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Benthic zone
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Marine habitats
Photomicrograph of typical benthic animals, (from top to bottom) including amphipods, a polychaete worm, a snail, and a chironomous midge larva
Littoral zone
Intertidal zone
Estuaries
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Neritic zone
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Oceanic zone
Seamounts
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Benthic zone
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The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. Organisms living in this zone are called benthos, e.g. the benthic invertebrate community, including crustaceans and polychaetes.[1] The organisms generally live in close relationship with the substrate bottom and many are permanently attached to the bottom. The superficial layer of the soil lining the given body of water, the benthic boundary layer, is an integral part of the benthic zone, as it greatly influences the biological activity that takes place there. Examples of contact soil layers include sand bottoms, rocky outcrops, coral, and bay mud.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Organisms
3 Nutrient flux
4 Habitats
5 Ecological research
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Description[edit]
The benthic region of the ocean begins at the shore line (intertidal or eulittoral zone) and extends downward along the surface of the continental shelf out to sea.[2][not in citation given] The continental shelf is a gently sloping benthic region that extends away from the land mass. At the continental shelf edge, usually about 200 meters deep, the gradient greatly increases and is known as the continental slope. The continental slope drops down to the deep sea floor. The deep-sea floor is called the abyssal plain and is usually about 4,000 meters deep. The ocean floor is not all flat but has submarine ridges and deep ocean trenches known as the hadal zone.
For comparison, the pelagic zone is the descriptive term for the ecological region above the benthos, including the water-column up to the surface. Depending on the water-body, the benthic zone may include areas that are only a few inches below water, such as a stream or shallow pond; at the other end of the spectrum, benthos of the deep ocean includes the bottom levels of the oceanic abyssal zone.
For information on animals that live in the deeper areas of the oceans see aphotic zone. Generally, these include life forms that tolerate cool temperatures and low oxygen levels, but this depends on the depth of the water.
Organisms[edit]
Main article: Benthos
Benthos are the organisms that live in the benthic zone, and are different from those elsewhere in the water column.[2][not in citation given] Many are adapted to live on the substrate (bottom). In their habitats they can be considered as dominant creatures, but they are often a source of prey for Carcharhinidae such as the lemon shark.[3] Many organisms adapted to deep-water pressure cannot survive in the upper parts of the water column. The pressure difference can be very significant (approximately one atmosphere for each 10 meters of water depth).
Because light does not penetrate very deep into ocean-water, the energy source for the benthic ecosystem is often organic matter from higher up in the water column that drifts down to the depths. This dead and decaying matter sustains the benthic food chain; most organisms in the benthic zone are scavengers or detritivores. Some microorganisms use chemosynthesis to produce biomass.
Benthic organisms can be divided into two categories based on whether they make their home on the ocean floor or an inch or two into the ocean floor. Those living on the surface of the ocean floor are known as epifauna.[4] Those who live burrowed into the ocean floor are known as infauna.[5] Extremophiles, including piezophiles, which thrive in high pressures, may also live there.
Nutrient flux[edit]
Sources of food for benthic communities can derive from the water column above these habitats in the form of aggregations of detritus, inorganic matter, and living organisms.[2][not in citation given] These aggregations are commonly referred to as marine snow, and are important for the deposition of organic matter, and bacterial communities.[6] The amount of material sinking to the ocean floor can average 307,000 aggregates per m2 per day.[7] This amount will vary on the depth of the benthos, and the degree of benthic-pelagic coupling. The benthos in a shallow region will have more available food than the benthos in the deep sea. Because of their reliance on it, microbes may become spatially dependent on detritus in the benthic zone. The microbes found in the benthic zone, specifically dinoflagellates and foraminifera, colonize quite rapidly on detritus matter while forming a symbiotic relationship with each other.[8][9]
Habitats[edit]
Modern seafloor mapping technologies have revealed linkages between seafloor geomorphology and benthic habitats, in which suites of benthic communities are associated with specific geomorphic settings.[10] Examples include cold-water coral communities associated with seamounts and submarine canyons, kelp forests associated with inner shelf rocky reefs and rockfish associated with rocky escarpments on continental slopes.[11] In oceanic environments, benthic habitats can also be zoned by depth. From the shallowest to the deepest are: the epipelagic (less than 200 meters), the mesopelagic (200–1,000 metres), the bathyal (1,000–4,000 meters), the abyssal (4,000–6,000 meters) and the deepest, the hadal (below 6,000 meters).
The lower zones are in deep, pressurized areas of the ocean. Human impacts have occurred at all ocean depths, but are most significant on shallow continental shelf and slope habitats.[12] Many benthic organisms have retained their historic evolutionary characteristics. Some organisms are significantly larger than their relatives living in shallower zones, largely because of higher oxygen concentration in deep water.[13]
It is not easy to map or observe these organisms and their habitats, and most modern observations are made using remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), and rarely submarines.
