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Sargasso Sea
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Not to be confused with Saragossa.
For other uses, see Sargasso Sea (disambiguation).
The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the Gulf Stream on the west, the North Atlantic Current on the north, the Canary Current on the east, and the North Equatorial Current on the south.
The Sargasso Sea (/sɑːrˈɡæsoʊ/) is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre.[1] Unlike all other regions called seas, it has no land boundaries.[2][3][4] It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown Sargassum seaweed and often calm blue water.[1]
The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre. It lies between 70° and 40° W, and 20° to 35° N, and is approximately 1,100 km wide by 3,200 km long (700 by 2,000 statute miles).[5][6] Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.[7]
All the currents deposit the marine plants and refuse they carry into this sea, yet the ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to 61 m (200 ft).[8] It is also a body of water that has captured the public imagination, and so is seen in a wide variety of literary and artistic works and in popular culture.[9]
Contents
1 History
2 Ecology
3 Pollution
4 Depictions in popular culture
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The naming of the Sargasso Sea after the Sargassum seaweed traces back to the early 15th-century Portuguese explorations of the Azores Islands and of the large "volta do mar" (the North Atlantic gyre), around and west of the archipelago, where the seaweed was often present.[10] However, the sea may have been known to earlier mariners, as a poem by the late 4th-century author Rufus Festus Avienus describes a portion of the Atlantic as being covered with seaweed, citing a now-lost account by the 5th-century BC Carthaginian Himilco the Navigator.[11]
In 1846, Edward Forbes hypothesized a post-Miocene land mass extending westward from Europe into the Atlantic:
“ If this land existed it did not extend to America (for the fossils of the Miocene of America are representative & not identical): where then was the edge or coastline of it, Atlantic-wards? Look at the form & constancy of the great fucus-bank & consider that it is a Sargassum bank. ”
— Edward Forbes, from the Darwin Correspondence Project[12]
Ecology[edit]
Lines of sargassum in the Sargasso Sea
The Sargasso Sea is home to seaweed of the genus Sargassum, which floats en masse on the surface there. The sargassum is not a threat to shipping, and historic incidents of sailing ships being trapped there are due to the often calm winds of the horse latitudes.[13]
The Sargasso Sea also plays a major role in the migration of the European eel, the American eel, and the American conger eel. The larvae of both species hatch there and go to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, the matured eel tries to return to the Sargasso Sea to spawn and lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young Loggerhead sea turtles use currents such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the sargassum as cover from predators until they are mature.[14][15]
In the early 2000s, the Sargasso Sea was sampled as part of the Global Ocean Sampling survey, to evaluate its diversity of microbial life through metagenomics. Contrary to previous theories, results indicated the area has a wide variety of prokaryotic life.[16]
Pollution[edit]
Owing to surface currents, the Sargasso accumulates a high concentration of non-biodegradable plastic waste.[17] The area contains the huge North Atlantic Garbage Patch.[18]
Several nations and nongovernmental organizations have joined together to protect the Sargasso Sea.[19] These organizations include the Sargasso Sea Commission[20] established on 11 March 2014 by the governments of the Azores (Portugal), Bermuda (United Kingdom), Monaco, United Kingdom and the United States.
Bacteria that consume plastic have been found in the plastic-polluted waters of the Sargasso Sea; however, it is unknown whether these bacteria ultimately clean up poisons or simply spread them elsewhere in the marine microbial ecosystem. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning anything that eats it.[21]
Depictions in popular culture[edit]
The Sargasso Sea is often portrayed in literature and the media as an area of mystery.[9]
The Sargasso Sea features in classic fantasy stories by William Hope Hodgson, such as his novel The Boats of the "Glen Carrig" (1907), Victor Appleton's Don Sturdy novel Don Sturdy in the Port of Lost Ships: Or, Adrift in the Sargasso Sea, and several related short stories.[22] Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea describes the Sargasso Sea and gives an account of its formation.[23]
The Sargasso Sea is frequently (but erroneously) depicted in fiction as a dangerous area where ships are mired in weed for centuries, unable to escape. The Doc Savage novel The Sargasso Ogre, published in 1933, takes place in the Sargasso where descendants of Elizabethan pirates still live. The premiere episode of Jonny Quest, "Mystery of the Lizard Men," involves a spy ring operating in the Sargasso, underneath the (nonexistent) derelict ships. Hammer Film Productions' 1968 film The Lost Continent (based on a 1938 Dennis Wheatley novel, Uncharted Seas), depicts travelers lost in a Sargasso Sea infested with carnivorous seaweed, giant crustaceans, and descendants of Spanish conquistadors ruling over other trapped people, descendants of those mired in the weed centuries before.
