text:
Third degree (interrogation)
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The third degree is a euphemism for torture ("inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements").[1] In 1931, the Wickersham Commission found that use of the third degree was widespread in the United States.[1] No one knows the origin of the term, but there are several hypotheses.[1] The use of the third degree was technically made illegal after the Wickersham report.[citation needed] However, the interrogation method known as the Reid technique, which is now widely used by law enforcement in the U.S., is seen by many as simply a psychological version of the third degree in that it is equally capable of extracting a false confession through coercion when abused by police.[2]
Possible origins[edit]
Richard H. Sylvester.[3]
The third degree of Freemasonry and the rigorous procedures to advance to that level.[1]
The term may have been coined by nineteenth century New York City Police detective Thomas F. Byrnes, perhaps as a pun on his name, as in third degree burns.[4]
The Knights of Columbus have a third degree ceremony which is required to advance to that level, seen as rigorous.
The progressive degrees of torture used to extract confessions during the Spanish Inquisition.[5]
The great difficulty of solving third-degree polynomial equations by comparison with those of second degree.[6]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jerome Herbert Skolnick (1994). Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. Simon & Schuster. p. 43. ISBN 0-02-929153-4. …which it defined as "the inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements" was widespread throughout the United States… Another, proposed in 1910 by Richard Sylvester, President of the“…
Jump up ^ Kolker, Robert (2010-10-03). "Why Do People Confess to Crimes They Didn't Commit?". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
Jump up ^ Darius M. Rejali (2007). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11422-6. The phrase was originally coined by Major Richard Sylvester of Washington ...
Jump up ^ Ken Alder (2007). The Lie Detectors. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5988-2. Thomas Byrnes, New York's notorious cop, is said to have coined the term 'third degree'—perhaps a pun on his name—for his violent interrogations…
Jump up ^ The degrees of torture used by the Spanish Inquisition have been described by Julius Glarus in the following terms: "Know therefore that there are five degrees of torture, viz: First, the being threatened to be tortured. Secondly, being carried to the place of torture. Thirdly, by stripping and binding. Fourthly, the being hoisted up on the rack. Fifthly, squassation." From these degrees of torture we get the famous third degree over which there has been so much controversy in the Press recently.
John Swain, The Pleasures of the Torture Chamber, 1931
The "third degree" method of torturing a prisoner or suspect into confessing or answering questions or giving information is based on the method used by the Spanish Inquisition and is, generally, a war of nerves on the victim, followed many times by brute force at the end of a truncheon, by deliberate starvation, a deprivation of drink, exercise, sleep and amenities to perform the natural functions.
Edwin J. Henri, Methods of Torture and Execution, 1966
Jump up ^ Odifreddi, Piergiorgio (c. 2000). "L'intuizione al potere". Logica Matematica. Episode 14. Nettuno (RAI). Translation of relevant passage (13:03-13:22): "The next problem, however, equations of third degree, is a very complicated problem. And in fact, even today people say 'he's giving me the third degree', or when you go to the police station and get arrested, the police give you the 'third degree'. So why this expression about the 'third degree'? Well the 'third degree' derives from right here, from the fact that the third-degree equation was very difficult to solve.'
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Hyundai Tucson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hyundai Tucson
Overview
Manufacturer
Hyundai
Production
2004–present
Model years
2005–present
Body and chassis
Class
Compact crossover SUV
Body style
5-door SUV
Layout
FF layout[1][2][3]
F4 layout
The Hyundai Tucson (Korean: 현대 투싼) is a compact crossover SUV produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 2004. In the brand's lineup, the Tucson fits below the Santa Fe and Veracruz. It is named after the city of Tucson, Arizona.
Contents
1 First generation (2005–2010)
1.1 Engines
1.2 Transmissions
1.3 Handling
1.4 Equipment
1.5 Safety
1.6 2006
1.7 2007
1.8 2009
1.9 Tucson FCEV (2005)
1.10 CRTD Xenith (2007–2009)
1.11 25th Anniversary Edition (2009)
1.12 International markets
1.13 Reception
2 Second generation (2010–2015)
2.1 Chinese Market
2.2 Design
2.3 Engines
2.4 2011
2.5 Equipment
2.6 Safety
3 Third generation (2016–present)
3.1 Trim levels
3.2 Powertrain
3.3 Facelift
4 Sales
5 References
6 External links
First generation (2005–2010)[edit]
First generation (JM)
Overview
Also called
Hyundai JM (Japan)
Beijing-Hyundai Tucson
Production
2004–2009
2010–2017 (Brazil)
2007–2010 (Ukraine)
2005–2010 (Taiwan)
Model years
2005–2010
Assembly
South Korea: Ulsan
India: Chennai (Hyundai India)
Brazil: Anápolis
China: Beijing (Beijing Hyundai)
Egypt: Cairo (Ghabbour Group)
Ukraine: Cherkasy (Bogdan)
Taiwan: Hukou, Hsinchu (SYM Motors)[citation needed]
Body and chassis
Related
Hyundai Avante/Elantra (XD)
Hyundai Lavita/Matrix
Hyundai Tuscani/Tiburon/Coupe
Kia Cerato/Spectra/Sephia (LD)
Kia Sportage (JE/KM)
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L Beta II G4GF I4 (gasoline)
2.7 L Delta G6BA V6 (gasoline)
2.0 L R-Line D4HA CRDi I4 (diesel)
Transmission
5-speed manual
6-speed manual
4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,630 mm (103.5 in)
Length
4,325 mm (170.3 in)
Width
1,800 mm (70.9 in)
1,830 mm (72.0 in)
Height
1,680 mm (66.1 in)
1,730 mm (68.1 in)
Curb weight
1470-1529 kg (3240-3370 lbs) [4][5][6][7]
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (September 2009)
Pre-facelift Hyundai Tucson GL (Chile)
The first generation Tucson was launched in 2004. It shares its Elantra-based platform with the redesigned 2005 Kia Sportage.
Engines[edit]
Model
Years
Type
Power, torque@rpm
Gasoline engines
2.0 2004–2009 2,000 cc (122 cu in) I4 141 PS (104 kW; 139 hp) @ 6000
184 N⋅m (136 lb⋅ft) @ 4500
2.7 V6 2004–2009 2,700 cc (165 cu in) V6 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp) @ 6000
241 N⋅m (178 lb⋅ft) @ 4000
Diesel engines
2.0 CRDi 2004–2006 2,000 cc (122 cu in) I4 113 PS (83 kW; 111 hp)
245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) @ 2000 rpm
2.0 CRDi 2006–2009 2,000 cc (122 cu in) I4 turbo 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) @ 3800 rpm
305 N⋅m (225 lb⋅ft) @ 1800-2500 rpm
2.0 CRDi (Italy) 2006–2009 2,000 cc (122 cu in) I4 turbo 140 PS (100 kW; 140 hp) @ 4000 rpm
305 N⋅m (225 lb⋅ft) @ 2000 rpm
Later 2.0 CRDi models include variable geometry turbocharger.
