2006)[50]
George W. Bush (2008)[51]
Nicolas Sarkozy (2008)[52]
Christian Wulff (2010)[53]
Ivo Josipović (2012)[54]
Joachim Gauck (2012)[55]
Barack Obama (2013)[56]
Tomislav Nikolic (2013)[57]
Nicos Anastasiades (2013)[58]
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (2013)[59]
Miloš Zeman (2013)[60]
Goodluck Jonathan (2013)[61]
Bronislaw Komorowski (2013)[62]
Otto Pérez Molina (2013)[63]
Mahinda Rajapaksa (2014)[64]
Traian Băsescu (2014)[65]
Ollanta Humala (2014)[66]
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (2015)[67]
Andrzej Duda (2017)[68]
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (2017)[69]
Donald Trump (2017)
Rumen Radev (2018)[70]
Prime Ministers (Head of government)[edit]
Bob Hawke[71]
Tage Erlander[72]
Dawda Jawara (1966)[73]
Margaret Thatcher (1986)[74]
John Major (1990–97)[75]
Konstantinos Mitsotakis (1992)[76]
Sergey Tereshchenko (1992)[77]
Adolfas Šleževičius (1993)[78]
Jean Chretien (2000)[79]
Ivo Sanader (2005)[80]
Recep Tayyip Erdogan (2005)[81]
Angela Merkel (2006)[82]
Bidzina Ivanishvili (2013)[83]
Enrico Letta (2013)[84]
Antonis Samaras (2013)[85]
Mark Rutte (2013)[86]
Stephen Harper (2014)[87]
Bohuslav Sobotka (2014)[88]
Aleksandar Vučić (2014)[89]
Alexis Tsipras (2015)[90]
Edi Rama (2015)[91]
Shinzo Abe (2015)[92]
Andrej Plenković (2017)[93]
Narendra Modi (2017)[94]
Malcolm Turnbull (2017)[95]
International organizations[edit]
Kurt Waldheim[96]
Ban Ki-Moon[97]
Religious figures[edit]
14th Dalai Lama (1994)[98]
Pope John Paul II (2000)[99]
Pope Benedict XVI (2009)[100]
Justin Welby (2013), Archbishop of Canterbury[101]
Pope Francis (2014)
Others[edit]
Marlene Dietrich, German-American actor[102]
See also[edit]
Gathering the fragments
List of Israel Prize recipients
List of Righteous Among the Nations by country
The Holocaust History Project
Yad Vashem: Preserving the Past to Ensure the Future
Major camps: Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald, Dachau and Treblinka
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Margalit, Avishai (2002). The Ethics of Memory. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Martin (2008). Israel: A History (Revised and updated ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. p. 288. ISBN 978-0688123635.
Jump up ^ Silberklang, David (Fall 2003). "More Than a Memorial: The Evolution of Yad Vashem" (PDF). Yad Vashem Quarterly Magazine: Special Commemorative Edition. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem: 6–7.
Jump up ^ Naor, Mordechai (1998). "1954". The Twentieth Century in Eretz Israel. Translated by Krausz, Judith (English ed.). Cologne, Germany: Konenmann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. pp. 317–318. ISBN 9783895085956.
Jump up ^ Edrei, Arye (2007-06-07). "Holocaust Memorial". In Doron Mendels. On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-03911-064-3.
Jump up ^ Singer, Yehudit (May 6, 2008). "60 Years of Commemorating the Holocaust". ShiurTimes: 36–37.
Jump up ^ Amdur Sack, Sallyann (1995). A guide to Jewish genealogical research in Israel. Avotaynu. p. 67. ISBN 0962637378.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Daniel; Eber, Shirley; Silvani, Francesca (1998). Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 371. ISBN 1858282489.
Jump up ^ Stauber, Roni (2007). The Holocaust in Israeli Public Debate in the 1950s: Ideology and memory. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 99. ISBN 085303723X.
Jump up ^ "New Holocaust Museum Opens in Jerusalem". The New York Times. March 15, 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The new Holocaust History Museum at Yad Vashem - Facts & Figures". Yad Vashem. Yad Vashem Press Release. 15 March 2005.
