text:
Victorian literature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Herbert F. Tucker: A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture
While in the preceding Romantic period poetry had been the dominant genre, it was the novel that was most important in the Victorian period. Charles Dickens (1812–1870) dominated the first part of Victoria's reign: his first novel, Pickwick Papers, was published in 1836, and his last Our Mutual Friend between 1864–5. William Thackeray's (1811–1863) most famous work Vanity Fair appeared in 1848, and the three Brontë sisters, Charlotte (1816–55), Emily (1818–48) and Anne (1820–49), also published significant works in the 1840s. A major later novel was George Eliot's (1819–80) Middlemarch (1872), while the major novelist of the later part of Queen Victoria's reign was Thomas Hardy (1840–1928), whose first novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, appeared in 1872 and his last, Jude the Obscure, in 1895.
Robert Browning (1812–89) and Alfred Tennyson (1809–92) were Victorian England's most famous poets, though more recent taste has tended to prefer the poetry of Thomas Hardy, who, though he wrote poetry throughout his life, did not publish a collection until 1898, as well as that of Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–89), whose poetry was published posthumously in 1918. Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) is also considered an important literary figure of the period, especially his poems and critical writings. Early poetry of W. B. Yeats was also published in Victoria's reign. With regard to the theatre it was not until the last decades of the nineteenth century that any significant works were produced. This began with Gilbert and Sullivan's comic operas, from the 1870s, various plays of George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) in the 1890s, and Oscar Wilde's (1854–1900) The Importance of Being Earnest in 1895.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prose fiction
2 Poetry
3 Drama
4 Children's literature
5 Science, philosophy and discovery
5.1 Nature writing
5.2 Supernatural and fantastic literature
6 The influence of Victorian literature
7 Other Victorian writers
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links
Prose fiction[edit]
Main article: English novel
Charles Dickens is the most famous Victorian novelist. Extraordinarily popular in his day with his characters taking on a life of their own beyond the page; Dickens is still one of the most popular and read authors of the world. His first novel, The Pickwick Papers (1836–37) written when he was twenty-five, was an overnight success, and all his subsequent works sold extremely well. The comedy of his first novel has a satirical edge and this pervades his writing. Dickens worked diligently and prolifically to produce the entertaining writing that the public wanted, but also to offer commentary on social problems and the plight of the poor and oppressed. His most important works include Oliver Twist (1837–39), Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39), A Christmas Carol (1843), Dombey and Son (1846–48), David Copperfield (1849–50), Bleak House (1852–53), Little Dorrit (1855–57), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1860–61). There is a gradual trend in his fiction towards darker themes which mirrors a tendency in much of the writing of the 19th century.
William Thackeray was Dickens' great rival in the first half of Queen Victoria's reign. With a similar style but a slightly more detached, acerbic and barbed satirical view of his characters, he also tended to depict a more middle class society than Dickens did. He is best known for his novel Vanity Fair (1848), subtitled A Novel without a Hero, which is an example of a form popular in Victorian literature: a historical novel in which recent history is depicted.
The Brontë sisters wrote fiction rather different from that common at the time.
Anne, Charlotte and Emily Brontë produced notable works of the period, although these were not immediately appreciated by Victorian critics. Wuthering Heights (1847), Emily's only work, is an example of Gothic Romanticism from a woman's point of view, which examines class, myth, and gender. Jane Eyre (1847), by her sister Charlotte, is another major nineteenth century novel that has gothic themes. Anne's second novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848), written in realistic rather than romantic style, is mainly considered to be the first sustained feminist novel.[1]
Later in this period George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), published The Mill on the Floss in 1860, and in 1872 her most famous work Middlemarch. Like the Brontës she published under a masculine pseudonym.
In the later decades of the Victorian era Thomas Hardy was the most important novelist. His works include Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895).
Other significant novelists of this era were Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865), Anthony Trollope (1815–1882), George Meredith (1828–1909), and George Gissing (1857–1903).
Poetry[edit]
Main article: English poetry
Lord Tennyson, the Poet Laureate
The husband and wife team of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning conducted their love affair through verse and produced many tender and passionate poems. Both Matthew Arnold and Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote poems which sit somewhere in between the exultation of nature of the romantic Poetry and the Georgian Poetry of the early 20th century. However Hopkins's poetry was not published until 1918. Arnold's works anticipate some of the themes of these later poets, while Hopkins drew inspiration from verse forms of Old English poetry such as Beowulf.
The reclaiming of the past was a major part of Victorian literature with an interest in both classical literature but also the medieval literature of England. The Victorians loved the heroic, chivalrous stories of knights of old and they hoped to regain some of that noble, courtly behaviour and impress it upon the people both at home and in the wider empire. The best example of this is Alfred Tennyson's Idylls of the King, which blended the stories of King Arthur, particularly those by Thomas Malory, with contemporary concerns and ideas. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood also drew on myth and folklore for their art, with Dante Gabriel Rossetti contemporaneously regarded as the chief poet amongst them, although his sister Christina is now held by scholars to be a stronger poet.
Drama[edit]
In drama, farces, musical burlesques, extravaganzas and comic operas competed with Shakespeare productions and serious drama by the likes of James Planché and Thomas William Robertson. In 1855, the German Reed Entertainments began a process of elevating the level of (formerly risqué) musical theatre in Britain that culminated in the famous series of comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan and were followed by the 1890s with the first Edwardian musical comedies. The first play to achieve 500 consecutive performances was the London comedy Our Boys by H. J. Byron, opening in 1875. Its astonishing new record of 1,362 performances was bested in 1892 by Charley's Aunt by Brandon Thomas.[2] After W. S. Gilbert, Oscar Wilde became the leading poet and dramatist of the late Victorian period.[3] Wilde's plays, in particular, stand apart from the many now forgotten plays of Victorian times and have a closer relationship to those of the Edwardian dramatists such as George Bernard Shaw, whose career began in the 1890s. Wilde's 1895 comic masterpiece, The Importance of Being Earnest, was the greatest of the plays in which he held an ironic mirror to the aristocracy while displaying virtuosic mastery of wit and paradoxical wisdom. It has remained extremely popular.
Children's literature[edit]
The Victorians are credited with 'inventing childhood', partly via their efforts to stop child labour and the introduction of compulsory education. As children began to be able to read, literature for young people became a growth industry, with not only established writers producing works for children (such as Dickens' A Child's History of England) but also a new group of dedicated children's authors. Writers like Lewis Carroll, R. M. Ballantyne and Anna Sewell wrote mainly for children, although they had an adult following. Other authors such as Anthony Hope and Robert Louis Stevenson wrote mainly for adults, but their adventure novels are now generally classified as for children. Other genres include nonsense verse, poetry which required a childlike interest (e.g. Lewis Carroll). School stories flourished: Thomas Hughes' Tom Brown's Schooldays and Kipling's Stalky & Co. are classics.
