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Nephron
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For the drug with trade name Nephron, see Epinephrine.
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Nephron
Diagram (left) of a long juxtamedullary nephron and (right) of a short cortical nephron.
Details
Precursor
Metanephric blastema (intermediate mesoderm)
System
Urinary system
Identifiers
Latin
Nephroneum
MeSH
Nephrons
FMA
17640
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The nephron (from Greek νεφρός – nephros, meaning "kidney") is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of epithelial cells with a lumen. A healthy adult has 0.8 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney. Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the endothelial cells of the capillary wall, its basement membrane, and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent peritubular capillaries that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the interstitial fluid outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining fluid—urine—exits: it is composed of water, metabolic waste, and toxins.
Bowman's capsule has a space that collects the filtrate, called Bowman's space; the filtering capillaries of the glomerulus, and the mesangial cells supporting these capillaries. These components function as the filtration unit and make up the renal corpuscle. The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of endothelial cells, a basement membrane, and podocytes (foot processes). The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts: the proximal tubule, which has a convoluted section the proximal convoluted tubule followed by a straight section (proximal straight tubule); the loop of Henle, which has two parts, the descending loop of Henle ("descending loop") and the ascending loop of Henle ("ascending loop"); the distal convoluted tubule ("distal loop"); the connecting tubule, and the collecting ducts. Nephrons have two lengths with different urine concentrating capacities: long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons.
The four mechanisms used to create and process the filtrate (the result of which is to convert blood to urine) are filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus and is largely passive: it is dependent on the intracapillary blood pressure. About one-fifth of the plasma is filtered as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; four-fifths continues into the peritubular capillaries. Normally the only components of the blood that are not filtered into Bowman's capsule are blood proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Over 150 liters of fluid enter the glomeruli of an adult every day: 99% of the water in that filtrate is reabsorbed. Reabsorption occurs in the renal tubules and is either passive, due to diffusion, or active, due to pumping against a concentration gradient. Secretion also occurs in the tubules and is active. Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium, chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and bicarbonate. Substances secreted include urea, creatinine, potassium, hydrogen, and uric acid. Some of the hormones which signal the tubules to alter the reabsorption or secretion rate, and thereby maintain homeostasis, include (along with the substance affected) antidiuretic hormone (water), aldosterone (sodium, potassium), parathyroid hormone (calcium, phosphate), atrial natriuretic peptide (sodium) and brain natriuretic peptide (sodium). A countercurrent system in the renal medulla provides the mechanism for generating a hypertonic interstitium, which allows the recovery of solute-free water from within the nephron and returning it to the venous vasculature when appropriate.
Some diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy; renal tubular diseases include acute tubular necrosis and polycystic kidney disease.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Renal corpuscle
1.2 Glomerulus
1.3 Bowman's capsule
1.4 Renal tubule
1.5 Types by length
2 Function
2.1 Proximal convoluted tubule
2.2 Loop of Henle
2.3 Distal convoluted tubule
2.4 Connecting tubule
2.5 Collecting duct system
2.6 Juxtaglomerular apparatus
3 Clinical significance
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
Structure[edit]
Fig.1) Schematic diagram of the nephron (yellow), relevant circulation (red/blue), and the four methods of altering the filtrate.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.[1] Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle, the initial filtering component; and a renal tubule that processes and carries away the filtered fluid.[2]
Renal corpuscle[edit]
Fig.2) Schematic of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. endothelial pore (fenestra).
B. Glomerular basement membrane: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural proteins 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragm
The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of blood plasma. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, and the glomerular capsule or Bowman's capsule.[3] The renal corpuscle has two poles – a vascular pole and a urinary pole.[citation needed]
The arterioles from the renal circulation enter and leave the glomerulus at the vascular pole. The glomerular filtrate leaves the Bowman's capsule at the renal tubule at the urinary pole.
Glomerulus[edit]
Main article: Glomerulus
The glomerulus is the network known as a tuft, of filtering capillaries located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle in Bowman's capsule. Each glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. The glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for water and solutes to be filtered out of the blood plasma, and into the space in Bowman's capsule called Bowman's space.
Only about a fifth of the plasma is filtered in the glomerulus. The rest passes into an efferent arteriole. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent, and this difference increases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.
Bowman's capsule[edit]
The Bowman's capsule, also called the glomerular capsule, surrounds the glomerulus. It is composed of a visceral inner layer formed by specialized cells called podocytes, and a parietal outer layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are filtered through the visceral layer of podocytes, resulting in the glomerular filtrate.[citation needed]
The glomerular filtrate next moves to the renal tubule, where it is further processed to form urine. The different stages of this fluid are collectively known as the tubular fluid.
