text:
List of earthquakes in California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Probabilistic seismic hazard map
Although the written history of California is not long, records of earthquakes exist that affected the Spanish missions that were constructed beginning in the late 18th century. Those records ceased when the missions were secularized in 1834, and from that point until the California Gold Rush in the 1840s, records were sparse. Other sources for the occurrence of earthquakes usually came from ship captains and other explorers. The earliest known earthquake was documented in 1769 by the Spanish explorers and Catholic missionaries of the Portolá expedition as they traveled northward from San Diego along the Santa Ana River near the present site of Los Angeles. For the period 1850–2004, there was about one potentially damaging event per year on average, though many of these did not cause loss of life or property damage.[1][2]
The few damaging earthquakes that occurred in the American Midwest and the East Coast were well known (1755 Cape Ann, 1811–12 New Madrid, 1886 Charleston), and it became apparent to settlers that the earthquake hazard situation was much different in the West. While the 1812 San Juan Capistrano, 1857 Fort Tejon, and 1872 Lone Pine shocks were only moderately destructive in mostly unpopulated areas, the 1868 Hayward event affected the thriving financial hub that is the San Francisco Bay Area, with damage from Santa Rosa in the north to Santa Cruz in the south. By this time, scientists were well aware of the threat, but seismology was still in its infancy. Reactions following destructive events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries included real estate developers, press, and boosters minimizing and downplaying the risk out of fear that the ongoing economic boom would be negatively affected.[3][4]
California earthquakes (1769–2000)
According to seismologist Charles Richter, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake moved the United States Government into acknowledging the problem. Prior to that, no agency was specifically focused on researching earthquake activity. The United States Weather Bureau did record when they happened and several United States Geological Survey scientists had briefly disengaged from their regular duties of mapping mineral resources to write reports on the New Madrid and Charleston events, but no trained geologists were working on the problem until the Coast and Geodetic Survey was made responsible after 1906. The outlook improved when professor Andrew Lawson brought the state's first monitoring program online at the University of California, Berkeley in 1910 with seismologist Harry Wood, who was later instrumental in getting the Caltech Seismological Laboratory operational in the 1920s.[3][5]
Early developments at the Caltech lab in Pasadena included an earthquake observation network using their own custom built short period seismometers, the Richter magnitude scale, and an updated version of the Mercalli intensity scale. In 1933, the Long Beach earthquake occurred in a populated area and damaged or destroyed a large number of public school buildings in Long Beach and Los Angeles. Some decades later, the San Fernando earthquake affected the San Fernando Valley north of Los Angeles with heavy damage to several hospitals. In both cases, the perception of those involved with policy making in California was changed, and state laws and building codes were modified (but not without much debate) to require commercial and residential properties to be built to withstand earthquakes. Higher standards were established for fire stations, hospitals, and schools and construction of dwellings was also restricted near known active faults.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Tectonic setting
2 Earthquakes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Tectonic setting[edit]
See also: Los Angeles Basin, Mendocino Fracture Zone, and Salton Trough
During the last 66 million years, nearly the entire west coast of North America was dominated by a subduction zone, with the Farallon Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate. Presently, the Juan de Fuca Plate (with its Explorer and Gorda satellite plates) and the Rivera and Cocos Plates are the only remnants of the once much larger Farallon Plate. The plate margin that remains in California is that of the strike-slip San Andreas Fault (SAF), the diffuse Pacific–North American plate boundary that extends east into the Basin and Range Province of eastern California and western Nevada (a seismically active area called Walker Lane) and southwest into the California Continental Borderland region off the central and southern coasts. This system of faults terminates in the north at the Mendocino Triple Junction, one of the most seismically active regions in the state, where earthquakes are occasionally the result of intraplate deformation within the Gorda Plate. It terminates in the south at the Salton Sea where displacement transitions to a series of spreading centers and transform faults, beginning with the Brawley Seismic Zone in the Imperial Valley.[6]
In the San Francisco Bay Area, the San Andreas system of faults spans offshore and into the East Bay area, with the bulk of the faults lying to the east of the main SAF. There is a 70% probability that one of these faults will generate a M6.7 or greater earthquake before 2030, including the Hayward Fault Zone, which has gone beyond its average return period of 130 years. While the SAF north of San Francisco is quiet, the central SAF segment near San Juan Bautista is where fault creep was first studied, and to the south is where the recurring Parkfield earthquakes occur. The secondary faults lay to the west of the main SAF at the extreme southern portion, including the active and young San Jacinto Fault Zone, which may be taking over as the primary boundary south of Cajon Pass. A paleoseismic investigation using Lidar revealed that more than 5 meters (16 ft) of slip has accumulated since the 1857 event on the southern SAF, which borders the Mojave Desert to the north and east of the Greater Los Angeles Area. Near the Transverse Ranges, reverse and thrust faults have produced damaging earthquakes in Santa Barbara and the San Fernando Valley.[6]
Earthquakes[edit]
Date
Area
Mag.
MMI
Deaths
Injuries
Total damage / notes
2014-08-24 North Bay 6.0 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 1 ~200 $362 million–$1 billion
2014-03-28 Los Angeles Area 5.1 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI Few $10.8 million [7]
2013-05-13 Eastern 5.7 Mw 7000800000000000000♠VIII 1 Damage at Canyondam [8]
2010-04-04 Baja California 7.2 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 2–4 100–233 $1.15 billion
