text:
Youth & Consequences
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Youth & Consequences
Genre
Comedy-drama
Created by
Jason Ubaldi
Written by
Jason Ubaldi
Starring
Anna Akana
Sean Grandillo
Katie Sarife
Sophie Reynolds
Kara Royster
Piper Curda
Savannah Jayde
Composer(s)
WAZ
Jamie Jackson
Al Sgro
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
8 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jesse Hara
Tom Spriggs
Anna Akana
Jason Ubaldi
Nicholas Pepper
Mark Gordon
Blair Singer
Wendy Stanzler (ep. 1 & 2)
Cinematography
John Wakayama Carey
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
26–34 minutes
Production company(s)
The Mark Gordon Company
Release
Original network
YouTube Red
Picture format
4K (UHDTV)
Original release
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07) – present
Youth & Consequences is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Jason Ubaldi and starring Anna Akana, Sean Grandillo, and Piper Curda. It premiered on March 7, 2018 on YouTube Red.
The series is executive produced by Ubaldi and Akana along with Mark Gordon, Nick Pepper, Blair Singer, Tom Spriggs and Jesse Hara.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
4.4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Premiere
6 Reception
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Youth & Consequences follows "powerful teen trendsetter Farrah Cutney, who is the queen of Central Rochester High struggling to keep her place in the firmament of power as rivals rise all around her".[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Anna Akana as Farrah Cutney
Sean Grandillo as Colin Cowher
Katie Sarife as Sara Hurley
Sophie Reynolds as Plain Jane
Kara Royster as Jayne
Piper Curda as Grace Ho[a]
Savannah Jayde as Stacey Moorehead
Recurring[edit]
Mike Gray as Ilo Hampton
Moses Storm as Hook
Marcia Cross as Principal Cowher
Sumalee Montano as Kate Cutney
Brando White as Will
Ashley Parker as Hannah
Karan Brar as Dipankar Gosh
Abigail Snarr as Kendra
Melanie Nelson as Superintendent Moorehead
Allie Rae Treharne as Hope
Jennifer Grzybowski as Lynn
Austin Grant as Tripp
Cary Elwes as Joel Cutney
Gabriel Eckert as Gabe
Tristan B. Johnson as Jack
Darien Willardson as Brandon Swain
Notes
Jump up ^ Credited among the main cast beginning with the second episode
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"The Hanging Chadwick: Part 1" Wendey Stanzler Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
2
"The Hanging Chadwick: Part 2" Wendey Stanzler Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
3
"Gender Fluidity" Anya Adams Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
4
"Wednesday Night Lights" Anya Adams Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
5
"Narc-ish" Tessa Hoffe Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
6
"Tiger Strong" Tessa Hoffe Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
7
"Crotch Riot" Kimberly McCullough Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
8
"The Fall From Grace" Kimberly McCullough Jason Ubaldi March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On October 18, 2017, it was announced that YouTube had given the production a series order to consist of a first season of eight half hour episodes. Anna Akana and Jason Ubaldi began developing the series with YouTube in January 2017 through its partnership with the Sundance Institute. Ubaldi created and wrote the series, with Akana executive producing. The Mark Gordon Company is producing the show, with Gordon signed on to executive produce alongside Nick Pepper, Blair Singer, Tom Spriggs and Jesse Hara. Singer will serve as the series' showrunner and Wendey Stanzler is set to direct the pilot episode.[2][3]
Casting[edit]
Alongside the initial series announcement, it was reported that Akana would play the series' lead role of Farrah Cutney. Other actors set for the main cast include Sean Grandillo, Katie Sarife, Kara Royster, Sophie Reynolds, Piper Curda, and Savannah Jayde. It was also announced that Marcia Cross would join the cast in a recurring capacity and Cary Elwes would appear in a guest role.[2][3]
On December 19, 2017, it was announced that Moses Storm had joined the series in the recurring role of Hook.[1]
Filming[edit]
Production for the first season took place in Ogden, Utah between August and September 2017. Scenes taking place at school were filmed at Ogden High School. It was reported that if further seasons of the show were produced then filming would occur at the school during summer months only.[4]
The Ogden School District received $67,500 for letting the production film at Ogden High School. The payment was set to be split, with $37,500 going to the district and the rest going directly to the high school.[5]
Music[edit]
The series' score was composed by husband-wife composing duo Waz and Jamie Jackson, known as WAZ-Jackson. The pair spent three months working on the show from October to December 2017. The composers have mentioned how showrunner Jason Ubaldi managed to create characters with multiple dimensions. Wanting to reflect that, Waz and Jackson decided to write the score in such a manner as to support all of those layers through an array of different musical genres. Given that much of the show takes place in a high school, they used the driving energy of a marching band drumline to keep the momentum going from scene to scene. They also used modern electronic percussion, vibes, and mellotron to keep the show's sound youthful and quirky. When heartfelt moments would occur in the storyline, they were supported by ethereal piano, synth, and electric guitar pieces. Unlike other series that WAZ-Jackson have scored, Youth & Consequences was ordered straight-to-series. This meant that while they were developing the overall musical sound for the show in the pilot episode, they were also sent episodes 102 and 103 as well. Given that the composing process for the show was moving at such a rapid pace the duo brought Al Sgro on board to help with the score.[6]
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
On January 13, 2018, the series' producers appeared at the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour during a panel discussion of the show. Akana was reported as having said, "I think the thing that drew me to the script the most was that her motivations to the audience are never really clear. Jason did a beautiful job of using the Mean Girls construct for you to kind of wonder, 'Is she self-serving or is she actually serving an agenda that's for other people?' I think that's the beauty of the complexity in a high school story — is that people's motivations aren't necessarily purely selfish or purely for someone else."[7]
On February 7, 2018, YouTube released the first clip from the series and a collection of still images.[8] A few days later on February 12, the series' first teaser trailer was released[9] and a few days after that YouTube released the full-length trailer and announced a premiere date of March 7, 2018.[10]
Premiere[edit]
On February 28, 2018, the series held a screening event in Los Angeles, California.[11]
Reception[edit]
In a positive review, Common Sense Media's Joyce Slaton praised the series saying, "Circling around a power-hungry school clique, this teen dramedy is intriguing, mean-spirited and entertaining all at once." She went on to say, "The unkindness and less-than-positive messages may convince parents to keep this one on the do-not-watch list. But as a sort of dark high school-set Dangerous Liasons, Youth & Consequences hits the mark and may soon make converts of new viewers. "[12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (December 19, 2017). "'Cobra Kai' Casts Vanessa Rubio; Moses Storm In 'Youth & Consequences'". Deadline. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Jarvey, Natalie (October 18, 2017). "YouTube Red Sets Cast for Mark Gordon-Produced 'Youth & Consequences'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Weiss, Geoff (October 18, 2017). "Anna Akana To Headline YouTube Red Teen Dramedy 'Youth & Consequences' - Tubefilter". Tubefilter. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burleson, Anna (August 17, 2017). "Web series filming at Ogden High School for several weeks". Standard-Examiner. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burleson, Anna (August 22, 2017). "Ogden schools get $67,500 payment for filming crew's use of Ogden High". Standard-Examiner. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Moore, Dan (February 28, 2018). "Composing duo WAZ-Jackson talks scoring upcoming Life Sentence and Youth & Consequences - Nerd Reactor". Nerd Reactor. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Blyth, Antonia (January 13, 2018). "YouTube 'Youth & Consequences' Star Anna Akana: Young Vloggers Are Too Focused On Fame — TCA". Deadline. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Keene, Allison (February 7, 2018). "Exclusive: First 'Youth & Consequences' Clip Reveals Anna Akana's YouTube Red Series". Collider. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rearick, Lauren (February 14, 2018). "This New TV Show Is Perfect for Every "Mean Girls" Fan". Teen Vogue. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 15, 2018). "'Youth & Consequences' Trailer: Anna Akana Takes Control In YouTube's Teen Dramedy". Deadline. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Red Originals Series "Youth & Consequences" Screening Event". Getty Images. February 28, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Slaton, Joyce. "Youth & Consequences - TV Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
External links[edit]
Youth & Consequences on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
YouTube Premium original programming
Current
Foursome (since 2016)
Escape the Night (since 2016)
Fight of the Living Dead (since 2016)
Rhett and Link's Buddy System (since 2016)
Mind Field (since 2017)
Squad Wars (since 2017)
Me and My Grandma (since 2017)
DanTDM Creates a Big Scene (since 2017)
Kings of Atlantis (since 2017)
Run, BIGBANG Scout! (since 2017)
Furze World Wonders (since 2017)
Lifeline (since 2017)
Ryan Hansen Solves Crimes on Television (since 2017)
Do You Want To See a Dead Body? (since 2017)
Ultimate Expedition (since 2018)
I'm Poppy (since 2018)
Step Up: High Water (since 2018)
Youth & Consequences (since 2018)
Cobra Kai (since 2018)
Former
Scare PewDiePie (2016)
Bad Internet (2016)
Sing It! (2016)
MatPat's Game Lab (2016)
Prank Academy (2016)
Single by 30 (2016)
Paranormal Action Squad (2016)
Good Game (2017)
Upcoming
Dallas & Robo (2018)
Impulse (2018)
Best Shot (2018)
Liza on Demand (2018)
Origin (2018)
Swipe Right (2018)
Wayne (2018)
Untitled Adam Pally/Sam Richardson comedy series (2019)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youth_%26_Consequences&oldid=841717981"
Categories:
2010s American comedy-drama television series
English-language television programs
2018 American television series debuts
YouTube Red original series
Hidden categories:
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 17 May 2018, at 16:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value: li