Renal tubule[edit]
The renal tubule is the portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus.[4] After passing through the renal tubule, the filtrate continues to the collecting duct system. [5]
The components of the renal tubule are:
Proximal convoluted tubule (lies in cortex and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with brush borders which help to increase the area of absorption greatly.)
Loop of Henle (hair-pin like, i.e. U-shaped, and lies in medulla)
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
The ascending limb of loop of Henle is divided into 2 segments: Lower end of ascending limb is very thin and is lined by simple squamous epithelium. The distal portion of ascending limb is thick and is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.
Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle
Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (enters cortex and becomes - distal convoluted tubule.)
Distal convoluted tubule
Connecting tubule
Blood from the efferent arteriole, containing everything that was not filtered out in the glomerulus, moves into the peritubular capillaries, tiny blood vessels that surround the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal tubules, where the tubular fluid flows. Substances then reabsorb from the latter back to the blood stream.
The peritubular capillaries then recombine to form an efferent venule, which combines with efferent venules from other nephrons into the renal vein, and rejoins the main bloodstream.
Types by length[edit]
Cortical nephrons (the majority of nephrons) start high in the cortex and have a short loop of Henle which does not penetrate deeply into the medulla. Cortical nephrons can be subdivided into superficial cortical nephrons and midcortical nephrons.[6]
Juxtamedullary nephrons start low in the cortex near the medulla and have a long loop of Henle which penetrates deeply into the renal medulla: only they have their loop of Henle surrounded by the vasa recta. These long loops of Henle and their associated vasa recta create a hyperosmolar gradient that allows for the generation of a concentrated urine.[7]
Function[edit]
Fig.3) Secretion and reabsorption of various substances throughout the nephron.
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of numerous substances. The structure and function of the epithelial cells lining the lumen change during the course of the nephron, and have segments named by their location and which reflects their different functions.[citation needed]
Fig.4) Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron, with the collecting ducts on the right.
Fig.5) Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule[edit]
The proximal tubule as a part of the nephron can be divided into an initial convoluted portion and a following straight (descending) portion.[8] Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, including approximately two-thirds of the filtered salt and water and all filtered organic solutes (primarily glucose and amino acids).[citation needed]
Loop of Henle[edit]
The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It begins in the cortex, receiving filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule, extends into the medulla as the descending limb, and then returns to the cortex as the ascending limb to empty into the distal convoluted tubule. The primary role of the loop of Henle is to concentrate the salt in the interstitium, the tissue surrounding the loop.[citation needed]
Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The descending limb is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. As the filtrate descends deeper into the hypertonic interstitium of the renal medulla, water flows freely out of the descending limb by osmosis until the tonicity of the filtrate and interstitium equilibrate. The hypertonicity of the medulla (and therefore concentration of urine) is determined in part by the size of the loop of Henle.[citation needed]
Unlike the descending limb, the thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the countercurrent exchange mechanism employed by the loop. The ascending limb actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate, generating the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange. In passing through the ascending limb, the filtrate grows hypotonic since it has lost much of its sodium content. This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the distal convoluted tubule in the renal cortex.[citation needed]
Distal convoluted tubule[edit]
The distal convoluted tubule has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule have numerous mitochondria to produce enough energy (ATP) for active transport to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. In the presence of parathyroid hormone, the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate. When aldosterone is present, more sodium is reabsorbed and more potassium secreted. Atrial natriuretic peptide causes the distal convoluted tubule to secrete more sodium.
Connecting tubule[edit]
This is the final segment of the tubule before it enters the collecting duct system.
Collecting duct system[edit]
Main article: Collecting duct system
Fig.6) Cross-sectional histologic preparation showing (b)small connecting tubules with simple columnar epithelium and (a) large connecting tubules with simple cuboidal epithelium.
