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Freedom of Information Act 2000
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For a general discussion of freedom of information legislation throughout the United Kingdom, see Freedom of information in the United Kingdom. For the 2007 amendment bill, see Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill.
Freedom of Information Act 2000
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title
An Act to make provision for the disclosure of information held by public authorities or by persons providing services for them and to amend the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Public Records Act 1958; and for connected purposes.
Citation
2000 c. 36
Territorial extent
England and Wales; Scotland; Northern Ireland
Dates
Royal assent
30 November 2000
Commencement
30 November 2000 (part)[1]
30 January 2001 (part)[1]
14 May 2001 (part)[2][3]
Other legislation
Relates to
Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002
Status: Current legislation
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
document
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (c.36) is an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that creates a public "right of access" to information held by public authorities. It is the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the United Kingdom on a national level. Its application is limited in Scotland (which has its own freedom of information legislation) to UK Government offices geo-located in Scotland. The Act implements a manifesto commitment of the Labour Party in the 1997 general election, developed by Dr David Clark as a 1997 White Paper. The final version of the Act is believed[by whom?] to have been diluted from that proposed while Labour was in opposition. The full provisions of the act came into force on 1 January 2005.
The Act is the responsibility of the Lord Chancellor's Department (now renamed the Ministry of Justice). The Act led to the renaming of the Data Protection Commissioner (set up to administer the Data Protection Act), who is now known as the Information Commissioner. The Office of the Information Commissioner oversees the operation of the Act.
A second freedom of information law is in existence in the UK, the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 (asp 13). It was passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2002, to cover public bodies over which the Holyrood parliament, rather than Westminster, has jurisdiction. For these institutions, it fulfils the same purpose as the 2000 Act.
Around 120,000 requests are made each year.[4] Private citizens made 60% of them, with businesses and journalists accounting for 20% and 10% respectively.[4] Journalists' requests took up more of officials' time than businesses' and individuals' requests.[citation needed] The Act cost £35.5 million in 2005.[5]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 The white paper
1.2 Parliamentary debate
2 Act
2.1 Applicability
2.1.1 Public authorities
2.1.1.1 Hybrid public authorities
2.1.2 Publicly owned companies
2.1.3 Designated bodies
2.2 Right of Access
2.3 Exemptions
2.3.1 Absolute exemptions
2.3.2 Qualified exemptions
2.3.2.1 Class-based exemptions
2.3.2.2 Harm-based exemptions
2.4 Refusing requests
2.4.1 Vexatious requests
2.5 Implementing the act
2.6 Unusual features
3 Reception
4 Facts revealed by the act
5 Amendment bill
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
The act implements what was a manifesto commitment of the Labour Party in the 1997 general election. Before its introduction, there had been no right of access to government by the general public, merely a limited voluntary framework for sharing information.
The white paper[edit]
The act was preceded by a 1998 White paper, Your Right to Know, by Dr David Clark. The White paper was met with widespread enthusiasm,[6] and was described at the time as being "almost too good to be true" by one advocate of freedom of information legislation. The final act was substantially more limited in scope than the initial white paper.[7]
Parliamentary debate[edit]
A draft Bill was published in May 1999; the Bill was extensively debated in the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and received royal assent in November 2000.
Act[edit]
Applicability[edit]
The Freedom of Information Act creates a statutory right for access to information in relation to bodies that exercise functions of a public nature, three different kinds of bodies are covered under the act. Public Authorities, publicly owned companies and designated bodies performing public functions.
Public authorities[edit]
In principle, the freedom of information act applies to all "public authorities" within the United Kingdom, a full list of "public authorities" for the purposes of the act is included in Schedule 1. Government departments, the Houses of Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Welsh Assembly, the armed forces, local government bodies, National Health Service bodies, schools, colleges and universities, police authorities and Chief Officers of Police are included within this list, which ranges from the Farm Animal Welfare Council to the Youth Council for Northern Ireland. A few government departments are expressly excluded from the scope of the act, principally Intelligence services.
As government departments are closed and created, the act must be continually updated. s4 of the Act empowers the Secretary of State for constitutional affairs to add a body or officeholder to Schedule 1 as a public authority if they are created statute or prerogative; and its members are appointed by the government.[8]
Hybrid public authorities[edit]
It is important to note that for some public authorities listed under Schedule 1, the act has limited effect. For example, the BBC is subject to the act only for information which is not held for the purposes of journalism, art or literature, to prevent its journalistic activities from possible compromise. The scope of this provision was considered in the recent High Court decision of BBC v Sugar an internal BBC document examining the BBC coverage of the Middle East for potential bias. The appellants in that case argued that the document had been produced for both operational and journalistic reasons, and so should not be covered by the partial exemption provided in the act. The High Court rejected this argument; Mr Justice Irwin considered that the meaning of journalism within the act meant that any information held for such purposes was covered by the exemption:
My conclusion is that the words in the Schedule mean the BBC has no obligation to disclose information which they hold to any significant extent for the purposes of journalism, art or literature, whether or not the information is also held for other purposes. The words do not mean that the information is disclosable if it is held for purposes distinct from journalism, art or literature, whilst it is also held to any significant extent for those listed purposes. If the information is held for mixed purposes, including to any significant extent the purposes listed in the Schedule or one of them, then the information is not disclosable.
