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Nando's
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For the 17th century London coffee house, see Nando's Coffee House.
Nando's Ltd
Type
Private
Industry
Casual dining
Genre
Portuguese style peri-peri chicken
Founded
1987, Johannesburg, South Africa
Founder
Fernando Duarte and Robert Brozin
Headquarters
London, United Kingdom
Key people
Dick Enthoven, owner
Products
Chicken and related Portuguese cuisine
Website
nandos.com
Nando's is an international casual dining restaurant chain originating in South Africa.[1] Founded in 1987, Nando's operates about 1,000 outlets in 30 countries.[2][3]
Nando's specializes in Portuguese style chicken dishes with various peri-peri marinades.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Worldwide locations
2.1 Africa
2.1.1 South Africa
2.1.2 Botswana
2.1.3 Mauritius
2.1.4 Namibia
2.1.5 Swaziland
2.1.6 Zambia
2.1.7 Zimbabwe
2.2 Asia
2.2.1 Bangladesh
2.2.2 India
2.2.3 Malaysia
2.2.4 Pakistan
2.2.5 Qatar
2.2.6 Singapore
2.2.7 United Arab Emirates
2.2.8 Bahrain
2.2.9 Saudi Arabia
2.3 Europe
2.3.1 Ireland
2.3.2 United Kingdom
2.4 North America
2.4.1 Canada
2.4.2 United States
2.5 Oceania
2.5.1 Australia
2.5.2 New Zealand
3 Controversies
3.1 Advertising
3.1.1 Australian refugee advertisement
3.1.2 Malema advertisement
3.1.3 Last Dictator advertisement
3.2 Tax haven
3.3 Nando's Black Card
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The restaurant was founded in 1987 in the Johannesburg suburb Rosettenville when Portuguese-born audio engineer Fernando Duarte took his entrepreneur friend Robert Brozin to a Portuguese takeaway called Chickenland for a meal. After trying the chicken, cooked in piri piri, a Portuguese chilli sauce made from a pepper with the same name found in Mozambique, they bought the restaurant for about 80,000 rand (equivalent of about £25,000 at the time).[3] They renamed the restaurant Nando's after Fernando's first born son. After two years, the restaurant had four outlets: three in Johannesburg and one in Portugal. By 2013, around 1,000 Nando's branches were in 35 countries.[3]
In 2010, Advertising Age magazine named Nando's as one of the world's top 30 hottest marketing brands.[4] As of July 2014, the Nando's restaurant group is ultimately owned by South African businessman Dick Enthoven and his family. Enthoven's son, Robby Enthoven, was responsible for expanding the Nando's chain in the United Kingdom.[5]
Worldwide locations[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nando's locations worldwide
Nando's has locations in five continents worldwide.[2]
Africa[edit]
Nando's take-away in Canal Walk Shopping Mall, Cape Town, South Africa
South Africa[edit]
See also: List of restaurants in South Africa
The first Nando's restaurant was opened in South Africa in 1987 by Fernando Duarte.[3][6] By 1997, there were 105 Nando's restaurants in the country.[7]
Botswana[edit]
Nando's has been operating in Botswana since 1993.[2] There are currently 15 restaurants in Botswana: 9 in Gaborone, 1 in Jwaneng, 1 in Maun, 2 in Francistown, 1 in Mahalapye and 1 in Palapye.
Mauritius[edit]
There are three Nando's restaurants in Mauritius.[8][9][10]
Namibia[edit]
Nando's launched in Namibia in 1995.[2]
Swaziland[edit]
There are two outlets in Swaziland, in Mbabane and Manzini.[11]
Zambia[edit]
Nando's began operating in Zambia in 2002.[2]
Zimbabwe[edit]
In Zimbabwe, there are a total of 11 restaurants.[12]
Asia[edit]
Nando's in Penang, Malaysia
Nando's in Singapore
Bangladesh[edit]
Nando's has been running in Bangladesh since 2007. The first restaurant was opened in Dhanmondi area. It is running there as a franchised business. All four of the outlets in Bangladesh sell halal foods.[citation needed]
India[edit]
Nando's opened restaurants in India in late 2010. As of February 2013[update], Nando's has restaurants in five cities.[13] Nando's plans additional expansion in India.[14]
Malaysia[edit]
Nando's has been established in Malaysia since 1998. As of May 2015, there were 69 restaurants operating throughout the country.[15]
Pakistan[edit]
Nando's has been established since 2001, It has currently eight restaurants nationwide.[16]
Qatar[edit]
In Qatar, Nando's has been established since 2001, with the first restaurant located on Salwa Road.[17]
Singapore[edit]
In Singapore, Nando's opened its first restaurant on 9 May 2010,[18] as of December 2015[update] there are eleven outlets in Singapore.[19]
United Arab Emirates[edit]
Nando's in UAE was established in 2002. There are currently 18 Nando's restaurants operating throughout the country.[citation needed]
Bahrain[edit]
In Bahrain, Nando's have 4 restaurants operating throughout the country.[citation needed]
Saudi Arabia[edit]
In November 2016, Nando's returned[clarification needed] to Riyadh and opened its first restaurant in Rubeen Plaza located near Exit 2 on the Northern Ring Road.[citation needed]
Europe[edit]
Ireland[edit]
Nando's was first established in Ireland in 2008. The company opened its flagship restaurant on St Andrew Street in the city centre of Dublin in November 2011, employing 60 staff members to manage a 3,800 square feet (350 m2) space spread over two floors.[20][21] As of early 2015, they have expanded to a total of 10 outlets in Ireland.[22]
United Kingdom[edit]
Nando's Restaurant at the White Rose Centre in Leeds, West Yorkshire.
Nando's opened its first UK restaurant in 1992 in the west London suburbs of Ealing and Earls Court, initially focusing on takeaway food.[3] The UK arm, owned by the Enthoven family via a private equity company, struggled until chairman Dick Enthoven put his son Robert in control. The focus then moved from takeaways to a mixed service (counter ordering and table service) model.[3] Branches also chose individual design and decor to move away from a restaurant-chain image. The company employs around 8,000 staff in the UK and, as of 2013, had over 280 branches in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with some 60 being halal.[3]
In 2010, Nando's UK won the Sunday Times's best place to work award in the big company category.[23] Its sauces and marinades were also retailed in UK supermarkets.[23]
Nando's claims to have the largest collection of South African art in the UK, with over 5,000 works displayed in restaurants; original artworks are commissioned by the company.[23][24]
Nando's takeaway can also be ordered online to be collected in store.
