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Rolling Stone
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This article is about the magazine. For the song, see Rollin' Stone. For the band, see The Rolling Stones. For other uses, see Rolling Stone (disambiguation).
Rolling Stone
CeeLo Green, Adam Levine, Christina Aguilera, and Blake Shelton, on the cover of the February 1, 2012, issue of Rolling Stone
Categories
Popular culture
Publisher
Jann Wenner
Total circulation
(2014)
1,468,263[1]
Founder
Jann Wenner, Ralph J. Gleason
First issue
November 9, 1967; 49 years ago (1967-11-09)
Company
Wenner Media LLC
Country
United States
Based in
New York City
Language
English
Website
rollingstone.com
ISSN
0035-791X
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the magazine's publisher, and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first known for its musical coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors, and popular music.[2] In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content.
Rolling Stone Press is the magazine's associated book publishing imprint.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 2000s
1.2 2010s
2 Website
2.1 Glixel
3 Restaurant
4 Criticism
4.1 Tsarnaev cover
4.2 UVA false rape story
5 Notable current and former staff
6 In popular culture
7 Covers
8 Reference works
9 International editions
10 See also
11 Notes
12 Footnotes
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason.[3] To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim.[4] The first issue carried a cover date of November 9, 1967,[5] and was in newspaper format with a lead article on the Monterey Pop Festival.[6] The cover price was 25¢ (equivalent to $1.80 in 2016).
In the first issue, Wenner explained that the title of the magazine referred to the 1950 blues song, "Rollin' Stone", recorded by Muddy Waters, the rock and roll band the Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan's hit single "Like a Rolling Stone".[a 1][7] Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylan's hit single: "At [Ralph] Gleason's suggestion, Wenner named his magazine after a Bob Dylan song."[8] Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. However, it distanced itself from the underground newspapers of the time, such as Berkeley Barb, embracing more traditional journalistic standards and avoiding the radical politics of the underground press. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone "is not just about the music, but about the things and attitudes that music embraces".
In the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazine's political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005.[9] In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of many prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith and P. J. O'Rourke. It was at this point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories, including that of the Patty Hearst abduction odyssey. One interviewer, speaking for a large number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus, describing it as a "rite of passage".[2]
In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City. Editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become "a cultural backwater".[10]
During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being a general "entertainment" magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films and the pop culture of the day. The magazine also initiated its annual "Hot Issue" during this time.
Rolling Stone was initially known for its musical coverage and for Thompson's political reporting. In the 1990s, the magazine changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors and popular music. This led to criticism that the magazine was emphasizing style over substance.[2] In recent years, the magazine has resumed its traditional mix of content, including in-depth political stories. It has also expanded content to include coverage of financial and banking issues. As a result, the magazine has seen its circulation increase and its reporters invited as experts to network television programs of note.[11]
The printed format has gone through several changes. The first publications, in 1967–72, were in folded tabloid newspaper format, with no staples, black ink text, and a single color highlight that changed each edition. From 1973 onwards, editions were produced on a four-color press with a different newsprint paper size. In 1979, the bar code appeared. In 1980, it became a gloss-paper, large format (10"×12") magazine. As of edition of October 30, 2008, Rolling Stone has had a smaller, standard-format magazine size.[12]
2000s[edit]
After years of declining readership, the magazine experienced a major resurgence of interest and relevance with the work of two young journalists in the late 2000s, Michael Hastings and Matt Taibbi.[citation needed]
In 2005, Dana Leslie Fields, former publisher of Rolling Stone, who had worked at the magazine for 17 years, was an inaugural inductee into the Magazine Hall of Fame.[13]
In 2009, Taibbi unleashed an acclaimed series of scathing reports on the financial meltdown of the time. He famously described Goldman Sachs as "a great vampire squid".
2010s[edit]
Bigger headlines came at the end of June 2010. Rolling Stone caused a controversy in the White House by publishing in the July issue an article by journalist Michael Hastings entitled, "The Runaway General",[14] quoting criticism by General Stanley A. McChrystal, commander of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S. Forces-Afghanistan commander, about Vice President Joe Biden and other Administration members of the White House. McChrystal resigned from his position shortly after his statements went public.[15][16][17][18]
In 2010, Taibbi documented illegal and fraudulent actions by banks in the foreclosure courts, after traveling to Jacksonville, Florida and sitting in on hearings in the courtroom. His article, Invasion of the Home Snatchers also documented attempts by the judge to intimidate a homeowner fighting foreclosure and the attorney Taibbi accompanied into the court.[19][20]
In January 2012, the magazine ran exclusive excerpts from Hastings' book just prior to publication.[21] The book, The Operators: The Wild and Terrifying Inside Story of America's War in Afghanistan, provided a much more expansive look at McChrystal and the culture of senior American military and how they become embroiled in such wars. The book reached Amazon's bestseller list in the first 48 hours of release, and it received generally favorable reviews. Salon's Glenn Greenwald described it as "superb," "brave" and "eye-opening".[22]
In 2012, Taibbi, through his coverage of the Libor scandal,[23] emerged as an expert on that topic, which led to media appearances outside Rolling Stone.[24][25]
On November 9, 2012, the magazine published its first Spanish-language section on Latino music and culture, in the issue dated November 22.[26][27]
In September 2016, Advertising Age reported that Wenner is in the process of selling a 49% stake of the magazine to a company from Singapore called BandLab. The new investor will have no direct involvement in the editorial content of the magazine.[28]
In September of 2017, Wenner Media announced that the remaining 51% of Rolling Stone magazine is up for sale.[29]
Website[edit]
Rolling Stone's website features selected current articles, reviews, blogs, MP3s and other features, such as searchable and free encyclopedic articles about artists, with images and sometimes sound clips of their work. The articles and reviews are sometimes in a revised form of the published versions. The website also carries political and cultural articles and entries selected from the magazine's archives.
The site at one time had an extensive message-board forum. By the late 1990s, this had developed into a thriving community, with a large number of regular members and contributors worldwide. However, the site was also plagued with numerous Internet trolls and malicious code-hackers, who vandalized the forum substantially.[30] The magazine abruptly deleted the forum in May 2004, then began a new, much more limited message board community on their site in late 2005, only to remove it again in 2006. In March 2008, the website started a new message board section once again, then deleted it in April 2010.