Rarely were these publications designed to capture a child’s pleasure; however, with the increase in use of illustrations, children began to enjoy literature, and were able to learn morals in a more entertaining way.[4] With the newfound acceptance of reading for pleasure, fairy tales and folk tales became popular. Compiling folk tales by many authors with different topics made it possible for children to read literature by and about lots of different things that interested them. There were different types of books and magazines written for boys and girls. Girls' stories tended to be domestic and to focus on family life, whereas boys' stories were more about adventures.[5][6]
Science, philosophy and discovery[edit]
Charles Darwin's work On the Origin of Species affected society and thought in the Victoria era, and still does today.
The Victorian era was an important time for the development of science and the Victorians had a mission to describe and classify the entire natural world. Much of this writing does not rise to the level of being regarded as literature but one book in particular, Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, remains famous. The theory of evolution contained within the work shook many of the ideas the Victorians had about themselves and their place in the world. Although it took a long time to be widely accepted, it would dramatically change subsequent thought and literature. Much of the work of popularizing Darwin's theories was done by his younger contemporary Thomas Henry Huxley, who wrote widely on the subject.
A number of other non-fiction works of the era made their mark on the literature of the period. The philosophical writings of John Stuart Mill covered logic, economics, liberty and utilitarianism. The large and influential histories of Thomas Carlyle: The French Revolution, A History and On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History permeated political thought at the time. The writings of Thomas Babington Macaulay on English history helped codify the Whig narrative that dominated the historiography for many years. John Ruskin wrote a number of highly influential works on art and the history of art and championed such contemporary figures as J. M. W. Turner and the Pre-Raphaelites. The religious writer John Henry Newman's Oxford Movement aroused intense debate within the Church of England, exacerbated by Newman's own conversion to Catholicism, which he wrote about in his autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua.
A number of monumental reference works were published in this era, most notably the Oxford English Dictionary which would eventually become the most important historical dictionary of the English language. Also published during the later Victorian era were the Dictionary of National Biography and the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Nature writing[edit]
See also: Nature writing
In the USA, Henry David Thoreau's works and Susan Fenimore Cooper's Rural Hours (1850) were canonical influences on Victorian nature writing. In the UK, Philip Gosse and Sarah Bowdich Lee were two of the most popular nature writers in the early part of the Victorian era.[7] The Illustrated London News, founded in 1842, was the world's first illustrated weekly newspaper and often published articles and illustrations dealing with nature; in the second half of the 19th century, books, articles, and illustrations on nature became widespread and popular among an increasingly urbanized reading public.
Supernatural and fantastic literature[edit]
The old Gothic tales that came out of the late 19th century are the first examples of the genre of fantastic fiction. These tales often centred on larger-than-life characters such as Sherlock Holmes, famous detective of the times, Sexton Blake, Phileas Fogg, and other fictional characters of the era, such as Dracula, Edward Hyde, The Invisible Man, and many other fictional characters who often had exotic enemies to foil. Spanning the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a particular type of story-writing known as gothic. Gothic literature combines romance and horror in attempt to thrill and terrify the reader. Possible features in a gothic novel are foreign monsters, ghosts, curses, hidden rooms and witchcraft. Gothic tales usually take place in locations such as castles, monasteries, and cemeteries, although the gothic monsters sometimes cross over into the real world, making appearances in cities such as London.
The influence of Victorian literature[edit]
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Victorian fiction outside Victoria's domains.
Writers from the United States and the British colonies of Australia, New Zealand and Canada were influenced by the literature of Britain and are often classed as a part of Victorian literature, although they were gradually developing their own distinctive voices.[8] Victorian writers of Canadian literature include Grant Allen, Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill. Australian literature has the poets Adam Lindsay Gordon and Banjo Paterson, who wrote Waltzing Matilda, and New Zealand literature includes Thomas Bracken and Frederick Edward Maning. From the sphere of literature of the United States during this time are some of the country's greats including: Emily Dickinson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Henry James, Herman Melville, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry David Thoreau, Mark Twain and Walt Whitman.
The problem with the classification of "Victorian literature" is the great difference between the early works of the period and the later works which had more in common with the writers of the Edwardian period and many writers straddle this divide. People such as Arthur Conan Doyle, Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells, Bram Stoker, H. Rider Haggard, Jerome K. Jerome and Joseph Conrad all wrote some of their important works during Victoria's reign but the sensibility of their writing is frequently regarded as Edwardian.
Other Victorian writers[edit]
Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–1861)
Wilkie Collins (1824–1889)
A. E. Housman (1859–1936)
William Henry Giles Kingston (1814–1880)
Letitia Elizabeth Landon (1802–1838)
Mary Louisa Molesworth (1839–1921)
George Moore (1852–1933)
Walter Pater (1839–1894)
Coventry Patmore (1823–1896)
John Ruskin (1819–1900)
Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909)
John Millington Synge (1871-1909)
Emily Jane Brontë (1818 –1848)
William Butler Yeats (1865–1939)
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
British literature
British regional literature
Industrial novel
English literature
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Introduction and Notes for The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Penguin Books. 1996. ISBN 978-0-14-043474-3.
Jump up ^ "Article on long-runs in the theatre before 1920". Stagebeauty.net. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre, pp. 26–29. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816174-3
Jump up ^ Evans, Denise; Onorato, Mary. "Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism". enotes. Gale Cengage. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Khale, Brewster. "Early Children's Literature". Children's Books in the Victorian Era. International Library of Children's Literature. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Susina, Jan. "Children's Literature". faqs.org. The Gale Group, Inc. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Dawson, Carl (1979). Victorian High Noon: English Literature in 1850. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press.
Jump up ^ http://www.online-literature.com/periods/victorian.php
External links[edit]
The Victorian Web
Victorian Literature - Discovering Literature: Romantics and Victorians at the British Library
Victorian Women Writers Project
Victorian Studies Bibliography
Victorian Links
Victorian Short Fiction Project
Mostly-Victorian.com – Victorian literature from magazines such as The Strand.
[1] – Victorian Writers and Poets
Preceded by
Romanticism Victorian literature
1837–1901 Succeeded by
Modernism
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorian_literature&oldid=812661813"
Categories:
Victorian culture
English literature
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from November 2013
Use dmy dates from November 2013
Articles needing additional references from March 2008
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Norsk
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 November 2017, at 03:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Romantic_period
mw-redirect
Romantic period

