text:
Cenacle
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"Upper Room" redirects here. For other uses, see Upper Room (disambiguation).
This article is about the location of the Last Supper. For the Parisian literary group, see Cénacle.
Coordinates: 31°46′18″N 35°13′44″E / 31.7718°N 35.229°E / 31.7718; 35.229
A view of the "Cenacle" in the upper floor of the David's Tomb Compound on Mount Zion as it exists today
The Cenacle (from Latin cēnāculum "dining room", later spelt coenaculum and semantically drifting towards "upper room"), also known as the "Upper Room", is a room in the David's Tomb Compound in Jerusalem, traditionally held to be the site of the Last Supper.
The word is a derivative of the Latin word cēnō, which means "I dine". The Gospel of Mark employs the Ancient Greek: ἀνάγαιον, anagaion, (Mark 14:15), whereas the Acts of the Apostles uses Ancient Greek: ὑπερῷον, hyperōion (Acts 1:13), both with the meaning "upper room". The language in Acts suggests that the apostles used the Upper Room as a temporary residence (Ancient Greek: οὗ ἦσαν καταμένοντες, hou ēsan katamenontes),[1] although the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary disagrees, preferring to see the room as a place where they were "not lodged, but had for their place of rendezvous".[2]
Jerome used the Latin coenaculum for both Greek words in his Latin Vulgate translation. In Christian tradition, the "Upper Room" was not only the site of the Last Supper (i.e. the Cenacle), but the room in which the Holy Spirit alighted upon the eleven apostles after Easter. It is sometimes thought to be the place where the apostles stayed in Jerusalem and, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, it was "the first Christian church".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 The site
1.1 History
1.2 Architecture
2 References in hymns
3 Other sites
4 References
5 External links
The site[edit]
The Last Supper Room
The Cenacle is considered the site where many other events described in the New Testament took place,[4][5] such as:
preparation for the celebration of Jesus' final Passover meal[6]
the washing of his disciples' feet [7]
certain resurrection appearances of Jesus [8][9][10]
the gathering of the disciples after the Ascension of Jesus[11]
the election of Saint Matthias as apostle[12]
the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the disciples on the day of Pentecost.[13]
Pilgrims to Jerusalem report visiting a structure on Mount Zion commemorating the Last Supper since the fourth century CE. Some scholars would have it that this was the Cenacle, in fact a synagogue from an earlier time. The anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux, France reported seeing such a synagogue in 333 CE. A Christian synagogue is mentioned in the apocryphal fourth-century Anaphora Pilati ("Report of Pilate"). But a Jewish origin for the building has come under serious question for which see below. The building has experienced numerous cycles of destruction and reconstruction, culminating in the Gothic structure which stands today.
While the term "Cenacle" refers only to the Upper Room, the building contains another site of interest. A niche located on the lower level of the same building is associated by tradition with the burial site of King David, marked by a large cenotaph-sarcophagus first reported seen by 12th-century Crusaders but earlier mentioned in the 10th-century Vita Constantini.[14] Most accept the notice in 1 Kings 2:10[15] that says David was buried "in the City of David", identified as the eastern hill of ancient Jerusalem, as opposed to what is today called Mount Sion, which is the western hill of the ancient city. The general location of the Cenacle is also associated with that of the house where the Virgin Mary lived among the Apostles until her death or dormition, an event celebrated in the nearby Church of the Dormition.
