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(You're My) Soul and Inspiration
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"(You're My) Soul and Inspiration"
Single by The Righteous Brothers
from the album Soul and Inspiration
B-side
"B-Side Blues"
Released
February 26, 1966
Format
7" single
Genre
Pop, rock and roll, blue-eyed soul
Length
3:00
Label
Verve
Songwriter(s)
Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil
Producer(s)
Bill Medley
The Righteous Brothers singles chronology
"The White Cliffs of Dover"
(1966) "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration"
(1966) "He"
(1966)
"The White Cliffs of Dover"
(1966) "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration"
(1966) "He"
(1966)
"(You're My) Soul And Inspiration" is a song by American pop duo the Righteous Brothers. It was the group's first hit after leaving their long-time producer Phil Spector. The song was written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, who also wrote the group's first hit "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" along with Phil Spector. It is the title track of their album.[1] The single peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and reached No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 single for 1966.[2]
Contents
1 Background
2 Cover versions
3 Charts and certifications
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Certifications
4 References
Background[edit]
The song was written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, part of the legendary Brill Building pop machine in New York City.[3] They first began writing it following the success of the Righteous Brothers' first single with Phil Spector, "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'", which they also wrote. However, the song was not completed as they thought it sounded too much like "Lovin' Feelin",[4] and Spector chose instead to record Carole King and Gerry Goffin's "Just Once in My Life" as the duo's second single.[5]
After leaving Spector's Philles Records in late 1965, the Righteous Brothers moved to the mostly jazz-oriented Verve label. Bill Medley of the Righteous Brothers then asked Mann about the incomplete "Soul and Inspiration" that the songwriters had played for Medley when they first started writing it, and asked them to complete the song. Mann and Weil complied with the wishes of Medley, and the Righteous Brothers then recorded the finished song.[4][6]
The song was arranged by Jack Nitzsche who had arranged many of Phil Spector's records,[7] and Medley produced the song in style not different from the sound of the group's early hits with Spector. Medley was able to imitate Spector's "Wall of Sound" technique with reverbing pop-orchestration and soaring female back-up choir. Some of the session musicians from the Wrecking Crew, such as the keyboard players Don Randi, pianist Michel Rubini and bassist Jimmy Bond, were hired for the recording.[7] Other musicians on this record included Art Munson on guitar, Michael Patterson on piano, Drew Johnson on drums, Bill Baker (who also arranged the song) on sax, Dick Shearer on trombone, and Bill King, Sanford Skinner and Bob Faust on trumpets.[8] It used a string section as well and there is a spoken section by Bobby Hatfield in the bridge.
The song was released in February 26, 1966,[9] and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and stayed at the top for three weeks.[10] This was, however, the end of the group's peak in popularity. Although they entered the charts with their next single, the religiously-oriented "He" (No. 18 US), before briefly splitting in 1968, they did not enter the top-10 again until reuniting in 1974 with "Rock and Roll Heaven", an ode to deceased music artists.[1]
Cover versions[edit]
In 1969, the vocal group the Blossoms covered the tune with Righteous Brothers member Bill Medley producing.
In 1972, the reggae artist Paddy Corea covered the tune instrumentally for the UK label Trojan Records. The song is available on the 1995 cover-compilation Keep on Running.[11]
In 1978, Donny and Marie Osmond went to No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 with their mild pop version.
In 1990, the country music group the Oak Ridge Boys recorded a cover version for the soundtrack of the film My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys. This version peaked at #31 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts.[12]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1965)
Peak
position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[13] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14] 15
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[16]
Gold 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Richmond, Peter. "Righteous Brothers Discography". Archived from the original on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "1966". billboard Top 100.
Jump up ^ Kurutz, Steve. "Biography of Cynthia Weil". Retrieved 17 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Mike Ragogna (July 9, 2012). "Soul & Inspiration: A Conversation With Songwriters Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil, Plus Milan's Calibro 35". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Bill Medley (April 24, 2014). The Time of My Life: A Righteous Brother's Memoir. Da Capo Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0306823169.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "Biography of The Righteous Brothers". Retrieved 18 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Don Randi; Karen "Nish" Nishimura (August 1, 2015). You've Heard These Hands: From the Wall of Sound to the Wrecking Crew and Other Incredible Stories. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1495008825.
Jump up ^ "Record Details". 45cat.
Jump up ^ Richard Williams (November 17, 2009). Phil Spector: Out Of His Head (Revised ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120564.
Jump up ^ Mark Ribowsky (2 May 2000). He's a Rebel: Phil Spector--Rock and Roll's Legendary Producer. Cooper Square Press. p. 213. ISBN 9781461661030.
Jump up ^ Farley, Keith. "All Music Guide: Keep on Running". Retrieved 18 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 303. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5721." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Righteous Brothers: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The Righteous Brothers Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Righteous Brothers – Righteous Brothers". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
show
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The Righteous Brothers
Bobby Hatfield
Bill Medley
Singles
"Little Latin Lupe Lu" (1963)
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" (1964, 1969, 1977, 1988)
"Just Once in My Life" (1965)
"Unchained Melody" (1965, 1990)
"Ebb Tide" (1965)
"Georgia on My Mind" (1966)
"(You're My) Soul and Inspiration" (1966, 1992)
"He" (1966)
"He Will Break Your Heart" (1966)
"On this Side of Goodbye" (1966)
"(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover" (1966)
"Rock and Roll Heaven" (1974)
"Dream On" (1974)
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The Oak Ridge Boys
Duane Allen
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William Lee Golden
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Y'all Come Back Saloon
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Fancy Free
Bobbie Sue
American Made
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Step On Out
Seasons
Where the Fast Lane Ends
Heartbeat
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Unstoppable
The Journey
Common Thread
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The Boys Are Back
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Other albums
Greatest Hits
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Notable singles
"Y'all Come Back Saloon"
"You're the One"
"I'll Be True to You"
"Cryin' Again"
"Come On In"
"Sail Away"
"Dream On"
"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight"
"Trying to Love Two Women"
"Heart of Mine"
"Beautiful You"
"Elvira"
"(I'm Settin') Fancy Free"
"Bobbie Sue"
"I Wish You Could Have Turned My Head (And Left My Heart Alone)"
"Thank God for Kids"
"American Made"
"Love Song"
"Ozark Mountain Jubilee"
"I Guess It Never Hurts to Hurt Sometimes"
"Everyday"
"Make My Life with You"
"Little Things"
"Touch a Hand, Make a Friend"
"Come On In (You Did the Best You Could Do)"
"Juliet"
"You Made a Rock of a Rolling Stone"
"It Takes a Little Rain (To Make Love Grow)"
"This Crazy Love"
"Time In"
"True Heart"
"Gonna Take a Lot of River"
"Bridges and Walls"
"Beyond Those Years"
"An American Family"
"No Matter How High"
"(You're My) Soul and Inspiration"
"Lucky Moon"
"Change My Mind"
"Seven Nation Army"
Guest singles
"Same Ole Me" (with George Jones)
"When You Get to the Heart (with Barbara Mandrell)
"Out Goin' Cattin'" (Sawyer Brown with Joe Bonsall)
"Broken Trust" (with Brenda Lee)
Related articles
Discography
The Goldens
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text:
Nathan Hale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 February 2018.