values:
/wiki/Victorian_period
mw-redirect
Victorian period

values:
/wiki/Pickwick_Papers
mw-redirect
Pickwick Papers

values:
/wiki/William_Thackeray
mw-redirect
William Thackeray

values:
/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson
mw-redirect
Alfred Tennyson

values:
/wiki/Gothic_novel
mw-redirect
Gothic novel

values:
/wiki/Lord_Tennyson
mw-redirect
Lord Tennyson

values:
/wiki/Poet_Laureate
mw-redirect
Poet Laureate

values:
/wiki/Romantic_Poetry
mw-redirect
Romantic Poetry

values:
/wiki/Old_English_language
mw-redirect
Old English language

values:
/wiki/Classical_literature
mw-redirect
Classical literature

values:
/wiki/Edwardian_musical_comedies
mw-redirect
Edwardian musical comedies

values:
/wiki/H._J._Byron
mw-redirect
H. J. Byron

values:
/wiki/Children%27s_author
mw-redirect
Children's author

values:
/wiki/Adventure_novel
mw-redirect
Adventure novel

values:
/wiki/School_stories
mw-redirect
School stories

values:
/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_Schooldays
mw-redirect
Tom Brown's Schooldays

values:
/wiki/Fairy_tales
mw-redirect
Fairy tales

values: Edit section: Science, philosophy and discovery

values:
/wiki/The_French_Revolution,_A_History
mw-redirect
The French Revolution, A History

values: Edit section: Supernatural and fantastic literature

values:
/wiki/Edward_Hyde_(fictional_character)
mw-redirect
Edward Hyde (fictional character)

values: Edit section: The influence of Victorian literature

values:
/wiki/Catherine_Parr_Traill
mw-redirect
Catherine Parr Traill

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Literature of the United States

values:
/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Emily_Jane_Bront%C3%AB
mw-redirect
Emily Jane Brontë

values:
/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats
mw-redirect
William Butler Yeats

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Industrial_novel
mw-redirect
Industrial novel

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.victorianweb.org/index.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eletrs/vwwp/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sylviamilne.co.uk/vic.htm

values:
/wiki/Modernist_literature
mw-redirect
Modernist literature

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2013

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2008

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Victorian_literature
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: أدب فيكتوري – Arabic

values: ادبیات انگلیسی در عصر ویکتوریا – Persian

values: Викторијанска книжевност – Macedonian

values: Викторианская литература – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Victorian_literature rootpage-Victorian_literature skin-vector action-view


text:
Central Time Zone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the time zone in North America. For other uses, see Central Standard Time (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Central Time Zone (North America)
Regions in the Central Time Zone prior to 2015 (Quintana Roo is now in the Eastern Time Zone)
UTC offset
CST
UTC−6:00
CDT
UTC−5:00
Current time (Refresh the clock.)
CST
11:06 pm on Dec 19, 2017
Observance of DST
DST is observed in certain regions of this time zone between the 2nd Sunday in March and the 1st Sunday in November.
DST ended
Nov 5, 2017
DST begins
Mar 11, 2018
The North American Central Time Zone (CT) is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Central Standard Time (CST) is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). During summer most (but not all) of the zone uses daylight saving time (DST), and changes to Central Daylight Time (CDT) which is five hours behind UTC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regions using (North American) Central Time
1.1 Canada
1.2 United States
1.3 Mexico
1.4 Central America and Caribbean Islands
1.5 Eastern Pacific islands and other areas
2 Central Daylight Time
3 Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Regions using (North American) Central Time[edit]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Time in Canada
The province of Manitoba is the only province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas.
The following Canadian provinces and territories observe Central Time in the areas noted, while their other areas observe Eastern Time:
Nunavut (territory): western areas (most of Kivalliq Region and part of Qikiqtaaluk Region)
Ontario (province): a portion of the northwest bordering southeastern Manitoba, in and around Kenora.
Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, never adjusting for Daylight Saving Time. Major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the same time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary and Edmonton. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the entire province match those in Alberta, but during the winter, clocks in most of the province match those in Manitoba.
United States[edit]
Main article: Time in the United States
Nine states are contained entirely in the Central Time Zone:
Alabama
Arkansas
Illinois
Iowa
Louisiana
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Wisconsin
Note: Although all of Alabama is legally on Central Time, Phenix City and some of the nearby community of Smiths Station unofficially observe Eastern Time, as these areas are part of the metropolitan area of the considerably larger city of Columbus, Georgia in the Eastern Time Zone. Lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia.[1]
Seven states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:
Kansas - all, except for Sherman, Wallace, Greeley, and Hamilton counties
Nebraska - eastern two thirds
New Mexico - Nara Visa
North Dakota - all, except for southwest regions
Oklahoma - all, except for Kenton
South Dakota - eastern half
Texas - all, except for El Paso and Hudspeth counties
Five states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Eastern Time Zone:
Florida - Florida Panhandle on Alabama border
Indiana - northwest and southwest regions
Kentucky - western half
Michigan - Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties
Tennessee - West Tennessee and Middle Tennessee
Mexico[edit]
Main article: Time in Mexico
Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora, and *most of Nayarit) and one southeastern state (Quintana Roo).
The federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time:
Aguascalientes
Campeche
Coahuila
Colima - except for the Revillagigedo Islands, in which the inner islands use Mountain Time and the outer island uses Pacific Time
Chiapas
Durango
Guanajuato
Guerrero
Hidalgo
Jalisco
Mexico City
Michoacán
Morelos
Nayarit - *only the municipality of Bahía de Banderas, rest of the state uses Mountain Time
Nuevo León
Oaxaca
Puebla
Querétaro
San Luis Potosí
State of Mexico
Tabasco
Tamaulipas
Tlaxcala
Veracruz
Yucatán
Zacatecas
Central America and Caribbean Islands[edit]
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua , and Jamaica all use Central Standard Time year-round.
Eastern Pacific islands and other areas[edit]
The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round; the remainder of Ecuador uses Eastern Standard Time. Both Easter Island and Salas y Gómez Island in Chile uses Central Standard Time during the Southern Hemisphere winter and Central Daylight Time during the Southern Hemisphere summer; the remainder of Chile uses Atlantic Standard Time and Atlantic Daylight Time.
Central Daylight Time[edit]
Daylight saving time (DST) is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time (CDT) and is UTC−5. In Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a time change is that, geographically, the entire province is closer to the Mountain Time Zone's meridian. The province elected to move onto "permanent" daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone. The only exception is the region immediately surrounding the Saskatchewan side of the biprovincial city of Lloydminster, which has chosen to use Mountain Time with DST, synchronizing its clocks with those of Alberta.
In those areas of the Canadian and American time zones that observe DST, beginning in 2007, the local time changes at 02:00 local standard time to 03:00 local daylight time on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 local daylight time to 01:00 local standard time on the first Sunday in November. Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U.S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010.
Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas[edit]
Acapulco, Guerrero
Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes
Amarillo, Texas
Antigua Guatemala
Arlington, Texas
Austin, Texas
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Beaumont/Port Arthur, Texas
Birmingham, Alabama
Bismarck, North Dakota
Bloomington, Illinois
Bowling Green, Kentucky
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Champaign, Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
Clarksville, Tennessee
Comarca Lagunera (Torreón, Gómez Palacio, Lerdo)
Columbia, Missouri
Cookeville, Tennessee
Cuernavaca, Morelos
Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas
Des Moines, Iowa
Enid, Oklahoma
Evansville, Indiana
Fargo, North Dakota
Fort Walton Beach, Florida
Gary, Indiana
Grand Forks, North Dakota
Grand Rapids, Manitoba
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Hammond, Indiana
Houston, Texas
Huntsville, Alabama
Iowa City, Iowa
Iron Mountain, Michigan
Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson, Tennessee
Janesville, Wisconsin
Joplin, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri-Kansas
Kenosha, Wisconsin
Lafayette, Louisiana
Lawton, Oklahoma
León, Guanajuato
Lincoln, Nebraska
Little Rock, Arkansas
Lubbock, Texas
Madison, Wisconsin
Managua, Nicaragua
Memphis, Tennessee
Mérida, Yucatán
Mexico City
Midland/Odessa, Texas
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
Minot, North Dakota
Mobile, Alabama
Monterrey, Nuevo León
Montgomery, Alabama
Nashville, Tennessee
New Orleans
Normal, Illinois
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Omaha, Nebraska
Panama City, Florida
Pensacola, Florida
Peoria, Illinois
Puebla City
Quad Cities, Iowa/Illinois
Racine, Wisconsin
Red Lake, Ontario
Regina, Saskatchewan
Rockford, Illinois
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
St. Louis, Missouri
San Antonio, Texas
San José, Costa Rica
San Luis Potosí City
San Pedro Sula, Honduras
San Salvador, El Salvador
Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Shreveport–Bossier City, Louisiana
Springfield, Missouri
Tampico, Tamaulipas
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Thompson, Manitoba
Toluca, Estado de México
Topeka, Kansas
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Waukegan, Illinois
Wheaton, Illinois
Wichita, Kansas
Wichita Falls, Texas
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Zacatecas, Zacatecas
See also[edit]
Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://archive.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060813/zones.shtml
External links[edit]
World time zone map
History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion
The official U.S. time for the Central Time Zone (dead link)
Cities in CST
Official times across Canada
[hide]
v
t
e
Time zones in North America
Time zone
Hours from UTC: Standard time
Hours from UTC: Daylight saving time
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Hawaii) –10 –10
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Alaska) –10 –9
Alaska –9 –8
Pacific –8 –7
Mountain (Arizona and Sonora only) –7 –7
Mountain (other states) –7 –6
Central (Saskatchewan only) –6 –6
Central (other states) –6 –5
Eastern (Southampton Island, Atikokan and New Osnaburgh/Pickle Lake only) –5 –5
Eastern (other states) –5 –4
Atlantic (Natashquan River) –4 –4
Atlantic (other states) –4 –3
Newfoundland –3:30 –2:30
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
and most of Greenland –3 –2
See also
Time in Canada
Time in Denmark
Time in Mexico
Time in the United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Time_Zone&oldid=816169692"
Categories:
Time zones
Time in Canada
Time in Mexico
Time zones in the United States
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Articles needing additional references from August 2014
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Articles with images not understandable by color blind users
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Simple English
Svenska
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 18:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #b3b136; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values:
/wiki/Caribbean_Islands
mw-redirect
Caribbean Islands