value: ul

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/The_Mark_Gordon_Company
mw-redirect
The Mark Gordon Company

values:
/wiki/YouTube_Red
mw-redirect
YouTube Red

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6453190/
external text

values: List of original programs distributed by YouTube Premium

values:
/wiki/DanTDM_Creates_a_Big_Scene
mw-redirect
DanTDM Creates a Big Scene

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:2010s American comedy-drama television series

values: Category:2018 American television series debuts

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Youth_%26_Consequences
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Youth_Consequences rootpage-Youth_Consequences skin-vector action-view


text:
Compromise of 1850
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Before the compromise:
(Gold Rush) California applies to become a free state
Texas claims territory as far as the Rio Grande
New Mexico resists Texas, applies to become a free state
Territorial results of the Compromise:
California is admitted as a free state
Texas trades some territorial claims for debt relief
New Mexico becomes New Mexico Territory with slavery undecided
The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The compromise, drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, reduced sectional conflict. Controversy arose over the Fugitive Slave provision. The Compromise was greeted with relief, but each side disliked some of its specific provisions:
Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico as well as its claims north of 36°30'. It retained the Texas Panhandle, and the federal government took over the state's public debt.
California was admitted as a free state, with its current boundaries.
The South prevented adoption of the Wilmot Proviso that would have outlawed slavery in the new territories,[1] and the new Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory were allowed, under popular sovereignty, to decide whether to allow slavery in their borders. In practice, these lands were generally unsuited to plantation agriculture, and their settlers were uninterested in slavery.
The slave trade, but not slavery altogether, was banned in the District of Columbia.
A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law was enacted.
The Compromise became possible after the sudden death of President Zachary Taylor, who, although a slave owner, wanted to exclude slavery from the Southwest. Whig leader Henry Clay designed a compromise, which failed to pass in early 1850 because of opposition by both pro-slavery southern Democrats, led by John C. Calhoun, and anti-slavery northern Whigs. Upon Clay's instruction, Douglas then divided Clay's bill into several smaller pieces and narrowly won their passage, over the opposition of radicals on both sides.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Various proposals
2.1 Final proposed compromise
3 Division of Whigs
4 Debate and results
5 Implications
6 Issues
6.1 Texas
6.2 New Mexico and Utah Territories
6.3 California
6.4 Fugitive Slave Law
6.5 End of slave trade in District of Columbia
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Background[edit]
Free states in early 1850
Slave states (without Texas' claims to New Mexico)
Territories (later state borders, Gadsden Purchase)
Missouri Compromise Line 36°30'
Events leading to
the American Civil War
Slavery
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Battle of Negro Fort
Missouri Compromise
Tariff of 1828
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification Crisis
The Amistad
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Manifest destiny
Underground Railroad
Nashville Convention
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Ostend Manifesto
Bleeding Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The Impending Crisis of the South
Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern States
Star of the West
Corwin Amendment
Battle of Fort Sumter
v
t
e
Soon after the start of the Mexican War, when the extent of the contested territories was still unclear, the question of whether to allow slavery in those territories polarized the Northern and the Southern United States in the most bitter sectional conflict until then. A state the size of Texas attracted interest from both state residents and pro-slavery and anti-slavery camps on a national scale. Texas claimed land north of the 36°30' demarcation line for slavery, set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise.
The Texas Annexation resolution had required that if any new states were formed out of Texas' lands, those north of the Missouri Compromise line would become free states.[2]
According to historian Mark Stegmaier, "The Fugitive Slave Act, the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia, the admission of California as a free state, and even the application of the formula of popular sovereignty to the territories were all less important than the least remembered component of the Compromise of 1850—the statute by which Texas relinquished its claims to much of New Mexico in return for federal assumption of the debts."[3]
Stegmaier also refers to "the principal Southern demand for a division of California at the line of 35° north latitude" and says that "Southern extremists made clear that a congressionally mandated division of California figured uppermost on their agenda."[4]
During the deadlock of four years, the Second Party System broke up, Mormon pioneers settled Utah, the California Gold Rush settled northern California, and New Mexico under a federal military government turned back Texas's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande. The eventual compromise preserved the Union but only for another decade.
Various proposals[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Proposals in 1846 to 1850 on the division of the Southwest included the following:
The Wilmot Proviso banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico, not including Texas, which had been annexed the previous year. It passed the House in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate. Later, an effort failed to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The Extension of the Missouri Compromise line was proposed by failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas to extend the Missouri Compromise line (36°30' parallel north) west to the Pacific (south of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California) to allow the possibility of slavery in most of present-day New Mexico and Arizona, and Southern California. That line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850.
Popular sovereignty, developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the position of the Democratic Party, was to let each territory decide itself whether to allow slavery.
William L. Yancey's "Alabama Platform", endorsed by the Alabama and the Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia, called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories by the federal government or territorial governments before statehood, opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty, and federal legislation to overrule Mexican anti-slavery laws.
Two free states were proposed by Zachary Taylor, who served as President from March 1849 to July 1850. As President, he proposed that the entire area become two free states, called California and New Mexico but much larger than the ones today. None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory, which would avoid the question of slavery in the territories.
Changing Texas's borders was proposed by Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850. Texas's western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west and the 34th parallel north.
Two southern states were proposed by Senator John Bell, with the assent of Texas, in February 1850. New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north, including today's Texas Panhandle, while the area to the south, including the southeastern part of today's New Mexico, would be divided at the Colorado River of Texas into two Southern states, balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states.[5]
The first draft of the compromise of 1850 had Texas's northwestern boundary be a straight, diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles north of El Paso to the Red River (Mississippi watershed) at the 100th meridian west, the southwestern corner of today's Oklahoma.
Final proposed compromise[edit]
"The United States Senate, A.D. 1850" (engraving by Peter F. Rothermel):
Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Vice President Millard Fillmore presides as John C. Calhoun (to the right of the Speaker's chair) and Daniel Webster (seated to the left of Clay) look on.
On January 29, 1850, Whig Senator Henry Clay gave a speech for compromise on the issues dividing the Union. However, Clay's specific proposals for achieving a compromise, including his idea for Texas's boundary, were not adopted in a single bill.[6] Upon Clay's urging, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat of Illinois, divided Clay's bill into several smaller bills and passed each separately. When he instructed Douglas, Clay was nearly dead and unable to guide the congressional debate any further. The Compromise came to coalesce around a plan dividing Texas at its present-day boundaries, creating territorial governments with "popular sovereignty", without the Wilmot Proviso, for New Mexico and Utah, admitting California as a free state, abolishing the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and enacting a new fugitive slave law.
The Compromise of 1850 was formally proposed by Clay and guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition. It was enacted September 1850 with the following terms:
California admitted as a free state.
Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory organized with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty.
Texas dropped its claim to land north of the 32nd parallel north and west of the 103rd meridian west in favor of New Mexico Territory, and north of the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west which became unorganized territory. Texas's boundaries were set at their present form. Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal[7] in which Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present-day New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt.[8][9] El Paso, where Texas had established county government, was left in Texas.
Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia but not slavery itself.
The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened.
Division of Whigs[edit]
Most Northern Whigs, led by William Henry Seward, who delivered his famous "Higher Law" speech during the controversy, opposed the Compromise as well because it would apply the Wilmot Proviso to the western territories and because of the pressing of ordinary citizens into duty on slave-hunting patrols. That provision was inserted by Democratic Virginia Senator James M. Mason to entice border-state Whigs, who faced the greatest danger of losing slaves as fugitives but were lukewarm on general sectional issues related to the South on Texas's land claims.[10]
Zachary Taylor avoided the issue as the Whig candidate during the 1848 US presidential election but then as President, he attempted to sidestep the entire controversy by pushing to admit California and New Mexico as free states immediately to avoid the entire territorial process and the Wilmot Proviso question. Taylor was one of the few Southerners to support that idea.[11]
Northern Democrats and Southern Whigs supported the Compromise. Southern Whigs, many of whom were from the border states, supported the stronger fugitive slave law.
Debate and results[edit]
