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Four kingdoms of Daniel
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Daniel's Vision of the Beasts, 1866 engraving by Gustave Doré.
The four kingdoms of Daniel are four kingdoms which, according to the Book of Daniel, precede the "end-time" and the "Kingdom of God".
Contents
[hide]
1 The four kingdoms
1.1 Historical background
1.2 Daniel 2
1.3 Daniel 7
1.4 Daniel 8
2 Schools of thought
2.1 Roman Empire schema
2.1.1 Use with Book of Revelation
2.1.2 Second temple theory
3 Traditional views
3.1 Protestant Reformation
3.2 Fifth Monarchists
3.3 Seventh-day Adventist view
4 See also
5 Appendix
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
The four kingdoms[edit]
Historical background[edit]
Daniel was one of many Hebrew young men in particular taken captive by the Babylonians. He had been very well educated in his native Israel which is why he as well as others were chosen to be trained for service in the Babylonian king's household. This was a dark time for the people of Israel, and the Babylonian Captivity was a judgment by God upon them for forsaking His Commandments and instructions. God had forewarned Israel many times prior to this.
"Belteshazzar" was the Babylonian name given to Daniel, which undoubtedly referred to a Chaldean deity. Daniel's writings cover the Israeli Captivity under Babylon and also the Mede-Persian Empires. He served under several kings and was always favored for his wisdom, which he attributed to God.
Daniel 2[edit]
In chapter 2, Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a statue made of four different materials, identified as four kingdoms:
Head of gold,
explicitly identified as King Nebuchadnezzar.[v.37-38]
Chest and arms of silver.
Identified as an "inferior" kingdom to follow Nebuchadnezzar.[v.39]
Belly and thighs of bronze.
A third kingdom which shall rule over all the earth.[v.39]
Legs of iron with feet of mingled iron and clay
Interpreted as a fourth kingdom, strong as iron, but the feet and toes partly of clay and partly of iron show it shall be a divided kingdom.[v.41]
Daniel 7[edit]
In chapter 7, Daniel has a vision of four beasts coming up out of the sea, and is told that they represent four kingdoms:
A beast like a lion with eagle’s wings;
A beast like a bear, raised up on one side, with three ribs between its teeth;
A beast like a leopard with four wings and four heads;
A fourth beast, with large iron teeth and ten horns.
This is explained as a fourth kingdom, different from all the other kingdoms; it "will devour the whole earth, trampling it down and crushing it."[v.23] The ten horns are ten kings who will come from this kingdom.[V.24] A further horn (the "little horn") then appears and uproots three of the previous horns: this is explained as a future king.
Daniel 8[edit]
In chapter 8 Daniel sees a ram with two horns destroyed by a he-goat with a single horn; the horn breaks and four horns appear, followed once again by the "little horn."
Schools of thought[edit]
From the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the "four monarchies" model became widely used by all for universal history, in parallel with eschatology, among Protestants. Some continued to defend its use in universal history in the early 18th century.
Christopher Cellarius (1638–1707), based on the distinctive nature of medieval Latin.[1] The modern historicist interpretations and eschatological views of the Book of Daniel with the Book of Revelation closely resemble and continue earlier historical Protestant interpretations.
There are references in classical literature and arts that apparently predate the use of the succession of kingdoms in the Book of Daniel. One appears in Aemilius Sura,[2] an author quoted by Velleius Paterculus (c. 19 BC – c. AD 31). This gives Assyria, Media, Persia and Macedonia as the imperial powers. The fifth empire became identified with the Romans. (After the 17th century, the concept of a fifth monarchy was re-introduced from Christian millennarian ideas.)
An interpretation that became orthodox[citation needed] after Swain (1940)[3] sees the "four kingdoms" theory becoming the property of Greek and Roman writers at the beginning of the 1st century BCE, as an import from Asia Minor. They built on a three-kingdom sequence, already mentioned by Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC) and by Ctesias (fl. 401 BC).[4] Mendels (1981) contests this dating and origin, placing it[clarification needed] later in the century.[5]
Jewish Reconstructionists and Full Preterists believe that Daniel is completely fulfilled, and that the believers are now working to establish the Kingdom of God on earth.
Two main schools of thought on the four kingdoms of Daniel, are:
the traditionalist view, supporting the conflation of Medo-Persia and identifying the last kingdom as the Roman Empire.
the Maccabean thesis, a view that supports the separation of the Medes from the Persians and identifies the last kingdom as the Seleucid Empire.[6]
Roman Empire schema[edit]
The following interpretation represents a traditional view of Jewish and Christian Historicists, Futurists, Dispensationalists, Partial Preterists, and other futuristic Jewish and Christian hybrids, as well as certain Messianic Jews, who typically identify the kingdoms in Daniel (with variations) as:
the Babylonian Empire
the Medo-Persian Empire
the Greek Empire
the Roman Empire, with other implications to come later
Jerome (c. 347 – 420) described this scheme in his Commentary on Daniel.[7] Within this framework there are numerous variations.
Use with Book of Revelation[edit]
Christian interpreters typically read the Book of Daniel along with the New Testament's Book of Revelation. The Church Fathers interpreted the beast in Revelation 13 as the empire of Rome.[8] The majority of modern scholarly commentators understand the "city on seven hills" in Revelation as a reference to Rome.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Second temple theory[edit]
Full Preterists, Idealists, certain Reconstructionists and other non-futurists likewise typically believe in the same general sequence, but teach that Daniel's prophecies ended with the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem, and have few to no implications beyond that. Jewish and Christian Futurists, Dispensationalists, and, to some degree, Partial Preterists believe that the prophecies of Daniel stopped with the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem; but will resume at some point in the future after a gap in prophecy that accounts for the Church Age.
Traditional views[edit]
The traditional interpretation of the four kingdoms, shared among Jewish and Christian expositors for over two millennia, identifies the kingdoms as the empires of Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece and Rome. This view conforms to the text of Daniel, which considers the Medo-Persian Empire as one, as with the "law of the Medes and Persians"(6:8, 12, 15) These views have the support of the Jewish Talmud, medieval Jewish commentators, Christian Church Fathers, Jerome, and Calvin.[22]
Jerome specifically identified the four kingdoms of Daniel 2 in this way.[23] The "four monarchies" theory existed alongside the Six Ages and the Three Eras, as general historical structures, in the work of Augustine of Hippo, a contemporary of Jerome.[24]
The alternative view which sees the sequence ending with Greece and the Diadochi, thus excluding Rome, is not without historical precedent however. The pagan critic of Christianity, Porphyry, suggested a variation of this interpretation in the third century CE. In the following centuries, several Eastern Christians espoused this view, including Ephrem the Syrian, Polychronius, and Cosmas Indicopleustes.[25]
During the Medieval ages the orthodox Christian interpretation followed the commentary by Jerome on the Book of Daniel.[26] It tied the fourth monarchy and its end to the end of the Roman Empire; which was considered not to have yet come to pass. This is the case for example in the tenth-century writer Adso, whose Libellus de Antichristo incorporated the characteristic medieval myth of the Last World Emperor.[27][28] Otto of Freising used the principle of translatio imperii and took the Holy Roman Empire as the continuation of the Roman Empire (as fourth monarchy).
