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Freedom of the City
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For the Northern Irish play, see The Freedom of the City. For the role-playing game campaign setting, see Freedom City.
"Key to the City" redirects here. For other meanings of the term, see Key to the City (disambiguation).
Award to Robert Hadfield by the City of Sheffield
Gold New York City 'Freedom of the City Box' presented to Commodore Daniel Patterson, made by Jonathan Wilmarth, John L. Moffat, and Joseph Curtis, 1832
"Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent", print after a painting made by Antoon van den Heuvel for the Joyous Entry by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into Ghent in 1635
The Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community, or upon a visiting celebrity or dignitary. Arising from the medieval practice of granting respected citizens freedom from serfdom, the tradition still lives on in countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand – although today the title of "freeman" confers no special privileges. The Freedom of the City can also be granted by municipal authorities to military units which have earned the city's trust; in this context, it is sometimes called the Freedom of Entry. This allows them the freedom to parade through the city, and is an affirmation of the bond between the regiment and the citizenry.
The honour was sometimes accompanied by a "freedom box", a small gold box inscribed to record the occasion; these are not usual today. In some countries, such as the United States, esteemed residents and visitors may instead be presented with the Key to the City, a similarly symbolic honour. Other US cities award Honorary Citizenship, with just a certificate.
Contents
1 Military privilege
2 Entitlement to civil privileges
2.1 United Kingdom
2.1.1 Freedom of the City of London
2.1.2 Freedom of the City of York
2.2 Ireland
3 Key to the city
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Military privilege[edit]
Members of No. 28 Squadron RAAF marching through the centre of Canberra during the unit's Freedom of the City parade in August 2013
Freedom of the City is an ancient honour granted to martial organisations, allowing them the privilege to march into the city "with drums beating, colours flying, and bayonets fixed".[1]
This honour dates back to ancient Rome which regarded the "pomerium", the boundary of the city, as sacred. Promagistrates and generals were forbidden from entering it, and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it. An exception was made for victory celebrations (called triumphs), during which the victorious general would be permitted to enter for one day only. Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress. Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons. (The assassination of Julius Caesar occurred outside this boundary.)
Similar laws were passed by other European cities throughout the Medieval era, to protect public security and civic rights, even against their own king's troops. As a result, soldiers would be forced to camp outside the walls of the city during the winter months. The Freedom of the City was an honour granted only to troops which had earned the trust of the local populace, either through some valiant action or simply by being a familiar presence.[1]
Today, martial freedom of the city is an entirely ceremonial honour, usually bestowed upon a unit with historic ties to the area, as a token of appreciation for their long and dedicated service. The awarding of the Freedom is often accompanied by a celebratory parade through the city.
Entitlement to civil privileges[edit]
A slightly more common freedom of the city is connected to the medieval concept of "free status", when city and town charters drew a distinction between freemen and vassals of a feudal lord. As such, freemen actually pre-date 'boroughs'. Early freedom of the boroughs ceremonies had great importance in affirming that the recipient enjoyed privileges such as the right to trade and own property, and protection within the town.
In modern society, the award of honorary freedom of the city or borough tends to be entirely ceremonial, given by the local government in many towns and cities on those who have served in some exceptional capacity, or upon any whom the city wishes to bestow an honour.
United Kingdom[edit]
A recipient of Freedom of the City of London, Nigel Cumberland, after his ceremony
Before parliamentary reform in 1832, freedom of the city or town conferred the right to vote in the 'parliamentary boroughs' for the MPs. Until the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 the freemen were the exclusive electorate for some of the boroughs. These two acts together curtailed the power of the freemen and extended the franchise to all 'householders' (defined as local rate payers; in fact therefore property owners). The private property belonging to the freemen collectively was retained. The freemen of York, Oxford and Newcastle upon Tyne still own considerable areas within their towns, although the income is effectively given to support charitable objects. The Local Government Act 1972 specifically preserved freemen's rights.[2] The Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 removed any restrictions entitling only men to be freemen.[3]
Today, the grant of honorary freedom in the United Kingdom is governed by the Local Government Act 1972 (as amended by the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009). The 1972 Act enabled the councils of cities, royal boroughs, boroughs, and parishes (or, in Wales, communities) with the status of a royal town to confer the status of honorary freeman on "persons of distinction and persons who have, in the opinion of the council, rendered eminent services" to the local area.[4] The 2009 Act extends the ability to grant the status of honorary freeman to any county, city, district, borough, town, parish or community council (so removing the requirement for the town to have 'royal' status, and also enabling county councils to confer the honour).[5] A special meeting of the council can grant the honour by passing a resolution with a two-thirds majority at a specially convened meeting.