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Pacific_Ocean
mw-redirect
Eastern Pacific Ocean

values: Edit section: Regions using (North American) Central Time

values:
/wiki/Kenora,_Ontario
mw-redirect
Kenora, Ontario

values:
/wiki/Phenix_City
mw-redirect
Phenix City

values:
/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)
mw-redirect
Yucatán (state)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-4

values: -moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4;

values: Edit section: Central America and Caribbean Islands

values: Edit section: Eastern Pacific islands and other areas

values: Edit section: Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas

values: Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://time5.nrc.ca/webclock_e.shtml

values: Template talk:North American time zones (page does not exist)

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float:left; text-align:left

values: Category:Time zones in the United States

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Articles with images not understandable by color blind users

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Central_Time_Zone
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: منطقة زمنية وسطى – Arabic

values: منطقه زمانی مرکزی – Persian

values: 중부 표준시 – Korean

values: Централен часовен појас – Macedonian

values: Central Standard Time – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Центральний час – Ukrainian

values: وسطی منطقۂ وقت – Urdu

values: Múi giờ miền Trung (Bắc Mỹ) – Vietnamese

values: 北美中部时区 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Central_Time_Zone rootpage-Central_Time_Zone skin-vector action-view


text:
Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid athletes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This is a list of the highest-paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine.
Contents
[hide]
1 2017 list
2 2016 list
3 2015 list
4 2014 list
5 2013 list
6 2012 list
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
2017 list
The 2017 list:[1]
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements
1 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million
2 LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million
3 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million
4 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million
5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million
6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million
6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million
8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million
9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million
10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million
2016 list
The 2016 list:[2]
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements
1 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million
2 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million
3 LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million
4 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million
5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million
6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million
7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million
8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million
9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million
10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million
2015 list
The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015.[3]
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements
1 Floyd Mayweather Jr. Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million
2 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million
3 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million
4 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million
5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million
6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million
7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million
8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million
9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million
10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million
2014 list
The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014.[4]
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements
1 Floyd Mayweather Jr. Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0
2 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million
3 LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million
4 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million
5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million
6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million
7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million
8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million
9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million
10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million
2013 list
The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013.[5]
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements
1 Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million
2 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million
3 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million
4 LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million
5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million
6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million
7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million
8 David Beckham Football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million
9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million
10 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million
2012 list
The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012.[6]
Rank
Name
Sport
Nationality
Total earnings
Salary/winnings
Endorsements
1 Floyd Mayweather Jr. Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0
2 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million
3 Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million
4 LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million
5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million
6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million
7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million
8 David Beckham Football England $46 million $9 million $37 million
9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million
10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million
See also
List of professional sports leagues by revenue
References
Jump up ^ "The World's Highest Paid Athletes 2017".
Jump up ^ "World's Highest Paid Athletes 2016". Forbes. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes". Forbes. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World's Highest-Paid Athletes". Forbes. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "The World's Highest-Paid Athletes 2013: Behind The Numbers". Forbes. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mayweather Tops List Of The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes". Forbes. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
External links
The World's Highest-Paid Athletes List - Forbes
hide
v
t
e
Forbes magazine lists
Companies
Global 2000
People
General
Celebrity 100
30 Under 30
China Celebrity 100
Fictional 15
Korea Power Celebrity
World's 100 Most Powerful Women
World's Most Powerful People
Richest
The World's Billionaires
Forbes 400
Forbes Asia Australia's 50 Richest
Places
America's Best Colleges
Sports
Highest-paid athletes
Most valuable sports teams
Most valuable football clubs
Major League Soccer's most valuable teams
Technology
Midas List (Tech's Top Deal Makers)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=823457052"
Categories:
Forbes lists
Lists of people by magazine appearance
Lists of sports superlatives
Income of sportspeople
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
日本語
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 February 2018, at 10:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This article is semi-protected until December 14, 2018.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

attrs: class dir

values: toctitle ltr

value: li

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.forbes.com/athletes/list

values: Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women

values: Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People

values: Forbes Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges

values: Forbes' list of the most valuable sports teams

values: Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Lists of people by magazine appearance