Transmissions[edit]
Model
Years
Standard
Optional
2.0 2004–2009 5-speed manual 4-speed automatic with Shiftronic
2.7 V6 2004–2009 4-speed automatic with Shiftronic -
2.0 CRDi 2004–2006 5-speed manual 4-speed automatic with Shiftronic
2.0 CRDi 2006–2009 6-speed manual 4-speed automatic with Shiftronic
In the U.S., the 2.0 model, automatic is standard in Limited trim.
Handling[edit]
Model
Years
Drive
2.0 2004–2009 FWD, 4WD
2.7 V6 2004–2009 FWD, 4WD
2.0 CRDi 2004–2006 4WD
2.0 CRDi 2006–2009 FWD, 4WD
Four-wheel drive models of the Tucson include a Borg-Warner torque controller system.
Equipment[edit]
Second facelift Hyundai Tucson SX (Australia)
Interior
In the U.S., the Tucson is offered in base GLS, mid-line SE, and top-tier Limited (formerly LX) trim levels for 2007 models. Earlier 2005 and 2006 models were offered as GL/GLS/Limited. Standard equipment includes air conditioning, six airbags, electronic stability control, a CD player, alloy wheels, remote keyless entry, and premium cloth seats. The SE adds to the roster with contrasting gray body cladding, a different alloy design, an AM/FM/Cassette/CD as well as fog lights and a front windshield wiper de-icing grid. The Limited adds leather seating surfaces, a 6-disc in dash CD changer, body-colored cladding, automatic climate control, and heated seats. The SE and Limited are only available with the 2.7 L V6. The GLS comes only with the 2.0-liter four-cylinder.
The Tucson offers modest cargo space but its easy-to-fold seats can expand this volume so they lie flat. Even the front passenger seat folds flat for extra-long cargo.
Safety[edit]
There are dual-stage frontal impact airbags, torso side-impact airbags built into the front seats, and curtain airbags for side-impact protection for front and rear passengers.
2009 Hyundai Tucson by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)[8]
Frontal Rating (Driver):
Frontal Rating (Passenger):
Side Rating (Driver):
Side Rating (Passenger):
2006[edit]
Changes for 2006 were minimal. The LX became the Limited and got color-coded cladding, automatic climate control, and a high-performance sound system. The GLS retained the gray cladding but 'HYUNDAI' is no longer branded into the cladding on the front doors. The GLS also got improved cloth seats with the option of a heating element. Both GLS and Limited got redesigned alloy wheels. The base GL remained unchanged.
2007[edit]
Changes for 2007 were also minimal. The GL and GLS trims were renamed to GLS and SE, respectively, to match the standard for all new Hyundai vehicles. The SE comes with a sport utility rack, has 4 wheel drive, and is a 6 cylinder engine.
2009[edit]
2009 Tucsons see minor restyling and trim changes.
Tucson FCEV (2005)[edit]
Hyundai Tucson FCEV
The Tucson Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is a test fuel cell vehicle for Hyundai's 2nd generation hydrogen fuel cell. The vehicle includes an 80 kW electric motor by Enova Systems of Torrance, California, UTC Fuel Cells by South Windsor, Connecticut, 152V battery co-developed by Hyundai Motor Co. and LG Chem in Seoul, Korea, 152 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal) hydrogen storage tanks developed by Dynetek Industries of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The vehicle has range of 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) and top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph).[9]
The vehicle was unveiled in 2005 at the Los Angeles Auto Show[10] and completed a 4,300-mile (6,900 km) journey as part of the Hydrogen Road Tour in 2008.[11]
CRTD Xenith (2007–2009)[edit]
It is a version of the 2.0 CRDi 6-speed manual 4WD for UK market. It included following:
Color-coded side mouldings and bumpers
Rear privacy glass
Two tone leather and Alcantara upholstery
Alcantara covered instrument cluster surround, gear gaiter, steering wheel, handbrake, armrest, door pull linings and door inserts
Birds eye black maple wood effect trim on dashboard, console and door pulls
Leather and alloy sports gear knob
Luxury stainless steel embossed door entry guards
Aluminum sports pedal trims
19" multi spoke alloy wheels with polished rims
The vehicle has MSRP of £20,670.[12]
25th Anniversary Edition (2009)[edit]
It is a version of the 2009 Tucson 2.0 GLS FWD model with premium Kenwood stereo system, a Garmin in-dash GPS system, a 2-way power sunroof, body color door handles and mirrors.[13]
The options cost $1,000.[14]
International markets[edit]
In Japan, it was sold as Hyundai JM. Until November 2009, the Japanese JM's were withdrawn from Japan because of failing to recognize parking spaces.
Sold in Europe, but not EuroNCAP tested.
A facelifted version of the first generation exclusive to China was produced by Beijing Hyundai. The second generation Tucson was renamed to ix35 in China and later became an independent model while the Tucson name returned with the introduction of the third generation.
Hyundai Tucson JM facelift in China
Reception[edit]
The Hyundai Tucson received accolades from Canadian Car of the Year Best New Crossover award for 2005.
The Tucson was named as one of the most reliable vehicles from the 2009 Consumer Reports reliability survey.[15]
Second generation (2010–2015)[edit]
Second generation (LM)
Overview
Also called
Hyundai ix35
Hyundai Tucson ix (South Korea)
Hyundai Tucson ix35 (Colombia)
Production
2009–2015
Model years
2010–2015
Assembly
South Korea: Ulsan
Slovakia: Žilina Plant, Žilina
China: Beijing (Beijing Hyundai)
Indonesia: Bekasi (2010–2015)
Egypt: Cairo (Ghabbour Group)
Czech Republic: Nošovice (2011–2015)
Taiwan: Hukou, Hsinchu (SYM Motors)[citation needed]
Malaysia: Kulim, Kedah (Inokom)[citation needed]
Brazil: Anápolis (since 2013)
Designer
Cha Il-Hoei (exterior, 2007)[16]
Thomas Bürkle (chief designer) [17]
Body and chassis
Related
Hyundai ix35
Hyundai Avante/Elantra (HD)
Hyundai i30 (FD)
Kia Sportage (SL)
Kia cee'd (ED)
Kia Forte (TD)
Powertrain
Engine
1.6 L Gamma G4FD GDI I4 (gasoline)
2.0 L Theta II G4KD MPi I4 (gasoline)
2.0 L Nu MPi I4 (gasoline)
2.4 L Theta II I4 (gasoline)
1.7 L U-Line D4FD CRDi I4 (diesel)
2.0 L R-Line D4HA CRDi I4 (diesel)
Transmission
5-speed manual
6-speed manual
6-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,640 mm (103.9 in)
Length
4,410 mm (173.6 in)
Width
1,820 mm (71.7 in)
Height
1,655–1,685 mm (65.2–66.3 in)
Curb weight
1,425–1,580 kg (3,142–3,483 lb)
In most markets outside South Korea and North America, the Hyundai Tucson name (also known as the "Hyundai Tucson ix" in Korea) was retired in favor of Hyundai ix35. Vehicles sold in the U.S. continued to be called Tucson.[18] The ix35 was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.[19] The power output, fuel-efficiency, comfort and safety features have been all upgraded. Known by the project name LM, it took 36 months and 280 billion won (approx. US$225 million) to develop.
