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Wah-wah pedal
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Thomas Organ Cry Baby (1970) manufactured by JEN
Wah-wah pedal (Dunlop Crybaby 535q) on electric guitar with distortion.
A wah-wah pedal (or simply wah pedal) is a type of electric guitar effects pedal that alters the tone and frequencies of the guitar signal to create a distinctive sound, mimicking the human voice saying the onomatopoeic name "wah-wah". The pedal sweeps the peak response of a frequency filter up and down in frequency to create the sound, a spectral glide, also known as "the wah effect". The wah-wah effect originated in the 1920s, with trumpet or trombone players finding they could produce an expressive crying tone by moving a mute in and out of the instrument's bell. This was later simulated with electronic circuitry for the electric guitar when the wah-wah pedal was invented. It is controlled by movement of the player's foot on a rocking pedal connected to a potentiometer. Wah-wah effects are used when a guitarist is soloing, or creating a "wacka-wacka" funk-styled rhythm for rhythm guitar playing.[1]
An envelope filter or envelope follower is often referred to as an auto-wah.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Other functions
3 Other instruments
4 See also
5 References
6 Further information
History[edit]
A 1968 King Vox Wah pedal similar to one that was owned by Jimi Hendrix[2]
The first wah pedal was created by Bradley J. Plunkett at Warwick Electronics Inc./Thomas Organ Company in November 1966. This pedal is the original prototype made from a transistorized MRB (mid-range boost) potentiometer bread-boarded circuit and the housing of a Vox Continental Organ volume pedal. The concept, however, was not new. Country guitar virtuoso Chet Atkins had used a similar, self-designed device on his late 1950s recordings of "Hot Toddy" and "Slinkey". Jazz guitarist Peter Van Wood had a modified Hammond organ expression pedal; he recorded in 1955 a version of George Gershwin's "Summertime" with a "crying" tone, and other recordings including humorous "novelty" effects. A DeArmond Tone and Volume pedal was used in the early 1960s by Big Jim Sullivan, notably in some Krew Cats instrumental tracks, and in Dave Berry's song "The Crying Game".
The creation of the modern wah pedal was actually an accident which stemmed from the redesign of the Vox Super Beatle guitar amplifier in 1966. Warwick Electronics Inc. also owned Thomas Organ Company and had earlier entered into an agreement with Jennings Musical Instruments of England for Thomas to distribute the Vox name and products in the United States. In addition to distributing the British-made Vox amplifiers, the Thomas Organ Company also designed and manufactured much of the Vox equipment sold in the US (the more highly regarded British Vox amplifiers were made by Jennings (JMI), the parent company of Vox and designed by Dick Denney). Warwick assigned Thomas Organ Company to create a new product line of solid state Vox amplifiers (called Vox Amplifonic Orchestra), which included the Super Beatle amplifier, named to capitalize on the Vox brand name's popularity in association with the Beatles, who used the Jennings-made English Vox amplifiers such as the famous Vox AC30 (although the Beatles did use several American-made Super Beatle units on their 1966 US tour). The US-made Vox product line development was headed by musician and bandleader Bill Page. While creating the Vox Amplifonic Orchestra, the Thomas Organ Company decided to create an American-made equivalent of the British Vox amplifier but that was transistorized (using solid state circuits), rather than vacuum tube, which would be less expensive to manufacture. During the re-design of the USA Vox amplifier, Stan Cuttler, head engineer of Thomas Organ Company, assigned Brad Plunkett, a junior electronics engineer, to replace the expensive Jennings 3-position MRB circuit switch with a transistorized solid state MRB circuit.