Jump up ^ ETGAR LEFKOVITS; 700+ words. "Jerusalem: Yad Vashem". Highbeam.com. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Ser, Sam. "New Yad Vashem museum to emphasize 'human story'". Jerusalem Post/Highbeam.com. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Elie Wiesel — Photograph". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Rabbi Israel Meir Lau Appointed Chairman of the Yad Vashem Council". .yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2012-07-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yad Vashem Magazine. Volume 80. June 2016: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-09-18. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
Jump up ^ "The International School for Holocaust Studies". .yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
Jump up ^ About: The Central Database of Shoah Victims Names Archived September 18, 2014, at Archive.is
Jump up ^ The Hall of Names Archived January 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Our Memory of the Past and for the Future: Based on the Proceedings of an International Forum in Jerusalem, Israel, 15–21 September 2003. Council of Europe. 2005. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ "International School for Holocaust Studies". Yadvashem.macam.ac.il. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ Stay informed today and every day (2013-08-24). "Remembering the Holocaust: Bearing witness ever more". Economist.com. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ Ofer Aderet (2014-02-11). "Yad Vashem finds Muslim clicks on Facebook". haaretz.com. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Jump up ^ Yoav Stern. "Yad Vashem fires employee who compared Holocaust to Nakba". Haaretz, 23 April 2009. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-29. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Yad Vashem Studies". The International Institute for Holocaust Research. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Chris McGreal (2005-03-15). "'This is ours and ours alone'". Guardian. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ Kofi Annan commented at the opening, "The number of Holocaust survivors who are still with us is dwindling fast. Our children are growing up just as rapidly. They are beginning to ask their first questions about injustice. What will we tell them? Will we say, 'That's just the way the world is'? Or will we say instead, 'We are trying to change things—to find a better way'? Let this museum stand as a testimony that we are striving for a better way. Let Yad Vashem inspire us to keep striving, as long as the darkest dark stalks the face of the earth." Facing the Consequences of Dividing Israel Archived May 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kis-Lev, Jonathan (2015). My Quest For Peace: One Israeli's Journey From Hatred To Peacemaking. Goldsmith Press. ISBN 978-1537163536.
Jump up ^ "Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide - The Yad Vashem Garden of the Righteous". Gariwo. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
Jump up ^ Sanders, Edmund (December 26, 2010). "Holocaust art endures at Israel's Yad Vashem museum". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ "The Yad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research 2012". Yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Buchman Prize - Yad Vashem Judges' Reasons". Alonafrankel.com. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Israel Prize Official Site – Recipients in 1973 (in Hebrew)". Archived from the original on 2010-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient's C.V. (2003)".
Jump up ^ "Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew)- Judges' Considerations for Grant of Prize to Recipient in 2003".
Jump up ^ Yad Vashem Receives Prince of Asturias Award for Concord
Jump up ^ "Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev to Receive 2011 Patron of Jerusalem (Yakir Yerushalayim) Award". Yad Vashem. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Crown Prince of Denmark at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The President of Chad visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 20 September 1965. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The President of Mexico visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 7 August 1975. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vasehm. 20 November 1977. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The President of West Germany, Richard von Weizsacker visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 8 October 1985. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Clinton Offers Prayer of Hope During His Visit to Yad Vashem". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 31 October 1994. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Newsline - January 4, 2000". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 4 January 2000. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Visit of Croatian President Stipe Mesic to Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 31 October 2001. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "German President Kohler at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Visit of Serbian President Boris Tadić to Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 7 November 2005.
Jump up ^ "Putin Visits Israel and Tries to Allay Its Security Worries". New York Times. 29 April 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Polish President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 11 September 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "President Bush Visits Yad Vashem". The White House. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visit of French President Nicolas Sarkozy to Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visit of President of Germany to Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 28 November 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "President Josipović visits Yad Vashem". Office of the President of the Republic of Croatia. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Visit of President of Germany Joachim Gauck and Ms. Daniela Schadt to Yad Vashem May 29, 2012". Yad Vashem. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "President Obama at Yad Vashem Today". Yad Vashem. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Serbian President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 28 April 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cypriot President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 5 May 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Colombian President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "President of the Czech Republic at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nigerian President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Polish President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 3 November 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "President of Guatemala at Yad Vashem Monday". Yad Vashem. 8 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lankan President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 8 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Romanian President at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "El Presidente de la República del Perú visitó Yad Vashem el 17 de febero de 2014". Yad Vashem. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ AFP (2015-07-22). "KOLINDA IN ISRAEL 'I express my deepest regret to all the victims of the Holocaust in Croatia. Ustasha regime manipulated the Croats'". Jutarnji.hr. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Polish President Visits Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "German President at Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bulgarian President at Yad Vashem Wednesday". Yad Vashem. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister Education Minister of Gambia visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 11 October 1966. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher, visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 25 May 1986. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Yad Vashem collection
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister of Greece visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 19 May 1992. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister of Kazakhstan visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 19 May 1992. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister of Lithuania visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 4 October 1993. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Palestinians upset Chretien avoids East Jerusalem". CBC News. 11 November 2000. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sanader: Individualisation of Yad Vashem Victims More Powerful than just Plain Figures". Croatian Radiotelevision. 28 June 2005.