Protestant Reformation[edit]
See also: Historicism (Christianity)
This 1630 engraving of Daniel's vision in chapter 7 by Matthäus Merian follows Jerome's interpretation of the four beasts, but with "Assyria" in place of "Babylon".
A series of Protestant theologians, such as Jerome Zanchius (1516–1590), Joseph Mede (1586–1639), and John Lightfoot (1602–1675), particularly emphasized the eschatological theory of four monarchies.[29] Mede and other writers (such as William Guild (1586–1657), Edward Haughton and Nathaniel Stephens (c.1606–1678)) expected the imminent end of the fourth empire, and a new age.[30] The early modern version of the four monarchies in universal history was subsequently often attributed to the chronologist and astrologer Johann Carion, based on his Chronika (1532). Developments of his Protestant world chronology were endorsed in an influential preface of Philipp Melanchthon (published 1557).
The theory was topical in the 1550s. Johann Sleidan in his De quatuor imperiis summis (1556) tried to summarise the status of the "four monarchies" as historical theory; he had already alluded to it in previous works. Sleidan's influential slant on the theory was both theological, with a Protestant tone of apocalyptic decline over time, and an appeal to German nationalist feeling in terms of translatio imperii.[1][31][32] The Speculum coniugiorum (1556) of the jurist Alonso De la Vera Cruz, in New Spain, indirectly analysed the theory. It cast doubts on the Holy Roman Emperor's universal imperium by pointing out that the historical 'monarchies' in question had in no case held exclusive sway.[33] The Carion/Melanchthon view was that the Kingdom of Egypt must be considered a subsidiary power to Babylon: just as France was secondary compared to the Empire.[34]
The Foure Monarchies was the title of a long poem by Anne Bradstreet from 1650.[35] Title page of the 1678 edition of her poems .
The Catholic Jean Bodin was concerned to argue against the whole theory of 'four monarchies' as a historical paradigm. He devoted a chapter to refuting it, alongside the classical scheme of a Golden Age, in his 1566 Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem.[36]
Title page of A Brief description of the Fifth Monarchy or Kingdome (1653) by William Aspinwall.
Monument to the Four Kingdoms of Daniel: two each.
Monument to the Four Kingdoms of Daniel: two each.
The lion represents the King of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar. The bear represents the Persian King, Cyrus.
The leopard represents the King of the Greek Empire, Alexander. The fourth beast represents the Roman Empire, Julius Caesar.
Fifth Monarchists[edit]
Main article: Fifth Monarchists
In the conditions leading to the English Civil War and the disruption that followed, many Protestants were millennarians, believing they were living in the 'end of days'.[37] The Fifth Monarchists were a significant element of the Parliamentary grouping and, in January 1661, after Charles II took the throne following the English Restoration, 50 militant Fifth Monarchists under Thomas Venner attempted to take over London to start the 'Fifth Monarchy of King Jesus'. After the failure of this uprising, Fifth Monarchists became a quiescent and devotional part of religious dissent.[37]
Seventh-day Adventist view[edit]
See also: Historicism (Christianity) § Book of Daniel
The Seventh-day Adventist Church shares the traditional view that the four kingdoms of Daniel, as paralleled in chapters 2 and 7, correspond to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire and the Roman Empire. Furthermore, they hold the view that the ram and goat correspond to the Achaemenid Empire, and the Macedonian Empire. They also hold to the traditional view that the "little horn" in Daniel 7:8 refers to the Papacy; the reference to changing "times and law" (Daniel 7:25) refers to the change of the Christian sabbath from Saturday to Sunday, and the attack on the sanctuary (Daniel 8:11) to the mediatorial ministry of Roman Catholic priests.[38] The "time, times and half a time" (Daniel 7:25) represents for Adventists a period of 1260 years from 538 CE to 1798 CE, when the Roman Catholic Church dominated the Christian world.[39] The feet of the statue in Daniel 2, made of mixed iron and clay, represent modern Europe.[40] The Adventist interpretation depends on the day-year principle", the established idea that when used in prophetic context, a day is equivalent to a year.
See also[edit]
Book of Daniel
Daniel 7
Appendix[edit]
[show]Interpretations of the Four Monarchies
Chapter
Interpretation of Daniel as understood by Reformation Historicists[41][42]
Past
Present
Future
Daniel 2 Head
Gold
(Babylon) Chest & 2 arms
Silver Belly and thighs
Bronze 2 Legs
Iron 2 Feet with toes
Clay & Iron Rock
God's unending kingdom
left to no other people
Daniel 7 Winged Lion Lopsided Bear 4 Heads/4 Wings
Leopard Iron-toothed Beast
w/Little Horn Judgment scene
Beast slain A son of man comes in clouds
Given everlasting dominion
He gives it to the saints.[43]
Daniel 8 2-horned Ram
(Media-Persia) Uni- / 4-horned Goat
4 Winds (Greece) Little Horn
A Master of Intrigue Cleansing of Sanctuary
Leads to: --> (Kingdom of God)
Daniel 11-12 Kings
(Persia) North & South Kings
4 Winds (Greece) North & South Kings
A Contemptible
Person of Intrigue
Pagan & Papal Rome North & South Kings
End Times
Global religio-political
Government Michael stands up
Many dead awake
To everlasting life
(Nations in parentheses are interpretation of symbols as given in the text. Nations in small italics are Historicist interpretation. "One like a son of man" and "Michael" are understood to be the same being.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Herbert Butterfield, Man on His Past (1955), pp. 45-6.
Jump up ^ John J. Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature (1998), p. 93.
Jump up ^ Swain, Joseph Ward (January 1940). "The Theory of the Four Monarchies: Opposition History under the Roman Empire". Classical Philology. University of Chicago Press. 35 (1): 1–21. ISSN 0009-837X.
Jump up ^ Erich S. Gruen,The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (1986), p. 329.
Jump up ^ Mendels, Doron (Autumn 1981). "The Five Empires: A Note on a Propagandistic Topos". The American Journal of Philology. Johns Hopkins University Press. 102 (3): 330–337. ISSN 0002-9475.
Jump up ^ John J. Collins, A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (2007), p. 282
Jump up ^ "St. Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (1958). pp. 15-157".
Jump up ^ "The four beasts of Daniel, however, reappear in the monster of Chapter 13 of the Book of Revelation, with ten horns, seven heads, bear's feet and a lion's mouth, which the Fathers of the Church took to be the Roman Empire.", Gelston, et al., "New heaven and new earth prophecy and the millennium: essays in honour of Anthony Gelston", p. 297 (1999).
Jump up ^ Wall, R. W. (1991). New International biblical commentary: Revelation (207). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.