History[edit]
The mihrab
Another view of the cenacle today
See also: Jerusalem in Christianity
The early history of the Cenacle site is uncertain; scholars have made attempts at establishing a chronology based on archaeological and artistic evidence as well as historical sources.[16]
Bargil Pixner, for example, following the survey conducted by Jacob Pinkerfeld in 1948,[17] believed that the original building was a synagogue later probably used by Jewish Christians. However, no architectural features associated with early synagogues such as columns, benches, or other accoutrements are present in the lower Tomb chamber.[18] According to Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis writing towards the end of the 4th century, the building and its environs were spared during the destruction of Jerusalem under Titus (AD 70).[19] Pixner suggests that the area on Mount Zion was destroyed and that the Cenacle was rebuilt in the later first century.[20] The lowest courses of ashlars (building stones) along the north, east and south walls are attributed by Pinkerfeld to the late Roman period (135-325 CE).[21] Pixner believes rather that they are Herodian-period ashlars, allowing him to date the construction of the building to an earlier period.[22] Many scholars, however, date the walls' earliest construction to the Byzantine period and identify the Cenacle as the remains of a no-longer-extant Hagia Sion ("Holy Zion") basilica.[23] The Roman emperor Theodosius I constructed the five-aisled Hagia Sion basilica likely between 379 and 381 CE.[24] Despite the opinion of those scholars who would characterize the Cenacle as a remainder of Theodosius's basilica, sixth-century artistic representations, such as the mosaics found in Madaba, Jordan (the "Madaba Map") and the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, depict a smaller structure just to the south of basilica. Some have identified this smaller structure as the Cenacle thus demonstrating its independence from, and possible prior existence to, the basilica.[25] The basilica (and the Cenacle?) was later damaged by Persian invaders in 614 AD but restored by the patriarch Modestus. In AD 1009 the church was destroyed by the Muslim caliph Al-Hakim. Shortly afterward it was replaced by the Crusaders with a cathedral named for Saint Mary featuring a central nave and two side aisles. The Cenacle was either repaired or enclosed by the Crusader church, occupying a portion of two aisles on the right (southern) side of the altar.[26] The Crusader cathedral was destroyed soon afterward, in the late 12th or early 13th century, but the Cenacle remained. (Today, part of the site upon which the Byzantine and Crusader churches stood is believed to be occupied by the smaller Church of the Dormition and its associated Abbey.) Syrian Christians maintained the Cenacle until the 1330s when it passed into the custody of the Franciscan Order of Friars who managed the structure until 1524. At that time Ottoman authorities took possession of the Cenacle converting it into a mosque. The Franciscans were completely evicted from their surrounding buildings in 1550. Architectural evidence remains of the period of Muslim control including the elaborate mihrab in the Last Supper room, the Arabic inscriptions on its walls, the qubba over the stairwell, and the minaret and dome atop the roof. Christians were not officially allowed to return until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. The historical building is currently managed by the State of Israel Ministry of the Interior.
Architecture[edit]
Scholars offer wide-ranging dates and builders for the surviving Gothic-style Cenacle. Some believe that it was constructed by Crusaders just before Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, while others attribute it to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, after he arrived in the city in 1229. Still others hold that it was not built in this form until the Franciscans acquired the site in the 1330s.[27] Scarce documentation and disturbed structural features offer little strong support for any of these dates.[28]
In its current state, the Cenacle is divided into six rib-vaulted bays. The bays are supported by three freestanding columns which bilaterally divide the space, as well as six pillars flanking the side walls. While the capital of the westernmost freestanding column is flush with the Cenacle’s interior wall, the column shaft itself is completely independent of the wall, leading scholars to consider the possibility that this wall was not original to the building.[29]
An analysis of the column and pillar capitals offers clues, but not a solution, to the mystery of the current building’s origin. The Corinthianesque capital between the second and third bays of the Cenacle is stylistically indicative of multiple geographical regions and chronological periods. This capital’s spiky leaves, which tightly adhere to the volume of the column before erupting into scrolls, are in congruence with common outputs of the 12th century sculpture workshop at the Temple site in Jerusalem in the last years before Saladin’s conquest in 1187.[30] The workshop also frequently utilized drilling as an ornamental device. The Jerusalem workshop included artists from diverse regions in the West, who brought stylistic traits with them from their native countries. The workshop produced sculpture for many Crusader projects and other structures, such as the al-Aqsa mosque.
This comparison allows for the support of the 12th century date of the Cenacle. There are also, however, similar capitals which originated in workshops in southern Italy, a draw for scholars who wish to associate the building with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Sixth Crusade in 1229. Examples can be seen in the Romanesque cathedral in Bitonto, a small city near Bari, in southern Italy, and on column supports of the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery, carved by Apulian-born sculptor Nicola Pisano around 1260.
The capitals of the freestanding columns are not identical. The capital between the first and second bays seems either severely weathered or shallowly carved, and its volume is a marked contrast from the others. It rises from the shaft in a straight cylinder, rather than in an inverted pyramid, and then flares only just before it intersects with the abacus. The third capital, which now flanks the Cenacle’s western wall, is also unique among the three. It is not decorated with a floral motif, rather, scrolling crockets spring from the base of the volume. Enlart has proposed a comparison to buildings constructed by Frederick II in Apulia.[31]
Analysis of these column capitals does not yield significant evidence to link them to the 14th century and a potential Franciscan construction, nor does it definitively date them to the 12th or 13th century. The building remains a frustrating, but intriguing, mystery.