Fred Andrew's mystery novel, Plato's Pond, features the fictitious land of Gaia, which is a continent in the middle of the Sargasso Sea.[24]
Perhaps the most famous novel featuring its name is Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea, a rewriting of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre from Bertha Mason's point of view.[25]
More recently, the Sea is referenced in the refrain of Andrew Bird's April, 2016 song "Left Handed Kisses" (featuring singer Fiona Apple), in which he questions: "How did I ever find you / Drifting gently through the gyre / Of the great Sargasso sea, Atlantic Ocean / Got me writing love songs."[26] Here, Bird is described as "revel[ling] in the sea of love in a duet," by one music commentator.[27]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Stow, Dorrik A.V. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Oceans. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0198606877. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ NGS Staff (27 September 2011). "Sea". nationalgeographic.org. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ...a sea is a division of the ocean that is enclosed or partly enclosed by land...
Jump up ^ Karleskint, George (2009). Introduction to Marine Biology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 47. ISBN 9780495561972. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ NOS Staff (March 25, 2014). "What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?". Ocean Facts. Silver Spring, MD: National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved January 7, 2017 – via OceanService.NOAA.gov.
Jump up ^ "Sargasso Sea". oceanfdn.org. The Ocean Foundation. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Weatheritt, Les (2000). Your First Atlantic Crossing: A Planing Guide for Passagemakers (4th ed.). London: Adlard Coles Nautical. ISBN 9781408188088. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Webster, George (31 May 2011). "Mysterious waters: from the Bermuda Triangle to the Devil's Sea". CNN. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sargasso Sea". World Book. 1958. 15. Field Enterprises Educational Corp.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller, Ruth (2000). A Sea Within a Sea: Secrets of the Sargasso. Price Stern Sloan. ISBN 978-0-448-42417-0.
Jump up ^ "The Sargasso Sea". BBC - Homepage. BBC. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Various Authors (2016). The Historians' History of the World in Twenty-Five Volumes: Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia, Vol. II. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 9781465608017.
Jump up ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project". darwinproject.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sargasso". Straight Dope.
Jump up ^ "Turtles return home after UK stay". BBC News. 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Satellites track turtle 'lost years'". BBC News. 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
Jump up ^ Venter, JC; Remington, K; Heidelberg, JF; et al. (April 2004). "Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea". Science. 304 (5667): 66–74. doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "The trash vortex". Greenpeace. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Stiv J. (16 June 2010). "Atlantic Garbage Patch". Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Shaw, David (2014-05-27). "Protecting the Sargasso Sea". Science & Diplomacy. 3 (2).
Jump up ^ "Sargasso Sea Commission". sargassoalliance.org. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Gwyneth Dickey Zaikab (March 2011). "Marine microbes digest plastic". Nature.
Jump up ^ Hodgeson, William Hope (2011). The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson: Boats of Glen Carrig & Other Nautical Adventures. New York: Night Shade Books. ISBN 1-892389-39-8.
Jump up ^ Verne, Jules (1870). 20,000 Leagues Under the Seas. Translated by Butcher, William (2001 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192828398.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Fred (2009). Plato's Pond (1st ed.). Kemper Conseil Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 9076542449.
Jump up ^ Jean Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea (1966)
Jump up ^ andrewbirdmusic (2016-03-14), Andrew Bird - Left Handed Kisses (ft. Fiona Apple) [OFFICIAL VIDEO], retrieved 2017-12-30
Jump up ^ hermes (2016-04-06). "A sea of love, then a hot mess". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
External links[edit]
Look up Sargasso Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Sargasso Sea". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). 1911.
Sargasso Sea Alliance
Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Refuse Patch". Skeptoid.
What's the story on the Sargasso Sea? (The Straight Dope)
Photos of organisms living in the Sargasso Sea
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Military budget of the United States
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2017)
The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military-related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion.
