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Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics
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Great Britain at the
2018 Winter Olympics
Flag of the United Kingdom
IOC code
GBR
NOC
British Olympic Association
Website
www.teamgb.com
in Pyeongchang, South Korea
9–25 February 2018
Competitors
58[1] (34 men and 24 women) in 11 sports
Flag bearer (opening)
Lizzy Yarnold[2]
Flag bearer (closing)
Billy Morgan
Medals
Ranked 19th
Gold
1
Silver
0
Bronze
4
Total
5
Winter Olympics appearances (overview)
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Great Britain competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with 58 competitors in 11 sports. They won five medals in total, one gold and four bronze, ranking 19th in the medal table.
Contents
[hide]
1 Medallists
2 Records
3 Competitors
4 Medal and performance targets
4.1 UK Sport funding
5 Alpine skiing
6 Biathlon
7 Bobsleigh
8 Cross-country skiing
9 Curling
9.1 Men's tournament
9.2 Women's tournament
10 Figure skating
11 Freestyle skiing
12 Luge
13 Short track speed skating
14 Skeleton
15 Snowboarding
16 Notes
17 References
Medallists[edit]
Medals by sport
Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total
Skeleton 1 0 2 3
Freestyle skiing 0 0 1 1
Snowboarding 0 0 1 1
Total
1
0
4
5
Medals by date
Day Date 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total
Day 1 10 February 0 0 0 0
Day 2 11 February 0 0 0 0
Day 3 12 February 0 0 0 0
Day 4 13 February 0 0 0 0
Day 5 14 February 0 0 0 0
Day 6 15 February 0 0 0 0
Day 7 16 February 0 0 1 1
Day 8 17 February 1 0 2 3
Day 9 18 February 0 0 0 0
Day 10 19 February 0 0 0 0
Day 11 20 February 0 0 0 0
Day 12 21 February 0 0 0 0
Day 13 22 February 0 0 0 0
Day 14 23 February 0 0 0 0
Day 15 24 February 0 0 1 1
Day 16 25 February 0 0 0 0
Total
1
0
4
5
Medals by gender
Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total
Male 0 0 2 2
Female 1 0 2 3
Mixed 0 0 0 0
Total
1
0
4
5
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
01 ! Gold Yarnold, LizzyLizzy Yarnold Skeleton Women's 17 February
03 ! Bronze Parsons, DominicDominic Parsons Skeleton Men's 16 February
03 ! Bronze Atkin, IzzyIzzy Atkin Freestyle skiing Women's Slopestyle 000000002018-02-17-000017 February
03 ! Bronze Deas, LauraLaura Deas Skeleton Women's 17 February
03 ! Bronze Morgan, BillyBilly Morgan Snowboarding Men's Big Air 24 February
There were a number of notable firsts for Great Britain at the Winter Olympics:[3]
Day 8 (17 February) was the most successful day for Great Britain at any Winter Olympics, with three medals won.
Lizzy Yarnold was the first British athlete to retain a Winter Olympic title and, in doing so, became Great Britain's most successful Winter Olympic athlete by surpassing the single gold and bronze medals won by Jeannette Altwegg, Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill.[4]
Yarnold and Laura Deas were the first British athletes to win medals in the same event at a Winter games.
Izzy Atkin won Great Britain's first ever medal on skis.
On Day 15 (24 February) Great Britain won a fifth medal at a single Winter Olympics for the first time.[note 1]
Records[edit]
Date
Sport
Event
Round
Athlete
Time
Record
Ref
10 February Short track speed skating Women's 500 metres Heat 4 Elise Christie 42.872 OR [6]
Competitors[edit]
The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.[1][note 2]
Sport
Men
Women
Total
Alpine skiing 2 2 4
Biathlon 0 1 1
Bobsleigh 8 2 10
Cross-country skiing 3 1 4
Curling 5 5 10
Figure skating 1 1 2
Freestyle skiing 6 5 11
Luge 2 0 2
Short track speed skating 2 3 5
Skeleton 2 2 4
Snowboarding 3 2 5
Total
34
24
58
Medal and performance targets[edit]
On 9 January 2018, the funding body UK Sport announced their medal targets for Team GB at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang with the target to win at least five medals which if achieved would be a record-breaking haul for a Winter Olympic Games.[8] Although the target was set at three medals the funding body predicted that Great Britain had the potential to win as many as ten medals, this total was not widely expected to be reached.
Key N target missed Y target met Y Y target exceeded
Sport
Minimum target
Reach target
Medals or Best Result
Performance relative to targets
Bobsleigh Top five 1 8th N
Curling 1 2 4th N
Figure skating Top eight 1 11th N
Short track speed skating 1 2 4th N
Skeleton Top eight 1 01 ! Gold Yarnold, LizzyLizzy Yarnold
03 ! Bronze Deas, LauraLaura Deas
03 ! Bronze Parsons, DominicDominic Parsons Y Y
Ski and snowboard 2 3 03 ! Bronze Atkin, IzzyIzzy Atkin
03 ! Bronze Morgan, BillyBilly Morgan Y
Total
4
10
5
Y
Total gold
n/a
n/a
1
n/a
UK Sport funding[edit]
In the Winter Olympic Cycle running from 2014 to 2018 the UK government body UK Sport allocated a record budget of over £28 million to fund Team GB for the individual athletes as well as the bobsleigh and curling teams for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.[8] The sports receiving the highest funding were bobsleigh, curling and skeleton, whilst speed skating, ski and snowboard, and figure skating also received funding, but all other winter sports where British athletes were competing did not receive any funding from the body.