Each distal convoluted tubule delivers its filtrate to a system of collecting ducts, the first segment of which is the connecting tubule. The collecting duct system begins in the renal cortex and extends deep into the medulla. As the urine travels down the collecting duct system, it passes by the medullary interstitium which has a high sodium concentration as a result of the loop of Henle's countercurrent multiplier system.[citation needed]
Because it has a different origin during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs than the rest of the nephron, the collecting duct is sometimes not considered a part of the nephron. Instead of originating from the metanephrogenic blastema, the collecting duct originates from the ureteric bud.[citation needed]
Though the collecting duct is normally impermeable to water, it becomes permeable in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH affects the function of aquaporins, resulting in the reabsorption of water molecules as it passes through the collecting duct. Aquaporins are membrane proteins that selectively conduct water molecules while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes. As much as three-quarters of the water from urine can be reabsorbed as it leaves the collecting duct by osmosis. Thus the levels of ADH determine whether urine will be concentrated or diluted. An increase in ADH is an indication of dehydration, while water sufficiency results in a decrease in ADH allowing for diluted urine.[citation needed]
Fig.7) Cross-sectional diagram of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and adjacent structures: 1) top, yellow - distal convoluted tubule; 2) top, brown -macula densa cuboidal cells surrounding arterioles; 3) small blue cells - juxtaglomerular cells; 4) large blue cells - mesangial cells; 5) tan - podocytes lining Bowman’s capsule adjacent to capillaries, and parietal layer of capsule, 6)center - five glomerular capillaries, and the 6)bottom, purple - exiting tubule. Structures (2), (3), and (4) constitute the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Lower portions of the collecting organ are also permeable to urea, allowing some of it to enter the medulla of the kidney, thus maintaining its high concentration (which is very important for the nephron).[citation needed]
Urine leaves the medullary collecting ducts through the renal papillae, emptying into the renal calyces, the renal pelvis, and finally into the urinary bladder via the ureter.[citation needed]
Juxtaglomerular apparatus[edit]
Main article: Juxtaglomerular apparatus
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized region associated with the nephron, but separate from it. It produces and secretes into the circulation the enzyme renin, which cleaves angiotensin-1 and creates angiotensin-2, a potent vasoconstrictor: the renin-angiotensin system. It is located between the thick ascending limb and the afferent arteriole. It contains three components: the macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells.[citation needed]
Clinical significance[edit]
Diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy; renal tubular diseases include acute tubular necrosis, renal tubular acidosis, and polycystic kidney disease.
Additional images[edit]
Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. (Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a vein, it is actually an arteriole.)
Glomerulus is red; Bowman's capsule is white.
Kidney tissue
Glomerulus
This image shows the types of cells present in the glomerulus part of a kidney nephron. Podocytes, Endothelial cells, and Glomerular mesangial cell are present.
See also[edit]
Nephrology
Urology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006). Human physiology : the basis of medicine (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
Jump up ^ J., Tortora, Gerard (2010). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Derrickson, Bryan. (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1024. ISBN 9780470233474. OCLC 192027371.
Jump up ^ J., Tortora, Gerard (2010). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Derrickson, Bryan. (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1027. ISBN 9780470233474. OCLC 192027371.
Jump up ^ Ecology & Evolutionary Biology - University of Colorado at Boulder. "The Kidney Tubule I: Urine Production." URL: http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/web_resources/cartoons/nephrex1.html. Accessed on: March 6, 2007. Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hook, Jerry B. & Goldstein, Robin S. (1993). Toxicology of the Kidney. Raven Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-88167-885-6. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Physiology: 7/7ch03/7ch03p16 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ Jameson, J. Larry & Loscalzo, Joseph (2010). Harrison's Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-07-166339-7. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 743. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the urinary system
Kidneys
Layers
Fascia
Capsule
Cortex
column
Medulla
sinus
pyramids
medullary interstitium
Lobe
Cortical lobule
Medullary ray
Nephron
Circulation
Arteries
Renal artery
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular
afferent
Veins
Renal vein
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
arcuate
interlobar
efferent
Nephron
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocyte
Filtration slits
Mesangium
Intraglomerular mesangial cell
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Descending
Thin ascending
Thick ascending
Distal convoluted tubule
Connecting tubule
Collecting ducts
Tubular fluid
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangium
Extraglomerular mesangial cell
Ureters
Ureteropelvic junction
Bladder
Apex
Uvula
Neck
Median umbilical ligament
Muscular layer
Trigone
Detrusor
Mucosa
Submucosa
Urethra
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male
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[show]
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t
e
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Secretion
clearance
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Urine flow rate
Reabsorption
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sodium
chloride
urea
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oligopeptides
protein
Renal function
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Creatinine clearance
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Filtration fraction
Hormones
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Aldosterone
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Renin
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Fractional sodium excretion
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
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Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (disambiguation).