An animation showing slave and free states and territories, 1789–1861
On April 17, a "Committee of Thirteen" agreed on the border of Texas as part of Clay's plan. The dimensions were later changed. That same day, during debates on the measures in the Senate, Vice President Fillmore and Senator Benton verbally sparred, with Fillmore charging that the Missourian was "out of order," During the heated debates, Compromise floor leader Henry S. Foote of Mississippi drew a pistol on Benton.
In early June, nine slaveholding Southern states sent delegates to the Nashville Convention to determine their course of action if the compromise passed. While some delegates preached secession, the moderates ruled and proposed a series of compromises, including extending the dividing line designated by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to the Pacific Coast.
The various bills were initially combined into one "omnibus" bill. Despite Clay's efforts, it failed in a crucial vote on July 31, opposed by southern Democrats and by northern Whigs. He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to pass each individual part of the bill. The 73-year-old Clay, however, was physically exhausted from the effects of tuberculosis, which would eventually kill him, began to take their toll. Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport, Rhode Island, and Stephen A. Douglas wrote the separate bills and guided them through the Senate.[12]
The situation had been changed by the sudden death of Taylor and the accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency, on July 9, 1850. Fillmore, anxious to find a quick solution to the conflict in Texas over the border with New Mexico, which threatened to become armed conflict between Texas militia and the federal soldiers, reversed the administration's position late in July and threw its support to the compromise measures.[13] The Northern Democrats held together and supported each of the bills and gained enough Whigs or Southern Democrats to pass all of them. They were signed by Fillmore between September 9 and September 20, 1850.
California was admitted as a free state. It passed the House 150–56.[14][15] It passed the Senate 34–18.[16]
The slave trade was abolished (the sale of slaves, not the institution of slavery) in the District of Columbia.
The Territory of Utah was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty. It passed the House 97–85.[17]
The Territory of New Mexico was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty. It passed the House 108–97.[18] It passed the Senate 30–20.[19]
A harsher Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the Senate 27–12,[20] and by the House 109–76.[21]
Texas gave up much of the western land it claimed and received compensation of $10,000,000 to pay off its national debt.
Clay was still given much of the credit for success. It quieted the controversy between Northerners and Southerners over the expansion of slavery and delayed secession and civil war for another decade. Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi, who had suggested the creation of the Committee of Thirteen, later said, "Had there been one such man in the Congress of the United States as Henry Clay in 1860–'61 there would, I feel sure, have been no civil war."[22]
Implications[edit]
Map of free and slave states c. 1856
The Compromise proved widely popular politically, and both parties committed themselves in their platforms to the finality of the Compromise on sectional issues. The strongest opposition in the South occurred in the states of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, but Unionists soon prevailed, spearheaded by Georgians Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, and Howell Cobb and the creation of the Georgia Platform. The peace was broken only by the divisive Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 introduced by Stephen Douglas, which had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise and led directly to the formation of the Republican Party, whose capture of the national government in 1860 led directly to the secession crisis of 1860–1861.
Many historians argue that the Compromise played a major role in postponing the American Civil War for a decade, while the Northwest was growing more wealthy and more populous and was being brought into closer relations with the Northeast.[23] During that decade, the Whig Party had completely broken down, to be replaced with the new Republican Party dominant in the North and the Democrats in the South.[24]
Others argue that the Compromise only made more obvious the pre-existing sectional divisions and laid the groundwork for future conflict. They view the Fugitive Slave Law as helping to polarize the US, as shown in the enormous reaction to Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law aroused feelings of bitterness in the North. Furthermore, the Compromise of 1850 led to a breakdown in the spirit of compromise in the United States in the antebellum period, directly before the Civil War. The Compromise exemplifies that spirit, but the deaths of influential senators who worked on the compromise, primarily Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, contributed to the feeling of increasing disparity between the North and South.
The delay of hostilities for ten years allowed the free economy of the northern states to continue to industrialize. The southern states, largely based on slave labor and cash crop production, lacked the ability to industrialize heavily.[25] By 1860, the northern states had added many more miles of railroad, steel production, modern factories, and population to the advantages already possessed in 1850. The North was better able to supply, equip, and man its armed forces, which would prove decisive in the later stages of the war.
Issues[edit]
Three major types of issues were addressed by the Compromise of 1850: a variety of boundary issues, the status of territory issues, and the issue of slavery. While capable of analytical distinction, the boundary and territory issues were actually included in the overarching issue of slavery. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery interests were each concerned with both the amount of land on which slavery was permitted and with the number of States in the slave or free camps. Since Texas was a slave state, not only the residents of that state but also both camps on a national scale had an interest in the size of Texas.
The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by the state to the federal government; to organize two new territories formally, the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would become slave or free territories( to add another free state to the Union (California), to adopt a severe measure to recover slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory (the Fugitive Slave Law); and to abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia.
Proposals for Texas northwestern boundary
Texas[edit]
The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) against Mexico and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. He signed the Treaties of Velasco, which recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary of the Republic of Texas. The treaties were then repudiated by the government of Mexico, which insisted that it was sovereign over Texas and promised to reclaim the lost territories. To the extent that there was a de facto recognition, Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern boundary control. A huge, largely-unsettled area was between the two rivers. Neither Mexico nor the Republic of Texas had the military strength to assert its territorial claim. On December 29, 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States and became the 28th state. Texas was staunchly committed to slavery, with its constitution making illegal for the legislature to free slaves. With the annexation, the United States inherited the territorial claims of the former Republic of Texas against Mexico. The territorial claim to the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande and Mexican resistance to it both led to the Mexican–American War. On February 2, 1848, the war was concluded by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Among its provisos was the recognition by Mexico of the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande as part of the United States.
The Republic of Texas had claimed ownership of the eastern half of present-day New Mexico, along with sections of Colorado, Kansas and Wyoming, but Texas had never effectively controlled the area, which was dominated by hostile Indian tribes (see Comancheria). However, the federal government now controlled the area after 1846. The Compromise of 1850 solved the problem by setting the present boundaries of Texas, in return for $10 million in federal bonds paid to the State of Texas.[26]
The state was heavily burdened with debt, which had been contracted during its struggles as the Republic of Texas. The federal government agreed to pay $10 million of bonds in return for the transfer of a large portion of the claimed area of the state to the territory of the federal government and for the relinquishment of various claims of Texas had on the federal government. (The bonds bore interest at the rate of 5%, which interest was collectible by Texas every six months, and the principal was redeemable at the end of fourteen years.)[27]
The Constitution (Article IV, Section 3) does not permit Congress unilaterally to reduce the territory of any state, so the first part of the Compromise of 1850 had to take the form of an offer to the Texas State Legislature, rather than a unilateral enactment. This ratified the bargain and, in due course, the transfer of a large swath of land from the state of Texas to the federal government was accomplished.
Texas was allowed to keep the following portions of the disputed land: south of the 32nd parallel and south of the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west. The rest of the disputed land was transferred to the Federal Government.
New Mexico and Utah Territories[edit]
New Mexico proposed boundary before Compromise of 1850
The Utah Territory is shown in blue and outlined in black. The boundaries of the provisional State of Deseret are shown with a dotted line.
The first law of the Compromise of 1850 also organized the Territory of New Mexico. The second law, also enacted September 9, 1850, organized the Territory of Utah.
Some of the land had been claimed by the Republic of Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made no mention of the claims of the Republic of Texas; Mexico simply agreed to a Mexico-U.S. border south of both the "Mexican Cession" and the Republic of Texas claims.[28] Before the Compromise of 1850, the disputed land had been claimed but never controlled by the state of Texas. Of importance in 1850 was land included in present-day eastern New Mexico.
From the Mexican Cession, the New Mexico Territory received most of the present-day state of Arizona, most of the western part of the present-day state of New Mexico, and the southern tip of present-day Nevada (south of the 37th parallel). From Texas, the territory received most of present-day eastern New Mexico, a portion of present-day Colorado (east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains, west of the 103rd meridian, and south of the 38th parallel).
From the Mexican Cession, the Utah Territory received present-day Utah, most of present-day Nevada (everything north of the 37th parallel), a major part of present-day Colorado (everything west of the crest of the Rocky Mountains), and a small part of present-day Wyoming. That included the newly founded colony at Salt Lake, of Brigham Young. From Texas, the Utah Territory received most of present-day eastern New Mexico and some of present-day Colorado that is east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains.