A 4:1 majority (Lord Wilson dissenting) of the Supreme Court upheld this decision, stating that the disclosure of any information held for the purposes of journalism, art or literature was to be excluded - even if the information was predominantly held for other purposes.
Publicly owned companies[edit]
Companies that fall within the definition of a publicly owned company under s6 of the Act automatically fall within its grasp. S6 provides that a company is publicly owned if:
(a) it is wholly owned by the Crown, or
(b) it is wholly owned by any public authority listed in Schedule 1 other than
(i) a government department, or
(ii) any authority which is listed only in relation to particular information.
Designated bodies[edit]
Under s5 of the act the Secretary of State may designate further bodies as public authorities under the act, provided that those bodies are exercising a function of a public nature or contracting to provide a service whose provision is a function of a public authority.[9] The first order under section 5 (in November 2011) extended the list of public authorities to also include the Association of Chief Police Officers, the Financial Ombudsman Service and UCAS.[10]
Right of Access[edit]
The act creates a general right of access, on request, to information held by public authorities. On receipt of a freedom of information claim a public authority has two corresponding duties. First, a duty to inform a member of the public whether or not it holds the information requested (s1(1)(a)), and second, if it does hold that information, to communicate it to the person making that request (s1(1)(b)). As the corollary to this, the Act thus grants the equivalent rights to a confirmation or denial and communication of relevant information to an individual making a request under the act. The basic duty is supplemented by an additional duty to aid individuals in making requests and ensuring that they frame their FOI requests appropriately. (s.16(1))
However, there are numerous exemptions. Some of these are absolute bars to disclosure; some are qualified, which means the public authority has to decide whether the public interest in disclosing the relevant information outweighs the public interest in maintaining the exemption. An applicant for information who considers that a request has been wrongly rejected may apply to the Information Commissioner, who has the power to order disclosure. However, such orders can be appealed to a specialist tribunal (the Information Tribunal) and in some circumstances the Government has the power to override orders of the Information Commissioner.
Any person can request information under the act; this includes legal entities such as companies. There is no special format for a request. Applicants do not need to mention the Act when making a request. Applicants do not have to give a reason for their request.
Exemptions[edit]
Although the Act covers a wide range of government information, the act contains a variety of provisions that provide for the exemption from disclosure of certain types of information. The act contains two forms of exemption. "Absolute" exemptions that are not subject to any public interest assessment, they act as absolute bars to the disclosure of information and "qualified" exemptions where a public interest test must be made, balancing the public interest in maintaining the exemption against the public interest in disclosing the information. The original Freedom of Information White Paper proposed only seven such exemptions,[citation needed] but the final Bill included 24.
Absolute exemptions[edit]
Exemptions designated "absolute exemptions" have no public interest test attached. The act contains eight such exemptions:
Information that is accessible by other means (s.21)
Information belonging to security services (s.23)
Information contained in court records (s.32)
Where disclosure of the information would infringe parliamentary privilege (s.34)
Information held by the House of Commons or the House of Lords, where disclosure would prejudice the effective conduct of public affairs (s.36). (Information that is not held by the Commons or Lords falling under s.36 is subject to the public interest test)
Information which (a) the applicant could obtain under the Data Protection Act 1998; or (b) where release would breach the data protection principles. (s.40)
Information provided in confidence (s.41)
When disclosing the information is prohibited by an enactment; incompatible with a European Union obligation; or would commit a contempt of court (s.44)
Qualified exemptions[edit]
If information falls within a qualified exemption, it must be subject to a public interest test. Thus, a decision on the application of a qualified exemption operates in two stages. First, a public authority must determine whether or not information is covered by an exemption and then, even if it is covered, the authority must disclose the information unless the application of a public interest test indicated that the public interest favours non-disclosure. Qualified exemptions can be sub-divided into two further categories: class-based exemptions covering information in particular classes, and harm-based exemptions covering situation where disclosure of information would be liable to cause harm.
Class-based exemptions[edit]
Information intended for future publication (s.22)
Information which does not fall within s. 23(1) is exempt if required for the purpose of safeguarding national security (s.24)
Information held for purposes of investigations and proceedings conducted by public authorities (s.30)
Information relating to the formation of government policy, ministerial communications, advice from government legal officers, and the operation of any ministerial private office (s.35)
Information that relates to communications with members of the Royal family, and conferring honours (s.37)
Prevents overlap between FoI Act and regulations requiring disclosure of environmental information (s.39)
Information covered by professional legal privilege (s.42)
Trade secrets (s.43(1))
Harm-based exemptions[edit]
Under these exemptions the exemption applies (subject to the public interest test) if complying with the duty under s.1 would or would be likely to:
Prejudice defence or the capability, effectiveness or security of any relevant forces (s.26)
Prejudice international relations (s.27)
Prejudice relations between any administration in the United Kingdom and any other such administration (s.28)
Prejudice the economic interests of the UK (s.29)
Prejudice law enforcement (e.g., prevention of crime or administration of justice, etc.) (s.31)
Prejudice the auditing functions of any public authorities (s.33)
In the reasonable opinion of a qualified person: prejudice the effective conduct of public affairs; prejudice collective responsibility; or inhibit the free and frank provision of advice or exchange of views (s.36)
Endanger physical or mental health, or endanger the safety of the individual (s.38)
Prejudice commercial interests (s.43(2))
Refusing requests[edit]
Vexatious requests[edit]
A public authority is not obliged to comply with a request for information if the request is vexatious.(s14(1)) A request is considered vexatious if it is ‘obsessive or manifestly unreasonable’, harasses the authority or causes distress to its staff, imposes a significant burden, or if the request lacks any serious value.[11]
Implementing the act[edit]
The Act affects over 100,000 public bodies including government departments, schools and councils. The Act came into force in phases, with the final "general right of access" to public information under the Act coming into force on 1 January 2005.[3][12] As well as the "general right of access", the Act places a duty on public authorities to adopt and maintain pro-active "publication schemes" for the routine release of important information (such as annual reports and accounts). These publication schemes must be approved by the Information Commissioner. In general, public authorities have 20 working days to respond to an information request, though this deadline can be extended in certain cases and/or with the agreement of the requester. Under the Act, public authorities are encouraged to enter into a dialogue with the requester to better determine the information they want, and the format they want it in - in itself, a change in the way UK authorities interact with the public. Requests can be refused if they cost more than £600, including time spent searching for files.[5] The UK Government established the Access to Information Central Clearing House in order to ensure consistency across Central Government in the way requests are handled.