2010-01-09 North Coast 6.5 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI 35 $21.8–43 million
2008-07-29 Los Angeles Area 5.5 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI 8 Limited
2007-10-30 South Bay 5.6 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI Limited
2003-12-22 Central Coast 6.6 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 2 40 $250–300 million
2000-09-03 North Bay 5.0 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 41 $10–50 million
1999-10-16 Eastern 7.1 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 4–5 Limited
1994-12-26 North Coast 5.5 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII $2.1–5 million [7]
1994-01-17 Los Angeles Area 6.7 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 57 8,700+ $13–$40 billion
1992-06-28 Inland Empire 6.5 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Some Moderate / triggered
1992-06-28 Inland Empire 7.3 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 3 400+ $92 million
1992-04-26 North Coast 6.6 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Damage / triggered
1992-04-26 North Coast 6.5 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Damage / triggered
1992-04-25 North Coast 7.2 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 98–356 $48.3–75 million / tsunami
1992-04-22 Inland Empire 6.3 Ms 7000700000000000000♠ VII 32 Light–moderate [7]
1991-08-17 North Coast 6.2 Ms 7000700000000000000♠ VII Slight damage / landslides [7]
1991-06-28 Los Angeles Area 5.6 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 1 100–107 $33.5–40 million
1990-02-28 Los Angeles Area 5.7 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 30 $12.7 million
1989-10-17 Santa Cruz Mountains 6.9 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 63 3,757 $5.6–6 billion / tsunami
1989-08-08 Santa Cruz Mountains 5.4 ML 7000700000000000000♠ VII 1 Minor
1987-11-24 Imperial Valley 6.5 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII Triggered [9]
1987-11-23 Imperial Valley 6.1 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI $3 million [9]
1987-10-01 Los Angeles Area 5.9 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 8 200 $213–358 million
1986-07-21 Eastern 6.2 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI 2 $2.7 million / sequence
1986-07-13 South Coast 5.8 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI 1 $700,000 [10]
1986-07-08 Inland Empire 6.0 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 29–40 $4.5–6 million
1986-03-31 South Bay 5.6 Mw 7000600000000000000♠ VI 6 Minor [11]
1984-04-24 South Bay 6.2 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 21–27 $7.5–8 million
1983-05-02 Central Valley 6.2 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 94 $10 million
1981-04-26 Imperial Valley 5.9 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII $1–3 million [12]
1980-11-08 North Coast 7.3 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 6 $2–2.75 million
1980-05-25 Eastern 6.2 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 9 $1.5 million / swarm [13]
1980-01-26 East Bay 5.4 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII Doublet [14]
1980-01-24 East Bay 5.8 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII $11.5 million / doublet [15]
1979-10-15 Imperial Valley 6.4 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 91 $30 million
1979-08-06 South Bay 5.7 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 16 $500,000
1978-08-13 Central Coast 5.8 Mw 7000700000000000000♠VII 65 $12 million [16]
1975-08-01 Butte County 5.7 ML 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 10 $3 million [7]
1973-02-21 South Coast 5.8 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII Several $1 million
1971-02-09 Los Angeles Area 6.5–6.7 Mw 7001110000000000000♠ XI 58–65 200–2,000 $505–553 million
1969-10-01 North Bay 5.7 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Doublet
1969-10-01 North Bay 5.6 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 1 $8.35 million / doublet
1968-04-08 Imperial Valley 6.5 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII Damage / rockslides [17]
1957-03-22 Bay Area 5.7 Mw 7000700000000000000♠ VII 1 40 $1 million
1954-12-21 North Coast 6.5 ML 7000700000000000000♠ VII 1 Several $2.1 million [18]
1952-08-22 Central Valley 5.8 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 2 Several $10 million
1952-07-21 Central Valley 7.3 Mw 7001110000000000000♠XI 12 Hundreds $60 million
1948-12-04 Inland Empire 6.3 ML 7000700000000000000♠ VII Several Minor
1941-11-14 Los Angeles Area 5.4 Ms 7000800000000000000♠ VIII $1.1 million [19]
1941-06-30 Central Coast 5.9 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII $100,000 [20]
1940-05-18 Imperial Valley 6.9 Mw 7001100000000000000♠ X 9 20 $6 million
1933-03-10 South Coast 6.4 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 115–120 $40 million
1932-06-06 North Coast 6.4 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 1 3 Severe
1927-11-04 Central Coast 7.3 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Moderate / tsunami [21]
1925-06-29 Central Coast 6.8 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 13 $8 million
1923-01-22 North Coast 7.2 Ms 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Severe / tsunami [22]
1920-06-21 Los Angeles Area 4.9 ML 7000800000000000000♠ VIII More than $100,000 [23]
1918-04-21 Inland Empire 6.7 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 1 Several $200,000
1915-06-22 Imperial Valley 5.5 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Additional damage / doublet [24]
1915-06-22 Imperial Valley 5.5 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 6 $900,000 / doublet [24]
1911-07-01 South Bay 6.6 Ms 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Damage at Lick Observatory [25]
1906-04-18 Imperial Valley 6.3 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Damage / triggered [26][27]
1906-04-18 Northern–Central 7.8 Mw 7001110000000000000♠ XI 700–3,000+ Conflagration / tsunami
1899-12-25 Inland Empire 6.7 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 6 $50,000 or more [28]
1898-03-30 North Bay 5.8–6.4 Mw 7000850000000000000♠ VIII–IX $350,000 / moderate
1892-04-21 Central Valley 6.2 MLa 7000900000000000000♠ IX Doublet
1892-04-19 North Bay 6.4 MLa 7000900000000000000♠ IX 1 $225,000–250,000 / doublet
1892-02-23 Baja California 7.1–7.2 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Moderate
1873-11-23 North Coast 6.7 MLa 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Damage / ground cracks [29]
1872-03-26 Eastern 7.4–7.9 Mw 7001100000000000000♠ X 27 56 $250,000 / limited
1868-10-21 Bay Area 6.3–6.7 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 30 $350,000 / moderate
1865-10-08 Santa Cruz Mountains 6.3 MLa 7000800000000000000♠ VIII $500,000 [30]