Plunkett had lifted and bread-boarded a transistorized tone-circuit from the Thomas Organ (an electric solid state transistorized organ) to duplicate the Jennings 3-position circuit. After adjusting and testing the amplifier with an electronic oscillator and oscilloscope, Plunkett connected the output to the speaker and tested the circuit audibly. At that point, several engineers and technical consultants, including Bill Page and Del Casher, noticed the sound effect caused by the circuit. Page insisted on testing this bread-boarded circuit while he played his saxophone through an amplifier. John Glennon, an assistant junior electronics engineer with the Thomas Organ Company, was summoned to bring a volume control pedal which was used in the Vox Continental Organ so that the transistorized MRB potentiometer bread-boarded circuit could be installed in the pedal's housing. After the installation, Page began playing his saxophone through the pedal and had asked Joe Banaron, CEO of Warwick Electronics Inc./Thomas Organ Company, to listen to the effect. At this point the first electric guitar was plugged into the prototype wah pedal by guitarist Del Casher who suggested to Joe Banaron that this was a guitar effects pedal rather than a wind instrument effects pedal. Banaron, being a fan of the big band style of music, was interested in marketing the wah pedal for wind instruments as suggested by Page rather than for the electric guitar as suggested by Casher. After a remark by Casher to Banaron regarding the Harmon mute style of trumpet playing in the famous recording of "Sugar Blues" from the 1930s, Banaron decided to market the wah-wah pedal using Clyde McCoy's name for endorsement.
After the initial invention of the wah pedal, the prototype pedal was then modified by Casher and Plunkett to better accommodate the harmonic qualities of the electric guitar. However, since Vox had no intention of marketing the wah pedal for electric guitar players, the prototype wah-wah pedal was given to Del Casher for performances at Vox press conferences and film scores for Universal Pictures. The un-modified version of the Vox wah pedal was released to the public in February 1967 with an image of Clyde McCoy on the bottom of the pedal.
Warwick Electronics Inc. assigned Lester L. Kushner, an engineer with the Thomas Organ Company, and Brad Plunkett to write and submit the documentation for the wah-wah pedal patent. The patent application was submitted on February 24, 1967, which included technical diagrams of the pedal being connected to a four-stringed "guitar" (as noted from the "Description of the Preferred Embodiment"). Warwick Electronics Inc. was granted US patent 3530224 ("foot-controlled continuously variable preference circuit for musical instruments") on September 22, 1970.
Early versions of the Clyde McCoy featured an image of McCoy on the bottom panel, which soon gave way to only his signature. Thomas Organ then wanted the effect branded as their own for the American market, changing it to Cry Baby which was sold in parallel to the Italian Vox V846. Thomas Organ's failure to trademark the Cry Baby name soon led to the market being flooded with Cry Baby imitations from various parts of the world, including Italy, where all of the original Vox and Cry Babys were made.[3] Jen, who had been responsible for the manufacture of Thomas Organ and Vox wah pedals, also made rebranded pedals for companies such as Fender and Gretsch and under their own Jen brand. When Thomas Organ moved production completely to Sepulveda, California and Chicago, Illinois these Italian models continued to be made and are among the more collectible wah pedals today.
David Gilmour's VOX Wah Wah guitar effects pedal, as used on Obscured by Clouds (1971), displayed at the Pink Floyd: Their Mortal Remains exhibition
Some of the most famous electric guitarists of the day were keen to adopt the wah-wah pedal soon after its release. Among the very first recordings released featuring wah-wah pedal were "Tales of Brave Ulysses" by Cream with Eric Clapton on guitar and "Burning of the Midnight Lamp" by the Jimi Hendrix Experience, both released in 1967. Hendrix also used wah wah on his famous song Voodoo Chile, in intro and in soloing. Clapton, in particular, used the device on many of the Cream songs included on their second and third albums, Disraeli Gears (1967) and Wheels of Fire (1968) respectively. In fact, Clapton himself would subsequently employ it again on "Wah-Wah", from his good friend George Harrison's solo album All Things Must Pass, upon the dissolution of The Beatles in 1970. Another prominent use occurred in the recording of "Crimson and Clover" by Tommy James and the Shondells in late 1968, with the single version eventually reaching number one in early 1969. Terry Kath, lead guitarist for the band Chicago, used it on many of their early recordings as well. Martin Barre, lead guitarist for the fledgling Jethro Tull, also employed it to great effect on their second album Stand Up, particularly on "We Used to Know" and "Look into the Sun". Yet another famous guitarist, Jimmy Page, featured the wah-wah pedal on several songs from the final Yardbirds album Little Games, as well as the solo on the Led Zeppelin song "Custard Pie", and throughout "Trampled Under Foot", both from Physical Graffiti. Tony Iommi has also used it on quite a few Black Sabbath recordings; notably the songs "Black Sabbath", "The Wizard" and "N.I.B." from their self-titled debut album, "Electric Funeral" from Paranoid and "Supernaut" from their fourth album. He also employed it on later recordings, such as "Shock Wave" on Never Say Die! (1978), "Lady Evil" from the first Ronnie James Dio-era album Heaven and Hell (1980), and "Turn Up the Night" on the subsequent Mob Rules (1981).