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For other uses, see Nathan Hale (disambiguation).
Nathan Hale
Nathan Hale, by Frederick MacMonnies, City Hall Park, New York
Allegiance
United States
Birth name
Nathan Hale
Born
June 6, 1755
Coventry, Connecticut Colony, British America
Died
September 22, 1776(1776-09-22) (aged 21)
New York City, United States of America
Cause of
death
Hanged
Buried
Coventry, Connecticut
Alma mater
Yale College
Signature
Nathan Hale as depicted in bronze (1890) by Frederick William MacMonnies at the Brooklyn Museum
Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 – September 22, 1776) was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and executed. Hale has long been considered an American hero and, in 1985, he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Intelligence-gathering mission
3 Impact
4 Hanging site
5 Relatives
6 Legacy
6.1 Statues and appearance
6.2 Namesake items
7 See also
8 Notes and references
8.1 Notes
8.2 References
8.3 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
Coat of Arms of Nathan Hale
Commission of Nathan Hale captain in nineteenth regiment of foot commanded by Colonel Charles Webb. Signed by John Hancock. January 1, 1776
Nathan Hale was born in Coventry, Connecticut, in 1755 to Richard Hale and Elizabeth Strong. In 1768, when he was fourteen years old, he was sent with his brother Enoch, who was sixteen, to Yale College. Nathan was a classmate of fellow patriot spy Benjamin Tallmadge.[2] The Hale brothers belonged to the Linonian Society of Yale, which debated topics in astronomy, mathematics, literature, and the ethics of slavery. Nathan graduated with first-class honors in 1773 at age 18 and became a teacher, first in East Haddam and later in New London.[3]
After the Revolutionary War began in 1775, he joined a Connecticut militia and was elected first lieutenant within five months.[4] His militia unit participated in the Siege of Boston, but Hale remained behind. It has been suggested that he was unsure as to whether he wanted to fight, or whether he was hindered because his teaching contract in New London did not expire until several months later, in July 1775. On July 4, 1775, Hale received a letter from his classmate and friend Benjamin Tallmadge, who had gone to Boston to see the siege for himself. He wrote to Hale, "Was I in your condition, I think the more extensive service would be my choice. Our holy Religion, the honor of our God, a glorious country, & a happy constitution is what we have to defend."[5] Tallmadge's letter was so inspiring that, several days later, Hale accepted a commission as first lieutenant in the 7th Connecticut Regiment under Colonel Charles Webb of Stamford.
In the following spring, the army moved to Manhattan Island to prevent the British from taking over New York City. In September, General Washington was desperate to determine the location of the imminent British invasion of Manhattan Island. To that end, Washington needed a spy behind enemy lines, and Hale was the only volunteer.[3]
Intelligence-gathering mission[edit]
The Battle of Long Island led to British victory and the capture of New York City via a flanking move from Staten Island across Long Island. Hale volunteered on September 8, 1776, to go behind enemy lines and report on British troop movements. He was ferried across on September 12. It was an act of spying that was immediately punishable by death and posed a great risk to Hale.
During his mission, New York City (then the area at the southern tip of Manhattan around Wall Street) fell to British forces on September 15 and Washington was forced to retreat to the island's north in Harlem Heights (what is now Morningside Heights).[6] On September 21, a quarter of the lower portion of Manhattan burned in the Great New York Fire of 1776. The fire was later widely thought to have been started by American saboteurs to keep the city from falling into British hands,[7] though Washington and the Congress had already denied this idea. It has also been speculated that the fire was the work of British soldiers acting without orders. In the fire's aftermath, more than 200 American partisans were rounded up by the British.
An account of Nathan Hale's capture was written by Consider Tiffany, a Connecticut shopkeeper and Loyalist, and obtained by the Library of Congress. In Tiffany's account, Major Robert Rogers of the Queen's Rangers saw Hale in a tavern and recognized him despite his disguise. After luring Hale into betraying himself by pretending to be a patriot himself, Rogers and his Rangers apprehended Hale near Flushing Bay in Queens, New York.[8] Another story was that his Loyalist cousin, Samuel Hale, was the one who revealed his true identity.
Beekman House
British General William Howe had established his headquarters in the Beekman House in a then rural part of Manhattan, on a rise between what are now 50th and 51st Streets between First and Second Avenues,[9] near where Beekman Place commemorates the connection. Hale reportedly was questioned by Howe, and physical evidence was found on him. Rogers provided information about the case. According to tradition, Hale spent the night in a greenhouse at the mansion. He requested a Bible; his request was denied. Sometime later, he requested a clergyman. Again, the request was denied.