Rolling Stone devotes one of its table of contents pages to promoting material currently appearing on its website, listing detailed links to the items. The magazine also has a page at MySpace, Facebook and Twitter.
On April 19, 2010, the website was updated drastically and now features the complete archives of Rolling Stone.[31] The archive was first launched under a for-pay model, but has since transitioned to a free-with-print-subscription model.[32] In the spring of 2012, Rolling Stone launched a federated search feature which searches both the website and the archive.[33]
The website has become an interactive source of biographical information on music artists in addition to historical rankings from the magazine. Users can cross-reference lists and they are also provided with historical insights. For example, one group that is listed on both Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time is Toots and the Maytals, with biographical details from Rolling Stone that explain how Toots and the Maytals are responsible for coining the term "reggae" in their song "Do the Reggay".[34][35] For biographical information on all artists, the website contains a directory listed alphabetically.[36]
Glixel[edit]
In May 2016, Wenner Media announced plans to create a separate online publication dedicated to the coverage of video games and their culture. Gus Wenner, Jann Wenner's son, stated that "gaming is today what rock 'n' roll was when Rolling Stone was founded". Glixel was originally hosted on Rolling Stone's website and transitioned to its own domain by October 2016. Stories from Glixel are included on the Rolling Stone website, while writers for Rolling Stone were also able to contribute to Glixel. The site is headed by John Davison, and its offices were located in San Francisco.[37][38] Rolling Stone closed down the offices in June 2017, citing the difficulties of working with the remote site from their main New York office; content will still be developed for the site but from the main New York office.[39]
Restaurant[edit]
In December 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported that the owners of Rolling Stone magazine planned to open a Rolling Stone restaurant in the Hollywood & Highland Center in Hollywood in the spring of 2010.[40] The expectation was that the restaurant could become the first of a national chain if it was successful.[41] As of November 2010, the "soft opening" of the restaurant was planned for December 2010.[42] In 2011, the restaurant was open for lunch and dinner as well as a full night club downstairs on the weekends.[43] The restaurant closed in February 2013.[44]
Criticism[edit]
One major criticism of Rolling Stone involves its generational bias toward the 1960s and 1970s. One critic referred to the Rolling Stone list of the "99 Greatest Songs" as an example of "unrepentant rockist fogeyism".[45] In further response to this issue, rock critic Jim DeRogatis, a former Rolling Stone editor, published a thorough critique of the magazine's lists in a book called Kill Your Idols: A New Generation of Rock Writers Reconsiders the Classics, which featured differing opinions from many younger critics.[46]
Rolling Stone magazine has been criticized for reconsidering many classic albums that it had previously dismissed, and for frequent use of the 3.5-star rating. For example, Led Zeppelin was largely written off by Rolling Stone magazine critics during the band's most active years in the 1970s, but by 2006, a cover story on the band honored them as "the Heaviest Band of All Time".[47] A critic for Slate magazine described a conference at which 1984's The Rolling Stone Record Guide was scrutinized. As he described it, "The guide virtually ignored hip-hop and ruthlessly panned heavy metal, the two genres that within a few years would dominate the pop charts. In an auditorium packed with music journalists, you could detect more than a few anxious titters: How many of us will want our record reviews read back to us 20 years hence?"[45]
The hiring of former FHM editor Ed Needham further enraged critics who alleged that Rolling Stone had lost its credibility.[48]
The 2003 Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Guitarists of all Time article, which named only two female musicians, resulted in Venus Zine answering with their own list, entitled "The Greatest Female Guitarists of All Time".[49]
Conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg stated that Rolling Stone had "essentially become the house organ of the Democratic National Committee".[50] Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner has made all of his political donations to Democrats.[51]
Rolling Stone's film critic, Peter Travers, has been criticized for his high number of repetitively used blurbs.[52][53]
Tsarnaev cover[edit]
The August 2013 Rolling Stone cover, featuring then-accused (later convicted) Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, drew widespread criticism that the magazine was "glamorizing terrorism" and that the cover was a "slap in the face to the great city of Boston".[54] The online edition of the article was accompanied by a short editorial stating that the story "falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone's long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day".[55] The controversial cover photograph that was used by Rolling Stone had previously featured on the front page of The New York Times on May 5, 2013.[56]
In response to the outcry, New England-based CVS Pharmacy and Tedeschi Food Shops banned their stores from carrying the issue.[57] Also refusing to sell the issue were Walgreens,[58] Rite-Aid,[59] Roche Bros.,[60] Kmart,[59] H-E-B,[61] Walmart,[61] 7-Eleven,[62] Hy-Vee,[63] Rutter's Farm,[63] United Supermarkets,[63] Cumberland Farms,[64] Market Basket,[64] Shaw's[65] and Stop & Shop.[60] Boston mayor Thomas Menino sent a letter to Rolling Stone publisher Jann Wenner, calling the cover "ill conceived, at best ...[it] reaffirms a message that destruction gains fame for killers and their 'causes'." Menino also wrote, "To respond to you in anger is to feed into your obvious market strategy", and that Wenner could have written about the survivors or the people who came to help after the bombings instead. In conclusion he wrote, "The survivors of the Boston Marathon deserve Rolling Stone cover stories, though I no longer feel that Rolling Stone deserves them."[66]
UVA false rape story[edit]
Main article: A Rape on Campus
In the November 19, 2014 issue, the story "A Rape on Campus" was run about an alleged gang rape on the campus of the University of Virginia.[67] Separate inquiries by Phi Kappa Psi, the fraternity accused by Rolling Stone of facilitating the alleged rape, and The Washington Post revealed major errors, omissions and discrepancies in the story.[68][69] Reporter Sabrina Erdely's story was subject to intense media criticism.[68][70] The Washington Post and Boston Herald issued calls for magazine staff involved in the report to be fired.[71] Rolling Stone subsequently issued three apologies for the story. Some suggested that legal action against the magazine by persons accused of the rape might result.[72]