Other functions[edit]
In addition to rocking the pedal up and down to crest a spectral glide, another function of the pedal is to use it in a fixed position. A guitarist using the wah in this way selects a position on the wah pedal and leaves the pedal there. Depending on the position of the pedal, this will boost or cut a specific frequency. This can be used for emphasizing the "sweet spot" in the tonal spectrum of a particular instrument. One electric guitar player to use the pedal in this way was Jimi Hendrix, who revolutionized its application by combining a Fender Stratocaster with stacked Marshall Amplifiers (in both static and modulated mode) for lead and rhythm guitar applications unheard of before then. According to Del Casher, Hendrix learned about the pedal from Frank Zappa, another well-known early user.[4][5] Milestones of this signature guitar and amplifier combination include songs such as "Voodoo Chile (Slight Return)" as well as the "Star Spangled Banner" which was played by Hendrix at Woodstock in 1969. Mick Ronson used a Cry Baby for the same purpose while recording The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.[6]
A Roland V-Wah pedal.
Another famous style of wah-wah playing is utilizing it for a percussive "wacka-wacka" effect during rhythm guitar parts. This is done by muting strings, holding down a chord and moving the pedal at the same time. This was first heard on the song "Little Miss Lover" (1967) by the Jimi Hendrix Experience. One of the most famous uses of this effect is heard on Isaac Hayes's "Theme from Shaft" (1971), Charles Pitts playing the guitar. Michael Schenker also utilized the pedal in his work.[7][8] The "wah-wah" and "wacka-wacka" effects are often associated with the bands on 1970s TV variety shows, like those of Sonny and Cher, Flip Wilson, or Donny and Marie Osmond; or with the soundtracks of pornographic films, the sound referenced in TV commercials for Axe (brand) body spray as "bow chicka wow wow."
David Gilmour (Pink Floyd) used the pedal to create the "whale" effect during Echoes. He discovered this effect as a result of a roadie accidentally plugging his guitar into the output of the pedal and the input being plugged into his amp. The effect was first used during live performances of The Embryo during 1970 but was then switched into Echoes as it was being developed before being released on the Meddle album on 31 October 1971.[9]
Other instruments[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Many bassists have also used the wah-wah effect, for example Michael Henderson on Miles Davis's album On the Corner (1972). Bassist Cliff Burton of Metallica used a Morley Wah pedal (along with a Big Muff Distortion) extensively, including on "(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth", which is primarily a bass solo recorded for Kill 'Em All (1983), and "The Call of Ktulu" and "For Whom the Bell Tolls", both recorded for Ride the Lightning. Geezer Butler, bassist of Black Sabbath, used it when playing his solo "Bassically", along with the bass line in "N.I.B.". Chris Squire of Yes used a wah-wah pedal on his solo piece "The Fish" on the album Fragile. While wah pedals are less popular as a bass effect, various companies now offer pedals designed specifically for bass guitars.
Many steel guitar players use a wah-wah, such as Robert Randolph from the Robert Randolph and the Family Band.
Melvin Ragin, better known by the nickname Wah Wah Watson, was a member of the Motown Records studio band, The Funk Brothers, where he recorded with artists such as The Temptations, The Jackson 5, The Four Tops, Gladys Knight & The Pips, and The Supremes. He played on numerous sessions in the 1970s and 1980s for many top soul, funk and disco acts, including Herbie Hancock.
Keyboardists have also made use of the wah-wah effect both in the studio and during live performances. Garth Hudson famously used a wah-wah pedal on a clavinet in The Band's song "Up on Cripple Creek" to emulate a jaw harp. Rick Wright of Pink Floyd played a Wurlitzer electric piano through a wah-wah pedal in their song "Money" to give the impression of many consecutive chords being played. Jordan Rudess of Dream Theater made an extensive use of the wah-wah pedal on Dream Theater's album Train of Thought. John Medeski of Medeski, Martin, and Wood uses a wah pedal with his clavinet.