Sport
Funding
Bobsleigh £5,003,476
Curling £5,655,150
Figure skating £1,235,593
Short track speed skating £4,764,006
Skeleton £6,549,617
Ski and snowboard £5,145,293
Total
£28,353,135
Alpine skiing[edit]
Main articles: Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
Athlete
Event
Run 1
Run 2
Total
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Dave Ryding Men's slalom 49.09 13 51.07 9 1:40.16 9
Laurie Taylor 51.08 27 52.33 25 1:43.41 26
Charlie Guest Women's slalom 55.44 42 52.82 30 1:48.26 33
Alex Tilley Women's giant slalom DNF
Women's slalom DNF
Mixed
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank
Dave Ryding
Laurie Taylor
Charlie Guest
Alex Tilley Team United States (USA)
W 2*–2 Norway (NOR)
L 2–2* Did not advance
* = decided on tie-break (combined time)
Biathlon[edit]
Main articles: Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification
On 22 January 2018, the British Olympic Association announced Amanda Lightfoot as the selection for their solitary representative in the Biathlon competitions.[9] Lightfoot finished 67th in the sprint event, failing to qualify for the pursuit in which only the top 60 sprint athletes took part.[10]
Athlete
Event
Time
Misses
Rank
Amanda Lightfoot Women's sprint 24:15.3 3 (2+1) 67
Women's individual 49:14.7 6 (2+1+0+3) 73
Bobsleigh[edit]
Main articles: Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
Based on their rankings in the 2017-18 World Cup, Great Britain qualified 4 sleds.[11][12][13]
Athlete
Event
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Total
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Brad Hall*
Joel Fearon Two-man 49.37 7 49.50 8 49.67 17 49.80 16 3:18.34 12
Brad Hall*
Greg Cackett
Joel Fearon
Nick Gleeson Four-man 49.25 19 49.68 14 49.64 17 49.69 12 3:18.26 17
Lamin Deen*
Andrew Matthews
Toby Olubi
Ben Simons 49.44 16 49.45 19 49.66 =18 49.74 15 3:18.29 18
Mica McNeill*
Mica Moore Two-woman 50.77 6 50.95 6 51.16 11 51.19 7 3:24.07 8
* – Denotes the driver of each sled
Sam Blanchet and Montell Douglas were travelling reserves
Cross-country skiing[edit]
Main articles: Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification
Andrew Musgrave's seventh place in the men's 30 km skiathlon was the best performance by a Briton in an Olympic cross country event.[14]
Distance
Athlete
Event
Classical
Freestyle
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Deficit
Rank
Andrew Musgrave Men's 15 km freestyle N/A 35:51.0 +2:07.1 28
Callum Smith N/A 38:20.9 +4:37.0 75
Andrew Young N/A 37:13.1 +3:29.2 57
Andrew Musgrave Men's 30 km skiathlon 40:34.9 12 35:38.9 9 1:16:45.7 +25.7 7
Callum Smith 44:47.1 61 38:29.6 45 1:23:49.9 +7:29.9 57
Andrew Musgrave Men's 50 km classical N/A 2:20:57.9 +12:35.8 37
Callum Smith N/A 2:27:56.3 +19:34.2 54
Annika Taylor Women's 10 km freestyle N/A 30:52.9 +5:52.4 75
Women's 15 km skiathlon 25:08.0 60 22:29.6 59 48:09.1 +7:24.2 60
Sprint
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Andrew Young Men's sprint 3:21.50 45 Did not advance
Andrew Musgrave
Andrew Young Men's team sprint N/A 16:30.62 15 Did not advance
Curling[edit]
Main articles: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
Great Britain qualified a men's and women's team for a total of 10 athletes (five of each gender). The teams were officially announced on 22 June 2017.[15] Outside of the Olympic Games, Great Britain competes under the flags of its constituent home nations, Scotland, England and Wales (Northern Irish players compete for a combined Ireland); Scotland results are treated as Great Britain for the purposes of Olympic qualification.[16]
Summary
Team
Event
Group Stage
Tiebreaker
Semifinal
Final / BM
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank
Kyle Smith
Thomas Muirhead
Kyle Waddell
Cameron Smith
Glen Muirhead Men's tournament SUI
W 6–5 CAN
L 4–6 JPN
W 6–5 SWE
L 6–8 KOR
L 5–11 ITA
W 7–6 DEN
W 7–6 NOR
W 10–3 USA
L 4–10 4 TB SUI
L 5–9 Did not advance 5
Eve Muirhead
Anna Sloan
Vicki Adams
Lauren Gray
Kelly Schafer Women's tournament OAR
W 10–3 USA
L 4–7 CHN
W 8–7 DEN
W 7–6 KOR
L 4–7 SWE
L 6–8 SUI
W 8–7 JPN
W 8–6 CAN
W 6–5 3 Q Bye SWE
L 5–10
JPN
L 3–5 4
Men's tournament[edit]
Main article: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament
Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Championships obtained by Scotland, Great Britain qualified a men's team, consisting of five athletes, as one of the seven highest ranked nations.[17][18]
Team
Position
Curler
Skip Kyle Smith
Third Cammy Smith
Second Thomas Muirhead
Lead Kyle Waddell
Alternate Glen Muirhead
Final round robin standings
Key
Teams to playoffs
Teams to tiebreaker
Country
v
t
e
Skip
W
L
PF
PA
Ends
won
Ends
lost
Blank
ends
Stolen
ends
Shot %
Sweden Niklas Edin 7 2 62 43 34 28 13 8 87%
Canada Kevin Koe 6 3 56 46 36 34 14 8 87%
United States John Shuster 5 4 67 63 37 39 4 6 80%
Great Britain Kyle Smith 5 4 55 60 40 37 8 7 82%
Switzerland Peter de Cruz 5 4 60 55 39 37 10 6 83%
Norway Thomas Ulsrud 4 5 45 54 32 36 6 6 82%
South Korea Kim Chang-min 4 5 54 59 40 41 7 8 82%
Japan Yusuke Morozumi 4 5 48 56 33 35 13 5 81%
Italy Joël Retornaz 3 6 50 56 37 38 15 7 81%
Denmark Rasmus Stjerne 2 7 53 70 36 39 12 5 83%
Round-robin
Great Britain had a bye in draws 4, 7 and 11
Draw 1
Wednesday 14 February, 09:05
Sheet D
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final
Switzerland (de Cruz) 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 5
Great Britain (Smith) 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 6
Draw 2
Wednesday 14 February, 20:05
Sheet A
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Canada (Koe) 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 6
Great Britain (Smith) 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 4
Draw 3
Thursday 15 February, 14:05
Sheet C
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Smith) 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 6
Japan (Morozumi) 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 5
Draw 5
Friday 16 February, 20:05
Sheet B
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Sweden (Edin) 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 2 X 8
Great Britain (Smith) 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 X 6
Draw 6
Saturday 17 February, 14:05
Sheet A
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
South Korea (Kim) 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 3 1 X 11
Great Britain (Smith) 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 X 5
Draw 8
Sunday 18 February, 20:05
Sheet C
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final
Italy (Retornaz) 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 6
Great Britain (Smith) 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 7
Draw 9
Monday 19 February, 14:05
Sheet D
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Smith) 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 7
Denmark (Stjerne) 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 6
Draw 10
Tuesday 20 February, 09:05
Sheet A
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Smith) 3 1 0 2 0 3 1 X X X 10
Norway (Ulsrud) 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 X X X 3
Draw 12
Wednesday 21 February, 14:05
Sheet B
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Smith) 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 X X 4
United States (Shuster) 2 0 0 0 3 0 1 4 X X 10
Tiebreaker
Having finished tied for fourth with the same record in the round robin stage the Great Britain men's team faced a tiebreaker against Switzerland for a place in the semifinals.[19]
Thursday February 22, 9:05
Sheet D
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Smith) 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 X 5
Switzerland (de Cruz) 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 5 X 9
Women's tournament[edit]
Main article: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament
Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Women's Curling Championships, Great Britain qualified a women's team, consisting of five athletes, as one of the seven highest ranked nations.[20][21]
Team
Position
Curler
Skip Eve Muirhead
Third Anna Sloan
Second Vicki Adams
Lead Lauren Gray
Alternate Kelly Schafer
Final round robin standings
Key
Teams to playoffs
Country
v
t
e
Skip
W
L
PF
PA
Ends
won
Ends
lost
Blank
ends
Stolen
ends
Shot %
South Korea Kim Eun-jung 8 1 75 44 41 34 5 15 79%
Sweden Anna Hasselborg 7 2 64 48 42 34 14 13 83%
Great Britain Eve Muirhead 6 3 61 56 39 38 12 6 79%
Japan Satsuki Fujisawa 5 4 59 55 38 36 10 13 75%
China Wang Bingyu 4 5 57 65 35 38 12 5 78%
Canada Rachel Homan 4 5 68 59 40 36 10 12 81%
Switzerland Silvana Tirinzoni 4 5 60 55 34 37 12 7 78%
United States Nina Roth 4 5 56 65 38 39 7 6 78%
Olympic Athletes from Russia Victoria Moiseeva 2 7 45 76 34 40 8 6 76%
Denmark Madeleine Dupont 1 8 50 72 32 41 10 6 73%
Round-robin
Great Britain had a bye in draws 4, 8 and 12
Draw 1
Wednesday 14 February, 14:05
Sheet B
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva) 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 X X X 3
Great Britain (Muirhead) 3 0 2 1 0 0 4 X X X 10
Draw 2
Thursday 15 February, 09:05
Sheet D
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Muirhead) 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
United States (Roth) 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 7
Draw 3
Thursday 15 February, 20:05
Sheet A
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final
China (Wang) 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 7
Great Britain (Muirhead) 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 8
Draw 5
Saturday 17 February, 09:05
Sheet D
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Denmark (Dupont) 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 6
Great Britain (Muirhead) 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 7
Draw 6
Saturday 17 February, 20:05
Sheet C
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
South Korea (Kim) 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 7
Great Britain (Muirhead) 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 4
Draw 7
Sunday 18 February, 14:05
Sheet B
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final
Great Britain (Muirhead) 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 6
Sweden (Hasselborg) 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 8
Draw 9
Monday 19 February, 20:05
Sheet A
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Muirhead) 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 8
Switzerland (Tirinzoni) 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 7
Draw 10
Tuesday 20 February, 14:05
Sheet C
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Muirhead) 1 0 1 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 8
Japan (Fujisawa) 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 6
Draw 11
Wednesday 21 February, 09:05
Sheet D
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Canada (Homan) 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5
Great Britain (Muirhead) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 6
Semifinal
Friday 23 February, 20:05
Sheet C
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Sweden (Hasselborg) 0 2 0 1 0 2 3 0 2 X 10
Great Britain (Muirhead) 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 X 5
Bronze Medal Game
Saturday 24 February, 20:05
Sheet B
v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final
Great Britain (Muirhead) 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
Japan (Fujisawa) 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 5
Figure skating[edit]
Main articles: Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
Athlete
Event
SD
FD
Total
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Nicholas Buckland / Penny Coomes Ice dancing 68.36 10 Q 101.96 10 170.32 11
Freestyle skiing[edit]
Main articles: Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification
Aerials
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Jump 1
Jump 2
Jump 1
Jump 2
Jump 3
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Lloyd Wallace Men's aerials 73.06 24 100.03 14 Did not advance
Halfpipe
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Run 1
Run 2
Best
Rank
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Best
Rank
Murray Buchan Men's halfpipe 66.00 65.40 66.00 14 Did not advance
Alexander Glavatsky-Yeadon 10.80 15.00 15.00 26 Did not advance
Peter Speight 3.80 64.60 64.60 15 Did not advance
Rowan Cheshire Women's halfpipe 74.00 71.40 74.00 9 75.40 17.80 13.60 75.40 7
Molly Summerhayes 60.80 66.00 66.00 17 Did not advance
Ski cross
Athlete
Event
Seeding
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Position
Position
Position
Position
Rank
Emily Sarsfield Women's ski cross 1:18.25 22 2 Q 4 Did not advance
Qualification legend: FA – Qualify to medal round; FB – Qualify to consolation round
Slopestyle
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Run 1
Run 2
Best
Rank
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Best
Rank
Tyler Harding Men's slopestyle 20.00 21.00 21.00 29 Did not advance
James Woods 90.20 19.60 90.20 8 29.20 91.00 90.00 91.00 4
Isabel Atkin Women's slopestyle 13.20 86.80 86.80 4 68.40 79.40 84.60 84.60 03 !
Katie Summerhayes 75.80 77.60 77.60 10 61.40 71.40 23.20 71.40 7
Luge[edit]
Main articles: Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
On 18 January 2018, the British Olympic Association announced the selection of the athletes who will compete for Team GB in the luge in Pyeongchang.[22] American-born Adam Rosen competed in the luge for Great Britain in his third Olympics.
Athlete
Event
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Total
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Adam Rosen Men's singles 48.477 25 48.410 23 48.280 23 Eliminated 2:25.167 22
Rupert Staudinger 49.626 33 49.259 35 48.957 32 Eliminated 2:27.842 33
Short track speed skating[edit]
Main articles: Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
Great Britain qualified five short track speed skaters (two male and three female) based on results at the 2017–18 ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup.[23][24][25]
Athlete
Event
Heat
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Joshua Cheetham Men's 1000 m 1:26.223 3 Did not advance
Farrell Treacy Men's 1000 m 1:26.762 2 Q 1:25.080 4 Did not advance
Men's 1500 m — 6 N/A Did not advance
Elise Christie Women's 500 m 42.872 1 Q 42.703 OR 1 Q 43.184 2 FA 1:23.063 4
Women's 1000 m PEN 4 Did not advance
Women's 1500 m 2:29.316 1 Q N/A PEN 5 Did not advance
Charlotte Gilmartin Women's 500 m PEN 4 Did not advance
Women's 1000 m 1:32.899 3 Did not advance
Women's 1500 m 2:29.005 3 Q N/A 3:00.691 5 Did not advance
Kathryn Thomson Women's 500 m 1:08.896 3 Did not advance
Women's 1000 m 1:32.150 4 Did not advance
Women's 1500 m 2:32.891 4 N/A Did not advance
Qualification Legend: FA = Qualify to final (medal); Q = Qualify to next round; OR = Olympic record
Skeleton[edit]
Main articles: Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
Based on the world rankings, Great Britain qualified 4 sleds.[26][27]
Athlete
Event
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Total
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Dominic Parsons Men's 50.85 5 50.41 3 50.33 3 50.61 3 3:22.20 03 !
Jerry Rice 51.06 11 51.15 13 51.04 11 50.99 10 3:24.24 10
Laura Deas Women's 52.00 6 52.03 2 51.96 5 51.91 5 3:27.90 03 !
Lizzy Yarnold 51.66 1 52.30 9 51.86 2 51.46 1 3:27.28 01 !
Snowboarding[edit]
Main articles: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
Freestyle
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Run 1
Run 2
Best
Rank
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Total/Best
Rank
Rowan Coultas Men's big air 81.00 84.50 84.50 8 Did not advance
Men's slopestyle 23.20 23.58 23.58 18 Did not advance
Billy Morgan Men's big air 87.50 90.50 90.50 6 Q JNS 82.50 85.50 168.00 03 !