Chinese Market[edit]
Main article: Hyundai ix35 (Chinese Market)
In China, the first generation Tucson was sold alongside the ix35, and was replaced by the third generation Tucson directly while the ix35 spawned its own successor, the ix35 II. The Hyundai ix35 II was revealed on the 2017 Shanghai Auto Show in China; it was available to the Chinese car market in Q3 2017.[20]
Design[edit]
The ix35's styling was reported to be based on Hyundai ix-onic concept.[21] The ix35 was penned by Hyundai designer Cha Il-Hoei in 2007, under the guidance of former BMW designer Thomas Buerkle at Hyundai's Russelsheim design studio in Germany and continues the company's styling language, marketed as "fluidic sculpture".[22][23] The compact crossover vehicle has sweeping coupe-like lines, a premium vehicle feel and comes with features unavailable on its predecessor.
Engines[edit]
The Tucson/ix35 is available with several engines: an all-new 2-liter diesel R engine, one of two Theta-II gasoline engine variants (2.0L or 2.4L), 1.7L UII diesel and 1.6L Gamma GDI gasoline. The later two only in Europe. The automatic transmission is Hyundai’s all-new six-speed design. The manual transmissions available in Europe is a 6-speed for 1.7 and 2.0 diesels and 1.6 Gamma and a 5-speed for 2.0 Theta. The 2-liter diesel engine, available outside of North America, meets the Euro-5 emissions standards and achieves 6.5 liters per 100 kilometers fuel economy with maximum power output of 184 horsepower. The 2.0L gasoline engine has a fuel economy of 8.5 liters per 100 km with 166 horsepower. In South Korea, the diesel engine is offered in both front-wheel-drive and all-wheel drive configurations, while the 2.0L gasoline engine is available only in front-wheel-drive. The North American versions are powered by either the 2.0L producing 165 horsepower or a 2.4-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine producing 176 horsepower mated to the six-speed automatic transmission. The 2.4L engine makes almost the same power as the previous generation V6 engine while managing 20% better fuel economy than the previous generation four-cylinder.[24]
The Tucson/ix35 sold in the U.S. came in three trims: GL, GLS and Limited, with All-Wheel Drive available for GLS and Limited trims. The GL comes with a standard manual transmission, but a 6-speed automatic transmission is available and is standard on GLS and Limited. Features include available steering wheel-mounted audio controls, hands-free Bluetooth phone connectivity, navigation system, and a standard iPod interface system including iPod cable. An array of advanced safety equipment is standard, including Hillstart Assist Control and Downhill Brake Control. A Proximity Key and Push Button Start system is available in the Korean market but not the North American. The North American version uses a different gauge cluster design than the Korean version.
2014 model Tucson for North America have been upgraded with GDI direct injected theta-II engines that obtain more power and better emissions, LED tail/head lights, more stylish alloy rim designs, and a few minor improvements to the interior/audio system.
Pre-facelift styling
Front (ix35 Elite; Australia)
Rear (ix35 Active; Australia)
Post-facelift styling
Front (ix35 Highlander; Australia)
Rear (ix35 SE; Australia)
2011[edit]
The 2011 Tucson offered in the U.S. a new GL trim which replaces the 2010 GLS model as Tucson's base trim. The GL is powered by a new 2.0-liter 4-cylinder engine mated to either a five-speed manual or an available six-speed automatic transmission in order to obtain better fuel economy than the 2.4-liter engine. The 2011 GLS trim includes the features of the 2010 "Popular Equipment Package" and an automatic transmission as standard equipment. Limited models now include standard electrochromatic mirrors with Homelink and has received Sachs dampeners to provide a smoother ride. The electronic stability control and motor driven power steering systems have been enhanced for improved performance. All AWD models now receive standard heated seats. This model was a prominent vehicle used by the survivors in The Walking Dead (TV series).
Equipment[edit]
Some of the notable features of Tucson are as follows:
Vehicle Dynamic Control: improves the safety of a vehicle's stability by detecting and minimizing skids
Downhill Brake Control and Hillstart Assist Control: DBC allows the vehicle to maintain a safe speed on steep declines without having to use the brakes while HAC helps the vehicle maintain its position on a steep or slippery hill without rolling backwards.
Emergency Stop Signal: In the event of a panic stop, this feature automatically triggers the emergency hazard lights whose flashing alerts the driver behind thus reducing the risk of rear-end crashes.