A key provision of each of the laws respectively organizing the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah was that slavery would be decided by local option, called popular sovereignty. That was an important repudiation of the idea behind the failure to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.
California[edit]
Map of Mexico. S. Augustus Mitchell, Philadelphia, 1847. New California is depicted with a northeastern border at the meridian leading north of the Rio Grande headwaters.
California was part the Mexican Cession. After the Mexican War, California was essentially run by military governors. President James K. Polk tried to get Congress to establish a territorial government in California officially, but the increasingly-sectional debates prevented that.[29] The South wanted to extend slave territory to Southern California and to the Pacific Coast, but the North did not.
From late 1848, Americans and foreigners of many different countries rushed into California for the California Gold Rush, exponentially increasing the population. In response to growing demand for a better more representative government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates unanimously outlawed slavery. They had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California and splitting the state; the lightly-populated southern half never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic.[30]
The third statute of the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be admitted to the Union, undivided, as a free state on September 9, 1850.[31]
Fugitive Slave Law[edit]
The fourth statute of the Compromise of 1850, enacted September 18, 1850, is informally known as the Fugitive Slave Law, or the Fugitive Slave Act. It bolstered the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. The new version of the Fugitive Slave Law required federal judicial officials in all states and federal territories, including in those states and territories in which slavery was prohibited, to assist with the return of escaped slaves to their masters actively in the states and territories permitting slavery. Any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave was liable to a fine of $1000. Law enforcement everywhere in the US had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a fugitive slave on no more evidence than a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership. Suspected slaves could neither ask for a jury trial nor testify on their own behalf. In addition, any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was to be subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1000 fine. Officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee for their work.
In addition to federal officials, the ordinary citizens of free states could be summoned to join a posse and be required to assist in the capture, custody, and/or transportation of the alleged escaped slave.
The law was so rigorously pro-slavery as to prohibit the admission of the testimony of a person accused of being an escaped slave into evidence at the judicial hearing to determine the status of the accused escaped slave. Thus, if a freedman were claimed to be an escaped slave, they could not resist their return to slavery by truthfully telling their own actual history.
The Fugitive Slave Act was essential to meet Southern demands. In terms of public opinion in the North, the critical provision was that ordinary citizens were required to aid slave catchers. Many northerners deeply resented that requirement to help slavery personally. Resentment towards the Act continued to heighten tensions between the North and South, which were inflamed further by abolitionists such as Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, stressed the horrors of recapturing escaped slaves and outraged Southerners.[32]
End of slave trade in District of Columbia[edit]
The fifth law, enacted on September 20, 1850, prohibited the slave trade but allowed slavery itself in the District of Columbia.[33] Southerners in Congress were unanimous in opposing that provision, which was seen as a concession to the abolitionists, but they were outvoted.[34]
See also[edit]
Uncle Tom's Cabin – a reaction against the Fugitive Slave Law
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which reopened the slavery issue
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (2003) p. 252
Jump up ^ Joint Resolution of Congress, Mar. 1, 1845
Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the compromise of 1850: boundary dispute & sectional conflict. Kent State University Press.
Jump up ^ Stegmaier, p. 172 and p. 177
Jump up ^ W. J. Spillman (January 1904). "ADJUSTMENT OF THE TEXAS BOUNDARY IN 1850". Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association. 7.
Jump up ^ Remini, Robert. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1993) pp 730–61
Jump up ^ Texas State Historical Association. "COMPROMISE OF 1850". The Handbook of Texas.
Jump up ^ Compromise of 1850 from the Handbook of Texas Online
Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online
Jump up ^ John M. Taylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln's right hand (1996) p. 85
Jump up ^ Elbert B. Smith, President Zachary Taylor: the hero president (2007) p. 238
Jump up ^ Eaton (1957) pp. 192–193. Remini (1991) pp. 756–759
Jump up ^ Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (1999), pp. 529–530: "only rapid passage of the omnibus bill appeared to offer a timely escape from the crisis."
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 169. (P.1772-1)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict (University of Kentucky Press, 1965), p. 160
Jump up ^ "ON PASSAGE S. 169". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 225 (9 STAT. 453, APP. 9/9/1850), AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT FOR UTAH. (P.1776-1)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 307. (P.1764-3)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "ON PASSAGE OF THE BILL S. 307. (P. 1555-3)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "ON ORDERING ENGROSSMENT AND 3RD READING OF THE BILL S. 23. (P. 1630-2)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 23. (P.1817-1)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Remini (1991) pp. 761–62
Jump up ^ Robert Remini,The House: A History of the House of Representatives (2006) p. 147
Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Fruits of Merchant Capital (1983).
Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850: Boundary Dispute and Sectional Crisis (1998)
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Holman (1957). "Texas Bonds and Northern Profits: A Study in Compromise, Investment, and Lobby Influence". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Organization of American Historians. 43 (4): 579–94. doi:10.2307/1902274. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1902274 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Handbook of Texas Online: Compromise of 1850". Tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ California and New Mexico: Message from the President of the United States. By United States. President (1849–1850 : Taylor), United States. War Dept (Ex. Doc 17 page 1) Google eBook
Jump up ^ William Henry Ellison. A self-governing dominion, California, 1849–1860 (1950) online
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Larry Gara, "The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox," Civil War History, September 1964, vol. 10#3, pp. 229–240
Jump up ^ David L. Lewis, District of Columbia: A Bicentennial History, (W.W. Norton, 1976), 54-56.
Jump up ^ Damani Davis, "Slavery and Emancipation in the Nation'S Capital," Prologue, Spring 2010, vol. 42#1, pp. 52–59
Sources[edit]
Bell, John Frederick. "Poetry's Place in the Crisis and Compromise of 1850." Journal of the Civil War Era 5#3 (2015): 399–421.
Bordewich, Fergus M. America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union (2012) excerpt and text search
Foster, Herbert D. (1922). "Webster's Seventh of March Speech and the Secession Movement, 1850". American Historical Review. 27 (2): 245–270. doi:10.2307/1836156.
Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. Henry Clay: The Essential American (2010), major scholarly biography; 624 pp.
Hamilton, Holman. Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (1964), the standard historical study
Hamilton, Holman (1954). "Democratic Senate Leadership and the Compromise of 1850". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 41 (3): 403–18. doi:10.2307/1897490. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1897490.
Holman Hamilton. Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House (1951).
Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
Holt, Michael F. The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War (2005).
Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973) (ISBN 0195016203)
William Aloysius Keleher (1951). Turmoil in New Mexico. Santa Fe: Rydal Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-0632-6.
Knupfer, Peter B. "Compromise and Statesmanship: Henry Clay's Union." in Knupfer, The Union As It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787–1861 (1991), pp. 119–57.
Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (1997) (ISBN 0807823198)
Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union (1947) v 2, highly detailed narrative
Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (1977), pp 90–120; Pulitzer Prize
Remini, Robert. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991)
Remini, Robert. At the Edge of the Precipice: Henry Clay and the Compromise That Saved the Union (2010) 184 pages; the Compromise of 1850
Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, vol. i. (1896). complegte text online
Rozwenc, Edwin C. ed. The Compromise of 1850. (1957) convenient collection of primary and secondary documents; 102 pp.
Russel, Robert R. (1956). "What Was the Compromise of 1850?". The Journal of Southern History. Southern Historical Association. 22 (3): 292–309. doi:10.2307/2954547. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 2954547 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Sewell, Richard H. Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States 1837–1860 New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Stegmaier, Mark J. (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850: Boundary Dispute & Sectional Crisis. Kent State University Press.
Wiltse, Charles M. John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 1840–1850 (1951)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Compromise Measures of 1850.
Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850 and related resources from the Library of Congress
Texas Library and Archive Commission Page on 1850 Boundary Act
Smith, William Roy (1911). "Compromise Measures of 1850". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
Map of North America at the time of the Compromise of 1850 at omniatlas.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1850&oldid=815320656"
Categories:
31st United States Congress
1850 in American politics
1850 in California
1850 in New Mexico Territory
1850 in Texas
1850 in Utah Territory
1850 in the United States
1850 in law
History of the United States (1849–65)
History of United States expansionism
Presidency of Millard Fillmore
Pre-statehood history of California
New Mexico Territory
Slavery in the United States
United States federal territory and statehood legislation
Utah Territory
September 1850 events
Hidden categories:
Pages with login required references or sources
Articles needing additional references from January 2013
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Беларуская
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 04:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