For the period 2010-14, SIPRI found that the United States was the world's biggest exporter of major arms, accounting for 31 percent of global shares, followed by Russia with 27 percent. The USA delivered weapons to at least 94 recipients. The United States was also the world's eighth largest importer of major military equipment for the same period. The main imports were 19 transport aircraft from Italy; and equipment produced in the US under license—including 252 trainer aircraft of Swiss design, 223 light helicopters of German design and 10 maritime patrol aircraft of Spanish design.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Budget by Year
1.1 Budget for 2011
1.1.1 Emergency and supplemental spending
1.1.2 By title
1.1.3 By entity
1.1.4 Programs spending more than $1.5 billion
1.1.5 Other military-related expenditures
1.1.6 Audit of 2011 budget
1.1.7 Audit of implementation of budget for 2010
1.2 Budget for 2016
2 Budget request for FY2018
2.1 Budget request for FY2017
2.1.1 Investments
2.1.2 Major Acquisition Programs
2.1.3 Science and Technology Program
2.1.3.1 Total Budget by Department
2.1.3.2 Total Budget of Military
2.1.3.3 Funding of payments and benefits
2.1.3.4 Funding the military health system
3 Support service contractors
4 Military budget and total US federal spending
5 Federal waste
6 Comparison with other countries
7 Past commentary on military budget
7.1 2012 fiscal cliff
8 GAO audits
9 Reform
10 References
11 External links
Budget by Year[edit]
The following is historical spending on defense from 1996-2015, spending for 2014-15 is estimated.[1] The Defense Budget is shown in billions of dollars and total budget in trillions of dollars. The percentage of the total U.S. budget spent on defense is indicated in the third row, and change in defense spending from the previous year in the final row.
1990s
2000s
2010s
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
Defense Budget (Billions) 266 270 271 292 304 335 362 456 491 506 556 625 696 698 721 717 681 610 614 637
Total Budget (Trillions) 1.58 1.64 1.69 1.78 1.82 1.96 2.09 2.27 2.41 2.58 2.78 2.86 3.32 4.08 3.48 3.51 3.58 3.48 3.64 3.97
Defense Budget % 16.8 16.5 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.1 17.3 20.1 20.4 19.6 20.0 21.9 20.9 17.1 20.7 20.4 19.1 17.5 16.8 16.0
Defense Spending % Change -0.1 +1.6 +0.2 +7.8 +4.0 +10.1 +8.2 +26.0 +7.6 +3.1 +10.0 +12.5 +11.3 +0.2 +3.4 -0.6 -5.0 -10.5 +0.6 +3.8
Budget for 2011[edit]
For the 2011 fiscal year, the president's base budget for the Department of Defense and spending on "overseas contingency operations" combine to bring the sum to US$664.84 billion.[2][3]
When the budget was signed into law on 28 October 2009, the final size of the Department of Defense's budget was $680 billion, $16 billion more than President Obama had requested.[4] An additional $37 billion supplemental bill to support the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan was expected to pass in the spring of 2010, but has been delayed by the House of Representatives after passing the Senate.[5][6]
Emergency and supplemental spending[edit]
The recent invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan were largely funded through supplementary spending bills outside the federal budget, which are not included in the military budget figures listed below.[7] However, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were categorized as "overseas contingency operations" in the starting of the fiscal year 2010, and the budget is included in the federal budget.[citation needed]
By the end of 2008, the U.S. had spent approximately $900 billion in direct costs on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The government also incurred indirect costs, which include interests on additional debt and incremental costs, financed by the Veterans Administration, of caring for more than 33,000 wounded. Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs.[8] As of June 2011, the total cost of the wars was approximately $1.3 trillion.[9]
By title[edit]
USA 2010 Military Budget Spending
The federally budgeted (see below) military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2013 are as follows. While data is provided from the 2015 budget, data for 2014 and 2015 is estimated, and thus data is shown for the last year for which definite data exists (2013).[1]
Components Funding Change, 2012 to 2013
Operations and maintenance $258.277 billion -9.9%
Military Personnel $153.531 billion -3.0%
Procurement $97.757 billion -17.4%
Research, Development, Testing & Evaluation $63.347 billion -12.1%
Military Construction $8.069 billion -29.0%
Family Housing $1.483 billion -12.2%
Other Miscellaneous Costs $2.775 billion -59.5%
Atomic energy defense activities $17.424 billion -4.8%
Defense-related activities $7.433 billion -3.8%
Total Spending $610.096 billion -10.5%
By entity[edit]
Entity 2010 Budget request[10] Percentage of Total Notes
Army $244.8 billion 31.8%
Marine Corps $40.6 billion 4% Total Budget taken allotted from Department of Navy
Navy $379.8 billion 43.4% excluding Marine Corps
Air Force $170.6 billion 22%
Defense Intelligence $80.1 billion[11] 3.3% Because of classified nature, budget is an estimate and may not be the actual figure
Defense Wide Joint Activities $118.7 billion 15.5%
Programs spending more than $1.5 billion[edit]
The Department of Defense's FY 2011 $137.5 billion procurement and $77.2 billion RDT&E budget requests included several programs with more than $1.5 billion.