1857-01-09 Central–Southern 7.9 Mw 7000900000000000000♠ IX 2 Severe
1838-06 Bay Area 6.8–7.2 Mw 7000800000000000000♠ VIII Minor
1812-12-21 Central Coast 7.1 MLa 7000800000000000000♠ VIII 1 Tsunami [31]
1812-12-08 South Coast 6.9–7.5 7000800000000000000♠ VII–IX 40 Moderate
Stover & Coffman 1993 uses various seismic scales. Mla is a local magnitude that is equivalent to ML (Richter magnitude scale) and is used for events that occurred prior to the instrumental period. It is based on the area of perceptibility (as presented on isoseismal maps). Mw = moment magnitude scale and Ms = surface wave magnitude. The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described are also applicable to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded.
See also[edit]
Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act
California earthquake forecast
Field Act
Geography of California
Southern California Earthquake Center
Timeline of the Portolá expedition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Toppozada, T. R.; Branum, D. (2004), "California earthquake history", Annals of Geophysics, Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 47 (2–3): 509–512
Jump up ^ Ellsworth, W. L. (1990), "Earthquake history, 1769–1989", The San Andreas Fault System, California – USGS Professional Paper 1515, United States Geological Survey, pp. 156, 157, ISBN 978-0607716269
^ Jump up to: a b Hough, S. E. (2007), Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man, Princeton University Press, pp. 51–61, ISBN 978-0691128078
^ Jump up to: a b Geschwind, C. (2001). California Earthquakes: Science, Risk, and the Politics of Hazard Mitigation. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 3–22, 105–114, 165, 181. ISBN 978-0801865961.
^ Jump up to: a b Goodstein, J. R. (2006), Millikan's School: A History of the California Institute of Technology, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 125–152, ISBN 978-0393329988
^ Jump up to: a b Yeats, R. (2012), Active Faults of the World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 19, 80–83, 89–94, 96–114, ISBN 978-0521190855
^ Jump up to: a b c d e National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
Jump up ^ Chapman, K.; Gold, M. B.; Boatwright, J.; Sipe, J.; Quitoriano, V.; Dreger, D.; Hardebeck, J. (2016), Faulting, Damage, and Intensity in the Canyondam Earthquake of May 23, 2013, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1145, pp. 1, 13, doi:10.3133/ofr20161145
^ Jump up to: a b Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 98, 179, 180
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 97, 177
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 97, 176, 177
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 96, 168, 169
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 95, 168
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 95, 166, 167
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 94, 166, 167
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 94, 163
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 91, 154
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 88, 148
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 82, 137
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 82, 136
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 77, 128
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 77, 125
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 76, 124
^ Jump up to: a b Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 76, 121
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 75, 120
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 75, 105
Jump up ^ Meltzner, A. J.; Wald, D. J. (2003), "Aftershocks and Triggered Events of the Great 1906 California Earthquake", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological Society of America, 93 (5): 2,160, 2,164, 2,166, 2,169, 2,170, doi:10.1785/0120020033
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 74, 113
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 73, 108
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 73, 104
Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 72, 100
Sources
Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J. L. (1993), Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised), U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527, United States Government Printing Office
Wood, H. O. (1916), "The earthquake problem in the western United States", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological Society of America, 6 (4): 197–217
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earthquakes in California.
Look up earthquake in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Information by Region-California – USGS
Southern California Earthquake Data Center
Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country – Earthquake Country Alliance
Broadband Seismic Data Collection Center – University of California, San Diego
What Will Happen After The 'Big One' Hits SoCal? – KCET
Little-known quake, tsunami hazards lurk offshore of Southern California – American Geophysical Union
[hide]
v
t
e
Earthquakes in California
Very Large
(7.0–7.9)
1812 San Juan Capistrano (6.9–7.5)
1838 San Andreas (6.8–7.2)
1857 Fort Tejon (7.9)
1872 Lone Pine (7.4–7.9)
1892 Laguna Salada (7.1–7.2)
1906 San Francisco (7.8)
1952 Kern County (7.3)
1980 Eureka (7.3)
1992 Cape Mendocino (7.2)
1992 Landers (7.3)
1999 Hector Mine (7.1)
2010 Baja California (7.2)
Large
(6.0–6.9)
1868 Hayward (6.3–6.7)
1892 Vacaville–Winters (6.4, 6.2)
1898 Mare Island (5.8–6.4)
1918 San Jacinto (6.7)
1925 Santa Barbara (6.8)
1932 Eureka (6.4)
1933 Long Beach (6.4)
1940 El Centro (6.9)
1948 Desert Hot Springs (6.3)
1971 San Fernando (6.5–6.7)
1979 Imperial Valley (6.4)
1983 Coalinga (6.2)
1984 Morgan Hill (6.2)
1986 North Palm Springs (6.0)
1986 Chalfant Valley (6.2)
1989 Loma Prieta (6.9)
1992 Big Bear (6.5)
1994 Northridge (6.7)
2003 San Simeon (6.6)
2010 Eureka (6.5)
2014 South Napa (6.0)
Moderate
(5.0–5.9)
1957 San Francisco (5.7)
1969 Santa Rosa (5.6, 5.7)
1973 Point Mugu (5.8)
1979 Coyote Lake (5.7)
1987 Whittier Narrows (5.9)
1990 Upland (5.7)
1991 Sierra Madre (5.6)
2000 Yountville (5.0)
2007 Alum Rock (5.6)
2008 Chino Hills (5.5)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_California&oldid=807049979"
Categories:
Earthquakes in California
California history-related lists
California nature-related lists
Natural disasters in California
California-related lists
Lists of earthquakes in the United States
Tsunamis in the United States
Hidden categories:
M mag
M la
M L
M w
M s
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Italiano
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 15:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