Panoramic Sunroof
Proximity Key+
Safety[edit]
A 2010 Tucson GLS crash-tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
The second-generation Hyundai Tucson earned 'Top Safety Pick' award from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in the U.S. [25]
IIHS scores[26]
Moderate overlap frontal offset Good
Small overlap frontal offset Poor
Side impact Good
Roof strength Good
Third generation (2016–present)[edit]
Third generation (TL)
Overview
Production
2015–present
Model years
2016–present
Assembly
South Korea: Ulsan
Czech Republic: Nošovice
China: Beijing (Beijing Hyundai)
Algeria: Tiaret[27]
Brazil: Anápolis[28]
India: Chennai (Hyundai India)
Russia: Kaliningrad (Avtotor)
Designer
Peter Schreyer
Body and chassis
Related
Hyundai Avante/Elantra (AD)
Hyundai i30 (GD)
Kia Sportage (QL)
Powertrain
Engine
1.6 L Gamma G4FD GDi I4 (gasoline)
2.0 L Theta II G4KD MPi I4 (gasoline)
2.0 L Nu MPi I4 (gasoline)
2.4 L Theta II I4 (gasoline)
1.7 L U-Line D4FD CRDi I4 (diesel)
2.0 L R-Line D4HA CRDi I4 (diesel)
Transmission
6-speed manual[29]
6-speed automatic
7-speed DCT
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,670 mm (105.1 in)
Length
4,475 mm (176.2 in)
Width
1,849 mm (72.8 in)
Height
1,646–1,651 mm (64.8–65.0 in)
Curb weight
1,497–1,672 kg (3,300–3,686 lb)
On February 17, 2015, Hyundai released the first details about its next-generation Tucson ahead of the crossover's official debut at the Geneva Motor Show on March 3, 2015. This model arrived in showrooms in the second half of 2015, as a 2016 model year, and for the first time will use the Tucson name in all markets where it is sold.[30]
During the Geneva show Hyundai also unveiled two concept variants, a Tucson hybrid electric and a diesel-powered plug-in hybrid. The 48V Hybrid combines a 2.0-liter diesel model with 134 hp (100 kW) and a six-speed manual transmission along with a 14 hp (10 kW) electric motor; combined system performance is 148 hp (110 kW) and 413 N·m (305 lb-ft) of torque. This boosts system power by 10% while emitting only 109 g/km CO2. The concept plug-in-hybrid is also based on the all-new Tucson platform, is equipped with a 1.7-liter diesel engine and a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission. The engine generates 113 hp (85 kW) and is accompanied by a 67 hp (50 kW) electric motor and a 10.7 kWh lithium-ion polymer battery, which delivers an all-electric range of more than 50 km (31 mi). Combined system output is a maximum of 180 hp (135 kW) with 474 N·m (350 lb-ft) of torque, with estimated CO2 emissions of less than 48 g/km.[31]
Trim levels[edit]
Interior (2015)
Interior (2018)
As per Hyundai's website, the U.S.-spec Hyundai Tucson is available in the following trim levels, each offering a plentiful array of standard equipment:
The SE serves as the base trim level of the Tucson, replacing the previously available GLS trim level, which is being discontinued and replaced by the SE trim level on all new Hyundai models. Standard equipment includes a 2.0L GDi I4 engine, a 6-Speed Shift-Tronic automatic transmission, seventeen-inch (17") alloy wheels with P225/60HR17 tires, exterior-colored side-view mirrors and door handles, front solar-tinted and rear privacy glass, a five-inch (5") touch-screen audio system (an A/M-F/M radio, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, a single-disc CD/MP3 player, a full-color touch-screen display, full voice command, and Bluetooth for phone and audio, as well as USB and iPod integration with 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jack), a rearview backup camera, YES Essentials cloth seating surfaces, a 6-way manually adjustable driver's seat with height adjustment, a 3.5-inch (3.5") monochromatic center instrument cluster display screen, a tilt-and-telescoping steering wheel, and air conditioning.
The Night serves as an "enhanced" trim level of the Tucson, and is a new trim level for the Tucson. It adds these standard features to the base SE trim level: a 1.6L Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, a 7-Speed Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT), premium front and rear fascias, a chrome dual-tipped exhaust system, dual side-view mirrors with integrated turn signals, LED daytime running lamps (DRL's), halogen front fog lamps, roof rack side rails, metallic-painted roof side rails, a power driver's seat with power lumbar support, a driver's automatic up/down power window, dual illuminated vanity mirrors, an illuminated glove compartment, chrome pedals, deep tinted windows, a "hands-free" proximity-sensing tailgate with automatic opening functionality, proximity key with push-button start, illuminated door handles (on later-built models), Blind-Spot Monitoring (BSM) with Rear Cross-Traffic Alert (RCTA), Lane Change Assist (LCA), heated front seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel and transmission shift lever, a panoramic sunroof, and 19" Rays Engineering Versus Matte Black Rims.
The Eco serves as the "eco-friendly" trim level of the Tucson, and is a new trim level for the Tucson. It adds these standard features to the base SE trim level: a 1.6L Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, a 7-Speed Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT), premium front and rear fascias, a chrome dual-tipped exhaust system, dual side-view mirrors with integrated turn signals, LED daytime running lamps (DRL's), halogen front fog lamps, roof rack side rails, metallic-painted roof side rails, a power driver's seat with power lumbar support, a driver's automatic up/down power window, dual illuminated vanity mirrors, an illuminated glove compartment, and an Eco emblem on the tailgate.
The Sport serves as the "sporty" trim level of the Tucson, and is a new trim level for the Tucson. It adds these features to the "eco-friendly" Eco trim level: nineteen-inch (19") Sport alloy wheels with P245/45HR19 tires, a "hands-free" proximity-sensing tailgate with automatic opening functionality, proximity key with push-button start, illuminated door handles (on later-built models), Blind-Spot Monitoring (BSM) with Rear Cross-Traffic Alert (RCTA), Lane Change Assist (LCA), heated front seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel and transmission shift lever, and a Sport emblem on the tailgate.
The SE Plus trim level was introduced later in the 2017 model year for the U.S. market. The SE Plus mates the base SE drivetrain with many of the features of the Limited trim. Equipment includes a 2.0L Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDi) Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, a 6-Speed Shift-Tronic Automatic transmission, seventeen-inch (17") alloy wheels with P225/60HR17 tires, exterior-colored side-view mirrors and door handles, front solar-tinted and rear privacy glass, 8-way power driver's seat with power lumbar support, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, 8-way power passenger seat, 8-inch touchscreen navigation system with HD Radio, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, Infinity Premium Audio with Clari-Fi Music Restoration Technology and 8 speakers, dual automatic temperature control with CleanAir Ionizer and auto defogger, proximity key entry with push button start, door handle LED approach lights, Blind Spot Detection (BSD) with Rear Cross-traffic Alert (RCTA) and Lane Change Assist, side mirrors with turn-signal indicators, leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, heated front seats, floor console-mounted rear air conditioning vents, premium instrument panel and door panels, Blue Link Connected Car System, auto-dimming inside rearview mirror and compass, HomeLink integrated transceiver, shark-fin roof antenna.
The Limited remains the top-of-the-line trim level for the Tucson. It adds these features to the "sporty" Sport trim level: LED low-beam headlamps and tail lamps, a chrome grille and door handles, a "Shark-Fin" roof-mounted antenna, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a power passenger's seat, an eight-inch (8") touch-screen audio system (an A/M-F/M radio with HD Radio, a single-disc CD/MP3 player, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, a full color touch-screen display, full voice command, Bluetooth for phone and audio, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto functionality, as well as USB and iPod integration with 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jack, with GPS navigation), an 8-speaker premium audio system with external amplifier and subwoofer, a dual-zone automatic climate control system with CleanAir ionizer and automatic defogger, floor-mounted rear air and heat vents, premium door sill trim plates, premium interior surfaces (instrument panel, driver's console side panel, and door panels), the Hyundai Blue Link telematics system, a HomeLink transmitter, an automatic-dimming rearview mirror with integrated compass, and a Limited emblem on the tailgate.
Powertrain[edit]
[citation needed]
The third-generation 2016 Hyundai Tucson is available with two engine choices in North America:
The 2.0L Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDi) Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, available only on the base SE and mid-level SE Plus trims, and a carryover engine from the previous-generation Hyundai Tucson, produces 164 horsepower (122 kW).