Jump up ^ Bratcher, R. G., & Hatton, H. (1993). A handbook on the Revelation to John. UBS handbook series; Helps for translators (248). New York: United Bible Societies.
Jump up ^ Davis, C. A. (2000). Revelation. The College Press NIV commentary (322). Joplin, Mo.: College Press Pub.
Jump up ^ Mounce, R. H. (1997). The Book of Revelation. The New International Commentary on the New Testament (315). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
Jump up ^ Beckwith, Isbon T. The Apocalypse of John. New York: MacMillan, 1919; reprinted, Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001.
Jump up ^ Caird, G. B. A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine. Black’s New Testament Commentaries, edited by Henry Chadwick. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1966.
Jump up ^ Bruce, F. F. The Revelation to John. A New Testament Commentary, edited by G. C. D. Howley. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1969.
Jump up ^ Henry Barclay Swete, Commentary on Revelation (1977). Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1977.
Jump up ^ Leon Morris, The Book of Revelation, An Introduction and Commentary (1987). Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Revised Edition. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Jump up ^ Roloff, J. (1993). A Continental Commentary: The Revelation of John (198). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
Jump up ^ Aune, D. E. (2002). Vol. 52C: Word Biblical Commentary : Revelation 17-22. Word Biblical Commentary (944). Dallas: Word, Incorporated.
Jump up ^ Keener, C. S., & InterVarsity Press. (1993). The IVP Bible background commentary : New Testament (Re 17:9). Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press.
Jump up ^ Carson, D. A. (1994). New Bible commentary : 21st century edition (4th ed.) (Re 17:7–18). Leicester, England; Downers Grove, Ill., USA: Inter-Varsity Press.
Jump up ^ McDowell, Sean (2009). Apologetics study Bible for students: hard questions, straight answers. Nashville, Tenn: Holman Bible Publishers. p. 899. ISBN 978-1-58640-493-2.
Jump up ^ "Jerome identified the four kingdoms analogously with the interpretation of the prophecy of Daniel 2, in a diachronic system. In the first kingdom, symbolized by the lion, he saw the Neo-Babylonian empire. He identified the bear with the Persian kingdom, the leopard with the Macedonian rule, and the fourth beast with the Roman empire." Fröhlich, "Time and times and half a time: Historical Consciousness in the Jewish Literature of the Persian and Hellenistic Eras', JSP Supplements, pp. 71-72 (1996).
Jump up ^ Isabel Rivers, Classical and Christian Ideas in English Renaissance Poetry: A Student's Guide (1994), p. 56.
Jump up ^ Beatrice, Pier Franco (1991). "Pagans and Christians on the Book of Daniel". Studia Patristica. XXV: 27.
Jump up ^ Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (2004), p. 115.
Jump up ^ C. A. Patrides, Joseph Anthony Wittreich, The Apocalypse in English Renaissance Thought and Literature: patterns, antecedents, and repercussions (1984), p. 45; Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Apocalypse". Apocalyptic Ideas in Old English Literature.
Jump up ^ "Bishop John Lightfoot's Works (1684)".
Jump up ^ Bryan W. Ball, A Great Expectation: eschatological thought in English Protestantism to 1660 (1975), p. 140; Google Books.
Jump up ^ Alexandra Kess, Johann Sleidan and the Protestant vision of history (2008), pp.83–5; Google Books.
Jump up ^ Anthony Grafton, What was History?: The Art of History in Early Modern Europe (2007), p. 171.
Jump up ^ David Andrew Lupher, Romans in a New World: Classical Models in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America(2006), p. 163.
Jump up ^ Paula Findlen, Athanasius Kircher: the last man who knew everything (2004), p. 177; Google Books.
Jump up ^ "PAL:Anne Bradstreet(1612?-1672)".
Jump up ^ "Jean Bodin". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ Jump up to: a b Capp, 1972
Jump up ^ Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (2005). Seventh-day Adventists believe (2nd ed). Pacific Press. pp. 356–357, 293–295.
Jump up ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe (2nd ed), pp. 184-185
Jump up ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe (2nd ed), p 376
Jump up ^ Uriah Smith, 1944, Daniel and Revelation, Southern Publishing Association, Nashville, TN
Jump up ^ Roy Allan Anderson, 1975, Pacific Press Pub. Assoc., Unfolding Daniel's Prophecies, Mountain View, CA
Jump up ^ Daniel 7:13-27 see verses 13, 14, 22, 27
Further reading[edit]
H. H. Rowley (1935), Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel. A Historical Study of Contemporary Theories
Gerhard F. Hasel, "The Four World Empires of Daniel 2 Against its Near Eastern Environment," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 1979 12: 17-30
Bernard Capp (1972), Fifth Monarchy Men: Study in Seventeenth Century English Millenarianism, Faber ISBN 0-571-09791-X
Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (2005). Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed). Pacific Press.
Deferrari, Paulus Orosius ; translated by Roy J. (2001). The seven books of history against the pagans (1st short-run reprint ed.). Washington: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1310-1.
External links[edit]
John H. Walton, "The Four Kingdoms Of Daniel," JETS 29 (1986), 25-36.