attrs: href title

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Subduction_zone
mw-redirect
Subduction zone

values:
/wiki/Fault_creep
mw-redirect
Fault creep

values:
/wiki/Earthquake_magnitude
mw-redirect
Earthquake magnitude

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/California_earthquake_forecast
mw-redirect
California earthquake forecast

values: National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology

values: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3133%2Fofr20161145

values:
nofollow
external text
https://zenodo.org/record/995581

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1785%2F0120020033

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.scec.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eqinfo.ucsd.edu

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Natural disasters in California

values: Category:Lists of earthquakes in the United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_California
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Luettelo Kalifornian maanjäristyksistä – Finnish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_earthquakes_in_California rootpage-List_of_earthquakes_in_California vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Tsar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Tsar (disambiguation).
Reception of the Tsar of Russia in the Moscow Kremlin
Tsar (/zɑːr, tsɑːr/; Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь [usually written thus with a title] or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, or Tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word Caesar , which was intended to mean "Emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)—but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to king, or to be somewhat in between a royal and imperial rank.
"Tsar" and its variants were the official titles of the following states:
First Bulgarian Empire, in 913–1018
Second Bulgarian Empire, in 1185–1396
Serbian Empire, in 1346–1371
Tsardom of Russia, in 1547–1721 (replaced in 1721 by imperator, but remaining in use outside Russia – and also officially in relation to several regions – until 1917)
Tsardom of Bulgaria, in 1908–1946
The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria.[1] Simeon II, the last Tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have borne the title Tsar.
Contents
[hide]
1 Meaning in Slavic languages
1.1 The Lord's Prayer
2 Bulgaria
3 Kievan Rus'
4 Serbia
5 Russia
5.1 Full style of Russian sovereigns
5.2 Titles in the Russian royal/imperial family
6 Metaphorical uses
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Notes
8.2 Bibliography
9 External links
Meaning in Slavic languages[edit]
The title Tsar is derived from the Latin title for the Roman emperors, Caesar.[2] In comparison to the corresponding Latin word "imperator", the Byzantine Greek term basileus was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or Biblical context. In the history of the Greek language, basileus had originally meant something like "potentate". It gradually approached the meaning of "king" in the Hellenistic Period, and it came to designate "emperor" after the inception in the Roman Empire. As a consequence, Byzantine sources continued to call the Biblical and ancient kings "basileus" even when that word had come to mean "emperor" when referring to contemporary monarchs (while it was never applied to Western European kings, whose title was transliterated from Latin "rex" as ῥήξ, or to other monarchs, for whom designations such as ἄρχων "leader", "chieftain" were used).
As the Greek "basileus" was consistently rendered as "tsar" in Slavonic translations of Greek texts, the dual meaning was transferred into Church Slavonic. Thus, "tsar" was not only used as an equivalent of Latin "imperator" (in reference to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and to native rulers) but was also used to refer to Biblical rulers and ancient kings.
From this ambiguity, the development has moved in different directions in the different Slavic languages. Thus, the Bulgarian language and Russian language no longer use tsar as an equivalent of the term emperor/imperator as it exists in the West European (Latin) tradition. Currently, the term tsar refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like. The title of king (Russian korol' , Bulgarian kral) is sometimes perceived as alien and is by some Russian-speakers reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are translated as king in English, roi in French etc.). Foreign monarchs of imperial status, both inside and outside of Europe, ancient as well as modern, are generally called imperator (император), rather than tsar.
In contrast, the Serbocroatian language (which can also be viewed as different languages—Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) translate "emperor" (Latin imperator) as tsar (car, цар) and not as imperator, whereas the equivalent of king (kralj, краљ, король) is used to designate monarchs of non-imperial status, Serbian as well as foreign ancient rulers—like Latin "rex". Biblical rulers in Serbian are called цар and in Croatian kralj.
In the modern West Slavic languages and Slovene language, the use of the terms is nearly identical to the one in English and German: a king is designated with one term (Czech král, Slovak kráľ, Polish król, Slovene kralj), an emperor is designated with another, derived from Caesar as in German (Czech císař, Slovak cisár, Polish cesarz, Slovene cesar; Croatian cesar and Montenegrin ćesar fell into disuse after World War I), while the exotic term "tsar" (Czech, Slovene and Polish car, Slovak cár) is reserved for the Bulgarian, Russian and Serbian rulers.
In the Polish language however tsar is always used as imperator, never as king. The term tsar is very often used to refer to the Russian rulers after Peter the Great.
The Lord's Prayer[edit]
The word Tsar (Tsesar) is part of the Old Church Slavonic vocabulary. Here is the Lord's Prayer in Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic
Transliteration
Translation
отьчє нашь·
ижє ѥси на нєбєсѣхъ:
да свѧтитъ сѧ имѧ твоѥ·
да придєтъ цѣсар҄ьствиѥ твоѥ·
да бѫдєтъ волꙗ твоꙗ
ꙗко на нєбєси и на ꙁємл҄и:
хлѣбъ нашь насѫщьнꙑи
даждь намъ дьньсь·
и отъпоусти намъ длъгꙑ нашѧ
ꙗко и мꙑ отъпоущаѥмъ
длъжьникомъ нашимъ·
и нє въвєди насъ въ искоушєниѥ·
нъ иꙁбави нꙑ отъ нєприꙗꙁни:
ꙗко твоѥ ѥстъ цѣсар҄ьствиѥ
и сила и слава въ вѣкꙑ вѣкомъ
аминь჻
otĭče našĭ
Iže jesi na nebesěxŭ.
Da svętitŭ sę imę tvoje
da pridetŭ cěsar'ĭstvije tvoje
da bǫdetŭ volja tvoja
jako na nebesi i na zeml'i.
hlěbŭ našĭ nasǫštĭnyi
daždĭ namŭ dĭnĭsĭ
i otŭpusti namŭ dlŭgy našę
jako i my otŭpuštajemŭ
dlŭžĭnikomŭ našimŭ
i ne vŭvedi nasŭ vŭ iskušenije
nŭ izbavi ny otŭ neprijazni.
jako tvoje jestŭ cěsar'ĭstvije
i sila i slava vŭ věky věkomŭ.
aminĭ.
Our father
Thou Who art in heaven.
May hallowed be Thy Name
may come Thy empire
may become Thy will
as in heaven, also on Earth.
Our supersubstantial bread
give us this day
and release us of our debts
as we also release
our debtors,
and do not lead us to temptation
but free us from the evil.
As Thine is the empire
and the power and the glory unto the ages of ages.
Amen.
Bulgaria[edit]
Further information: List of Bulgarian monarchs
Redrawing of the epitaph of ichirgu boila Mostich. Translation (the title Tsar is enclosed): "Here lies Mostich who was ichirgu-boil during the reigns of Tsar Simeon and Tsar Peter. At the age of eighty he forsook the rank of ichirgu boila and all of his possessions and became a monk. And so ended his life." Now in the Museum of Preslav.
In 705 Emperor Justinian II named Tervel of Bulgaria "Caesar", the first foreigner to receive this title, but his descendants continued to use Bulgar title "Kanasubigi". The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity. However, the title "tsar" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent "basileus") was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I, following a makeshift imperial coronation performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913. After an attempt by the Byzantine Empire to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in the Late Roman Empire), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantian basileus.[3]