On December 5, 2014, Rolling Stone's managing editor, Will Dana, apologized for not fact-checking the story.[73] Rolling Stone commissioned an outside investigation of the story and its problems by the dean of the Columbia School of Journalism. The report uncovered journalistic failure in the UVA story and institutional problems with reporting at Rolling Stone.[74] Rolling Stone retracted the story on April 5, 2015.[75] On April 6, 2015, following the investigation and retraction of the story, Phi Kappa Psi announced plans to pursue all available legal action against Rolling Stone, including claims of defamation.[76]
On May 12, 2015, UVA associate dean Nicole Eramo, chief administrator for handling sexual assault issues at the school, filed a $7.5 million defamation lawsuit in Charlottesville Circuit Court against Rolling Stone and Erdely, claiming damage to her reputation and emotional distress. Said the filing, "Rolling Stone and Erdely's highly defamatory and false statements about Dean Eramo were not the result of an innocent mistake. They were the result of a wanton journalist who was more concerned with writing an article that fulfilled her preconceived narrative about the victimization of women on American college campuses, and a malicious publisher who was more concerned about selling magazines to boost the economic bottom line for its faltering magazine, than they were about discovering the truth or actual facts."[77] On November 4, 2016, after 20 hours of deliberation,[78] a jury consisting of eight women and two men found Rolling Stone, the magazine's publisher and Erdely liable for defaming Eramo.[79]
On July 29, 2015, three graduates of the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi filed a lawsuit against Rolling Stone, its publisher Wenner Media, and a journalist for defamation and infliction of emotional distress.[80] The same day, and just months after the controversy began, The New York Times reported that managing editor Will Dana was departing the magazine with his last date recorded as August 7, 2015.[81] On November 9, 2015, the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity filed suit for $25 million for damages to its reputation caused by the magazine's publication of this story, "with reckless disregard for the truth".[82][83]
Notable current and former staff[edit]
Robert Altman
Michael Azerrad
Lester Bangs
Robert Christgau
J. D. Considine
Brian Cookman
Timothy Crouse
Cameron Crowe
Anthony DeCurtis
Jancee Dunn
Eric Ehrmann
Sabrina Erdely
Joe Eszterhas
Owen Fegan
Timothy Ferris
Dana Leslie Fields[84]
Ben Fong-Torres
David Fricke
Ralph J. Gleason
William Greider
Michael Hastings
Erik Hedegaard
Jerry Hopkins
Michael Salisbury
Lenny Kaye
Caroline Kennedy
Joe Klein
David LaChapelle
Jon Landau
Annie Leibovitz
Steven Levy
Kurt Loder
Greil Marcus
Dave Marsh
Richard Meltzer
John Mendelsohn
Paul Nelson
P. J. O'Rourke
Mike Sager
Rob Sheffield
Ralph Steadman
Neil Strauss
Matt Taibbi
Hunter S. Thompson
Nick Tosches
Touré
Peter Travers
Jann Wenner
Baron Wolman
Evan Wright
Lina Lecaro
In popular culture[edit]
George Harrison's song "This Guitar" (1975), a lyrical sequel to his Beatles track "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (1968), references the magazine in its second verse: "Learned to get up when I fall / Can even climb Rolling Stone walls". The song was written in response to some highly unfavorable reviews from Rolling Stone and other publications for Harrison's 1974 North American tour and the Dark Horse album.[85][86]
Covers[edit]
See also: List of people on the United States cover of Rolling Stone
Some artists have been featured on the cover many times, and some of these pictures went on to become iconic. The Beatles, for example, have appeared on the cover more than 30 times, either individually or as a band.[87] The first 10 issues featured, in order of appearance, the following:
John Lennon
Tina Turner
The Beatles
Jimi Hendrix, Donovan & Otis Redding
Jim Morrison
Janis Joplin
Jimi Hendrix
Monterey Pop Festival
John Lennon and Paul McCartney
Eric Clapton
Reference works[edit]
Bashe, Patricia R.; George-Warren, Holly; Pareles, Jon, eds. (2005) [1983]. The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-9201-4.
Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. (2004) [1979, 1983, 1992]. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Miller, Jim (1980) [1976]. The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-51322-3.
Rolling Stone Cover to Cover – the First 40 Years: Searchable Digital Archive-Every Page, Every Issue. Renton, WA: Bondi Digital Pub. 2007. ISBN 978-0-9795261-0-7.
Swenson, John (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. New York: Rolling Stone. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.
International editions[edit]
Argentina – Published by Publirevistas S. A. since April 1998. This edition also circulates in Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Australia – Rolling Stone Australia began as a supplement in 1969 in Revolution magazine. It became a full title in 1971 published by Phillip Frazer. It was published by Silvertongues from 1974 to 1987 and by Nextmedia Pty Ltd, Sydney until 2008. Notable editors and contributors include Phillip Frazer, Alistair Jones, Paul and Jane Gardiner, Toby Creswell, Clinton Walker and Kathy Bail. It is now published by Bauer Media Group and is the longest running international edition.
Brazil – Published in Brazil since October 2006 by Spring Comunicações.
Bulgaria – Published in Bulgaria since November 2009 by Sivir Publications. Ceased publication as of the August/September 2011 issue.
Chile – Published by Edu Comunicaciones from May 2003 to December 2005. Published by El Mercurio from January 2006 to December 2011.
China – Rolling Stone in mainland China was licensed to One Media Group of Hong Kong and published in partnership with China Record Corporation in 2006. The magazine was in Chinese with translated articles and local content. It halted publication after one year.
Croatia – Published since October 2013 – 2015 by S3 Mediji. This edition also circulates in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.
Colombia – Edited in Bogotá for Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Panama and Venezuela, since 1991.
France – Launched 2002. This edition temporarily ceased in 2007 and was relaunched in May 2008 under license with 1633SA publishing group.
Germany – Published in Germany since 1994 by Axel Springer AG.
India – Launched in March 2008 by MW Com, publishers of Man's World magazine.
Indonesia – Published in Indonesia since June 2005 by a&e Media.