Unusual features[edit]
Three features of the UK Freedom of Information Act deserve special mention, as they differ from the position in many other countries.
Requests by individuals for access to their own personal information are dealt with outside the act for most practical purposes. They are dealt with under the Data Protection Act 1998 once it has been determined that the exemption for first party personal data is engaged, although some key provisions remain applicable e.g. the right of complaint to the Information Commissioner.
Requests for information about matters concerning the environment are dealt with by the Environmental Information Regulations 2004. Those regulations, while similar to the FOIA, do differ in a number of ways.
There is no procedure whereby third parties can challenge a decision by a public authority to disclose information: for instance, if a commercial organisation provides information to a public authority, and the authority discloses that information in response to an FOI Act request, the commercial organisation has no right of appeal against that decision. By contrast, "reverse FOI" applications of this type are common in the U.S.
Reception[edit]
At the time of the passing of the Act, advocates of freedom of information legislation were critical of the bill for its complexity, limited scope and the inclusion of a ministerial veto. Lord Mackay criticised the bill in the House of Lords as "toothless" for its inclusion of a provisions allowing ministers to veto applications.[13]
By contrast, the former prime minister (Tony Blair) responsible for passing the Act regards it as "One of the biggest mistakes of his career". He says that "For political leaders, it's like saying to someone who is hitting you over the head with a stick, 'Hey, try this instead', and handing them a mallet. The information is neither sought because the journalist is curious to know, nor given to bestow knowledge on 'the people'. It's used as a weapon."[14] Labour peer Lord Falconer has criticised the use of the act by journalists for "fishing expeditions" into salacious stories, arguing that "FoI is not for press[,] it is for the people. It needs to be properly used in order to promote good Government. Information needs to be handled responsibly, and I strongly believe that there is a duty of responsibility on behalf of the media as well."[15]
In the article Freedom of Information: A sheep in wolf's clothing? Rodney Austin offers the following criticisms of the substance of the Act:
The range of exemptions is wider than for any other freedom of information act existing in a democratic state.
The obligations to establish publication schemes were diluted meaning that there is no duty to publish information of any specified type.
There is a ministerial veto which undermines the Act. This has been used five times: the first time to stop publication of minutes of cabinet meetings relating to the invasion of Iraq,[16] the second and third time by successive governments to stop publication of cabinet meetings relating to discussions regarding devolution,[17][18] the fourth to stop publication of a risk register on NHS overhaul in England,[19] and the fifth to stop publication of private letters Charles, Prince of Wales sent to a number of government departments.[20]
The legislation has also been criticised for "loopholes" that allow authorities to avoid disclosing information in certain situations. Companies owned by one public authority are generally subject to the Act but companies owned by two or more public authorities are not covered.[21][22]
Facts revealed by the act[edit]
Facts that have been brought to light by this Act include:
The Government agreed to a £1.5 million bailout of one of the most troubled schools in its flagship academies programme ten days before the 2005 general election.[23]
Ministers and MPs claimed thousands of pounds on taxis as part of £5.9 million in expenses for travel.[23]
Foreign diplomats – who have diplomatic immunity – were accused of rapes, sexual assaults, child abuse and murders while working in Britain.[23]
Seventy-four police officers serving with the Metropolitan Police have criminal records.[23]
A clandestine British torture programme existed in post-war Germany, “reminiscent of the concentration camps”.[23]
The UK supported the Israeli nuclear weapons program, by selling Israel 20 tonnes of heavy water in 1958.[24]
The NHS has made available Implanon implants to girls from the age of 13 in an attempt to cut teenage pregnancies.[23]
Amendment bill[edit]
Main article: Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill
The Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill was a private member's bill introduced to the British House of Commons in 2007 which failed to become law. Conservative MP David Maclean introduced the bill to ensure that MPs' correspondence was exempt from freedom of information laws. The then leader of the Liberal Democrats, Sir Menzies Campbell, said there should not "be one law for MPs and a different law for everyone else" and that the Bill might make it appear as though "Parliament has something to hide".[25] However, this failed to pass the first reading in the House of Lords.