The exact qualifications for borough freedom differ between each city or town, but generally fall into two categories, 'patrimony' (inheritance) and 'servitude' (apprenticeship). For example, in Chester, only the children or grandchildren of freemen may apply for admission. In York, this extends to great- and great-great-grandchildren, and apprenticeship to a freeman of the city will also allow admission.[6] In Great Grimsby, the widow of a freeman passes his rights to her second husband, who retains the privilege after either divorce from or death of the widow. The borough freedom is strongest in York, Chester, Newcastle upon Tyne and Coventry; in Coventry, freedom is qualified by having served an apprenticeship. Durham and Northampton have extended their admission criteria to those who have served an apprenticeship without being 'bound' (trained) by a freeman directly. Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne are bestowed the right to graze cattle on the town moor.[7]
Freedom of the City of London[edit]
Lord Nelson's certificate given him after becoming a Freeman of the City of London showing that he has Freedom
Ari Norman's Certificate of Freedom of the City of London
Sir Tim Berners-Lee receiving the freedom of the City of London in 2014
In England, the most established borough freedom is that conferred by the Freedom of the City of London, first recorded in 1237. This is closely tied to the role and status of the livery companies. From 1835, the freedom "without the intervention of a Livery Company" has been bestowed by a general resolution of Common Council, by "redemption" (purchase), at one time for an onerous sum. Now the Freedom can be obtained by servitude, by patrimony, by nomination, or by presentation via a Livery Company. Freedom by nomination by two sponsors is available for a fee (known as a "fine"), of £100 as of 2018[update], and free to those on the electoral roll of the City.[8]
New freemen are enrolled in a ceremony in Guildhall, when they receive a guide to conducting their lives in an honourable fashion and an impressive sealed certificate. Freemen's children get admission preference at the City of London Freemen's School. There are a number of rights traditionally but apocryphally associated with freemen—the right to drive sheep and cattle over London Bridge; to a silken rope, if hanged; to carry a naked sword in public; or that if the City of London Police finds a freeman drunk and incapable, they will bundle him or her into a taxi and send them home rather than throw them into a cell. While sheep have occasionally been driven over London Bridge by Freemen on special occasions, these "privileges" are now effectively symbolic.
Mark Stephens with a sheep on London Bridge in 2009
The right to herd sheep and cattle across London's four bridges technically no longer applies, as there are no livestock markets in the city.[9] Nevertheless, this right has been exercised, or the city has granted permission, on several occasions in modern times:
On 19 August 1999, Jef Smith, a freeman of London walked two sheep over Tower Bridge to bring attention to the rights of older citizens.[9]
On 17 June 2006, a flock of about thirty sheep was driven across the Millennium Bridge to mark the start of London Architecture Week.[10]
On 31 August 2008, Amanda Cottrell, former High Sheriff of Kent, marched six rams across London Bridge to promote fundraising for the restoration of Canterbury Cathedral and "a scheme backing local food production".[11]
On 17 September 2008, the Lord Mayor of London, David Lewis, and some 500 freemen drove a flock of Romney ewes in relay across London Bridge to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's charities (Orbis and Wellbeing of Women).[12]
On 7 April 2013, actor and presenter Stephen Fry drove Grace, a year-old lamb, over London Bridge for a documentary about becoming a freeman, Stephen Fry's Key To The City.[13][14]
By 2015, the driving of sheep across the bridge had become an annual event, organised by the Worshipful Company of Woolmen livery company, typically to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's Appeal and the Worshipful Company of Woolmen.[15][16]
Freedom of the City of York[edit]
York has a long history of freemen dating back to the Anglo-Saxon period, with records dating back to 1272.[17] Freemen may claim their rights through patronage (as far back as their great-great-grandparent, there are records of women being admitted in York in medieval times, a right forgotten for a time until the late 1970s when the gild carried out research and rediscovered it) or apprenticeship. Once 'sworn in', freemen can join the Gild (archaic spelling used) of Freemen who continue to take an interest in the affairs of the city. New admissions are made every year (usually October) following an admission ceremony with the Lord Mayor at the Guildhall.