The 1.6L Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, available on the Night, Eco, Sport, and Limited trim levels, produces 175 horsepower (130 kW).
The Tucson offers two transmission options in North America:
The 2.0L I4 engine is paired with a 6-Speed Automatic transmission.
The 1.6L Turbocharged I4 engine is paired with a 7 Speed Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT).
Both engines and transmissions are available with either Front-Wheel-Drive (FWD), or All-Wheel-Drive (AWD).
Facelift[edit]
At the 2018 New York Auto show, the Hyundai Tucson revealed a new facelift. Changes included a new cascade grille, headlight, new tailgate design and a major interior update. The manual transmission was dropped and the 6 speed automatic was available with either Front-Wheel-Drive (FWD) or All-Wheel-Drive (AWD). The 1.6 Liter l-4 turbocharged engine was removed from the powertrain list, leaving the 2.4 Liter l-4 which produces 181 hp and 175 lb-ft (237 N.M). [32]
Pre-facelift styling
Front
Rear
Post-facelift styling
Front
Rear
Sales[edit]
Calendar year
United States[33]
Thailand
2004 7,074
2005 61,048
2006 52,067
2007 41,476
2008 19,027
2009 15,411
2010 39,594
2011 47,232
2012 48,878
2013 41,906
2014 47,306 63[34]
2015 63,591 15[35]
2016 89,713 9[36]
2017 114,735 5[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2017 Hyundai Tucson – Features and Specs - Hyundai".
Jump up ^ "Hyundai Build and Price a Tucson".
Jump up ^ "2016 Hyundai Tucson Limited 4dr Front-wheel Drive Pricing and Options".
Jump up ^ "2007 Hyundai Tucson - Specifications - Car Specs - Auto123". auto123.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "2005 Hyundai Tucson - Specifications - Car Specs - Auto123". auto123.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "2006 Hyundai Tucson - Specifications - Car Specs - Auto123". auto123.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ Carfind.ca. "2007 Hyundai Tucson FWD Specifications - Winnipeg Used Cars, Winnipeg Used Trucks, Manitoba Used Cars, Manitoba Used Trucks, Used Vehicle Reviews, Safety Recalls, Used Cars for Sale in Manitoba". www.carfind.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ 2009 Hyundai Tucson NHTSA Star Rating CarsDirect.com
Jump up ^ "Hyundai Tucson Hybrid FCEV". Hydrogen-motors.com. 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ Keegan, Walter J (2005-12-18). "L.A. Auto Show: Hyundai Tucson FCEV". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ Abuelsamid, Sam (2008-11-19). "LA 2008: Hyundai announces Blue Drive efficiency strategy, 2010 Sonata hybrid". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ Nunez, Alex (2007-03-27). "In UK, Hyundai Tucson reaches its Xenith". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Hyundai Tucson 25th Anniversary Edition". Hyundaicanada.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ "2009 Hyundai Tucson 25th Anniversary Edition Road Test Review". Carpages.ca. 2008-11-15. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ Consumer Reports' 2009 Annual Car Reliability Survey Archived 2009-10-31 at the Wayback Machine. October 27, 2009. Reuters
Jump up ^ "EUIPO - eSearch". Archived from the original on 2015-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Bürkle". Hyundai Motor UK Ltd. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
Jump up ^ Edmunds Used Car Guide, (retrieved 28 July 2015).
Jump up ^ Abuelsamid, Sam (2009-08-18). "Frankfurt Preview: Hyundai officially teases the new Tucson *UPDATED". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Hyundai Launches The ix35 Compact SUV On The Shanghai Auto Show".
Jump up ^ Ramsey, Jonathon (2009-08-09). "Hyundai ix35 (i.e. the new Tucson) spotted in Sydney". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ New Hyundai ix35 Car Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine. September 08, 2009. CarTradeIndia.com
Jump up ^ Made in Germany | Hyundai`s success - Designed in Germany 2009, DW-TV (Deutsche Welle)
Jump up ^ "Hyundai Unveils Redesigned 2010 Tucson". Automoblog.net.
Jump up ^ 2010 Hyundai Tucson Earns IIHS “TOP SAFETY PICK” 10/06/2010. The FINANCIAL
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ AE, Rédaction (29 October 2016). "Le premier véhicule Hyundai « made in Algéria » est sorti ce samedi - Algerie Eco". Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Com motor 1.6 turbo, New Tucson terá preço inicial de R$ 138.900". Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hyundai Tucson models specifications - Auto Types". www.auto-types.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ 2016 Hyundai Tucson Press Release 02/17/2016. AutoBlog
Jump up ^ Mike Millikin (2015-03-08). "Hyundai showcasing new Tucson 48V Hybrid Concept and diesel Plug-in-Hybrid Concept at Geneva". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Stefan Ogbac. "2019 HYUNDAI TUCSON FIRST LOOK: GOODBYE TURBOCHARGER". Motortrend.
Jump up ^ "Official Media Site - Hyundai Newsroom". www.hyundainews.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sales Report เจาะลึกยอดขายรถยนต์รวมปี 2557 ที่ละเอียดที่สุดในไทย - HeadLight Magazine". 1 February 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive Sales Report เจาะลึกยอดขายรถยนต์รวม ปี 2558 / 2015 ที่ละเอียดที่สุดในไทย - HeadLight Magazine". 10 June 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sales Report เจาะลึกยอดขายรถยนต์ ธันวาคม 59 - สรุปยอดรวมปี 2559 / 2016 แบ่งตาม Segment - HeadLight Magazine". 26 January 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sales Report เจาะลึกยอดขายรถยนต์ ธันวาคม 60 - สรุปยอดรวมปี 2560 / 2017 แบ่งตาม Segment - HeadLight Magazine". 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
External links[edit]
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Enteral administration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A medical professional demonstrates how to offer oral medication to a dummy.
A medical professional injects medication into a gastric tube.
Administering medication rectally
In general medicine, enteral administration (Greek enteros, "intestine") is food or drug administration via the human gastrointestinal tract. This contrasts with parenteral nutrition or drug administration (Greek para, "besides" + enteros), which occurs from routes outside the GI tract, such as intravenous routes. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral administration is via a peripheral or central vein.[1] In pharmacology, the route of drug administration is important because it affects drug metabolism, drug clearance, and thus dosage.
Contents
[hide]
1 Forms
2 Drug absorption from the intestine
3 First pass metabolism
4 See also
5 References
Forms[edit]
Enteral administration may be divided into three different categories, depending on the entrance point into the GI tract: oral (by mouth), gastric (through the stomach), and rectal (from the rectum). (Gastric introduction involves the use of a tube through the nasal passage (NG tube) or a tube in the belly leading directly to the stomach (PEG tube). Rectal administration usually involves rectal suppositories.)