Further to this, Lord Falconer made comments suggesting that time spent deciding whether or not information fell under an exemption clause should be included in the £600 cost limit. Consultation was carried out, with the government saying the change would cut costs and discourage requests for trivial information,[26] although critics said that it was to keep embarrassing information secret.[5][27][28]
See also[edit]
Campaign for Freedom of Information
Thirty year rule
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Freedom of Information Act 2000, Section 87
Jump up ^ "The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2001". Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice. 30 April 2001. pp. SI 2004 No. 1909 (C.81). Retrieved 7 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004". Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice. 26 November 2004. pp. SI 2004 No. 3122 (C. 131). Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Independent Review of the impact of the Freedom of Information Act: A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE DEPARTMENT FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS", Frontier Economics Ltd, October 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Every expense spared", The Economist, 19 December 2006, Number 8532, page 46. Retrieved on 20 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Freedom of Information Act 2000". The Guardian. London. 18 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Hazel, Robert. "Commentary on: the Freedom of Information White Paper Your Right to Know (Cm 3818)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Section 4". Freedom of Information Act 2000.
Jump up ^ A4ID's legal guide on FOI (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013, retrieved 19 August 2013
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Information Commissioner's guidance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004". Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice. 20 July 2004. pp. SI 2004 No. 1909 (C.81). Retrieved 7 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "A-Z of legislation: Freedom of Information Act 2000". The Guardian. London. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Kettle, Martin (1 September 2010). "World exclusive Tony Blair interview". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lord Williams of Mostyn Memorial Lecture". Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Freedom of Information Act 2000: 24 Feb 2009: House of Commons debates - TheyWorkForYou".
Jump up ^ "Cabinet minutes 'to stay secret'". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Attorney General blocks release of devolution papers". The Scotsman. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ministers block release of NHS risk register". BBC News. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Attorney general vetoes Prince Charles letters publication". BBC News. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Help Close Freedom of Information Act Loophole / mySociety".
Jump up ^ "Freedom Of Information And Companies Owned By Two Or More Public Authorities (EDM589)".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "59 things that would have stayed secret", The Times, 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009 (accessed 1 May 2016).
Jump up ^ "UK helped Israel get nuclear bomb". BBC. 4 August 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Blair 'no comment' on info bill", BBC, 25 April 2007. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Bid to put off info time-wasters", BBC, 24 May 2007. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Change 'will weaken' openness law", BBC, 17 October 2006. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ministers to limit openness law", BBC, 14 December 2006. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Further reading[edit]
The Law of Freedom of Information (MacDonald, Jones et al.: OUP 2003)
Information Rights (Coppel at al.: Sweet and Maxwell 2004)
Your Right To Know (Brooke, H.: Pluto Press 2006)
External links[edit]
Text of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk .
Information Commissioner's Office
Freedom of Information Act Blog (maintained by Steve Wood, Lecturer at Liverpool John Moores University)
Freedom of Information Journal
House of Commons Library Article (An analysis of the implementation of the Freedom of Information Act)
Open Government: a Journal on Freedom of Information. Open access e-journal with peer-reviewed research and commentary on FOI worldwide
WhatDoTheyKnow.com - a web-based system for making and publishing Freedom of Information requests, maintained by mySociety
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The Jacksons: An American Dream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Jacksons: An American Dream
The DVD cover for the miniseries.
Written by
Joyce Eliason
Directed by
Karen Arthur
Starring
Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs
Angela Bassett
Holly Robinson Peete
Margaret Avery
Alex Burrall
Jermaine Jackson, Jr.
Bumper Robinson
Floyd Meyers Jr.
Monica Calhoun
Jason Weaver
Angel Vargas
Terrence Howard
Vanessa L. Williams
Billy Dee Williams
Wylie Draper
Colin Steele
Theme music composer
Harold Wheeler
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
2
Production
Producer(s)
Suzanne de Passe
Joyce Eliason
Jermaine Jackson
Margaret Maldonado
Stan Marguiles
Running time
240 min.
Distributor
The Stan Marguiles Company
KJ Films
de Passe Entertainment
Motown Productions
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
November 15 – November 18, 1992
The Jacksons: An American Dream is a four-hour American miniseries broadcast in two halves on ABC and originally broadcast on November 15 through November 18, 1992.[1] It is based upon the history of the Jackson family, one of the most successful musical families in show business, and the early and successful years of the popular Motown group The Jackson 5.
The miniseries was executive produced by Suzanne de Passe and Stan Marguiles, produced by Joyce Eliason, Jermaine Jackson and Margaret Maldonado and directed by Karen Arthur. The movie was filmed in Los Angeles and Pittsburgh, where director Arthur had previously filmed her feature film Lady Beware.