Men's slopestyle 56.40 37.55 56.40 10 Did not advance
Jamie Nicholls Men's big air 30.00 81.25 81.25 11 Did not advance
Men's slopestyle 71.56 36.90 71.56 8 Did not advance
Aimee Fuller Women's big air 25.00 14.25 25.00 25 Did not advance
Women's slopestyle Cancelled[28] 34.63 41.43 CAN 41.43 17
Snowboard cross
Athlete
Event
Seeding
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Run 1
Run 2
Best
Seed
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Position
Position
Position
Rank
Zoe Gillings-Brier Women's snowboard cross 1:20.99 14 1:20.84 5 1:20.84 17 4 Did not advance
Qualification legend: FA – Qualify to medal round; FB – Qualify to consolation round
NB: Katie Ormerod qualified for both the big air and slopestyle competitions, but was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training prior to the start of the games.[7]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The GBR-1 team in the Four-man bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics is expected to receive a bronze medal following disqualifications of two Russian crews, which would give Great Britain five medals from that Olympics.[5]
Jump up ^ The final team selected for the Games had numbered 59, but snowboarder Katie Ormerod was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training the day before the opening ceremony.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Meet the team: record number of athletes selected for PyeongChang 2018". British Olympic Association. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games, PyeongChang 2018" (PDF). olympic.org. International Olympic Committee (IOC). 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics: Lizzy Yarnold defends skeleton gold as Laura Deas takes bronze". BBC Sport. 17 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lizzy Yarnold takes skeleton gold to make Winter Olympics history for Britain". Guardian. 17 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Russian doping: GB bobsleigh team could earn Sochi bronze medal". BBC Sport. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Staniforth, Mark (10 February 2018). "Elise Christie into 500m short-track quarter-finals after winning heat at Winter Olympics 2018". London Evening Standard. Evening Standard Ltd. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Winter Olympics: Katie Ormerod ruled out of Games in Pyeongchang". BBC Sport. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "UK Sport targets best ever Winter Games in PyeongChang". UK Sport. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics 2018:Biathlete Amanda Lightfoot". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lightfoot to push on after matching best Olympic finish for female biathlete". Eurosport. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 2-man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018" (PDF). International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF). 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 4-man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018" (PDF). International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF). 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women´s Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018" (PDF). International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF). 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics: GB's Andrew Musgrave finishes seventh in skiathlon". BBC Sport. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Muirhead and Smith to skipper Team GB's curling rinks at PyeongChang 2018". TeamGB.com. British Olympic Association. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "2018 Winter Olympics: GB men secure curling place". BBC Sport. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eight men's teams set for 2018 Olympic Games as hosts complete round-robin undefeated". www.worldcurling.org/. World Curling Federation. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "2018 Winter Olympics: GB men secure curling place". BBC Sport. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics: Great Britain women into curling semi-finals; men face tie-breaker". BBC Sport. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Curling: First Eight Women's Curling Teams Set for 2018 Olympic Winter Games". www.aroundtherings.com/. Around the Rings. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Great Britain's curling team seal 2018 Winter Olympics spot". Sky Sports. 26 March 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics 2018: Team GB select two luge athletes for Pyeongchang". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Paul (12 December 2017). "Elise Christie will be on the plane to Korea for the 2018 Olympic Winter Games with Team GB". Nottingham Post. Nottingham, England. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Five short track speed skaters selected for PyeonChang 2018". British Olympic Association. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "XXI II Olympic Winter Games 2018 PyeongChang: Qualified quota places Short Track Speed Skating". International Skating Union (ISU). 23 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Men's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018" (PDF). www.ibsf.org. International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF). 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018" (PDF). www.ibsf.org. International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF). 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Women's slopestyle qualification canceled". Reuters. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
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Assault rifle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about automatic firearms used by many military organizations. For semi-automatic firearms restricted by some United States laws, see assault weapon.
The StG 44, an early German assault rifle, was adopted by the Wehrmacht in 1944. It fires the 7.92×33mm Kurz round.
Currently the most used assault rifle in the world along with its variant, the AKM, the AK-47 was first adopted in 1949 by the Soviet Army. It fires the 7.62×39mm M43 round.
The M16 was first introduced into service in 1964 with the United States Armed Forces. It fires the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge.
An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine.[1][2][3][4][5] Assault rifles were first used during World War II.[6][7][8] Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles.[8] Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle.[8]
The term assault rifle is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda purposes used the German word "Sturmgewehr" (which translates to "storm rifle" or "assault rifle"), as the new name for the MP43, subsequently known as the Sturmgewehr 44 or StG 44.[6][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, other sources dispute that Hitler had much to do with coining the new name besides signing the production order.[15] The StG 44 is generally considered the first selective fire military rifle to popularize the assault rifle concept.[6][8] Today, the term assault rifle is used to define firearms sharing the same basic characteristics as the StG 44.[6][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 History
2.1 Sturmgewehr 44
2.2 AK-47
2.3 Battle rifles
2.4 M16
2.5 HK33
2.6 5.56mm NATO
2.7 AK-74
2.8 Bullpups
2.9 Heckler & Koch G36
2.10 Compact assault rifles
3 Distinction from assault weapons
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 External links
Characteristics[edit]
The U.S. Army defines assault rifles as "short, compact, selective-fire weapons that fire a cartridge intermediate in power between submachine gun and rifle cartridges."[16] In a strict definition, a firearm must have at least the following characteristics to be considered an assault rifle:[2][3][4]
It must be capable of selective fire.
It must have an intermediate-power cartridge: more power than a pistol but less than a standard rifle or battle rifle, such as the 7.92×33mm Kurz, the 7.62x39mm and the 5.56x45mm NATO.
Its ammunition must be supplied from a detachable box magazine.[5]
It must have an effective range of at least 300 metres (330 yards).
Rifles that meet most of these criteria, but not all, are technically not assault rifles, despite frequently being called such.
For example:
Select-fire M2 Carbines are not assault rifles; their effective range is only 200 yards.[17]
Select-fire rifles such as the FN FAL battle rifle are not assault rifles; they fire full-powered rifle cartridges.
Semi-automatic-only rifles like the Colt AR-15 are not assault rifles; they do not have select-fire capabilities.
Semi-automatic-only rifles with fixed magazines like the SKS are not assault rifles; they do not have detachable box magazines and are not capable of automatic fire.