Some of the earliest attested occurrences of the titlo-contraction "tsar" (car' ) from "tsesar" (cěsar' ) are found in the grave inscription of the chărgubilja (ichirgu-boil) Mostich, a contemporary of Simeon I and Peter I, from Preslav.
It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian-Croatian conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between the Bulgarian ruler Kaloyan and Pope Innocent III, Kaloyan—whose self-assumed Latin title was "imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum"—claims that the imperial crowns of Simeon I, his son Peter I, and of Samuel were somehow derived from the Papacy. The Pope, however, only speaks of reges, kings of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank the Pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him.[4]
The title, later augmented with epithets and titles such as autocrat to reflect current Byzantine practice, was used by all of Simeon's successors until the complete conquest of Bulgaria by the Ottoman Empire in 1422. In Latin sources the Emperor of Bulgaria is sometimes designated "Emperor of Zagora" (with variant spellings). Various additional epithets and descriptions apart, the official style read "Emperor and autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks".
During the five-century period of Ottoman rule in Bulgaria, the sultan was frequently referred to as "tsar". This may be related to the fact that he had claimed the legacy of the Byzantine Empire or to the fact that the sultan was called "Basileus" in medieval Greek.
After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince (knjaz). With the declaration of full independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "emperor" any longer. In the Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted[5] (although Paisius' Slavonic-Bulgarian History (1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts). Accordingly, while Ferdinand and his successors, Boris III and Simeon II, used the title of "tsar" in Bulgarian, they used the title of "king" outside Bulgaria. In the same fashion, the modern rulers of Greece (1821-1923, 1935-1973) used the traditional title of basileus in Greek and the title of "king" outside Greece.
Kievan Rus'[edit]
"Tsar" was used once by Church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev. This may be connected to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople. However, other princes of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as "czars".[6] After the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders and the Mongol invasion of Rus' (1237–1240), the term "tsar" was applied by some people of Kievan Rus' to the Mongol (Tatar) overlords of the Rus' principalities.
Serbia[edit]
Further information: Emperor of Serbia
Tsar Dušan of Serbia
The title of tsar (sr. "car") was used officially by two monarchs, the previous monarchial title being that of king (kralj). In 1345, Stefan Dušan began to style himself "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read "basileus and autokrator of Serbs and Romans"), and was crowned as such in Skopje on Easter (April 16) 1346 by the newly elevated Serbian patriarch, alongside the Bulgarian patriarch and archbishop of Ohrid. On the same occasion, he had his wife Helena of Bulgaria crowned as empress and his son associated in power as king. When Dušan died in 1355, his son Stefan Uroš V became the next emperor. The new emperor's uncle Simeon Uroš (Siniša) contested the succession and claimed the same titles as a dynast in Thessaly. After his death around 1370, he was succeeded in his claims by his son John Uroš, who retired to a monastery in about 1373.
With the extinction of the Nemanjić dynasty in Serbia in 1371, the imperial title became obsolete (though it was retained by Stefan Uroš IV's widow Elena of Bulgaria until her death in 1376/1377). The royal title was preserved by Vukašin Mrnjavčević, a Serbian ruler in Macedonia, who had been associated by Stefan Uroš. Several other Serbian rulers are known as tsars, although they were never recognized as such. These include Tsar Lazar (who was titled autokrator), Tsar Jovan Nenad (self-given) and Tsar Stephen the Little (who claimed to be the Russian Emperor in Montenegro).
During the five-century period of the Ottoman rule in Serbia, the sultan was also frequently referred to as tsar, for instance in Serbian epic poetry.
Russia[edit]
See also: List of Russian rulers
The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the Golden Horde, Mikhail of Tver, assumed the title of "Basileus of Rus" and "czar".[7]
Władysław IV of Poland was the Tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, when the Polish forces occupied Moscow.
Following his assertion of independence from the khan and perhaps also his marriage to an heiress of the Byzantine Empire, "Veliki Kniaz" Ivan III of Muscovy started to use the title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West. From about 1480, he is designated as "imperator" in his Latin correspondence, as "keyser" in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, as "kejser" in his correspondence with the Danish king, Teutonic Knights, and the Hanseatic League. Ivan's son Vasily III continued using these titles, as his Latin letters to Clement VII testify: "Magnus Dux Basilius, Dei gratia Imperator et Dominator totius Russiae, nec non Magnus Dux Woldomeriae", etc. (In the Russian version of the letter, "imperator" corresponds to "tsar"). Herberstein correctly observed that the titles of "kaiser" and "imperator" were attempts to render the Russian term "tsar" into German and Latin, respectively.[8]
Nicholas II, the last emperor of Russia
This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "Third Rome", after Constantinople had fallen. The Muscovite ruler was recognized as an emperor by Maximilian I, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1514.[9][10][11] However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as «ЦР҃Ь ВСЕꙖ РУСИ» ("Tsar of all Rus'" or "Tsar of all Russias") was Ivan IV, until then known as Grand Prince of all Rus' (1547). Some foreign ambassadors—namely, Herberstein (in 1516 and 1525), Daniel Printz a Buchau (in 1576 and 1578) and Just Juel (in 1709)—indicated that the word "tsar" should not be translated as "emperor", because it is applied by Russians to David, Solomon and other Biblical kings, which are simple "reges".[12] On the other hand, Jacques Margeret, a bodyguard of False Demetrius I, argues that the title of "tsar" is more honorable for Muscovites than "kaiser" or "king" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel.[13] Samuel Collins, a court physician to Tsar Alexis in 1659-66, styled the latter "Great Emperour", commenting that "as for the word Czar, it has so near relation to Cesar... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperour. The Russians would have it to be an higher Title than King, and yet they call David Czar, and our kings, Kirrols, probably from Carolus Quintus, whose history they have among them".[14]
In 1610 Sigismund III of Poland manipulated his son's (Władysław IV) election as tsar of Russia while Polish forces held Moscow during the Time of Troubles following the death of Boris Godunov. His election, which never resulted in his assumption of the Muscovite throne, was part of an unsuccessful plan by Sigismund to conquer all of Russia and convert the population to Catholicism. As a young man Władysław showed ability as a military leader in operations against Muscovy (1617–18) and the Ottoman Empire (1621).[15]
In short, the Westerners were at a loss as to how the term "tsar" should be translated properly. In 1670, Pope Clement X expressed doubts that it would be appropriate for him to address Alexis as "tsar", because the word is "barbarian" and because it stands for an "emperor", whereas there is only one emperor in the Christian world and he does not reside in Moscow. Reviewing the matter, abbot Scarlati opined that the term is not translatable and therefore may be used by the Pope without any harm. Paul Menesius, the Russian envoy in Vatican, seconded Scarlati's opinion by saying that there is no adequate Latin translation for "tsar", as there is no translation for "shah" or "sultan". In order to avoid such difficulties of translation and to assert his imperial ambitions more clearly, an edict of Peter I the Great raised Russia to an empire and decreed that the Latin-based title imperator should be used instead of "tsar" (1721).[16]
