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History of cancer
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A tumor removed by surgery in 1689.
The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine.
Contents
1 Early diagnoses
2 Modern era
3 Mechanism
4 Therapies
5 War on Cancer
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Early diagnoses[edit]
The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from Ancient Egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC (possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC) and contains a description of cancer, as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization.[1]
Hippocrates (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them by the term karkinos (carcinos), the Greek word for crab or crayfish, as well as carcinoma.[2] This comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour, with "the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name".[3] Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body, Hippocrates only described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumors on the skin, nose, and breasts. Treatment was based on the humor theory of four bodily fluids (black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). According to the patient's humor, treatment consisted of diet, blood-letting, and/or laxatives. Celsus (ca. 25 BC - 50 AD) translated karkinos into cancer, the Latin word for crab or crayfish.
In the 2nd century AD, the Greek physician Galen used oncos (Greek for swelling) to describe all tumours, reserving Hippocrates' term carcinos for malignant tumours. Galen also used the suffix -oma to indicate cancerous lesions. It is from Galen's usage that we derive the modern word oncology.[4]
Through the centuries it was discovered that cancer could occur anywhere in the body, but Hippocrates' humor-theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells.
Modern era[edit]
A surgical operation to remove a malignant tumor, 1817
In the 16th and 17th centuries, it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes, and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads, and concluded that it was contagious.[5]
The first cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott, who discovered in 1775 that cancer of the scrotum was a common disease among chimney sweeps. The work of other individual physicians led to various insights, but when physicians started working together they could draw firmer conclusions.
With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poison' eventually spreads from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ("metastasis"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874.[6] The use of surgery to treat cancer had poor results due to problems with hygiene. The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only 2 breast tumor patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years. In the 19th century, asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as the survival statistics went up, surgical removal of the tumor became the primary treatment for cancer. With the exception of William Coley who in the late 19th century felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis (and who injected bacteria into tumors with mixed results), cancer treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumor. The underlying cause of his results might be that infection stimulates the immune system to destroy left tumor cells. During the same period, the idea that the body was made up of various tissues, that in turn were made up of millions of cells, laid rest the humor-theories about chemical imbalances in the body.
Mechanism[edit]
1938 American Society for the Control of Cancer poster.
The genetic basis of cancer was recognised in 1902 by the German zoologist Theodor Boveri, professor of zoology at Munich and later in Würzburg.[7] He discovered a method to generate cells with multiple copies of the centrosome, a structure he discovered and named. He postulated that chromosomes were distinct and transmitted different inheritance factors. He suggested that mutations of the chromosomes could generate a cell with unlimited growth potential which could be passed on to its descendants. He proposed the existence of cell cycle check points, tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes. He speculated that cancers might be caused or promoted by radiation, physical or chemical insults or by pathogenic microorganisms.
1938 poster identifying surgery, x-rays and radium as the proper treatments for cancer.
Therapies[edit]
When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century, they stumbled upon the first effective non-surgical cancer treatment. With radiation also came the first signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to cancer treatment. The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation, but worked together with hospital radiologists to help patients. The complications in communication this brought, along with the necessity of the patient's treatment in a hospital facility rather than at home, also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files, which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies.
The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City under the name American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC). The current name was adopted in 1945.[8]
A founding paper of cancer epidemiology was the work of Janet Lane-Claypon, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health. Her ground-breaking work on cancer epidemiology was carried on by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill, who published "Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death In Relation to Smoking. A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors" followed in 1956 (otherwise known as the British doctors study). Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Center (MRC), to start the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968. With the use of computers, the unit was the first to compile large amounts of cancer data. Modern epidemiological methods are closely linked to current[when?] concepts of disease and public health policy. Over the past 50 years, great efforts have been spent on gathering data across medical practice, hospital, provincial, state, and even country boundaries to study the interdependence of environmental and cultural factors on cancer incidence.
Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until World War II, when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease incidence. This insight drove national public health bodies to enable the compilation of health data across practices and hospitals, a process found in many countries today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the development of bone marrow transplants for leukemia. Since World War II, trends in cancer treatment are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them to find cures through epidemiology and international partnerships.