History[edit]
Sturmgewehr 44[edit]
Main article: StG 44
Sturmgewehr 44
The Germans were the first to pioneer the assault rifle concept, during World War II, based upon research that showed that most firefights happen within 400 meters and that contemporary rifles were over-powered for most small arms combat.[7][8][9][18][19][20] They would soon develop a select-fire intermediate powered rifle combining the firepower of a submachine gun with the range and accuracy of a rifle.[7][8][9][18][19][20]
The result was the Sturmgewehr 44, which the Germans produced in large numbers; approximately half a million were made.[7][8][9][19][20] It fired a new and revolutionary intermediate powered cartridge, the 7.92×33mm Kurz.[6][7][8][9][19][20][21] This new cartridge was developed by shortening the standard 7.92×57mm Mauser round and giving it a lighter 125-grain bullet, that limited range but allowed for more controllable automatic fire.[6][7][8][9][19][20][21] A smaller lighter cartridge also allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition "to support the higher consumption rate of automatic fire."[8][18]
The Sturmgewehr 44 features an inexpensive, easy-to-make, stamped steel design and a 30-round detachable box magazine.[22] "This weapon was the prototype of all successful automatic rifles. Characteristically (and unlike previous rifles and the M-14) it had a straight stock with the barrel under the gas cylinder to reduce the turning moment of recoil of the rifle in the shoulder and thus help reduce the tendency of shots to climb in automatic fire. The barrel and overall length were shorter than a traditional rifle and it had a pistol grip to hold the weapon more securely in automatic fire. The principle of this weapon—the reduction of muzzle impulse to get usable automatic fire within the actual ranges of combat—was probably the most important advance in small arms since the invention of smokeless powder."[21]
AK-47[edit]
Main article: AK-47
AK-47 rifle
Like the Germans, the Soviets were influenced by experience showing that most combat engagements occur within 400 meters and that their soldiers were consistently outgunned by heavily armed German troops, especially those armed with the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifles.[23][24][25][26][27][28] On July 15, 1943, a Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the People's Commissariat of Arms of the USSR.[29] The Soviets were so impressed with the Sturmgewehr, that they immediately set about developing an intermediate caliber automatic rifle of their own, to replace the badly outdated Mosin–Nagant bolt-action rifles and PPSh-41 submachine guns that armed most of the Soviet Army.[8][26][28][29][30][31]
The Soviets soon developed the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge, the semi-automatic SKS carbine and the RPD light machine gun.[32] Shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the AK-47 assault rifle, which would quickly replace the SKS in Soviet service.[33][34] The AK-47 was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s.[23] Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability were perfectly suited for the Red Army's new mobile warfare doctrines.[23] In the 1960s, the Soviets introduced the RPK light machine gun, itself an AK-47 type weapon with a bi-pod, a stronger receiver, and a longer, heavier barrel that would eventually replace the RPD light machine gun.[32]
Chinese Type 56 rifle. Note: folding spike bayonet
The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR, and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56).[23] As a result, more AK-type weapons have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.[35] As of 2004, "of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s."[35]
Battle rifles[edit]
Main article: Battle rifle
The M1 Rifle and M1 Carbine
The U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with semi-automatic weapons such as the M1 Garand and M1 Carbine, which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles.[18] Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army failed to recognize the importance of the assault rifle concept,[18] and instead maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles.[8][18][20][36] At the time, the U.S. Army believed that the Sturmgewehr 44 was "intended in a general way to serve the same purpose as the U.S. carbine" and was in many ways inferior to the M1 carbine,[37] and was of "little importance".[18]
After World War II, the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand, M1/M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 "Grease Gun" and Thompson submachine gun.[20][38] Early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing.[39] During the Korean War, the select-fire M2 Carbine largely replaced the submachine gun in US service[40] and became the most widely used Carbine variant.[41] Combat experience suggested that the .30 Carbine round was under-powered.[42] American weapons designers reached the same conclusion as the German and Soviet ones: an intermediate round was necessary, and recommended a small-caliber, high-velocity cartridge.[8][43]
American M14
Senior American commanders had faced fanatical enemies and experienced major logistical problems during WWII and the Korean War,[44][45][46][47] and insisted that a single powerful .30 caliber cartridge be developed, that could be used by the new automatic rifle, and also by the new general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) in concurrent development.[8][48][49] This culminated in the development of the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge and the M14 rifle[8][48] which was basically an improved select-fire M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine.[50][51][52] The U.S. also adopted the M60 GPMG.[48] Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and Heckler & Koch G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs.
Belgian FN FAL
The FN FAL is a 7.62×51mm NATO, selective fire, automatic rifle produced by the Belgian armaments manufacturer Fabrique Nationale de Herstal (FN). During the Cold War it was adopted by many North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries, most notably with the British Commonwealth as the L1A1. It is one of the most widely used rifles in history, having been used by more than 90 countries.[53] The FAL was predominantly chambered for the 7.62mm NATO round, and because of its prevalence and widespread use among the armed forces of many western nations during the Cold War it was nicknamed "The right arm of the Free World".[54]
West German Heckler & Koch G3
The Heckler & Koch G3 is a 7.62×51mm NATO, selective fire, automatic rifle produced by the German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch GmbH (H&K) in collaboration with the Spanish state-owned design and development agency CETME (Centro de Estudios Técnicos de Materiales Especiales).[55] The rifle proved successful in the export market, being adopted by the armed forces of over 60 countries.[56] After WWII, German technicians involved in developing the Sturmgewehr 45, continued their research in France at CEAM. The StG45 mechanism was modified by Ludwig Vorgrimler and Theodor Löffler at the Mulhouse facility between 1946 and 1949. Vorgrimler later went to work at CETME in Spain and developed the line of CETME automatic rifles based on his improved Stg45 design. Germany eventually purchased the license for the CETME design and manufactured the Heckler & Koch G3 as well as an entire line of weapons built on the same system, one of the most famous being the MP5 SMG.
M16[edit]
Main article: M16 rifle
The first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 (assault rifle vs battle rifle) came in the early part of the Vietnam War. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammunition to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47.[8][50][57] And, while the M2 Carbine offered a high rate of fire, it was under-powered and ultimately outclassed by the AK-47.[58] A replacement was needed: A medium between the traditional preference for high-powered rifles such as the M14, and the lightweight firepower of the M2 Carbine.
As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a .223 caliber (5.56 mm) select-fire rifle weighing 6 lbs (2.7 kg) when loaded with a 20-round magazine.[20] The 5.56mm round had to penetrate a standard U.S. helmet at 500 yards (460 meters) and retain a velocity in excess of the speed of sound, while matching or exceeding the wounding ability of the .30 Carbine cartridge.[59]
AR-10 rifle
ArmaLite AR-15
M16A1 rifle
This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled-down version of the ArmaLite AR-10, called ArmaLite AR-15 rifle.[8][60][61][62] However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR-15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, the Army opposed the adoption of the new rifle.[8][50][60] In January 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production.[50][60][63] At the time, the AR-15 was the only rifle available that could fulfill the requirement of a universal infantry weapon for issue to all services.
After modifications (most notably, the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR-10 to the rear of the receiver),[61] the new redesigned rifle was subsequently adopted as the M16 Rifle.[8][50][60][64] "(The M16) was much lighter compared to the M14 it replaced, ultimately allowing Soldiers to carry more ammunition. The air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed assault rifle was made of steel, aluminum alloy and composite plastics, truly cutting-edge for the time. Designed with full and semi-automatic capabilities, the weapon initially did not respond well to wet and dirty conditions, sometimes even jamming in combat. After a few minor modifications, the weapon gained in popularity among troops on the battlefield."[50][65][66]
Despite its early failures the M16 proved to be a revolutionary design and stands as the longest continuously serving rifle in American military history.[60][64] It has been adopted by many U.S. allies and the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge has become not only the NATO standard, but "the standard assault-rifle cartridge in much of the world."[60][67][68] It also led to the development of small-caliber high-velocity service rifles by every major army in the world, including the USSR and People's Republic of China.[60] Today, many small arms experts consider the M16 the standard by which all other assault rifles are judged.[60][69][70]
HK33[edit]
Main article: Heckler & Koch HK33
HK33A2
During the 1960s other countries would follow the Americans' lead and begin to develop 5.56×45mm assault rifles, most notably Germany with the Heckler & Koch HK33. The HK33 was essentially a smaller 5.56mm version of the 7.62×51mm Heckler & Koch G3 rifle. As one of the first 5.56mm assault rifles on the market, it would go on to become one of the most widely distributed assault rifles. The HK33 featured a modular design with a wide range of accessories (telescoping butt-stocks, optics, bi-pods, etc.) that could be easily removed and arranged in a variety configurations.
5.56mm NATO[edit]
Main article: 5.56×45mm NATO
The 7.62×51mm NATO and 5.56×45mm NATO cartridges compared to an AA battery.