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Nando's has operated since 1994 in Canada, with branches in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario.[25]
United States[edit]
Nando's opened its first United States location in 2008 in Washington, D.C. Nando's currently has 40 restaurants in the US: 12 in Illinois; six in Washington, D.C.; 13 in Maryland; and nine in Virginia.[26]
Oceania[edit]
A Nando's franchise in Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Australia[edit]
Nando's has been in the Australian marketplace since 1990, when the first restaurant opened in Tuart Hill in Western Australia. As of 2013[update] there were over 270 restaurants in Australia, with further growth planned.[27][28] Nando's Australia uses certified Halal chicken throughout its chains, and they do not come in contact with any non Halal food items.[29] However, they do sell alcohol and bacon in many restaurants.
New Zealand[edit]
Nando's opened their first store in Glenfield in 2000. As of February 2013[update] there are 31 Nando's outlets in New Zealand.[30]
Controversies[edit]
Advertising[edit]
Australian refugee advertisement[edit]
In Australia, Nando's ran an advertising campaign based around the 2002 political controversy regarding the mandatory detention of refugees. The detainees had been waging a hunger strike campaign, even resorting to physically sewing their lips closed. Nando's adverts proclaimed that the strikers "decided to unsew their lips after hearing the news that with every Nando's quarter chicken combo, Nando's are giving away an extra quarter chicken free". Melbourne's Sphere Advertising said that the ad was designed to spark controversy, saying that they knew that "there's a section of our audience that's going to be uncomfortable... but we want to evoke a response".[31]
Malema advertisement[edit]
During the South African national elections of 2009, Nando's made an advert lampooning African National Congress Youth League then president Julius Malema by using a puppet that resembled him. Malema's lawyers sued Nando's and the original advert was removed. However, an altered version was released, with the puppet's face pixelated and the voice altered. The puppet used in the advert was later sold at auction for R100,000 which was donated to an educational charity.[32]
Last Dictator advertisement[edit]
In 2011 Nando's launched a "Last dictators" advert in South Africa.[33] The 60-second commercial shows a sad Robert Mugabe dining alone at Christmas in a large mansion while he reminisces about "happier times" with former dictators, such as playing water tag with Muammar Gaddafi, making snow angels in the sand with Saddam Hussein, singing Karaoke with Mao Zedong, pushing P. W. Botha on a swing set, and riding a tank with Idi Amin in a similar fashion to Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet embracing each other from the movie Titanic while the music from "Those Were the Days" is being played. Musekiwa Kumbula, holder of the Nando's franchise in Zimbabwe, said his group "strongly feels the advertisement is insensitive and in poor taste". The advert also offended Chipangano, a Zimbabwean youth militia loyal to Mugabe, who then demanded an apology from Nando's, threatened to boycott the South Africa-based chain, and demanded the ad be withdrawn or the restaurant face retribution.[34] Nando's South Africa subsequently withdrew the advert citing threats to its staff in Zimbabwe from a youth group.[35]
Tax haven[edit]
Both The Guardian newspaper (UK) and the American non-profit publication ICIJ received documents in July 2014 revealing the details of past and present offshore clients of wealth managers Kleinwort Benson, including the Nando's restaurant group. The Guardian published its belief that, through the use of businesses in Malta, Guernsey and the Netherlands, Enthoven legally reduces the group's UK corporation tax bill by "up to a third". According to the British newspaper, Enthoven's profits eventually accumulate in the Kleinwort Benson-managed "Taro III Trust" that is based in Jersey and contains at least £750 million.[5]
While no member of the Enthoven family agreed to speak with The Guardian, a company representative responded to the publication's invitation to respond and explained that UK tax laws are not applicable to Enthoven, as "He [Enthoven] is not resident in the US or the UK." The spokesperson also stated that, in the UK, Nando's paid corporation tax of £12.6 million on a profit of £58.2 million for the year ending February 2013.[5]
Nando's Black Card[edit]
For several years Nando's repeatedly denied that numerous celebrities were issued with a special 'Black Card' enabling free meals and soft drinks for five people at any time. Nando's false denials on social media were unwittingly revealed by two musicians who were donating free food to the homeless in Manchester, UK.[36]
See also[edit]
Chicken restaurant
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
Oporto – Australian-based Portuguese themed chicken restaurant
TASTE Holdings – management group in which Chickenland (Pty) Ltd has significant shareholding
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Story of Nando's". Nandos. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Nando's Worldwide". Nando's. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Brown, Mick (11 March 2013). "Nando's nation: the chicken that conquered Britain". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Marketing". Nando's. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c David Leigh, James Ball and Leila Haddou (10 July 2014). "Nando's using secretive tax haven trust to avoid inheritance tax bills". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nando's Story". Nando's. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Johannesburgers and fries". The Economist. 25 September 1997. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nandos Mauritius (Trianon, Mauritius)". Yelo.mu. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nando's (Port Louis): Mauritius Restaurants". Nandos-port-louis.restaurant.mu. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nando's: Bagatelle Mall of Mauritius". Mallofmauritius.com. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Nando's Review Website". rateyournandos.com.
Jump up ^ Anonymous (24 April 2012). "About us". nandos.co.zw.
Jump up ^ "Nando's India". Nandosindia.com. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nando's plans pan India expansion". Franchise India. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Restaurants | Nando's Malaysia". Nandos.com.my. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nando's Qatar". Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "About Us | Nando's Singapore". Nandos.com.sg. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Restaurants | Nando's Singapore". Nandos.com.sg. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nando's to create 65 jobs in Dublin". RTÉ News. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Hugh O'Connell (1 November 2011). "Chicken-tastic: Nandos announces 60 new jobs in Dublin". Business ETC. TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Restaurants | Nando's". Nandos.ie. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sawyer, Miranda (16 May 2010). "How Nando's conquered Britain". The Observer. London. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "African Art". Nando's. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Erasmus, Janine (17 July 2008). "Nando's blazes into US". Media Club South Africa. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nando's - Our Restaurants". Nando's USA. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nando's: About Us". Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nando's Restaurants near Melbourne". Nando's Australia. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burning with Curiosity? | Flame-grilled PERi-PERi chicken restaurants | Nando's Australia". Nandos.com.au. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "New stores open as Nando's sold back to Australia" (Media release). Franchise New Zealand. Franchise New Zealand. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Gotting, Peter (29 July 2002). "Asylum seekers' plight used to peddle chickens". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Karyn Maughan (7 May 2009). "Julius puppet finds new home". IOL News. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Rotherham, Seth (24 November 2011). "Nando's Releases 'Last Dictator' Commercial, Feat. Mugabe, Gaddafi And Hussein". 2OceansVibe. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Shaw, Angus (30 November 2011). "'Last dictator' spoof angers Mugabe faithful". The Independent. London. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nando's 'Mugabe' ad causes controversy in South Africa". BBC News. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Manchester musicians use mythical Nando's 'Black Card' to feed hundreds of city's homeless". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nando's.