Program 2011 Budget request[12] Change, 2010 to 2011
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter $11.4 billion +2.1%
Ballistic Missile Defense (Aegis, THAAD, PAC-3) $9.9 billion +7.3%
Virginia class submarine $5.4 billion +28.0%
Brigade Combat Team Modernization $3.2 billion +21.8%
DDG 51 Burke-class Aegis Destroyer $3.0 billion +19.6%
P–8A Poseidon $2.9 billion −1.6%
V-22 Osprey $2.8 billion −6.5%
Carrier Replacement Program $2.7 billion +95.8%
F/A-18E/F Hornet $2.0 billion +17.4%
Predator and Reaper Unmanned Aerial System $1.9 billion +57.8%
Littoral combat ship $1.8 billion +12.5%
CVN Refueling and Complex Overhaul $1.7 billion −6.0%
Chemical Demilitarization $1.6 billion −7.0%
RQ-4 Global Hawk $1.5 billion +6.7%
Space-Based Infrared System $1.5 billion +54.0%
Other military-related expenditures[edit]
Per-capita military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)
Military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)[13][14]
This does not include many military-related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget, such as nuclear weapons research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section,[15] Veterans Affairs, the Treasury Department's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families, interest on debt incurred in past wars, or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily-related development assistance. Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature, such as the Department of Homeland Security, counter-terrorism spending by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and intelligence-gathering spending by NSA.
Audit of 2011 budget[edit]
Again in 2011, the GAO could not "render an opinion on the 2011 consolidated financial statements of the federal government", with a major obstacle again being "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense (DOD) that made its financial statements unauditable".[16]
In December 2011, the GAO found that "neither the Navy nor the Marine Corps have implemented effective processes for reconciling their FBWT." According to the GAO, "An agency’s FBWT account is similar in concept to a corporate bank account. The difference is that instead of a cash balance, FBWT represents unexpended spending authority in appropriations." In addition, "As of April 2011, there were more than $22 billion unmatched disbursements and collections affecting more than 10,000 lines of accounting."[17]
Audit of implementation of budget for 2010[edit]
The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of 'widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations'.[18] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion 'serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable'.[18]
In FY 2010, six out of thirty-three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[19]
Chief financial officer and Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide problems with systems and processes,[20] while the DoD's Inspector General reported 'material internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets, proper use of funds, and impair the prevention and identification of fraud, waste, and abuse'.[21] Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states 'it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books' and concludes that 'although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010, the Department's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs'.[22]
Budget for 2016[edit]
On February 9, 2016, the US Department of Defense under President Obama released a statement outlining the proposed 2016 and 2017 defense spending budgets that "[reflect] the priorities necessary for our force today and in the future to best serve and protect our nation in a rapidly changing security environment."[23]
Budget by Appropriation[23]
Components
Dollars In Billions
Military Personnel 138.6
Operation and Maintenance 244.4
Procurement 118.9
RDT&E 69.0
Revolving and Management Funds 1.3
Military Construction 6.9
Family Housing 1.3
Total 580.3
Budget by Military Departments[23]
Departments
Dollars in Billions
Army 146.9
Navy 168.8
Air Force 161.8
Defense Wide 102.8
Total 580.3
Budget request for FY2018[edit]
On March 16, 2017 President Trump submitted his request to Congress for $639 billion in military spending—$54 billion—which represents a 10 percent increase—for FY 2018 as well as $30 billion for FY2017 which ends in September. With a total federal budget of $3.9 trillion for FY2018, the increase in military spending would result in deep cuts to many other federal agencies and domestic programs, as well as the State Department.[24][24][25][26][27][28] Trump had pledged to "rebuild" the military as part of his 2016 Presidential campaign.[29]
In April 2017, journalist Scot J. Paltrow raised concerns about the increase in spending with the Pentagon's history of "faulty accounting".[30]
On the 14th of July, H.R. 2810 the National Defense Authorization Act 2018 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives 344 - 8, with 8 not voting. 60% of Democrats voted for this bill, which represented an 18% increase in defense spending. The Congress increased the budget to total 696 billion dollars.