Ireland[edit]
This section is about Ireland. For Freedom awarded specifically in Dublin, see Freedom of the City of Dublin.
In Ireland, borough freedom of the city is generally given to noted foreign and national dignitaries and the list rarely exceeds a few dozen. As in the United Kingdom, the title generally comes with various ancient privileges – for instance, freemen of Dublin are allowed the right to vote in certain elections, bring goods for sale in the city without customs and the right to pasture sheep on common ground such as College Green and St. Stephen's Green.
Key to the city[edit]
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev received the Golden Key to the City of Madrid during his state visit to Spain in March 2009.
See also: List of Keys to the City in the United States and List of Keys to the City in Canada
For other uses, see Key to the City (disambiguation).
In some countries, such as the United States, an ornamental key – the "key to the city" – is presented to esteemed visitors, residents, or others whom the city wishes to honour. This practice is a variation on the freedom of the city tradition, and has a similar symbolic meaning; evoking medieval walled cities, the gates of which would be guarded during the day and locked at night, the key symbolises the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will, as a trusted friend of city residents.[18]
In some cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, the key to the city is given to the so-called "prince carnival (nl)" who leads the carnivals which take place the week prior to Septuagesima. The tradition is that the mayor steps down for this period and power is transferred to the prince carnival, who then returns the key at the end of Shrove Tuesday/Mardi Gras. Today, the handing over of the key is mostly symbolic and marks the start and end of the carnival.
In Calgary, Alberta, Canada, instead of a key, esteemed visitors receive a white cowboy hat and usually recite one of two oaths (one formal, the other more silly) to become honorary Calgarians.[19]
See also[edit]
List of Freedom of the City recipients (military)
Honorary citizenship
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "1985 – 75th Anniversary Naval Service of Canada". Royal Canadian Navy. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Section 248 of Text of the Local Government Act 1972 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Sections 27 and 28 of the Text of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Text of the Section 249 of the Local Government Act 1972 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Text of the Section 249 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ "The Gild of Freemen of the City of York". Retrieved 24 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Moor". The Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "How to apply for the Freedom". City of London. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Protest Freeman herds sheep over Tower Bridge". BBC News. 19 August 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sheep flock driven through city". BBC News. 17 June 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sheep marched over London Bridge". BBC News. 31 August 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sheep march over bridge for money". BBC News. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Fry on Twitter". Twitter. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Fry's Key To The City". ITV. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Why are there sheep being herded across London Bridge?". ITV News.
Jump up ^ 30 September 2018. "Alan Titchmarsh herds sheep over London Bridge". BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Register of the Freemen of the City of York - British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
Jump up ^ "Key to the City of New York". New York City Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps and Protocol. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "White Hat Ceremony". Visit Calgary. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012.
External links[edit]
Guild of Freemen of the City of London
Freedom of the City of London
The Gild of Freemen of the City of York
Freemen of the City of Liverpool
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Virginia Plan
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Virginia Plan
Front side of the Virginia Plan 1787
Created
May 29, 1787
Location
National Archives
Author(s)
James Madison
Purpose
Propose a structure of government to the Philadelphia Convention
The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3] The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.
Background[edit]
The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit. However, it was Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, 1787, in the form of 15 resolutions.[4]
The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches (legislative, executive and judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature.[citation needed]
Principles[edit]
The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their “Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.”[6] States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the Connecticut Compromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned by population and a Senate in which each state is equally represented.
In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.
Terms of office were not specified, but the executive and members of the popularly elected legislative chamber could not be elected for an undetermined time afterward. The legislative branch would have the power to negate state laws if they were deemed incompatible with the articles of union. The concept of checks and balances was embodied in a provision that legislative acts could be vetoed by a council composed of the executive and selected members of the judicial branch; their veto could be overridden by an unspecified legislative majority.
The Virginia Plan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Frantzich, Stephen E.; Howard R. Ernst (2008). The Political Science Toolbox: A Research Companion to the American Government. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 0-7425-4762-0.
Jump up ^ Roche, John P. (December 1961). "The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action". American Political Science Review. 55.