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text:
List of capitals outside the territories they serve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Lists of capitals
Of countries
in alphabetical order
by latitude
by population
Former
Purpose-built
Capitals, largest and second-largest cities by country
Countries with multiple capitals
Timeline of country and capital changes
Of country subdivisions
Capitals outside the territories they serve
Purpose-built
v
t
e
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
There are many cases where a subnational territory (a federated state, municipality, or other unit) is governed from a capital city that is not itself a part of that territory. In most of these cases, the city itself is constituted as a separate local government unit, but also administers a surrounding or neighbouring territory. In cases such as Telangana in India, a new area is created by division but is still administered from the same capital.
Current[edit]
Aberdeen, United Kingdom – Aberdeen was the historic county seat of Aberdeenshire but now forms a separate local authority. Aberdeenshire Council's headquarters remain within the city of Aberdeen, the only local authority in Scotland to have its council sit in another local authority area.
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan – capital of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan
Bogotá, Colombia – capital of the surrounding Cundinamarca Department, while constituting its own capital district.
Brussels, Belgium – Brussels is the capital of the Flanders region, while itself being part of the Brussels Capital Region
Bucharest, Romania – location of many of the institutions of Ilfov County, itself a municipality with special status
Budapest, Hungary – capital of Pest county, and also the Central Hungarian Region, itself having a county status, thus outside Pest county, but within the Central Hungarian Region
Bujumbura, Burundi – capital of both Bujumbura Mairie and Bujumbura Rural provinces; the city itself is located in the former
Central, Hong Kong – the area where the district council and district office of the Islands District is located, itself within the Central and Western District
Chandigarh, India – shared capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana, itself a union territory
Cotobato City, Philippines – regional center of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, but under the region of SOCCKSARGEN
East London, South Africa – administrative centre of the Amathole District Municipality, itself in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
Francistown, Botswana – capital of the North-East District, itself a separately administered urban district.
In Germany, several rural Kreise (districts of a state) have their capitals in larger nearby cities that have their own separate administration (they are urban Kreise of their own) and are not part of the usually homonymous rural Kreis. Some examples are Karlsruhe, Aachen, Kaiserslautern, Munich, Kassel, and Hanover, but there are many other cases.
Honiara, Solomon Islands – capital of Guadalcanal Province, while itself a separate capital territory
Hot Springs, South Dakota, United States – seat of Fall River County, whose administration is under contract from neighbouring Oglala Lakota County to also perform the latter's administrative functions.
Hyderabad, India – since 2 June 2014, the joint capital of the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad itself is located in Telangana, which was newly carved out of Andhra Pradesh on that date. The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 determines that Hyderabad will remain provisionally the capital of both states "for such period not exceeding ten years."[1] Many Andhra Pradesh state government institutions have moved to Vijayawada, which has become de facto the new state capital. On 4 September 2014, it was officially announced that a new, specially planned capital city would be built just outside Vijayawada and would be called Amaravati. Still, until the new capital is completed and officially moved, Hyderabad remains de jure Andhra Pradesh's capital city.
Invercargill, New Zealand – seat of government for the large, rural Southland District to its north while also a territorial authority in its own right.
Ishigaki, Japan – government seat both of the Yaeyama District of Okinawa Prefecture, and of the town of Taketomi, located in that district. Ishigaki itself is a city, outside any district and with its own separate administration.
Jiagedaqi District, China – administrative centre of the Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture, Heilongjiang Province, itself (nominally) located in Inner Mongolia.
Kagoshima, Japan – hosts the municipal offices for the island villages of Mishima and Toshima.
Kiev, Ukraine – administrative center of Kiev Oblast, itself a city with special status
King Salmon, Alaska, United States – seat of government for the Lake and Peninsula Borough but lies in the Bristol Bay Borough.
Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom – administrative headquarters of Surrey, England, itself within Greater London
Lankaran, Azerbaijan – capital of Lankaran Rayon, itself administratively separate
Lyon, France – capital of the Rhône department, though itself the bulk of the administratively separate Lyon Metropolis since 2015
Minsk, Belarus – administrative center of Minsk Voblast, itself a city with special status of capital
Moscow, Russia – capital of Moscow Oblast, itself a federal city
Oslo, Norway – administration headquarters of Akershus county, itself a separate county
Paramaribo, Suriname – vast and sparsely populated Sipaliwini District in the South of the country does not have a capital, and is administered from a distance directly by the central government, in the national capital city of Paramaribo on the coast. Paramaribo does not even border the Sipaliwini District.
Several provinces of the Philippines technically have their capitals outside their borders when the cities are classified as highly urbanized (independent); by law these cities are not included in any province, although most of the time these cities are tightly connected and were sometimes once part of the province that surrounds them. See cities of the Philippines for a more extensive explanation and the Virginia entry below for a comparison.