Utopian and Historical Thinking: Interplays and Transferences (PDF)
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text:
Strike (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Strike
Genre
Crime drama
Detective fiction
Based on
Cormoran Strike
by Robert Galbraith
Starring
Tom Burke
Holliday Grainger
Kerr Logan
Killian Scott
Opening theme
"I Walk Beside You" — Beth Rowley
Composer(s)
Adrian Johnston
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
1
No. of episodes
7 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
J. K. Rowling
Neil Blair
Ruth Kenley-Letts
Elizabeth Kilgarriff
Producer(s)
Jackie Larkin
Location(s)
London, England
Cinematography
Hubert Taczanowski
Editor(s)
Gareth C. Scales
Sam Williams
Stephen Haren
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Brontë Film and Television
Distributor
BBC
Release
Original network
BBC One
Picture format
16:9 (1080i)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) – present (present)
External links
Website
Strike is a British television crime drama series, based on the detective novels written by J. K. Rowling, under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith,[1] that first broadcast on BBC One on 27 August 2017, after receiving an advance premiere at the British Film Institute on 10 August.[2]
The series stars Tom Burke as Cormoran Strike, a war veteran turned private detective operating out of a tiny office in London's Denmark Street, who uses his unique insight and his background as a Special Investigation Branch Investigator to solve complex cases that have eluded the police.[3] Burke's casting was confirmed in late 2016; while Holliday Grainger was confirmed to play the role of Robin Ellacott.[4] In early 2017, Kerr Logan was cast in the role of Robin's fiancé, Matthew.[5]
Three adaptations have been broadcast to date, adapting all three current Strike novels: "The Cuckoo's Calling", "The Silkworm" and "Career of Evil". Holliday Grainger has since stated that it could be some time before another series is broadcast, stating "I think they’ve always been quite clear that they’d never want to write one without basing it on the book. It is all about Jo’s writing, and the characters are all about what Jo’s written. So, you’ve got to wait."[6] The series will premiere in the United States in June 2018 on Cinemax under the title "C.B. Strike", to avoid confusion with another American TV series entitled Strike.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
1.1 Development
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest cast
2.3.1 The Cuckoo's Calling
2.3.2 The Silkworm
2.3.3 Career of Evil
3 Serials
3.1 The Cuckoo's Calling
3.2 The Silkworm
3.3 Career of Evil
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On 10 December 2014, it was announced that the Cormoran Strike novel series, written by J. K. Rowling under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith, would be adapted for television by the BBC, for broadcast on BBC One, beginning with The Cuckoo's Calling. Rowling collaborated on the project, and it is believed she contributed to the scripts. Two years later, it was confirmed that the series would total seven episodes of sixty minutes, with shooting to begin in London in the autumn of 2016. Additional scenes were filmed at Barrow in Furness in Cumbria and a petrol station in Leyburn, North Yorkshire.[8]
The production filmed at a private house in Sevenoaks in Kent, which featured as the Bristow residence in The Cuckoo's Calling and also in The Silkworm episodes, the Baron's Hall and gardens at Penshurst Place were used for the illustration of scenes in the scandalous Bombyx Mori book and the Porcupine Cafe also features as the cafe on the way to Devon where Cormoran and Robin make a pit stop. [9]
Ben Richards adapted The Cuckoo's Calling and Tom Edge adapted both The Silkworm and Career of Evil. Richards stated that the series is "very different tonally and visually from other crime dramas." He compared the series to the British detective television show Morse. Similarly, Edge commented that "people use old-fashioned as a pejorative word, but to me that’s part of why these books, and, I hope, the TV series, works so well."[10]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Tom Burke as Cormoran Strike
Holliday Grainger as Robin Ellacott
Kerr Logan as Matthew Cunliffe
Recurring cast[edit]
Ben Crompton as "Shanker"
Natasha O'Keeffe as Charlotte Campbell
Killian Scott as D.I. Eric Wardle
Sargon Yelda as D.I. Richard Anstis
Guest cast[edit]
The Cuckoo's Calling[edit]
Siân Phillips as Lady Yvette Bristow
Martin Shaw as Tony Landry
David Avery as Nico Kolovas-Jones
Leo Bill as John Bristow
Tara Fitzgerald as Tansy Bestigui
Kadiff Kirwan as Guy Some
Bronson Webb as Evan Duffield
The Silkworm[edit]
Dorothy Atkinson as Kathryn Kent
Monica Dolan as Leonora Quine
Dominic Mafham as Jerry Waldegrave
Tim McInnerny as Daniel Chard
Peter Sullivan as Andrew Fancourt
Jeremy Swift as Owen Quine
Lia Williams as Liz Tassel
Career of Evil[edit]
Andrew Brooke as Niall Brockbank
Emmanuella Cole as Alyssa
Jessica Gunning as Holly Brockbank
Matt King as Jeff Whittaker
Neil Maskell as Donald Laing
Kierston Wareing as Leda Strike
Serials[edit]
The Cuckoo's Calling[edit]
The Cuckoo's Calling was released on DVD on 27 November 2017.[11]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [12]
1
"Episode 1" Michael Keillor Ben Richards 27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) 8.89
2
"Episode 2" Michael Keillor Ben Richards 28 August 2017 (2017-08-28) 8.28
3
"Episode 3" Michael Keillor Ben Richards 3 September 2017 (2017-09-03) 8.18
The Silkworm[edit]
The Silkworm was released on DVD on 19 February 2018.[13]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [12]
4
"Episode 1" Kieron Hawkes Tom Edge 10 September 2017 (2017-09-10) 8.67
5
"Episode 2" Kieron Hawkes Tom Edge 17 September 2017 (2017-09-17) 8.02
Career of Evil[edit]
Career of Evil was released on DVD on 16 April 2018.[14]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [12]
6
"Episode 1" Charles Sturridge Tom Edge 25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) 8.43
7
"Episode 2" Charles Sturridge Tom Edge 4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) 7.72
Reception[edit]
Reviews of the first episode of the series were generally positive. A reviewer for the Digital Spy praised both Burke and Grainger's performances. The reviewer claimed that Burke's performance was a "revelation."[15] Christopher Stevens also gave the first episode a positive review, also praising the performances of Burke and Grainger as well as Martin Shaw's portrayal of Tony Landry. He states that "as the resourceful Robin, Miss Grainger balances his mournful personality with lots of energy and bounce." However, Stevens was critical of the lack of subtlety regarding Strike's injury.[16]
Similarly, the adaptation of The Silkworm was met with positive reviews, with critics again praising both Burke and Grainger's performances.[17][18] However, the episode was criticised for its portrayal of Elspeth Fancourt's suicide. The episode aired on World Suicide Prevention Day, making some viewers claim that this scene was insensitive.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sommers, Kat (November 2016). "First Look: Tom Burke and Holliday Grainger in 'Cormoran Strike'". BBC America. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buy cinema tickets for TV Preview: Strike: The Cuckoo's Calling + discussion | BFI Southbank". whatson.bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
Jump up ^ Furness, Hannah (7 September 2016). "Confirmed: Tom Burke to play Cormoran Strike in BBC's JK Rowling dramas". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tom Burke to play JK Rowling's Cormoran Strike on BBC One". BBC. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "J.K. Rowling's Strike TV series debuts this month". Digital Spy. 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ http://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-03-04/when-is-strike-back-on-tv/
Jump up ^ Anop, Nirat (9 October 2017). "Cinemax 2018 Programming Lineup". SpoilerTV.com. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "JK Rowling series filmed". Darlington & Stockton Times. 20 January 2017. p. 7. ISSN 2040-3933.
Jump up ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office Strike - The Cuckoo's Calling/The Silkworm (2017) Article".
Jump up ^ Hughes, Sarah (2017-08-12). "Witty, not gritty: JK Rowling's gentle TV detective is a return to the era of Morse". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Strike-Cuckoos-Calling-Tom-Burke/dp/B0764NYVWQ/
^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 30 Programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 10 September 2017. (User must select "BBC1" in the Channel field and then select the appropriate year, month and week to retrieve the figure for each episode)
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Strike-Silkworm-DVD-Tom-Burke/dp/B076BHTLZ8/
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Strike-Career-Of-Evil-DVD/dp/B076HDDMRP/
Jump up ^ "Strike episode 1 review: The next great detective drama". Digital Spy. 2017-08-27. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Christopher (28 August 2017). "CHRISTOPHER STEVENS reviews Strike: The Cuckoo's Calling". Mail Online. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ Power, Ed (10 September 2017). "Strike - The Silkworm, part one, review - an entertaining and disturbing peek into the darker side of JK Rowling's imagination" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam (11 September 2017). "Strike: The Silkworm review – necrophilia, cannibalism and literary London" – via www.theguardian.com.