The Jacksons: An American Dream is based on Katherine Jackson's My Family autobiography. A critical and commercial success, the program won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Choreography. The title alludes to the iconic concept of the 'American Dream'.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Historical inaccuracies
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Track listing
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
The miniseries stars Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs as the Jacksons' patriarch Joseph Jackson, Angela Bassett as the family matriarch Katherine Jackson, Alex Burrall, Jason Weaver and Wylie Draper played Michael Jackson in different eras, while Bumper Robinson and Terrence Howard played Jackie Jackson in different eras, Shakiem Jamar Evans and Angel Vargas played Tito Jackson, Margaret Avery as Katherine's mother Martha Scruse, Holly Robinson Peete as Diana Ross, Billy Dee Williams as Berry Gordy and Vanessa L. Williams as Suzanne de Passe. The opening titles of the film shows footage of the real Jacksons rehearsing, performing on stage, a few clips from the "Can You Feel It" music video, album covers, magazine covers and pictures of the family. The film is mostly based on the autobiography written by Katherine Jackson, who issued the 1990 autobiography, My Family. Part one of the film was based on how Joseph and Katherine managed to raise their children, first in Gary, Indiana, then later dealing with The Jackson 5's early fame and its consequences. Part two of the film is based on the struggles of young Michael Jackson as he deals with his brothers marrying early into The Jackson 5 success, his problems with acne as a teenager, his eventual solo superstardom based on the success of his albums Off the Wall and Thriller and his legendary Motown 25 performance of "Billie Jean" as well as his difficult relationship with his father.
Michael Jackson’s voice is heard on: "Beat It," "Human Nature," "Billie Jean," "I Want You Back," "I Wanna Be Where You Are," "I'll Be There," "Rockin' Robin," "ABC," and "Dancing Machine." On all other songs, the Michael Jackson vocal part is performed by Anthony Harrell, Jason Weaver or Kipp Lennon.
Cast[edit]
Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs - Joseph Jackson
Angela Bassett - Katherine Jackson
Holly Robinson Peete - Diana Ross
Margaret Avery - Martha Scruse
Billy Dee Williams - Berry Gordy
Vanessa Williams - Suzanne de Passe
Wylie Draper - Michael Jackson
Abolade David Olatunde - Michael Jackson (baby)
Alex Burrall - Michael Jackson (ages 6–8)
Jason Weaver - Michael Jackson (ages 9–14)
Colin Steele - Jermaine Jackson
Jermaine Jackson II - Jermaine Jackson (ages 10–17)
Terrence Howard - Jackie Jackson
Bumper Robinson - Jackie Jackson (ages 12–16)
Monica Calhoun - Rebbie Jackson
Ebonie Smith - La Toya Jackson
Kelli Martin - La Toya Jackson (ages 8–10)
Angel Vargas - Tito Jackson
Shakiem Jamar Evans - Tito Jackson (ages 11–15)
Maya Nicole Johnson - Janet Jackson
Monica Allison - Hazel Gordy
Robert Redcross - Randy Jackson
Nicolas Phillips - Randy Jackson (age 7-9)
Marcus Maurice - Marlon Jackson
Floyd Myers, Jr. - Marlon Jackson (age 7-9)
Jacen Wilkerson - Marlon Jackson (ages 10–15)
Historical inaccuracies[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
The group is shown making a record of Wilbert Harrison's "Kansas City". "Kansas City" was never covered by the Jackson 5, although the band did multiple covers of early hits.
In the Motown audition scene, Berry Gordy was not actually in attendance. Instead, the audition was videotaped and shown to Gordy at a later time.[2]
The Jacksons are shown getting an audition for Motown due to winning a talent show at the Apollo Theatre, and Joseph is touting it as their first signing. In actuality, the group's first recording contract was offered by Steeltown Records, a smaller agency based in their native Gary, Indiana, in 1967. The group had done one audition for Motown and was rejected. Following their moderate success with a couple of single tracks in Steeltown, the Jackson 5 felt confident enough to audition a second time for Motown, after which they were signed. In the film, prior to the Motown debut, Michael is seen in a recording studio, which may have been reference to their early career with Steeltown Records.
In the scene where Michael is seen shooting for the Pepsi commercial which caused his scalp to catch fire, it shows his body rolling down the stairs. In fact he actually walked down the stairs with his hair on fire and later realized and did a one rotation spin (not the usual spin move he did) and shaking his head wildly from the pain.
The film's depiction of Michael performing "Billie Jean" at the Motown 25 television special, has Jackson wearing his trademark white glove on his right hand. In reality, Michael wore it on his left hand that night. The style of the film's glove is also notably different, compared to the factual one.
When Michael was born it says he was born in 1959 and in real life was born in 1958.
Reception[edit]
The Jacksons: An American Dream became one of the most popular and successful music-biography miniseries of the 1990s. Part 1 of the miniseries was the third highest-rated program broadcast during the week of November 9–15 with a 21.1 rating.[3] Part 2 of the miniseries was watched by 38.4 million viewers[4] in 22.3 million households[5] becoming the highest-rated program broadcast during the week of November 16–22[5] posting a 23.9 rating, and 36 share.[4] Overall, the miniseries was watched in 38.3 million households and posted a 22.3 rating and 33 share.[6]
The series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Choreography, and was also nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Special, Outstanding Miniseries, and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Miniseries or a Special.
Bumper Robinson won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Television Movie, and Alex Burrall and Jason Weaver both won a special award for Outstanding Young Performers Starring in a Mini-Series. The miniseries was later rebroadcast on VH1 and released to VHS and DVD. The DVD version of the miniseries was released as a two-disc set. The first disc was named "The Early Years" and the second disc was named "The Success Years". In 2004, VH1 would produce Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story, which picked up Michael's life from the end of The Jacksons to the present, which at the time included him standing trial on charges of child molestation.
The miniseries aired frequently after the death of Michael Jackson. It has been shown on TV One, BET, Centric and VH1. It is followed by Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story.