Port Elizabeth, South Africa – administrative centre of the Cacadu District Municipality, itself in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea – capital of Central Province which surrounds city, but the city itself is in (and also the capital of) the National Capital District
Prague, Czech Republic – capital of Central Bohemian Region, Prague-West District and Prague-East District, itself an administrative unit on its own
Recife, Brazil – seat of the administration of the Fernando de Noronha islands. The Atlantic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha is a unique case in Brazil of a state district, not part of any municipality and administered directly by the government of the state of Pernambuco. The administrative offices are located in the state capital city of Recife, on the mainland, 540 kilometres (340 mi) away from the islands.[2]
Saint Petersburg, Russia – capital of the Leningrad Oblast, itself a federal city
Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands – seat of the mayor office of the largely evacuated Northern Islands Municipality, itself another municipality
Shaki, Azerbaijan – capital of Shaki Rayon, itself administratively separate
Shusha, Azerbaijan – capital of Shusha Rayon, itself administratively separate; administered by Nagorno-Karabakh
Sofia, Bulgaria – capital of the Sofia Province, itself an administrative unit (oblast) on its own
Tashkent, Uzbekistan – capital of Tashkent Province, itself an independent city
Thessalon, Ontario, Canada – seat of Cockburn Island township, itself a separate municipality on the mainland. Cockburn Island, in Lake Huron, has no longer any permanent population, yet it is still legally incorporated as a township of the province of Ontario, with the administrative offices located in Thessalon.
Virginia in the United States – has unique laws regarding independent city status, where a city is not part of its surrounding county. Because of this, many county courthouses and county government offices are technically located outside of the county. These include Albemarle County, Alleghany County, Augusta County, Bedford County, Frederick County, Greensville County, Prince William County, Rockbridge County, and Rockingham County. The government offices for Roanoke County, James City County, and Henrico County are located within the borders of the county while the historic courthouses are located in the independent cities of Salem, Williamsburg, and Richmond, respectively. In Fairfax County, the courthouse is situated in an enclave within the city of Fairfax, which is an independent city that is itself an enclave within Fairfax County. This is a rare example of a counter-enclave. The county's government offices are outside of the City of Fairfax's borders.
Zagreb, Croatia - Capital of Zagreb County, itself administratively separate
Winner, South Dakota, United States – seat of both Tripp and Todd counties, itself located in Tripp County.
Yevlakh, Azerbaijan – capital of Yevlakh Rayon, itself administratively separate
Historical[edit]
Busan, South Korea – capital of the province of South Gyeongsang, itself a metropolitan city (from 1963, when the city was separated from the province, to 1983, when it was replaced by Changwon)
Calicut (Kozhikode), India - until 1964, the administration of the then Union Territory of the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (now Lakshadweep) was conducted from offices in the city of Kozhikode (better known in English as Calicut), located on the mainland, in the state of Kerala. The territory's government is now seated on the island of Kavaratti.[3]
Canberra, Australia – seat of government of the Territory of Papua
Canton (now Guangzhou), China – capital of the province of Kwangtung (now Guangdong), Republic of China, itself a centrally-administered city
Copenhagen, Denmark - from 1952 to 1992, the administration of Copenhagen County was located on Blegdamsvej in Copenhagen Municipality, which was surrounded by, but not part of the county.
Daegu, South Korea – capital of the province of North Gyeongsang, itself a metropolitan city (from 1981, when the city was separated from the province, to 2016, when it was replaced by Andong)
Daejeon, South Korea – capital of the province of South Chungcheong, itself a metropolitan city (from 1989, when the city was separated from the province, to 2012, when it was replaced by Hongseong)
Gwangju, South Korea – capital of the province of South Jeolla, itself a metropolitan city (from 1986, when the city was separated from the province, to 2005, when it was replaced by Muan)
Havana, Cuba - capital of former La Habana Province, which was distinct from the city of Havana (Ciudad de la Habana), administered separately. A reorganization of Cuban provinces in 2011 split La Habana Province into two new provinces, Artemisa and Mayabeque, their respective capital cities being Artemisa and San José de las Lajas.
Isabella, Philippines - former capital of Basilan and designated as highly urbanized city. Basilan is previously part of Zamboanga Peninsula and the province is transferred to the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Isabella is still considered part of the region and still considered part of the province. Since 2017, the seat of the provincial government of Basilan was moved to Lamitan. Isabela still remains part of Basilan provincial services but regional services remains in Zamboanga Peninsula instead of ARMM where the province of Basilan belongs.
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – former capital of the state of Selangor. In 1974, Kuala Lumpur was separated from the state and made into a federal territory. Kuala Lumpur remained the state capital until 1978, when Shah Alam was declared as the new capital.
Mafikeng, South Africa – from where the former British protectorate of Bechuanaland, today Botswana, was administered. It is part of South Africa.
Marshall, Texas, United States, was the capital of the exiled Confederate government of Missouri during the American Civil War.
Mukden (now Shenyang), China – capital of the province of Fengtian (now Liaoning), Republic of China, itself a centrally-administered city
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – location of the 2nd Council of the Northwest Territories from 1905 to 1951
Pasig, Philippines – former capital of Rizal and designated as a highly urbanized city. Pasig was made a part of Metro Manila in 1975, taking it outside the border of Rizal. Rizal has since moved its provincial government to Antipolo, within the border of Rizal it is a component city.
Peshawar, Pakistan – administrative center of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) from Pakistan's independence in 1947 until March 2018, when the FATA were merged into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where Peshawar itself was and is located, and of which it is also the capital city.
Saint-Louis – The Senegalese city was the administrative capital of the French colony of Mauritania from 1902 to 1960.
Seoul, South Korea – capital of the province of Gyeonggi, itself a metropolitan city (from 1946, when the city was separated from the province, to 1967, when it was replaced by Suwon). It was also claimed as the capital of North Korea until 1972, where the de facto Capital, Pyongyang, was also made the de jure capital.
Sian (now Xi'an), China – capital of the province of Shensi (now Shaanxi), Republic of China, itself a centrally-administered city
Sneek, The Netherlands – capital of the municipality of Sneek and nearby Wymbritseradeel
Stockholm, Sweden – capital of the Stockholm County, itself not a part of the county, administered by the Over-Governorship of Stockholm until 1967
Tønsberg, Norway – administration headquarters of Sem municipality, itself a separate municipality. In 1988 Sem was incorporated into Tønsberg.