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Stanley Donen
Produced by
Jack Cummings
Screenplay by
Albert Hackett
Frances Goodrich
Dorothy Kingsley
Based on
The Sobbin' Women
by Stephen Vincent Benét
Starring
Howard Keel
Jane Powell
Jeff Richards
Matt Mattox
Marc Platt
Jacques d'Amboise
Tommy Rall
Russ Tamblyn
Julie Newmar
Ruta Lee
Norma Doggett
Virginia Gibson
Betty Carr
Nancy Kilgas
Ian Wolfe
Marjorie Wood
Russell Simpson
Howard Petrie
Music by
Gene de Paul
Johnny Mercer
Adolph Deutsch
Saul Chaplin
Cinematography
George J. Folsey
Edited by
Ralph E. Winters
Distributed by
Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer
Release date
July 22, 1954 (1954-07-22)
Running time
102 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2,540,000[1]
Box office
$9,403,000[1][2]
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is a 1954 musical film, photographed in Ansco Color in the CinemaScope format. The film was directed by Stanley Donen, with music by Saul Chaplin and Gene de Paul, lyrics by Johnny Mercer, and choreography by Michael Kidd. The screenplay, by Albert Hackett, Frances Goodrich, and Dorothy Kingsley, is based on the short story "The Sobbin' Women", by Stephen Vincent Benét, which was based in turn on the Ancient Roman legend of The Rape of the Sabine Women. Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, which is set in Oregon in 1850, is particularly known for Kidd's unusual choreography, which makes dance numbers out of such mundane frontier pursuits as chopping wood and raising a barn. Film critic Stephanie Zacharek has called the barn-raising sequence in Seven Brides "one of the most rousing dance numbers ever put on screen."[3]
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers won the Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture and was nominated for four additional awards, including Best Picture (where it lost the award to Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront). In 2006, American Film Institute named Seven Brides for Seven Brothers as one of the best American musical films ever made.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Brothers
2.2 Brides
2.3 Townspeople
3 Production
4 Songs and music
5 Reception
6 Publicity slogan
7 Awards and honors
8 Adaptations and remakes
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1850, backwoodsman Adam Pontipee comes to town in the Oregon Territory to shop and look for a bride. He eventually comes upon the local tavern, where he sees Milly chopping wood. After being convinced of her worth by the quality of her cooking and her insistence on finishing her chores before she would leave with him, he proposes and she accepts despite knowing each other for only a few hours.
On the journey home, Milly talks about how she is excited to be cooking and taking care of only one man, visibly upsetting Adam. When they arrive at his cabin in the mountains, Milly is surprised to learn that Adam is the oldest of seven brothers living under the same roof. The brothers have been named Bible names alphabetically: Adam, Benjamin, Caleb, Daniel, Ephraim, Frank (short for frankincense, due to no Bible names beginning with F and their mother thought he smelled sweet), and Gideon. All of the brothers have red hair, and all but Gideon are well over six feet tall. Milly is also shocked at how filthy dirty their house is, along with how bad-tempered and ill-mannered Adam and his brothers are. At first, Milly believes that Adam wanted a servant girl instead of a wife, but Adam tells her that living in the backwoods is a hard life, and men and women have to work alongside each other to survive.
The next morning, Milly decides to teach Adam and his brothers cleanliness and proper manners - especially at the table during meals. After the brothers wash and shave, Milly is shocked at how handsome they are, and that none of them got married. It turns out that the brothers rarely saw a girl or woman and never learned how to communicate with them. At first, the brothers have a hard time changing from their "mountain man" ways, but eventually come to see their only chance to get brides of their own is to do things Milly's way. They try out their new manners at a social gathering in the town (a dance and barn-raising), where they meet six women they like – Dorcas, Ruth, Martha, Liza, Sarah, and Alice. The girls take a fancy to the brothers as well. However, all of them already have suitors among the young men of the town, who taunt the brothers into fighting during the barn-raising. At first, the six brothers remember Milly's teachings and try to resist being drawn into a fight. The suitors finally go too far when they attack Adam, provoking Gideon into fighting back. A brawl ensues in which the brothers dominate their physically weaker town rivals. Although the Pontipee brothers did not start the fight, they are kicked out of the town by the townspeople.
Winter comes, and the six younger brothers are pining for the girls they had fallen in love with. Milly asks Adam to talk to the brothers as she fears they will want to leave because of missing the girls. Adam reads his brothers the story of "The Sobbin' Women" (taken from Plutarch's story of the Sabine Women), one of the books Milly brought to the homestead. He tells them that they should take whatever action is necessary to get their women.
Aided by Adam, the brothers kidnap the six girls, then cause an avalanche in Echo Pass so the townspeople can't pursue them. The Pontipee homestead is cut off from the town until the spring thaw opens Echo Pass again. The only problem: The brothers forgot to bring the parson along to perform the marriages. Milly is furious with Adam and his brothers for kidnapping the women, and she kicks both Adam and his brothers out of their house and sends them to the barn to "eat and sleep with the rest of the livestock," while the women stay in the house with her. Adam, angered by Milly's action, leaves for the trapping cabin farther up the mountain to spend the winter by himself. Gideon tells Milly and begs her to tell Adam not to leave, but Milly refuses, saying: "He's gotta learn that he can't treat people this way."