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Anexo:Lista Forbes: Deportistas mejor pagados – Spanish

values: スポーツ選手長者番付 – Japanese

values: Lista de atletas mais bem pagos do mundo segundo a Forbes – Portuguese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Forbes_list_of_the_world_s_highest-paid_athletes rootpage-Forbes_list_of_the_world_s_highest-paid_athletes skin-vector action-view


text:
Tic-tac-toe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Tic Tac Toe" and "Noughts and crosses" redirect here. For other uses, see Tic Tac Toe (disambiguation) and Noughts and crosses (disambiguation).
Tic-tac-toe
A completed game of Tic-tac-toe
Genre(s)
Paper-and-pencil game
Players
2
Setup time
Minimal
Playing time
~1 minute
Random chance
None
Skill(s) required
Strategy, tactics, observation
Synonym(s)
Noughts and crosses
Xs and Os
Tic-tac-toe (also known as noughts and crosses or Xs and Os) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3×3 grid. The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game.
The following example game is won by the first player, X:
Players soon discover that the best play from both parties leads to a draw. Hence, tic-tac-toe is most often played by young children.
Because of the simplicity of tic-tac-toe, it is often used as a pedagogical tool for teaching the concepts of good sportsmanship and the branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees. It is straightforward to write a computer program to play tic-tac-toe perfectly, to enumerate the 765 essentially different positions (the state space complexity), or the 26,830 possible games up to rotations and reflections (the game tree complexity) on this space.[1]
The game can be generalized to an m,n,k-game in which two players alternate placing stones of their own color on an m×n board, with the goal of getting k of their own color in a row. Tic-tac-toe is the (3,3,3)-game.[2] Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe is an even broader generalization of tic tac toe. It can also be generalized as a nd game. Tic-tac-toe is the game where n equals 3 and d equals 2.[3] If played properly, the game will end in a draw making tic-tac-toe a futile game.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Combinatorics
3 Strategy
3.1 Further details
4 Variations
5 English names
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Games played on three-in-a-row boards can be traced back to ancient Egypt,[5] where such game boards have been found on roofing tiles dating from around 1300 BCE.[6]
An early variation of tic-tac-toe was played in the Roman Empire, around the first century BC. It was called terni lapilli (three pebbles at a time) and instead of having any number of pieces, each player only had three, thus they had to move them around to empty spaces to keep playing.[7] The game's grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome. Another closely related ancient game is Three Men's Morris which is also played on a simple grid and requires three pieces in a row to finish,[8] and Picaria, a game of the Puebloans.
The different names of the game are more recent. The first print reference to "noughts and crosses", the British name, appeared in 1864. In his novel Can You Forgive Her? (1864) Anthony Trollope refers to a clerk playing "tit-tat-toe". The first print reference to a game called "tick-tack-toe" occurred in 1884, but referred to "a children's game played on a slate, consisting in trying with the eyes shut to bring the pencil down on one of the numbers of a set, the number hit being scored". "Tic-tac-toe" may also derive from "tick-tack", the name of an old version of backgammon first described in 1558. The U.S. renaming of "noughts and crosses" as "tic-tac-toe" occurred in the 20th century.[9]
In 1952, OXO (or Noughts and Crosses), developed by British computer scientist Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge, became one of the first known video games.[10][11] The computer player could play perfect games of tic-tac-toe against a human opponent.[10]
In 1975, tic-tac-toe was also used by MIT students to demonstrate the computational power of Tinkertoy elements. The Tinkertoy computer, made out of (almost) only Tinkertoys, is able to play tic-tac-toe perfectly.[12] It is currently on display at the Museum of Science, Boston.
Combinatorics[edit]
When considering only the state of the board, and after taking into account board symmetries (i.e. rotations and reflections), there are only 138 terminal board positions. A combinatorics study of the game shows that when "X" makes the first move every time, the game is won as follows:[13]
91 distinct positions are won by (X)
44 distinct positions are won by (O)
3 distinct positions are drawn (often called a "cat's game"[14])
Strategy[edit]
Optimal strategy for player X if starting in a corner. In each grid, the shaded red X denotes the optimal move, and the location of O's next move gives the next subgrid to examine. Note that only two sequences of moves by O (both starting with center, top-right, left-mid) lead to a draw, with the remaining sequences leading to wins from X.
Optimal strategy for player O. Player O can always force a win or draw by taking center. If it is taken by X, then O must take a corner
A player can play a perfect game of tic-tac-toe (to win or, at least, draw) if each time it is his turn to play he chooses the first available move from the following list, as used in Newell and Simon's 1972 tic-tac-toe program.[15]
Win: If the player has two in a row, they can place a third to get three in a row.
Block: If the opponent has two in a row, the player must play the third themselves to block the opponent.
Fork: Create an opportunity where the player has two threats to win (two non-blocked lines of 2).
Blocking an opponent's fork: If there is only one possible fork for the opponent, the player should block it. Otherwise, the player should block any forks in any way that simultaneously allows them to create two in a row. Otherwise, the player should create a two in a row to force the opponent into defending, as long as it doesn't result in them creating a fork. For example, if "X" has two opposite corners and "O" has the center, "O" must not play a corner in order to win. (Playing a corner in this scenario creates a fork for "X" to win.)
Center: A player marks the center. (If it is the first move of the game, playing on a corner gives the second player more opportunities to make a mistake and may therefore be the better choice; however, it makes no difference between perfect players.)
Opposite corner: If the opponent is in the corner, the player plays the opposite corner.
Empty corner: The player plays in a corner square.
Empty side: The player plays in a middle square on any of the 4 sides.
The first player, who shall be designated "X", has 3 possible positions to mark during the first turn. Superficially, it might seem that there are 9 possible positions, corresponding to the 9 squares in the grid. However, by rotating the board, we will find that in the first turn, every corner mark is strategically equivalent to every other corner mark. The same is true of every edge (side middle) mark. For strategy purposes, there are therefore only three possible first marks: corner, edge, or center. Player X can win or force a draw from any of these starting marks; however, playing the corner gives the opponent the smallest choice of squares which must be played to avoid losing.[16] This might suggest that the corner is the best opening move for X, however another study[17] shows that if the players are not perfect, an opening move in the center is best for X.
The second player, who shall be designated "O", must respond to X's opening mark in such a way as to avoid the forced win. Player O must always respond to a corner opening with a center mark, and to a center opening with a corner mark. An edge opening must be answered either with a center mark, a corner mark next to the X, or an edge mark opposite the X. Any other responses will allow X to force the win. Once the opening is completed, O's task is to follow the above list of priorities in order to force the draw, or else to gain a win if X makes a weak play.
More detailedly, to guarantee a draw, O should adopt the following strategies:
If X plays corner opening move, O should take center, and then an edge, forcing X to block in the next move. This will stop any forks from happening. When both X and O are perfect players and X chooses to start by marking a corner, O takes the center, and X takes the corner opposite the original. In that case, O is free to choose any edge as its second move. However, if X is not a perfect player and has played a corner and then an edge, O should not play the opposite edge as its second move, because then X is not forced to block in the next move and can fork.
If X plays edge opening move, O should take center or one of the corners adjacent to X, and then follow the above list of priorities, mainly paying attention to block forks.
If X plays center opening move, O should take corner, and then follow the above list of priorities, mainly paying attention to block forks.
When X plays corner first, and O is not a perfect player, the following may happen:
If O responds with a center mark (best move for them), a perfect X player will take the corner opposite the original. Then O should play an edge. However, if O plays a corner as its second move, a perfect X player will mark the remaining corner, blocking O's 3-in-a-row and making their own fork.
If O responds with a corner mark, X is guaranteed to win, by simply taking any of the other two corners and then the last, a fork. (since when X takes the third corner, O can only take the position between the two X's. Then X can take the only remaining corner to win)