Vienna, Austria – capital of surrounding Lower Austria, itself a federal state of Austria (until 1986, when it was replaced by Sankt Pölten)
Xindian, Taiwan – capital of the province of Fukien, Republic of China from 1956 to 1996, itself located in Taiwan Province. Before 1956, the capital was Jincheng; it was moved back to Jincheng in 1996.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, 2013". Parliament of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-18. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
Jump up ^ Government of the State of Pernambuco. "Administração Geral de Fernando de Noronha" [General Administration of Fernando de Noronha] (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2017-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Official Website of Union Territory of Lakshadweep - Administrative Setup". Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_capitals_outside_the_territories_they_serve&oldid=863457601"
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The Trials of Apollo
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The Trials of Apollo
Logo of the series
The Hidden Oracle (2016)
The Dark Prophecy (2017)
The Burning Maze (2018)
The Tyrant's Tomb (2019)
Author
Rick Riordan
Cover artist
John Rocco
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Greek mythological fiction, fantasy, adventure and children's fiction
Publisher
Hyperion Books
Published
May 3, 2016–
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback), audiobook, e-book
No. of books
3 (as of 2018)
Preceded by
The Heroes of Olympus
The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the Heroes of Olympus series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series.[1] A supplementary book has also been released in addition to the main series.
The first book in the series, The Hidden Oracle, was released on May 3, 2016.[2] The second book in the series, The Dark Prophecy, was released on May 2, 2017.[3] The third book in the series, The Burning Maze, was released on May 1, 2018. The fourth book in the series, The Tyrant's Tomb, will be released in Fall 2019.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Books
2.1 The Hidden Oracle
2.2 The Dark Prophecy
2.3 The Burning Maze
2.4 The Tyrant's Tomb
3 Supplementary works
3.1 Camp Half-Blood Confidential
4 Main characters
5 References
Synopsis[edit]
The series follows the trials of the god Apollo, who has been turned into a human as punishment from his father and king of the gods Zeus. Zeus is angry with Apollo for a variety of reasons, most notably for the younger god's allowing his Roman descendant Octavian to rise to power during The Heroes of Olympus series by giving him his blessing. The final book of The Heroes of Olympus, The Blood of Olympus, takes place about six months before the beginning of The Trials of Apollo.
Books[edit]
The Hidden Oracle[edit]
Main article: The Hidden Oracle
The Hidden Oracle is the first book of the series. It is told in first-person by the main character Apollo, and uses haiku for chapter titles. The book was released on May 3, 2016.[2]
The book opens with Apollo landing in an alley in New York City—in the form of a mortal teenager named Lester Papadopoulos because he had been one of the people who had encouraged the war between the Greeks and the Romans. He meets Meg McCaffrey, a homeless daughter of Demeter. Believing that he must only undertake some simple quest to regain his immortality, Apollo/Lester and Meg travel to Camp Half-Blood, where they learn most of the world's Oracles have stopped working. The two undertake a quest to locate and protect the one remaining oracle, hoping also to learn how to help the other oracles and to regain Apollo's immortality. Apollo [Lester] also finds out that the first oracle he has to save is heavily guarded by the mysterious 'beast'. Will Apollo [Lester] be able to accomplish this task?[4]
As Apollo falls from Mount Olympus into a dumpster, he is attacked by two muggers- sent by the first emperor- and is rescued by Meg, a daughter of Demeter. She claims his service and the two set off to Percy Jackson's house. The trio drives to Camp Half-Blood, but also face deadly monsters during their journey. Once they arrive, they learn of the 'talking trees' and demigod disappearances. Apollo and Meg meet the campers, along with Nico di Angelo (Son of Hades) and Will Solace (son of Apollo). The two are openly dating and help Meg and Apollo when fighting the first emperor. After getting lost in the labyrinth through a camp sanctioned activity, Meg and Apollo leave to find the Grove of Dodonna, a grove of trees that tell prophecies. This oracle does not belong to Apollo, so the emperors cannot control it. After fighting giant ants that kidnap Meg, Apollo confronts geyser spirits and finally finds Meg and the Grove. At the grove, they find the missing demigods in a trap and the Beast himself, emperor Nero, Meg's stepfather. Meg switches loyalties, yet the two succeed in opening the Grove of Dodona and calming the enraged oracles. Meg takes off, and Apollo saves the missing demigods. As Apollo reaches Camp Half-Blood, he sees that Nero sent a colossal statue of himself to destroy the camp. After regaining a few of his former powers, Apollo destroys the statue and promises to find Meg again. Just as the fight ends, Leo and Calypso (aboard Festus) arrive at the camp. The three realize that they must travel to free the next oracle.
The Dark Prophecy[edit]
Main article: The Dark Prophecy
The Dark Prophecy is the second book in the series. It was released on May 2, 2017.
The book continues the story of Apollo as the mortal Lester, as he leaves the safety of Camp Half-Blood and journeys across North America to restore the remaining four Oracles and defeat the triumvirate of Roman emperors-turned-Gods, while also being helped by Leo Valdez, the now-mortal Calypso and Festus the bronze dragon.[5]
The Burning Maze[edit]
Main article: The Burning Maze
The Burning Maze is the third book in the series. It released on May 1, 2018.[6] The book follows Lester Papadopoulos/Apollo, Meg McCaffrey and Grover Underwood while they try to rescue Herophile, an Oracle that speaks only in puzzles, from the Roman emperor Caligula and his talking horse, Incitatus. In the process, they meet some strixes that fed only on blood. They are repelled using strawberries. While sleeping, Apollo dreams about Herophile telling him that he must save her even though it's a trap. When he wakes up, he finds himself in Grover's base. When Meg wakes up, they find the line from the prophecy,'Demeter's daughter finds her ancient roots' to occur. Apollo and Grover go out to try to find Gleeson Hedge in an army store called Macro's Military Madness. They then find out that Macro, the store owner is actually Naevius Sutorius Macro, working for Caligula. He attacks them with an army of automatons. By activating 'command sequence: Daedalus twenty three', they defeat Macro with his own robots. They then navigate the maze with the help of Piper McLean and Jason Grace and find defeat Medea, the sorceress who was working with the emperor. During the battle, Jason dies. The next day, Grover, Meg and Apollo using Caligula's shoes walk the Labyrinth.
The Tyrant's Tomb[edit]
The Tyrant's Tomb is the fourth book in the series. It will be released in Fall 2019.
Supplementary works[edit]
Camp Half-Blood Confidential[edit]
A companion book titled Percy Jackson: Camp Half-Blood Confidential was released on May 2, 2017.[7]
Main characters[edit]
Main article: List of characters in mythology novels by Rick Riordan § Camp Half-Blood chronicles
Lester Papadopoulos (Apollo): Lester Papadopoulos is the mortal teenage incarnation of the god Apollo and is the main character of the Trials of Apollo series. He has to deal with such ordinary human problems as zits, flabby muscles, and feeling pain once he becomes mortal. He is looking for Oracles to restore in an attempt to earn his way back to Mount Olympus.