Jump up ^ Ann Marie Dube (May 1996). "A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions". National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Virginia Plan of Government, retrieved 2016-12-03
Jump up ^ "Res[olved] that the members of the first branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by the people of the several States every for the term of;___...to be incapable of reelection for the space of ___after the expiration of their term of service; and to be subject to recall." Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 4 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911), 1:20.
Jump up ^ "Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan, Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention, May 29, 1787. Text A", The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, retrieved 2016-12-03
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Virginia Plan
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Cost of raising a child
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The cost of raising a child varies from country to country.
The cost of raising a child is usually determined according to a formula that accounts for major areas of expenditure, such as food, housing, and clothing. However, any given family's actual expenses may differ from the estimates. For example, the rent on a home does not usually change when the tenants have another child, so the family's housing costs may remain the same. In other cases, the home may be too small, in which case the family might move to a larger home at a higher cost.
Contents
[hide]
1 Developing countries
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
3.1 Dual-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)
3.2 Single-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)
4 India
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Developing countries[edit]
According to Globalissues.org, "Almost half the world—over three billion people—live on less than $2.50 a day."[1] This statistic includes children. Based on UNICEF statistics, in developing countries the cost is roughly US$900 for raising a child for a year, and US$16,200 for raising a child from birth to age 17.[2] (This calculation is difficult, since families in developing countries often do not operate with currency, but barter or trade to provide for their children.)[3] Half of all children in the world live in poverty.[2]
United Kingdom[edit]
The annual LV= (Liverpool Victoria) Cost of a Child report calculates the cost of raising a child from birth to 21 years old. The latest report puts the cost as £231,843.[4] The Cost of a child calculations, from birth to 21 years, were compiled by the Centre of Economic and Business Research (CEBR) for LV= in December 2015 and are based on the cost for the 21-year period to December 2015. Additional research was conducted by Opinium Research LLP from 22 to 27 January 2016. The total sample size was 1,000 UK adults with children under the age of 18 and was conducted online. Results have been weighted to nationally representative criteria
United States[edit]
The tax exemption per child is $3,900 in 2013 which is based on the basic cost of raising a child. Plus there is a tax credit up to $1000 for each child.[citation needed]
Based on a survey by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the table below shows the estimated Average Spending on Children by Families. The data comes from the Consumer Expenditure Survey by the U.S. Department of Labor, conducted from 2005-06. The figures have been updated to 2011 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. However, some dispute the numbers as being biased high for political reasons (e.g., Texas A&M University Finance Professor H. Swint Friday: "The numbers, reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, are outrageously misleading. Often government statistics are produced for political objectives that cause the research methodology to be biased toward finding the highest dollar amount to support the objective."[5]).
These figures from the USDA go up to age 18, and do not include any college or university education. Nor does it offer any spending estimates if the child remains in the home as a dependent after the age of 18.[6]
Both tables are for the United States overall, not based on any specific region in the country.
Dual-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[edit]
Dual-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[7]
Age
of Child
Housing
Food
Transport.
Clothing
Health
Child Care
/Education
Misc.
Total
Before-tax income: Less than $59,410 (Average = $38,000)
0 to 2 2,990 1,160 1,170 640 630 2,040 420 9,050
3 to 5 2,990 1,260 1,230 500 590 1,910 620 9,100
6 to 8 2,990 1,710 1,350 570 660 1,290 630 8,760
9 to 11 2,990 1,970 1,350 580 710 1,910 630 9,520
12 to 14 2,990 2,130 1,480 690 1,090 1,110 700 9,960
15 to 17 2,990 2,120 1,630 730 1,010 1,290 589 9,970
Total 53,820 31,050 24,630 11,130 14,070 23,640 10,740 169,080
Before-tax income: $59,410 to $102,870 (Average = $79,940)
0 to 2 3,920 1,405 1,690 760 850 2,860 890 12,370
3 to 5 3,920 1,490 1,740 610 800 2,740 1,090 12,390
6 to 8 3,920 2,100 1,860 680 940 1,680 1,110 12,290
9 to 11 3,920 2,400 1,870 710 1,000 2,110 1,100 13,110
12 to 14 3,920 2,580 1,990 840 1,410 1,910 1,170 13,820
15 to 17 3,920 2,570 2,150 900 1,330 2,400 1,050 14,320
Total 70,560 37,620 33,900 13,500 18,990 41,100 19,230 234,900
Before-tax income: More than $102,870 (Average = $180,040)
0 to 2 7,100 1,900 2,550 1,050 980 5,090 1,790 20,460
3 to 5 7,100 2,000 2,610 880 930 4,970 1,990 20,480
6 to 8 7,100 2,630 2,730 970 1,080 3,910 2,000 20,420
9 to 11 7,100 2,980 2,730 1,010 1,150 4,350 2,000 21,320
12 to 14 7,100 3,190 2,860 1,170 1,610 4,700 2,070 22,700
15 to 17 7,100 3,180 3,020 1,280 1,520 6,460 1,950 24,510
Total 127,800 47,640 49,500 19,080 21,810 88,440 35,400 389,670
All numbers are in US dollars.