The title tsar remained in common usage, and also officially as the designator of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Muscovite monarchy (such as the former Tatar khanates and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom). In the 18th century, it was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or highlighting the oriental side of the term.[17] Upon annexing Crimea in 1783, Catherine the Great adopted the hellenicized title of "Tsaritsa of Tauric Chersonesos", rather than "Tsaritsa of the Crimea", as should have been expected. By 1815, when a large part of Poland was annexed, the title had clearly come to be interpreted in Russia as the equivalent of Polish Król "king", and the Russian emperor assumed the title "tsar of Poland",[18] (and the puppet Kingdom of Poland was officially called Królestwo Polskie in Polish and Царство Польское - Tsardom of Poland - in Russian[19]) (see also Full style of Russian sovereigns below).
Since the word "tsar" remained the popular designation of the Russian ruler despite the official change of style, its transliteration of this title in foreign languages such as English is commonly used also, in fact chiefly, for the Russian Emperors up to 1917.
Full style of Russian sovereigns[edit]
The first page of the Alexander II's ratification of the 1867 Alaska purchase treaty; this page is almost entirely occupied by the tsar's full style (which, incidentally, does not mention Alaska).
The full title of Russian emperors started with "By the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Божию Милостию, Император и Самодержец Всероссийский [Bozhiyu Milostiyu, Imperator i Samoderzhets Vserossiyskiy])" and went further to list all ruled territories. For example, according to the article 59 of the Russian Constitution of 23 April 1906, "the full title of His Imperial Majesty is as follows: We, ------ by the Contributing Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, King of Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of Poland, King of Siberia, King of Chersonesus Taurica, King of Georgia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Belostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod, Sovereign of Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl, and all northern territories; Sovereign of Iberia, Kartalinia, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories - hereditary Lord and Ruler of the Circassians and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."
For example, Nicholas II (1 November 1894 - 15 March 1917), the last Russian emperor, was titled as follows (note the archaic Cyrillic usage):
Божіею Поспѣшествующею Милостію: МЫ, НИКОЛАЙ ВТОРЫЙ ИМПЕРАТОРЪ и САМОДЕРЖЕЦЪ ВСЕРОССІЙСКІЙ
Московскій, Кіевскій, Владимірскій, Новогородскій,
Царь Казанскій, Царь Астраханскій, Царь Польскій, Царь Сибирскій, Царь Херсониса Таврическаго, Царь Грузинскій,
Государь Псковскій, и
Великій Князь Смоленскій, Литовскій, Волынскій, Подольскій и Финляндскій;
Князь Эстляндскій, Лифляндскій, Курляндскій и Семигальскій, Самогитскій, Бѣлостокскій, Корельскій,
Тверскій, Югорскій, Пермскій, Вятскій, Болгарскій и иныхъ;
Государь и Великій Князь Новагорода низовскія земли, Черниговскій, Рязанскій, Полотскій,
Ростовскій, Ярославскій, Бѣлозерскій, Удорскій, Обдорскій, Кондинскій, Витебскій, Мстиславскій и
всея Сѣверныя страны Повелитель; и
Государь Иверскія, Карталинскія и Кабардинскія земли и области Арменскія;
Черкасскихъ и Горскихъ Князей и иныхъ Наслѣдный Государь и Обладатель;
Государь Туркестанскій;
Наслѣдникъ Норвежскій,
Герцогъ Шлезвигъ-Голстинскій, Стормарнскій, Дитмарсенскій и Ольденбургскій, и прочая, и прочая, и прочая.
Russian Latin transliteration
Bozhiyeyu Pospeshestvuyushcheyu Milostiyu: MY, NIKOLAI VTORY IMPERATOR i SAMODERZHETS VSEROSSIYSKIY
Moskovskiy, Kievskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novogorodskiy,
Tsar Kazanskiy, Tsar Astrakhanskiy, Tsar Pol'skiy, Tsar Sibirskiy, Tsar Khersonisa Tavricheskago, Tsar Gruzinskiy,
Gosudar' Pskovskiy, i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy,
Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Belostokskiy, Korel'skiy,
Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh,
Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigovskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy,
Rostovskiy, Yarolslavskiy, Belozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondinskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i
vseya Severnyia strany Povelitel', i
Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya,
Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazei i inykh Nasledny Gosudar' i Obladatel',
Gosudar' Turkestanskiy;
Naslednik Norvezhskiy,
Gertsog Shlezvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Ol'denburgskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya.
The subsidiary title of Tsar of Kazan proclaimed the chief Orthodox dynasty as successor in law to the mighty Islamic khanate of Kazan, not maintaining its "heathen" (khan) title (as the Ottoman Great Sultans did in several cases), but christening it. It should also be noted that Khans of Kazan were mentioned in Russian chronicles such as Kazan Chronicle as Tsars of Kazan.
The subsidiary title of Tsar of Siberia refers to the Tatar Khanate of Siberia, easily subdued in the early stages of the exploration and annexation of the larger eponymous region, most of it before inhabited by nomadic tribal people without a state in the European sense.[20]
The subsidiary title of Tsar in chief of Transcaucasian Georgia is the continuation of a royal style of a native dynasty, that had as such been recognized by Russia.[21]
The subsidiary title of Tsar of Poland demonstrates the Russian emperors' rule over the legally separate (but actually subordinate) Polish Kingdom, nominally in personal union with Russia, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 (hence also called "Congress Poland"), in a sense reviving the royal style of the pre-existent national kingdom of Poland. Internationally and in Poland, the tsars were referred to as Kings (królowie) of Poland.[22]
In some cases, defined by the Code of Laws, the Abbreviated Imperial Title was used:
"We, ------ by the Contributing Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, King of Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of Poland, King of Siberia, King of Chersonesus Taurica, King of Georgia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."
In other cases, also defined by the Code of Laws, the Short Imperial Title was used:
"We, ------ by the Contributing Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."
Titles in the Russian royal/imperial family[edit]
Tsaritsa (царица) is the term used for a Queen, though in English contexts this seems invariably to be altered to tsarina (since 1717, from Italian czarina, from German Zarin). In Imperial Russia, the official title was Empress (Императрица). Tsaritsa (Empress) could be either the ruler herself or the wife (Empress consort) of the tsar. The title of tsaritsa is used in the same way in Bulgaria and Serbia.
Tsesarevich (Цесаревич) is the term for a male heir apparent, the full title was Heir Tsesarevich ("Naslednik Tsesarevich", Наследник Цесаревич), informally abbreviated in Russia to The Heir ("Naslednik") (capitalized).
Tsarevich (царевич) was the term for the younger sons and grandsons of a Tsar or Tsaritsa prior to 1721. In older times the term was used in place of "Tsesarevich" (Цесаревич). After 1721 a son who was not an heir was formally called Velikii Kniaz (Великий Князь) (Grand Duke or Grand Prince). The latter title was also used for grandsons (through male lines).
Tsarevna (царевна) was the term for a daughter and a granddaughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa prior to 1721. After 1721, the official title was Velikaya Kniaginya (Великая Княгиня), translated as Grand Duchess or Grand Princess.