Meg McCaffrey: Meg McCaffrey is a twelve-year-old demigod who looks like a colorfully dressed street urchin. She is fierce, bossy, and tight-lipped about her past. She has a fearsome protector named Peaches.
Peaches: Peaches is a Karpos that comes to Meg McCaffrey when she is in need.
Leo Valdez: Leo Valdez is the son of God Hephaestus. He has returned after being revived from the Physician's Cure after he was killed in The Blood of Olympus.
Calypso: Calypso is the daughter of the Titan Atlas. After being imprisoned on the island of Ogygia for centuries, Leo Valdez rescued her and brought her to the Waystation to live temporarily. She assists Lester throughout The Dark Prophecy.
Grover Underwood: Grover Underwood is a Satyr and the best friend of Percy Jackson. He is summoned by Meg to guide them through the Labyrinth.
Piper McLean: Piper McLean is the daughter of the Goddess Aphrodite. She and her father have become bankrupt due to the Triumvirate Holdings.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rick Riordan announces 'Trials of Apollo' series set in Percy Jackson's world". Hypable. October 6, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Riordan, Rick (May 11, 2016). "The Hidden Oracle!". RickRiordan.com. Rick Riordan. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Trials of Apollo' book 2 info revealed on heels of 'Hidden Oracle' release". Hypable. May 5, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick (2016). The Hidden Oracle. Los Angeles: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 9781484732748.
Jump up ^ "The Dark Prophecy – Rick Riordan". rickriordan.com. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
Jump up ^ http://rickriordan.com/series/the-trials-of-apollo/ The Rick Riordan official Website
Jump up ^ "From Percy Jackson: Camp Half-Blood Confidential (An Official Rick Riordan Companion Book): Your Real Guide to the Demigod Training Camp (Trials of Apollo)". Amazon. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
hide
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Percy Jackson & the Olympians
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The Lightning Thief
The Sea of Monsters
The Titan's Curse
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The Last Olympian
The Demigod Files
Films
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
Film cast members
Stage
The Lightning Thief (musical)
The Heroes of Olympus
Novels
The Lost Hero
The Son of Neptune
The Mark of Athena
The House of Hades
The Blood of Olympus
The Demigod Diaries
The Trials of Apollo
Novels
The Hidden Oracle
The Dark Prophecy
The Burning Maze
Other
Percy Jackson's Greek Gods
Percy Jackson's Greek Heroes
The Son of Sobek
The Staff of Serapis
The Crown of Ptolemy
Characters
Percy Jackson
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Under the Desert Sky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Under the Desert Sky
Live album (with DVD) by Andrea Bocelli
Released
7 November 2006
Recorded
Lake Las Vegas, NV
Genre
Pop
Label
Sugar Records
Producer
David Foster, Humberto Gatica, Tony Renis
Andrea Bocelli DVD chronology
Credo: John Paul II
(2006) Credo: John Paul II2006 Under the Desert Sky
(2006) Under the Desert Sky2006 Vivere Live in Tuscany
(2008) Vivere Live in Tuscany2008
Under the Desert Sky is a live album and DVD of a classical - pop concert by classical Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli. The concert was performed on a specially built floating stage at Lake Las Vegas Resort (near Las Vegas, Nevada) and taped for American television network PBS. It mostly featured songs from Bocelli's previous album, Amore. The package was released on 7 November 2006. It debuted and peaked on the U.S. Billboard 200 at number 11.[1][2]
The DVD also includes interviews about the Amore album, of Bocelli and the producers, David Foster and Humberto Gatica, and was also nominated for an Emmy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Certifications
3 See also
4 References
Track listing[edit]
DVD
"Amapola"
"Besame Mucho"
"Somos Novios"
"Canzoni Stonate"
"Pero Te Extraño"
"L'Appuntamento"
"Estate"
"September Morn"
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
"Mi Manchi"
"Jurame"
"Solamente Una Vez"
"Les Feuilles Mortes (Autumn Leaves)"
"Porque Tu Me Acostumbraste"
"Cuando Me Enamoro"
"The Prayer"
"Momentos"
"Because We Believe"
CD
"Besame Mucho"
"Cuando Me Ennamoro"
"Estate (feat. Chris Botti)"
"September Morn"
"Can't Help Falling in Love" (feat. Katharine McPhee)
"Canzoni Stonate" (feat. Stevie Wonder)
"Momentos"
"Somos Novios"
"The Prayer" (feat. Heather Headley)
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[3]
DVD edition
Platinum 30,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[4]
As an audio album
Gold 50,000^
United States (RIAA)[5]
As a video longform
Gold 50,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Amore, the album
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Katie Hasty, "'NOW 23' Trumps Groban, Urban, Sugarland At No. 1", Billboard.com, November 15, 2006.
Jump up ^ Artist chart history for Andrea Bocelli (albums), Billboard.com.