values: U.S. provisional government of New Mexico

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Slave_and_free_states
mw-redirect
Slave and free states

values:
/wiki/Stephen_Douglas
mw-redirect
Stephen Douglas

values:
/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%27_north
mw-redirect
Parallel 36°30' north

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #002255; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #d40000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #cccccf; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008800; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

values: United States presidential election, 1860

values: Template:Events leading to American Civil War

values: Template talk:Events leading to American Civil War

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: auto; font-size: 95%;

values:
/wiki/Texas_Annexation
mw-redirect
Texas Annexation

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/36%C2%B030%27_parallel_north
mw-redirect
36°30' parallel north

values:
/wiki/William_L._Yancey
mw-redirect
William L. Yancey

values:
/wiki/Organized_territory
mw-redirect
Organized territory

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)
mw-redirect
Thomas Hart Benton (senator)

values:
/wiki/Colorado_River_of_Texas
mw-redirect
Colorado River of Texas

values:
/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act
mw-redirect
Fugitive Slave Act

values:
/wiki/William_Henry_Seward
mw-redirect
William Henry Seward

values:
/wiki/James_M._Mason
mw-redirect
James M. Mason

values: United States presidential election, 1848

values:
/wiki/Territory_of_Utah
mw-redirect
Territory of Utah

values:
/wiki/Territory_of_New_Mexico
mw-redirect
Territory of New Mexico

values:
/wiki/Alexander_Stephens
mw-redirect
Alexander Stephens

values: History of the United States Republican Party

values:
/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna
mw-redirect
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

values: List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

values: Edit section: New Mexico and Utah Territories

values:
/wiki/Mexico-U.S._border
mw-redirect
Mexico-U.S. border

values:
/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)
mw-redirect
Source (river or stream)

values:
/wiki/US_Marshals_Service
mw-redirect
US Marshals Service

values:
/wiki/Fugitive_slave
mw-redirect
Fugitive slave

values: Edit section: End of slave trade in District of Columbia

values: The Mississippi Valley Historical Review

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1902274

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-391X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1902274

values: The site requires registration to access this page.

values:
/wiki/American_Historical_Review
mw-redirect
American Historical Review

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1836156

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1897490

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1897490

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
/wiki/The_Journal_of_Southern_History
mw-redirect
The Journal of Southern History

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2954547

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4642

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2954547

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Compromise Measures of 1850

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Compromise Measures of 1850

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: Category:History of the United States (1849–65)

values: Category:History of United States expansionism

values: Category:Pre-statehood history of California

values: Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation

values: Category:Pages with login required references or sources

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Compromise_of_1850
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Кампраміс 1850 года – Belarusian

values: مصالحه ۱۸۵۰ – Persian

values: Компромисс 1850 года – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Compromise_of_1850 rootpage-Compromise_of_1850 skin-vector action-view


text:
Ekiti State
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
State in Nigeria
Ekiti
State
Nickname(s): Land of Honour & Integrity, formerly Fountain of Knowledge.