See also Grand Duchess for more details on the Velikaya Kniaginya title.
Tsesarevna (Цесаревна) was the wife of the Tsesarevich.
Metaphorical uses[edit]
See also: Czar (political term)
Like many lofty titles, e.g. Mogul, Tsar or Czar has been used as a metaphor for positions of high authority, in English, since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "Autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the Tsar'). Similarly, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the House of Representatives in the 1880s and 1890s.
In the United States and in the UK the title "czar" is a slang term for certain high-level civil servants, such as the "drug czar" for the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (not to be confused with a drug baron), "terrorism czar" for a Presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking Department of Homeland Security official on computer security and information security policy, and "war czar" to oversee the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. More specifically, a czar refers to a sub-cabinet-level advisor within the executive branch of the U.S. government. One of the earliest known usages of the term was for Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who was named Commissioner of Baseball, with broad powers to clean up the sport after it had been dirtied by the Black Sox scandal of 1919.[23]
See also[edit]
List of Bulgarian monarchs
List of Russian rulers
List of Serbian monarchs
Tsaritsa
Tsesarevich
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, EB.com.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
Jump up ^ Срђан Пириватрић. Самуилова држава. Београд, 1997.
Jump up ^ Innocentii pp. III epistolae ad Bulgariae historiam spectantes. Recensuit et explicavit Iv. Dujcev. Sofia, 1942.
Jump up ^ Найден Геров. 1895–1904. Речник на блъгарский язик. (the entry on цар in Naiden Gerov's Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language)
Jump up ^ Wladimir Vodoff. Remarques sur la valeur du terme "czar" appliqué aux princes russes avant le milieu du 15e siècle, in "Oxford Slavonic Series", new series, vol. XI. Oxford University Press, 1978.
Jump up ^ A.V. Soloviev. "Reges" et "Regnum Russiae" au moyen âge, in "Byzantion", t. XXXVI. Bruxelles, 1966.
Jump up ^ "Den Titel aines Khaisers, wiewol Er alle seine Brief nur Reissisch schreibt, darinn Er sich Czar nent, so schickht Er gemaincklich Lateinische Copeyen darmit oder darinn, und an stat des Czar setzen sy Imperator, den wir Teutsch Khaiser nennen".
Jump up ^ Ostrowski, D. (2002) Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 178
Jump up ^ Lehtovirta, J. “The Use of Titles in Herberstein's "Commentarii". Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor?” in Kӓmpfer, F. and Frӧtschner, R. (eds.) (2002) 450 Jahre Sigismund von Herbersteins Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1549-1999, Harrassowitz Verlag, pps. 196-198
Jump up ^ "Kayser vnnd Herscher aller Rewssen und Groszfürste zu Wolodimer" in the German text of Maximilian's letter; "Imperator et Dominator universorum Rhutenorum et Magnus Princeps Valadomerorum" in the Latin copy. Vasily III responded by referring to Maximilian as "Maximiliano Dei gratia Electo Romanorum Caesare", i.e., "Roman Caesar". Maximilian's letter was of great importance to Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great, when they wished to back up their titles of "tsar" and "emperor", respectively. Both monarchs demonstrated the letter to foreign ambassadors; Peter even referred to it when he proclaimed himself Emperor.
Jump up ^ This objection may be used against translating "Basileus" as "emperor", too. Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of rex ("king"), if they only ally themselves with Vatican. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority does not require anyone's confirmation.
Jump up ^ "Et ainsi retiennent le nom de Zar comme plus autentique, duquel nom il pleut iadis à Dieu d'honorer David, Salomon et autres regnans sur la maison de Iuda et Israel, disent-ils, et que ces mots Tsisar et Krol n'est que invention humaine, lequel nom quelqu'un s'est acquis par beaux faits d'armes".
Jump up ^ The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years. 2nd ed. London, 1671. Pages 54–55.
Jump up ^ "Wladyslaw IV Vasa - biography - king of Poland". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ The first Russian monarch to update his title to "imperator" was False Demetrius I, following his coronation on 7 July 1605. Peter started to use the title informally in 1696. He prepared the official adoption of the new title by renaming the Boyar Duma to Senate (as False Demetrius did before), with its ancient Roman associations, and by introducing the posts of State Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor, which were modeled on similar magistratures of the Holy Roman Empire. For Russian traditionalists, these moves signified Peter's conversion to pagan and Roman Catholic traditions, an opinion reinforced by his adoption of the heathen Roman titles of "Pater Patriae" (Отец Отечества) and "Magnus" (Великий) the same year.
Jump up ^ Boris Uspensky. Царь и император: помазание на трон и семантика монарших титулов. Moscow: Языки русской культуры, 2000. ISBN 5-7859-0145-5. Pages 48–52.
Jump up ^ "The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar". Retrieved 2006-07-27. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on The Kingdom of Poland". Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
Jump up ^ The title was adopted by Boris Godunov to prop up his waning authority and to highlight similarity between his capture of Kuchum and Ivan IV's conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan half a century earlier.
Jump up ^ As early as 1592, Fyodor I of Russia styled himself "Государь Иверския земли Грузинских Царей, и Кабардинския земли Черкасских и Горских Князей", i.e., "Sovereign of Iberian lands of Georgian Tsars".
Jump up ^ The title of Król, with its strong Catholic associations, was deemed not acceptable for an Orthodox ruler. When Fyodor I posited himself as a candidate to the vacant Polish throne in 1587, he envisaged his future title as "Tsar and Grand Duke of Moscow, Vladimir, and all Russia, King (король) of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania".
Jump up ^ James K. Glassman (December 18, 2000). "Close, But No Big Czar". Reason magazine.
Bibliography[edit]
Michael and Natasha, The Life and love of the Last Tsar of Russia, Rosemary & Donald Crawford, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London 1997. ISBN 0-297-81836-8
George Ostrogorsky, "Avtokrator i samodržac", Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95-187
John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Early Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1983
John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987
Robert O. Crummey, The Formation of Muscovy 1304–1613, New York, 1987
David Warnes, Chronicle of the Russian Tsars, London, 1999
Matthew Lang (Editor), The Chronicle - $10 Very Cheap, Sydney, 2009/10
External links[edit]
Look up tsar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tsars of Russia.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Tsar.
Detailed List of Roman and Byzantine Rulers
Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers
Detailed List of Russian Rulers
Detailed List of Serbian Rulers
Detailed List of Georgian Rulers
The entry on tsar in the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)
EtymOnline
WorldStatesmen- see each present country
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsar&oldid=838285350"
Categories:
Heads of state
Russian Empire
Royal titles
Russian tsars
Slavic titles
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Bulgarian noble titles
Emperors
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2010
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
69 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 02:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Tsar_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Tsar (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