Many jazz fusion records feature wind and brass instruments with the effect - Miles Davis's trumpet being a well-known example. Davis first used this technique in 1970 (at concerts documented on Live-Evil and The Cellar Door Sessions) at a time when he also made his keyboard players (Keith Jarrett and Chick Corea) play electric pianos with a wah-wah pedal. Napoleon Murphy Brock played a saxophone amplified through a wah-wah pedal in the Frank Zappa movie The Dub Room Special, as well as on some of Zappa's albums. David Sanborn can be heard playing an alto saxophone modified by a wah-wah pedal on the David Bowie album Young Americans. Noted saxophonist King Curtis was also known to use a wah-wah pedal. Dick Sims, the keyboard player with Eric Clapton in the late 1970s, used a Hammond organ in conjunction with a wah-wah pedal, placed on top of the organ and operated by his palm.
The effect is also extensively used with the electric violin. Notable examples are Jerry Goodman with the Mahavishnu Orchestra, and Jean-Luc Ponty, Don "Sugarcane" Harris and Shankar with Frank Zappa, all usually engaged in long wah-wah violin/guitar duels. Boyd Tinsley of the Dave Matthews Band is known to use a wah-wah pedal live.
See also[edit]
Talk box
Subtractive synthesis
Kirk Hammett
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 375. ISBN 1-904041-96-5.
Jump up ^ Heatley, Michael (2009). Jimi Hendrix Gear: The Guitars, Amps & Effects that Revolutionized Rock 'n' Roll. Voyageur Press. pp. 105–105. ISBN 978-0-7603-3639-7.
Jump up ^ Guitar Player: The Complete Electric Guitar Package
Jump up ^ Kostelanetz, Richard; Rocco, John M. (1997). The Frank Zappa companion: four decades of commentary. Schirmer Books. p. 94. ISBN 0-02-864628-2.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Amy (August 6, 2011). "With a Flip of a Knob, He Heard the Future". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Molenda, Michael (August 2012). "The Genius of Ken Scott". Guitar Player. p. 149. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Blackett, Matt (October 2004). "The 50 Greatest Tones of All Time". Guitar Player. pp. 44–66.
Jump up ^ The Boss Book: The Ultimate Guide to the World's Most Popular Compact Effects for Guitar. Hal Leonard. 2002. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-634-04480-9.
Jump up ^ Riis, Bjørn (2009-10-26). "Echoes "seagull" effect tutorial". Gilmourish. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Further information[edit]
Cry Baby: The Pedal that Rocks the World (documentary, 2011)
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Kevin (Probably) Saves the World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kevin (Probably) Saves the World
Genre
Fantasy
Comedy-drama
Created by
Michele Fazekas
Tara Butters
Starring
Jason Ritter
JoAnna Garcia Swisher
Kimberly Hebert Gregory
India de Beaufort
J. August Richards
Chloe East
Dustin Ybarra
Composer(s)
Blake Neely
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
16 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Michele Fazekas
Tara Butters
Chris Dingess
Craig DiGregorio
Running time
43 minutes
Production company(s)
Fazekas & Butters
ABC Studios
Distributor
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) – March 6, 2018
Kevin (Probably) Saves the World (stylized as Kevin ^Probably Saves the World) is an American high-concept angelic-themed fantasy comedy-drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios. The series was greenlit on May 11, 2017, and aired on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017–18 television season.[1] The series premiered on October 3, 2017.[2] The show is set in Taylor, Texas.
On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the show after one season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Casting
4.2 Filming
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
5.2 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
Kevin, a down-on-his-luck man who survived a suicide attempt, moves in with his twin sister Amy, an engineer and professor at the local college, and Amy's teenage daughter Reese. Shortly after, he encounters a celestial being named Yvette; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world, and sent Yvette to guide and protect him.