Ecological research[edit]
Benthic macroinvertebrates have many important ecological functions, such as regulating the flow of materials and energy in river ecosystems through their food web linkages. Because of this correlation between flow of energy and nutrients, benthic macroinvertebrates have the ability to influence food resources on fish and other organisms in aquatic ecosystems. For example, the addition of a moderate amount of nutrients to a river over the course of several years resulted in increases in invertebrate richness, abundance, and biomass. These in turn resulted in increased food resources for native species of fish with insignificant alteration of the macroinvertebrate community structure and trophic pathways.[14] The presence of macroinvertebrates such as Amphipoda also affect the dominance of certain types of algae in Benthic ecosystems as well.[15] In addition, because benthic zones are influenced by the flow of dead organic material, there have been studies conducted on the relationship between stream and river water flows and the resulting effects on the benthic zone. Low flow events show a restriction in nutrient transport from benthic substrates to food webs, and caused a decrease in benthic macroinvertebrate biomass, which lead to the disappearance of food sources into the substrate.[16]
Because the benthic system regulates energy in aquatic ecosystems, studies have been made of the mechanisms of the benthic zone in order to better understand the ecosystem. Benthic diatoms have been used by the European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) to establish ecological quality ratios that determined the ecological status of lakes in the UK.[17] Beginning research is being made on benthic assemblages to see if they can be used as indicators of healthy aquatic ecosystems. Benthic assemblages in urbanized coastal regions are not functionally equivalent to benthic assemblages in untouched regions.[18]
Ecologists are attempting to understand the relationship between heterogeneity and maintaining biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. Benthic algae has been used as an inherently good subject for studying short term changes and community responses to heterogeneous conditions in streams. Understanding the potential mechanisms involving benthic periphyton and the effects on heterogeneity within a stream may provide a better understanding of the structure and function of stream ecosystems.[19] Benthic gross primary production (GPP) may be important in maintaining biodiversity hotspots in littoral zones in large lake ecosystems. However, the relative contributions of benthic habitats within specific ecosystems are poorly explored and more research is needed.[20]
See also[edit]
Armor (hydrology)
Benthic fish
Benthopelagic fish
Bottom trawling
Deep sea
Intertidal zone
Lake stratification
Littoral zone
Neritic zone
Photic zone
Profundal zone
Sediment Profile Imagery
Stream bed
Tide pool
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What Are Benthos?". Baybenthos.versar.com. 2006-01-23. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Angelo Mark P. Walag; Mae Oljae P. Canencia (2016). "Physico-chemical Parameters and Macrobenthic Invertebrates of the Intertidal Zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines". Advances in Environmental Sciences - International Journal of the Bioflux Society. 8 (1): 71–82. Retrieved 2015-12-08. (registration required)
Jump up ^ Bright, Michael (2000). The private life of sharks: the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2875-7.
Jump up ^ "Epifaunal - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Infauna - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
Jump up ^ Alldredge, Alice; Silver, Mary W. (1988). "Characteristics, dynamics and significance of marine snow". Progress in Oceanography. 20: 41–82. doi:10.1016/0079-6611(88)90053-5.
Jump up ^ Shanks, Alan; Trent, Jonathan D. (1980). "Marine snow: sinking rates and potential role in vertical flux". Deep-Sea Research. 27A (2): 137–143. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(80)90092-8.
Jump up ^ "Foraminifera". Retrieved 7 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "foraminifera". Retrieved 7 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Harris, P. T.; Baker, E. K. 2012. "GeoHab Atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats – synthesis and lessons learned", in: Harris, P. T.; Baker, E. K. (eds.), Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHab Atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 871-890.
Jump up ^ Harris, P. T.; Baker, E. K.; 2012. Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHab Atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 947.
Jump up ^ Harris, P. T., 2012. "Anthropogenic threats to benthic habitats", in: Harris, P. T.; Baker, E. K. (eds.), Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHab Atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 39-60.
Jump up ^ Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, news item March 2005 Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Minshall, Wayne; Shafii, Bahman; Price, William J.; Holderman, Charlie; Anders, Paul J.; Lester, Gary; Barrett, Pat. "Effects of nutrient replacement on benthic macroinvertebrates in an ultraoligotrophic reach of the Kootenai River, 2003–2010". Freshwater Science. JSTOR 10.1086/677900. doi:10.1086/677900.
Jump up ^ Duffy, J. Emmett; Hay, Mark E. (2000-05-01). "Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community". Ecological Monographs. 70 (2): 237–263. ISSN 0012-9615. doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0237:SIOGAO]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Rolls, Robert; Leigh, Catherine; Sheldon, Fran (2012). "Mechanistic effects of low-flow hydrology on riverine ecosystems: ecological principles and consequences of alteration". Freshwater Science. 31 (4): 1163–1186. JSTOR 10.1899/12-002.1. doi:10.1899/12-002.1.
Jump up ^ Bennion, Helen; Kelly, Martyn G.; Juggins, Steve; Yallop, Marian L.; Burgess, Amy; Jamieson, Jane; Krokowski, Jan (2014). "Assessment of Ecological Status in UK lakes using benthic diatoms". Freshwater Science. 33 (2): 639–654. JSTOR 10.1086/675447. doi:10.1086/675447.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Michael; Peterson, Mark S. (2014). "Effects of Coastal Urbanization on Salt-Marsh Faunal Assemblages in the Northern Gulf of Mexico". Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science. 6: 89–107. doi:10.1080/19425120.2014.893467.
Jump up ^ Wellnitz, Todd; Rader, Russell B. (2003). "Mechanisms influencing community composition and succession in mountain stream periphyton: interactions between scouring history, grazing, and irradiance". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 22 (4): 528–541. JSTOR 1468350. doi:10.2307/1468350.
Jump up ^ Althouse, Bryan; Higgins, Scott; Vander Zanden, Jake M. (2014). "Benthic and Planktonic primary production along a nutrient gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, USA". Freshwater Science. 33 (2): 487–498. JSTOR 10.1086/676314. doi:10.1086/676314.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benthic zones.