The adoption of the M16, the H&K33, and the 5.56×45mm cartridge inspired an international trend towards relatively small-sized, lightweight, high-velocity military service cartridges that allow a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight compared to the larger and heavier 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The 5.56mm cartridge is also much easier to shoot.[71][72][73] In 1961 marksmanship testing, the U.S. Army found that 43% of ArmaLite AR-15 shooters achieved Expert, while only 22% of M-14 rifle shooters did so. Also, a lower recoil impulse, allows for more controllable automatic weapons fire.[71][72][73]
In March 1970, the U.S. recommended that all NATO forces adopt the 5.56×45mm cartridge.[68] This shift represented a change in the philosophy of the military's long-held position about caliber size. By the middle of the 1970s, other armies were looking at assault rifle type weapons. A NATO standardization effort soon started and tests of various rounds were carried out starting in 1977.[68] The U.S. offered the 5.56×45mm M193 round, but there were concerns about its penetration in the face of the wider introduction of body armor.[20] In the end the Belgian 5.56×45mm SS109 round was chosen (STANAG 4172) in October 1980.[68] The SS109 round was based on the U.S. cartridge but included a new stronger, heavier, 62 grain bullet design, with better long range performance and improved penetration (specifically, to consistently penetrate the side of a steel helmet at 600 meters).[20]
Also during the 1970s, Finland, Israel, South Africa and Sweden introduced AK type assault rifles in 5.56×45mm.[74] During the 1990s, Russia developed the AK-101 in 5.56×45mm NATO for the world export market.[75][76] In addition, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia (i.e., Serbia) have also rechambered their locally produced assault rifles to 5.56mm NATO.[77][78]
AK-74[edit]
Main article: AK-74
AK-74 rifle
"The AK-74 assault rifle was a Soviet answer to the US M16."[79][80][81] The Soviet military realized that the M16 had better range and accuracy over the AKM, and that its lighter cartridge allows soldiers to carry more ammunition. Therefore, in 1967, the USSR issued an official requirement to replace the AKM and the 7.62×39mm cartridge.[82] They soon began to develop the AK-74 and the 5.45×39mm cartridge.[60][83][84] AK-74 production began in 1974,[85] and it was unveiled in 1977, when it was carried by Soviet parachute troops during the annual Red Square parade.[86] It would soon replace the AKM and become the standard Soviet infantry rifle.[86] In 1979, the AK-74 saw combat for the first time in Afghanistan,[87] where the lethality of the 5.45mm rounds led to the Mujahadeen dubbing them "poison bullets."[88] The adoption of the 5.56mm NATO and the Russian 5.45×39mm cartridges cemented the worldwide trend toward small caliber, high velocity cartridges.[60]
Bullpups[edit]
Main article: Bullpup
Steyr AUG
In 1977, Austria introduced the 5.56×45mm Steyr AUG bullpup rifle, often cited as the first successful bullpup rifle, finding service with the armed forces of over twenty countries. It was highly advanced for the 1970s, combining in the same weapon the bullpup configuration, a polymer housing, dual vertical grips, an optical sight as standard, and a modular design. Highly reliable, light, and accurate, the Steyr AUG showed clearly the potential of the bullpup layout. In 1978, France introduced the 5.56×45mm FAMAS bullpup rifle. In 1985, the British introduced the 5.56×45mm L85 bullpup rifle. In the late 1990s, Israel introduced the 5.56mm NATO Tavor TAR-21. In 1997, China's People's Liberation Army's adopted QBZ-95 in the new 5.8×42mm cartridge, which they claim is superior to the both 5.56×45mm and the 5.45×39mm. By the turn of the century, the bullpup assault rifle design had achieved worldwide acceptance.
Heckler & Koch G36[edit]
Main article: Heckler & Koch G36
Heckler & Koch G36 with a loaded 30 magazine
The Heckler & Koch G36 is a 5.56×45mm assault rifle, designed in the early 1990s by Heckler & Koch in Germany as a replacement for the heavier 7.62mm G3 battle rifle.[89] It was accepted into service with the Bundeswehr in 1997, replacing the G3.[90] The G36 is gas-operated and feeds from a 30-round detachable box magazine or 100-round C-Mag drum magazine.[89] The G36 a made with the extensive use of lightweight, corrosion-resistant synthetic materials in its design; the receiver housing, stock, trigger group (including the fire control selector and firing mechanism parts), magazine well, handguard and carry handle are all made of a carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide. The receiver has an integrated steel barrel trunnion (with locking recesses) and a nylon 66 steel reinforced receiver.[91] The standard German Army versions of the G36 are equipped with unique a ZF 3×4° dual optical sight that combines a 3× magnified telescopic sight and an unmagnified reflex sight mounted on top of the telescopic sight.[92] Widely distributed, it has been adopted by over 40 countries and prompted other nations to develop similar composite designs, such as the FX-05 Xiuhcoatl.
Compact assault rifles[edit]
A USAF security policeman aims his Colt Commando during a live-fire demonstration, part of Operation Desert Shield. Note: large flash hider
Following the adoption of the M16 rifle, carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters operations. The CAR-15 family of weapons served through the Vietnam War. However, these Compact assault rifles had design issues, as "the barrel length was halved" to 10 inches which "upset the ballistics", reducing its range and accuracy and leading "to considerable muzzle flash and blast, so that a large flash suppressor had to be fitted".[93] "Nevertheless, as a short-range weapon it is quite adequate and thus, [despite] its caliber, [the Colt Commando] is classed as a submachine gun."[93] Other compact assault rifles, such as the HK53, AKS-74U and the Daewoo K1, have been made and they have also been called submachine guns.[94]
Distinction from assault weapons[edit]
Main article: Assault weapon
The term "assault rifle" is sometimes conflated with the term "assault weapon". According to the Associated Press Stylebook, the media should differentiate between "assault rifles", which are capable of fully automatic firing, and "assault weapons", which are semiautomatic and "not synonymous with assault rifle".[95] In the U.S., civilian ownership of machine guns (and assault rifles) has been tightly regulated since 1934 under the National Firearms Act and since 1986 under the Firearm Owners Protection Act.[96]
See also[edit]
List of assault rifles
Notes[edit]
Rose, Alexander. American Rifle, A Biography. 2008, Bantam Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-553-80517-8.
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^ Jump up to: a b C. Taylor The Fighting Rifle: A Complete Study of the Rifle in Combat, ISBN 0-87947-308-8
^ Jump up to: a b F.A. Moyer Special Forces Foreign Weapons Handbook, ISBN 0-87364-009-8
^ Jump up to: a b R.J. Scroggie, F.A. Moyer Special Forces Combat Firing Techniques, ISBN 0-87364-010-1
^ Jump up to: a b Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, The World's Assault Rifles, vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967): 1
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology. by Roger Pauly. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004. page 145 & 146
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jane's Guns Recognition Guide, Ian Hogg & Terry Gander, HarperCollins Publisher, 2005, p.287 Sturmgewehr 44 "This is the father of all assault rifles, developed in Germany in 1941–42 an using a new short cartridge. Originally known as the MP 43 (Machine Pistol) for Nazi political reasons, it was renamed the "Sturmgewehr 44" after its successful introduction into battle on the Eastern Front. It introduced the concept of using a short cartridge with limited range in order to permit controllable automatic fire and a compact weapon, and because experience showed that most rifle fire was conducted at ranges under 400 meters. After the war it was examined and dissected by almost every major gunmaking nation and led, in one way and another, to the present-day 5.56mm assault rifles."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/a-brief-history-of-the-assault-rifle/489428/ The Atlantic. A Brief History of the Assault Rifle. The gun’s name may have been coined by Adolf Hitler. by MICHAEL SHURKIN. JUN 30, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945". Lone Sentry. 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, The World's Assault Rifles, vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967)
Jump up ^ Myatt, Major Frederic, Modern Small Arms, Crescent Books, New York (1978): 169
Jump up ^ Hogg, Ivan, and John Weeks, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, third ed., Hippocrene Books, New York (1977): 159
Jump up ^ Chris Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2002, p. 218
Jump up ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 7th Edition, Ian V. Hogg, page 243
Jump up ^ Rottman, Gordon. The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-84908-835-0.