According to the standards of the time, spies were hanged as illegal combatants. On the morning of September 22, 1776, Hale was marched along Post Road to the Park of Artillery, which was next to a public house called the Dove Tavern (at modern-day 66th Street and Third Avenue), and hanged.[10] He was 21 years old. Bill Richmond, a 13-year-old former slave and Loyalist who later became a boxer in Europe, was reportedly one of the hangmen, responsible for securing the rope to a strong tree and preparing the noose.[11]
Impact[edit]
Nathan Hale appeared on US postage stamps issued in 1925 and 1929. The likeness is from a statue by Bela Lyon Pratt.
By all accounts, Hale comported himself well before the hanging.[12][13][14] Over the years, there has been speculation as to whether he specifically uttered the line: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."[15] The line may be a revision of "I am so satisfied with the cause in which I have engaged that my only regret is that I have not more lives than one to offer in its service."[16]
The story of Hale's quote began with John Montresor, a British officer who witnessed the hanging. Soon after the execution, Montresor spoke with the American officer William Hull about Hale's death. Hull later publicized Hale's use of the declaration. Because Hull was not an eyewitness to Hale's speech, some historians have questioned the reliability of the account.[10]
If Hale did not originate the statement, it is possible he instead repeated a passage from Joseph Addison's play Cato,[17] an ideological inspiration to many Whigs:
How beautiful is death, when earn'd by virtue!
Who would not be that youth? What pity is it
That we can die but once to serve our country.
No official records were kept of Hale's speech. However, Frederick MacKensie, a British officer, wrote this diary entry for the day:[12]
He behaved with great composure and resolution, saying he thought it the duty of every good Officer, to obey any orders given him by his Commander-in-Chief; and desired the Spectators to be at all times prepared to meet death in whatever shape it might appear.
It is almost certain that Nathan Hale's last speech contained more than one sentence. Several early accounts mention different things he said. These are not necessarily contradictory, but rather, together they give an idea of what the speech must have been like. (The following quotes are all taken from George Dudley Seymour's book, Documentary Life of Nathan Hale, published in 1941 by the author.)
From the diary of Enoch Hale, Nathan's brother, after he went to question people who had been present, October 26, 1776: "When at the Gallows he spoke & told them that he was a Capt in the Cont Army by name Nathan Hale."[18]
From the Essex Journal, February 13, 1777: "However, at the gallows, he made a sensible and spirited speech; among other things, told them they were shedding the blood of the innocent, and that if he had ten thousand lives, he would lay them all down, if called to it, in defence of his injured, bleeding Country."[19]
From the Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser, May 17, 1781: "I am so satisfied with the cause in which I have engaged, that my only regret is, that I have not more lives than one to offer in its service."[16]
From the memoirs of Captain William Hull, quoting British Captain John Montresor, who was present and who spoke to Hull under a flag of truce the next day:
"On the morning of his execution," continued the officer, "my station was near the fatal spot, and I requested the Provost Marshal [William Cunningham] to permit the prisoner to sit in my marquee, while he was making the necessary preparations. Captain Hale entered: he was calm, and bore himself with gentle dignity, in the consciousness of rectitude and high intentions. He asked for writing materials, which I furnished him: he wrote two letters, one to his mother and one to a brother officer. He was shortly after summoned to the gallows. But a few persons were around him, yet his characteristic dying words were remembered. He said, 'I only regret, that I have but one life to lose for my country.'"[20]
Two early ballads also attempt to recreate Hale's last speech. Songs and Ballads of the Revolution, collected by F. Moore (1855) contained the "Ballad of Nathan Hale" (anonymous), dated 1776: "Thou pale king of terrors, thou life's gloomy foe, Go frighten the slave; go frighten the slave; Tell tyrants, to you their allegiance they owe. No fears for the brave; no fears for the brave.";[21] and "To the Memory of Capt. Nathan Hale" by Eneas Munson, Sr., was written soon after Hale's death:[22]
"Hate of oppression's arbitrary plan,
The love of freedom, and the rights of man;
A strong desire to save from slavery's chain
The future millions of the western main,
And hand down safe, from men's invention cleared,
The sacred truths which all the just revered;
For ends like these, I wish to draw my breath,"
He bravely cried, "or dare encounter death."
And when a cruel wretch pronounced his doom,
Replied, "'Tis well, —for all is peace to come;
The sacred cause for which I drew my sword
Shall yet prevail, and peace shall be restored.
I've served with zeal the land that gave me birth,
Fulfilled my course, and done my work on earth;
Have ever aimed to tread that shining road
That leads a mortal to the blessed God.
I die resigned, and quit life's empty stage,
For brighter worlds my every wish engage;
And while my body slumbers in the dust,
My soul shall join the assemblies of the just."
Munson had tutored Hale before college, and knew him and his family well, so even though the particulars of this speech may be unlikely, Munson knew firsthand what Hale’s opinions were.
Hanging site[edit]
The British hang spy Nathan Hale in New York City, 1776.
Aside from the site at 66th Street and Third Avenue, three other sites in Manhattan claim to be the hanging site:
City Hall Park, where a statue designed by Frederick William MacMonnies was erected in 1890[23]
Inside Grand Central Terminal[23]
The Yale Club at 44th Street and Vanderbilt Avenue, near Grand Central Terminal, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) hung a plaque which states the event occurred there
Another account placed Hale's execution at Bergen Beach, Brooklyn, but there was no evidence to support this claim.[24]
Nathan Hale's body has never been found. His family erected an empty grave cenotaph in Nathan Hale Cemetery in South Coventry Historic District, Connecticut.[2]
His statue also stands in Nathan Hale Park in Saint Paul, Minnesota.[25]
Relatives[edit]
Hale was the great-grandson of John "Reverend Hale" Hale, an important figure in the Salem witch trials of 1692. Nathan Hale was also the uncle of orator and statesman Edward Everett (the other speaker at Gettysburg) and the grand-uncle of Edward Everett Hale (quoted above), a Unitarian minister, writer, and activist noted for social causes including abolitionism. He was the uncle of Nathan Hale who founded the Boston Daily Advertiser, and helped establish the North American Review.[26]
Legacy[edit]
Statues and appearance[edit]
Statue by Bela Pratt at the Tribune Tower, Chicago.