If O responds with an edge mark, X is guaranteed to win, by taking center, then O can only take the corner opposite the corner which X plays first. Finally, X can take a corner to create a fork and then X will win on the next move.
Further details[edit]
Consider a board with the nine positions numbered as follows:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
When X plays 1 as their opening move, then O should take 5. Then X takes 9 (in this situation, O should not take 3 or 7, O should take 2, 4, 6 or 8):
X1 → O5 → X9 → O2 → X8 → O7 → X3 → O6 → X4, this game will be a draw.
or 6 (in this situation, O should not take 4 or 7, O should take 2, 3, 8 or 9. In fact, taking 9 is the best move, since a non-perfect player X may take 4, then O can take 7 to win).
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8, then O should not take 3, or X can take 7 to win, and O should not take 4, or X can take 9 to win, O should take 7 or 9.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O7 → X3 → O9 → X4, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O9 → X4 (7) → O7 (4) → X3, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X8 (9) → O9 (8) → X2, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O8 → X2 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X9, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9, then X should not take 4, or O can take 7 to win, X should take 2, 3, 7 or 8.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X2 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X8, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X3 → O2 → X8 → O4 (7) → X7 (4), this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X7 → O4 → X2 (3) → O3 (2) → X8, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X8 → O2 (3, 4, 7) → X4/7 (4/7, 2/3, 2/3) → O7/4 (7/4, 3/2, 3/2) → X3 (2, 7, 4), this game will be a draw.
In both of these situations (X takes 9 or 6 as second move), X has a 1 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{3}}} property to win.
If X is not a perfect player, X may take 2 or 3 as second move. Then this game will be a draw, X cannot win.
X1 → O5 → X2 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X6 → O8 (9) → X9 (8), this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X3 → O2 → X8 → O4 (6) → X6 (4) → O9 (7) → X7 (9), this game will be a draw.
If X plays 1 opening move, and O is not a perfect player, the following may happen:
Although O takes the only good position (5) as first move, but O takes a bad position as second move:
X1 → O5 → X9 → O3 → X7, then X can take 4 or 8 to win.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O4 → X3, then X can take 2 or 9 to win.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O7 → X3, then X can take 2 or 9 to win.
Although O takes good positions as the first two moves, but O takes a bad position as third move:
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O3 → X7, then X can take 4 or 9 to win.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O4 → X9, then X can take 3 or 7 to win.
O takes a bad position as first move (except of 5, all other positions are bad):
X1 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X9, then X can take 5 or 8 to win.
X1 → O9 → X3 → O2 → X7, then X can take 4 or 5 to win.
X1 → O2 → X5 → O9 → X7, then X can take 3 or 4 to win.
X1 → O6 → X5 → O9 → X3, then X can take 2 or 7 to win.
Variations[edit]
Main article: Tic-tac-toe variants
Many board games share the element of trying to be the first to get n-in-a-row, including Three Men's Morris, Nine Men's Morris, pente, gomoku, Qubic, Connect Four, Quarto, Gobblet, Order and Chaos, Toss Across, and Mojo. Tic-tac-toe is an instance of an m,n,k-game, where two players alternate taking turns on an m×n board until one of them gets k in a row. Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe is an even broader generalization.
Other variations of tic-tac-toe include:
3-dimensional tic-tac-toe on a 3×3×3 board. In this game, the first player has an easy win by playing in the centre if 2 people are playing.
One can play on a board of 4x4 squares, winning in several ways. Winning can include: 4 in a straight line, 4 in a diagonal line, 4 in a diamond, or 4 to make a square.
Another variant, Qubic, is played on a 4×4×4 board; it was solved by Oren Patashnik in 1980 (the first player can force a win).[18] Higher dimensional variations are also possible.[19]
In misère tic-tac-toe the player wins if the opponent gets n in a row.[20] A 3×3 game is a draw. More generally, the first player can draw or win on any board (of any dimension) whose side length is odd, by playing first in the central cell and then mirroring the opponent's moves.[19]
In "wild" tic-tac-toe, players can choose to place either X or O on each move.[21][22][23]
Number Scrabble or Pick15[24] is isomorphic to tic-tac-toe, but on the surface appears completely different.[25] Two players in turn say a number between one and nine. A particular number may not be repeated. The game is won by the player who has said three numbers whose sum is 15.[24][26] If all the numbers are used and no one gets three numbers that add up to 15 then the game is a draw.[24] Plotting these numbers on a 3×3 magic square shows that the game exactly corresponds with tic-tac-toe, since three numbers will be arranged in a straight line if and only if they total 15.[27]
eat
bee
less
→e
air
bits
lip
→i
soda
book
lot
→o
↙
s
↓
a
↓
b
↓
l
↘
t
Another isomorphic game uses a list of nine carefully chosen words, for instance "eat", "bee", "less", "air", "bits", "lip", "soda", "book", and "lot". Each player picks one word in turn and to win, a player must select three words with the same letter. The words may be plotted on a tic-tac-toe grid in such a way that a three in a row line wins.[28]
Numerical Tic Tac Toe is a variation invented by the mathematician Ronald Graham. The numbers 1 to 9 are used in this game. The first player plays with the odd numbers, the second player plays with the even numbers. All numbers can be used only once. The player who puts down 15 points in a line wins (sum of 3 numbers).
In the 1970s, there was a two player game made by Tri-ang Toys & Games called Check Lines, in which the board consisted of eleven holes arranged in a geometrical pattern of twelve straight lines each containing three of the holes. Each player had exactly five tokens and played in turn placing one token in any of the holes. The winner was the first player whose tokens were arranged in two lines of three (which by definition were intersecting lines). If neither player had won by the tenth turn, subsequent turns consisted of moving one of one's own tokens to the remaining empty hole, with the constraint that this move could only be from an adjacent hole.[29]
Quantum tic tac toe allows players to place a quantum superposition of numbers on the board, i.e. the players' moves are "superpositions" of plays in the original classical game. This variation was invented by Allan Goff of Novatia Labs.[30]
English names[edit]
The game has a number of English names.
Tick-tack-toe, tic-tac-toe, tick-tat-toe, or tit-tat-toe (United States, Canada)
Noughts and crosses or naughts and crosses (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, India)
Exy-ozys, xsie-osies (verbal name only) (Northern Ireland)
Xs and Os (Egypt, Republic of Ireland, Zimbabwe)
Sometimes, the games tic-tac-toe (where players keep adding "pieces") and Three Men's Morris (where pieces start to move after a certain number have been placed) are confused with each other.
In popular culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wordsworth alludes to tic-tac-toe in his The Prelude (1799).
In the movie WarGames, a computer learns through a tic-tac-toe analogy that nuclear war is unwinnable.
The BBC's Test Card F image includes a picture of a game. In the updated version, Test Card J, the game's X indicates the exact center of the screen.
George Cooper wrote the words and John Rogers Thomas wrote the music for a song "Tit, Tac, Toe" in 1876.
The adventure game Sam & Max Save the World features an arcade version called Tic-Tac-Doom, but its artificial intelligence is intentionally poor. Rather than beating the game, the player must lose it in order to progress.
Episode 452 of This American Life[31] recounts the true story of a legal defence team that sought to overturn the state of Florida's decision to execute a mentally ill murderer by eliciting a tic-tac-toe playing chicken as evidence. Arcade games with tic-tac-toe playing chickens were popular in the mid 1970s; the animals were trained using operant conditioning.[32]
In the 1957 film version of Twelve Angry Men there is a small scene were two jurors are playing the game in order to pass the time.
In the Three Stooges short, Disorder in the Court, Moe and Larry are seen playing tic-tac-toe in a couple of different scenes. (One with Curly playing jacks over it.)
Various game shows have been based on tic-tac-toe and its variants:
On Hollywood Squares, nine celebrities filled the cells of the tic-tac-toe grid; players put symbols on the board by correctly agreeing or disagreeing with a celebrity's answer to a question. Variations of the show include Storybook Squares and Hip Hop Squares. The British version was Celebrity Squares. Australia had various versions under the names of Celebrity Squares, Personality Squares & All Star Squares.
In Tic-Tac-Dough, players put symbols up on the board by answering questions in various categories, which shuffle after each player's turn.
In Beat the Teacher, contestants answer questions to win a turn to influence a tic-tac-toe grid.
The game show Crossfire also had contestants answer questions to put symbols on the board.