Jump up ^ "US Army intelligence document FSTC-CW-07-03-70, November 1970". Gunfax.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the Presidents Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century, 7th Edition, 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p.243
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Major Thomas P. Ehrhart Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half-Kilometer. US Army. 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)
Jump up ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. page 242–243
^ Jump up to: a b c d Weapon Of Mass Destruction. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention". USA: FoxNews.com. 6 July 2007. OCLC 36334372. Retrieved 3 April 2010. It was before he started designing the gun that he slept badly, worried about the superior weapons that Nazi soldiers were using with grisly effectiveness against the Red Army in World War II. He saw them at close range himself, while fighting on the front lines. While hospitalized with wounds after a Nazi shell hit his tank in the 1941 battle of Bryansk, Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44. "Blame the Nazi Germans for making me become a gun designer," said Kalashnikov, frail but sharp at age 87. "I always wanted to construct agriculture machinery.
Jump up ^ "Born in November 1919—one of 18 children, of whom only six survived—Mikhail Kalashnikov was a Soviet T-38 tank commander in 1941, wounded in the shoulder and back when a German shell smashed part of the tank’s armor into his body. "I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: ‘Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men, when the Germans have automatics?’ So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the date of its first manufacture, 1947." An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov, Robert Fisk, The Independent (centrist), London, England. April 22, 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b http://armedforcesmuseum.com/ak-47-assault-rifle/ | Armed Forces History Museum, AK-47 assault rifle
Jump up ^ Chapter 1. Symbol of violence, war and culture Archived June 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. oneworld-publications.com
^ Jump up to: a b http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired) "Used in quantity against the Soviets at Stalingrad, the German Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Russians. They copied the ballistics of the cartridge while improving the configuration and improving the weapon. They standardized the weapon in 1947 as the AK-47 rifle."
^ Jump up to: a b http://english.pravda.ru/history/02-08-2003/3461-kalashnikov-0/ "The history of the world-known gun started on July 15th, 1943, when a captured complex—an MP-43 gun and a cartridge—were demonstrated at a meeting of the arms committee. Chief designer Nikolay Elizarov and chief engineer Pavel Ryazanov created the Soviet "interim cartridge " within a very short period of time. The technological support was provided by Boris Syomin. After that, scientists started working on a new fire arms system for that cartridge." The History of Kalashnikov Gun. Pravda. 02.08.2003
Jump up ^ "Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Kalashnikov, by then a sergeant, was injured within months when a shell stopped his T-34 tank and sent shrapnel through his shoulder. As Soviet history tells it, while Sgt. Kalashnikov recuperated, he began tinkering with infantry weapons, eventually setting his mind on designing a lightweight automatic assault rifle that would expel the better-armed Nazis from Russian soil. Soviet infantry fought World War II with two basic small arms: one was the badly outdated Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 bolt-action rifle. The other was the PPSh series of submachine guns, reliable arms that were effective but only at short range. Something better was needed, and that something was in the hands of the Nazi Wehrmacht. It was called the MP44 Sturmgewehr (assault rifle), and it could fire in full or semiautomatic mode. Chambered for a revolutionary new cartridge, a short 7.92mm round that was less powerful than a full-size rifle cartridge, yet far more powerful than the pistol cartridges for which submachine guns were chambered, the Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Soviets who faced it." The Father of 100 Million Rifles Mikhail Kalashnikov was a poor russian farm boy who happened to be a mechanical genius, and for better or for worse, the rifle he designed has changed history. Article by C.J. Chivers. Uploaded on February 28, 2006
Jump up ^ History of AK-47 Gun – The Gun Book Review. Popular Mechanics (2010-10-12). Retrieved on 2012-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.virginia1774.org/DIA-ST-HB-07-03-74.pdf Small Arms Identification and Operations Guide-Eurasain Communist Countries. by Harold E. Johnson. September 1973. U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center of the U.S. Army Materiel Command.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/10/russia.nickpatonwalsh Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. 'I sleep soundly' Shamed by his parents' exile, he was determined to do his bit for the Soviet cause. And so Mikhail Kalashnikov invented what was to become the world's most prolific killing machine. Nick Paton Walsh tracks down the 83-year-old at his tranquil lakeside. by Nick Paton Walsh. The Guardian, Thursday 9 October 2003
Jump up ^ Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. Russia celebrates Mikhail Kalashnikov's 90th birthday – the designer who armed the world. This online supplement is produced and published by Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Russia), which takes sole responsibility for the content.
^ Jump up to: a b Killicoat, Phillip (April 2007). "Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202 (Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10). Oxford University. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Rose, Alexander (2009). American Rifle: A Biography. Delta. pp. 403–405. ISBN 978-0-553-38438-3.
Jump up ^ Machine Carbine Promoted, M.P. 43 Is Now "Assault Rifle 44", Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945, U.S. Military Intelligence Service, U.S. War Department publication
Jump up ^ The M16. By Gordon Rottman. Osprey Publishing, 2011. page 6
Jump up ^ http://www.nramuseum.com/media/940585/m14.pdf |CUT DOWN in its Youth, Arguably Americas Best Service Rifle, the M14 Never Had the Chance to Prove Itself. By Philip Schreier, SSUSA, September 2001, p 24-29 & 46
Jump up ^ Gordon Rottman (2011). The M16. Osprey Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84908-690-5.
Jump up ^ Leroy Thompson (2011). The M1 Carbine. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-84908-907-4.
Jump up ^ Arms of the Chosin Few. Americanrifleman.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
Jump up ^ Donald L. Hall An effectiveness study of the infantry rifle (PDF). Report No. 593. Ballistic Research Laboratories. Maryland. March 1952 (released March 29, 1973)
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Jump up ^ HyperWar: The Big 'L'-American Logistics in World War II. Ibiblio.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ The Logistics of Invasion Archived 2015-06-22 at the Wayback Machine.. Almc.army.mil. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Col. E. H. Harrison (NRA Technical Staff) New Service Rifle Archived 2015-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). June 1957
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2434 Small Arms Review, M14 VS. M16 IN VIETNAM, By Robert Bruce
Jump up ^ Jane's International Defense Review. Volume 36. Jane's Information Group, 2003. Page 43. "The M14 is basically an improved M1 with a modified gas system and detachable 20-round magazine."
Jump up ^ M14 7.62mm Rifle. Globalsecurity.org (1945-09-20). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
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Jump up ^ Bishop, Chris. Guns in Combat. Chartwell Books, Inc. (1998). ISBN 0-7858-0844-2.
Jump up ^ Woźniak, Ryszard: Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej—tom 2 G-Ł, page 7. Bellona, 2001.