References in hymns[edit]
The upper room is a focus or reference in several Christian hymns, for example in "An upper room did our Lord prepare", written by Fred Pratt Green in 1973,[32] and in "Come, risen Lord, and deign to be our guest" ('We meet, as in that upper room they met...'),[33] written by George Wallace Briggs.
Other sites[edit]
St. Mark’s Monastery in the Old City of Jerusalem near the Armenian Quarter is sometime considered as alternative place for the cenacle. The monastery church, belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church, contains an early Christian stone inscription testifying to reverence for the spot.[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Acts 1, accessed 24 September 2016: "The eleven were the tenants of the upper room, to which the other disciples resorted for conference and communion".
Jump up ^ Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary on Acts 1, accessed 24 September 2016
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099): "During the first Christian centuries the church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches" (Intercession in "St. James' Liturgy", ed. Brightman, p. 54). Certainly no spot in Christendom can be more venerable than the place of the Last Supper, which became the first Christian church."
Jump up ^ "The Cenacle". Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Coenaculum". www.goisrael.com. Israel Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
Jump up ^ 22:13
Jump up ^ 13:4–11
Jump up ^ 16:14
Jump up ^ 24:33
Jump up ^ John 20:19
Jump up ^ Acts 1:13
Jump up ^ Acts 1:15
Jump up ^ Acts 2:1–4
Jump up ^ Vita Constantini 11.
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 2:10
Jump up ^ For example: Bargil Pixner, "The Church of the Apostles found on Mount Zion," Biblical Archaeology Review 16.3 May/June 1990 (http:www.centuryone.org/apostles.html); David Christian Clausen, The Upper Room and Tomb of David: The History, Art and Archaeology of the Cenacle on Mount Zion (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2016).
Jump up ^ Jacob Pinkerfeld, "'David's Tomb': Notes on the History of the Building: Preliminary Report," Bulletin of the Louis Rabinowitz Fund for the Exploration of Ancient Synagogues 3, ed. Michael Avi-Yonah (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1960): 41-43.
Jump up ^ Clausen, 168-175
Jump up ^ Epiphanius, On Weights and Measures 14 (54c).
Jump up ^ Bargil Pixner, Paths of the Messiah and Sites of the Early Church from Galilee to Jerusalem: Jesus and Jewish Christianity in Light of Archaeological Discoveries, ed. Rainer Riesner, trans. Keith Myrick and Sam and Miriam Randall (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2010), 332-3.
Jump up ^ Pinkerfeld, Notes.
Jump up ^ Pixner, Paths 333.
Jump up ^ Joan Taylor, Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 215; Oskar Skarsaune, In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2002), 189; Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, Vol. 3, The City of Jerusalem (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 272.
Jump up ^ David Christian Clausen, The Upper Room and Tomb of David: The History, Art and Archaeology of the Cenacle on Mount Zion (Jefferson , NC: McFarland, 2016), 36.
Jump up ^ Pixner, Paths 349; Clausen, 49; Richard Mackowski, Jerusalem - City of Jesus: An Exploration of the Traditions, Writings, and Remains of the Holy City from the Time of Christ (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), 146.
Jump up ^ Pringle 262
Jump up ^ Hugh Plommer has written in favor of a date prior to 1187. See "The Cenacle on Mount Sion" in Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century, edited by Jaroslav Folda (Oxford: B.A.R., 1982) pp. 139–166. Camille Enlart supports a date after 1229. See Les monuments des croisés dans le royaume de Jérusalem; architecture religieuse et civile (Paris: P. Geuthner, 1925). Peter Fergusson believes that the structure dates from the 12th century but was heavily modified by the Franciscans in the 14th century. See "The Refectory at Easby Abbey: Form and Iconography." In The Art Bulletin, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Sep., 1989), pp. 334–351. The Franciscans themselves take credit for the building. See Fr. Eugene Hoade, Guide to the Holy Land (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1971).
Jump up ^ Pilgrimage accounts are vague. See the accounts of Daniel the Abbot and John of Wuerzburg in Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185, edited by John Wilkinson, Joyce Hill, and William H. Ryan (London: Hakluyt Society, 1988). Each describes the Cenacle simply as an "upper room" with no precise architectural consideration.