In 1968 Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr identified the first human cancer virus, called the Epstein-Barr Virus.[9]
War on Cancer[edit]
Main article: War on Cancer
The political 'war' on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971, a United States federal law.[10] The act was intended "to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer". It was signed into law by then U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 23, 1971.[11]
In 1973, cancer research led to a cold war incident,[12] where co-operative samples of reported oncoviruses were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa.
In 1984, Harald zur Hausen discovered first HPV16 and then HPV18 responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers. For discovery that human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause human cancer, zur Hausen won a 2008 Nobel Prize.[13]
Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations.[14]
Despite this substantial investment, the country has seen just a five percent decrease in the cancer death rate (adjusting for size and age of the population) between 1950 and 2005.[15] Longer life expectancy may be a contributing factor to this, as cancer rates and mortality rates increases significantly with age, more than three out of five cancers are diagnosed in people aged 65 and over.[16]
See also[edit]
Cancer (2015 PBS film)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The History of Cancer". American Cancer Society. 2009.
Jump up ^ "The History of Cancer. Institut Jules Bordet (Association Hospitalière de Bruxelles - Centre des Tumeurs de ULB). Retrieved 2010-11-19". Bordet.be. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
Jump up ^ Moss, Ralph W. (2004). "Galen on Cancer". CancerDecisions. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Karpozilos A, Pavlidis N (2004). "The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity". European Journal of Cancer. 40 (14): 2033–40. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.036. PMID 15341975.
Jump up ^ Marilyn Yalom "A history of the breast" 1997. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43459-3
Jump up ^ Grange JM, Stanford JL, Stanford CA (2002). "Campbell De Morgan's 'Observations on cancer', and their relevance today" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 95 (6): 296–9. doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.6.296. PMC 1279913. PMID 12042378.
Jump up ^ Boveri, Theodor (2008). "Concerning The Origin of Malignant Tumours". Journal of Cell Science. 121 (Supplement 1): 1–84. doi:10.1242/jcs.025742. PMID 18089652.
Jump up ^ name="charitynavigator.org"
Jump up ^ Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM (March 1964). "Virus Particles in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt's Lymphoma". Lancet. 1 (7335): 702–3. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7. PMID 14107961.
Jump up ^ "Milestone (1971): National Cancer Act of 1971". Developmental Therapeutics Program Timeline. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
Jump up ^ "National Cancer Act, Legislative History". Office of Government and Congressional Relations. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
Jump up ^ Gold, Michael. A Conspiracy of Cells: One Woman's Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Caused. ISBN 978-0-88706-099-1.
Jump up ^ "Harald zur Hausen - Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ Sharon Begley (2008-09-16). "Rethinking the War on Cancer". Newsweek. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
Jump up ^ Kolata, Gina (April 23, 2009). "Advances Elusive in the Drive to Cure Cancer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Cancer incidence by age". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
Further reading[edit]
Devita, V. T.; Rosenberg, S. A. (2012). "Two Hundred Years of Cancer Research". New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (23): 2207–2214. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204479. PMID 22646510.
The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer, Siddhartha Mukherjee, 2010.
Palaeo-oncology: The Antiquity of Cancer, Spyros Retsas, 1986.
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Valerie Grant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Valerie Grant
Vanessa Williams as Valerie Grant
Days of Our Lives character
Portrayed by
Tina Andrews (1975–77)
Rose Fonseca (1977–78)
Diane Sommerfield (1981–82)
Vanessa A. Williams (2016–)
Duration
1975–78
1981–82
2016–
First appearance
October 27, 1975 (1975-10-27)
Created by
Pat Falken Smith
Introduced by
Betty Corday (1975)
Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1981)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Occupation
Cardiologist
Residence
Salem, Illinois
[show]Family
Parents
Paul Grant
Helen Grant
Brothers
Danny Grant
Sons
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network. The character was created by Pat Falken Smith and introduced as the black love interest for white character David Banning. The role was originated by actress Tina Andrews in 1975 and Andrews was replaced by Rose Fonseca in the summer of 1977. Valerie and her family take David in when he is injured in a car accident and they soon fall in love. David and Valerie become engaged in the summer of 1976 but the romance is plagued by his infidelity, his ex-girlfriend Brooke Hamilton and her mother Helen's unwillingness to accept the relationship. When David's affair with Trish Clayton results in pregnancy, Valerie ends the relationship and takes a scholarship to medical school at Howard University in 1978. Actress Diane Sommerfield took over the role in 1981 when Valerie returns as a medical intern at the hospital. She becomes involved with Abe Carver which is plagued by Val's residual feelings for David and Abe's unwillingness to get married one day. The character is written out in 1982.