Location of Ekiti State in Nigeria
Coordinates: 7°40′N 5°15′E / 7.667°N 5.250°E / 7.667; 5.250Coordinates: 7°40′N 5°15′E / 7.667°N 5.250°E / 7.667; 5.250
Country
Nigeria
Date created
1 October 1996
Capital
Ado Ekiti
Government
• Governor
(List)
Ayo Fayose (PDP)
• Deputy Governor
Kolapo Olubunmi Olusola Kolapo Olusola
• Senators
Fatimat Raji-Rasaki
Duro Faseyi
Biodun Olujimi
Area
• Total
6,353 km2 (2,453 sq mi)
Area rank
31st of 36
Population (2006 Census)
• Total
2,398,957
• Rank
29th of 36
• Density
380/km2 (980/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Ekitian
GDP (PPP)
• Year
2007
• Total
$2.85 billion[1]
• Per capita
$1,169[1]
Time zone
WAT (UTC+01)
ISO 3166 code
NG-EK
Ekiti is a state in western Nigeria, declared a state on 1st of October 1996 alongside five other states in the country by the military under the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha. As one of the newest states of the Nigerian federation, it was carved out of the territory of old Ondo State, and covers the former 12 local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State. On creation, it had 16 Local Government Areas (LGAs), having had an additional four carved out of the old ones. Ekiti State is one of the 36 states (inc. Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)) that constitute Nigeria and is reputed to have produced the highest number of professors in the country. With a single town in Ekiti State, Okemesi, reputed to have over 30 professors, several pioneer academics also hail from the state, including Adegoke Olubummo (one of the first Nigerian professors in the field of mathematics) and Ekundayo Adeyinka Adeyemi (first Professor of Architecture in Africa, south of the Sahara). Other professors from the state include J. F. Ade Ajayi, Niyi Osundare, Sam Aluko and Prof A. A. Agboola.
Following a prolonged political crisis, President Olusegun Obasanjo imposed a military administrator (General Tunji Olurin) on Ekiti State in October 2006. On 27 April 2007, Olurin was replaced by Tope Ademiluyi. In the PDP primary of 2006, the first-place finisher Yinka Akerele and second-place finisher Prof. Adesegun Ojo were supposed to be in a run-off to determine who would be the nominee of the Nigerian ruling party when President Obasanjo summoned them to Abuja and imposed the candidate who came third, Engineer Segun Oni. He was later elected in the 2007 election as the governor of the state in an election marred by widespread irregularities although the APC candidate, Dr. Kayode Fayemi challenged his election and forced a rerun in May, 2009.[2]
The May 2009 rerun was characterized by even worse rigging and the election was disputed again. Eventually, after three years, the election of Oni was thrown out and Dr. Kayode Fayemi was declared the duly elected governor of Ekiti State.
The prominent private university in Ekiti State is Afe Babalola University, Ado–Ekiti[3] (ABUAD), founded by the legal luminary, philanthropist, seasoned administrator, and farmer Aare Afe Babalola, #SAN.[4] It has become a pillar of support for the state in terms of human capital development and empowerment.
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate and vegetation
4 Towns and administrative divisions
4.1 Local government areas
4.2 Current list of Local Government Area Chairmen.[7]
4.3 Proposed 18 Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) in Ekiti State
5 Demographics
6 Natural resources
7 Notable Ekiti indigenes
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
History[edit]
Ekiti was an independent state prior to the British conquest. It was one of the many Yoruba states in what is today Nigeria. The Ekiti people as a nation and districts of Yoruba race trace some of her progeny to Oduduwa, the father and progenitor of Yoruba race even though good reason appear to establish the existence of aboriginal people in Ekiti region prior to influx of royalty from present day Ile Ife as that kingdom grew and abound.
There are two major schools of thought regarding Ekiti History. First was the story that tied the origin of Ekiti to Ife. The story goes that the Olofin, one of the sons of Oduduwa had 16 children and in the means of searching for the new land to develop, they all journeyed out of Ile-Ife as they walked through the Iwo - Eleru (crave) near Akure and had stop over at a place called Igbo-Aka (forest of termites) closer to Ile-Oluji.
The Olofin, the 16 children and some other beloved people continued with their journey, but when they got to a particular lovely and flat land, the Owa-Obokun (the Monarch of Ijesha land) and Orangun of Ila decided to stay in the present Ijesha and Igbomina land of in Osun state. While the remaining 14 children journeyed onwards and later settled in the present day Ekiti land. They discovered that there were many hills in the place and they said in their mother's language that this is "Ile olokiti" the land of hills. Therefore, the Okiti later blended to Ekiti. So Ekiti derived her name through hills.
It must however be noted, that this history may describe the history of certain royalty in present-day Ekiti, but not all of Ekiti which is made up of 131 Principal towns, with their own royalty and many land-owning communities with no royalty at all. In fact, the invading royalties from the East went on to colonize and transform the aboriginals, distinguishing the Ekiti dialect upon mix-up with the Ife/Oyo tongue of the Yorubas according to Samuel Johnson, the renowned historian of early Yoruba States and Affairs
Second school of thought on Ekiti origin is more likely and grounded in actual history. It was said that Oduduwa, the ancestor of the Yoruba traveled to Ife [Ife Ooyelagbo] where he met people who were already settled there. Among the elders he met in the town were Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe just to mention a few. It is known that descendants of Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] settled in Ekiti, examples being the Alara and Ajero who are sons of Ifa. Orunmila [Agbonniregun] himself spent a greater part of his life at Ado. Due to this, we have the saying ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ [Ado is the home of Ifa]. The Ekiti have ever since settled in their present location.[5]
Nobody can give accurate dates to these events due to the lack of written sources, but people have lived in Ekiti for centuries. It is on record that Ekiti Obas had prosperous reign in the 13th century. An example was the reign of Ewi Ata of Ado-Ekiti in the 1400s.
About the Ekitis, Samuel Johnson had this to say:
"Historically, the Ekitis are among the aboriginal elements of the Nigeria absorbed by the invaders from the East (Yoruba people from Ile Ife). "The term Ekiti denotes a "Mound", and is derived from the rugged mountainous feature of that part of the country. It is an extensive province and well watered, including several tribes and families right on to the border of the Niger, eastward. They hold themselves quite distinct from the Ijesas, especially in political affairs." (Samuel Johnson, The History of the Yoruba, 1921). It is believed that the ancestors of Ekiti people who came to combine with the aboriginal people on the land migrated from Ile Ife, the spiritual home of the Yoruba people. According to oral and contemporary written sources of Yoruba history, Oduduwa, the ancestor of the Yoruba traveled to Ife [Ife Ooyelagbo] where he met people who were already settled there. Among the elders he met in the town were Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe just to mention a few. It is known that descendants of Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] settled in Ekiti, examples being the Alara and Ajero who are sons of Ifa. Orunmila [Agbonniregun] himself spent a greater part of his life at Ado. Due to this, we have the saying ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ [Ado is the home of Ifa]. The Ekiti have ever since settled in their present location. The early Ekiti country is divided into 16 districts (and it has been maintained to this day), each with its own Owa or King (Owa being a generic term amongst them) of which four are supreme, viz. : — (1) The Owore of Otun, (2) The Ajero of Ijero, (3) The Ewi of Ado and (4) The Elekole of Ikole. The following are the minor Ekiti kings : — (5) Alara of Aramoko, (6) Alaye of Efon Alaye, (7) Ajanpanda of Akure, (8) Alagotun of Ogotun, (9) Olojudo of Ido, (10) Ata of Aiyede, (11) Oloja Oke of Igbo Odo, (12) Oloye of Oye, (13) Olomuwo of Omuwo, (14) Onire of Ire, (15) Arinjale of Ise and (16) Onitaji of Itaji. The Orangun of Ila is sometimes classed among them, but he is only Ekiti in sympathy, being of a different family."
The modern Ekiti state was formed from part of Ondo in 1996.[6] Prior to this, it was part of the Ondo Province in Western Region of Nigeria. While the non-Ekiti part of the region largely dominated geographically, Akure which was then regarded as an Ekiti town was the headquarters of Ondo province.
Geography[edit]
The State is mainly an upland zone, rising over 250 meters above sea level. It lies on an area underlain by metamorphic rock. It is generally an undulating part of the country with a characteristic landscape that consists of old plains broken by step-sided out-crops that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges. Such rocks out-crops exist mainly at Aramoko, Efon-Alaiye, Ikere-Ekiti,Igbara-odo- ekiti and Okemesi-Ekiti. The State is dotted with rugged hills, notable ones being Ikere-Ekiti Hills in the south, Efon-Alaiye Hills on the western boundary and Ado-Ekiti Hills in the centre.
Climate and vegetation[edit]