Statue by Enoch Smith Woods at Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, erected 1894.
Statue by Bela Lyon Pratt at Fort Nathan Hale.
Nathan Hale statue flanked by Yale servicemen, Yale campus, New Haven, Connecticut, November 1917.
Marker in Freese Park, Norwalk, Connecticut that is denoted as the embarkation point for Nathan Hale's fatal mission
Statues of Nathan Hale are based on idealized archetypes; no contemporaneous portraits of him have been found.[2][27] Documents and letters reveal Hale was an informed, practical, detail-oriented man who planned ahead.[2] Of his appearance and demeanor, fellow soldier Lieutenant Elisha Bostwick wrote that Nathan Hale had blue eyes, flaxen blond hair, darker eyebrows, and stood slightly taller than average height (of the time), with mental powers of a sedate mind and pious. Bostwick wrote:[2][28]
I can now in imagination see his person & hear his voice- his person I should say was a little above the common stature in height, his shoulders of a moderate breadth, his limbs strait & very plump: regular features—very fair skin—blue eyes—flaxen or very light hair which was always kept short—his eyebrows a shade darker than his hair & his voice rather sharp or piercing—his bodily agility was remarkable. I have seen him follow a football and kick it over the tops of the trees in the Bowery at New York, (an exercise which he was fond of)—his mental powers seemed to be above the common sort—his mind of a sedate and sober cast, & he was undoubtedly Pious; for it was remark’d that when any of the soldiers of his company were sick he always visited them & usually Prayed for & with them in their sickness.[28]
Hale has been honored with two standing images:
A statue designed by Frederick William MacMonnies was dedicated on the anniversary of Evacuation Day, November 25, 1893, at City Hall Park, New York.[29] The statue established Hale's modern idealized square-jawed image.[citation needed]
A statue of Hale, sculpted 1908–12 by Bela Pratt, was cast in 1912 and stands in front of Connecticut Hall where he resided while at Yale. Copies of this sculpture stand at the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts; the Nathan Hale Homestead in Coventry; the Connecticut Governor's Residence in Hartford, Connecticut; Fort Nathan Hale in New Haven, Connecticut; Mitchell College in New London, Connecticut; the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C.; Tribune Tower in Chicago; and at the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency, Langley, Virginia.[30]
Other statues/markers include:
A statue of Nathan Hale, with an inscription of his reported last words on the first floor of the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford.[31] Statues of Nathan Hale are also located in the Tulane University Law School reading room; and at the corner of Summit and Portland Avenues in Saint Paul, Minnesota.[32]
A memorial for him located in Huntington, New York where he landed for his fatal spying mission.
A historical marker in Freese Park, Norwalk, Connecticut that is denoted as the embarkation point.[33]
A 45-foot (14 m) obelisk known as the Captain Nathan Hale Monument was erected in his honor in 1846 in his birthplace of Coventry, Connecticut.[citation needed]
Namesake items[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The hamlet of Halesite, New York (formerly Huntington Harbor) on Long Island, New York, is named after Hale. There is a memorial plaque set into a large boulder, which was removed from the beach nearby where Hale is thought to have landed on his fateful mission.
Nathan Hale Army Depot, a U.S. Army installation, is located in Darmstadt, Germany.
Fort Nathan Hale, a Revolutionary War-era fort and historic site in New Haven, Connecticut, is named after him.
The Nathan Hale Inn and Nathan Hale dormitory on the University of Connecticut campus in Storrs, Connecticut, are named after Hale.
The Nathan Hale dormitory, traditionally a freshman girl's dorm, at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, is named after Hale.
Nathan Hale Hall is a Building at Farmingdale State College in Farmingdale, New York, which is home to Biology and Art Centers.
Nathan Hale Hall is a Barracks Building at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.
Nathan Hale Hall is the main academic building at Mitchell College, New London, Connecticut.
Nathan Hale Memorial Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution. Organized June 6, 1900, in East Haddam, Connecticut. Ceremony took place at the one-room schoolhouse where he once taught.
High schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale-Ray High School in East Haddam, Connecticut (where he was schoolmaster), Nathan Hale High School in Seattle and high schools in West Allis, Wisconsin, and Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Middle schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale-Ray Middle School in East Haddam, Connecticut, Nathan Hale Middle School in Norwalk, Connecticut (the departure point for his final mission), Captain Nathan Hale Middle School in Coventry, Connecticut (his birthplace), as well as middle schools in Northvale, New Jersey; Omaha, Nebraska; Cleveland; and Crestwood, Illinois.[34]
There are elementary schools named after Hale in Roxbury, Boston; New London, Connecticut (where he was schoolmaster); Enfield, Connecticut; Manchester, Connecticut; Meriden, Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut, Whiting, Indiana; Schaumburg, Illinois; Mesa, Arizona; Minneapolis; Lansing, Illinois, Crestwood, Illinois, Carteret, New Jersey, Northvale, New Jersey, and in Chicago.
The United States Navy submarine USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) was named in his honor.
The Nathan Hale Ancient Fife and Drum Corps from Coventry, Connecticut, is named after him and includes a division called Knowlton's Connecticut Rangers.
The main character of Resistance: Fall of Man and Resistance 2 is named Nathan Hale and is a soldier, but doesn't have any direct relation to the original one.
"Nathaniel Hale" Battalion is the name of the Battalion for Army ROTC based at the University of Connecticut, with Knowlton Company (Company A) at University of Connecticut and Sillman Company (Company B) at Sacred Heart University.
Nathan Hale's Hazardous Tales by Nathan James Hale are a graphic novel series. The first book "One Dead Spy" tells the story of Nathan Hale. The character of Nathan Hale appears in other books in the series as the narrator.
See also[edit]
Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War
Nathan Hale Homestead
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sites, Seals, Symbols". Interactive Connecticut State Register & Manual. State of Connecticut. 2006. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mobed, Desiree; Baker, Mary Beth. "FAQ". The Nathan Hale website. Archived from the original on November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Capt. Nathan Hale (1755-1776) - Sons of the American Revolution, Connecticut - CTSSAR". www.connecticutsar.org. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nathan Hale: Yale 1773 :: Curator: Richard E. Mooney". www.library.yale.edu. p. 2. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Documentary Life of Nathan Hale". google.com.