value: b

value: span

values:
/wiki/Old_Bulgarian
mw-redirect
Old Bulgarian

values:
/wiki/Royal_titles
mw-redirect
Royal titles

values:
/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch
mw-redirect
Ecumenical Patriarch

values:
/wiki/Tsar_of_Bulgaria
mw-redirect
Tsar of Bulgaria

values: Edit section: Meaning in Slavic languages

values:
/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization
mw-redirect
Hellenistic civilization

values:
/wiki/Serbocroatian_language
mw-redirect
Serbocroatian language

values:
/wiki/West_Slavic_language
mw-redirect
West Slavic language

values: font-family: 'Ponomar Unicode', 'Ponomar Unicode TT', 'Monomakh Unicode', 'Monomakh Unicode TT', 'Menaion Unicode', 'Menaion Unicode TT', 'Fedorovsk Unicode', 'Fedorovsk Unicode TT', BukyVede, 'Kliment Std', 'RomanCyrillic Std', 'Monomachus', 'Old Standard', 'Old Standard TT', Dilyana, Menaion, 'Menaion Medieval', Lazov, Code2000, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Code2001, 'FreeSerif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', Thryomanes, 'Lucida Grande', 'FreeSans', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Lucida Sans Unicode';

values:
/wiki/Byzantine_Greek
mw-redirect
Byzantine Greek

values:
/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople
mw-redirect
Patriarch of Constantinople

values:
/wiki/Samuil_of_Bulgaria
mw-redirect
Samuil of Bulgaria

values:
/wiki/History_of_early_Ottoman_Bulgaria
mw-redirect
History of early Ottoman Bulgaria

values:
/wiki/Saint_Paisius_of_Hilendar
mw-redirect
Saint Paisius of Hilendar

values:
/wiki/Emperor_of_Serbia
mw-redirect
Emperor of Serbia

values:
/wiki/Tsar_Jovan_Nenad
mw-redirect
Tsar Jovan Nenad

values:
/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%87epan_The_Little
mw-redirect
Šćepan The Little

values:
/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Serbia
mw-redirect
History of Ottoman Serbia

values:
/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth
mw-redirect
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

values:
/wiki/Clement_VII
mw-redirect
Clement VII

values:
/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Ivan IV of Russia

values:
/wiki/False_Demetrius_I
mw-redirect
False Demetrius I

values:
/wiki/Tsar_Alexis
mw-redirect
Tsar Alexis

values:
/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V
mw-redirect
Emperor Charles V

values:
/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland
mw-redirect
Sigismund III of Poland

values:
/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV
mw-redirect
Władysław IV

values:
/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Peter I of Russia

values:
/wiki/Chersonesos_Taurica
mw-redirect
Chersonesos Taurica

values: Edit section: Full style of Russian sovereigns

values:
/wiki/Alaska_purchase
mw-redirect
Alaska purchase

values:
/wiki/All_the_Russias
mw-redirect
All the Russias

values:
/wiki/Nizhni_Novgorod
mw-redirect
Nizhni Novgorod

values:
/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia
mw-redirect
Caucasian Iberia

values:
/wiki/Siberia_Khanate
mw-redirect
Siberia Khanate

values:
/wiki/Conquest_of_Siberia
mw-redirect
Conquest of Siberia

values: Edit section: Titles in the Russian royal/imperial family

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Russia
mw-redirect
Imperial Russia

values:
/wiki/Empress_consort
mw-redirect
Empress consort

values:
/wiki/Heir_Apparent
mw-redirect
Heir Apparent

values:
/wiki/Grand_Prince
mw-redirect
Grand Prince

values:
/wiki/Grand_Duchess
mw-redirect
Grand Duchess

values: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

values:
/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security
mw-redirect
Department of Homeland Security

values:
/wiki/Black_Sox_scandal
mw-redirect
Black Sox scandal

values:
nofollow
external text
http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9067834

values:
/wiki/Naiden_Gerov
mw-redirect
Naiden Gerov

values:
/wiki/Fyodor_I_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Fyodor I of Russia

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica
mw-redirect
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

values:
nofollow
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/
external text

values: Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2010

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tsar
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar
Tsaar – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar
Zar – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar
Zar – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar
Çar – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car
Car – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar
Zar – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar
Zar – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar
Tsaar – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Τσάρος – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar
Zar – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro
Caro – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar
Tsaar – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: त्सार – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car
Car – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro
Caro – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar
Zar – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Патша – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar
Çar – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzar
Tzar – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars
Cars – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caras
Caras – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1r
Cár – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar
Tsaar – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar
Sar – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car
Car – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czar
Czar – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aar
Țar – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Царь – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari
Cari – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar
Zar – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1r
Cár – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car
Car – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car
Car – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaari
Tsaari – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
Tsar – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: Патша – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar
Çar – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tsar rootpage-Tsar skin-vector action-view