Oral administration Rectal administration
Solids Liquids -
Pill Solution Ointment
Tablet Softgel Suppository
Time release technology Suspension Enema
Osmotic controlled release capsule Emulsion Murphy drip
Syrup Nutrient enema
Elixir
Tincture
hydrogel
Drug absorption from the intestine[edit]
The mechanism for drug absorption from the intestine is for most drugs passive transfer, a few exceptions include levodopa and fluorouracil, which are both absorbed through carrier-mediated transport. For passive transfer to occur, the drug has to diffuse through the lipid cell membrane of the epithelial cells lining the inside of the intestines. The rate at which this happens is largely determined by two factors: Ionization and lipid solubility.[2]
Factors influencing gastrointestinal absorption:
Gastrointestinal motility.
Splanchnic blood flow.
Particle size and formulation.
Physicochemical factors.
First pass metabolism[edit]
Drugs given by enteral administration may be subjected to significant first pass metabolism, and therefore, the amount of drug entering the systemic circulation following administration may vary significantly for different individuals and drugs. Rectal administration is not subject to extensive first pass metabolism.
See also[edit]
Enteric (disambiguation)
Enteral nutrition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Enteral administration - pharmacology". britannica.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Rang, H. P. (2007). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology. Elsevier. p. 104. ISBN 0-443-06911-5.
hide
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Routes of administration, dosage forms
Oral
Digestive
tract (enteral)
Solids
Pill
Tablet
Capsule
Pastille
Time release technology
Osmotic delivery system (OROS)

Liquids
Decoction
Elixir
Electuary
Emulsion
Extended-release syrup
Effervescent powder or tablet
Herbal tea
Hydrogel
Molecular encapsulation
Powder
Softgel
Solution
Suspension
Syrup
Syrup Concentrate for dilution and/or addition of carbonated water
Tincture
Buccal (sublabial), sublingual
Solids
Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT)
Film
Lollipop
Sublingual drops
Lozenges
Effervescent buccal tablet
Chewing gum
Liquids
Mouthwash
Toothpaste
Ointment
Oral spray
Respiratory
tract
Solids
Smoking device
Dry-powder inhaler (DPI)

0
0
Liquids
Anaesthetic vaporizer
Vaporizer
Nebulizer
Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
Gas
Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula
Oxygen concentrator
Anaesthetic machine
Relative analgesia machine
Ophthalmic,
otologic, nasal
Nasal spray
Ear drops
Eye drops
Ointment
Hydrogel
Nanosphere suspension
Insufflation
Mucoadhesive microdisc (microsphere tablet)
Urogenital
Ointment
Pessary (vaginal suppository)
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I Hate U, I Love U
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I Hate U, I Love U"
Single by Gnash featuring Olivia O'Brien
from the album Us
Released
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2015
Genre
Pop
Length
3:46
Label
Atlantic
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Garrett Nash
Olivia O'Brien
Producer(s)
Gnash
Gnash singles chronology
"Come Back"
(2016) "I Hate U, I Love U"
(2016) "Something"
(2016)
"Come Back"
(2016) "I Hate U, I Love U"
(2016) "Something"
(2016)
Olivia O'Brien singles chronology
"I Hate U, I Love U"
(2016) I Hate U, I Love U2016 "Trust Issues"
(2016) Trust Issues2016
Music video
"i hate u, i love u" on YouTube
"I Hate U, I Love U" (stylized as "i hate u, i love u") is a song by American singer and rapper Gnash featuring American singer Olivia O'Brien. It was released on February 17, 2016, as the first single from Gnash's third extended play, Us (2016).[1] The song peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside the United States, the song topped the charts in Australia, a first for both Gnash and O'Brien, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Norway and the United Kingdom.[2]
On December 9, 2016, O'Brien released her solo version of the song titled "Hate U Love U".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and release
2 Lyrical interpretation
3 Music video
4 Critical reception
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Certifications
7 Controversy
8 Olivia O'Brien version
8.1 Charts
9 References
Background and release[edit]
Gnash enlisted San Francisco singer-songwriter Olivia O'Brien with the help of Angel Benitez, who originally wrote the song, to provide the vocals for the track. O'Brien had already worked with Gnash, having covered his song "Disposable". Gnash originally released the song on July 26, 2015, on his SoundCloud page.[4] It was released commercially on iTunes on February 17, 2016, becoming the lead single of Gnash's extended play, Us (2016).
Lyrical interpretation[edit]
The song is a stripped-back piano ballad with minimal beats, and it expresses the aftermath of a sad breakup when both ex-lovers are still missing each other. While O'Brien is still in the same emotional place as when they broke up, Gnash has partly been able to move on.[citation needed]
Music video[edit]
The music video for "I Hate U, I Love U" premiered on March 7, 2016.[5]
Critical reception[edit]
Time was negative towards "I Hate U, I Love U", labeling it as one of the worst songs of 2016 and writing, "Forget The Chainsmokers and Halsey's chart-conquering smash 'Closer'—the most depressingly zeitgeist-defining song of 2016 is gnash's piano ballad 'i hate u, i love u,' with singer-songwriter Olivia O'Brien, which inexplicably rose to the Top 10 of the Hot 100 this year. The singsongy melody is obnoxious as an ice cream truck jingle, while the lifeless production drains it of any energy.”[6]
In 2017, the song was nominated for a Radio Disney Music Award for Best Breakup Song.[7]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016-17)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[8]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[9]
9
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[10]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[11]
9
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[12]
22
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[13]
9
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[14]
16
Denmark (Tracklisten)[15]
29
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[16]
2
France (SNEP)[17]
18
Germany (Official German Charts)[18]
14
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[19]
39
Hungary (Single Top 40)[20]
21
Ireland (IRMA)[21]
14
Israel (Media Forest)[22]
1
Italy (FIMI)[23]
13
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[24]
5
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[25]
21
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[26]
23
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[27]
9
Norway (VG-lista)[28]
23
Portugal (AFP)[29]
8
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[30]
26
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[31]
32
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[32]
15
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[33]
15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
7
US Billboard Hot 100[35]
10
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[36]
14
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[37]
5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[38]
13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[39]
39
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)[40]
21
Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[41]
26
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[42]
50
Denmark (Tracklisten)[43]
56
Israel (Media Forest)[44]
19
Italy (FIMI)[45]
44
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[46]
42
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[47]
38
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[48]
38
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[49]
32
US Billboard Hot 100[50]
38
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[51]
42
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[52]
2× Platinum 140,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[53]
2× Platinum 160,000^
France (SNEP)[54]
Diamond 150,000*
Germany (BVMI)[55]
Platinum 400,000^
Italy (FIMI)[56]
3× Platinum 150,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)[57]
Platinum 15,000*
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[58]
Platinum 30,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[59]
Platinum 600,000^
United States (RIAA)[60]
3× Platinum 3,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Controversy[edit]
On October 21 2017, songwriter Angel Benitez requested Gnash for a songwriter credit on the song for the use of his quote "I'm always tired, but never of you". The following day, Gnash did not comply with Benitez's request and blocked him on Twitter, resulting in Benitez threatening to sue Gnash for songwriting credit.