Winter slowly passes, and the women vent their frustrations by pulling pranks on the brothers. After Milly announces that she's going to have a baby, the women and the brothers come together as a family. Milly gives birth to a daughter, Hannah in the spring. Gideon rides to the cabin to inform Adam of his daughter's arrival and asks him to come home. Adam refuses, saying that he had said he would return home when the pass was open.
Adam returns home when Echo Pass was open to reconcile with Milly and meet his new daughter. As a newly responsible father, he has become aware of how worried the townspeople would be about what has happened to the six abducted girls. Adam admits he would have hung his daughter's kidnapper(s) on the nearest tree. Milly forgives Adam for his past behavior.
He tells his brothers they need to return the women to their families, but his brothers are unwilling, believing their parents won't let them marry their daughters. The six women also refuse to return to their families, because they don't want their parents to force them to return to their former suitors, so they run away and hide. When Milly discovers that they are not in the house, Adam tells his brothers to find the girls and bring them back.
The townspeople arrive with the intention of hanging the Pontipee brothers for the kidnappings. Upon finding the brothers trying to force the women to return to town, the fathers believe their daughters are being assaulted and charge to their rescue. Alice's father, Reverend Elcott (Ian Wolfe), the minister the brothers had forgotten to grab when they took the girls, hears baby Hannah cry in the distance, and worries that the baby might belong to one of the kidnapped girls.
Reverend Elcott asks the girls whose baby he heard, and not to be afraid to tell. They all answer: "Mine." This misinformation gives the women and the brothers their wish: The townspeople, including the girls' fathers, insist that all six couples marry at once in a shotgun wedding, performed by Reverend Elcott while Adam and Milly watch and the fathers stand behind their daughters' grooms, guns over their arms. The picture ends with the brothers kissing their brides in the living room of the Pontipee cabin.
Cast[edit]
The Brothers and their Brides:
Howard Keel as Adam and Jane Powell as Milly
Jeff Richards as Benjamin and Julie Newmar (Newmeyer) as Dorcas
Matt Mattox as Caleb and Ruta Lee (Kilmonis) as Ruth
Marc Platt as Daniel and Norma Doggett as Martha
Jacques d'Amboise as Ephraim and Virginia Gibson as Liza
Tommy Rall as Frank and Betty Carr as Sarah
Russ Tamblyn as Gideon and Nancy Kilgas as Alice
Brothers[edit]
To perform the dance numbers and action sequences, choreographer Michael Kidd wanted dancers to portray all six of Adam Pontipee's brothers. Kidd said that he "had to find a way to have these backwoods men dance without looking ridiculous. I had to base it all around activities you would accept from such people – it couldn't look like ballet. And it could only have been done by superbly trained dancers." However, he was able to integrate into the cast two non-dancer MGM contract players who were assigned to the film, Jeff Richards, who performed just the simpler dance numbers, and Russ Tamblyn, utilizing him in the dance numbers by exploiting his talents as a gymnast and tumbler.[4][5]
The other four brothers were portrayed by professional dancers – Matt Mattox, Marc Platt, Tommy Rall, and Jacques d'Amboise. All four balanced on a beam together during their barn-raising dance.
The wood-chopping scene in Lonesome Polecat was filmed in a single take.[6]
Adam (light green shirt): Howard Keel, a professional singer, appeared as the eldest of the seven brothers. He also appeared as Petruchio in the film version of Kiss Me Kate, and appeared, in leading roles, in other musical films including Rose Marie and Show Boat.
Benjamin (orange shirt): Jeff Richards was a former professional baseball player who topped out at the AAA level of the minor leagues. Although obviously athletic, he is noticeably in the background, seated, or standing during the dance numbers so as to not expose his lesser dancing skills. This often relegated his partner, the classically trained ballet dancer Julie Newmar, to the background as well.[7]
Caleb (yellow shirt): Matt Mattox, a professional dancer, appeared on stage on Broadway and also danced in many Hollywood musical films. His singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bill Lee.
Daniel (mauve shirt): Marc Platt, a professional dancer, danced the role of Chalmers / Dream Curly in the original 1943 Broadway production of Oklahoma! and also had a dancing/speaking role in the 1955 film version of Oklahoma! as the friend of Curly who bought Curly's saddle for $10 at the auction and who said that Ado Annie's pie had given him a 'three day bellyache'.[8]
Ephraim (dark green shirt): Jacques d'Amboise, a principal dancer with New York City Ballet, was given special leave for the filming of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (although he was recalled before filming was completed).[9] He also danced in other musical films, including the ballet role of the Starlight Carnival "barker" in the film Carousel (in which he partnered Susan Luckey in Louise's ballet). The Academy Award and Tony Award winning documentary film, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' is about Jacques d'Amboise and his teaching children how to dance.