Jump up ^ Plommer 169
Jump up ^ See Zehava Jacoby, "The Workshop of the Temple Area in Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century: its Origin, Evolution, and Impact", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 45 Bd., H. 4 (1982), 325–394. Drilling is discussed on p. 362.
Jump up ^ Enlart 258.
Jump up ^ "An Upper Room Did Our Lord Prepare". Hymnary.org.
Jump up ^ "Come, Risen Lord, and Deign to be Our Guest". Hymnary.org.
Jump up ^ "Saint Mark's Syrian Orthodox Church". www.goisrael.com. Israel Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
External links[edit]
Look up cenacle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cenacle (Jerusalem).
"Church of the Apostles found on Mt. Zion" – article from the May/June 1990 issue of Biblical Archaeological Review
The Judeo-Christian Synagogue and the Tomb of David
The Development of the Judeo-Christian Synagogue
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Image file formats
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 20 September 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
"Image format" redirects here. For the camera sensor format, see Image sensor format.
This article is about digital image formats used to store photographic and other images. For disk-image file formats, see Disk image. For digital file formats in general, see File format.
Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images. Image files are composed of digital data in one of these formats that can be rasterized for use on a computer display or printer. An image file format may store data in uncompressed, compressed, or vector formats. Once rasterized, an image becomes a grid of pixels, each of which has a number of bits to designate its color equal to the color depth of the device displaying it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Image file sizes
2 Image file compression
3 Major graphic file formats
3.1 Raster formats
3.1.1 JPEG/JFIF
3.1.2 JPEG 2000
3.1.3 Exif
3.1.4 TIFF
3.1.5 GIF
3.1.6 BMP
3.1.7 PNG
3.1.8 PPM, PGM, PBM, and PNM
3.1.9 WebP
3.1.10 HDR raster formats
3.1.11 HEIF
3.1.12 BAT
3.1.13 BPG
3.1.14 Other raster formats
3.1.15 Container formats of raster graphics editors
3.2 Vector formats
3.2.1 CGM
3.2.2 Gerber format (RS-274X)
3.2.3 SVG
3.2.4 Other 2D vector formats
3.2.5 3D vector formats
3.3 Compound formats (see also Metafile)
3.4 Stereo formats
4 References
Image file sizes[edit]
The size of raster image files is positively correlated with the resolution and images size (number of pixels) and the color depth (bits per pixel). Images can be compressed in various ways, however. A compression algorithm stores either an exact representation or an approximation of the original image in a smaller number of bytes that can be expanded back to its uncompressed form with a corresponding decompression algorithm. Images with the same number of pixels and color depth can have very different compressed file size. Considering exactly the same compression, number of pixels, and color depth for two images, different graphical complexity of the original images may also result in very different file sizes after compression due to the nature of compression algorithms. With some compression formats, images that are less complex may result in smaller compressed file sizes. This characteristic sometimes results in a smaller file size for some lossless formats than lossy formats. For example, graphically simple images (i.e. images with large continuous regions like line art or animation sequences) may be losslessly compressed into a GIF or PNG format and result in a smaller file size than a lossy JPEG format.
Vector images, unlike raster images, can be any dimension independent of file size. File size increases only with the addition of more vectors.
For example, a 640 * 480 pixel image with 24-bit color would occupy almost a megabyte of space:
640 * 480 * 24 = 7,372,800 bits = 921,600 bytes = 900 kB
Image file compression[edit]
There are two types of image file compression algorithms: lossless and lossy.
Lossless compression algorithms reduce file size while preserving a perfect copy of the original uncompressed image. Lossless compression generally, but not always, results in larger files than lossy compression. Lossless compression should be used to avoid accumulating stages of re-compression when editing images.
Lossy compression algorithms preserve a representation of the original uncompressed image that may appear to be a perfect copy, but it is not a perfect copy. Often lossy compression is able to achieve smaller file sizes than lossless compression. Most lossy compression algorithms allow for variable compression that trades image quality for file size.
Major graphic file formats[edit]
See also: Comparison of graphics file formats § Technical details
Including proprietary types, there are hundreds of image file types. The PNG, JPEG, and GIF formats are most often used to display images on the Internet. These graphic formats are listed and briefly described below, separated into the two main families of graphics: raster and vector.