Soundtrack[edit]
The Jacksons: An American Dream
Soundtrack album by The Jackson 5
Released
September 29, 1992
Recorded
1992
Genre
Soul, Funk
Length
37:51
Label
Motown
The Jackson 5 chronology
2300 Jackson Street
(1989)2300 Jackson Street1989 "The Jacksons: An American Dream"
(1992) Soulsation!
(1995)Soulsation!1995
Singles from The Jacksons: An American Dream
Track listing[edit]
All songs performed by the Jackson 5 except where noted
"Who's Lovin' You" [Live] - 5:39
Recorded live in Gary, Indiana, May 29, 1971
"Kansas City" (Jason Weaver) - 2:19
"I'll Be There" (Originally on Third Album)- 3:56
"In the Still of the Night" (Boyz II Men) - 2:51
"Walk on/The Love You Save" [Live] - 6:05
Recorded live in Gary, Indiana, May 29, 1971
"I Wanna Be Where You Are" (Jason Weaver) - 4:21
"Dancing Machine" (Originally on G.I.T.: Get It Together) - 3:17
"The Dream Goes On" (Jermaine Jackson) - 3:50
"I Want You Back/ABC" [Live] - 3:23
Recorded live at the Forum, Los Angeles. August 26, 1972 (Later issued in its entirety on Live at the Forum in 2010)
"Stay With Love" (Jermaine Jackson and Syreeta) - 4:19
"Never Can Say Goodbye" (Originally on Maybe Tomorrow)- 2:59
"You Are the Ones (Interlude)" (3T) - 1:51
"Dancing Machine [Remix]" - 3:43
Other songs done in the film but not put on the track:
"Climb Every Mountain"
"Money (That's What I Want)"
"Baby I Need Your Loving"
"Where Did Our Love Go"
"Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit"
"Beat It"
See also[edit]
The Jackson Family portal
Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Faye B. (November 14, 1992). "Highlights". The Tuscaloosa News. p. 6A. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Motown's Gordy On Discovering Jackson". CBS News.
Jump up ^ "ABC posts third straight ratings win". The Modesto Bee. November 19, 1992. p. F5. Retrieved 2010-03-01. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Carmody, John (November 20, 1992). "THE TV COLUMN". The Washington Post. p. c.06. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "ABC's 'The Jacksons' finales holds top spot". Daily News. November 27, 1992. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Jump up ^ Grahnke, Lon (November 27, 1992). "Highlights". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 6A. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
External links[edit]
The Jacksons: An American Dream at AllMovie
The Jacksons: An American Dream on IMDb
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ABC (medicine)
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Opening the airway with a head tilt-chin lift maneuver
Looking, listening and feeling for breathing
Perform chest compressions to support circulation in those who are non-responsive without meaningful breaths
ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation.[1] The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first-aid to hospital medical treatment.[2] Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional "D" step for Disability or Defibrillation).
In 2010, the American Heart Association and International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation changed the recommended order of CPR interventions for most cases of cardiac arrest to chest compressions, airway, breathing or CAB.[3]:S642[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Importance
3 Simple application for CPR
4 Airway
4.1 Unconscious patients
4.2 Conscious patients
5 Breathing
5.1 Unconscious patients
5.2 Conscious or breathing patients
6 Circulation
6.1 Non-breathing patients
6.2 Breathing patients
7 Variations
7.1 DR ABC
7.2 DRsABC
7.3 ABCD
7.4 ABCDE
7.5 ABCDEF
7.6 ABCDEFG
7.7 AcBC
7.8 CABC
7.9 MARCH
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The 'ABC' method of remembering the correct protocol for CPR is almost as old as the procedure itself, and is an important part of the history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Throughout history, a variety of differing methods of resuscitation had been attempted and documented, although most yielded very poor outcomes.[5] In 1957, Peter Safar[6] wrote the book ABC of Resuscitation,[1] which established the basis for mass training of CPR.[7] This new concept was distributed in a 1962 training video called "The Pulse of Life" created by James Jude,[8] Guy Knickerbocker and Peter Safar. Jude and Knickerbocker, along with William Kouwenhouen[9] developed the method of external chest compressions, while Safar worked with James Elam to prove the effectiveness of artificial respiration.[10] Their combined findings were presented at annual Maryland Medical Society meeting on September 16, 1960, in Ocean City, and gained rapid and widespread acceptance over the following decade, helped by the video and speaking tour the men undertook. The ABC system for CPR training was later adopted by the American Heart Association, which promulgated standards for CPR in 1973.
As of 2010, the American Heart Association chose to focus CPR on reducing interruptions to compressions, and has changed the order in its guidelines to Circulation, Airway, Breathing (CAB).[11]
Importance[edit]
At all levels of care, the ABC protocol exists to remind the person delivering treatment of the importance of airway, breathing, and circulation to the maintenance of a patient's life. These three issues are paramount in any treatment, in that the loss (or loss of control of) any one of these items will rapidly lead to the patient's death. The three objectives are so important to successful patient care that they form the foundation of training for not only first aid providers but also participants in many advanced medical training programs.[12][13][14][15][16]
Hypoxia, the result of insufficient oxygen in the blood, is a potentially deadly condition and one of the leading causes of cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is the ultimate cause of clinical death for all animals[17] (although with advanced intervention, such as cardiopulmonary bypass a cardiac arrest may not necessarily lead to death), and it is linked to an absence of circulation in the body, for any one of a number of reasons. For this reason, maintaining circulation is vital to moving oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide out of the body.