Jump up ^ "Brazilian video certifications – Andrea Bocelli – Under The Desert Sky" (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Andrea Bocelli – The Desert Sky". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "American video certifications – Andrea Bocelli – Under the Desert Sky". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Video Longform, then click SEARCH
[hide]
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Andrea Bocelli
Discography
Awards and nominations
Teatro del Silenzio
Studio albums
Il Mare Calmo della Sera (1994)
Bocelli (1995)
Viaggio Italiano (1996/1997)
Aria: The Opera Album (1998)
Sogno (1999)
Sacred Arias (1999)
Verdi (2000)
Cieli di Toscana (2001)
Sentimento (2002)
Andrea (2004)
Amore (2006)
Incanto (2008)
My Christmas (2009)
Passione (2013)
Cinema (2015)
Live albums
Under the Desert Sky (2006)
Vivere Live in Tuscany (2008)
Concerto: One Night in Central Park (2011)
Compilations
Romanza (1997)
The Best of Andrea Bocelli: Vivere (2007)
Opera (2012)
Romanza (20th Anniversary Edition) (2016)
Other albums
Carmen: Duets & Arias (2010)
Notte Illuminata (2011)
Singles
"Il mare calmo della sera"
"Con te partirò"/"Vivere"
"Vivo per lei"
"Time to Say Goodbye"
"The Prayer"
"Canto della Terra"
"Ave Maria"
"Melodramma"
"Mille Lune Mille Onde"
"Dell'amore non si sa"
"Un nuovo giorno"
"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)"
"Because We Believe"
"White Christmas/Bianco Natale"
"What Child Is This"
"E Più Ti Penso"
"Bridge over Troubled Water"
Video albums
A Night in Tuscany (1998)
Sacred Arias: The Home Video (2000)
Tuscan Skies (Cieli di Toscana) (2002)
Credo: John Paul II (2006)
Under the Desert Sky (2006)
Vivere Live in Tuscany (2008)
Incanto: The Documentary (2008)
My Christmas Special (2009)
Concerto: One Night in Central Park (2011)
Love in Portofino (2013)
Cinema (2015)
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Under_the_Desert_Sky&oldid=757448062"
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2006 video albums
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Open market operation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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An open market operation (OMO) is an activity by a central bank to give (or take) liquidity in its currency to (or from) a bank or a group of banks. The central bank can either buy or sell government bonds in the open market (this is where the name was historically derived from) or, in what is now mostly the preferred solution, enter into a repo or secured lending transaction with a commercial bank: the central bank gives the money as a deposit for a defined period and synchronously takes an eligible asset as collateral. A central bank uses OMO as the primary means of implementing monetary policy. The usual aim of open market operations is—aside from supplying commercial banks with liquidity and sometimes taking surplus liquidity from commercial banks—to manipulate the short-term interest rate and the supply of base money in an economy, and thus indirectly control the total money supply, in effect expanding money or contracting the money supply. This involves meeting the demand of base money at the target interest rate by buying and selling government securities, or other financial instruments. Monetary targets, such as inflation, interest rates, or exchange rates, are used to guide this implementation.[1][2]
Contents
1 Process of open market operations
2 Theoretical relationship to interest rates
3 Possible targets
4 How open market operations are conducted
4.1 United States
4.2 Eurozone
4.3 Switzerland
4.4 India
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Process of open market operations[edit]
The central bank maintains loro accounts for a group of commercial banks, the so-called direct payment banks. A balance on such a loro account (it is a nostro account in the view of the commercial bank) represents central bank money in the regarded currency. Since central bank money currently exists mainly in the form of electronic records (electronic money) rather than in the form of paper or coins (physical money), open market operations can be conducted by simply increasing or decreasing (crediting or debiting) the amount of electronic money that a bank has in its reserve account at the central bank. This does not require the creation of new physical currency, unless a direct payment bank demands to exchange a part of its electronic money against banknotes or coins.
In most developed countries, central banks are not allowed to give loans without requiring suitable assets as collateral. Therefore, most central banks describe which assets are eligible for open market transactions. Technically, the central bank makes the loan and synchronously takes an equivalent amount of an eligible asset supplied by the borrowing commercial bank.
Theoretical relationship to interest rates[edit]
Mechanics of open market operations: Demand-Supply model for reserves market
Classical economic theory postulates a distinctive relationship between the supply of central bank money and short-term interest rates: like for a commodity, a higher demand for central bank money would increase its price, the interest rate. When there is an increased demand for base money, the central bank must act if it wishes to maintain the short-term interest rate. It does this by increasing the supply of base money: it goes to the open market to buy a financial asset, such as government bonds. To pay for these assets, new central bank money is generated in the seller's loro account, increasing the total amount of base money in the economy. Conversely, if the central bank sells these assets in the open market, the base money is reduced.
Technically, the process works because the central bank has the authority to bring money in and out of existence. It is the only point in the whole system with the unlimited ability to produce money. Another organization may be able to influence the open market for a period of time, but the central bank will always be able to overpower their influence with an infinite supply of money.[3]
Side note: Countries that have a free floating currency not pegged to any commodity or other currency have a similar capacity to produce an unlimited amount of net financial assets (bonds). Understandably, governments would like to utilize this capacity to meet other political ends like unemployment rate targeting, or relative size of various public services (military, education, health etc.), rather than any specific interest rate. Mostly, however the central bank is prevented by law or convention from giving way to such demands, being required to only generate central bank money in exchange for eligible assets (see above).
Possible targets[edit]
Under inflation targeting, open market operations target a specific short-term interest rate in the debt markets. This target is changed periodically to achieve and maintain an inflation rate within a target range. However, other variants of monetary policy also often target interest rates: the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank use variations on interest rate targets to guide open market operations.
Besides interest rate targeting there are other possible targets of open markets operations. A second possible target is the contraction of the money supply, as was the case in the U.S. in the late 1970s through the early 1980s under Fed Chairman Paul Volcker.
Under a currency board open market operations would be used to achieve and maintain a fixed exchange rate with relation to some foreign currency.
Under a gold standard, notes would be convertible to gold, and so open market operations could be used to keep the value of a fiat currency constant relative to gold.
A central bank can also use a mixture of policy settings that change depending on circumstances. A central bank may peg its exchange rate (like a currency board) with different levels or forms of commitment. The looser the exchange rate peg, the more latitude the central bank has to target other variables (such as interest rates). It may instead target a basket of foreign currencies rather than a single currency. In some instances it is empowered to use additional means other than open market operations, such as changes in reserve requirements or capital controls, to achieve monetary outcomes.
How open market operations are conducted[edit]
United States[edit]
Further information: Monetary policy of the United States
In the United States, as of 2006[citation needed], the Federal Reserve sets an interest rate target for the federal funds (overnight bank reserves) market. When the actual federal funds rate is higher than the target, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York will usually increase the money supply via a repurchase agreement (or repo), in which the Fed "lends" money to commercial banks. When the actual federal funds rate is less than the target, the Fed will usually decrease the money supply via a reverse repo, in which the banks purchase securities from the Fed.
In the United States, the Federal Reserve most commonly uses overnight repurchase agreements (repos) to temporarily create money, or reverse repos to temporarily destroy money, which offset temporary changes in the level of bank reserves.[4] The Federal Reserve also makes outright purchases and sales of securities through the System Open Market Account (SOMA) with its manager over the Trading Desk at the New York Reserve Bank. The trade of securities in the SOMA changes the balance of bank reserves, which also affects short-term interest rates. The SOMA manager is responsible for trades that result in a short-term interest rate near the target rate set by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), or create money by the outright purchase of securities.[5] More rarely will it permanently destroy money by the outright sale of securities. These trades are made with a group of about 22 banks and bond dealers called primary dealers.