Data Archive for Seabed Species and Habitats from the UK Marine Data Archive Centre
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Anarchism portal
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v
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e
Anarchists have employed certain symbols for their cause, including most prominently the circle-A (Ⓐ) and the black flag (⚑),[1] although anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of symbols to political movement.[2] Since the revival of anarchism around the start of the 21st century and concurrent with the rise of the anti-globalization movement, anarchist cultural symbols are widely present.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Red flag
2 Black flag
2.1 Historical origins
2.2 Subsequent usage
3 Circle-A
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Red flag[edit]
Main article: Red flag (politics)
The red flag was one of first anarchist symbols and it was widely used in late 19th century by anarchists worldwide.[4] Peter Kropotkin preferred the usage of the red flag.[5]
The red banner, which has always stood for liberty, frightens the executioners because it is so red with our blood. [...] Those red and black banners wave over us mourning our dead and wave over our hopes for the dawn that is breaking.[6][7]
—Louise Michel
Usage of the red flag by anarchists disappeared after the October Revolution, when red flags started to be associated only with communist parties and bureaucratic, reformist and authoritarian social democracy.[4]
Black flag[edit]
The black flag is among other things the traditional anarchist symbol
The black flag and the color black in general have been associated with anarchism since the 1880s. Many anarchist collectives contain the word "black" in their names. There have been a number of anarchist periodicals entitled Black Flag.[8]
The uniform blackness of the flag is in stark contrast to the colorful flags typical of most nation states. Additionally, as a white flag has been used to request parley or to surrender, the black flag symbolizes defiance and opposition to surrender.
Historical origins[edit]
The black flag represents the absence of a flag and thus stands in opposition to the very notion of nation states. In that light, the flag can be seen as a rejection of the concept of representation, or the idea that any person or institution can adequately represent a group of individuals. Modern anarchism has a shared ancestry with—amongst other ideologies—socialism, a movement strongly associated with the red flag. As anarchism became more and more distinct from socialism in the 1880s, it adopted the black flag in an attempt to differentiate itself.[2] Some anarchists at the time, such as Peter Kropotkin, preferred to continue using the red flag rather than adopt the black.[5]
Subsequent usage[edit]
The black flag first became associated with anarchism in the 1880s. The French anarchist paper, Le Drapeau Noir (The Black Flag), which existed until 1882, is one of the first published references to use black as an anarchist color. Black International was the name of a London anarchist group founded in July 1881. Louise Michel, participant in the Paris Commune of 1871, flew the black flag during demonstration of the unemployed in Paris in March 1883. An open-air meeting of the unemployed was broken up by the police and around 500 demonstrators, with Michel at the front carrying a black flag and shouting "Bread, work, or lead!" marched off towards the boulevard Saint-Germain. The crowd pillaged three baker's shops before the police attacked. Michel was arrested and sentenced to six years solitary confinement. Public pressure soon forced the granting of an amnesty.[9] According to Michel, the "black flag is the flag of strikes and the flag of those who are hungry".[10]
The black flag soon made its way to the United States. The black flag was displayed in Chicago at an anarchist demonstration in November 1884.[11] According to the English language newspaper of the Chicago anarchists, it was "the fearful symbol of hunger, misery and death".[12]
Circle-A[edit]
"Enclosed A" redirects here. For the Unicode character, see Enclosed Alphanumerics. For the email address symbol (@), see At sign.
Circle-A
Stylized Punk Circle-A
International Workingmen's Association
The circle-A is almost certainly the best-known present-day symbol for anarchy. It is a monogram that consists of the capital letter "A" surrounded by the capital letter "O". The letter "A" is derived from the first letter of "anarchy" or "anarchism" in most European languages and is the same in both Latin and Cyrillic scripts. The "O" stands for order and together they stand for "society seeks order in anarchy" (French: la société cherche l'ordre dans l'anarchie), a phrase written by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his 1840 book What Is Property?.[13][14]
The circle-A long predates the anarcho-punk movement, which was part of the punk rock movement of the late 1970s. However, the punk movement helped spread the circle-A symbol more widely and helped raise awareness of it among non-anarchists. This process began with the use of anarchist imagery when members of the band Crass become aware of the symbol while traveling through France.[15]
See also[edit]
Anarchism and the arts
Anarchist Black Cross
Anarchist schools of thought
Black bloc
Black cat § Anarcho-syndicalism
Black rose (symbolism)
Communist symbolism
No gods, no masters
Political colour
Property is theft!
References[edit]
Jump up ^ This character can be written as Unicode codepoint U+2691.
^ Jump up to: a b Mckay, Ian, ed. (2008). "Appendix – The Symbols of Anarchy". An Anarchist FAQ. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 1-902593-90-1. OCLC 182529204.
Jump up ^ Williams, Leonard (September 2007). "Anarchism Revived". New Political Science. Taylor & Francis. 29 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1080/07393140701510160.
^ Jump up to: a b "Barwy anarchistyczne: Skąd czarne i czarno-czerwone flagi?" [Anarchist colours: Where are black and black-red flags from]. cia.media.pl (in Polish). Centrum Informacji Anarchistycznej. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kropotkin, Peter (1998). Act for Yourselves. Articles from Freedom 1886-1907. Freedom Press. p. 128. ISBN 0900384387.
Jump up ^ Michel, Louise (1981). Lowry, Bullitt; Gunter, Elizabeth, eds. The Red Virgin. Memoirs Of Louise Michel. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 193–194. ISBN 0-81730063-5. ISBN 978-0-817-30063-0.
Jump up ^ "The Red Flag of Anarchy". 5 April 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Evren, Sureyyya (Summer 2014). "Black Flag White Masks: Anti-Racism and Anarchist Historiography". Affinities: A Journal of Radical Theory, Culture, and Action. 8 (1): 23–43. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. pp. 251–252.
Jump up ^ Michel, Louise (1981). The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel. p. 168.
Jump up ^ Avrich, Paul (1986). The Haymarket Tragedy. p. 145.
Jump up ^ Avrich, Paul (1986). The Haymarket Tragedy. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Proudhon, Piere-Joseph (1994). Kelley, Donald R.; Smith, Bonnie G., eds. Proudhon: What is Property?. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-521-40556-0. ISBN 0-52140556-4.