In addition to straight image formats, Metafile formats are portable formats which can include both raster and vector information. Examples are application-independent formats such as WMF and EMF. The metafile format is an intermediate format. Most applications open metafiles and then save them in their own native format. Page description language refers to formats used to describe the layout of a printed page containing text, objects and images. Examples are PostScript, PDF and PCL.
Raster formats[edit]
JPEG/JFIF[edit]
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method; JPEG-compressed images are usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) file format. The JPEG/JFIF filename extension is JPG or JPEG. Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG/JFIF format, which supports eight-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images (eight bits each for red, green, and blue). JPEG applies lossy compression to images, which can result in a significant reduction of the file size. Applications can determine the degree of compression to apply, and the amount of compression affects the visual quality of the result. When not too great, the compression does not noticeably affect or detract from the image's quality, but JPEG files suffer generational degradation when repeatedly edited and saved. (JPEG also provides lossless image storage, but the lossless version is not widely supported.)
JPEG 2000[edit]
JPEG 2000 is a compression standard enabling both lossless and lossy storage. The compression methods used are different from the ones in standard JFIF/JPEG; they improve quality and compression ratios, but also require more computational power to process. JPEG 2000 also adds features that are missing in JPEG. It is not nearly as common as JPEG, but it is used currently in professional movie editing and distribution (some digital cinemas, for example, use JPEG 2000 for individual movie frames).
Exif[edit]
The Exif (Exchangeable image file format) format is a file standard similar to the JFIF format with TIFF extensions; it is incorporated in the JPEG-writing software used in most cameras. Its purpose is to record and to standardize the exchange of images with image metadata between digital cameras and editing and viewing software. The metadata are recorded for individual images and include such things as camera settings, time and date, shutter speed, exposure, image size, compression, name of camera, color information. When images are viewed or edited by image editing software, all of this image information can be displayed.
The actual Exif metadata as such may be carried within different host formats, e.g. TIFF, JFIF (JPEG) or PNG. IFF-META is another example.
TIFF[edit]
The TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) format is a flexible format that normally saves eight bits or sixteen bits per color (red, green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals, respectively, usually using either the TIFF or TIF filename extension. The tagged structure was designed to be easily extendible, and many vendors have introduced proprietary special-purpose tags – with the result that no one reader handles every flavor of TIFF file.[citation needed] TIFFs can be lossy or lossless, depending on the technique chosen for storing the pixel data. Some offer relatively good lossless compression for bi-level (black&white) images. Some digital cameras can save images in TIFF format, using the LZW compression algorithm for lossless storage. TIFF image format is not widely supported by web browsers. TIFF remains widely accepted as a photograph file standard in the printing business. TIFF can handle device-specific color spaces, such as the CMYK defined by a particular set of printing press inks. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software packages commonly generate some form of TIFF image (often monochromatic) for scanned text pages.
GIF[edit]
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is in normal use limited to an 8-bit palette, or 256 colors (while 24-bit color depth is technically possible).[1][2] GIF is most suitable for storing graphics with few colors, such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos, and cartoon style images, as it uses LZW lossless compression, which is more effective when large areas have a single color, and less effective for photographic or dithered images. Due to GIF's simplicity and age, it achieved almost universal software support. Due to its animation capabilities, it is still widely used to provide image animation effects, despite its low compression ratio compared to modern video formats.
BMP[edit]
The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphic files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large and lossless; their advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance in Windows programs.
PNG[edit]
The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as a free, open-source alternative to GIF. The PNG file format supports eight-bit paletted images (with optional transparency for all palette colors) and 24-bit truecolor (16 million colors) or 48-bit truecolor with and without alpha channel - while GIF supports only 256 colors and a single transparent color.
Compared to JPEG, PNG excels when the image has large, uniformly colored areas. Even for photographs – where JPEG is often the choice for final distribution since its compression technique typically yields smaller file sizes – PNG is still well-suited to storing images during the editing process because of its lossless compression.
PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF (though GIF is itself now patent-free), and can also replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel. The Adam7 interlacing allows an early preview, even when only a small percentage of the image data has been transmitted. PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data for improved color matching on heterogeneous platforms.
PNG is designed to work well in online viewing applications like web browsers and can be fully streamed with a progressive display option. PNG is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors.