Jump up ^ "Turkish Prime Minister to Visit Yad Vashem Today". Yad Vashem. 1 May 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Besucher aus deutschsprachigen Ländern" (in German). Yad Vashem. 30 January 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Georgian Prime Minister at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 23 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Italian Prime Minister at Yad Vashem Monday". Yad Vashem. 30 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Greek Prime Minister at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutch Prime Minister at Yad Vashem Sunday". Yad Vashem. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Prime Minister at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister of the Serbia at Yad Vashem Tomorrow". Yad Vashem. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Greek PM Visits Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem". Yad Vashem. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Albanian Prime Minister to visit Yad Vashem". Israeli MFA. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.mofa.go.jp/me_a/me1/il/page23e_000387.html
Jump up ^ "HRT: Plenković se sastao s Netanyahuom" (in Croatian). Vijesti.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial is mirror to the world: PM Narendra Modi".
Jump up ^ http://www.yadvashem.org/events/01-november-2017.html
Jump up ^ Jerusalem, Israel, The Secretary-General of the United Nations Kurt Waldheim Archived March 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/26-march-2007-13-44.html
Jump up ^ "Jerusalem, Israel, 20/03/1994, The Dalai Lama visiting Yad Vashem. - Google Arts & Culture". Google.com. 1994-03-20. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Visit of Pope John Paul II at Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 23 March 2000. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visit of Pope Benedict XVI 11/5/2009". 11 May 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archbishop of Canterbury Moved During Visit to Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marlene Dietrich visiting Yad Vashem". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yad Vashem.
Official website (in English) (in Hebrew)
Coordinates: 31°46′27″N 35°10′32″E / 31.77417°N 35.17556°E / 31.77417; 35.17556
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 4073481
BNF: cb12080645q (data)
CiNii: DA0426287X
GND: 1006993-8
ISNI: 0000 0001 2110 8967
LCCN: n79139449
NKC: ko2013797276
SUDOC: 093010761
VIAF: 134058521
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yad_Vashem&oldid=844829541"
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West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
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West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
Board's Logo
Abbreviation
WBBSE
Motto
Sarvashiksha Aviyan
Established
1951
Type
Government Organisation
Headquarters
Nivedita Bhawan, Block DJ-8, Sector-II, Salt Lake, Kolkata – 700091
Website
http://wbbse.org/
The West Bengal Board of Secondary Education is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 10 examination (or secondary school level examination) of West Bengal, India.
See also[edit]
West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education
West Bengal Board of Primary Education
West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
School Education Department, West Bengal
External links[edit]
Official website
WBBSE Madhyamik Exam Suggestion for West Bengal Students
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Crocodile (Black Mirror)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Crocodile"
Black Mirror episode
Promotional poster
Episode no.
Series 4
Episode 3
Directed by
John Hillcoat
Written by
Charlie Brooker
Featured music
Original Score by
Atticus Ross
Leopold Ross
Claudia Sarne
Original air date
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)
Running time
59 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Andrea Riseborough as Mia Nolan
Andrew Gower as Rob
Kiran Sonia Sawar as Shazia Akhand
Anthony Welsh as Anan Akhand
Claire Rushbrook as Police Detective
Joshua James as Gordy
Adelle Leonce as Noni Harper-Brown
Brian Pettifer as William Grange
Jamie Michie as Simon Nicholls
Armin Karima as Farshad
Stefán Örn Eggertsson as Finn Nicholls
James Eeles as DC Lydon
Ólafía Hrönn Jónsdóttir as Felicity Carmichael
Dilja Imana as Ali Akhand
Sigurður Sigurjónsson as Room Service Man
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Arkangel" Next →
"Hang the DJ"
List of Black Mirror episodes
"Crocodile" is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series Black Mirror. It was written by Charlie Brooker and directed by John Hillcoat. The episode first aired on Netflix, along with the rest of series four, on 29 December 2017.