Jump up ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1840). Qu'est-ce que la propriété ? ou Recherche sur le principe du Droit et du Gouvernement (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: Brocard. p. 235.
Jump up ^ Appleford, Steve (June 10, 2005). "The Only Way to Be – Anarchy!". LA CityBeat. Los Angeles, California: Southland Publishing. Archived from the original on December 24, 2005. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to anarchist symbols.
"Anarchism". Flags of the World.
"Anarchism and the History of the Black Flag". Spunk Library.
"Blog: Heart in a Hearless World".
"History of anarchist symbols". AnarchyIsOrder.org.
"The Symbols of Anarchy". An Anarchist FAQ.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchist_symbolism&oldid=843735222"
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Allele
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
An allele (/əˈliːl/)[1][2] is a variant form of a given gene.[3] Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. A notable example of this trait of color variation is Gregor Mendel's discovery that the white and purple flower colors in pea plants were the result of "pure line" traits which could be used as a control for future experiments. However, most genetic variations result in little or no observable variation.
Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes; that is, they are diploid. These chromosomes are referred to as homologous chromosomes. If both alleles at a gene (or locus) on the homologous chromosomes are the same, they and the organism are homozygous with respect to that gene (or locus). If the alleles are different, they and the organism are heterozygous with respect to that gene.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Alleles that lead to dominant or recessive phenotypes
3 Multiple alleles
4 Genotype frequencies
5 Allelic dominance in genetic disorders
6 Epialleles
7 See also
8 References and notes
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word "allele" is a short form of allelomorph ("other form", a word coined by British geneticists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders),[4][5] which was used in the early days of genetics to describe variant forms of a gene detected as different phenotypes. It derives from the Greek prefix ἀλλήλ, allel, meaning "reciprocal", or "each other", which itself is related to the Greek adjective ἄλλος, allos (cognate with Latin alius), meaning "other".
Alleles that lead to dominant or recessive phenotypes[edit]
Main article: Dominance (genetics)
In many cases, genotypic interactions between the two alleles at a locus can be described as leading to dominant or recessive, according to which of the two homozygous phenotypes the heterozygote most resembles. Where the heterozygote is indistinguishable from one of the homozygotes, the allele expressed is the one that leads to the dominant phenotype.[6] The degree and pattern of dominance varies among loci. This type of interaction was first formally described by Gregor Mendel. However, many traits defy this simple categorization and the phenotypes are modeled by co-dominance and polygenic inheritance.
The term "wild type" allele is sometimes used to describe an allele that is thought to contribute to the typical phenotypic character as seen in "wild" populations of organisms, such as fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Such a "wild type" allele was historically regarded as leading to a dominant (overpowering - always expressed), common, and normal phenotype, in contrast to "mutant" alleles that lead to recessive, rare, and frequently deleterious phenotypes. It was formerly thought that most individuals were homozygous for the "wild type" allele at most gene loci, and that any alternative "mutant" allele was found in homozygous form in a small minority of "affected" individuals, often as genetic diseases, and more frequently in heterozygous form in "carriers" for the mutant allele. It is now appreciated that most or all gene loci are highly polymorphic, with multiple alleles, whose frequencies vary from population to population, and that a great deal of genetic variation is hidden in the form of alleles that do not produce obvious phenotypic differences.
Multiple alleles[edit]
Eye color is an inherited trait influenced by more than one gene, including OCA2 and HERC2. The interaction of multiple genes—and the variation in these genes ("alleles") between individuals—help to determine a person's eye color phenotype. Eye color is influenced by pigmentation of the iris and the frequency-dependence of the light scattering by the turbid medium within the stroma of the iris.
In the ABO blood group system, a person with Type A blood displays A-antigens and may have a genotype IAIA or IAi. A person with Type B blood displays B-antigens and may have the genotype IBIB or IBi. A person with Type AB blood displays both A- and B-antigens and has the genotype IAIB and a person with Type O blood, displaying neither antigen, has the genotype ii.
A population or species of organisms typically includes multiple alleles at each locus among various individuals. Allelic variation at a locus is measurable as the number of alleles (polymorphism) present, or the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. A null allele is a gene variant that lacks the gene's normal function because it either is not expressed, or the expressed protein is inactive.
For example, at the gene locus for the ABO blood type carbohydrate antigens in humans,[7] classical genetics recognizes three alleles, IA, IB, and i, that determine compatibility of blood transfusions. Any individual has one of six possible genotypes (IAIA, IAi, IBIB, IBi, IAIB, and ii) that produce one of four possible phenotypes: "Type A" (produced by IAIA homozygous and IAi heterozygous genotypes), "Type B" (produced by IBIB homozygous and IBi heterozygous genotypes), "Type AB" produced by IAIB heterozygous genotype, and "Type O" produced by ii homozygous genotype. (It is now known that each of the A, B, and O alleles is actually a class of multiple alleles with different DNA sequences that produce proteins with identical properties: more than 70 alleles are known at the ABO locus.[8] Hence an individual with "Type A" blood may be an AO heterozygote, an AA homozygote, or an AA heterozygote with two different "A" alleles.)
Genotype frequencies[edit]
Main article: Allele frequency
The frequency of alleles in a diploid population can be used to predict the frequencies of the corresponding genotypes (see Hardy-Weinberg principle). For a simple model, with two alleles;
p + q = 1 {\displaystyle p+q=1\,}
p 2 + 2 p q + q 2 = 1 {\displaystyle p^{2}+2pq+q^{2}=1\,}
where p is the frequency of one allele and q is the frequency of the alternative allele, which necessarily sum to unity. Then, p2 is the fraction of the population homozygous for the first allele, 2pq is the fraction of heterozygotes, and q2 is the fraction homozygous for the alternative allele. If the first allele is dominant to the second then the fraction of the population that will show the dominant phenotype is p2 + 2pq, and the fraction with the recessive phenotype is q2.