Animated formats derived from PNG are MNG and APNG. The latter is supported by Mozilla Firefox and Opera and is backwards compatible with PNG.
PPM, PGM, PBM, and PNM[edit]
Netpbm format is a family including the portable pixmap file format (PPM), the portable graymap file format (PGM) and the portable bitmap file format (PBM). These are either pure ASCII files or raw binary files with an ASCII header that provide very basic functionality and serve as a lowest common denominator for converting pixmap, graymap, or bitmap files between different platforms. Several applications refer to them collectively as PNM (Portable aNy Map).
WebP[edit]
WebP is a new open image format that uses both lossless and lossy compression. It was designed by Google to reduce image file size to speed up web page loading: its principal purpose is to supersede JPEG as the primary format for photographs on the web. WebP is based on VP8's intra-frame coding and uses a container based on RIFF.
HDR raster formats[edit]
Most typical raster formats cannot store HDR data (32 bit floating point values per pixel component), which is why some relatively old or complex formats are still predominant here, and worth mentioning separately. Newer alternatives are showing up, though. RGBE is the format for HDR images originating from Radiance and also supported by Adobe Photoshop.
HEIF[edit]
The High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF) is an image container format that was standardized by MPEG on the basis of the ISO base media file format. While HEIF can be used with any image compression format, the HEIF standard specifies the storage of HEVC intra-coded images and HEVC-coded image sequences taking advantage of inter-picture prediction.
BAT[edit]
BAT[disambiguation needed] was released into the public domain by C-Cube Microsystems. The "official" file format for JPEG files is SPIFF (Still Picture Interchange File Format), but by the time it was released, BAT had already achieved wide acceptance. SPIFF, which has the ISO designation 10918-3, offers more versatile compression, color management, and metadata capacity than JPEG/BAT, but it has little support. It may be superseded by JPEG 2000/DIG 2000: ISO SC29/WG1, JPEG - Information Links. Digital Imaging Group, "JPEG 2000 and the DIG: The Picture of Compatibility."
BPG[edit]
BPG (Better Portable Graphics) is a new image format. Its purpose is to replace the JPEG image format when quality or file size is an issue. Its main advantages are:
High compression ratio. Files are much smaller than JPEG for similar quality.
Supported by most Web browsers with a small Javascript decoder (gzipped size: 76 KB).
Based on a subset of the HEVC open video compression standard.
Supports the same chroma formats as JPEG (grayscale, YCbCr 4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4) to reduce the losses during the conversion. An alpha channel is supported. The RGB, YCgCo and CMYK color spaces are also supported.
Native support of 8 to 14 bits per channel for a higher dynamic range.
Lossless compression is supported.
Various meta data (such as EXIF) can be included.
Other raster formats[edit]
CD5 (Chasys Draw Image)
DEEP (IFF-style format used by TVPaint)
ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet)
FITS (Flexible Image Transport System)
FLIF (Free Lossless Image Format) - a work-in-progress lossless image format which claims to outperform PNG, lossless WebP, lossless BPG and lossless JPEG2000 in terms of compression ratio. It uses the MANIAC (Meta-Adaptive Near-zero Integer Arithmetic Coding) entropy encoding algorithm, a variant of the CABAC (context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding) entropy encoding algogithm.
ICO, container for one or more icons (subsets of BMP and/or PNG)
ILBM (IFF-style format for up to 32 bit in planar representation, plus optional 64 bit extensions)
IMG (ERDAS IMAGINE Image)
IMG (Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) image file; planar, run-length encoded)
JPEG XR (New JPEG standard based on Microsoft HD Photo)
Layered Image File Format for microscope image processing
Nrrd (Nearly raw raster data)
PAM (Portable Arbitrary Map) is a late addition to the Netpbm family
PCX (Personal Computer eXchange), obsolete
PGF (Progressive Graphics File)
PLBM - Planar Bitmap, proprietary Amiga format
SGI
SID (multiresolution seamless image database, MrSID)
Sun Raster is an obsolete format
TGA (TARGA), obsolete
VICAR file format (NASA/JPL image transport format)
XISF (Extensible Image Serialization Format)
Container formats of raster graphics editors[edit]
These image formats contain various images, layers and objects, out of which the final image is to be composed
CPT (Corel Photo Paint)
PSD (Adobe PhotoShop Document)
PSP (Corel Paint Shop Pro)
XCF (eXperimental Computing Facility format, native GIMP format)
Vector formats[edit]
Main article: Vector graphics
As opposed to the raster image formats above (where the data describes the characteristics of each individual pixel), vector image formats contain a geometric description which can be rendered smoothly at any desired display size.