In 2016, after a nearly 35-year absence, the character was reintroduced with veteran actress Vanessa A. Williams in the role, when cardiologist Valerie is enlisted to help save Abe Carver. Valerie rekindles her romance with Abe despite disapproval from his teenage son Theo Carver. In 2017, after David's sudden death, it is revealed that Valerie had secretly given birth to his son -- Eli. Valerie's romance with David is recognized as the first interracial love story in daytime television history. The refusal of certain viewers to accept the relationship would make Valerie one of the most controversial characters in the history of Days of Our Lives.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
1.1 1975–78
1.2 1981–82
1.3 2016–
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Early storylines
2.3 Return (2016)
3 References
Storylines[edit]
1975–78[edit]
(Left to right): Richard Guthrie and Tina Andrews as David and Valerie on the cover of Jet on August 18, 1977.
In October 1975, Valerie Grant (Tina Andrews), a young nurse, is shocked when her brother Danny (Michael Dwight Smith) brings home mysterious stranger after a car accident. Val examines him and realizes he is severely dehydrated. When he awakens, the stranger introduces himself as David Smith (Richard Guthrie) and they their parents agree to let him stay. When David begins drinking heavily, Val's mother Helen (Ketty Lester) wants to put him out but her father Paul (Lawrence Cook) refuses to abandon David. The Grants are shocked when David confesses that he is actually the presumed dead David Banning and he is hiding from his family and swears them to secrecy. Val informs David that he has been calling out the name "Brooke" in his sleep but David claims the name isn't special. Brooke (Adrienne LaRussa) turns out to be David's girlfriend, who comes looking for him and Val initially denies that David is living their until Brooke accuses her of wanting money. David is furious that Brooke has found him and Paul confesses to telling the Horton family of his whereabouts. Val warns David that Brooke is trouble and David later dumps her.[1] David reconciles with his grieving mother Julie Anderson (Susan Seaforth Hayes) who has just miscarried her baby but still rejects Brooke, and Brooke in turn berates Val about her budding relationship with David leaving her in tears. Val later helps David and his great-grandmother Alice Horton (Francis Reid) pack up Julie's nursery. David and Val make plans to go dancing upsetting Helen and Danny who fear they are getting too close. Brooke ruins their outing and harasses Val in public forcing Danny to come to her rescue while David deals with a jealous Brooke. David and Val finish their rendezvous at the Grants' home and Paul is suspicious when he finds them together, though David and Val claim they are just friends. The family later celebrates when Paul gets a job at Anderson Manufacturing but Paul isn't too happy and reveals that Brooke claims she is pregnant.[2] Val is horrified when David announces plans to marry Brooke—though he doesn't love her. However, Val is shocked when Brooke makes plans to have an abortion and accuses David of skipping out on his responsibilities. David explains that he did not know about Brooke's decision but fears he is too late to stop her. Brooke confronts David and Val at church, and refuses to marry him realizing he is in love with Valerie, but makes him promise to care for their child.[3] In late March 1976, David and Val celebrate his new job at Anderson Manufacturing working under her father.[4] Throughout the spring, David and Valerie struggle to admit their feelings for one another which leads to constant bickering.[5] In late August 1976, Val is stunned when David professes his love for her and proposes marriage. Though she loves him too, Val is reluctant to accept the proposal fearing her family's reaction. While Paul isn't happy, he will accept it if it makes Val happy but Helen is adamantly against the interracial marriage and Julie isn't too keen on the idea either.[6] Meanwhile, the Grant family is turned upside down when Paul and David are accused of stealing money from Anderson Manufacturing. Val comforts a concerned Helen after Paul nearly falls off the wagon and believes the stress of her impending nuptials to David has driven her dad over the edge.[7] On October 4, 1976, Val accepts David's proposal despite her reservations but with David now out of a job, their plans are stalled and Val is willing to wait until they can afford it. Still upset over Paul's recent firing, Helen is not happy about Val and David's news.