The State enjoys tropical climate with two distinct seasons. These are the rainy season (April–October) and the dry season (November–March). Temperature ranges between 21° and 28 °C with high humidity. The south westerly wind and the northeast trade winds blow in the rainy and dry (Harmattan) seasons respectively. Tropical forest exists in the south, while savannah occupies the northern peripheries.
Towns and administrative divisions[edit]
The people of Ekiti State live mainly in towns. These towns include: Ado, Ikere Ekiti, Awo Ekiti, Ayegbaju Ekiti, Araromi Oke Ekiti, Efon-Alaaye, Aramoko Ekiti, Temidire-Ikole Local Govt, Igede Ekiti, Are Ekiti, Ikole, Ayede, Isan, Iye Ayede, Ire, Ijero, Ayetoro, Ipoti, Igogo, Ise, Itapa, Otun, Usi Ekiti, Ido, Emure, Iyin, Igede, Ilawe, Ode, Oye, Omuo, Ilupeju, Ikoro,Iloro, Ijurin, Ikun, Iye, Ijesa-Isu, Ayedun, Aisegba, Osin, Okemesi, Iworoko, Ifaki Ekiti, Osan, Erinmope, Asin-Ekiti, Orin, Ilogbo Ekiti, Osi, Igbole, Ora, Aye, Ikogosi Erio, Igbara-Odo, Ogotun, Erijiyan Ekiti, Iludun, Ilemeso, Itapaji, Ipao Ekiti, Oke Ako Ekiti, Irele Ekiti, Imojo, Ire Ekiti, Eda Oniyo, Gogo Ekiti, Odooro Ekiti, Ijan Ekiti, Epe Ekiti, Ilasa-Ekiti, Iropora-Ekiti
The complete list of towns (in alphabetical order) is as follows:
Aaye-Ekiti
Aaye-Oja Ekiti
Ado-Ekiti
Afao-Ekiti
Afolu-Ekiti
Agbado-Ekiti
Aisegba-Ekiti
Aiyebode-Ekiti
Aiyede-Ekiti
Aiyegbaju-Ekiti
Aiyegunle-Ekiti
Aiyetoro-Ekiti
Ajaye-Ekiti
Ajebandele-Ekiti
Alafe-Ekiti
Ara-Ijero Ekiti
Ara-lkole Ekiti
Aramoko-Ekiti
Araromi-Iyin Ekiti
Araromi-Oke Ekiti
Araromi-Ekiti
Araromi-Ijero Ekiti
Araromi-Obo Ekiti
Are-Ekiti
Asin-Ekiti
Asole-Ekiti
Awo-Ekiti
Bolorunduro-Ekiti
Eda-Ekiti
Eda-Oniyo Ekiti
Efon-Alaaye
Egbe-Ekiti
Emure-Ekiti
Epe-Ekiti
Eporo-Ekiti
Erijiyan-Ekiti
Erinmope-Ekiti
Erio-Ekiti
Esinmu-Ekiti
Esun-Ekiti
Esure-Ekiti
Ewu-Ekiti
Eyio-Ekiti
Ido-Ekiti
Ido-Ile Ekiti
Ifaki-Ekiti
Ifishin-Ekiti
Igbara-Odo Ekiti
Igbeja-Ekiti
Igbemo-Ekiti
Igbo-Aso Ekiti
Igbogun-Ekiti
Igbole-Ekiti
Igbonna-Ekiti
Igede-Ekiti
Igirigiri-Ekiti
Igogo-Ekiti
Ijan-Ekiti
Ijelu-Ekiti
Ijero-Ekiti
Ijesa-Modu Ekiti
Ijesa-Isu Ekiti
Ijesa-Iye Ekiti
Ijuomoba-Ekiti
Ijurin-Ekiti
Ika-Ekiti
Ikere-Ekiti
Ikogosi-Ekiti
Ikole-Ekiti
Ikoro-Ekiti
Ikosun-Ekiti
Ikota-Ekiti
Ikoyi-Ekiti
Ikun-Ekiti
Ikunri-Ekiti
Ilafon-Ekiti
Ilasa-Ekiti
Ilawe-Ekiti
Ilemoso-Ekiti
Ileona-Ekiti
Ilepu-Ekiti
Ilero-Ekiti
Ilogbo-Ekiti
Ilogun-Ekiti
Iloro-Ekiti
Iludun-Ekiti
Ilukuno-Ekiti
Ilupeju-Ekiti
Ilure-Ekiti
Ipao-Ekiti
Imesi-Ekiti
Imojo-Ekiti
Ipere-Ekiti
Ipole-Iloro Ekiti
Iporo-Ekiti
Ipoti-Ekiti
Irare-Ekiti
Ire-Ekiti
Irele-Ekiti
Iro-Aiyeteju Ekiti
Iro-Ekiti
Iroko-Ekiti
Iropora-Ekiti
Isa-Ekiti
Isaba-Ekiti
Isaoye-Ekiti
Ise-Ekiti
Isinbode-Ekiti
Itaji-Ekiti
Itapa-Ekiti
Itapaji-Ekiti
Itawure-Ekiti
Iworoko-Ekiti
Iyemero-Ekiti
Iyin-Ekiti
Ode-Ekiti
Odo-Oro Ekiti
Odo-Aiyedun Ekiti
Odo-Ekiti
Odofin-Ekiti
Odo-Ora Ekiti
Odo-Owa Ekiti
Ogbese-Ekiti
Ogbese-Ise Ekiti
Ogotun-Ekiti
Oke-Aiyedun Ekiti
Oke-Ako Ekiti
Oke-Ijebu Ekiti
Okemesi-Ekiti
Oke-Ora Ekiti
Oke-Oro-Ekiti
Oloje-Ekiti
Omuo-Ekiti
Ootunja-Ekiti
Ora-Ekiti
Oran-Igbemo Ekiti
Orin-Odo Ekiti
Orin-Ekiti
Orun-Ekiti
Osain-Ekiti
Osi-Ekiti
Osin-Ikole Ekiti
Osun-Ekiti
Otun-Ekiti
Owode-Ekiti
Owosi-Ekiti
Oye-Ekiti
Temidire-Ekiti
Temidire-Ikole Ekiti
Usi-Ekiti
Usin-Ekiti
Local government areas[edit]
Ekiti State consists of sixteen Local Government Areas. They are:
Ado-Ekiti
Ikere
Oye
Aiyekire (Gbonyin)
Efon
Ekiti East
Ekiti South-West
Ekiti West
Emure
Ido-Osi
Ijero
Ikole
Ilejemeje
Irepodun/Ifelodun
Ise/Orun
Moba
Current list of Local Government Area Chairmen.[7][edit]
Proposed 18 Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) in Ekiti State[edit]
The Ekiti State Government in 2014, prior to the exit of the immediate past Governor Fayemi, was to create additional 18 LCDAs based on the recommendations of the White Paper Committee set up by the government. This has, however, been cancelled by Governor Ayo Fayose.
Demographics[edit]
Ekitis are culturally homogeneous and they speak a dialect of Yoruba language known as Ekiti. The homogeneous nature of Ekiti confers on the state some uniqueness among the states of the federation. Slight differences are noticeable in the Ekiti dialects of the Yoruba language spoken by the border communities to other states. For example, the people of Ado local government area do not speak exactly the same dialect with the people of Ijero Local government area, while the people of Ikole area speak something different from the people of Ikere area. The communities influenced by their locations include Otun (Moba land) that speaks a dialect close to the one spoken by the Igbominas in Kwara State. The people of Oke-Ako, Irele, Omuo speak a similar dialect to that of Ijesas of Osun State. However, part of the uniqueness of the Ekitis is that wherever is your own part of the state, you will understand well, when the other Ekiti[3] man/woman speaks, in spite of the dialectal variations. In addition, all towns in Ekiti State take a common suffix, “Ekiti,” after their names. The main staple food of the people of Ekiti is pounded yam with Isapa soup or vegetable soup.
Not all parts of Ekiti are today part of Ekiti state. Historical Ekiti includes Akure as documented by Samuel Johnson, and also parts of Ekiti LGA in Kwara State. Indeed, Ijeshaland being part of Ekiti Parapo is also in Osun State.
Natural resources[edit]
Ekiti land is naturally endowed with numerous natural resources. The state is potentially rich in mineral deposits. These include granite, kaolinite, columbite, channockete, iron ore, baryte, aquamine, gemstone, phosphate, limestone, gold among others. They are largely deposited in different towns and villages of Ijero, Ekiti West, Ado - Ekiti, Ikole, Ikere, Ise-Ekiti and other Local Government Areas.
The Land is also blessed with water resources, some of its major rivers are Ero, Osun, Ose, and Ogbese. More so, a variety of tourist attractions abound in the state namely, Ikogosi Warm Springs; Arinta Water Falls; Olosunta and Orole hills of Ikere; Fajuyi Memorial Park of Ado - Ekiti and so on. The Ikogosi tourist centre is the most popular and the most developed. The warm spring is a unique natural feature, and supporting facilities are developed in the centre. The spring is at present, being processed and packaged into bottled water for commercial purpose by a private company - UAC Nigeria.
Moreover, the land is buoyant in agricultural resources with cocoa as its leading cash crop. It was largely known that Ekiti land constituted well over 40% of the cocoa products of the famous old Western Region. The land is also known for its forest resources, notably timber. Because of the favourable climatic conditions, the land enjoys luxuriant vegetation, thus, it has abundant resources of different species of timber. Food crops such as yam, cassava, and also grains like rice and maize are grown in large qualities. Other notable crops such as kola nut and varieties of fruits are also cultivated in commercial quantities.
Notable Ekiti indigenes[edit]
Segun Oni: Politician and Ex-Governor, Ekiti
Ayo Fayose: State Governor
Bolaji Aluko: Professor
Gbenga Aluko: Senator
Babafemi Ojudu: Senator, Current Special Adviser to President
Femi Falana: Senior Advocate of Nigeria, Activist
Falz: Musician
Afe Babalola: Senior Advocate of Nigeria, Philanthropist
Niyi Adebayo: Former Governor, First Executive Governor of Ekiti State
Kayode Fayemi: Former Governor, Current Minister Cabinet
Adekunle Fajuyi: First & Former Governor, Western Region
Robert Adeyinka Adebayo: Former Governor, Western Region
Alhaji Abdul Azeez Kolawole Adeyemo: Prominent Politician
Bamidele Olumilua: Former Governor, Old Ondo State
Oluyemi Kayode: Sprinter and Sports Star
Senator Abiodun Olujimi: A senator of the Federal Republic Nigeria representing Ekiti South constituency and deputy minority whip
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "C-GIDD (Canback Global Income Distribution Database)". Canback Dangel. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Ekiti: Fayose, Olujimi, Aderemi Lose Out". Nigerian Tribune Online. African Newspapers of Nigeria Plc. 2007-04-28. Archived from the original on 2007-06-01. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Afe Babalola University".
Jump up ^ "Index of /".
Jump up ^ http://www.ekitiketecanada.com/history.htm
Jump up ^ Cohen, Saul B., ed. The Columbia Gazetteer of the World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) vol 1, p. 915
Jump up ^ "Chairmen And Secretaries Of Local Governments".
Sources[edit]
Adesina Adetola. Ekiti Kete: The Value, The Virtue and The Vision. 2008. ISBN 978-978-086-696-9
Samuel Johnson. The History of the Yoruba, 1921
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ekiti State.
Ekiti247.com
Ekiti.com
Ekitinigeria.net
saharareporters.com
ekitistate.gov.ng
show
v
t
e
Governors of Ekiti State
Mohammed Bawa
Atanda Yusuf
Niyi Adebayo
Ayo Fayose
Tunji Olurin
Tope Ademiluyi
Olusegun Oni
Kayode Fayemi
Ayo Fayose
show
v
t
e
States of Nigeria
Federal Capital Territory (FCT)
Abia
Adamawa
Akwa Ibom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
Cross River
Delta
Ebonyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nasarawa
Niger
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekiti_State&oldid=852474762"
Categories:
Ekiti State
States of Nigeria
States in Yorubaland
States and territories established in 1996
1996 establishments in Nigeria
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from May 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with short description
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Català
Cebuano
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hausa
हिन्दी
Igbo
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
ქართული
Kiswahili
Кырык мары
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Yorùbá
中文
28 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 July 2018, at 06:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: td