On The Price Is Right, several national variants feature a pricing game called "Secret X", in which players must guess prices of two small prizes to win Xs (in addition to one free X) to place on a blank board. They must place the Xs in position to guess the location of the titular "secret X" hidden in the center column of the board and form a tic-tac-toe line across or diagonally (no vertical lines allowed). There are no Os in this variant of the game.
On Minute to Win It, the game Ping Tac Toe has one contestant playing the game with nine water-filled glasses and white and orange ping-pong balls, trying to get three in a row of either color. He must alternate colors after each successful landing and must be careful not to block himself.
See also[edit]
3-D Tic-Tac-Toe
Hales–Jewett theorem
m,n,k-game
Notakto
Pick 15
SOS (game)
Tic-tac-toe variants
Ultimate tic-tac-toe
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Steve (2002). "MathRec Solutions (Tic-Tac-Toe)". Retrieved 2015-09-18.
Jump up ^ Pham, Duc-Nghia; Park, Seong-Bae (2014-11-12). PRICAI 2014: Trends in Artificial Intelligence: 13th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, PRICAI 2014, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia, December 1-5, 2014, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 9783319135601.
Jump up ^ Golomb, Solomon; Hales, Alfred. "Hypercube Tic-Tac-Toe" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ W., Weisstein, Eric. "Tic-Tac-Toe". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
Jump up ^ Zaslavsky, Claudia (1982). Tic Tac Toe: And Other Three-In-A Row Games from Ancient Egypt to the Modern Computer. Crowell. ISBN 0-690-04316-3.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N4nmGjq5dWsC&pg=PA153
Jump up ^ "Tic tac toe Ancient Roman 1st century BCE". Sweetooth Design Company. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
Jump up ^ Canisius College – Morris Games
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary entries for "Noughts and Crosses", "Tick-Tack" and "Tick-Tack-Toe", dictionary.oed.com
^ Jump up to: a b Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012-08-16). Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 3–7. ISBN 978-0-313-37936-9.
Jump up ^ Cohen, D. S. (2014-09-20). "OXO aka Noughts and Crosses - The First Video Game". About.com. IAC. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Tinkertoys and tic-tac-toe". Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
Jump up ^ Bolon, Thomas (2013-05-21). How to never lose at Tic-Tac-Toe. BookCountry. ISBN 9781463001926.
Jump up ^ "Searching for the cat in tic tac toe". TimesDaily. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ Kevin Crowley, Robert S. Siegler (1993). "Flexible Strategy Use in Young Children's Tic-Tac-Toe". Cognitive Science. 17 (4): 531–561. doi:10.1016/0364-0213(93)90003-Q.
Jump up ^ Martin Gardner (1988). Hexaflexagons and Other Mathematical Diversions. University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ Kutschera, Ant. "The best opening move in a game of tic-tac-toe - The Kitchen in the Zoo". blog.maxant.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ Oren Patashnik, Qubic: 4 x 4 x 4 Tic-Tac-Toe, Mathematical Magazine 53 (1980) 202–216.
^ Jump up to: a b Golomb, Solomon W.; Hales, Alfred W. (2002), "Hypercube tic-tac-toe", More games of no chance (Berkeley, CA, 2000), Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ., 42, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 167–182, MR 1973012 .
Jump up ^ Averbach, Bonnie; Chein, Orin (1980), Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics, Dover, p. 252, ISBN 9780486131740 .
Jump up ^ Mendelson, Elliott (2016-02-03). Introducing Game Theory and its Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 9781482285871.
Jump up ^ "Puzzles in Education - Wild Tic-Tac-Toe". puzzles.com. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Richard A. (2012-12-28). The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123978707.
^ Jump up to: a b c Juul, Jesper (2011-08-19). Half-Real: Video Games Between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262516518.
Jump up ^ Michon, John A. (1967-01-01). "The Game of JAM: An Isomorph of Tic-Tac-Toe". The American Journal of Psychology. 80 (1): 137–140. doi:10.2307/1420555.
Jump up ^ "TicTacToe Magic" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Math!, Oh Boy I. Get To Do (2015-05-30). "Oh Boy! I Get to do Math!: Tic-Tac-Toe as a Magic Square". Oh Boy! I Get to do Math!. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
Jump up ^ Schumer, Peter D. (2004), Mathematical Journeys, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 71–72, ISBN 9780471220664 .
Jump up ^ Check Lines, BoardGameGeek, retrieved 2013-09-13.
Jump up ^ Goff, Allan (November 2006). "Quantum tic-tac-toe: A teaching metaphor for superposition in quantum mechanics". American Journal of Physics. College Park, MD: American Association of Physics Teachers. 74 (11): 962–973. doi:10.1119/1.2213635. ISSN 0002-9505.
Jump up ^ "452: Poultry Slam 2011". This American Life. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Trillin, Calvin (1999-02-01). "The Chicken Vanishes". The New Yorker.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tic-tac-toe
Look up tic-tac-toe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tic Tac Toe.
Tic-Tac-Toe at Wolfram's MathWorld
Discussion about the term "cat's game" for a drawn game of tic-tac-toe
hide
v
t
e
Tic-Tac-Toe
Tic-Tac-Toe variants
3D tic-tac-toe
Gomoku
Notakto
Number Scrabble
Order and Chaos
Pente
Quantum tic-tac-toe
Renju
SOS
Treblecross
Ultimate tic-tac-toe
Wild tic-tac-toe
List
Related concepts
m,n,k-game
nd game
Kaplansky's game
Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe
Hales–Jewett theorem
Strategy-stealing argument
Futile game
Paper-and-pencil game
Similar games
Nine Men's Morris
Score Four
Tic-Stac-Toe
Gobblet
Quarto
Three Men's Morris
Nine Holes
Achi
Connect Four
Connect6
OXO
Toss Across
Pentago
hide
v
t
e
Topics in game theory
Definitions
Cooperative game
Determinacy
Escalation of commitment
Extensive-form game
First-player and second-player win
Game complexity
Graphical game
Hierarchy of beliefs
Information set
Normal-form game
Preference
Sequential game
Simultaneous game
Simultaneous action selection
Solved game
Succinct game
Equilibrium
concepts
Nash equilibrium
Subgame perfection
Mertens-stable equilibrium
Bayesian Nash equilibrium
Perfect Bayesian equilibrium
Trembling hand
Proper equilibrium
Epsilon-equilibrium
Correlated equilibrium
Sequential equilibrium
Quasi-perfect equilibrium
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Risk dominance
Core
Shapley value
Pareto efficiency
Gibbs equilibrium
Quantal response equilibrium
Self-confirming equilibrium
Strong Nash equilibrium
Markov perfect equilibrium
Strategies
Dominant strategies
Pure strategy
Mixed strategy
Strategy-stealing argument
Tit for tat
Grim trigger
Collusion
Backward induction
Forward induction
Markov strategy
Classes
of games
Symmetric game
Perfect information
Repeated game
Signaling game
Screening game
Cheap talk
Zero-sum game
Mechanism design
Bargaining problem
Stochastic game
n-player game
Large Poisson game
Nontransitive game
Global game
Strictly determined game
Potential game
Games
Chess
Infinite chess
Checkers
Tic-tac-toe
Prisoner's dilemma
Optional prisoner's dilemma
Traveler's dilemma
Coordination game
Chicken
Centipede game
Volunteer's dilemma
Dollar auction
Battle of the sexes
Stag hunt
Matching pennies
Ultimatum game
Rock–paper–scissors
Pirate game
Dictator game
Public goods game
Blotto game
War of attrition
El Farol Bar problem
Fair division
Fair cake-cutting
Cournot game
Deadlock
Diner's dilemma
Guess 2/3 of the average
Kuhn poker
Nash bargaining game
Prisoners and hats puzzle
Trust game
Princess and Monster game
Rendezvous problem
Theorems
Minimax theorem
Nash's theorem
Purification theorem
Zermelo's theorem
Folk theorem
Revelation principle
Arrow's impossibility theorem
Key
figures
Albert W. Tucker
Amos Tversky
Ariel Rubinstein
Claude Shannon
Daniel Kahneman
David K. Levine
David M. Kreps
Donald B. Gillies
Drew Fudenberg
Eric Maskin
Harold W. Kuhn
Herbert Simon
Hervé Moulin
Jean Tirole
Jean-François Mertens
Jennifer Tour Chayes
John Harsanyi
John Maynard Smith
Antoine Augustin Cournot
John Nash
John von Neumann
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Binmore
Leonid Hurwicz
Lloyd Shapley
Melvin Dresher
Merrill M. Flood
Olga Bondareva
Oskar Morgenstern
Paul Milgrom
Peyton Young
Reinhard Selten
Robert Axelrod
Robert Aumann
Robert B. Wilson
Roger Myerson
Samuel Bowles
Suzanne Scotchmer
Thomas Schelling
William Vickrey
See also
All-pay auction
Alpha–beta pruning
Bertrand paradox
Bounded rationality
Combinatorial game theory
Confrontation analysis
Coopetition
First-move advantage in chess
Game mechanics
Glossary of game theory
List of game theorists
List of games in game theory
No-win situation
Solving chess
Topological game
Tragedy of the commons
Tyranny of small decisions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tic-tac-toe&oldid=844814178"
Categories:
Tic-tac-toe
Abstract strategy games
Mathematical games
Paper-and-pencil games
Solved games
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles needing additional references from May 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Seeltersk
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
33 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 June 2018, at 10:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Tic_Tac_Toe_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Tic Tac Toe (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values:
/wiki/File:Tic-tac-toe-game-1.svg
image
Game of Tic-tac-toe, won by X