[8] Val and David agree that he should move out until after the wedding. Val is shocked when Helen reveals that she found David at Brooke's apartment. While Val buys David's story that he was just comforting a grief-stricken Brooke after her mother's funeral, Val knows Helen won't accept the explanation. A reluctant Val temporarily calls off the engagement afraid of the trouble it has caused her family. In actuality, Val has some doubts about David and Brooke. Helen gives her daughter an ultimatum, she must choose between David and their family. A confident David encourages her to make a choice but is shocked when Val chooses her family. However, she soon changes her mind only to find him after a drunken one-night-stand. Though she is hurt, Val forgives David and the engagement is back on.[9] Tired of her parents' opinions about her romantic life, Val moves into her own place just before the holidays.[10] In April 1977, Val is shocked when she receives a full scholarship to Howard University's College of Medicine. Though she is reluctant to tell him, David is willing to drop everything to be with her.[11] In May 1977, despite further protest from Julie who fears David is sacrificing way too much, David and Val travel to Washington, D.C. to look for an apartment. But upon their return, Brooke blindsides Val with the news that Trish Clayton (Patty Weaver) is pregnant with David's child. A distraught Val calls off the wedding and runs away to D.C.[12] Val (Rose Fonseca) returns to Salem in August 1977 hoping to reunite with David but leaves town immediately when she realizes he is too preoccupied with the pregnant Trish.[13] Val visits for the holidays in December 1977 and she and David are quite upset to realize that they've missed yet another chance to be together.[14] Val returns in the summer of 1978 and David comforts her when Paul suffers a fatal heart attack. Val returns to Washington soon after.[15]
1981–82[edit]
Valerie (Diane Sommerfield) returns to town in November 1981 and strikes up a romance with Police sergeant Abe Carver (James Reynolds). Val also lands a job as a medical intern at Salem University Hospital. Val is furious when she discovers Danny is harboring a fugitive David (Gregg Marx) who has been shot. Meanwhile, Danny disapproves of Abe and Val's budding romance. Fortunately, David leaves before Danny can be implicated in his disappearance and Abe puts distance between himself and Val. At work, Val faces off with her former mentor Doctor Neil Curtis. Val later confesses to harboring David and gives him an alibi for a murder which clears him as a prime suspect in the Salem Strangler serial killer investigation. Upon learning that David is on the run from the mob, Valerie starts looking into the murders. She and Danny later find David and his son Scotty (Dick Billingsley) hiding in a deserted warehouse. David and Valerie agree to remain friends. In May 1982, Abe and Valerie briefly rekindle their romance. Their reunion is short lived due to Abe revealing that he is not interested in marriage. Valerie leaves town and takes a job offer in New York City.
2016–[edit]
Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans) brings Valerie (Vanessa A. Williams) back to Salem to oversee Abe's medical treatment. Abe's teenage son Theo (Kyler Pettis) struggles to trust Valerie when he watches Abe nearly die. Valerie quickly realizes that Abe has been neglecting his health and is forced to operate again. Fortunately Abe pulls through and Abe wants to rekindle their romance. Meanwhile, Theo accuses Valerie of lying to Abe and she claims to have lied to her boss about attending a medical convention in New York. Valerie and Abe bond over raising children as single parents and Theo starts to let his guard down with Valerie when Abe invites her to spend Christmas with them.[16] In early 2017, Valerie is irate to discover a recording device in her purse and confronts Theo who admits to spying on her. Theo apologizes and Valerie agrees to keep the incident from Abe. Val later advises Theo and his girlfriend Claire Brady (Olivia Rose Keegan) on how to deal with reactions to their interracial romance. As Valerie is about to leave town, she is devastated by the news of David's sudden death. Val is shocked when her son Eli (Lamon Archey) crashes David's funeral and confronts her with truth about David being his father.[17] Valerie tries to reconcile with Eli who avoids her until she confronts him and he forces her to tell Julie that he is David's son. Faced with rejection from her son, Val finds comfort with Abe.[18][19]
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
Williams on her interview
We talked about the character, what soap opera mean to our culture and my own personal life. My grandmother watched the CBS soaps, [such as] THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS. Of course, I knew about DAYS. It was fascinating to hear about Valerie's history and the reaction to her relationship with David Banning in the 1970s. At that time, people just were not ready to see a white man and a black woman together. A few days later, they called and said, 'C'mon down!'