Budget request for FY2017[edit]
The currently available budget request for 2017 was filed on February 9, 2016,[23][31] under now former-President Barack Obama.
The press release of the proposal specifies the structure and goals for the Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 budget:
The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Russian aggression, terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others, and China’s island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments. Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies. These challenges have sharpened the focus of our planning and budgeting.[23]
The proposal also includes a comparison of the 2016 and the proposed 2017 request amounts, a summary of acquisitions requested for 2017 and enacted in 2016, and provides in detail a breakdown of specific programs to be funded.
Investments[edit]
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change
Aircraft and Related Systems 50.6 45.3 -5.3
C4I Systems 7.1 7.4 0.3
Ground Systems 9.9 9.8 -0.1
Missile Defense Programs 9.1 8.5 -0.6
Missiles and Munitions 12.7 13.9 1.2
Mission Support 52.9 52.4 -0.5
Science & Technology (S&T) 13.0 12.5 -0.5
Shipbuilding and Maritime Systems 27.5 27.0 -0.5
Space-Based Systems 7.0 7.1 0.1
Rescissions -1.8 - +1.8
Total 188 183.9 -4.1
Amounts are in $ billions.
Major Acquisition Programs[edit]
These are the top 25 DoD weapon programs described in detail:
FY 2016
FY 2017
Qty $ Qty $
Aircraft
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter 68 11.6 63 10.5
KC-46A Tanker 12 3.0 15 3.3
P-8A Poseidon 17 3.4 11 2.2
V-22 Osprey 20 1.6 16 1.5
E-2D AHE Advanced Hawkeye 5 1.2 6 1.4
AH-64E Apache Helicopter 64 1.4 52 1.1
C/HC/MC-130J Hercules 29 2.4 14 1.3
UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter 107 1.8 36 1.0
CH-53K King Stallion Helicopter -- 0.6 2 0.8
MQ-4C Triton 4 1.0 2 0.8
H-1 Upgrades Bell Helicopter 29 0.9 24 0.8
NGJ Next Generation Jammer Increment 1 -- 0.4 -- 0.6
CH-47F Chinook Helicopter 39 1.1 22 0.7
Missile Defense/Missiles
BMDS Ballistic Missile Defense -- 7.7 -- 6.9
Trident II Trident II Missile Modifications -- 1.2 -- 1.2
AMRAAM Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile 429 0.7 419 0.7
Ships
SSN 774 VIRGINIA Submarine 2 5.7 2 5.3
DDG 51 AEGIS Destroyer 2 4.4 2 3.5
CVN 78 FORD Aircraft Carrier -- 2.8 -- 2.8
ORR Ohio Replacement -- 1.4 -- 1.9
LHA-6 Amphibious Assault Ship -- 0.5 1 1.6
LCS Littoral Combat Ship 3 1.8 2 1.6
Space
AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite -- 0.6 -- 0.9
EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle 4 1.5 5 1.8
Trucks
JLTV Joint Light Tactical Vehicle 804 0.4 2,020 0.7
$ in billions, Qty being the number of items requested.