Olivia O'Brien version[edit]
"Hate U Love U"
Single by Olivia O'Brien
Released
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2016
Genre
Pop
Length
2:55
Label
Island
Songwriter(s)
Garrett Nash
Olivia O'Brien
Angel Benitez
Producer(s)
Gnash
Olivia O'Brien singles chronology
"Find What You're Looking For"
(2016) "Hate U Love U"
(2016) "Empty"
(2017)
"Find What You're Looking For"
(2016) "Hate U Love U"
(2016) "Empty"
(2017)
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Canadian Digital Songs (Billboard)[61]
31
US Billboard Hot 100[62]
99
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "i hate u, i love u (feat. olivia o'brien) – Single by gnash". iTunes Store (GB). Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Hate U Love U – Single by Olivia O'Brien". iTunes Store (GB). Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "i hate u, i love u (feat. olivia o'brien)". SoundCloud. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "gnash - i hate u, i love u (ft. olivia o'brien) [music video]—YouTube". YouTube. March 7, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2016". Time. November 22, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach. "Radio Disney Music Awards 2017: Complete List of Nominations". E! Online. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gnash Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201650 into search. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201631 into search. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". Tracklisten. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gnash: I Hate U, I Love U (Feat. Olivia O'Brien)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 36, 2016)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 24, 2016". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "{{{artist}}} – {{{song}}} Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 41" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gnash Lebanese Chart Top 20 History". The Official Lebanese Top 20. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". VG-lista. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201617 into search. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". Singles Top 100. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gnash Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gnash Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gnash Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single-Charts 2016". oe3.orf.at. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2016". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rapports Annuels 2016". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Track Top-100, 2016". Hitlisten.NU. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016". Media Forest. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Classifiche "Top of the Music" 2016 FIMI-GfK: La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali" (Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year-end chart PDF documents) (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2016". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 – hitparade.ch". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Myers, Justin (December 30, 2016). "The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pop Songs: Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Gnash – I Hate U, I Love U". Music Canada. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. October 28, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien; 'I Hate U, I Love U')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien; 'I Hate U, I Love U')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Gnash feat. Olivia O'Brien – I Hate U, I Love U". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved September 30, 2016. Enter I Hate U, I Love U in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Gnash – I Hate U, I Love U". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 30, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Olivia O'Brien – Chart history: Canadian Digital Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olivia O'Brien Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Hate_U,_I_Love_U&oldid=832695019"
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Colligative properties
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In chemistry, colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution, and not on the nature of the chemical species present.[1] The number ratio can be related to the various units for concentration of solutions. The assumption that solution properties are independent of nature of solute particles is only exact for ideal solutions, and is approximate for dilute real solutions. In other words, colligative properties are a set of solution properties that can be reasonably approximated by assuming that the solution is ideal.
Here we consider only properties which result from the dissolution of nonvolatile solute in a volatile liquid solvent.[2] They are essentially solvent properties which are changed by the presence of the solute. The solute particles displace some solvent molecules in the liquid phase and therefore reduce the concentration of solvent, so that the colligative properties are independent of the nature of the solute. The word colligative is derived from the Latin colligatus meaning bound together.[3]
Colligative properties include:
Relative lowering of vapor pressure
Elevation of boiling point
Depression of freezing point
Osmotic pressure
For a given solute-solvent mass ratio, all colligative properties are inversely proportional to solute molar mass.
Measurement of colligative properties for a dilute solution of a non-ionized solute such as urea or glucose in water or another solvent can lead to determinations of relative molar masses, both for small molecules and for polymers which cannot be studied by other means. Alternatively, measurements for ionized solutes can lead to an estimation of the percentage of dissociation taking place.
Colligative properties are mostly studied for dilute solutions, whose behavior may often be approximated as that of an ideal solution.
Contents
[hide]
1 Relative lowering of vapor pressure
2 Boiling point and freezing point
2.1 Boiling point elevation (ebullioscopy)
2.2 Freezing point depression (cryoscopy)
3 Osmotic pressure
4 History
5 References
Relative lowering of vapor pressure[edit]
The vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure of the vapor which is in equilibrium with that liquid. The vapor pressure of a solvent is lowered when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it to form a solution.
For an ideal solution, the equilibrium vapor pressure is given by Raoult's law as
p = p A ⋆ x A + p B ⋆ x B + ⋯ {\displaystyle p=p_{\rm {A}}^{\star }x_{\rm {A}}+p_{\rm {B}}^{\star }x_{\rm {B}}+\cdots } , where
p i ⋆ {\displaystyle p_{\rm {i}}^{\star }} is the vapor pressure of the pure component (i= A, B, ...) and x i {\displaystyle x_{\rm {i}}} is the mole fraction of the component in the solution
For a solution with a solvent (A) and one non-volatile solute (B), p B ⋆ = 0 {\displaystyle p_{\rm {B}}^{\star }=0} and p = p A ⋆ x A {\displaystyle p=p_{\rm {A}}^{\star }x_{\rm {A}}}
The vapor pressure lowering relative to pure solvent is Δ p = p A ⋆ − p = p A ⋆ ( 1 − x A ) = p A ⋆ x B {\displaystyle \Delta p=p_{\rm {A}}^{\star }-p=p_{\rm {A}}^{\star }(1-x_{\rm {A}})=p_{\rm {A}}^{\star }x_{\rm {B}}} , which is proportional to the mole fraction of solute.
If the solute dissociates in solution, then the number of moles of solute is increased by the van 't Hoff factor i {\displaystyle i} , which represents the true number of solute particles for each formula unit. For example, the strong electrolyte MgCl2 dissociates into one Mg2+ ion and two Cl− ions, so that if ionization is complete, i = 3 and Δ p = p A ⋆ x B {\displaystyle \Delta p=p_{\rm {A}}^{\star }x_{\rm {B}}} .Where x B {\displaystyle x_{\rm {B}}} is calculated with moles of solute i times initial moles and moles of solvent same as initial moles of solvent before dissociation. The measured colligative properties show that i is somewhat less than 3 due to ion association.
Boiling point and freezing point[edit]
Addition of solute to form a solution stabilizes the solvent in the liquid phase, and lowers the solvent chemical potential so that solvent molecules have less tendency to move to the gas or solid phases. As a result, liquid solutions slightly above the solvent boiling point at a given pressure become stable, which means that the boiling point increases. Similarly, liquid solutions slightly below the solvent freezing point become stable meaning that the freezing point decreases. Both the boiling point elevation and the freezing point depression are proportional to the lowering of vapor pressure in a dilute solution.