“
”
Vanessa A. Williams, Soap Opera Digest[20]
The role of Valerie was originated by actress Tina Andrews in 1975 on a recurring basis.[1][21] In the summer of 1977, it was announced that Andrews would vacate the role of Valerie after two years to join the cast of the network's prime-time sitcom, Sanford Arms.[22] On her departure from the role of Valerie, Andrews remarked "It's like having your child grow up and leave home. You know it's for the best but hard to accept." In addition to collecting a regular salary, Andrews appreciated the advantages of working on the soap. "It was like a paid workshop. I kept my skills sharp." Because she was not bound by a contract, "I can take another job whenever I want. I was just sure to give the show time enough to write my character out of the story for that time.[21] Andrews and the producers were working on an arrangement for her to continue taping when she was available, but plans changed when the actress booked several television films.[21][23] Andrews last appeared in the role of Valerie on July 22 and was replaced by Rose Fonseca on a August 2; Fonseca was also on a recurring basis.[24][25] Fonseca vacated the role in 1978, and last appeared on July 26.[26] Actress Diane Sommerfield took over the role of Valerie on October 19, 1981 as a series regular.[27] However, Sommerfield's tenure barely lasted a year and she last appeared on July 1, 1982.
In April 2016, following the announcement that the series had once again replaced their head writers, a casting call was released for the character of Valerie. The producers were looking for an experienced actress to step into the role by late May 2016.[28] In October 2016, several media outlets reported that former Melrose Place actress Vanessa A. Williams had been cast in the role of Valerie; she made her first appearance on October 25.[29] In an interview with Soap Opera Digest, Williams revealed that she'd auditioned for the show several times -- but "guest-star and recurring roles." And when the casting call for the role of Valerie went out, "Marnie [Saitta, casting director] already knew my work" the actress said. "I think there was enough tape on me that it was basically an interview." From there, Williams went straight to work. "Oh my God, it was trial by fire," Williams exclaimed. She had not worked on a soap since she had a bit role on Another World in New York. "It was so different than how we do it." She continued, "It reminded me of working in theater" as there was very little time to rehearse.[20]
Early storylines[edit]
Valerie was created as the Black love interest for Richard Guthrie's David Banning in 1975. To help with the writing for "America's first and foremost Daytime TV interracial romance," the producers recruited Black script writer, Wanda Coleman to help pen the story. The romance developed "oh so slowly" with the duo barely ever touching until their first kiss in 1976.[30][31] Actress Tina Andrews, who originated the role of Valerie, relished in challenging the "taboo" and "reflecting life as it really is." Despite viewer backhlash, Andrews pushed for David and Valerie's eventual marriage and hoped the two would start a family. She insisted, "if you are doing a soap and want to be slightly scandalous then do it right."[32] When David proposes to Valerie in the summer of 1976, Valerie wants to take time to consider it. In actuality, the writers believed they could wait for viewers to come around.[30] As of the summer of 1977, Valerie and David were engaged and Andrews believed the two would eventually marry.[33] But when fan response did not change, the writers chose to end the romance. Andrews was very upset when she was informed of the storyline decision. In story, David cheats on Valerie with Trish Clayton, and she breaks it off with him upon learning that Trish is pregnant. David marries Trish and Valerie is written out having received a scholarship to Howard University's College of Medicine. Andrews, at the time was in negotiations was in negoations with the producers to get Valerie back on canvas when she booked Sanford which led to the recast.[21]
When Pat Falken Smith was rehired as head writer in 1981, one of the first moves was to bring Valerie back to the canvas with Diane Sommerfield in the role. However, David (Gregg Marx) and Valerie's romance was not revisited. The two remain friends even when she helps him hide from the law. Instead, Valerie becomes involved with Detective Abe Carver (James Reynolds). Their romance is plagued by Valerie's maintained friendship with David and the danger Abe faces in his work.[27]
Return (2016)[edit]
It was reported that Valerie, now a respected cardiologist would return to tend to her former flame, Abe Carver who has recently been shot.[34] In addition, Valerie's return puts her in story with Abe's teenage son, Theo (Kyler Pettis).[29][35] The actress also had to learn medical terminology and credits co-star Mary Beth Evans who played Doctor Kayla Brady with helping Williams step into the doctor role. Williams said "It will be very intriguing to see [Valerie] interacting with Abe." According to Williams, "Valerie's a professional. She's sharp and knows her stuff, but at same time, she also has a little mystery to her."[20]