Jump up ^ "Strike the Silkworm shows intense suicide scene on World Suicide Prevention Day". 11 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Strike on IMDb
Strike at epguides.com
Strike at BBC Programmes
[show]
v
t
e
Works by J. K. Rowling
Harry Potter series
Novels
Philosopher's Stone (1997)
Chamber of Secrets (1998)
Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
Goblet of Fire (2000)
Order of the Phoenix (2003)
Half-Blood Prince (2005)
Deathly Hallows (2007)
Related works
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2001)
Quidditch Through the Ages (2001)
Harry Potter prequel (2008)
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (2008)
The Cursed Child (2016)
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide (2016)
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists (2016)
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies (2016)
Cormoran Strike series
(as Robert Galbraith)
The Cuckoo's Calling (2013)
The Silkworm (2014)
Career of Evil (2015)
Other works
The Casual Vacancy (2012)
Filmography
Films produced
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016, also wrote)
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018, also wrote)
TV series
The Casual Vacancy (2015)
Strike (2017)
See also
Wizarding World
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Iris (anatomy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Iris (anatomy). For other uses, see Iris (disambiguation).
Iris
Iris is the blue or brown area, with the pupil (the circular black spot) in its center, and surrounded by the white sclera. Overlying cornea is completely transparent so is not visible, except the high-gloss luster it gives the eye. Also pictured are the red blood vessels within the sclera. These structures are easily visible on any person's eyes.
Schematic diagram of the human eye. (Iris labeled at upper right)
Details
Precursor
Mesoderm and neural ectoderm
Part of
Front of eye
System
Visual system
Artery
long posterior ciliary arteries
Nerve
long ciliary nerves, short ciliary nerves
Identifiers
MeSH
D007498
TA
A15.2.03.020
FMA
58235
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Eye color is defined by that of the iris. In optical terms, the pupil is the eye's aperture, while the iris is the diaphragm.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Front
1.2 Back
1.3 Microanatomy
1.4 Development
2 Eye color
2.1 Genetic and physical factors determining iris color
2.1.1 Amber Eyes
2.2 Different colors in the two eyes
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Conjunctivitis
4 Society and culture
4.1 Iridology
5 Etymology
6 Graphics
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
The iris consists of two layers: the front pigmented fibrovascular known as a stroma and, beneath the stroma, pigmented epithelial cells.
The stroma connects to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil.[1] The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the trabecular meshwork, through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye.
The iris is divided into two major regions:
The pupillary zone is the inner region whose edge forms the boundary of the pupil.
The ciliary zone is the rest of the iris that extends to its origin at the ciliary body.
The collarette is the thickest region of the iris, separating the pupillary portion from the ciliary portion. The collarette is a rudiment of the coating of the embryonic pupil.[1] It is typically defined as the region where the sphincter muscle and dilator muscle overlap. Radial ridges extend from the periphery to the pupillary zone, to supply the iris with blood vessels. The root of the iris is the thinnest and most peripheral.[2]
The muscle cells of the iris are smooth muscle in mammals and amphibians, but are striated muscle in reptiles (including birds). Many fish have neither, and, as a result, their irides are unable to dilate and contract, so that the pupil always remains of a fixed size.[3]
Front[edit]
The crypts of Fuchs are a series of openings located on either side of the collarette that allow the stroma and deeper iris tissues to be bathed in aqueous humor. Collagen trabeculae that surround the border of the crypts can be seen in blue irises.
The midway between the collarette and the origin of the iris. These folds result from changes in the surface of the iris as it dilates.[citation needed]
Crypts on the base of the iris are additional openings that can be observed close to the outermost part of the ciliary portion of the iris.[2]
Back[edit]
The radial contraction folds of Schwalbe are a series of very fine radial folds in the pupillary portion of the iris extending from the pupillary margin to the collarette. They are associated with the scalloped appearance of the pupillary ruff.
The structural folds of Schwalbe are radial folds extending from the border of the ciliary and pupillary zones that are much broader and more widely spaced, continuous with the "valleys" between the ciliary processes.
Some of the circular contraction folds are a fine series of ridges that run near the pupillary margin and vary in thickness of the iris pigment epithelium; others are in ciliary portion of iris.[2]
Microanatomy[edit]
Light micrograph of the iris near to the pupil. M. sph. sphincter muscle, L lens
From anterior (front) to posterior (back), the layers of the iris are:
Anterior limiting layer
Stroma of iris
Iris sphincter muscle
Iris dilator muscle (myopeithelium)
Anterior pigment epithelium
Posterior pigment epithelium
Development[edit]
The stroma and the anterior border layer of the iris are derived from the neural crest, and behind the stroma of the iris, the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles as well as the iris epithelium develop from optic cup neuroectoderm.
Eye color[edit]
Main article: Eye color
Among human phenotypes, blue-green-gray eyes are a relatively rare eye color and the exact color is often perceived to vary according to its surroundings.
The iris is usually strongly pigmented, with the color typically ranging between brown, hazel, green, gray, or blue. Occasionally, the color of the iris is due to a lack of pigmentation, as in the pinkish-white of oculo-cutaneous albinism,[1] or to obscuration of its pigment by blood vessels, as in the red of an abnormally vascularised iris. Despite the wide range of colors, the only pigment that contributes substantially to normal human iris color is the dark pigment melanin. The quantity of melanin pigment in the iris is one factor in determining the phenotypic eye color of a person. Structurally, this huge molecule is only slightly different from its equivalent found in skin and hair. Iris color is due to variable amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and pheomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by melanocytes. More of the former is found in brown eyed people and of the latter in blue and green-eyed people.
Genetic and physical factors determining iris color[edit]
Iris color is a highly complex phenomenon consisting of the combined effects of texture, pigmentation, fibrous tissue and blood vessels within the iris stroma, which together make up an individual's epigenetic constitution in this context.[2] A person's "eye color" is actually the color of one's iris, the cornea being transparent and the white sclera entirely outside the area of interest.
Adult male with amber colored eyes. This color is extremely rare and occurs when there is an unusually stronger presence of the yellow pigment (lipochrome) in the iris & a rather small amount of brown pigment (melanin). This gives the eye an orange copper/gold hue.
Example of a gray-green-brown iris
Example of a green-brown (hazel) iris
Example of a brown iris
Melanin is yellowish-brown to dark brown in the stromal pigment cells, and black in the iris pigment epithelium, which lies in a thin but very opaque layer across the back of the iris. Most human irises also show a condensation of the brownish stromal melanin in the thin anterior border layer, which by its position has an overt influence on the overall color.[2] The degree of dispersion of the melanin, which is in subcellular bundles called melanosomes, has some influence on the observed color, but melanosomes in the iris of humans and other vertebrates are not mobile, and the degree of pigment dispersion cannot be reversed. Abnormal clumping of melanosomes does occur in disease and may lead to irreversible changes in iris color (see heterochromia, below). Colors other than brown or black are due to selective reflection and absorption from the other stromal components. Sometimes lipofuscin, a yellow "wear and tear" pigment, also enters into the visible eye color, especially in aged or diseased green eyes.