Airway, breathing, and circulation, therefore work in a cascade; if the patient's airway is blocked, breathing will not be possible, and oxygen cannot reach the lungs and be transported around the body in the blood, which will result in hypoxia and cardiac arrest. Ensuring a clear airway is therefore the first step in treating any patient; once it is established that a patient's airway is clear, rescuers must evaluate a patient's breathing, as many other things besides a blockage of the airway could lead to an absence of breathing.
Simple application for CPR[edit]
The basic application of the ABC principle is in first aid, and is used in cases of unconscious patients to start treatment and assess the need for, and then potentially deliver, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
In this simple usage, the rescuer is required to open the airway (using a technique such as "head tilt - chin lift"), then check for normal breathing.[18] These two steps should provide the initial assessment of whether the patient will require CPR or not.
In the event that the patient is not breathing normally, the current international guidelines (set by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation or ILCOR) indicate that chest compressions should be started.
Previously, the guidelines indicated that a pulse check should be performed after the breathing was assessed, and this made up the 'circulation' part of the initialism, but this pulse check is no longer recommended for lay rescuers. Some trainers continue to use 'circulation' as the label for the third step in the process, since performing chest compressions is effectively artificial circulation, and when assessing patients who are breathing, assessing 'circulation' is still important. However, some trainers now use the C to mean 'Compressions' in their basic first aid training.
Airway[edit]
Main article: airway management
Unconscious patients[edit]
In the unconscious patient, the priority is airway management, to avoid a preventable cause of hypoxia. Common problems with the airway of patient with a seriously reduced level of consciousness involve blockage of the pharynx by the tongue, a foreign body, or vomit.
At a basic level, opening of the airway is achieved through manual movement of the head using various techniques, with the most widely taught and used being the "head tilt — chin lift", although other methods such as the "modified jaw thrust" can be used, especially where spinal injury is suspected,[19] although in some countries, its use is not recommended for lay rescuers for safety reasons.[18]
Higher level practitioners such as emergency medical service personnel may use more advanced techniques, from oropharyngeal airways to intubation, as deemed necessary.[20]
Conscious patients[edit]
In the conscious patient, other signs of airway obstruction that may be considered by the rescuer include paradoxical chest movements, use of accessory muscles for breathing, tracheal deviation, noisy air entry or exit, and cyanosis.[21]
Breathing[edit]
Unconscious patients[edit]
In the unconscious patient, after the airway is opened the next area to assess is the patient's breathing,[18] primarily to find if the patient is making normal respiratory efforts. Normal breathing rates are between 12 and 20 breaths per minute,[21] and if a patient is breathing below the minimum rate, then in current ILCOR basic life support protocols, CPR should be considered, although professional rescuers may have their own protocols to follow, such as artificial respiration.
Rescuers are often warned against mistaking agonal breathing, which is a series of noisy gasps occurring in around 40% of cardiac arrest victims, for normal breathing.[18]
If a patient is breathing, then the rescuer will continue with the treatment indicated for an unconscious but breathing patient, which may include interventions such as the recovery position and summoning an ambulance.[22]
Conscious or breathing patients[edit]
In a conscious patient, or where a pulse and breathing are clearly present, the care provider will initially be looking to diagnose immediately life-threatening conditions such as severe asthma, pulmonary oedema or haemothorax.[21] Depending on skill level of the rescuer, this may involve steps such as:[21]
Checking for general respiratory distress, such as use of accessory muscles to breathe, abdominal breathing, position of the patient, sweating, or cyanosis
Checking the respiratory rate, depth and rhythm - Normal breathing is between 12 and 20 in a healthy patient, with a regular pattern and depth. If any of these deviate from normal, this may indicate an underlying problem (such as with Cheyne-Stokes respiration)
Chest deformity and movement - The chest should rise and fall equally on both sides, and should be free of deformity. Clinicians may be able to get a working diagnosis from abnormal movement or shape of the chest in cases such as pneumothorax or haemothorax
Listening to external breath sounds a short distance from the patient can reveal dysfunction such as a rattling noise (indicative of secretions in the airway) or stridor (which indicates airway obstruction)
Checking for surgical emphysema which is air in the subcutaneous layer which is suggestive of a pneumothorax
Auscultation and percussion of the chest by using a stethoscope to listen for normal chest sounds or any abnormalities
Pulse oximetry may be useful in assessing the amount of oxygen present in the blood, and by inference the effectiveness of the breathing
Circulation[edit]
Once oxygen can be delivered to the lungs by a clear airway and efficient breathing, there needs to be a circulation to deliver it to the rest of the body.
Non-breathing patients[edit]
Circulation is the original meaning of the "C" as laid down by Jude, Knickerbocker & Safar, and was intended to suggest assessing the presence or absence of circulation, usually by taking a carotid pulse, before taking any further treatment steps.
In modern protocols for lay persons, this step is omitted as it has been proven that lay rescuers may have difficulty in accurately determining the presence or absence of a pulse, and that, in any case, there is less risk of harm by performing chest compressions on a beating heart than failing to perform them when the heart is not beating.[23] For this reason, lay rescuers proceed directly to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, starting with chest compressions, which is effectively artificial circulation. In order to simplify the teaching of this to some groups, especially at a basic first aid level, the C for Circulation is changed for meaning CPR or Compressions.[24][25][26]
It should be remembered, however, that health care professionals will often still include a pulse check in their ABC check, and may involve additional steps such as an immediate ECG when cardiac arrest is suspected, in order to assess heart rhythm.