values:
/wiki/State_space_complexity
mw-redirect
State space complexity

values:
/wiki/Game_tree_complexity
mw-redirect
Game tree complexity

values:
/wiki/Museum_of_Science,_Boston
mw-redirect
Museum of Science, Boston

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:1.999ex; height:5.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Solved_board_games
mw-redirect
Solved board games

attrs: class border cellpadding cellspacing style

values:
/wiki/Line-line_intersection
mw-redirect
Line-line intersection

values:
/wiki/Quantum_tic_tac_toe
mw-redirect
Quantum tic tac toe

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_war
mw-redirect
Nuclear war

values:
/wiki/Test_Card_J
mw-redirect
Test Card J

values:
nofollow
https://www.loc.gov/item/sm1876.02044/
external text

values:
/wiki/Pricing_game
mw-redirect
Pricing game

values:
/wiki/3-D_Tic-Tac-Toe
mw-redirect
3-D Tic-Tac-Toe

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dictionary.oed.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1420555

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1420555

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1119%2F1.2213635

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: navigation navbox Tic-Tac-Toe padding:3px

values:
/wiki/Cooperative_game
mw-redirect
Cooperative game

values:
/wiki/Bayesian_Nash_equilibrium
mw-redirect
Bayesian Nash equilibrium

values:
/wiki/Dominance_(game_theory)
mw-redirect
Dominance (game theory)

values:
/wiki/Forward_induction
mw-redirect
Forward induction

values:
/wiki/Large_Poisson_game
mw-redirect
Large Poisson game

values:
/wiki/Nash_bargaining_game
mw-redirect
Nash bargaining game

values:
/wiki/Prisoners_and_hats_puzzle
mw-redirect
Prisoners and hats puzzle

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tic-tac-toe
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: لعبة إكس-أو – Arabic

values: Крыжыкі-нулікі – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Крыжыкі-нулікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktakto
Tiktakto – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ایکس او – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: איקס עיגול – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: ଛକି-ଶୁନ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Крестики-нолики – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Икс-окс (игра) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_i_rad
Tre i rad – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: டிக் டேக் டோ – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: โอเอกซ์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Хрестики-нулики – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tic-tac-toe rootpage-Tic-tac-toe skin-vector action-view