Frank (red shirt): Tommy Rall, a professional dancer and singer, appeared on stage on Broadway and in many musical films. These included the role of Bill Calhoun (Lucentio) in the film version of Kiss Me Kate – and as one of the Gallini brothers in the film Merry Andrew (including him being one of the three featured acrobatic dancers in the circus engagement scene – Tommy Rall is the dancer in the center wearing the red shirt). He was also in the film Funny Girl, in the role of the Prince who partnered Barbra Streisand in a parody of the ballet Swan Lake.
Gideon (blue shirt): Russ Tamblyn was cast in the role of youngest brother Gideon. Tamblyn showcased his gymnastics training throughout the action sequences. He also had a starring role in the musical West Side Story as Riff.
Brides[edit]
Professional dancers played all seven of the brides.
The four girls whom Adam sees in the Bixby store when he first goes into town, are Dorcas, Ruth, Liza and Sarah.
Milly: Jane Powell channeled her experiences growing up in Oregon to create Milly. She and Howard Keel would later reprise their roles in a Seven Brides for Seven Brothers stage revival.[10] She also appeared in dancing and singing roles in many other musical films, including Royal Wedding, and Rich, Young and Pretty and also A Date with Judy. In the film, she marries Adam.
Dorcas Gaylen: Julie Newmar (Newmeyer), wore a purple dress in the barn raising scene. Dorcas is one of the more confident girls, and has stated that she always wanted to be a June bride and have a baby right away. She is also the only girl shown to have a sibling, a younger sister. At the end of the film, she marries Benjamin. A classically trained ballerina, she would later rise to fame as Catwoman in the 1960s TV version of Batman. She also won a Supporting Actress Tony Award for The Marriage-Go-Round (starring Claudette Colbert). She appeared on her neighbor James Belushi's sitcom According to Jim after the two settled a highly publicized lawsuit. Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Betty Allen. She marries Benjamin.
Ruth Jepson: Ruta Lee (Kilmonis) enjoyed a long stage and television career, appearing in dozens of films and TV series, working with Lucille Ball, Sammy Davis, Jr., Elizabeth Taylor, Natalie Wood, and Frank Sinatra. Lee appeared in the sitcom Roseanne as the first girlfriend of Roseanne's mother. Her singing parts for the film were dubbed in post-production by Betty Noyes. She is wearing a blue dress in the barn raising scene, and is shown to like baking pies. She marries Caleb.
Martha: Norma Doggett performed in the 1940s-50s Broadway shows Bells Are Ringing, Fanny, Wish You Were Here, Miss Liberty, and Magdalena. Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bobbie Canvin. She wears a green dress during the barn raising scene. She marries Daniel.
Liza: Virginia Gibson was nominated for a Tony Award in 1957 and performed regularly, as singer and dancer, on the Johnny Carson show. She wears a pink dress during the barn raising scene. She marries Ephraim.
Sarah Kine: Betty Carr was also a Broadway veteran, dancing in Damn Yankees, Happy Hunting, Mask and Gown, and Fanny (alongside Norma Doggett). Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Norma Zimmer. She wears a yellow dress during the barn raising. She marries Frank.
Alice Elcott: Nancy Kilgas made her film debut in Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. The youngest of the girls in the story, she is especially close with Milly and wears a peach colored dress in the barn raising scene. Her father is the town reverend. Gideon falls in love with her at first sight. She danced in the film versions of Oklahoma!, Shake, Rattle & Rock!, and Alfred Hitchcock's Torn Curtain. Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Marie Greene. She marries Gideon.
Townspeople[edit]
Reverend Elcott (Ian Wolfe) is the local preacher and father of Alice, one of the brides. He is the officiant in both wedding ceremonies in the movie. A longtime Hollywood character actor, he is perhaps best remembered for his roles as Carter, chief clerk to "Wilfred the Fox," Sir Wilfred Roberts in Witness for the Prosecution; Mr. Atoz in the Star Trek episode "All Our Yesterdays"; as Father Joseph the Abbot in The Frisco Kid; and as "Hirsch," "Mrs. Carlson's" butler on WKRP in Cincinnati.
Pete Perkins (Howard Petrie) is a leading citizen of the town where the Pontipees do their trading. Another longtime Hollywood character actor, he is also known for his role as Tom Hendricks in Bend of the River and as Mr. Lattimore, the prosecuting attorney in the Randolph Scott movie Rage At Dawn.
Mrs. Bixby (Marjorie Wood), co-owner of the general store in the town. Perhaps best known for playing Lady Lucas opposite Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier in Pride and Prejudice, she was a Hollywood veteran of 34 films going back to the silent movie era. She died a year after shooting wrapped on the movie.