With three alleles:
p + q + r = 1 {\displaystyle p+q+r=1\,} and
p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2 p q + 2 p r + 2 q r = 1. {\displaystyle p^{2}+q^{2}+r^{2}+2pq+2pr+2qr=1.\,}
In the case of multiple alleles at a diploid locus, the number of possible genotypes (G) with a number of alleles (a) is given by the expression:
G = a ( a + 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle G={\frac {a(a+1)}{2}}.}
Allelic dominance in genetic disorders[edit]
A number of genetic disorders are caused when an individual inherits two recessive alleles for a single-gene trait. Recessive genetic disorders include albinism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, phenylketonuria (PKU), and Tay–Sachs disease. Other disorders are also due to recessive alleles, but because the gene locus is located on the X chromosome, so that males have only one copy (that is, they are hemizygous), they are more frequent in males than in females. Examples include red-green color blindness and fragile X syndrome.
Other disorders, such as Huntington disease, occur when an individual inherits only one dominant allele.
Epialleles[edit]
While heritable traits are typically studied in terms of genetic alleles, epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation can be inherited at specific genomic regions in certain species, a process termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. The term epiallele is used to distinguish these heritable marks from traditional alleles, which are defined by nucleotide sequence.[9] A specific class of epiallele, the metastable epialleles, has been discovered in mice and in humans which is characterized by stochastic (probabilistic) establishment of epigenetic state that can be mitotically inherited.[10][11]
See also[edit]
Evolutionary biology portal
Allozyme
Evolution
Genealogical DNA test
Haplo-sufficiency
Meiosis
Mendelian error
Mendelian inheritance
Mitosis
Penetrance
Polymorphism
Punnett square
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
References and notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "allele noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "allele Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". Dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Wood, E.J. (1995). "The encyclopedia of molecular biology". Biochemical Education. 23 (2): 1165. doi:10.1016/0307-4412(95)90659-2.
Jump up ^ Craft, Jude (2013). "Genes and genetics: the language of scientific discovery". Genes and genetics. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ Bateson, W. and Saunders, E. R. (1902) "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery." Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society, I. pp 125-160
Jump up ^ Hartl, Daniel L.; Elizabeth W. Jones (2005). Essential genetics: A genomics perspective (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 600. ISBN 978-0-7637-3527-2.
Jump up ^ Victor A. McKusick; Cassandra L. Kniffin; Paul J. Converse; Ada Hamosh (10 November 2009). "ABO Glycosyltransferase; ABO". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Yip SP (January 2002). "Sequence variation at the human ABO locus". Annals of Human Genetics. 66 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1017/S0003480001008995. PMID 12014997.
Jump up ^ Daxinger, Lucia; Whitelaw, Emma (31 January 2012). "Understanding transgenerational epigenetic inheritance via the gametes in mammals". Nature Reviews Genetics. 13 (3): 155. doi:10.1038/nrg3188. PMID 22290458.
Jump up ^ Rakyan, Vardhman K; Blewitt, Marnie E; Druker, Riki; Preis, Jost I; Whitelaw, Emma (July 2002). "Metastable epialleles in mammals". Trends in Genetics. 18 (7): 348–351. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02709-9.
Jump up ^ Waterland, RA; Dolinoy, DC; Lin, JR; Smith, CA; Shi, X; Tahiliani, KG (September 2006). "Maternal methyl supplements increase offspring DNA methylation at Axin Fused". Genesis. 44 (9): 401–6. doi:10.1002/dvg.20230. PMID 16868943.
External links[edit]
Look up allele in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
ALFRED: The ALlele FREquency Database
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allele&oldid=865368184"
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Alleel – Afrikaans
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text:
The Carrie Diaries (season 1)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Carrie Diaries (season 1)
Promotional poster
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
January 14 (2013-01-14) – April 8, 2013 (2013-04-08)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of The Carrie Diaries episodes
The first season of The Carrie Diaries, an American teen drama series based on the novel of the same name by Candace Bushnell, premiered on The CW on January 14, 2013. Developed by Amy B. Harris, the series serves as a prequel to the HBO series Sex and the City.
The Carrie Diaries was officially picked up for the 2012–13 television season on May 11, 2012. Premiering mid-season, the series concluded its first season on April 8, 2013.
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
3.1 DVR viewers
4 References
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
AnnaSophia Robb as Carrie Bradshaw (13 episodes)
Austin Butler as Sebastian Kydd (13 episodes)
Katie Findlay as Maggie Landers (11 episodes)
Brendan Dooling as Walt Reynolds (10 episodes)
Ellen Wong as Jill "Mouse" Chen (13 episodes)
Freema Agyeman as Larissa Loughlin (10 episodes)
Stefania Owen as Dorrit Bradshaw (10 episodes)
Matt Letscher as Tom Bradshaw (13 episodes)
Chloe Bridges as Donna LaDonna (9 episodes)
Recurring cast[edit]
Scott Cohen as Harlan Silver (5 episodes)
Nadia Dajani as Deb (3 episodes)
Josh Salatin as Simon Byrnes (5 episodes)
Jake Robinson as Bennet Wilcox (6 episodes)
Richard Kohnke as George Silver (3 episodes)
Evan Crooks as Miller (4 episodes)
R.J. Brown as Thomas West (5 episodes)
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Carrie Diaries episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(million)
1
1 "Pilot" Miguel Arteta Amy B. Harris January 14, 2013 (2013-01-14) 276056 1.61[1]
Castlebury, Connecticut, 1984. Carrie Bradshaw comes back to her junior year of high school after her mother's death and meets her best friends Jill "Mouse" Chen, Maggie and Walt Reynolds. During her time back in school, Carrie is showing her feelings to Sebastian Kydd, a new junior and transfer student who was kicked out of his former school. Carrie's father, Tom, informs her that she can have an after-school, once-a-week internship at a law firm in New York City which she relishes as a stepping stone in her quest to leave her small town behind. During her first day in New York, Carrie meets Larissa Loughlin, an editor at Interview magazine. Larissa provides her with a fantastic new opportunity to party it up in Manhattan, but Carrie is torn when Mouse calls her to let her know that mysterious Sebastian might take her to the school dance that same night. Upon receiving a beautiful dress from Larissa to attend the party, Carrie makes her choice and joins the party. She returns home an hour past curfew to find her younger sister, Dorit, missing. Showing up early the next morning, drunk, Dorit gets an earful from Carrie about the hardships of taking their mom's place. Dorit learns to deal with her jealousy of Carrie's and their mother's relationship but both end up grounded regardless.