Filmed in Iceland, the episode centres on Mia (Andrea Riseborough) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob (Andrew Gower) cover up a hit-and-run death. Fifteen years later, Rob wants to confess their crime, leading Mia to kill him and dispose of his body. Shortly after, Mia witnesses a road accident between a pedestrian and self-driving vehicle. Shazia (Kiran Sonia Sawar) meanwhile is hired to investigate the accident, and uses a Recaller device that allows her to see the recent memories of those she interviews.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Analysis
3 Production
3.1 Marketing
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Mia Nolan (Andrea Riseborough) and Rob (Andrew Gower) go to a club together. While driving home, a drunken Rob hits and kills a cyclist on a mountain road. He convinces Mia to help him cover up the death by throwing the cyclist's body and bicycle into a lake.
Fifteen years later, Mia is happily married with a son and successful career. When she goes on a business trip, Rob meets her at her hotel. He shows her a news article about the dead cyclist, whose wife believes he is alive and is still looking for him. A newly sober Rob wants to make amends by writing an anonymous letter telling the truth, but Mia is afraid the letter will be traced. An argument ensues and she kills Rob. She is further shaken upon seeing a road accident outside, where a self-driving pizza delivery truck hits a pedestrian. Mia rents a pay per view porn movie to provide herself with an alibi, then disposes of Rob's body.
The man who was hit by the truck contacts his insurance company and is visited by Shazia (Kiran Sonia Sawar), an insurance investigator. She uses a device known as a Recaller to scan a claimant's and witnesses' memories to verify the claims, despite memory being acknowledged as unreliable. Shazia follows a chain of witnesses near the accident without determining liability as none had witnessed it directly, but one witness's memories show Mia looking out of her hotel room window at the time of the accident. Shazia is hopeful that Mia's testimony will allow her to prove the case—which would also allow the insurance company to pursue a lucrative negligence suit against the owners of the pizza truck. Before Shazia sets off to test Mia, she tells her husband that she hopes Mia will submit to the test.
Mia admits to witnessing the accident, and initially refuses to let Shazia in her house, but eventually relents after Sharzia tells her of a legal requirement to submit to the test. Shazia mistakes Mia's reluctance as being due to embarrassment over watching a porn movie, and assures her that she is not interested in her personal activities. Mia tries to prepare her mind to focus away from Rob's murder before Shazia uses the Recaller on her, but she cannot stop memories of the road collision and the homicide surfacing during the scan. Recognizing what she has seen, Shazia tries to leave, but Mia incapacitates her and ties her up. Shazia promises that she will delete the Recaller data and will not tell anyone what happened if Mia lets her go, but Mia believes she will be incriminated. Mia scans Shazia's memories with the Recaller to learn that her husband Anan knew Shazia was going to see Mia that day. Mia kills Shazia and drives to her home to kill Anan. Upon realising that Shazia's baby son is also in the house and has seen her face, Mia reluctantly kills him too.
Police investigating the murders reveal that Shazia's son was blind and would have been unable to identify the killer; they instead use the Recaller on the family guinea pig to dredge its memories for evidence. Meanwhile, Mia cries in the audience as she watches her son's school production of Bugsy Malone; the audience begins to clap. The police are seen waiting at the back of the auditorium. As the camera continues lingering on Mia, in tears, the screen abruptly cuts to black.
Analysis[edit]
Some critics have suggested that the title is a reference to the metaphor "crocodile tears", a phrase that could be referring to Mia's insincere expressions of sorrow while committing a series of violent crimes.[1][2] Jason Koebler of Vice notes that Mia does not read the End-User License Agreement (EULA) for the Recaller. Koebler suggests that Mia reading the EULA would have allowed her to avoid using the Recaller, and thus prevent her later murders from being necessary.[3]
Production[edit]
Some scenes in this episode were filmed within the Harpa concert hall in Reykjavík, Iceland.
Whilst series one and two of Black Mirror were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes,[4] and in March 2016 it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series, with a bid of $40 million.[5] The 12 episode order was divided into two series of six episodes each.