The optical mechanisms by which the non-pigmented stromal components influence eye color are complex, and many erroneous statements exist in the literature. Simple selective absorption and reflection by biological molecules (hemoglobin in the blood vessels, collagen in the vessel and stroma) is the most important element. Rayleigh scattering and Tyndall scattering, (which also happen in the sky) and diffraction also occur. Raman scattering, and constructive interference, as in the feathers of birds, do not contribute to the color of the human eye, but interference phenomena are important in the brilliantly colored iris pigment cells (iridophores) in many animals. Interference effects can occur at both molecular and light microscopic scales, and are often associated (in melanin-bearing cells) with quasi-crystalline formations which enhance the optical effects. Interference is recognised by characteristic dependence of color on the angle of view, as seen in eyespots of some butterfly wings, although the chemical components remain the same. White babies are usually born blue-eyed since there is no pigment in the stroma, and their eyes appear blue due to scattering and selective absorption from the posterior epithelium. If melanin is deposited substantially, there will be brown or black color, if not, they will remain blue or gray.[4]
All the contributing factors towards eye color and its variation are not fully understood. Autosomal recessive/dominant traits in iris color are inherent in other species but coloration can follow a different pattern.
Amber Eyes[edit]
Amber colored eyes are extremely rare in humans. They consist of a solid orange/gold color that may contain lighter shades of the same pigment within the iris. This is an unusual occurrence that happens when the yellow pigment called pheomelanin (also known as lipochrome), is dominant within the iris. Pheomelanin is also found on individuals with green eyes in much smaller amounts. This is because green eyes have a strong presence of both melanin and pheomelanin. Often in poor lighting, one may mistake amber eyes for brown. This also happens when viewed from far away or in pictures with poor lighting as well. However, in natural or well lit areas, it is very easy to tell the difference between the two colors. Another common mistake people make is referring to amber eyes as hazel. Although similar, hazel eyes have a stronger presence of melanin with two very distinct colors within the iris (usually green/brown) and often contain many speckles or blotches of mixed hues.[5]
Different colors in the two eyes[edit]
Main article: Heterochromia
Example of heterochromia: one eye of the subject is brown, the other hazel
Heterochromia (also known as a heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridum) is an ocular condition in which one iris is a different color from the other iris (complete heterochromia), or where the part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia). Uncommon in humans, it is often an indicator of ocular disease, such as chronic iritis or diffuse iris melanoma, but may also occur as a normal variant. Sectors or patches of strikingly different colors in the same iris are less common. Alexander the Great and Anastasios the First were dubbed dikoro*s (dikoros, "with two pupils") for their patent heterochromias. In their case, this was not a true dicoria (two pupils in the same iris). Real polycoria can be due to disease but is most often due to previous trauma or surgery.[citation needed]
In contrast, heterochromia and variegated iris patterns are common in veterinary practice. Siberian Huskies show heterochromia,[6] possibly analogous to the genetically-determined Waardenburg syndrome of humans. Some white cat fancies (e.g., white Turkish Angora or white Turkish van cats) may show striking heterochromia, with the most common pattern being one uniformly blue, the other copper, orange, yellow or green.[6] Striking variation within the same iris is also common in some animals, and is the norm in some species. Several herding breeds, particularly those with a blue merle coat color (such as Australian Shepherds and Border Collies) may show well-defined blue areas within a brown iris as well as separate blue and darker eyes.[citation needed] Some horses (usually within the white, spotted, palomino or cremello groups of breeds) may show amber, brown, white and blue all within the same eye, without any sign of eye disease.[citation needed]
One eye with a white or bluish-white iris is also known as a walleye.[7]
Clinical significance[edit]
When photographed with a flash, the iris constricts but not fast enough to avoid the red-eye effect. This represents reflection of light from the back of the eye, and is closely related to the term red reflex, used by ophthalmologists and optometrists in describing appearances on fundal examination.
Conjunctivitis[edit]
Main article: Conjunctivitis
When used as a descriptive term in medicine, the meaning of red eye is quite different, and indicates that the bulbar conjunctiva is reddened due to dilatation of superficial blood vessels. Leaving aside rarities, it indicates surface infection (conjunctivitis), intraocular inflammation (e.g., iridocyclitis) or high intraocular pressure (acute glaucoma or occasionally severe, untreated chronic glaucoma). This use of "red eye" implies disease. The term is therefore not used in medicine for ocular albinism, in which the eye is otherwise healthy despite an obviously red pupil and a translucent pinkish iris due to reflected light from the fundus. "Red eye" is used more loosely in veterinary practice, where investigation of eye diseases can be difficult, but even so albinotic breeds are easily recognised and are usually described as having "pink eye" rather than "red eye".
Society and culture[edit]
Iridology[edit]
Main article: Iridology
Iridology (also known as iridodiagnosis) is an alternative medicine technique whose proponents believe that patterns, colors and other characteristics of the iris can be examined to determine information about a patient's systemic health. Practitioners match their observations to iris charts which divide the iris into zones corresponding to specific parts of the human body. Iridologists see the eyes as "windows" into the body's state of health.[8]
Iridology is not supported by quality research studies[9] and is considered pseudoscience[10] by the majority of medical practitioners and eye care professionals.
Etymology[edit]
The word iris is derived from the Greek goddess of the rainbow, because of the many colours of the iris.[11]
Graphics[edit]
Structures of the eye
Iris, front view.
See also[edit]
Anatomy portal
Iridoplegia - paralysis of the sphincter muscles of the iris
Iris (disambiguation)
Human eye
Retina
Blood–ocular barrier
Iris recognition
Aniridia
Coloboma
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gold, Daniel H; Lewis, Richard; "Clinical Eye Atlas," pp. 396-397
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 462. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ "Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and function of the Human Eye" vol. 27, p. 175 Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987
Jump up ^ "www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers%2Fgenetics%2Fans_044.html
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/heterochromia-animals/18455
Jump up ^ "walleye", def. 1a, Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Jump up ^ Novella, Steven. "Iridology". Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ernst E (January 2000). "Iridology: not useful and potentially harmful". Arch. Ophthalmol. 118 (1): 120–1. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.120. PMID 10636425.
Jump up ^ Iridology Is Nonsense, a web page with further references
Jump up ^ "iris". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iris (eye).