Breathing patients[edit]
In patients who are breathing, there is the opportunity to undertake further diagnosis and, depending on the skill level of the attending rescuer, a number of assessment options are available, including:
Observation of colour and temperature of hands and fingers where cold, blue, pink, pale, or mottled extremities can be indicative of poor circulation
Capillary refill is an assessment of the effective working of the capillaries, and involves applying cutaneous pressure to an area of skin to force blood from the area, and counting the time until return of blood. This can be performed peripherally, usually on a fingernail bed, or centrally, usually on the sternum or forehead
Pulse checks, both centrally and peripherally, assessing rate (normally 60-80 beats per minute in a resting adult), regularity, strength, and equality between different pulses
Blood pressure measurements can be taken to assess for signs of shock
Auscultation of the heart can be undertaken by medical professionals
Observation for secondary signs of circulatory failure such as oedema or frothing from the mouth (indicative of congestive heart failure)
ECG monitoring will allow the healthcare professional to help diagnose underlying heart conditions, including myocardial infarctions
Variations[edit]
Nearly all first aid organisations use "ABC" in some form, but some incorporate it as part of a larger initialism, ranging from the simple 'ABCD' (designed for training lay responders in defibrillation) to 'AcBCDEEEFG'[citation needed] (the UK ambulance service version for patient assessment).
DR ABC[edit]
One of the most widely used adaptations is the addition of "DR" in front of "ABC", which stands for Danger and Response.[27] This refers to the guiding principle in first aid to protect yourself before attempting to help others, and then ascertaining that the patient is unresponsive before attempting to treat them, using systems such as AVPU or the Glasgow Coma Score. As the original initialism was devised for in-hospital use, this was not part of the original protocol.[28]
In some areas, the related SR ABC is used, with the S to mean Safety.[26]
DRsABC[edit]
A modification to DRABC is that when there is no response from the patient, the rescuer is told to send (or shout) for help' [29][30]
ABCD[edit]
There are several protocols taught which add a D to the end of the simpler ABC (or DR ABC). This may stand for different things, depending on what the trainer is trying to teach, and at what level.[31] It can stand for:
Defibrillation[32] — The definitive treatment step for cardiac arrest
Disability, deformity, or Dysfunction[2][33] — Disabilities or deformities caused by the injury, not pre-existing conditions
Deadly Bleeding[34][35]
(Differential) Diagnosis[36]
Decompression[37]
ABCDE[edit]
Additionally, some protocols call for an 'E' step to patient assessment. All protocols that use 'E' steps diverge from looking after basic life support at that point, and begin looking for underlying causes.[38] In some protocols, there can be up to 3 E's used. E can stand for:
Expose and Examine[2][33] — Predominantly for ambulance-level practitioners, where it is important to remove clothing and other obstructions in order to assess wounds.
Environment[39][40] — only after assessing ABCD does the responder deal with environmentally related symptoms or conditions, such as cold and lightning.
Escaping Air — Checking for air escaping, such as through a sucking chest wound, which could lead to a collapsed lung.
Elimination[37]
Evaluate — Is the patient "time-critical" and/or does the rescuer need further assistance.
ABCDEF[edit]
An 'F' in the protocol can stand for:
Fundus — relating to pregnancy, it is a reminder for crews to check if a female is pregnant, and if she is, how far progressed she is (the position of the fundus in relation to the bellybutton gives a ready reckoning guide).[41]
Family (in France) — indicates that rescuers must also deal with the witnesses and the family, who may be able to give precious information about the accident or the health of the patient, or may present a problem for the rescuer.
Fluids[37] — A check for obvious fluids (blood, cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) etc.)
Fluid resuscitation[40]
Final Steps[42] — Consulting the nearest definitive care facility
ABCDEFG[edit]
A 'G' in the protocol can stand for
Go Quickly! — A reminder to ensure all assessments and on-scene treatments are completed with speed, in order to get the patient to hospital within the Golden Hour
Glucose — The professional rescuer may choose to perform a blood glucose test, and this can form the 'G' or alternately, the 'DEFG' can stand for "Don't Ever Forget Glucose"[43][44]
AcBC[edit]
Some trainers and protocols use an additional (small) 'c' in between the A and B, standing for 'cervical spine' or 'consider C-spine'.[45] This is a reminder to be aware of potential neck injuries to a patient, as opening the airway may cause further damage unless a special technique is used.
CABC[edit]
The military frequently use a CABC approach, where the first C stands for "catastrophic haemorrhage". Violent trauma cases indicate that major blood loss will kill a casualty before an airway obstruction, so measures to prevent hypovolemic shock should occur first.[46] This is often accomplished by immediately applying a tourniquet to the affected limb.
MARCH[edit]
An expansion on CABC that accounts for the significantly increased risk of hypothermia by a patient due to hypovolemia and the body's subsequent cold weather-like reaction.
Massive Haemorrhage
Airway
Respiratory
Circulation
Head injury/Hypothermia
See also[edit]
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Artificial respiration
Recovery position
First aid
References[edit]
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