At first, Kevin was the only one who could see and hear Yvette, so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him. Kevin must perform good deeds to build up his spiritual powers, forcing him to become a better person. The series also explores a mystery, as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation, but for unknown reasons, Kevin is the only one known to be left.[3]
As of the season one finale, Kevin has located three other righteous souls, and in a surprise revelation, allowed Yvette to appear in front of Amy, as she is now called upon to help Kevin in their quest.[4]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn
JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera (née Finn)
Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette
India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen
J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell
Chloe East as Reese Cabrera
Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina
Recurring[edit]
Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava
Lesley Boone as Lucille
Will Sasso as Dave
Abbey McBride as Becky Simpson
Guest[edit]
Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell
Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore
Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore
Emma Bell as Deb
Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane
Kate Flannery as Anne
Brandon Quinn as Ignacio "Iggy" DePerro
Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen
David Huynh as Vong, whose newborn son is the first righteous soul to be located by Kevin
Troy Evans as Gus
Sprague Grayden as Shea, the second righteous soul located by Kevin
Rhenzy Feliz as Marc
Currie Graham as Barry, the third righteous soul located by Kevin
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Pilot" Paul McGuigan Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) 4.17[5]
After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt, Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his twin sister Amy, a widowed mom, and her teenage daughter Reese. While Amy is away at a work assignment, a meteor crashes to earth near her home. Kevin and Reese investigate, and when Kevin touches the meteorite, he is hurtled backward. He begins having strange visions, including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see. Yvette calls herself one of God's messengers, tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation, of which Kevin is the only one known to be left.
2
"Listen Up" Kevin Dowling Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) 3.61[6]
Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones, and that they'll have to let the universe guide them. She explains that Kevin needs to strengthen his soul by performing good deeds. While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path, Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together. They ponder getting back together, but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it's not a good idea. Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean.
3
"Sweet Little Lies" Peter Leto Chris Dingess & Davah Avena October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) 3.26[7]
Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb, whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer. But now that Deb is healthy, she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married. Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band. Yvette meets with Ava, a celestial messenger like herself. Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous, but come meeting time, they are the only two to show up. Ava then says that she too is giving up.
4
"How to be Good" J. Miller Tobin Teleplay by: Brant Englestein
Story by: Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) 2.87[8]
Kevin helps Lucille, Tyler's rude boss at the diner, and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister, Anne. Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace. Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she's observed, and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers.
5
"Brutal Acts of Kindness" Rob Hardy Craig DiGregorio October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) 2.71[9]
After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away, Kevin helps a woman who cannot afford her son's diabetes medication. He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle. Amy finds Reese's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail. She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out.
6
"Rocky Road" Wendey Stanzler Jack Kenny November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) 2.91[10]
Kevin begins looking for places to stay, hitting up Tyler, Kristin and Nathan. He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work, learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings. Angry at her mom, Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory. Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down, but Reese slips from her perch and falls. Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds, allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her. A dumbfounded Amy observes, and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him. Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions, plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds.
7
"Dave" Ron Underwood Chris Dingess November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) 2.62[11]
Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave (Will Sasso), another celestial messenger, who helps them on Kevin's next assignment. The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin's cancer-stricken mother Susan (Anjali Bhimani) find some joy while living out her last days. Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo. Meanwhile, Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell, and soon meets Iggy (Brandon Quinn), a theology professor who tries to convince her that it's okay for some things to remain unexplained. Also, Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date, but Reese will not give him permission.
8
"Chrysalis" Metin Hüseyin Kevin Deiboldt December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05) 2.62[12]
Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies, and follows one to an art class held by Ethan (Enoch King). Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show, later realizing this will conflict with Reese's school play. Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan, offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family. At the same time, Yvette meets with Ava, who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her. Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people, and asks what else she's hidden from him. Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist, and is operating on faith alone. Kevin chooses to work with Dave, which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show. Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan's paintings. Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you, also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it. Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found. Elsewhere, Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy, but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date.
9
"Probably" Tamra Davis Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12) 2.49[13]
Kevin travels to Laos, taking Tyler along. The two are befriended by Vong (David Huynh), whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he's not. Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on, but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right. Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler, who finds her fascinating. The two dance to a mariachi band (another of Kevin's earlier visions), which renews Yvette's faith. Kevin and Tyler, with help from Lucille on video chat, then help Vong's wife deliver their first child, and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul. Back at home, Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out. Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy, but says she now knows she wasn't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she doesn't truly care about. Nathan later does something special for Amy.
10
"The Ugly Sleep" J. Miller Tobin Davah Avena January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02) 2.62[14]
Kevin helps Charlie (Trent Garrett), who is despondent over a recent breakup, meet someone new, but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin, it leads to awkwardness. The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love, and he returns to her. Inspired by Kevin's good deeds, Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in. Meanwhile, Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on. Kevin has a vision of a snow-covered area in the woods. As the episode closes, Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position.
