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Vincetoxicum rossicum
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Pale Swallowwort
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Genus: Vincetoxicum
Species: V. rossicum
Binomial name
Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.
Synonyms
Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi[1]
Vincetoxicum rossicum is a flowering plant of the milkweed family. It is a perennial herb native to southern Europe and is a highly invasive plant growing in all of the Eastern United States, in the mid west, and southern Ontario and Quebec in Canada. It has several common names including swallowwort, pale swallowwort, and dog-strangling vine. There has historically been much confusion about the genus it belongs to, with authors placing it within Vincetoxicum and others within Cynanchum, but recent molecular and chemical analyses have shown it to belong in the genus Vincetoxicum.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 Leaf Characteristics
1.2 Flower Characteristics
1.3 Root Characteristics
2 Reproduction
3 Survival
4 Distribution
5 Invasive species
6 References
Characteristics[edit]
Leaf Characteristics[edit]
The leaves of the pale swallowwort are larger when they are closer to the stem and decrease in size as they move away from the stem.[5] They are in the shape of an ellipse or an oval and contain smooth margins and major veins underneath.[5] The glossy, dark green leaves grow opposite on the stem and are ovate to elliptical. The flowers appear near the top of the plant and grow on stalks that come from the leaf axils.
Flower Characteristics[edit]
The buds of the flowers have a pointed apex and are ovoid to conoidal. Also, petals that are unopened are twisted. The diameter of the flowers is 5–7 mm and they are 5-parted.[5] Some of the petals are 3–5 mm in long and do not have hair. The margins of the petals are 0.05–0.15 mm wide and they are typically translucent.[5] The 5-lobed corona is typically pink, red-brown or maroon, which is the same color as the corolla.[5] The corona is sometimes seen as a lighter pink, orange or yellow.[5] The fruits of the Vincetoxicum rossicum are 4–7 cm long and each flower typically contains two fruits. The seeds of the fruit are oblong and are either concaved or flattened on one side and convex on the other side.[5] The seed color varies from light to dark brown.[5] Each stalk has 5 to 20 flowers. The flowers are dark purple or dark brown.
Root Characteristics[edit]
It is a twining vine that grows to heights of 60–200 cm (2.0–6.6 ft). The roots of the pale swallowwort are thick. The rootstalk makes a rhizome shape with its roots. Stems are found intertwined in dense patches of plants.[5] They will grow onto other plants when they are alone in order to have structural support.[5] After a year of growth, the stem turns light brown and resembles a decaying stem and stops growing.
Reproduction[edit]
Vincetoxicum rossicum reproduces by spreading its seeds through wind dispersal and through vegetative production. Since it is multiembryonic, it allows the seeds to cover more ground and allows the pale swallowwort to have a high reproductive rate.[1] Intermediate light is the best light source for the pale swallowwort to reproduce and grow.[1] Though that light is not necessarily required, it does produce the best outcome. Typically this invasive species is found in dense vegetation, which allows it to rapidly grow with its multiembryonic seeds. Since this invasive species is a vine, it grows best when it attaches to other plants and uses it as a support beam.[1]
Survival[edit]
These seeds are polyembryonic and typically contain two embryos but there have been observations of up to eight embryos. When there are multiple embryos released into an environment, they have a greater chance of surviving when damage is done to the environment.[6] This makes the survival rate of the pale swallowwort to be very high and in there lies the problem as to why this invasive species is problematic.[5]
Distribution[edit]
Vincetoxicum rossicum is found in Ukraine and southeast Russia.[7] It is an invasive plant in North America, and of particular concern in the Great Lakes Basin where it is disturbing native birds and plants in the area.[8] It is a possible threat to the butterflies as well because it interferes with the native hosts present in the area. If the native species is taken over by the pale swallowwort, it may affect the butterflies that use those plants for habitats.[8] There are not any control methods that stop the Vincetoxicum rossicum from spreading. In Canada, the release of a moth, (Hypena opulenta), which feeds on the plant, has been authorized in 2013.[9] It keeps growing at an extremely fast rate and invading environments in North America. It is found in Michigan, Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, Missouri, Kansas, and in New York.[10]
Invasive species[edit]
Vincetoxicum rossicum is a highly invasive plant growing in all of the Eastern United States, and commonly found in the mid west. It is also found in Southern Ontario and Quebec.[11] It is commonly found along with poison ivy plants.[1] It has also been reported from the Canadian province of British Columbia but this historic record might have been of a possible garden planting as it is not currently known to be present in the province.[12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hotchkiss, E. E.; Ditommaso, A.; Brainard, D. C.; Mohler, C. L. (2008). "Survival and performance of the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae) from seeds of different embryo number under two light environments". American Journal of Botany. 95 (4): 447–53. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.4.447. PMID 21632369.
Jump up ^ Liede, S. (1996). "Cynanchum - Rhodostegiella - Vincetoxicum - Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae): new considerations on an old problem". Taxon. 45 (2): 193–211.
Jump up ^ Liede-Schumann, S; Khanum, R.; Mumtaz, A.S.; Gherghel, I.; Pahlevani, A. (2016). "Going west – A subtropical lineage (Vincetoxicum, Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) expanding into Europe". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94(Pt A): 436–446.
Jump up ^ Khanum, R.; Surveswaran, S.; Meve, U.; Liede-Schumann, S. (2016). "Cynanchum (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae): A pantropical Asclepiadoid genus revisited". Taxon. 65 (3): 467–486.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k DiTommaso, Antonio; Lawlor, Frances M.; Darbyshire, Stephen J. (2005). "The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 2. Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi [= Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.] and Cynanchum louiseae (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi [= Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench]". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 85 (1): 243–63. doi:10.4141/p03-056.
Jump up ^ Megan L. Blanchard; Barney, Jacob N.; Averill, Kristine M.; Mohler, Charles L.; DiTommaso, Antonio (2010). "Does polyembryony confer a competitive advantage to the invasive perennial vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae)". Journal of Botany. 97 (2).
Jump up ^ Heywood, V.H. (1972), Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Moore, D.M.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M.; Webb, D.A., eds., Asclepiadaceae, Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–73
^ Jump up to: a b Vladimir V. Kircsfalusy; Miller, Gavin C. (2008). "Invasion and distribution of Cynanchum rossicum (Asclepiadaceae) in the Toronto region, Canada, with remarks on its taxonomy". Thaiszia Journal of Botany. 18: 21–36.
Jump up ^ Naomi Cappuccino, associate professor, Carleton University, Ontario, Canada, as reported by the Ottawa Citizen on 2014 08 12.
Jump up ^ Scott E. Sheeley; Raynal, Dudley J. (1996). "The distribution and status of species of Vincetoxicum in Eastern North America". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 123 (2): 148–56. doi:10.2307/2996072.
Jump up ^ Pale Swallowwort, Ontario Wildflowers
Jump up ^ DiTommaso, A.; Lawlor, F.M.; Darbyshire, S.J. (2005). "The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 2. Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi [=Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.] and Cynanchum louiseae (L) Kartesz & Gandhi [=Vincetoxicum nigrum (L) Moench]". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 85 (1): 243–263.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vincetoxicum rossicum.
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q5199880
EoL: 488018
EPPO: VNCRO
GBIF: 5414550
GRIN: 414627
IPNI: 60456000-2
ITIS: 523295
NCBI: 429301
Plant List: kew-2898438
Tropicos: 2610480
VASCAN: 10146
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincetoxicum_rossicum&oldid=827928817"
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This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 15:52.
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