Science and Technology Program[edit]
This program's purpose is to "invest in and develop capabilities that advance the technical superiority of the U.S. Military to counter new and emerging threats.".[31] It has a budget of $12.5 billion, but is apart from the overall Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) portfolio, which compromises $71.8 billion. Efforts funded apply to the Obama administration's refocusing of the US military to Asia, identifying investments to "sustain and advance [the] DoD's military dominance for the 21st century", counter the "technological advances of U.S. foes",[31] and support Manufacturing Initiative institutes. A breakdown of the amounts provided, by tier of research, is provided:
Program
FY 2016 Request
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change (FY16 Enacted - FY17 Request)
Basic Research 2.1 2.3 2.1 -0.2
Applied Research 4.7 5.0 4.8 -0.2
Advanced Technology Development 5.5 5.7 5.6 -0.1
Total 12.3 13.0 12.5 0.5
Total Budget by Department[edit]
Total Budget
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change
Army 146,928,044 148,033,950 +1,105,906
Navy 168,786,798 164,861,078 -3,925,720
Air Force 161,783,330 166,879,239 +5,095,909
Defense-Wide 102,801,512 102,927,320 +125,808
Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 +2,401,903
Amounts in Thousands of $USD
Total Budget of Military[edit]
Total Budget
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change
Military Personnel 138,552,886 138,831,498 +278,612
Operation and Maintenance 244,434,932 250,894,310 +6,459,378
Procurement 118,866,320 112,081,088 -6,785,232
RDT&E* 69,009,764 71,765,940 +2,756,176
Revolving and Management Funds 1,264,782 1,512,246 +247,464
Military Construction 6,909,712 6,296,653 -613,059
Family Housing 1,261,288 1,319,852 +58,564
Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 +2,401,903
*Research, Development, Test and Evaluation
Amounts in thousands of $USD
Funding of payments and benefits[edit]
This portion of the military budget comprises roughly one third to one half of the total defense budget, considering only military personnel or additionally including civilian personnel, respectively. These expenditures "will likely always be, the single largest expense category for the Department." Since 2001, military pay and benefits have increased by 85%, but remained roughly one third of the total budget due to an overall increased budget. Military pay remains at about the 70th percentile compared to the private sector to attract sufficient amounts of qualified personnel.[32]
Military Pay and Benefits Funding
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Military Personnel Appropriations 128.7 128.9
Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Accruals 6.6 6.4
Defense Health Program 32.9 33.8
DoD Education Activity 3.1 2.9
Family Housing 1.3 1.3
Commissary Subsidy 1.4 1.2
Other Benefit Programs 3.5 3.4
Military Pay and Benefits Funding 177.5 177.9
Civilian Pay and Benefits Funding 71.8 72.9
Total Pay and Benefits Funding 249.3 250.8
DoD Base Budget Authority 521.7 523.9
Military Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 34.0% 34.0%
Total Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 47.8% 47.9%
Funding the military health system[edit]
The request for 2017 amounts to $48.8 billion. The system has 9.4 million beneficiaries, including active, retired, and eligible Reserve Component military personnel and their families, and dependent survivors.[32]
Program
FY 2017 Request
Defense Health (DHP) 33.5
Military Personnel 8.6
Military Construction 0.3
Health Care Accrual 6.4
Unified Medical Budget 48.8
Support service contractors[edit]
Main article: Defense contractor
See also: List of United States defense contractors
The role of support service contractors has increased since 2001 and in 2007 payments for contractor services exceeded investments in equipment for the armed forces for the first time.[33] In the 2010 budget, the support service contractors will be reduced from the current 39 percent of the workforce down to the pre-2001 level of 26 percent.[34] In a Pentagon review of January 2011, service contractors were found to be "increasingly unaffordable."[35]
Military budget and total US federal spending[edit]
Fiscal Year 2012 U.S. Federal Spending – Cash or Budget Basis.
The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19% of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28% of estimated tax revenues. Including non-DOD expenditures, military spending was approximately 28–38% of budgeted expenditures and 42–57% of estimated tax revenues.[citation needed] According to the Congressional Budget Office, defense spending grew 9% annually on average from fiscal year 2000–2009.[36]
Because of constitutional limitations, military funding is appropriated in a discretionary spending account. (Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year, as opposed to mandatory spending accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law, outside of the budgetary process.) In recent years, discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one-third of total federal outlays.[37] Department of Defense spending's share of discretionary spending was 50.5% in 2003, and has risen to between 53% and 54% in recent years.[38]
For FY 2010, Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7% of GDP.[39] Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time, the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP. For example, the Department of Defense budget is slated to be $664 billion in 2010 (including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation[40][41]), higher than at any other point in American history, but still 1.1–1.4% lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold-War military spending in the late 1980s.[39] Admiral Mike Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has called four percent an "absolute floor".[42] This calculation does not take into account some other military-related non-DOD spending, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars, which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP.
In 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion. Military expenditures exceed the total amount of funds allocated to support social security, transportation, unemployment, labor, science, energy and the environment, international affairs, housing, veteran’s benefits, medicare, education.
In addition, the United States will spend at least $179 billion over the fiscal years of 2010-2018 on its nuclear arsenal, averaging $20 billion per year. Despite President Barack Obama’s attempts in the media to reduce the scope of the current nuclear arms race, the U.S. intends to spend an additional $1 trillion over the next 30 years modernizing its nuclear arsenal.
Federal waste[edit]
As of September 2014, the Department of Defense was estimated to have “$857 million in excess parts and supplies”.[43] This figure has risen over the past years and of the Pentagon waste that has been calculated, two figures that are especially worth mentioning is the expenditure of “$150 million on private villas for a handful of Pentagon employees in Afghanistan and the procurement of the JLENS air-defense balloon” which, throughout the program’s development over the past two decades, is estimated to have cost $2.7 billion.[43] Also, it is important to note that the JLENS air-balloon still does not function properly.