11
"Solo" Lee Rose Kevin Deiboldt January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09) 2.39[15]
On his first day as a substitute teacher, Kevin encounters an introverted kid named Adam and extracts information about who will be the target of the annual "Freshman Prank". After Adam reveals the target is Kristin, he becomes even more disliked for squealing. Kevin tries to help Adam become noticed for something else -- namely, pulling off the most legendary Freshman Prank since the one Kevin engineered 20 years ago. Meanwhile, Amy and Nathan have an awkward first date, but later enjoy helping Kevin, Adam and Tyler as they plan the prank. Kevin has a vision of being on the deck of a crabbing boat.
12
"Caught White-Handed" Jennifer Lynch Brant Englestein January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16) 2.46[16]
Reese is with Kevin when he tracks his next subject, and she realizes her uncle has stumbled upon the mysterious "acorn fairy" -- a person who has been doing good deeds around Taylor for the last ten years. In trying to help the woman (Kathleen Wilhoite), Kevin unintentionally causes her real identity to be revealed, along with her criminal past. Meanwhile, Yvette learns that the person responding to Tyler's ads searching for her is Kevin, who says he was just trying to figure out a way to let his friend down easy. This backfires when Tyler decides to travel to Canada to locate his true love. Kevin has a vision of the boat from the previous episode, but this time Tyler is with him.
13
"Fishtail" J. Miller Tobin Craig DiGregorio & Chris Dingess February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06) 2.29[17]
Kevin tracks Tyler to Victoria, British Columbia, finding him working at a failing fish shop for a stubborn owner named Gus (Troy Evans), who refuses to update the shop in the modern marketplace that surrounds him. Kevin sees images from his fish boat vision, and determines the next righteous soul is in the vicinity. Elsewhere, Yvette reconnects with Dave to show him a cut on her finger and ask what it means. Dave later reveals a scrape on his leg. While Kevin and Tyler help Gus save his shop by developing an old-time fish tossing show, Kevin finds that the next righteous is Gus's landlord Shea (Sprague Grayden), who has done everything she can to keep the fish shop open. At Yvette's urging, Kevin tells Tyler the truth: that he wrote the emails from his "true love" to try and give him closure. Tyler decides that Kevin is no longer his friend.
14
"Old Friends" Michael Patrick Jann Chris Dingess & Craig DiGregorio February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20) 1.55[18]
As Kevin helps Amy with a task, he meets and helps Marc (Rhenzy Feliz), a 19-year old who has become a drifter after being estranged from his parents. Kevin also makes numerous attempts to win back Tyler's friendship, all of which fail until he gets Dave's help to see into Tyler's past. With further help from Kristin and Amy, Kevin makes a grand gesture to recreate a piece of Tyler's childhood. In the process, Kevin reconnects with Kristin romantically. While kissing her, he is startled by a vision of a bearded corpse in a coffin. Elsewhere, Yvette and Dave are continuing to develop human qualities, like getting ill and becoming hungry. As the episode closes, Dave gets electrocuted and disappears. Yvette confesses to Kevin that she has no idea where Dave went.
15
"World's Worst Domino" Peter Leto Brant Englestein & Davah Avena February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27) 2.11[19]
Amy hears something upstairs, which she thinks is a critter or intruder, but is actually Yvette. This causes Amy to install multiple security cameras. Yvette tells Kevin that Dave is likely dead, and that changes are happening to her. Meanwhile, Kevin helps Becky, the school security guard who was fired following the prank he helped engineer. It turns out Becky is a bit of an inventor, and with help from Amy and Tyler, Kevin is able to get her into a nearby inventor's expo. While the expo doesn't go well, Becky and Tyler fall for each other. As the episode concludes, Amy and Reese are reviewing security camera footage, and are startled by a brief, faint image of what appears to be a human talking to Kevin.
16
"The Right Thing" J. Miller Tobin Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06) 2.51[20]
Amy and Reese try to figure out what is on the security camera footage. Reese thinks it could be a ghost or an angel, and would explain Kevin always talking to someone who isn't there. Amy says it must be a video glitch, but she is clearly shaken. Kevin is led by a mistaken flower delivery to an area funeral home, where he sees things from his latest visions. He goes on to help the deceased's nephew, Barry (Currie Graham), the only family member who cares more about his uncle's wishes than his property. It turns out that Barry is the next righteous soul. Amy confronts Kevin who, to his own surprise, tells the truth about the meteor, Yvette, and his mission to save the world. Amy thinks it is another of Kevin's wild stories, but Yvette then reveals herself, telling Amy that she and Kevin need her help.