Maggie and Walt are having a hard time as Walt thinks he is gay, while at the same time, Maggie is cheating on him with a cop, one of her father's employees. Mouse is trying to call her crush (whom she had sex with during the summer) but is left all alone in tears.
2
2 "Lie with Me" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Amy B. Harris January 21, 2013 (2013-01-21) 3X7302 1.27[2]
During Carries grounding, Sebastian is forced into a dinner meeting with his father where Donna attempts to steal him from Carrie. Mouse conveniently situated nearby sees this and immediately calls Carrie. Carrie remarks that she trusts him and Mouse warns her to ask him about it the next day. Despite him saying it was uneventful, Donna steps in and hands him back his suit jacket from the other night, forcing Sebastian to explain himself (while also revealing his feelings for her). Carrie and her sister, Dorrit are finally getting along after their mother's death and engaging in more sisterly activities. Larissa asks Carrie to do a photoshoot of her bag (that she got from her mother), but getting the purse to the photoshoot proves to be a problem when it collides with her work schedule. Telling a small lie, she dashes off to the photoshoot getting a one of a kind scarf in return from Larissa. She goes back to the law firm and brings her boss the things she asked for (giving her the scarf Larissa gave her as well) with a warning to be more obedient or her internship will be taken away. After continuously refusing to sleep with his girlfriend Maggie, Walt eventually breaks up with her as he once again struggles with his sexual orientation. Tom tries to protect Carrie by telling her that she should not be dating Sebastian because of his past background. Carrie, Dorrit, Maggie and Mouse all hang out and have a girls night.
3
3 "Read Before Use" Daisy von Scherler Mayer Terri Minsky January 28, 2013 (2013-01-28) 3X7303 1.38[3]
As Carrie tries to convince her dad to let her go out on a date with Sebastian, she finds out he represented Sebastian when he got kicked out of his old school. She snoops though her dad's legal files, and discovers that Sebastian had an affair with one of his teachers, which she tells her friends about. This causes her to doubt her feelings after she and Sebastian share a kiss. Meanwhile, Maggie tries to get over the fact that she and Walt are not getting back together by throwing away all the mementos from their relationship. Mouse finally goes on a date with her boyfriend, Seth, and he reveals his feelings for her. When Carrie informs Sebastian that she knows about him and his affair with his former teacher, he decides that they should not see each other anymore.
4
4 "Fright Night" Jennifer Getzinger Henry Alonso Myers February 4, 2013 (2013-02-04) 3X7304 1.51[4]
When Carrie is invited to a Halloween party in the city by Larissa, she decides to invite Walt to go with her to keep her company. Carrie is then forced to babysit Larissa, who has clearly taken too many drugs. Walt finds himself in an uncomfortable position after a male party guest kisses him. Elsewhere, Maggie convinces Mouse to go with her to Sebastian's Halloween party at the diner to help keep tabs on him. Mouse and Sebastian end up bonding and smoking marijuana, but almost get in trouble when the cop Maggie's been seeing shows up at the party. After Dorrit's attempt to sneak out of the house is thwarted, she discovers hanging out with her father isn't so bad. Walt, in an act of confusion about his sexuality, loses his virginity to Maggie.
5
5 "Dangerous Territory" Norman Buckley Amy B. Harris February 11, 2013 (2013-02-11) 3X7305 1.20[5]
Carrie runs into an old friend, George Silver (Richard Kohnke), at her internship and gets invited to his mother's dinner soiree in Manhattan, but her lingering feelings for Sebastian get in her way, until she sees him kissing another girl who happens to be her arch-rival, Donna. Mouse is excited about getting back together with Seth, but her worries about being bad at sex drive her to ask Walt for help. In order to hang on to a booth at the diner, Maggie takes on the cynical and vain Donna and her friends. Elsewhere, Tom loses his wedding ring, which makes him realize that Harlan might be right about moving on, accepting his wife’s death and starting to date again.
6
6 "Endgame" David Paymer Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin February 18, 2013 (2013-02-18) 3X7306 1.08[6]
On Thanksgiving, Carrie gets in way over her head when she tries to cook the perfect dinner for her family, as well as make a positive impression on her new boyfriend George and his father Harlan when they show up at the house. Overwhelmed by the cooking, Carrie enlists Mouse to help her set and prepare the turkey. With Tom oblivious to the chaos going on in the kitchen, the misanthropic Dorrit finds a new way to emotionally torture Carrie. Meanwhile, Maggie is excited to have Thanksgiving dinner with Walt's family, but when the topic of college comes up she realizes that she hasn't put much thought into her future. Elsewhere, Sebastian learns that his neglectful and divorced mother has decided to fly out of town with her much younger boyfriend, leaving him to fend for himself on Thanksgiving with nothing but a bottle of Wild Turkey whiskey.