Italy – Published in Italy since 1980. After ceasing publication in 1982, it was relaunched in November 2003, first by IXO Publishing, and then by Editrice Quadratum until April 2014. The magazine is currently published by Luciano Bernardini de Pace Editore.[88]
Japan – Launched in March 2007 by International Luxury Media Co., Ltd. (ILM). Published by atomixmedia Inc. (株式会社アトミックスメディア, KK atomikkusumedia) since 2011.
Mexico – Published by PRISA Internacional from 2002 until May 2009; from June 2009 it is published by Editorial Televisa (subsidiary of Televisa) under license.
Middle East – Published in Dubai by HGW Media since November 2010.
Russia – Published since 2004, by Motor Media.
Spain – Published by PROGRESA (subsidiary of PRISA Group) in Madrid, since 1999.
Turkey – Published since June 2006 by GD Gazete Dergi.
South Africa – Published since November 2011.
United Kingdom – Published under the title Friends from 1969 to 1972.
See also[edit]
The Rolling Stone Interview
Counterculture of the 1960s
Tony Mott
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "You're probably wondering what we're trying to do. It's hard to say: sort of a magazine and sort of a newspaper. The name of it is Rolling Stone which comes from an old saying, "A rolling stone gathers no moss." Muddy Waters used the name for a song he wrote. The Rolling Stones took their name from Muddy's song. "Like a Rolling Stone" was the title of Bob Dylan's first rock and roll record. We have begun a new publication reflecting what we see are the changes in rock and roll and the changes related to rock and roll."—Jann Wenner, Rolling Stone, November 9, 1967, p. 2
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "eCirc for Consumer Magazines Archived June 4, 2012, at Archive.is". Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Freedman, Samuel G. (2002). "Literary 'Rolling Stone' sells out to male titillation". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone at Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Weir, David (April 20, 1999). "Wenner's World: The evolution of Jann Wenner. How the ultimate '60s rock groupie built his fantasy into a media empire". Salon. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pable Pawncasso". Pawn Stars. Season 4. Episode 18. April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ French, Alex. "The Very First Issues of 19 Famous Magazines". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Robert (1981). Deep Blues. Penguin Books. p. 104. ISBN 0-14-006223-8.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Peter (2009). A Bomb in Every Issue: How the Short, Unruly Life of Ramparts Magazine Changed America. (The New Press) p. 109
Jump up ^ East, Ben (January 5, 2013). "Fear and Loathing at Rolling Stone: The Essential Writing of Hunter S Thompson – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Temple, Charles (April 18, 2009) "Rolling Stone closes last S.F. office". Archived August 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. San Francisco Chronicle. (Retrieved August 13, 2014.)
Jump up ^ Bill Moyers, Matt Taibbi and Yves Smith on the Follies of Big Banks and Government Archived December 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., June 22, 2012
Jump up ^ Jesdanun, Anick. "Rolling Stone ends large format after 4 decades". The Associated Press, New York, Life, Tue, October 14, 2008. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006 – via USA Today.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone Magazine". LA Music Awards. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael Hastings (June 22, 2010). "The Runaway General – Stanley McChrystal, Obama's top commander in Afghanistan, has seized control of the war by never taking his eye off the real enemy: The wimps in the White House". Rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The unlikely magazine that brought down a general – Rolling Stone has never been just about music". Baltimoresun.com. June 26, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jon Boone in Kabul (June 24, 2010). "Rolling Stone man who brought down Stanley McChrystal – Journalist Michael Hastings reveals how he got to write article that was praised by troops and led to US general's sacking". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Helene (June 23, 2010). "Obama Says Afghan Policy Won't Change After Dismissal". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Statement by the President in the Rose Garden". Whitehouse.gov. June 23, 2010. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Taibbi, Matt, Invasion of the Home Snatchers Archived June 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Rolling Stone, November 10, 2010
Jump up ^ Charney, April, "that day... a stain on Jacksonville" statement, December 14, 2011 Occupy Jax advised by foreclosure attorney, 10:30–11:00, YouTube video uploaded December 15, 2011 Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "The Operators by Michael Hastings: 10 Juicy Bits". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michael Hastings on war journalists". Salon.com. January 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Taibbi, Matt, "Why is Nobody Freaking Out About the LIBOR Scandal?" Archived July 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Rolling Stone, July 3, 2012
Jump up ^ "Matt Taibbi and Yves Smith on the Follies of Big Banks and Government". BillMoyers.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ July 4, 2012 Viewpoint with Elliot Sputzer Archived July 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Newman, Andrew Adam (November 6, 2012). "Rolling Stone Pages Aimed at Latinos, Even the Ads" Archived May 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.. The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Moreno, Carolina (November 12, 2012). "olling Stone Magazine Publishes First Spanish-Language Section On Latino Music And Culture" Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Staff, Writer (September 25, 2016). "Jann Wenner Sells 49% of Rolling Stone to Singapore's BandLab". Advertising Age. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Alanna Petroff and Tom Kludt (September 18, 2017). "Rolling Stone magazine up for sale". CNNMoney. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "RS.com Castaways – Troll Tribunal". Rsjunior.proboards18.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone All Access". Archive.rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone All Access-Subscribe to Rolling Stone". Sub.rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Federated Rolling Stone search for 'wiki'". Rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone. "453. Toots and the Maytals, 'Pressure Drop'" Rolling Stone magazine. Web. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 16 Dec 2016. < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016. >
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone. "380. Toots and the Maytals, 'Funky Kingston'" Rolling Stone magazine. Web. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 16 Dec 2016. < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016. >
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone. "Artists". Rolling Stone magazine. Web. Retrieved 16 Dec 2016. < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2010. >