Detailed photographs of human irides
Histology image: 08010loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Atlas image: eye_1 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the globe of the eye
Fibrous tunic (outer)
Sclera
Episcleral layer
Schlemm's canal
Trabecular meshwork
Cornea
Limbus
layers
Epithelium
Bowman's
Stroma
Dua's layer
Descemet's
Endothelium
Uvea/vascular tunic (middle)
Choroid
Capillary lamina of choroid
Bruch's membrane
Sattler's layer
Ciliary body
Ciliary processes
Ciliary muscle
Pars plicata
Pars plana
Iris
Stroma
Pupil
Iris dilator muscle
Iris sphincter muscle
Retina (inner)
Layers
Inner limiting membrane
Nerve fiber layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
External limiting membrane
Layer of rods and cones
Retinal pigment epithelium
Cells
Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia
Other
Macula
Perifoveal area
Parafoveal area
Fovea
Foveal avascular zone
Foveola
Optic disc
Optic cup
Ora serrata
Anatomical regions of the eye
Anterior segment
Adnexa
Fibrous tunic
Anterior chamber
Aqueous humour
Iris
Posterior chamber
Ciliary body
Lens
Capsule of lens
Zonule of Zinn
Posterior segment
Vitreous chamber
Vitreous body
Retina
Choroid
Other
Keratocytes
Ocular immune system
Tapetum lucidum
Eye care professional
Eye disease
Refractive error
Accommodation
Physiological Optics
Visual perception
Authority control
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text:
Peter Rabbit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the character by Thornton Burgess, see Peter Cottontail.
Peter Rabbit
The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends
Peter Rabbit (TV series) character
"First he ate some lettuces and some French beans; and then he ate some radishes."
First appearance
The Tale of Peter Rabbit
Last appearance
The Tale of Mr. Tod
Created by
Beatrix Potter
Voiced by
Rory Carty (1992-1994)
Mark Lockyer (1995)
Cam Clarke (1995)
Colin de Paula (2012-2014)
L. Parker Lucas (2014-2015)
James Corden (2018)
Sienna Adams (2017)
Information
Species
European rabbit
Gender
Male
Family
Mr. Rabbit (father, deceased)
Mrs. Rabbit (mother)
Benjamin Bunny (cousin/brother in-law)
Flopsy, Mopsy and Cottontail (sisters)
Relatives
Bouncer (uncle)
Benjamin and Flopsy's children (nephews and nieces)
Peter Rabbit is a fictional animal character in various children's stories by Beatrix Potter.[1] He first appeared in The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902 and subsequently in five more books between 1904 and 1912. Spinoff merchandise includes dishes, wallpaper, and dolls. He appears as a character in a number of adaptations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Books
3 Merchandising
4 Adaptations
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Background[edit]
The rabbits in Potter's stories are anthropomorphic and wear human clothes: Peter wears a jacket and shoes. Peter, his widowed mother, Mrs. Josephine Rabbit, as well as his sisters, Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cotton-tail live in a rabbit hole that has a human kitchen, human furniture, as well as a shop where Mrs. Rabbit sells various items. Peter's relatives are Cousin Benjamin Bunny and Benjamin's father Mr. Benjamin Bunny.
Peter Rabbit was named after a pet rabbit Beatrix Potter had as a child called Peter Piper. The first Peter Rabbit story, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, was originally created in 1893 as a letter to Noel Moore, the five-year-old son of Potter's former governess, Annie Moore. The boy was ill and Potter wrote him a picture and story letter to help him pass the time and to cheer him up. The letter included sketches illustrating the narrative.
In June 1903, a trade edition of the tale was published by Frederick Warne & Co, and by the end of the year, 28,000 copies were in print. Over the years, The Tale of Peter Rabbit has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide and as of 2008, the Peter Rabbit series has sold more than 151 million copies in 35 languages.[2][3]
Books[edit]
Grown up Peter in his nursery garden, from The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies
Peter Rabbit made his first appearance in 1902 in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Peter disobeys his mother's orders and sneaks into Mr. McGregor's garden, eating as many vegetables as he can before Mr. McGregor spots him and chases him about. Peter manages to escape, but not before losing his jacket and shoes, which Mr. McGregor uses to dress a scarecrow. Peter returns home weary and ill and is put to bed with a dose of chamomile tea.
In The Tale of Benjamin Bunny, first published in 1904, Peter's cousin Benjamin Bunny brings him back to Mr. McGregor's garden and they retrieve the clothes Peter lost in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. But after they gather onions to give to Peter's mother, they are captured by Mr. McGregor's cat. Benjamin's father arrives and rescues them, but also reprimands Peter and Benjamin for going into the garden by whipping them with a switch. In this tale, Peter displays some trepidation about returning to the garden.
In The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies, first published in 1909, Peter has a small role and appears only briefly. He is grown up and his sister Flopsy is now married to his cousin Benjamin Bunny. The two are the parents of six little Flopsy Bunnies. Peter and his mother keep a nursery garden[a] and the bunnies come by asking him for spare cabbage.
In The Tale of Mr. Tod, first published in 1912, Benjamin and Flopsy's children are kidnapped by notorious badger Tommy Brock. Peter helps Benjamin chase after Brock, who hides out in the house of the fox, Mr. Tod. Mr. Tod finds Brock sleeping in his bed and as the two get into a scuffle, Peter and Benjamin rescue the children.
Peter makes cameo appearances in two other tales. In The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, first published in 1905, Peter and Benjamin are customers of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, a hedgehog washerwoman. The two rabbits are depicted in one illustration peeping from the forest foliage. In The Tale of Ginger and Pickles, first published in 1909, Peter and other characters from Potter's previous stories make cameo appearances in the artwork, patronising the shop of Ginger and Pickles.
To mark the 110th anniversary of the publication of The Tale of Peter Rabbit,[4] Frederick Warne & Co. commissioned British actress Emma Thompson to write The Further Tale of Peter Rabbit, in which Peter ends up in Scotland after accidentally hitching a ride on Mr. and Mrs. McGregor's wagon. The book was released on 18 September 2012.[5] In autumn 2012, it was reported that Thompson would write more Peter Rabbit books.[6] Her next tale, The Christmas Tale Of Peter Rabbit, was released in 2013, followed by The Spectacular Tale Of Peter Rabbit in 2014.[4]
Merchandising[edit]
Potter created a soft doll depicting Peter Rabbit and a Peter Rabbit board game shortly after the tale's first publication. The character has been depicted in a multitude of spinoff merchandise such as porcelain figurines and dishes. Peter Rabbit had also appeared on the packaging of the infant formula Enfamil.
Peter Rabbit was the first soft toy to be patented, in 1903, making Peter the oldest licensed character.[7] Frederick Warne & Co owns the trademark rights of the Beatrix Potter characters.[8] However, most of the stories are in the US public domain, as they were published before 1923.