Production[edit]
The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin, but the name was changed since the show was not "overtly religious".[21]
The series was picked up for a 16-episode full season on November 10, 2017.[22]
On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the show after one season.[23]
Casting[edit]
Cristela Alonzo, who played a lead role as the heaven-sent entity in the original pilot, was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up.[24]
Filming[edit]
The series was filmed in Austin, Texas. [25] The pilot filmed March 23, 2017 in San Antonio, Texas at the San Antonio International Airport[26]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Pilot" October 3, 2017 1.0/4 4.17[5] N/A 2.17 N/A 6.33[27]
2 "Listen Up" October 10, 2017 0.8/3 3.61[6] N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 "Sweet Little Lies" October 17, 2017 0.8/3 3.26[7] N/A 1.75 N/A 5.01[28]
4 "How to be Good" October 24, 2017 0.7/3 2.87[8] N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 "Brutal Acts of Kindness" October 31, 2017 0.6/2 2.71[9] N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 "Rocky Road" November 7, 2017 0.7/3 2.91[10] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "Dave" November 14, 2017 0.7/3 2.62[11] N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 "Chrysalis" December 5, 2017 0.6/2 2.62[12] 0.4 1.50 1.0 4.13[29]
9 "Probably" December 12, 2017 0.6/2 2.49[13] N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 "The Ugly Sleep" January 2, 2018 0.7/3 2.62[14] N/A N/A N/A N/A
11 "Solo" January 9, 2018 0.6/3 2.39[15] 0.4 1.49 1.0 3.90[30]
12 "Caught White-Handed" January 16, 2018 0.6/2 2.46[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
13 "Fishtail" February 6, 2018 0.5/2 2.29[17] N/A N/A N/A N/A
14 "Old Friends" February 20, 2018 0.4/2 1.55[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A
15 "World's Worst Domino" February 27, 2018 0.6/2 2.11[19] TBD TBD TBD TBD
16 "The Right Thing" March 6, 2018 0.7/3 2.51[20] TBD TBD TBD TBD
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.73/10 based on 22 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Breezily entertaining, Kevin (Probably) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still-sketchy premise, hinting at deeper potential that's yet to develop."[31] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 11, 2017). "ABC Orders 'The Mayor', Zach Braff Comedy, 'Gospel of Kevin', 'Crossing', 'Good Doctor', Shondaland Drama to Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (July 24, 2017). "ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Marvel's 'Inhumans,' Daveed Diggs' 'The Mayor'". Variety. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' series premiere react: Meet the last of the Righteous". EW.com. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ "KEVIN (PROBABLY) SAVES THE WORLD REVIEW: "THE RIGHT THING"". tracking-board.com. 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 4, 2017). "'Fresh Off the Boat,' 'Voice' adjust up, 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' 'L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 11, 2017). "'Voice,' 'Flash,' 'Lethal Weapon' & 'The Mick' adjust up, 'NCIS: New Orleans' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). "'NCIS,' 'Voice' and 'This Is Us' adjust up, 'Black-ish' and 'L&O True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). "'This Is Us,' 'Fresh Off the Boat,' 'Kevin' & World Series adjust up, 'L&O True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 1, 2017). "'The Middle' and World Series adjust up, 'Law & Order True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 8, 2017). "'The Middle' adjusts up, 'The Mayor' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 15, 2017). "'Fresh Off the Boat,' 'The Flash' and 'Kevin' adjust up, 'Bull' and 'L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 6, 2017). "'Chicago Med' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 13, 2017). "'The Voice,' 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' all others unchanged: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 4, 2018). "'Bull' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (January 10, 2018). "'Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 18, 2018). "Originals all hold, 'Modern Family' rerun adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 7, 2018). "'NCIS' and 'Bull' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). "Winter Olympics adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 28, 2018). "'The Voice' and 'Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 7, 2018). "'This Is Us' adjusts up, 'Lethal Weapon' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Malone, Michael (September 4, 2017). "Show Name Changes (Probably) Help the Series". Broadcasting & Cable: 28–29.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 10, 2017). "ABC: 'Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' Gets 3-Episode Back Order, 'The Mayor' Gets 3 More Scripts". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (May 11, 2018). "'Kevin (Probably) Saves The World' Canceled After One Season On ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 16, 2017). "'The Gospel Of Kevin': Kimberly Hébert Gregory To Co-Star On ABC Series, Replacing Cristela Alonzo". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 7, 2017). "Pilot Locations 2017: NY, Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up; LA, Toronto, Chicago Slip". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ABC star recalls tearful shoot in San Antonio airport". Retrieved 11 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). "'The Orville,' 'Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). "'Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 22, 2017). "'Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). "'The Brave' goes from low to … less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kevin (Probably) Saves the World: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kevin (Probably) Saves the World - Season 1 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Kevin (Probably) Saves the World on IMDb
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text:
The Glass Menagerie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the film adaptations, see The Glass Menagerie (film).