Jump up ^ Neff, p. 299–308.
Jump up ^ "Nathan Hale". Retrieved February 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hutson, James (July–August 2003). "Nathan Hale Revisited— A Tory's Account of the Arrest of the First American Spy". Information Bulletin. The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Haswell, p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b Ortner, Mary J. (2001). "Captain Nathan Hale (1755 - 1776)". Patriots. The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Retrieved February 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Colonial Era through the Antebellum Period". March 1, 2007. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Seymour, p. 292.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. xxxi.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. 438.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, F. K. (January 1, 1985). "A Possible Source for Nathan Hale's Dying Words". The William and Mary Quarterly. 42 (3): 394–396. doi:10.2307/1918934. JSTOR 1918934.
^ Jump up to: a b Seymour, p. 327.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. xxxii.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. 301.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. 303.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. 310.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. 356.
Jump up ^ Seymour, p. 361.
^ Jump up to: a b "Permanent Revolution". New York magazine. September 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Black, Frederick R. (1981). "JAMAICA BAY: A HISTORY" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service: 11–12.
Jump up ^ "Nathan Hale". Saint Paul Minnesota. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Sherman (1885). "The Century". 29. New York, NY: The Century Co.: 339.
Jump up ^ George Dudley Seymour (1907). The familiar Hale: an attempt to show by what standards of age, appearance and character the proposed statue to Nathan Hale for the campus of Yale college should be judged. The Yale publishing association. pp. 6–7. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Last Days and Valiant Death of Nathan Hale". American Heritage Magazine. American Heritage Inc. April 1964. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "City Hall Park, Nathan Hale". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
Jump up ^ "The CIA campus. A walk outside headquarters". Central Intelligence Agengy. July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ConneCT Kids Connecticut Government The Connecticut State Capitol 4". Retrieved September 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "St. Paul, Minnesota government". Retrieved September 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "NATHAN HALE: Patriot Spy" (PDF). Revolutionary Connecticut. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
References[edit]
H. W. Crocker III (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum. ISBN 978-1-4000-5363-6.
Charles Haynes Haswell (1896). Reminiscences of New York by an octogenarian (1816 to 1860). Harper. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Jacob K. Neff (1845). The Army and Navy of America: containing a view of the heroic adventures, battles, naval engagements, remarkable incidents, and glorious achievements in the cause of freedom, from the period of the French and Indian Wars to the close of the Florida War : independent of an account of warlike operations on land and sea : enlivened by a variety of the most interesting anecdotes, and splendidly embellished with numerous engravings. John S. Gable. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
George D. Seymour (May 2006). Documentary Life of Nathan Hale: Comprising All Available Official and Private Documents Bearing on the Life of the Patriot. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4286-0043-0. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Baker, Mark Allen. "Spies of Revolutionary Connecticut, From Benedict Arnold to Nathan Hale." Charleston: The History Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-62619-407-6
Circian. “The Story of Nathan Hale.” Archiving Early America. N.p., 2011. Web. October 3, 2011. <http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2001_summer_fall/n_hale.html>.
Fleming, Thomas. “George Washington, Spymaster.” American Heritage. American Heritage Publishing Company, 2011. Web. October 3, 2011. <http://www.americanheritage.com/content/george-washington-spymaster>.
Durante, Dianne, Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide (New York University Press, 2007): description of MacMonnies's Nathan Hale at City Hall Park, New York.
Kirby, David. “Nathan Hale Was Here . . . and Here . . . and Here.” New York Times November 23, 1997: 3. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/430873870>.
Miller, Tom. “The Lost 1763 Beekman Mansion ‘Mount Pleasant’—50th Street and 1st Avenue.” Daytonian in Manhattan. N.p., September 21, 2011. Web. October 3, 2011. <http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/09/lost-1763-beekman-mansion-mount.html>.
Ortner, Mary J. “Captain Nathan Hale.” The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. N.p., 2010. Web. October 3, 2011. <http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/hale_nathan_2.htm>.
Phelps, William M. "Nathan Hale: The Life and Death of America's First Spy" St. Martin's Press, New York, New York, 2008. ISBN 0-312-37641-3
Rose, Alexander. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. Random House, New York, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-553-80421-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan Hale.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Nathan Hale
A Time for Heroes: The Story of Nathan Hale
"Hale, John". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892.
Ortner, Mary J. (2001). "Captain Nathan Hale (1755–1776)". The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
Hutson, James. "Nathan Hale Revisited". Information Bulletin: July/August 2003. Library of Congress. [A newly discovered] account of the capture of Nathan Hale fits the facts as we know them so well that one is tempted to accept it as being substantially true.
"Nathan Hale, American Patriot". U-S-History.com.
The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution
Nathan Hale at Find a Grave
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text:
Full moon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Full moon (disambiguation), Harvest moon (disambiguation), and Hunter's moon (disambiguation).
"Strawberry Moon" redirects here. For the jazz album by Grover Washington Jr., see Strawberry Moon (album).
The November 14, 2016 supermoon was 356,511 km (221,526 mi) away[1] from the center of Earth, the closest occurrence since 1948. It will not be closer again until 2034.[2]
Photograph of the full moon as viewed through a 235 mm (9.25 in) Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. The moon was near its greatest northern ecliptic latitude, so the southern craters are especially prominent.
Photograph of full moon during the total lunar eclipse of 28 September 2015.