Money is created or destroyed by changing the reserve account of the bank with the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has conducted open market operations in this manner since the 1920s, through the Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee. OMOs also control inflation because when treasury bills are sold to commercial banks, it decreases the money supply.
Eurozone[edit]
The European Central Bank has similar mechanisms for their operations; it describes its methods as a four-tiered approach with different goals: beside its main goal of steering and smoothing Eurozone interest rates while managing the liquidity situation in the market the ECB also has the aim of signalling the stance of monetary policy with its operations.
Broadly speaking, the ECB controls liquidity in the banking system via refinancing operations, which are basically repurchase agreements,[6] i.e. banks put up acceptable collateral with the ECB and receive a cash loan in return. These are the following main categories of refinancing operations that can be employed depending on the desired outcome:
Regular weekly main refinancing operations (MRO) with maturity of one week and,
Monthly longer-term refinancing operations (LTRO) provide liquidity to the financial sector, while ad hoc
"Fine-tuning operations" aim to smooth interest rates caused by liquidity fluctuations in the market through reverse or outright transactions, foreign exchange swaps, and the collection of fixed-term deposits
"Structural operations" are used to adjust the central banks' longer-term structural positions vis-à-vis the financial sector.
Refinancing operations are conducted via an auction mechanism. The ECB specifies the amount of liquidity it wishes to auction (called the allotted amount) and asks banks for expressions of interest. In a fixed rate tender the ECB also specifies the interest rate at which it is willing to lend money; alternatively, in a variable rate tender the interest rate is not specified and banks bid against each other (subject to a minimum bid rate specified by the ECB) to access the available liquidity.
MRO auctions are held on Mondays, with settlement (i.e., disbursal of the funds) occurring the following Wednesday. For example, at its auction on 6 October 2008, the ECB made available 250 million in EUR on 8 October at a minimum rate of 4.25%. It received 271 million in bids, and the allotted amount (250) was awarded at an average weighted rate of 4.99%.
Since mid-October 2008, however, the ECB has been following a different procedure on a temporary basis, the fixed rate MRO with full allottment. In this case the ECB specifies the rate but not the amount of credit made available, and banks can request as much as they wish (subject as always to being able to provide sufficient collateral). This procedure was made necessary by the financial crisis of 2008 and is expected to end at some time in the future.
Though the ECB's main refinancing operations (MRO) are from repo auctions with a (bi)weekly maturity and monthly maturation, Longer-Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs) are also issued, which traditionally mature after three months; since 2008, tenders are now offered for six months, 12 months and 36 months.[7]
Switzerland[edit]
The Swiss National Bank (SNB) currently targets the three-month Swiss franc LIBOR rate. The primary way the SNB influences the three-month Swiss franc LIBOR rate is through open market operations, with the most important monetary policy instrument being repo transactions.[8]
India[edit]
India’s Open Market Operation is much influenced by the fact that it is a developing country and that the capital flows are very different from those in developed countries. Thus India's central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), has to make policies and use instruments accordingly. Prior to the 1991 financial reforms, RBI’s major source of funding and control over credit and interest rates was the cash reserve ratio (CRR) and the SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio). But after the reforms, the use of CRR as an effective tool was deemphasized and the use of open market operations increased. OMOs are more effective in adjusting [market liquidity].
The two type of OMOs used by RBI:
Outright purchase (PEMO): Is outright buying or selling of government securities. (Permanent).
Repurchase agreement (REPO): Is short term, and are subject to repurchase.[9]
However, even after sidelining CRR as an instrument, there was still less liquidity and skewedness in the market. And thus, on the recommendations of the Narsimham Committee Report (1998), The RBI brought together a Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF). It commenced in June, 2000, and it was set up to oversee liquidity on a daily basis and to monitor market interest rates. For the LAF, two rates are set by the RBI: repo rate and reverse repo rate. The repo rate is applicable while selling securities to RBI (daily injection of liquidity), while the reverse repo rate is applicable when banks buy back those securities (daily absorption of liquidity). Also, these interest rates fixed by the RBI also help in determining other market interest rates.[10]
India experiences large capital inflows every day, and even though the OMO and the LAF policies were able to withhold the inflows, another instrument was needed to keep the liquidity intact. Thus, on the recommendations of the Working Group of RBI on instruments of Sterilization (December, 2003), a new scheme known as the market stabilization scheme (MSS) was set up. The LAF and the OMO’s were dealing with day-to-day liquidity management, whereas the MSS was set up to sterilize the liquidity absorption and make it more enduring.[11]
According to this scheme, the RBI issues additional T-bills and securities to absorb the liquidity. And the money goes into the Market Stabilization scheme Account (MSSA). The RBI cannot use this account for paying any interest or discounts and cannot credit any premiums to this account. The government, in collaboration with the RBI, fixes a ceiling amount on the issue of these instruments.[12]
See also[edit]
Fiat currency
Fractional Reserve Banking
Interest rate
List of economics topics
List of finance topics
Modern Monetary Theory
Monetarism
Money creation
Quantitative easing
OMOs a tool for Inflation and Interest rate targeting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Open market operations: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms - Dr. Paul M. Johnson
Jump up ^ Open Market Operations - William F. Hummel
Jump up ^ Jeff (2013-09-17). "Federal Reserve: How and Why Do They Change Interest Rates?". Trader Brains Blog. www.radbrains.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Fedpoints: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions", Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Jump up ^ "Fedpoints: Open Market Operation", Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Jump up ^ "European Central Bank". FXPedia. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
Jump up ^ "ECB offers longer-term finance via six-month LTROs". May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Monetary policy instruments (situation in 2009)". Swiss National Bank. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Central Banks Guide".
Jump up ^ Economics by Paul Anthony Samuelson.
Jump up ^ "The Hindu: Features Of stabilization scheme".
Jump up ^ "Implementation Of Monetary Policy".
External links[edit]
Understanding Open market operation by M. A. Akhtar
Federal Reserve System OMC
European Central Bank OMC
Federal Reserve Bank of New York: Open Market Operations
CRR, SLR and the Repo Rate - Monetary Policy tools in India
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