At some point, all vector graphics must be rasterized in order to be displayed on digital monitors. Vector images may also be displayed with analog CRT technology such as that used in some electronic test equipment, medical monitors, radar displays, laser shows and early video games. Plotters are printers that use vector data rather than pixel data to draw graphics.
CGM[edit]
CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is a file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics, and text, and is defined by ISO/IEC 8632. All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source file that can be compiled into a binary file or one of two text representations. CGM provides a means of graphics data interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF.
Gerber format (RS-274X)[edit]
The Gerber format (aka Extended Gerber, RS-274X) was developed by Gerber Systems Corp., now Ucamco, and is a 2D bi-level image description format. It is the de facto standard format used by printed circuit board or PCB software. It is also widely used in other industries requiring high-precision 2D bi-level images.[3]
SVG[edit]
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open standard created and developed by the World Wide Web Consortium to address the need (and attempts of several corporations) for a versatile, scriptable and all-purpose vector format for the web and otherwise. The SVG format does not have a compression scheme of its own, but due to the textual nature of XML, an SVG graphic can be compressed using a program such as gzip. Because of its scripting potential, SVG is a key component in web applications: interactive web pages that look and act like applications.
Other 2D vector formats[edit]
AI (Adobe Illustrator Artwork)
CDR (CorelDRAW)
DrawingML
GEM metafiles (interpreted and written by the Graphics Environment Manager VDI subsystem)
Graphics Layout Engine
HPGL, introduced on Hewlett-Packard plotters, but generalized into a printer language
HVIF (Haiku Vector Icon Format)
MathML
NAPLPS (North American Presentation Layer Protocol Syntax)
ODG (OpenDocument Graphics)
!DRAW, a native vector graphic format (in several backward compatible versions) for the RISC-OS computer system begun by Acorn in the mid-1980s and still present on that platform today
POV-Ray markup language
Precision Graphics Markup Language, a W3C submission that was not adopted as a recommendation.
PSTricks and PGF/TikZ are languages for creating graphics in TeX documents.
ReGIS, used by DEC computer terminals
Remote imaging protocol
VML (Vector Markup Language)
WMF / EMF (Windows Metafile / Enhanced Metafile)
Xar format used in vector applications from Xara
XPS (XML Paper Specification)
3D vector formats[edit]
AMF - Additive Manufacturing File Format
Asymptote - A language that lifts TeX to 3D.
.blend - Blender
COLLADA
.dgn
.dwf
.dwg
.dxf
eDrawings
.flt - OpenFlight
HSF
IGES
IMML - Immersive Media Markup Language
IPA
JT
.MA (Maya ASCII format)
.MB (Maya Binary format)
.OBJ (Alias|Wavefront file format)
OpenGEX - Open Game Engine Exchange
PRC
STEP
SKP
STL - A stereolithography format
U3D - Universal 3D file format
VRML - Virtual Reality Modeling Language
XAML
XGL
XVL
xVRML
X3D
.3D
3DF
.3DM
.3ds - Autodesk 3D Studio
3DXML
X3D - Vector format used in 3D applications from Xara
Compound formats (see also Metafile)[edit]
These are formats containing both pixel and vector data, possible other data, e.g. the interactive features of PDF.
EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
PDF (Portable Document Format)
PostScript, a page description language with strong graphics capabilities
PICT (Classic Macintosh QuickDraw file)
SWF (Shockwave Flash)
XAML User interface language using vector graphics for images.
Stereo formats[edit]
MPO The Multi Picture Object (.mpo) format consists of multiple JPEG images (Camera & Imaging Products Association) (CIPA).
PNS The PNG Stereo (.pns) format consists of a side-by-side image based on PNG (Portable Network Graphics).
JPS The JPEG Stereo (.jps) format consists of a side-by-side image format based on JPEG.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreas Kleinert (2007). "GIF 24 Bit (truecolor) extensions". Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Philip Howard. "True-Color GIF Example". Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gerber File Format Specification". Ucamco.
[hide]
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ICS
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