7
7 "Caught" Nanette Burstein Doug Stockstill February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25) 3X7307 1.00[7]
Carrie continues to be torn between her new-found romantic feelings for George and her lingering feelings for Sebastian who is still dating Donna. When Larissa (still unaware that Carrie is a 16-year-old high school junior) offers her a job working at Interview magazine, Carrie must make a decision that will satisfy her own interests. Later, Carrie accompanies George to her school's Winter Wonderland themed dance where she tries to make Sebastian jealous by dancing and flaunting her new-found romance. While making out in the back of a limo, George tries to pressure Carrie into having sex with him, thus causing an end to their relationship. Meanwhile, Mouse feels that her romance with Seth is interfering with her school grades when she gets her very first 'B' on a term paper; she asks her teacher to take on an extra credit work to gain an 'A', but cannot meet the deadline in order to accompany Seth to the Winter Wonderland dance. Maggie is forced to attend the dance solo as Walt is sick, which leads her to seek company with her secret lover, Deputy Simon Byrnes. When Donna catches Maggie with Simon, she blackmails Maggie, forcing her to be her spy against Carrie. Elsewhere, Tom accompanies Dorrit to a local production of The Nutcracker in an attempt to bond with her, despite his lack of interest in the arts.
8
8 "Hush Hush" Amy Heckerling Marc Halsey March 4, 2013 (2013-03-04) 3X7308 1.10[8]
When she receives an invitation from Larissa to a hip party in New York City, Carrie decides to take advantage of her school's annual senior-junior shut-in to sneak out to the city to have some fun. After Sebastian ends his relationship with Donna, he seeks Mouse's advice to help him seek out Carrie to tell her how he really feels. Meanwhile, Maggie refuses to cave into Donna's blackmail and decides to tell Walt about her unfaithfulness before he learns it from Donna, but she keeps chickening out on telling him. Elsewhere, Tom accompanies Harlan on a double date in the city. Everything comes to a head when Tom and Carrie run into each other at the club, which brings Carrie's secret world crashing down.
9
9 "The Great Unknown" Janice Cooke Amy B. Harris March 11, 2013 (2013-03-11) 3X7309 1.03[9]
With Carrie forbidden from going to New York City ever again, she is told to look after Dorrit for the evening. When Dorrit goes missing, Carrie seeks out (as well as lashes out at) Sebastian, the one person who can help her find Dorrit before their father comes home. Meanwhile, the overachieving Mouse butts heads with West (guest star R.J. Brown), a popular jock who took her spot as number one student in the class. Donna focuses her sights on Walt to dig her venomous claws into him as her latest boy-toy, but Walt refuses her advances. However, both Walt and Donna end up surprising themselves by confiding in each other their secrets with Walt telling Donna about his confused sexual interests and Donna telling Walt about her older brother who is gay. Elsewhere, Tom finds himself in uncharted territory when it comes to women and turns to Larissa for advice.
10
10 "The Long and Winding Road Not Taken" Michael Fields Terri Minsky March 18, 2013 (2013-03-18) 3X7310 0.99[10]
As Carrie's 17th birthday draws near, she is torn between spending the day with her friends (and a possible chance to lose her virginity with Sebastian) or an opportunity to mingle with New York's literati at a party with Larissa. Meanwhile, Mouse's continuing conflict with West brings out an uncharacteristic vindictive side to her as she sets out to try to impress a visiting Harvard alumnus in order to land a scholarship that West also wants. Donna attempts to bully Carrie into giving her a stylish new purse that Interview magazine advertises. Maggie attempts to romantically get back together with Walt who accepts her apology for being unfaithful, but refuses claiming that he just wants to be friends, which Maggie misinterprets as a sign that Walt does not love her anymore. Carrie decides to attend Larissa's party but after Sebastian drops out, she takes Walt with her instead. Carrie sees Walt interacting and becoming more friendly with Bennet (the guy who kissed Walt on Halloween), but keeps it to herself. Dorrit goes to a video store to buy a record for Carrie's birthday and is caught shoplifting cassettes. The teenage store clerk lets her off with a warning. An angered Dorrit leaves without taking her record. In the evening, their father catches her trying to pass off one of their mother's records as a gift. He forces her to go back to the record store to get a gift. At the record store she and the clerk chat, and Dorrit gets her first kiss. Meanwhile, Sebastian crashes the party and gets drunk and so Carrie is forced to drive him home in order to avoid causing a scene. Carrie finally gets to see the mansion where Sebastian lives and sees first-hand his unhappy home life when she meets his vain and selfish mother.
11
11 "Identity Crisis" Jann Turner Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin March 25, 2013 (2013-03-25) 3X7311 0.83[11]
It is spring break and Carrie uses the entire week to work at Interview to please Larissa and secure her summer job at the magazine with pay. She answers Larissa's phone and takes a message to pick up a package for Andy Warhol. Two hours pass and Larissa still hasn't returned so Carrie takes matters into her own hands so she won't lose her job in Manhattan. Mouse is doing her best to be a productive manager for the basketball team, but accidentally causes a fight between two of the players. Carrie pretends to be Larissa and is almost attacked by the deliverer of the package's girlfriend, who Larissa is sleeping with. Sebastian and Maggie see Carrie's dad making out with a woman he met at a yoga class. Walt, Bennet and Carrie go to deliver the package to Andy, and find he is in an underground secret club that changes location every week. Elsewhere, Mouse hatches an idea from Donna to get herself fired and be the common enemy of the basketball players for them to make up and stop the fight. West says he will miss Mouse and she realizes that they are not just academic enemies after all. Carrie gave the package that contained Andy Warhol's wig to his assistant and is praised for getting the package really early. Sebastian and Maggie agree not to tell Carrie about what they saw and Mr. Bradshaw realizes that he is ready to date.