A full moon is the lunar phase that occurs when the Moon is completely illuminated as seen from Earth. This occurs when Earth is located directly between the Sun and the Moon (more exactly, when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180 degrees). This means that the hemisphere of the Moon that is facing Earth (the near side) is almost fully illuminated by the Sun and appears round (while the far side is almost completely unlit). A full moon occurs every once a month. When the full moon moves into Earth's shadow, a lunar eclipse occurs, and all or part of the Moon's face may appear reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue light in Earth's atmosphere.[3][4][5]
Lunar eclipses can occur only at full moon, where the Moon's orbit allows it to pass through Earth's shadow. Lunar eclipses do not occur every month because the Moon usually passes above or below Earth's shadow, which is mostly restricted to the ecliptic plane. Lunar eclipses can occur only when the full moon occurs near the two nodes of the orbit, either the ascending or descending node. This causes eclipses to occur about every 6 months, and often 2 weeks before or after a solar eclipse at new moon at the opposite node.
The time interval between similar lunar phases—the synodic month—averages about 29.53 days. Therefore, in those lunar calendars in which each month begins on the new moon, the full moon falls on either the 14th or 15th of the lunar month. Because calendar months have a whole number of days, lunar months may be either 29 or 30 days long.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 Formula
2 In folklore and tradition
2.1 Full moon names
2.1.1 Harvest and hunter's moons
2.1.2 Farmers' Almanacs
2.2 Hindu full moon festivals
3 Lunar and lunisolar calendars
3.1 Intercalary months
3.1.1 Blue moon
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Characteristics[edit]
A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night's duration. This is somewhat misleading because its phase seen from Earth continuously waxes or wanes (though much too slowly to notice in real time with the naked eye). Its maximum illumination occurs at the moment waxing has stopped. For any given location, about half of these maximum full moons may be visible, while the other half occurs during the day, when the full moon is below the horizon.
Many almanacs list full moons not only by date, but also by their exact time, usually in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Typical monthly calendars that include lunar phases may be offset by one day when used in a different time zone.
Full moon is generally a suboptimal time to conduct astronomical observations because the bright sunlight reflected by the Moon then outshines the apparently dimmer stars.
On 12 December 2008, the full moon occurred closer to the Earth than it had been at any time for the previous 15 years, called a supermoon.[6]
On 19 March 2011, another full supermoon occurred, closer to the Earth than at any time for the previous 18 years.[7]
On 14 November 2016, a full supermoon occurred closer to the Earth than at any time for the previous 68 years.[8]
Formula[edit]
The date and approximate time of a specific full moon (assuming a circular orbit) can be calculated from the following equation:[9]
d = 20.362000 + 29.530588861 × N + 102.026 × 10 − 12 × N 2 {\displaystyle d=20.362000+29.530588861\times N+102.026\times 10^{-12}\times N^{2}}
where d is the number of days since 1 January 2000 00:00:00 in the Terrestrial Time scale used in astronomical ephemerides; for Universal Time (UT) add the following approximate correction to d:
− 0.000739 − ( 235 × 10 − 12 ) × N 2 {\displaystyle -0.000739-(235\times 10^{-12})\times N^{2}} days
where N is the number of full moons since the first full moon of 2000. The true time of a full moon may differ from this approximation by up to about 14.5 hours as a result of the non-circularity of the moon's orbit.[10] See New moon for an explanation of the formula and its parameters.
The age and apparent size of the full moon vary in a cycle of just under 14 synodic months, which has been referred to as a full moon cycle.
In folklore and tradition[edit]
See also: List of lunar deities and Lunar effect
Full moon rising, seen through the Belt of Venus
Full moons are traditionally associated with temporal insomnia (inability to sleep), insanity (hence the terms lunacy and lunatic) and various "magical phenomena" such as lycanthropy. Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon.[11] They find that studies are generally not consistent, with some showing a positive effect and others showing a negative effect. In one instance, the 23 December 2000 issue of the British Medical Journal published two studies on dog bite admission to hospitals in England and Australia. The study of the Bradford Royal Infirmary found that dog bites were twice as common during a full moon, whereas the study conducted by the public hospitals in Australia found that they were less likely. All this is relevant to canine rather than human behavior.
Full moon names[edit]
Historically, month names are names of moons (lunations, not necessarily full moons) in lunisolar calendars. Since the introduction of the solar Julian calendar in the Roman Empire, and later the Gregorian calendar worldwide, people no longer perceive month names as "moon" names. The traditional Old English month names were equated with the names of the Julian calendar from an early time (soon after Christianization, according to the testimony of Bede ca. AD 700).
Some full moons have developed new names in modern times, e.g., the blue moon, and the names "harvest moon" and "hunter's moon" for the full moons of autumn.
Harvest and hunter's moons[edit]
"Harvest moon" and "Hunter's moon" redirect here. For other uses, see Harvest moon (disambiguation) and Hunter's moon (disambiguation).