Jump up ^ Ember, Syndey (May 22, 2016). "Wenner Media to Launch Glixel Website as Lifeline for Gamers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Shea, Chris (May 23, 2016). "Wenner Media to Launch Gaming Site 'Glixel'". Adweek. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Batchelor, James (July 3, 2017). "Glixel's San Francisco office closed, team laid off". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Roger (December 4, 2009). "Rolling Stone to launch restaurant chain in L.A". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hadley Tomicki (May 24, 2010). "How Rolling Stone's Hollywood and Highland Restaurant Will Differ From Hard Rock Cafe's". Grub Street Los Angeles (New York magazine). Archived from the original on August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Two Floors of Fun at Rolling Stone Restaurant and Lounge". Eater.com. November 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone Restaurant". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tomicki, Hadley (February 27, 2013). "But It's All Over Now: Rolling Stone Restaurant Folds in Hollywood – Grub Street Los Angeles". Losangeles.grubstreet.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosen, Jody (May 9, 2006). "Does hating rock make you a music critic?". Slate. Slate. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ July 4, 2004. Idle worship, or revisiting the classics. Jim DeRogatis. Chicago Sun-Times. Article discussing intention of book Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Documentation of attempt to change reviews". Shoutmouth.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The death of Rolling Stone". Salon.com. June 28, 2002. Archived from the original on December 20, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Thurston, Bonnie. "The Greatest Female Guitarists of All Time". Venus Zine. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jonah Goldberg. "Very Different Visions". townhall.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jann Wenner Campaign Contributions and Donations – Huffington Post". Fundrace.huffingtonpost.com. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Childress, Erik. "Criticwatch 2008 – The Whores of the Year". eFilmCritic.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Childress, Erik. "Criticwatch 2009 – The Whores of the Year". eFilmCritic.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone cover featuring Boston Marathon bombing suspect stirs online backlash". CBS.com. July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Reitman, Janet (July 17, 2013). "Jahar's World". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wemple, Erik. "Rolling Stone's Tsarnaev: Did the New York Times face a backlash?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone's 'The Bomber' Issue Banned By CVS, Tedeschi Foods". The Huffington Post. July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Christopher Seward (July 17, 2013). "Rolling Stone defends mag cover; CVS, Walgreens drop Rolling Stone edition on Boston Marathon suspect". The Atlanta Journal Constitution. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Retailers, rock stars rip Rolling Stone's Boston bomber cover". Fox News. July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "CVS Boycotting Rolling Stone Over Boston Bomber Cover". TMZ. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Neal Morton (July 18, 2013). "H-E-B won't be selling a roiling Rolling Stone". The Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Robert Wilonsky. "Dallas-based 7-Eleven joins list of retailers banning issue of 'Rolling Stone' featuring Dzhokhar Tsarnaev". Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "More C-store Retailers Join Rolling Stone Boycott". Convenience Store News. July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Some stores won't sell new issue of 'Rolling Stone'". CW 56 Boston. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mass. supermarkets won't carry Rolling Stone's Tsarnaev cover". The Lowell Sun. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tijdlijnfoto's". Facebook. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b Wemple, erik. The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2014/12/02/rolling-stone-whiffs-in-reporting-on-alleged-rape/. Retrieved November 24, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Rees. Shapiro, T (December 10, 2014). "U-Va. students challenge Rolling Stone account of alleged sexual assault". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schow, Ashe (December 3, 2014). "If false, Rolling Stone story could set rape victims back decades". The Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Adriana Cohen (December 7, 2014). "Apparently, this Rolling Stone gathers no facts". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on December 7, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Civil, Criminal Lawsuits: Possible Outcomes of Rolling Stone Expose". WCAV. December 5, 2014. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Erik Wemple (April 5, 2015). "Columbia Journalism School report blasts Rolling Stone". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Page 5 of Rolling Stone and UVA: The Columbia School of Journalism Report". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gershman, Jacob (April 7, 2015). "Sizing Up Phi Kappa Psi's Potential Suit Against Rolling Stone". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, T. Rees, "U-Va. dean sues Rolling Stone for 'false' portrayal in retracted rape story Archived May 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.", Washington Post, May 12, 2015
Jump up ^ BERG, LAUREN. "Jury says Rolling Stone article defamed UVa administrator". Archived from the original on September 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Horowitz, Julia (November 4, 2016). "Rolling Stone trial: Jury finds magazine liable for defamation for discredited rape story". Archived from the original on November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Virginia college graduates sue Rolling Stone over rape story". Reuters. July 29, 2015. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Somaiya, Ravi (July 29, 2015). "Will Dana, Rolling Stone's Managing Editor, to Depart". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (November 9, 2015). "U-Va. fraternity files $25 million lawsuit against Rolling Stone". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ian, Simpson (November 9, 2015). "Virginia fraternity sues Rolling Stone over rape story". AOL. Reuters. Archived from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "CONGRATULATIONS TO min's CLASS OF 2005 HALL OF FAME INDUCTEES.(Brief Article)". May 23, 2005. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leng, Simon (2006). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. pp. 181–82.
Jump up ^ Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. p. 350.
Jump up ^ Wenner, Jann (2006). "Our 1000th Issue – Jann Wenner looks back on 39 years of Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved September 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ October edition: Fedez and the MTV Digital Days (The C.I.P)
Further reading[edit]
Ember, Sydney (September 17, 2017). "Rolling Stone, Once a Counterculture Bible, Will Be Put Up for Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
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Father of the Nation
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The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and demonstrated loyalty is enforced with severe criminal statutes.
Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "dajsh, "the Leopard", and "the Sun-President".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]
The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation". The BNP government removed this in 2004, to the protests of the oppostition Awami League, led by Rahman's daughter Sheikh Hasina.[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" nearly passed in September 2007.[6]
List[edit]
The following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations. Highlighted names indicate people who are still living.
Name
Nation
Title (native)
Title (translation)
Notes
Ahmad Shah Durrani Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Baba Father of the Nation[7][8][9] Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.
Skanderbeg Albania Ati i Kombit Father of the Nation
José de San Martín Argentina /
Peru Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[10] Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru Primary leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain (1778 – 1850).
Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG Australia Father of Federation Premier of New South Wales.
Sir Lynden Pindling The Bahamas Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1973.[11]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangladesh Jatir Janak (জাতির জনক)
Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু) Father of the Nation
Friend of Bengal Founder of Bangladesh.
George Cadle Price Belize Father of the Nation Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[12][13]
Simón Bolívar Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Panama
Peru
Venezuela Libertador Liberator Primary leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Dom Pedro I and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva Brazil Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822). Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III Brunei Architect of Modern Brunei Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence 28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (1914 – 1986).