These properties are colligative in systems where the solute is essentially confined to the liquid phase. Boiling point elevation (like vapor pressure lowering) is colligative for non-volatile solutes where the solute presence in the gas phase is negligible. Freezing point depression is colligative for most solutes since very few solutes dissolve appreciably in solid solvents.
Boiling point elevation (ebullioscopy)[edit]
Main article: Boiling point elevation
The boiling point of a liquid at a given external pressure is the temperature ( T b {\displaystyle T_{\rm {b}}} ) at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at a pressure equal to 1 atm.
The boiling point of a pure solvent is increased by the addition of a non-volatile solute, and the elevation can be measured by ebullioscopy. It is found that
Δ T b = T b ( s o l u t i o n ) − T b ( s o l v e n t ) = i ⋅ K b ⋅ m {\displaystyle \Delta T_{\rm {b}}=T_{\rm {b}}(solution)-T_{\rm {b}}(solvent)=i\cdot K_{b}\cdot m}
Here i is the van 't Hoff factor as above, Kb is the ebullioscopic constant of the solvent (equal to 0.512 °C kg/mol for water), and m is the molality of the solution.
The boiling point is the temperature at which there is equilibrium between liquid and gas phases. At the boiling point, the number of gas molecules condensing to liquid equals the number of liquid molecules evaporating to gas. Adding a solute dilutes the concentration of the liquid molecules and reduces the rate of evaporation. To compensate for this and re-attain equilibrium, the boiling point occurs at a higher temperature.
If the solution is assumed to be an ideal solution, Kb can be evaluated from the thermodynamic condition for liquid-vapor equilibrium. At the boiling point the chemical potential μA of the solvent in the solution phase equals the chemical potential in the pure vapor phase above the solution.
μ A ( T b ) = μ A ⋆ ( T b ) + R T ln  x A = μ A ⋆ ( g , 1 a t m ) {\displaystyle \mu _{A}(T_{b})=\mu _{A}^{\star }(T_{b})+RT\ln x_{A}\ =\mu _{A}^{\star }(g,1atm)} ,
where the asterisks indicate pure phases. This leads to the result K b = R M T b 2 / Δ H v a p {\displaystyle K_{b}=RMT_{b}^{2}/\Delta H_{\mathrm {vap} }} , where R is the molar gas constant, M is the solvent molar mass and ΔHvap is the solvent molar enthalpy of vaporization.[4]
Freezing point depression (cryoscopy)[edit]
Main article: Freezing point depression
The freezing point ( T f {\displaystyle T_{\rm {f}}} ) of a pure solvent is lowered by the addition of a solute which is insoluble in the solid solvent, and the measurement of this difference is called cryoscopy. It is found that
Δ T f = T f ( s o l u t i o n ) − T f ( s o l v e n t ) = − i ⋅ K f ⋅ m {\displaystyle \Delta T_{\rm {f}}=T_{\rm {f}}(solution)-T_{\rm {f}}(solvent)=-i\cdot K_{f}\cdot m}
Here Kf is the cryoscopic constant (equal to 1.86 °C kg/mol for the freezing point of water), i is the van 't Hoff factor, and m the molality.
In the liquid solution, the solvent is diluted by the addition of a solute, so that fewer molecules are available to freeze. Re-establishment of equilibrium is achieved at a lower temperature at which the rate of freezing becomes equal to the rate of liquefying. At the lower freezing point, the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the vapor pressure of the corresponding solid, and the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal as well. The equality of chemical potentials permits the evaluation of the cryoscopic constant as K f = R M T f 2 / Δ H f u s {\displaystyle K_{f}=RMT_{f}^{2}/\Delta H_{\mathrm {fus} }} , where ΔHfus is the solvent molar enthalpy of fusion.[4]
Osmotic pressure[edit]
Further information: Osmotic pressure
The osmotic pressure of a solution is the difference in pressure between the solution and the pure liquid solvent when the two are in equilibrium across a semipermeable membrane, which allows the passage of solvent molecules but not of solute particles. If the two phases are at the same initial pressure, there is a net transfer of solvent across the membrane into the solution known as osmosis. The process stops and equilibrium is attained when the pressure difference equals the osmotic pressure.
Two laws governing the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution were discovered by the German botanist W. F. P. Pfeffer and the Dutch chemist J. H. van’t Hoff:
The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution at constant temperature is directly proportional to its concentration.
The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
These are analogous to Boyle's law and Charles's Law for gases. Similarly, the combined ideal gas law, p V = n R T {\displaystyle pV=nRT} , has as analog for ideal solutions Π V = n R T i {\displaystyle \Pi V=nRTi} , where Π {\displaystyle \Pi } is osmotic pressure; V is the volume; n is the number of moles of solute; R is the molar gas constant 8.314 J K−1 mol−1; T is absolute temperature; and i is the Van 't Hoff factor.
The osmotic pressure is then proportional to the molar concentration c = n / V {\displaystyle c=n/V} , since
Π = n R T i V = c R T i {\displaystyle \Pi ={\frac {nRTi}{V}}=cRTi}
The osmotic pressure is proportional to the concentration of solute particles ci and is therefore a colligative property.
As with the other colligative properties, this equation is a consequence of the equality of solvent chemical potentials of the two phases in equilibrium. In this case the phases are the pure solvent at pressure P and the solution at total pressure P + π.[5]
History[edit]
The word colligative (Latin: co,ligare) was introduced in 1891 by Wilhelm Ostwald. Ostwald classified solute properties in three categories:[6][7]
colligative properties which depend only on solute concentration and temperature, and are independent of the nature of the solute particles
additive properties such as mass, which are the sums of properties of the constituent particles and therefore depend also on the composition (or molecular formula) of the solute, and
constitutional properties which depend further on the molecular structure of the solute.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McQuarrie, Donald, et al. Colligative properties of Solutions" General Chemistry Mill Valley: Library of Congress, 2011.
Jump up ^ KL Kapoor Applications of Thermodynamics Volume 3
Jump up ^ K.J. Laidler and J.L. Meiser, Physical Chemistry (Benjamin/Cummings 1982), p.196
^ Jump up to: a b T. Engel and P. Reid, Physical Chemistry (Pearson Benjamin Cummings 2006) p.204-5
Jump up ^ Engel and Reid p.207
Jump up ^ W.B. Jensen, J. Chem. Educ. 75, 679 (1998) Logic, History, and the Chemistry Textbook I. Does Chemistry Have a Logical Structure?
Jump up ^ H.W. Smith, Circulation 21, 808 (1960) THEORY OF SOLUTIONS : A Knowledge of the Laws of Solutions ...
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colligative_properties&oldid=829678954"
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