A harvest moon. Its orange color is due to its closeness to the horizon, rather than being unique to harvest moons.[12]
The "harvest moon" and "hunter's moon" are traditional terms for the full moons occurring during late summer and in the autumn, in the northern hemisphere usually in September and October respectively. The "harvest moon" is the full moon closest to the autumnal equinox (22 or 23 September), coming anywhere from two weeks before to two weeks after that date.[13] The "hunter's moon" is the full moon following it. The names are recorded from the early 18th century.[14] The Oxford English Dictionary entry for "harvest moon" cites a 1706 reference, and for "hunter's moon" a 1710 edition of The British Apollo, where the term is attributed to "the country people" (The Country People call this the Hunters-Moon.) The names became traditional in American folklore, where they are now often popularly attributed to the Native Americans.[15] The Feast of the Hunters' Moon is a yearly festival in West Lafayette, Indiana, held in late September or early October each year since 1968.[16] In 2010, the Harvest moon occurred on the night of equinox itself (some 51⁄2 hours after the point of equinox) for the first time since 1991.[17][18]
All full moons rise around the time of sunset. Because the moon moves eastward among the stars faster than the sun its meridian passage is delayed, causing it to rise later each day – on average by about 50.47 minutes.[19] The harvest moon and hunter's moon are unique because the time difference between moonrises on successive evenings is much shorter than average. The moon rises approximately 30 minutes later from one night to the next, as seen from about 40 degrees N or S latitude. (This is because a full moon in September appears to move not straight east but north-east in the sky.) Thus, there is no long period of darkness between sunset and moonrise for several days following the actual date of the full moon.[20]
Farmers' Almanacs[edit]
The Maine Farmers' Almanac from c. the 1930s began to publish Native American "Indian" full moon names. The Farmers' Almanac (since 1955 published in Maine, but not the same publication as the Maine Farmers' Almanac) continues to do so.[21]
An early list of "Indian month names" was published in 1918 by Daniel Carter Beard in his The American Boy's Book of Signs, Signals and Symbols for use by the boy scouts. Beard's "Indian" month names were:[22]
January: Difficulty, Black Smoke
February: Raccoon, Bare Spots on the Ground
March: Wind, Little Grass, Sore-Eye
April: Ducks, Goose-Eggs
May: Green Grass, Root-Food
June: Corn-Planting, Strawberry
July: Buffalo (Bull), Hot Sun
August: Harvest, Cow Buffalo
September: Wild Rice, Red Plum
October: Leaf-Falling, Nuts
November: Deer-Mating, Fur-Pelts
December: Wolves, Big Moon
Such names have gained currency in American folklore. They appear in print more widely outside of the almanac tradition from the 1990s in popular publications about the Moon. Mysteries of the Moon by Patricia Haddock ("Great Mysteries Series", Greenhaven Press, 1992) gave an extensive list of such names along with the individual tribal groups they were supposedly associated with.[23] Haddock supposes that certain "Colonial American" moon names were adopted from Algonquian languages (which were formerly spoken in the territory of New England), while others are based in European tradition (e.g., the Colonial American names for the May moon, "Milk Moon", "Mother's Moon", "Hare Moon" have no parallels in the supposed native names, while the name of November, "Beaver Moon" is supposedly based in the Algonquin).
The individual names given in Farmers' Almanac include:[clarification needed]
January: "Wolf Moon" (this is the name of December in Beard 1918)[24] also "Old Moon"
February: "Snow Moon", also "Hunger Moon"
March: "Worm Moon", "Crow Moon", "Sap Moon", "Lenten Moon"
April: "Seed Moon", "Pink Moon", "Sprouting Grass Moon", "Egg Moon" (c.f. "Goose-Egg" in Beard 1918), "Fish Moon"
May: "Milk Moon", "Flower Moon", "Corn Planting Moon"
June: "Mead Moon", "Strawberry Moon" (c.f. Beard 1918), "Rose Moon", "Thunder Moon"
July: "Hay Moon", "Buck Moon", "Elk Moon", "Thunder Moon"
August: "Corn Moon", "Sturgeon Moon", "Red Moon", "Green Corn Moon", "Grain Moon"
September: "Harvest Moon", "Full Corn Moon",
October: "Hunter's moon", "Blood Moon"/"Sanguine Moon"
November: "Beaver Moon", "Frosty Moon"
December: "Oak Moon", "Cold Moon", "Long Night's Moon"
The Long Night's Moon is the last of the year and the closest to the winter solstice.[25]
In June 2016 the so-called "Strawberry Moon" coincided with the Summer solstice for the first time since 1967, and will not return for another 46 years.[26]
"Ice moon" is also used to refer to the first full moon of February or January.
Hindu full moon festivals[edit]
See also: Purnima
In Hinduism, most festivals are celebrated on auspicious days. Many of the Hindu festivals are celebrated on days with a full moon at night. Different parts of India celebrate the same day with different names, as listed below:
Chaitra Purnima - Gudi Padua, Yugadi, Ugadi, Hanuman Jayanti (April 15, 2014)[27]
Vaishakh Purnima - Narasimh Jayanti, Buddha Jayanthi (May 14, 2014)[28]
Jyeshtha Purnima - Vat Savitri Vrat Vat Purnima (June 8, 2014)[29]
Guru Purnima - the full moon of the Ashadh month
Vyas Purnima - important day for starting education and honoring teachers[29]
Shravan Purnima - good day for starting Upanayan day, Avani Avittam, Raksha Bandhan- conceptually Onam also comes on this day.
Bhadrapad Purnima - start of Pitrupaksha, Madhu Purnima
Ashvin Purnima - Sharad Purnima
Kartik Poornima - Thrukkarthika
Margasirsha Purnima - Thiruvathira, Dathatreya Jayanthi
Pushya Purnima - Thaipusam, Shakambharee Purnima
Magha Purnima
Phalguna Purnima - Holi
Lunar and lunisolar calendars[edit]
The December 2015 full moon coincided with Christmas day.[30] This last occurred in 1977, with a Christmas Eve full moon between in 1996 and a full moon the day after Christmas in 2004 and before Christmas Eve in 2007 (both not shown here). A small horizontal libration is visible comparing their appearances. By the 19-year metonic cycle the full moon will repeat on Christmas day in 2034, 2053, 2072, and 2091.[31]
Main article: Lunar calendar
Most pre-modern calendars the world over were lunisolar, combining the solar year with the lunation by means of intercalary months.[32][33] The Julian calendar abandoned this method in favour of a purely solar reckoning while conversely the 7th-century Islamic calendar opted for a purely lunar one.
A continuing lunisolar calendar is in the Hebrew calendar. Evidence of this is noted in the dates of Passover and Easter in Judaism and Christianity, respectively. The date of the Jewish Rosh Hashana and Sukkot festivals along with all other Jewish holidays are dependent on the dates of the new moons.[34]
Intercalary months[edit]
Main article: Intercalary month
In lunisolar calendars, an intercalary month occurs seven times in the 19 years of the Metonic cycle, or on average every 2.7 years (19/7). In the Hebrew Calendar this is noted with a periodic extra month of Adar in the early spring.