John A. Macdonald and the other fathers of Confederation Canada Father of Confederation Father of Confederation
Bernardo O'Higgins Chile Padre de la patria Father of the fatherland Primary leader of Chile's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Sun Yat-sen China (Republic of) simplified Chinese: 国父; traditional Chinese: 國父 (Guófù) Father of the Nation Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940. Sun is more widely known in mainland China as the "Forerunner of the Democratic Revolution".[14]
José María Castro Madriz Costa Rica Fundador de la República Founder of the Republic First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.[15]
Ante Starčević Croatia Otac domovine Father of the Homeland His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[16]
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Cuba Padre de la Patria Father of the Fatherland[17] Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Czech Republic Otec vlasti Father of the Homeland King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.[18]
František Palacký Czech Republic Otec národa Father of the Nation Politician and historian.[18] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.[19]
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Czech Republic Tatíček /
President Osvoboditel Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator First President of Czechoslovakia.[18]
Juan Pablo Duarte Dominican Republic Padre de la patria Father of the Fatherland Defeated Haiti during war of independence.
Kwame Nkrumah Ghana Father of the nation First president and prime minister of Ghana, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Alexander the Great Greece Ο Πατέρας των Ελλήνων Father of the Greeks Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.
Cheddi Jagan Guyana Father of the Nation President of Guyana from 1992–1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines Haiti Père de la patrie Father of the Fatherland Primary leader of Haiti's successful struggle for independence from France.
Árpád Hungary Honalapító Founder of the Homeland Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi India Bapu Father of the Nation (not an official declaration)[20] [21] Also called Mahatma, "Great Soul".
This title was not an official title and has no records in the National Archives of India. Indian constitution (Art. 18) prohibits the State from conferring any titles.[22]
Sukarno Indonesia Bapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/Proklamator Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator First President of Indonesia.
Cyrus the Great Iran (Persia) Shahanshah Father of the Nation First Shah of Persian Empire.
Theodor Herzl Israel חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה, Chozeh HaMedinah "Visionary of the State" Herzl is considered the founding father of modern Zionism, his picture is the only figure permanently presented in the assembly hall of the Knesset.
Jews draw their heritage to the mythological biblical figures of the four founding mothers and the three founding fathers, Jewish tradition (the bible) also draws the Arab heritage to Ishmael son of Abraham and Hagar. In Islamic (the Quran) and Arabian traditions, Arabs also considered descendants of Ishmael son of Abraham and Hajar and Jews considered as well as the descendants of the four mothers and fathers (see Sarah, Ibrahim, Isaac, Rachel and Jacob. Throughout the history Arabs and Jews referred to each other times in disdain, times in close relation as a "cousin" nation (Arabic: ولاد عمنا, Hebrew: בני דודים)
Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia Italy Padre della Patria Father of the Fatherland First king of a united Italy since the 6th century.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov Kazakhstan Prime Minister of the Alash Autonomy Leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement.
Dinmukhamed Kunayev Kazakhstan Leader of the Kazakh SSR First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.
Jomo Kenyatta Kenya Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Ibrahim Rugova Kosovo Baba i Kombit Father of the Nation First President of the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK).
Jonas Basanavičius Lithuania Tautos patriarchas Patriarch of the Nation Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.[23]
Krste Misirkov Macedonia Татко на нацијата Father of the Nation Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia Bapa Kemerdekaan Father of Independence The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Giorgio Borg Olivier Malta Missier Malta Indipendenti Father of Independent Malta A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1950–55, and from 1962–71) as the Leader of the Nationalist Party. In 1964, with him as Prime Minister, Malta gained independence from Britain.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius Father of the Nation[24] First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico Padre de la patria mexicana[25] Father of the Mexican Nation[26] First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Aung San Myanmar Father of Nations, Father of Independence Father of Tatmadaw 5th Prime Minister of Burma in British Era from 1946 to 1947 Assassinated on 19 July 1947, before the independence of Burma.
Sam Nujoma Namibia Founding Father of the Namibian Nation First President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[27]
Puspa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) Nepal National Hero
(राष्ट्रनायक)
Father of the Nation Abolished monarchy from power.
William the Silent Netherlands Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Fatherland Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.[28]
Nnamdi Azikiwe Nigeria First president of Nigeria, the last governor general of Nigeria.
Einar Gerhardsen Norway Landsfaderen Father of the Nation First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.[29]
Mohammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam & Baba-e-Quam[30][31] Father of the Nation/Great Leader Founder of Pakistan, leader of the Muslim League and first Governor-General of Pakistan.
Sir Michael Somare Papua New Guinea Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[32]
Emilio Aguinaldo Philippines Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas First President of the Philippines Leader of the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and first President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.
Andrés Bonifacio Philippines Amá ng Himagsikan Father of the Revolution De facto President and leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, November 30, 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal Philippines Pambansáng Bayani National Hero Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his December 30, 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[33]
D. Afonso Henriques Portugal Fundador da Nação Father of the Nation
a.k.a. The Conqueror Founder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Peter I of Russia Russia Отец Отечества (Otets Otechestva) Father of the Fatherland Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[34]
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Father of the Nation Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan & Mauritanian armies.
Sir John Compton Saint Lucia Father of the Nation Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[35]
Saint Marinus San Marino Founder of a chapel and monastery in central Italy, in 301 (traditional date: September 3). From this initial community the state of San Marino later grew.[36]
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)/ المؤسس (Al-Moa'sis) Father of the Nation/ The Founder Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He established the House of Saud, the dynasty which rules the country. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Saint Sava Serbia Отац отаџбине[37] Father of the Fatherland Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Karađorđe and Miloš Obrenović Serbia Отац отаџбине[38] [39] Father of the Fatherland Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising.
Javier Solana Serbia and Montenegro Отац нације СЦГ Father of the Nation Signatory of the Belgrade Agreement (2002) as a high EU representative for negotiation between Montenegro and Serbia for re-organization of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Negotiations resulted in creation of short-lived state, which dissolved in 2006.