Also notice that the dual parent and solo parent charts use different income ranges so that direct comparison between the two should be undertaken with care.
Single-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[edit]
Single-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[7]
Age
of Child
Housing
Food
Transport.
Clothing
Health
Child care
/Education
Misc.
Total
Before-tax income: Less than $40,410 (Average = $18,350)
0 to 2 2,840 1,400 680 410 520 1,400 510 7,760
3 to 5 2,840 1,370 920 330 600 1,940 610 8,610
6 to 8 2,840 1,830 1,030 340 670 1,940 780 8,450
9 to 11 2,840 2,010 1,060 400 620 1,360 740 9,030
12 to 14 2,840 2,150 1,130 420 940 1,120 840 9,440
15 to 17 2,840 2,270 1,130 460 930 880 670 9,180
Total 51,120 33,090 17,850 7,080 12,840 22,980 12,450 157,410
Before-tax income: $59,410 or more (Average = $107,820)
0 to 2 5,880 2,080 1,920 590 980 3,670 1,650 16,770
3 to 5 5,880 2,070 2,160 500 1,090 4,210 1,750 17,660
6 to 8 5,880 2,680 2,260 530 1,180 3,350 1,930 17,810
9 to 11 5,880 3,000 2,300 610 1,110 3,880 1,880 18,660
12 to 14 5,880 3,080 2,370 650 1,560 4,150 1,980 19,670
15 to 17 5,880 3,220 2,370 730 1,550 5,010 1,810 20,570
Total 105,840 48,390 40,140 10,830 22,410 72,810 33,000 333,420
All numbers are in US dollars.
India[edit]
Based on an estimate by Economic Times in April 2011, the cost of raising a child from birth to age of majority (21 Years) for a middle to upper-middle income family comes to about ₹55 lakh (US$84,000) in total.[8]
Cost break up is as follows:
Cost of raising a child in India (as of April, 2011)
Expenditure Class
Estimated Cost (Rs. Lakh)
% of Cost
Education 25.19 46%
Housing 10.40 19%
Entertainment 6.57 12%
Clothing 3.29 6%
Food 2.74 5%
Transportation 2.74 5%
Healthcare 2.19 4%
Others 1.64 3%
Total
54.75
100%
Note: Estimate assumes cost of birth, but doesn't consider any major illness in child.
See also[edit]
Only child
Child care
Child support
Childfree
Cost of living
Demographic economics
Family economics
Family planning
Family values
Single parent
Middle-class squeeze
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shah, Anup (September 20, 2010). "Poverty Facts and Stats". Global Issues. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b State of the World's Children, 2005, UNICEF
Jump up ^ Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank, May 2008
Jump up ^ "Cost of a child | LV=". www.lv.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Jump up ^ Friday, H. Swint (July 20, 2007). "Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe". caller.com. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Business/page?id=4019746
^ Jump up to: a b Lino, Mark. "Expenditures on Children by Families, 2011 (Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2011)" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How much it cost to raise a child" (pdf). report. Economic Times. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
External links[edit]
"Raising that '07 baby will cost $204,060 in U.S." - from Reuters, retrieved August 5, 2012.
"Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe" - from caller.com, retrieved March 31, 2013.
"Cost of Raising Children in the US" - from Globe Life Insurance, retrieved September 11, 2013
[hide]
v
t
e
Parenting
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Complex family
Coparenting
Foster care
Kommune 1
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Theories · Areas
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Legal and social
aspects
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Experts
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Baby and Child Care
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