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Jump up ^ Lee Emerson M14 Rifle History and Development. October 10, 2006
Jump up ^ Green Beret in Vietnam: 1957–73. Gordon Rottman. Osprey Publishing, 2002. p. 41
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Danford Allan Kern The influence of organizational culture on the acquisition of the m16 rifle. m-14parts.com. A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE, Military History. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Peter G. Kokalis Retro AR-15. nodakspud.com
Jump up ^ Ezell, Edward Clinton (1983). Small Arms of the World. New York: Stackpole Books. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-88029-601-4.
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^ Jump up to: a b Report of the M16 rifle review panel. Department of the Army. dtic.mil. 1 June 1968
Jump up ^ GX. The Guard Experience. The Pride of the Guard. by Major Darrin Haas. Volume 10. Issue 3. 2013. Page 67. "Nicknamed a 'Mattel toy' because of its small caliber and lightweight design, the M16 became the standard service rifle for U.S. forces in vietnam in 1967. The weapon was much lighter compared to the M14 it replaced, ultimately allowing Soldiers to carry more ammunition. The air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed assault rifle was made of steel, aluminum alloy and composite plastics, truly cutting-edge for the time. Designed with full and semi-automatic capabilities, the weapon initially did not respond well to wet and dirty conditions, sometimes even jamming in combat. After a few minor modifications, the weapon gained in popularity among troops on the battlefield. Still in service today, the M16 is being phased out by the M4 carbine.
Jump up ^ Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development, Acquisition (1 June 1968), Report of the M16 Review Panel (PDF), M16 Surveys in the Republic of Vietnam, Washington DC: Department of the Army
Jump up ^ Small Arms. By Martin J. Dougherty. The Rosen Publishing Group, Dec 15, 2012. page 26
^ Jump up to: a b c d Per G. Arvidsson Weapons & Sensors. NATO Army Armaments Group
Jump up ^ http://www.vsms.org/Forum/Seite_69_tactical_stuff/120500_Sights_Accessories_Compendium.pdf Compendium Special Operations by Armada. Assault Rifles. by Paolo Valpolini 2/2012 "Among western armies the M4 with its 356-mm-long barrel remains the benchmark type, although reports from the field have shown some criticism regarding its reliability in sand and dusty environments due to the direct impingement or 'gas-tube' system that tends to bring carbon blow-back into the chamber, while hot gases used to cycle the weapon generate heat problems."
Jump up ^ "Colt literature notes that the fourth generation of the M16 “still represents the world standard by which all other weapons of this class are judged. Its combat-proven performance is verified by the fact that over eight million M16 weapon systems have been produced and placed in military service throughout the world." Soldier Armed. M16A4 Rifle. By Scott R. Gourley. Army Magazine. July 2008 page 75.
^ Jump up to: a b Assault Rifles and Their Ammunition: History and Prospects by Anthony G. Williams Archived 2014-06-02 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "An Improved Battlesight Zero for the M4 Carbine and M16A2 Rifle". Retrieved 2007-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "TM 9-1005-319-10 (2010) – Operator's Manual for Rifle, 5.56 MM, M16A2/M16A3/M4 (Battlesight Zero pages 48–55)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-03.
Jump up ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. pages 235, 258, 274, 278
Jump up ^ LEGION Ltd. – the producer of high quality firearms with period artistic treatment (threading, engraving, incrustation) and improved finishing. izhmash.ru
Jump up ^ http://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=256 |The Kalashnikov AK-101 is an export assault rifle in operational service withat least nine nations worldwide
Jump up ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. pages 233, 257, 266, 296
Jump up ^ Arsenal AR-M1 5.56mm assault rifle Archived June 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "AK-74 Assault Rifle - Military-Today.com".
Jump up ^ Tactical Life. Bulgarian AK-74 5.45x39mm. The AK-74 signified the Soviets’ response to the West’s M16. By Michael Humphreis October 15, 2013
Jump up ^ Gun Digest Shooter's Guide to AKs. by Marco Vorobiev. F+W Media, Inc. Jun 15, 2016. page 107
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045720/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/arc/021205.shtml "AK-74 – Kalashnikov assault rifle, caliber 5.45 mm. In 1967, pursuant to the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers, a competition was organized to design an assault rifle fit to use the new 5.45×39mm cartridge. The AK-74 was designed by А. D. Kryakushin's group under the designer supervision of M. T. Kalashnikov. Based on the competition results, this assault rifle was included in the inventory in 1974 as part of the 5.45×39mm small arms complex. The cartridge used in the AK-74 weighs 1.5 times less as compared with the 7.62-mm cartridge. The soldier can carry 1.5 times more cartridges without increasing the weight of the portable reserve ammunition. In addition, the bullet speed of the 5.45-mm caliber is higher."
Jump up ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. page 271
Jump up ^ Dockery, Kevin (2007). Future Weapons. p. 70. ISBN 0-425-21750-7.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045720/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/arc/021205.shtml "AK-74 – Kalashnikov assault rifle, caliber 5.45 mm. In 1967, pursuant to the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers, a competition was organized to design an assault rifle fit to use the new 5.45-mm cartridge. The AK-74 was designed by А. D. Kryakushin's group under the designer supervision of M. T. Kalashnikov. Based on the competition results, this assault rifle was included in the inventory in 1974 as part of the 5.45-mm small arms complex. The cartridge used in the AK-74 weighs 1.5 times less as compared with the 7.62-mm cartridge. The soldier can carry 1.5 times more cartridges without increasing the weight of the portable reserve ammunition. In addition, the bullet speed of the 5.45-mm caliber is higher."
^ Jump up to: a b Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century, 7th Edition, 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p.271
Jump up ^ The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles. by Gordon L Rottman. Osprey Publishing, Jan 1, 2012. page 32
Jump up ^ Mark Urban, War in Afghanistan, p. 133, Springer, 27 Jul 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "Modern Firearms - HK G36". World.guns.ru. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
Jump up ^ Woźniak, Ryszard. Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej – tom 2 G-Ł. Bellona. 2001. pp17-21.
Jump up ^ US5513461A - Light-weight automatic rifle. Google.com. Retrieved 2015-7-15.
Jump up ^ Woźniak, Ryszard. Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej – tom 2 G-Ł. Bellona. 2001. pp17-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century, 7th Edition, 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p. 166
Jump up ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pages 125 & 166–167.
Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron (January 17, 2013). "Is It Fair to Call Them 'Assault Weapons'?". The Fix (blog). The Washington Post. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Koerner, Brendan (September 16, 2004). "What Is an Assault Weapon? At last, you can get a semiautomatic rifle with a bayonet". Slate. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Crawford, S. (2003). Twenty-First Century Small Arms. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-1503-5.
Cutshaw, C. (2006). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century. Gun Digest Books. ISBN 0-87349-914-X.
Halls, Chris (1974). Guns in Australia. Sydney: Paul Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-07291-6.
Lewis, J. (2004). Assault Weapons: An In-Depth Look at the Hottest Weapons Around. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-658-2.
Popenker, M., et al. (2004). Assault Rifle: The Development of the Modern Military Rifle and Its Ammunition. Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 1-86126-700-2.
Senich, P. (1987). German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-400-X.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assault rifles.
Assault Rifles and their Ammunition: History and Prospects
Infantry Magazine on Assault Rifle Cartridges
Pre Sturmgewehr Assault Rifles
Authority control
GND: 4332443-5
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