The episode was inspired by the series one episode, "The Entire History of You", which featured a personal implant that one could use privately to review their memories. For "Crocodile", they considered what the situation would be like if these memories were not private, developing a "cat-and-mouse type drama" that would highlight the importance of memories, and to what lengths one with a secret would go to to hide those memories.[6]
The episode was initially conceived as having a male protagonist with Andrea Riseborough reading the script with another part in mind. However, after Riseborough liked the journey of the protagonist and asked if the part could be rewritten as a woman, the script was altered in order to accommodate Riseborough.[7] Both Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones described the change as interesting, with Jones noting that "How often do you see a mother reduced to this level of desperation?" on television.[7][8]
The episode was shot in Iceland and includes scenes filmed in the Harpa concert hall.[7] Brooker had originally called out for filming in Scotland in his script, but Netflix suggested Iceland as a "more stunning backdrop", according to Brooker. During filming, Iceland had its largest snowfall in forty years, which required them to add one line of dialogue to comment on the change of weather to account for the sudden snow accumulation.[9]
Marketing[edit]
In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror.[10] The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles.[11][12]
Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of Black Mirror".[13] On 6 December, Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series, which announced that the series would be released on 29 December.[14]
Reception[edit]
The episode received mixed reviews. The cinematography of the Icelandic landscape was widely praised, along with Riseborough's and Sawar's performances.[15] Two critics criticised the violence and described it as unnecessarily bleak.[16][17]
At the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show in January 2018, Toyota announced its customisable self-driving delivery vehicle, the e-Palette, with one of their first partners being Pizza Hut to create a self-driving pizza delivery truck. Commentators pointed out the coincidence of this announcement shortly after the first broadcast of "Crocodile",[18] and the official Twitter account for Black Mirror commented on the announcement, "We know how this goes."[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Handlen, Zack (29 December 2017). "Nothing stays forgotten on Black Mirror". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Rosie (2 January 2018). "What does title of Black Mirror's ep 'Crocodile' mean?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Koebler, Jason (2 January 2018). "'Black Mirror' Made a Murder Thriller About Overbearing Licensing Agreements". Motherboard. Vice. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (25 September 2015). "'Black Mirror' Lands at Netflix". Variety. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, John (29 March 2016). "Netflix deals Channel 4 knockout blow over Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Turchiano, Danielle (29 December 2017). "'Black Mirror' Co-Creator Breaks Down Season 4: 'We Want to Be Surprising and Unpredictable'". Variety. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Strause, Jackie (27 December 2017). "'Black Mirror' Delivers a Timely Female-Led Season 4". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ling, Thomas (7 December 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 episode guide: Charlie Brooker reveals new plot and episode details". Radio Times. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibbard, James (2 January 2018). "Black Mirror season 4, your burning questions answered". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (27 May 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 episode titles and directors revealed". The Independent. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matt (25 August 2017). "'Black Mirror' Season 4: Teaser Trailer, Episode Titles, Directors and Stars Revealed (Video)". TheWrap. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (25 August 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 Netflix trailer teases all six episodes and their titles". The Independent. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (27 November 2017). "'Black Mirror': All the Season 4 Details". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ White, Peter (6 December 2017). "Netflix Reveals 'Black Mirror' Season 4 Release Date in New Trailer". Decider. New York Post. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Chakrabarti, Suchandrika (30 December 2017). "Black Mirror's Crocodile shows jaws closing upon an unlikely criminal". mirror. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Sims, David. "'Black Mirror:' 'Crocodile' Is a Nihilistic Nordic Noir". The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Black Mirror Season 4 Episode 3 Review: Crocodile". Den of Geek. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Joe (8 January 2018). "Pizza Hut is making Black Mirror's self-driving pizza van a reality". Digital Spy. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Margi (9 January 2018). "CES 2018: Driverless Pizza Hut delivery van draws Black Mirror comparisons". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
External links[edit]
"Crocodile" on IMDb
[hide]
v
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Black Mirror
Episodes
Series 1
"The National Anthem"
"Fifteen Million Merits"
"The Entire History of You"
Series 2
"Be Right Back"
"White Bear"
"The Waldo Moment"
Special
"White Christmas"
Series 3
"Nosedive"
"Playtest"
"Shut Up and Dance"
"San Junipero"
"Men Against Fire"
"Hated in the Nation"
Series 4
"USS Callister"
"Arkangel"
"Crocodile"
"Hang the DJ"
"Metalhead"
"Black Museum"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocodile_(Black_Mirror)&oldid=826448044"
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p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: Крокодил (Чёрное зеркало) – Russian

values: Крокодил (Чорне дзеркало) – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Crocodile_Black_Mirror rootpage-Crocodile_Black_Mirror skin-vector action-view