12
12 "A First Time for Everything" Patrick Norris Henry Alonso Myers April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01) 3X7312 0.87[12]
When Carrie inadvertently complicates things with Sebastian, she tries to fix it by taking him to Madonna's The Virgin Tour launch party in New York, but in her quest for the perfect night only makes things worse. Meanwhile, despite Mouse's best efforts to avoid West, she can't seem to deny the romantic sparks flying between them. Dorrit turns to Donna for advice about her budding love life. Elsewhere, Tom has an awkward encounter when he spends the night with his new girlfriend Deb.
13
13 "Kiss Yesterday Goodbye" Andy Wolk Amy B. Harris April 8, 2013 (2013-04-08) 3X7313 1.00[13]
As the school year draws to an end, Carrie, Maggie, Walt and Mouse don't have dates for the annual prom. They decide to all go together as a group. Carrie and Sebastian get back together. However, once Maggie accidentally tells Carrie about Carrie's father and his "date" she gets upset with Sebastian. She decides to break up with him saying that their relationship is too complex. Meanwhile, Mouse explains how her parents are racist and don't want Mouse to go to the prom, or date anyone, who's not Chinese royalty so she can't go with West. Dorrit has sex with Miller, and Mr. Bradshaw decides not to date a woman because he knows his daughters wouldn't like it. Maggie finds out from Sebastian that Walt is gay and gets mad at him for lying to her. Therefore, everyone decides not to go to the junior prom because it would be too awkward. Mouse, on the other hand, has to go with her third cousin Eugene. She finds out, however, that her family were peasants not royalty, and goes to find West to go to prom with him instead. Carrie and Walt go to Larissa's going-away party in Manhattan. Larissa convinces Carrie to go back to Sebastian. Little does she know that Sebastian and Maggie are in a bar drunk and they kiss. Carrie goes to Sebastian's house and sleeps over without knowing this, although they don't have sex. The next day, Carrie goes home and finds out what happened when Maggie tells her. Upset, Carrie tells Maggie that they aren't friends anymore. Carrie then tells her father that she doesn't mind if her dad has moved on and is dating. Mouse introduces West to her parents. At the end, Carrie and Walt move to Manhattan for the summer to live in Larissa's loft.
Ratings[edit]
DVR viewers[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
18–49 rating
Viewers
(millions)
18-49 rating
increase
18-49 total
1 "Pilot" January 14, 2013 (2013-01-14) 0.6 1.61 N/A N/A
2 "Lie With Me" January 21, 2013 (2013-01-21) 0.5 1.27 0.2 0.7[14]
3 "Read Before Use" January 28, 2013 (2013-01-28) 0.5 1.38 0.2 0.7[15]
4 "Fright Night" February 4, 2013 (2013-02-04) 0.7 1.51 0.2 0.9[16]
5 "Dangerous Territory" February 11, 2013 (2013-02-11) 0.5 1.20 N/A N/A
6 "Endgame" February 18, 2013 (2013-02-18) 0.4 1.08 0.2 0.6[17]
7 "Caught" February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25) 0.4 1.00 0.2 0.6[18]
8 "Hush Hush" March 4, 2013 (2013-03-04) 0.4 1.10 0.3 0.7[19]
9 "The Great Unknown" March 11, 2013 (2013-03-11) 0.4 1.03 N/A N/A
10 "The Long and Winding Road Not Taken" March 18, 2013 (2013-03-18) 0.4 0.99 0.2 0.6[20]
11 "Identity Crisis" March 25, 2013 (2013-03-25) 0.4 0.83 N/A N/A
12 "A First Time For Everything" April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01) 0.3 0.87 0.2 0.5[21]
13 "Kiss Yesterday Goodbye" April 8, 2013 (2013-04-08) 0.4 1.00 0.2 0.6[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 15, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'How I Met Your Mother,' 'The Bachelor' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 23, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 29, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: '90210' Adjusted Up; 'Deception' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 5, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Biggest Loser', 'Bones', '2 Broke Girls', & 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up; 'Deception' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 12, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: '2 Broke Girls' & 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up; 'The Carrie Diaries' & 'Deception' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 20, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Bones', 'Rules of Engagement', '2 Broke Girls', 'The Following', 'Castle' & 'Mike and Molly' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 26, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Biggest Loser', 'Rules of Engagement', '2 Broke Girls' & 'The Following' Adjusted Up; 'How I Met Your Mother' & 'The Carrie Diaries' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 5, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor' & 'The Biggest Loser' Adjusted Up; 'Carrie Diaries' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 12, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor', 'The Biggest Loser', 'Rules of Engagement' & 'The Following' Adjusted Up; 'Deception' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 19, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Dancing With the Stars', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'The Biggest Loser', 'Bones', 'Rules of Engagement', '2 Broke Girls', & 'The Following' Adjusted Up; 'The Carrie Diaries' & 'Deception' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 26, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice', 'Dancing With the Stars', '2 Broke Girls', 'Rules of Engagement', & 'Hawaii Five-O' Adjusted Up; 'Revolution' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 2, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Dancing With The Stars' Adjusted Up; 'Revolution' & 'The Carrie Diaries' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 9, 2013). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; 'Revolution' Adjusted Down + Basketball Finals". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Again Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gains; 'Nashville' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 18
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Gain; 'Hart of Dixie' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase, 'Elementary' Scores Biggest Viewership Rise in Week 19
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; 'Revenge' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 20
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; '90210' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 22
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 23
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 24
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Following' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase; 'Castle' Wins Total Viewership Gains & 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 26
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains, 'Grimm' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 28
Jump up ^ Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase & 'The Following' Tops Total Viewership Gains in Week 29
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