Mr. Bixby (Russell Simpson), co-owner of the general store in the town. A longtime Hollywood actor with 244 movie and television credits to his name going well back into the silents in 1914, his best known roles are as Pa Joad in The Grapes of Wrath, and Red Kelly in San Francisco.
Harry (Earl Barton)
Matt (Dante DiPaolo)
Carl (Kelly Brown)
Ruth's Uncle (Matt Moore)
Dorcas' Father (Dick Rich)
Production[edit]
Choreographer Michael Kidd originally turned down the film, recalling in 1997: "Here are these slobs living off in the woods. They have no schooling, they are uncouth, there's manure on the floor, the cows come in and out – and they're gonna get up and dance? We'd be laughed out of the house."[11]
Lyricist Johnny Mercer said that the musical numbers were written at Kidd's behest, as an example "of how a songwriter sometimes has to take his cue from his collaborators."[12] For example, Kidd explained to Mercer and dePaul his conception of the "Lonesome Polecat" number, the lament of the brothers for the women, and the two worked out the music and lyrics.[12]
In his introduction to a showing on Turner Classic Movies on January 17, 2009, host Robert Osborne, as well as Jane Powell in her autobiography, The Girl Next Door, both say MGM was much less interested in Seven Brides than it was in Brigadoon which was also filming at the time, even cutting its budget and transferring the money to the Lerner and Loewe vehicle.[10]
Most of the movie was shot on the MGM sound stages. One exterior sequence not filmed at the studio was shot on location at Corral Creek Canyon in Sun Valley, Idaho. It was here that the escape following the brothers' kidnapping their future brides and the avalanche that closed the pass was filmed.[13]
On the 2004 DVD commentary, Stanley Donen states that the film was originally shot in two versions, one in CinemaScope and another in normal ratio, because MGM was concerned that not all theaters had the capability to screen it. Despite the fact that it cost more than the widescreen version to make, he says, the other version was never used. However both versions are available on the 2004 DVD release.
The dresses worn by the female cast were made from old quilts that costume designer Walter Plunkett found at the Salvation Army.[10]
Songs and music[edit]
The "Main Title" is a medley of the songs "Sobbin' Women", "Bless Your Beautiful Hide" and "Wonderful, Wonderful Day".
In the film, Matt Mattox's voice is dubbed in by Bill Lee on "Lonesome Polecat". Mattox can be heard singing the song on the soundtrack album.
Song / Music
Title
Characters
Vocalists
(Singers and speakers etc.)
Instrumental
Music
Year
recorded
Main Title N/A N/A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
Bless Your Beautiful Hide Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953
Bless Your Beautiful Hide (reprise) Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
Wonderful, Wonderful Day Milly Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
When You're in Love Milly Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953
Goin' Courtin' Milly and Brothers Jane Powell, Tommy Rall, Russ Tamblyn, Marc Platt,
Matt Mattox, Jacques d'Amboise, Jeff Richards,
Howard Hudson, Gene Lanham & Robert Wacker M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953
Barn Dance N/A N/A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953
Barn Raising N/A N/A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
When You're in Love (reprise) Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953
Lonesome Polecat The Brothers Bill Lee and the M-G-M Studio Chorus M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
Sobbin' Women Adam & Brothers Howard Keel, Tommy Rall, Russ Tamblyn,
Matt Mattox, Alan Davies, C. Parlato, Marc Platt,
Robert Wacker, Gene Lanham & M. Spergel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953
Kidnapped And Chase N/A N/A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
June Bride The Brides Virginia Gibson, Barbara Ames, Betty Allan,
Betty Noyes, Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
June Bride (reprise) Brides & Milly Virginia Gibson, Barbara Ames, Betty Allan,
Betty Noyes, Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer
& Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
Spring, Spring, Spring Brothers & Brides Howard Keel, Tommy Rall, Russ Tamblyn,
Matt Mattox, Alan Davies, C. Parlato,
Robert Wacker, Gene Lanham, M. Spergel, Bill Lee,
Virginia Gibson, Barbara Ames, Betty Allan,
Betty Noyes, Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
End Title N/A N/A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954
Reception[edit]
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers was the 5th most popular film at the British box office in 1955.[14] According to MGM records it made $5,526,000 in the US and Canada and $3,877,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $3,198,000.[1]
The film came in third in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the UK's "Number One Essential Musicals"[15] and was listed as number eight in the "Top 10 MGM musicals" in the book Top 10 of Film by Russell Ash. In 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." In 2006, it was ranked #21 on the American Film Institute's list of best musicals. In 2008, the film was ranked number 464 in Empire magazine's list of the 500 greatest films of all time.[16]