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values:
/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_state_nicknames
mw-redirect
List of Nigerian state nicknames

values:
/wiki/File:Nigeria_-_Ekiti.svg
image
Location of Ekiti State in Nigeria

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: List of Nigerian states by date of statehood

values:
/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_state_capitals
mw-redirect
List of Nigerian state capitals

values:
/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_state_governors
mw-redirect
List of Nigerian state governors

values:
/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Local Government Areas of Nigeria

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Rainy_season
mw-redirect
Rainy season

values: Edit section: Towns and administrative divisions

values:
/wiki/Oye,_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Oye, Nigeria

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.fiduo.org/history.html

values: -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

values: Edit section: Current list of Local Government Area Chairmen.[7]

values: Edit section: Proposed 18 Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) in Ekiti State

values:
/wiki/United_African_Company_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
United African Company of Nigeria

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cgidd.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://abuad.edu.ng

values:
nofollow
external text
http://founder.abuad.edu.ng

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.ekiti247.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.ekiti.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.ekitinigeria.net/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:States and territories established in 1996

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Ekiti_State
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: ایالت اکیتی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values: एकिटि राज्य – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ig
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ეკიტის შტატი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti
Ekiti – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: عکیتی ریاست – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ekiti_State rootpage-Ekiti_State skin-vector action-view


text:
Mashallah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series on
God in Islam
Allah Jalla Jalālah
in Arabic calligraphy
List[show]
Allah
Names
Phrases and expressions
Theology
Oneness
Islamic creed
Negation
Transcendence
Nearness
Islam portal · Category
v
t
e
Masha Allah (Arabic: ما شاء الله, mā shāʾa llāhu), also Masha'Allah, is an Arabic phrase that means "God has willed", expresses appreciation, joy, praise, or thankfulness for an event or person that was just mentioned. While Masha'Allah is used as an expression of respect, it also serves as a reminder that all accomplishments are considered by Muslims to be achieved through the will of Allah. It is generally said upon hearing good news.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Examples
3 Other Uses
4 See also
5 References
Etymology[edit]
The triconsonantal root of shāʼ is šīn-yāʼ-hamza "to will", a doubly-weak root. The literal English translation is "God has willed it",[1] the present perfect of God's will accentuating the essential Islamic doctrine of predestination.
The exact meaning of MASHALLAH is "what ALLAH wanted has happened"; it is used to say something good has happened, used in the past tense. INSHALLAH, literally "if ALLAH wills", is used similarly but to refer to a future event.
Examples[edit]
Person A: I have just become a father!
Person B: Masha Allah!
Person A: Your house is beautiful, Masha Allah!
Person B: Jazak Allahu khayran!
Other Uses[edit]
In some cultures, people may utter Masha Allah in the belief that it may help protect them from jealousy, the evil eye, or a jinn. However, in Islamic aqeeda (matters that are believed with certainty), it is understood that protection comes only from Allah.
The phrase has also found its way into the colloquial language of many non-Arabs such as Persians, Turks, Kurds, Bosniaks, Azerbaijanis, Chechens, Avars, Circassians, Bangladeshis and other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus, Tatars, Albanians and Muslims and Urdu-speakers of South Asia, and some of the peoples of the Balkans who once were part of the Ottoman Empire, including some who are not of the Islamic faith: Serbians, Bulgarians and Macedonians say "машала" ("mašala"), often in the sense of "a job well done".[2] Pontian Greeks(Those that came from turkey and were exposed to this phrase) use the word similarly. In Cypriot Greek, speakers invoke mashallah in a similar fashion to Turks.[citation needed] The practice of saying this word is also present in the Horn of Africa, where it is used by the local Muslims of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti.
See also[edit]
Inshallah
Jazak Allah
Subhan Allah
Alhamdulillah
Apotropaic magic
As-salamu alaykum
Deus vult
Fi amanillah
Predestination in Islam
References[edit]
Jump up ^ MashAllah meaning Islamic-dictionary.com
Jump up ^ Karadžić, Vuk (1818). Lexicon serbico-germanico-latinum. Gedruckt bei den P.P. Armeniern.
This Islam-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mashallah&oldid=803987644"
Categories:
Arabic words and phrases
Islamic terminology
Islam stubs
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Arabic-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Bosanski
Català
Deutsch
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
پښتو
Русский
Српски / srpski
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 23:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/File:Basmala.svg
image
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim

value: tr

value: th

values:
/wiki/Jalla_Jalaluhu
mw-redirect
Jalla Jalaluhu

values:
/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)
mw-redirect
Aqidah (Islamic theology)

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); display: none;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border-top:none;padding-bottom:0.7em;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mashallah
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مشألة – Arabic

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashallah
Mashallah – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: משאללה – Hebrew

values: Мәшә Аллаһ – Kazakh

values: ماشاء الله – Pashto

values: Машаллах – Russian

values: Машала – Serbian

values: ماشاءاللہ – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mashallah rootpage-Mashallah vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view