Lee Kuan Yew Singapore Father of Singapore First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Andrej Hlinka (disputed) Slovakia Otec národa Father of the Nation Catholic priest, fighter for Slovak autonomy and leader of controversial Slovak People's Party.
Primož Trubar Slovenia Oče naroda Father of the Nation A consolidator of the Slovene language and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan Somalia Father of the fatherland Leader of the first Somali independence movement against the Kingdom of Italy and Great Britain.
Nelson Mandela South Africa Tata wethu Father of the Nation First President of post-apartheid South Africa.[40]
Jan van Riebeeck South Africa Father of the Nation Founder of Cape Town, first European settlement in South Africa.[41]
Catholic Monarchs Spain Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake Sri Lanka ජාතියේ පියා (Jathiyay Piya) Father of the Nation First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[42]
Johan Ferrier Suriname Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Nation First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).
Gustav I of Sweden Sweden Nationalhjälte National hero Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.
Julius Nyerere Tanzania Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation First President of Tanzania.[43]
Dr. Eric Williams Trinidad and Tobago Father of the Nation Founder of the People's National Movement (PNM), first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago and was instrumental in making Trinidad and Tobago independent from the British.
Dr. Rudranath Capildeo Trinidad and Tobago Founding Father Led the Democratic Labour Party (DLP), first Leader of the Opposition of Trinidad and Tobago, a Hindu leader, and a mathematical physicist.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Turkey Atatürk Father of the Turks Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[44]
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah) Father of the Nation President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).[45][46]
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers United States Founding Fathers[47][48] The Signers signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.
George Washington United States Father of his country[49][50] George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[49][50] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas Uruguay Padre de la independencia uruguaya, Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales [51] Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people[52] Fought against British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonial armies in Río de la Plata.
Ho Chi Minh Vietnam Cha già dân tộc Old Father of the Nation Hồ Chí Minh is revered among the Vietnamese people and is considered the "Old Father of the Nation" by them. Hồ spent most of his life fighting for his country's independence, including fighting against the French colonial and Empire of Japan which used to invade and ruled over Vietnam and Indochina. He declared Vietnam's independence on September 2, 1945 under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, then later won the First Indochina War which officially ended France's sovereignty over Vietnam and Indochina. Ho Chi Minh City was named after him in honor of his efforts in unifying the country in Vietnam War.
See also[edit]
List of national founders
Victory title
Pater Patriae
Founding Fathers of the United States
Founding fathers of the European Union
Fathers of Confederation
Family as a model for the state
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Triulzi, Alessandro (1996). "African cities, historical memory, and street buzz". In Iain Chambers & Lidia Curti. The Post-colonial Question. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 0415108578.
Jump up ^ Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005). The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. Algora Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 0-87586-417-1.
Jump up ^ Schatzberg, Michael G. (2001). Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see index, and esp. p. 8 & p. 213. ISBN 0-253-33992-8.
Jump up ^ Paczkowski, Andrzej (2003). The Spring Will be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. translated by Jane Cave. Penn State Press. p. 210. ISBN 0271023082.
Jump up ^ "Country profile: Bangladesh". BBC News. 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ Balogová, Beata (2007-12-17). "2007 was turbulent for the ruling coalition". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ Ganḍā, Singh (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Pub. House. p. 457. ISBN 9781402172786. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
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Jump up ^ "The death of Jeffrey Thompson". Freeport News. The Nassau Guardian (1844) Ltd. March 20, 2008. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-17. it has been well documented that Sir Lynden Pindling was the leader of the political movement that led to the attainment of majority rule on January 10, 1967, and that he is recognized as the Father of the Nation — the man who was the country's leader when The Bahamas obtained its independence from Great Britain on July 10, 1973.
Jump up ^ "Rt. Hon. George Price". CARICOM.com. CARICOM. March 20, 2008. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved 2009-01-30. Rt. Honourable George Cadle Price, "Father of the Nation" of Belize
Jump up ^ "The Father of the Nation Turns 90". 7 News Belize. January 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-13. Even Prime Minister Dean Barrow calls George Price the father of the nation [permanent dead link]
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Jump up ^ "Povijest Oca domovine" (in Croatian). Hrvatska stranka prava dr. Ante Starčević. Retrieved 2010-05-18. His works are considered to have laid the foundations for Croatian nationalism and he is often referred to as "Father of the Homeland" by Croats.
Jump up ^ Hautrive, Iliana (2004-10-10). "Cuba commemorates the 136 anniversary of the beginning of its wars of independence". Trabajadores. Archived from the original on 2013-02-10. Retrieved 2009-01-16. Cuba commemorates this Sunday the beginning of its wars of independence, the 10 of October of 1868, when the insigne patriotic Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, considered the Father of the Motherland, gave the freedom to his slaves to begin the fight by the liberation of the Nation.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005). From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: A Dictionary of Czech Popular Culture. Central European University Press. p. 102. ISBN 963-7326-26-X.
Jump up ^ Sayer, Derek; Alena Sayer (2000). The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-691-05052-X.
Jump up ^ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gandhi-not-formally-conferred-father-of-the-nation-title-govt/973101/
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government/articleshow/16961980.cms
Jump up ^ "Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department). GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE (LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT). Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The history of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-313-32355-3.
Jump up ^ "Centenary of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam". Mauritius Post Museum. Mauritius Post. 2004. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-20. Known as the "Father of the Nation", Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam has throughout his political career from 1940 to 1982 been closely associated with the significant emancipation of the people of Mauritius and has led the struggle for Independence.
Jump up ^ "El Grito, una tradición popular mexicana sin dueño". El Periodico de Mexico (in Spanish). 2007-09-15. Retrieved 2009-02-07. Miguel Hidalgo, considerado el "padre de la patria" mexicana
Jump up ^ Vazquez-Gomez, Juana (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325–1997. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30049-3.