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes awards Seven Brides for Seven Brothers an 88% "Fresh" rating based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The critics' consensus states: "Buoyed by crowd-pleasing tunes and charming performances, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers makes a successful transition from Broadway to screen that's sure to please the whole family," despite the fact that the movie was originally produced for film and debuted on Broadway over two decades later.[17]
Publicity slogan[edit]
The following slogan was used to publicize the film in 1954:
Adam abducted Milly
Benjamin brought Dorcas
Caleb caught Ruth
Daniel detained Martha
Ephraim eloped with Liza
Frank fetched Sarah
Gideon grabbed Alice
Awards and honors[edit]
Awards
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Academy Awards March 30, 1955 Best Picture Jack Cummings Nominated
Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay Albert Hackett, Frances Goodrich, and Dorothy Kingsley Nominated
Best Cinematography, Color George J. Folsey Nominated
Best Film Editing Ralph E. Winters Nominated
Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin Won
BAFTA Awards February 16, 1955 Best Film from any Source Stanley Donen (United States) Nominated
Directors Guild of America February 13, 1955 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Stanley Donen Nominated
National Board of Review December 20, 1954 Top Ten Best Films of the Year 2nd place
National Film Registry December 28, 2004 Honored
Satellite Awards December 17, 2005 Best Youth DVD For the 50th Anniversary Two-Disc Special Edition DVD Nominated
Writers Guild of America February 28, 1955 Best Written American Musical Albert Hackett, Frances Goodrich, and Dorothy Kingsley Won

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – #21[18]
Adaptations and remakes[edit]
The 1978 stage musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is an adaptation of the film, with a book by Lawrence Kasha and David Landay. Four songs from the film ("Bless Your Beautiful Hide", "Wonderful Wonderful Day", "Goin' Courtin'", and "Sobbin' Women") were kept for the stage musical; the rest of the score consisted of new songs written by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn.
The TV series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, loosely based on the film, ran weekly on CBS from September 19, 1982 to March 23, 1983.
The 1982 Bollywood film Satte Pe Satta ("Seven On Seven") was a remake of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study .
Jump up ^ For domestic figures see "All Time Domestic Champs", Variety, 6 January 1960 p 34
Jump up ^ Gold, Sylviane (March 2008). "DEATHS: Michael Kidd (1915-2007)". Dance Magazine. 82 (3): 88–89.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Tom (March 3–9, 1997). "Kidd embraced by the Academy". Variety. p. 54. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ TCM's article about Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
Jump up ^ Silverman, 1996, p.194
Jump up ^ Filming notes in the DVD anniversary edition
Jump up ^ The Seattle Times - interview with Marc Platt
Jump up ^ Jacques d'Amboise - Ballet Encyclopedia
^ Jump up to: a b c Powell, Jane (1988). The Girl Next Door...and How She Grew (1st ed.). ISBN 0-688-06757-3.
Jump up ^ "Michael Kidd". The Independent. 29 December 2007. p. 44. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Furia, Philip & Patterson, Laurie (2010). The Songs of Hollywood. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 188. ISBN 0195337085.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047472/trivia?ref_=tt_ql_2. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ 'Dirk Bogarde favourite film actor', The Irish Times (1921-Current File) [Dublin, Ireland] 29 Dec 1955: 9.
Jump up ^ Top ten musicals - BBC Radio 2
Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time
Jump up ^ [1]. "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers: Rotten Tomatoes". Retrieved 16th May 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
External links[edit]
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers on IMDb
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at Rotten Tomatoes
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at AllMovie
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at the TCM Movie Database
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at the American Film Institute Catalog
Jacket Magazine: some background information
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Stanley Donen
On the Town (1949)
Royal Wedding (1951)
Love Is Better Than Ever (1952)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
Fearless Fagan (1952)
Give a Girl a Break (1953)
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
Deep in My Heart (1954)
It's Always Fair Weather (1955)
Funny Face (1957)
The Pajama Game (1957)
Kiss Them for Me (1957)
Indiscreet (1958)
Damn Yankees (1958)
Once More, with Feeling! (1960)
Surprise Package (1960)
The Grass Is Greener (1960)
Charade (1963)
Arabesque (1966)
Two for the Road (1967)
Bedazzled (1967)
Staircase (1969)
The Little Prince (1974)
Lucky Lady (1975)
Movie Movie (1978)
Saturn 3 (1980)
Blame It on Rio (1984)
Love Letters (1999)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers&oldid=833811080"
Categories:
1954 films
English-language films
American films
1950s musical films
1950s romantic comedy films
CinemaScope films
Films about weddings
Films adapted into plays
Films adapted into television programs
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Stanley Donen
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