The Peter Rabbit (rather than other Beatrix Potter characters) stories and merchandise are very popular in Japan: many Japanese visit the Lake District after becoming familiar with Potter's work at an early age at school. There is an accurate replica of Potter's house and a theme park in Japan, and a series of Mr McGregor's gardens in one of the largest banks. Merchandisers in Japan estimate that 80% of the population have heard of Peter Rabbit.[9]
Adaptations[edit]
In 1936, Walt Disney expressed interest in making a Peter Rabbit film. He proposed his idea of a feature-length film to Beatrix Potter, but she refused and did not give him the rights.[10]
Peter Rabbit appears in the 1971 ballet film, The Tales of Beatrix Potter. He also was featured in HBO's 1991 Storybook Musical adaptation of The Tale of Peter Rabbit, narrated by Carol Burnett. Several of the stories featuring Peter Rabbit were also animated for the 1992 BBC anthology series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends and two edutainment titles published by Mindscape The Adventures of Peter Rabbit & Benjamin Bunny in 1995[11] and Beatrix Potter: Peter Rabbit's Math Garden in 1996.[12] A CGI-animated children's TV series Peter Rabbit premiered on Nickelodeon and CBeebies in December 2012, with Colin DePaula voicing Peter in its first season (American version) and L. Parker Lucas taking over the role for the second season, respectively.[13]
In 2012 Quantum Theatre produced a new stage adaptation of the tales of Peter Rabbit and Benjamin Bunny. Written by Michael Whitmore the play toured the UK until 2015
An animated/live-action adaptation, Peter Rabbit, produced by Sony Pictures Animation, is scheduled to be released on 9 February 2018.[14][15] James Corden will voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne will star in the live-action role of the lead female named Bea.[16] Other cast members include Margot Robbie,[17] Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki.[16] Will Gluck is directing and producing the film and Zareh Nalbandian is also producing, while Lauren Abrahams is overseeing the project for Sony Pictures Animation.[16]
In 2016, Peter Rabbit and other Potter characters appeared on a small number of collectors' 50p UK coins.[18]
John Patrick is adapting a number of Beatrix Potter's tales into an upcoming live-action/animated musical feature film for his brand-new film studio, called Storybook Studio. The film will be titled Beatrix Potter's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends. English actress Jackie Weiner will play Beatrix Potter herself, with the voices of Sienna Adams as Peter Rabbit and Ronan McCoid as Benjamin Bunny.[19][20][21]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Republicanism in the United Kingdom
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In the original frontispiece, a sign at the garden read, "Peter Rabbit & Mother-Florists-Gardens neatly razed. Borders devastated by the night or year."[1]:40
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald, Ruth K. (1986). Beatrix Potter. Twayne's English Author Series. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6917-X.
Jump up ^ "United Media Licensing – PETER RABBIT". United Media Licensing. Archived from the original on 24 March 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "Beatrix Potter goes green". CCTV International. 13 June 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirby, Iona (3 October 2014). "Quirky Emma Thompson plants herself in the spotlight with baggy leaf printed dress while promoting new Peter Rabbit book". Daily Mail. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (September 16, 2011). "Emma Thompson to Give Peter Rabbit a New ‘Tale’". ArtsBeat blog at NYTimes.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emma Thompson Revives Anarchist ‘Peter Rabbit‘". Morning Edition. NPR. October 11, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Beatrix Potter's Life". Peter Rabbit. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Frederick Warne applauds the Beijing Xicheng District Administration of Industry and Commerce's commitment to the protection of international intellectual property rights". PRNewswire.co.uk (Press release). London: Frederick Warne & Co. 30 August 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams, Francesca (13 November 2013). "Peter Rabbit: Why the Japanese love Beatrix Potter, Francesca Williams". BBC.co.uk. BBC News. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chronology". bpotter.com.
Jump up ^ "The Adventures of Peter Rabbit & Benjamin Bunny video game". museumofplay.org. The Strong. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Beatrix Potter: Peter Rabbit's Math Garden video game". museumofplay.org. The Strong. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Premieres Peter Rabbit with Holiday Special". People Magazine. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer (22 December 2015). "Sony sets release dates for The Emoji Movie and Animated Spider-Man". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Collinson, Gary (18 October 2015). "Sony working on a live-action/animation hybrid Peter Rabbit movie". Flickering Myth. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Doty, Meriah (26 September 2016). "Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki Join ‘Peter Rabbit’ Live-Action/Animated Hybrid". Variety. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (24 October 2016). "Margot Robbie Joins ‘Peter Rabbit’ Adaptation". Variety. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Royal Mint: Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit on new 50p coin". BBC.co.uk. BBC News. 29 February 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2017. Four coins will be made featuring different characters from her stories, and a special collector's 50p coin showing a colour image of Peter Rabbit will also be released.
Jump up ^ Munley, John (June 29, 2017). "Classic Tales of Beatrix Potter Return In New Movie". Patch.com. Westfield, New Jersey. Retrieved August 30, 2017. Storybook Studio announces brand-new musical animated film based on Beatrix Potter’s books featuring Peter Rabbit and his friends
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit Promo Video Beatrix Potter's The Tales Of Peter Rabbit And Friends". YouTube.com. Storybook Studio. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Beatrix Potter's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends - The Tale Of Peter Rabbit - Clip". YouTube.com. Storybook Studio. August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
[show]
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text:
I Let Her Lie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I Let Her Lie"
Single by Daryle Singletary
from the album Daryle Singletary
B-side
"Ordinary Heroes"
Released
July 17, 1995
Format
CD single
Genre
Country
Length
2:58
Label
Giant
Songwriter(s)
Tim Johnson
Producer(s)
James Stroud, Randy Travis, David Malloy
Daryle Singletary singles chronology
"I'm Living Up to Her Low Expectations"
(1995) "I Let Her Lie"
(1995) "Too Much Fun"
(1996)
"I'm Living Up to Her Low Expectations"
(1995) "I Let Her Lie"
(1995) "Too Much Fun"
(1996)
"I Let Her Lie" is a song written by Tim Johnson, and recorded by American country music artist Daryle Singletary. It was released in July 1995 as the second single from the album Daryle Singletary. The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Critical reception
3 Music video
4 Chart performance
4.1 Year-end charts
5 References
6 External links
Content[edit]
The song is about a man struggling with his lover's infidelities.
Critical reception[edit]
Larry Flick, a writer for Billboard magazine, reviewed the song favorably, saying that Singletary has a "stone country voice that does justice to the lyric, as pain turns to resignation."[2]
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Steven T. Miller with R. Brad Murano and premiered in mid-1995.
Chart performance[edit]
"I Let Her Lie" debuted at number 66 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 29, 1995.
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[3] 2
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[5] 37
US Country Songs (Billboard)[6] 70
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top Country Hits:1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 314.
Jump up ^ Billboard, July 22, 1995
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2817." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. November 27, 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Daryle Singletary – Chart history" Billboard Hot Country Songs for Daryle Singletary.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995". RPM. December 18, 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 1995: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
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Daryle Singletary
Studio albums
Daryle Singletary
All Because of You
Ain't It the Truth
That's Why I Sing This Way
Straight from the Heart
Rockin' in the Country
Compilations
Now and Again
Notable singles
"I'm Living Up to Her Low Expectations"
"I Let Her Lie"
"Too Much Fun"
"Amen Kind of Love"
"The Note"
"I Knew I Loved You"
"I'd Love to Lay You Down"
This 1990s country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Let_Her_Lie&oldid=776922962"
Categories:
1995 singles
1995 songs
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Song recordings produced by David Malloy
Song recordings produced by James Stroud
Giant Records (Warner) singles
Songs written by Tim Johnson (songwriter)
1990s country song stubs
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This page was last edited on 24 April 2017, at 04:43.
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