Comparison with other countries[edit]
The U.S. military budget is higher than the nine other biggest military budgets in the world combined.
Map of military expenditures as a percentage of GDP by country, 2015.[44]
The United States spends more on their defense budget than China, Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United Kingdom, India, France, and Japan combined.[45] The 2009 U.S. military budget accounts for approximately 40% of global arms spending. The 2012 budget is 6–7 times larger than the $106 billion military budget of China. The United States and its close allies are responsible for two-thirds to three-quarters of the world's military spending (of which, in turn, the U.S. is responsible for the majority).[46][47][48] The US also maintains the largest number of military bases on foreign soil across the world.[49] While there are no freestanding foreign bases permanently located in the United States, there are now around 800 U.S. bases in foreign countries. Military spending makes up nearly 16% percent of entire federal spending and approximately half of discretionary spending. In a general sense discretionary spending (defense and non-defense spending) makes up one-third of the annual federal budget.[50]
In 2015, out of its budget of 1.11 trillion, the United States spent $598 billion on military. U.S. defense spending is equivalent to the next seven largest military budgets—India, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China—combined.
In 2017, the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years.
In 2005, the United States spent 4.06% of its GDP on its military (considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending), more than France's 2.6% and less than Saudi Arabia's 10%.[51]information 2006 This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8% of GDP (it reached the lowest point of 3.0% in 1999–2001). Even during the peak of the Vietnam War the percentage reached a high of 9.4% in 1968.[52]
The US Military’s budget has plateaued in 2009, but is still considerably larger than any other military power.
Past commentary on military budget[edit]
In 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world: "What all these potential adversaries—from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers—have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms. The United States cannot take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs, platforms, and personnel that will ensure that dominance's persistence. But it is also important to keep some perspective. As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War, for example, in terms of tonnage, its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined—and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners."[53] Secretary Gates announced some of his budget recommendations in April 2009.[54]
According to a 2009 Congressional Research Service there was a discrepancy between a budget that is declining as a percentage of GDP while the responsibilities of the DoD have not decreased and additional pressures on the military budget have arisen due to broader missions in the post-9/11 world, dramatic increases in personnel and operating costs, and new requirements resulting from wartime lessons in the Iraq War and Operation Enduring Freedom.[55]
In 2012, four billion dollars of the five billion dollars in budget cuts mandated by the Congress in the 2013 budget were achieved by declaring that nearly 65 thousand troops were now temporary and no longer part of the permanent forces and so their costs were shifted to the Afghanistan war budget.[56]
In May 2012, as part of Obama's East Asia "pivot", his 2013 national military request moved funding from the Army and Marines to favor the Navy, but the Congress has resisted this.[57]
Reports emerged in February 2014 that Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel was planning to trim the defense budget by billions of dollars. The secretary in his first defense budget planned to limit pay rises, increase fees for healthcare benefits, freeze the pay of senior officers, and reduce military housing allowances. A reduction in the number of soldiers serving in the U.S. Army would reduce the size of the force to levels not seen since prior to the start of World War II.[58]
In July 2014, American Enterprise Institute scholar Michael Auslin opined in the National Review that the Air Force needs to be fully funded as a priority, due to the air superiority, global airlift, and long-range strike capabilities it provides.[59]
In January 2015 Defense Department published its internal study on how to save $125 billion on its military budget from 2016 to 2020 by renegotiating vendor contracts and pushing for stronger deals, and by offering workers early retirement and retraining.[60]
2012 fiscal cliff[edit]
On 5 December 2012, the Department of Defense announced it was planning for automatic spending cuts, which include $500 billion and an additional $487 billion due to the 2011 Budget Control Act, due to the fiscal cliff.[61][62][63][64][65] According to Politico, the Department of Defense declined to explain to the House of Representatives Appropriations Committee, which controls federal spending, what its plans were regarding the fiscal cliff planning.[66]
This was after half a dozen defense experts either resigned from Congress or lost their reelection fights.[67]
Lawrence Korb has noted that given recent trends military entitlements and personnel costs will take up the entire defense budget by 2039.[68]
GAO audits[edit]
The Government Accountability Office was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the U.S. government due to "widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations."[69] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable."[70]