Jump up ^ "Promulgation of Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005 (Act No. 16 of 2005), of the Parliament" (PDF). Government Gazette. Windhoek: Republic of Namibia (3567). 29 December 2005. Retrieved 2008-01-16. [dead link]
Jump up ^ The Oude and Nieuwe Kerk in Delft
Jump up ^ Bjørn Talen (1987-05-09). "Gratulerer, kjære landsmann!" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Quaid's 60th death anniversary being marked today". The News International. September 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-09. Today the nation marks the 60th Death anniversary of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam, meaning "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum meaning Father of the Nation. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Father of the Nation : Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah". Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ East, Roger; Richard Thomas (2003). "Papua New Guinea". Profiles of People in Power. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 1-85743-126-X.
Jump up ^ "Jose Rizal". Retrieved 2014-05-10.
Jump up ^ Anisimov, Evgeniy Viktorovich (1993). The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia. translator John T. Alexander. M.E. Sharpe. p. 143. ISBN 1-56324-047-5.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: Sir John Compton". Daily Telegraph. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Saint Marinus". CatholicSaints.Info. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Branko Pešić (1988). Spomen hram Sv. Save na Vračaru u Beogradu: 1895–1988. Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Отац Отаџбине Св. Сава је надахнуо Немањи- ну државу идеалима хришћанског патриотизма и створио слободну цркву у слободној држави. Држа- ва је Отечество - земља мојих ота- ца. Држава не сме да буде импери- ја, јер где ...
Jump up ^ Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788–1921. p. 56. ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ - КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ
Jump up ^ Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
Jump up ^ "Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy". Un.org. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.reformationsa.org/index.php/component/content/article/75-history-articles/358-jan-van-riebeeck-father-of-the-nation
Jump up ^ Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia (revised ed.). SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 0-7619-9439-4.
Jump up ^ Duval Smith, Alex (20 October 1999). "Tanzania weeps for father of the nation". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ Parla, Taha; Andrew Davison (2004). Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress Or Order?. Syracuse arUniversity Press. pp. 37–8. ISBN 0-8156-3054-9.
Jump up ^ "Abu Dhabi's Zayed Mosque tours to take on special Ramadan significance" (Press release). August 20, 2008. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-17. His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, a man affectionately known as 'The Father of The Nation' for his work as an architect of the UAE Federation.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Julia (2 November 2004). "Obituary: Sheikh Zayed". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2009-01-17. He was frequently referred to as the father of the nation.
Jump up ^ "America's Founding Fathers". National Archives. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
Jump up ^ Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
^ Jump up to: a b Grizzard (2002, pp. 105–107)
^ Jump up to: a b Rupert Cornwell, "George Washington: The father of the nation" (January 17, 2009).
Jump up ^ "Efemérides Culturales Argentinas: Junio 19" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education, Argentina. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2009-01-20. 1764: Nace en Montevideo (Uruguay) José Gervasio Artigas, iniciador rioplatense del federalismo y padre de la independencia uruguaya. Falleció cerca de Asunción el 23 de septiembre de 1850.
Jump up ^ Edelmann, Alexander Taylor (1965). Latin American Government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society. Dorsey Press. p. 309. José Gervasio Artigas, who doggedly led his guerrilla bands against the Spanish armies and raised the flag of a free Uruguay, is affectionately remembered by his fellow countrymen as "the father of Uruguayan independence.
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Colored fire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Colored fire is a common pyrotechnic effect used in stage productions, fireworks and by fire performers the world over. Generally, the color of a flame may be red, orange, blue, yellow, or white, and is dominated by blackbody radiation from soot and steam. When additional chemicals are added to the fuel burning, their atomic emission spectra can affect the frequencies of visible light radiation emitted - in other words, the flame appears in a different color dependent upon the chemical additives. Flame coloring is also a good way to demonstrate how fire changes when subjected to heat and how they also change the matter around them.[1][2]
To color their flames, Pyrotechnicians will generally use metal salts. Specific combinations of fuels and co-solvents are required in order to dissolve the necessary chemicals. Color enhancers (usually chlorine donors) are frequently added too, the most common of which is polyvinyl chloride. A practical use of colored fire is the flame test, where metal cations are tested by placing the sample in a flame and analyzing the color produced.[3][4]
Flame colorants[edit]
Main article: Pyrotechnic colorant
Color
Chemical
Image
Carmine (dark red) Lithium chloride
Red Strontium chloride or strontium nitrate
Orange Calcium chloride
Yellow Barium chloride
Light Orange Sodium chloride (table salt) or (street lights)
Apple green Borax (sodium borate)
Green Copper(II) sulfate, boric acid
Blue Copper(I) chloride, butane
Violet 3 parts potassium sulfate, 1 part potassium nitrate (saltpeter)
Peach (light pink) Potassium chloride
Emitted colors depend on the electronic configuration of the elements involved. Heat energy from the flame excites electrons to a higher quantum level, and the atoms emit characteristic colors (photons with energies corresponding to the visible spectrum) as they return to lower energy levels.[5]
Campfire colorants[edit]
Main article: Pyrotechnic composition
Flame colorants are becoming popular while camping. Scouts[citation needed] and other outdoor "enthusiasts" have placed sections of copper pipe with holes drilled throughout and stuffed with garden hose onto campfires to create a variety of flame colors. An easier method of coloring campfires has been fueled by commercial products. These packages of flame colorants are tossed onto a campfire or into a fireplace to produce effects.
Although these chemicals are very effective at imparting their color into an already existing flame, these substances are not flammable alone. To produce a powder or solid that, when lit, produces a colored flame, the necessary steps are more complex. To get a powder to burn satisfactorily, both a fuel and oxidizer will mostly be needed. Common oxidizers include.[6]
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium nitrate
Barium chlorate
Guanine nitrate
Potassium nitrate (saltpeter)
Potassium chlorate
Potassium perchlorate
Strontium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Many of these oxidizers also produce a colored flame by themselves. Some of them - as well as the main colorants - are severely toxic and therefore environmentally damaging.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://voyager.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/astronomy/blackbody/bbody.html
Jump up ^ http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/absorption.html
Jump up ^ "flame tests". www.chemguide.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Pyrotechnic Chemicals - Chlorine Donors". www.skylighter.com. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/flame.html.
Jump up ^ "Colored Fire Flames". www.campfiredude.com. Retrieved 2017-08-02.

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