In the summer of 2016, the series released a casting call for the recurring role of the African-American Levi.[36] In December 2016, reports surfaced with claims that the character of Levi would be Valerie's son which led to speculation that David was the man's father, making him a member of show's core family, the Hortons.[37][38] Meanwhile, it was announced the Lamon Archey had joined the cast in an unnamed role and was slated to debut in early 2017. On December 11, 2016, Susan Seaforth Hayes who portrayed David's mother Julie Olson Williams confirmed Archey's casting in a video interview with the actor and revealed that he would portray Julie's grandson, Eli Grant.[39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 65–71. January 1976.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 36–41. February 1976.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 39–43. March 1976.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 46–50. June 1976.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 42–46. July 1976.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 58–62. November 1976.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 38–49. December 1976.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 41–45. January 1977.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 44–48. February 1977.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 51–55. March 1977.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 44–49. July 1977.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 43–51. August 1977.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 58–60. November 1977.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 69–70. March 1978.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives". Synopsis. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc.: 53. October 1978.
Jump up ^ Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (Executive producers); Dena Higley and Ryan Quan (Head writers) (November 23, 2016). Days of Our Lives. Season 51. NBC. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Valerie's Son Comes to Salem". Hot Plots Preview!. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 42 (9): 15. February 27, 2017. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Dena Higley and Ryan Quan (Head writers); Sonia Blangiardo (Director); David Kreizman (Script writer) (March 9, 2017). Days of Our Lives. Season 51. Episode 13042. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Julie Learns Eli's Identity". Hot Plots Preview!. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 42 (11): 14. March 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Vanessa Williams Makes DAYS Debut". Late-breaking News. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 41 (44): 4–5. October 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tina Andrews has No Trouble Working". The Dispatch. GateHouse Media. August 26, 1977. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tina Andrews Shifts To Prime". The Dispatch. GateHouse Media. August 12, 1977. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott, Vernon (September 23, 1977). "Tina's Woes Limited To Soap Opera". TV Profile. The Hour. Hearst. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reed, Jon-Michael (August 24, 1977). "What's Happening With The Soaps". Star-Banner. GateHouse Media. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scheuer, Steven H (August 28, 1977). "New life, New wife for Dr. Taylor". Soap Opera Scene. Boca Raton News. South Florida Media Company. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reed, Jon-Michael (July 2, 1978). "Soaps Take Off On Comics And Real Life Happenings". The Ledger. GateHouse Media. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Douglas, John N (February 6, 1982). "Past Performer". Soap Opera Scene. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. GateHouse Media. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DAYS CASTING VALERIE GRANT". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. April 4, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vanessa Williams Joins DAYS". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lee Grant is upset with TV". Television tonight. Star-News. GateHouse Media. January 3, 1977. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reed, Jon-Michael (October 26, 1976). "Racial Taboo Finally Broken On Daytime TV Soaps". Tune In Tomorrow. The Ledger. GateHouse Media. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Joe (May 15, 1977). "The Tandy Rice: A Happy Booker". The Soaps. Toledo Blade. Block Communications. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Nancy (June 2, 1977). "Soap opera star gets choice role". Kingsport Post. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (October 5, 2016). "Vanessa Williams Joins Days Of Our Lives As Dr. Valerie Grant". Deadline.com. United States: Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (October 5, 2016). "Vanessa Williams Set To Debut As DAYS Valerie Grant!". On-Air On-Soaps. United States: Michael Fairman Soaps, Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DAYS CASTING NEW ROLE". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. July 21, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (December 1, 2016). "Valerie's Son Connected to the Horton Family on 'Days of our Lives'". Serial Scoop. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clifford, Kambra (December 2, 2016). "DAYS casting: Valerie's getting a son with a rumored Horton family connection". SoapCentral. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fix, Christine (December 12, 2016). "Lamon Archey confirmed to be coming to Days in new role as Eli". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
[show]
v
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e
Days of Our Lives
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[hide]
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[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerie_Grant&oldid=785534805"
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