In Fiscal Year (FY) 2011, seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[71] Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide weaknesses with controls and systems.[72] Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states "we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually".[71] Congress has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve audit readiness.[73]
For FYs 1998-2010 the Department of Defense's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed.[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85]
Reform[edit]
In a statement of 6 January 2011 Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates stated: "This department simply cannot risk continuing down the same path – where our investment priorities, bureaucratic habits and lax attitude towards costs are increasingly divorced from the real threats of today, the growing perils of tomorrow and the nation's grim financial outlook." Gates has proposed a budget that, if approved by Congress, would reduce the costs of many DOD programs and policies, including reports, the IT infrastructure, fuel, weapon programs, DOD bureaucracies, and personnel.[86]
The 2015 expenditure for Army research, development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15, to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014.[87]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2015". United States Government Publishing Office. 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Updated Summary Tables, Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 2010 (Table S.12) Archived 2 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Department of Defense" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Senate OKs defense bill, 68-29". TheHill. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ The New York Times, Pentagon Expected to Request More War Funding
Jump up ^ Gates ‘concerned’ about delayed war supplemental Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ David Isenberg, Budgeting for Empire: The effect of Iraq and Afghanistan on Military Forces, Budgets and Plans
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text:
There Is Power in a Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"There Is Power in a Union"
Song
Language
English
Published
1913
Songwriter(s)
Composer: Lewis E. Jones
Lyricist: Joe Hill
"There Is Power in a Union" is a song written by Joe Hill in 1913. The Industrial Workers of the World (commonly known as the Wobblies) concentrated much of its labor trying to organize migrant workers in lumber and construction camps. They sometimes had competition for the attention of the workers from religious organizations. The song uses the tune of Lewis E. Jones' 1899 hymn "There Is Power in the Blood (Of the Lamb)".[1]
"There Is Power in a Union" was first published in the Little Red Songbook in 1913.
The song has been recorded several times. Billy Bragg recorded a song with the title "There Is Power in a Union" on the Talking with the Taxman About Poetry album; this has different words[2] and is set to the tune of "Battle Cry of Freedom".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics and style
2 In popular culture
3 See also
4 References
Lyrics and style[edit]
Would you have freedom from Wage slavery,
Then join in the grand Industrial band;
Would you from mis'ry and hunger be free,
Then come, do your share, like a man.

(Chorus)
There is pow'r there is pow'r in a band of workingmen,
When they stand hand in hand,
That's a pow'r, that's a pow'r
That must rule in every land—
One Industrial Union Grand.

Would you have mansions of gold in the sky,
and live in a shack, way in the back?
Would you have wings up in heaven to fly,
And starve here with rags on your back?

If you've had 'nuff of the "blood of the lamb"
Then join in the grand industrial band;
If, for a change, you would have eggs and ham,
Then come, do your share, like a man.

If you like sluggers to beat off your head,
Then don't organize, all unions despise.
If you want nothing before you are dead,
Shake hands with your boss and look Wise.

Come, all ye workers, from every land,
Come, join in the grand industrial band;
Then we our share of this earth shall demand.
Come on! Do your share, like a man.
—  Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Peregrine Smith Books, Salt Lake City, 1969/1984, pages 249–250
In popular culture[edit]
The Billy Bragg version of this title is featured in the 2004 film Howard Zinn: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train in which American Communist organizations march in Time Square.[4]
The Billy Bragg song of this title, but unrelated to Joe Hill's song, is featured in the 2014 film Pride in which London organization Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners collects funds to support the striking miners of a Welsh pit village during the UK miners' strike (1984–85).[5]
For many years, Dropkick Murphys have used Bragg's song as one of the songs played before they perform.
Punk band Street Dogs recorded Billy Bragg's version (with altered lyrics) on their album Fading American Dream.
See also[edit]
Organized labour portal
Wobbly lingo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Little Red Songbook". Industrial Workers of the World. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Billy Bragg - Talking With The Taxman About Poetry". Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Bragg, Billy (2015). A Lover Sings: Selected Lyrics. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-32861-1.
Jump up ^ "Howard Zinn: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train (2004) - Soundtracks - IMDb".
Jump up ^ "Pride Soundtrack". Universal Music Operations Limited. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_Is_Power_in_a_Union&oldid=807522461"
Categories:
1913 songs
Industrial Workers of the World
Musical parodies
Songs critical of religion
Songs with lyrics by Joe Hill
Trade union songs
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