Blue moon[edit]
Further information: Blue moon
In the modern system of "traditional" full moon names tied to the solstice and equinox points, a supernumerary full moon in such a period is called a blue moon. The term "blue moon" used in this sense may date to as early as the 16th century, but it became well known in the United States due to the Farmers' Almanac (published since 1818).[35]
According to the Farmers' Almanac, a "blue moon" is the third full moon in any period between either solstice and equinox, or between equinox and solstice, (calculated using the mean tropical year), which contains four full moons.[36] These seasons are equal in length, unlike the astronomical ones, which vary in length depending on the Earth's speed in its elliptical orbit round the sun. To compare, in 1983 the equal length seasons began at 1.48 AM on 23 March, 9.15 AM on 22 June, 4.42 PM on 21 September and 12.10 AM on 22 December, while the astronomical seasons began at 4.39 AM on 21 March, 11.09 PM on 21 June, 2.42 PM on 23 September and 10.30 AM on 22 December (all times GMT). Due to a misinterpretation of this definition in the March 1946 Sky & Telescope magazine, "blue moon" has also been used in the sense of "the second full moon in any month which contains two full moons (this usage has been noted as "erroneous" by Sky & Telescope in 1999).[37] According to either definition, "blue moons" occur with the average frequency of intercalary months, seven times in 19 years, the Farmers' Almanac system of "full moon names" effectively defining a lunisolar calendar.
See also[edit]
Moon portal
Lunar eclipse
Lunar phase
Month
Near side of the Moon
New moon
Orbit of the Moon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""SUPER MOON" EXCEPTIONAL. BRIGHTEST MOON IN THE SKY OF NORMANDY, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 14". 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-Sunday-night/
Jump up ^ Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2005). "Phases of the Moon". Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. p. 478. ISBN 0-935702-68-7. They are the times when the excess of the Moon's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude λM over the Sun's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude is 0, 90, 180, or 270 ...
Jump up ^ "Celestial Alignment without Lunar Eclipse; from google (full moon earth block sunlight) result 2".
Jump up ^ "tiled from the ecliptic by about 5 degrees; from google (full moon earth block sunlight) result 3".
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (9 December 2008). "Biggest Full Moon of the Year". Science@NASA. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (16 March 2011). "Super Full Moon". Science@NASA. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (14 October 2016). "Super Full Moon". Science@NASA. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Meeus, Jean (1998). "Phases of the Moon". Astronomical Algorithms (2nd ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell. pp. 349–354. ISBN 0-943396-61-1.
Jump up ^ Meeus, Jean (2002). "The Duration of the Lunation". More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell. pp. 19–31. ISBN 0-943396-74-3.
Jump up ^ "Full Moon Effect On Behavior Minimal, Studies Say". National Geographic News. 6 February 2004.
Jump up ^ Percy, John (27 September 2010). "Why is the harvest moon so big and orange?". University of Toronto.
Jump up ^ "What is a Harvest Moon?". Old Farmer's Almanac.
Jump up ^ see James Ferguson, Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's principles,: and made easy to those who have not studied mathematics, 1756, p. 128. "harvest moon" is also the cognate of herbist-mānod, the Old High German name of November recorded in Vita Karoli Magni, ch. 29.
Jump up ^ Neata, Emil. "The Hunter's Moon". Night Sky Info. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Feast of the Hunters' Moon". Tippecanoe County Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2009-06-20.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (22 September 2010). "Watch out for the Super Harvest Moon". NASA Science. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Maddox, Jack (22 September 2010). "Super Harvest Moon: Autumn phenomenon is a rare treat". CNN. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ (1440/(29.531)=50.47 minutes)
Jump up ^ Larry McNish (2007). "RASC Calgary Centre - Sunset and Moonrise". This gives a graph showing the effect as seen from Calgary, for the whole of the year 2007.
Jump up ^ "Full Moon Names and Their Meanings". Farmers' Almanac. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) (); "Full Moons: What's in a Name?". National Geographic. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Beard 1918, pp. 78–80. "The Indians' Moons naturally vary in the different parts of the country, but by comparing them all and striking an average as near as may be, the moons are reduced to the following"
Jump up ^ repeated in The Moon Book by Kim Long (1998:102ff.) Also in Llewellyn's 1996 Moon Sign Book (1995).
Jump up ^ "Wolf Moon" is attributed to the Algonquin by Haddock (1992); the actual Algonquin name for that moon is squochee kesos or "sun has not strength to thaw". The New England historical & genealogical register and antiquarian journal: v. 10 The Sioux do mention wolves in their name for January, which means "when wolves run together". American Indian Moons; they also refer to that moon as the "moon of the strong cold" or "frost in the teepee". Other tribes had different names for the moons. See also Indian Moons, Days & Other Calendar Stuff American Indian Moons
Jump up ^ Dance, Scott. "'Long Night's Moon' comes on Christmas for first time since 1977," The Baltimore Sun, Wednesday, December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://www.drikpanchang.com/purnima/chaitra/chaitra-purnima-date-time.html?year=2014
Jump up ^ http://www.drikpanchang.com/purnima/vaishakha/vaishakha-purnima-date-time.html?year=2014
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/guru-purnima/guru-purnima-date-time.html?year=2014
Jump up ^ Rare Full Moon on Christmas Day, NASA
Jump up ^ Ask Tom: How unusual is a full moon on Christmas Day?
Jump up ^ see e.g., Blackburn, Bonnie; et al. (1999). The Oxford Companion to the Year. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214231-3.
Jump up ^ Reingold, Edward M.; et al. (2001). Calendrical Calculations: The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77752-6.
Jump up ^ Leviticus 23:4-7, 33-35.
Jump up ^ The saying "once in a blue moon" meaning "very rarely" is recorded since the 1820s. The term "blue moon" is recorded in 1528, in the couplet O churche men are wyly foxes [...] Yf they say the mone is blewe / We must beleve that it is true / Admittynge their interpretacion. (Thomas Wolsey, Rede me and be nott wrothe, for I say no thynge but trothe ed. 1871 p. 114); it isn't clear however if this refers to intercalation.
Jump up ^ Farmers' Almanac, "What is a blue moon?", 24 August 2009, available at [2].
Jump up ^ Sky and Telescope "What's a blue moon?"
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https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spln
Spln – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values: பூரணை – Tamil

values: పౌర్ణమి – Telugu

values: จันทร์เพ็ญ – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolunay
Dolunay – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Повний Місяць – Ukrainian

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadayaw
Kadayaw – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

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