The Glass Menagerie
Written by
Tennessee Williams
Characters
Amanda Wingfield
Tom Wingfield
Laura Wingfield
Jim O'Connor
Mr. Wingfield
Date premiered
1944
Original language
English
Genre
Memory play
Setting
A St. Louis apartment
The Glass Menagerie[1] is a five-character memory play by Tennessee Williams that premiered in 1944 and catapulted Williams from obscurity to fame. The play has strong autobiographical elements, featuring characters based on Williams himself, his histrionic mother, and his mentally fragile sister Rose. In writing the play, Williams drew on an earlier short story, as well as a screenplay he had written under the title of The Gentleman Caller.
The play premiered in Chicago in 1944. After a shaky start it was championed by Chicago critics Ashton Stevens and Claudia Cassidy, whose enthusiasm helped build audiences so the producers could move the play to Broadway where it won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award in 1945. The Glass Menagerie was Williams's first successful play; he went on to become one of America's most highly regarded playwrights.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Plot summary
3 Original Broadway cast
4 Autobiographical elements
5 Development
6 Film adaptations
7 Radio productions
8 Television productions
9 Later stage productions
10 Awards
10.1 Original Broadway Production (1945)
10.2 1994 Broadway Revival
10.3 2013 Broadway Revival
11 Parodies
12 References
13 External links
Characters[edit]
Amanda Wingfield
A faded Southern belle, abandoned by her husband, who is trying to raise her two children under harsh financial conditions. Amanda yearns for the comforts of her youth and also longs for her children to have the same comforts, but her devotion to them has made her – as she admits at one point – almost "hateful" towards them.
Tom Wingfield
Amanda's son. Tom works at a shoe warehouse to support his family but is frustrated by his job and aspires to be a poet. He struggles to write, despite being sleep-deprived and irritable. Yet, he escapes from reality through nightly excursions, apparently to the movies but also to local bars. It is loosely implied that he is a closeted homosexual and his excursions might actually involve anonymous encounters with random men. Tom feels both obligated toward yet burdened by his family and longs to escape.
Laura Wingfield
Amanda's daughter and Tom's older sister. A childhood illness has left her with a limp, and she has a mental fragility and an inferiority complex that have isolated her from the outside world. She has created a world of her own symbolized by her collection of glass figurines. The unicorn may represent Laura because it is unique and fragile.
Jim O'Connor
An old high-school acquaintance of Tom and Laura. Jim was a popular athlete and actor during his days at Soldan High School. Subsequent years have been less kind to Jim, however, and by the time of the play's action he is working as a shipping clerk at the same shoe warehouse as Tom. His hope to shine again is conveyed by his study of public speaking and ideas of self-improvement that appear related to those of Dale Carnegie.
Mr. Wingfield
Amanda's absentee husband and Laura’s and Tom’s father. Mr. Wingfield was a handsome man, full of charm, who worked for a telephone company and eventually "fell in love with long distance", abandoning his family 16 years before the play's action. Although he does not appear onstage, Mr. Wingfield is frequently referred to by Amanda and his picture is prominently displayed in the Wingfields' living room. This unseen character appears to incorporate elements of Williams's own father.
Plot summary[edit]
"Yes, I have tricks in my pocket, I have things up my sleeve. But I am the opposite of a stage magician. He gives you illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion."
The beginning of Tom's opening soliloquy.
The play is introduced to the audience by Tom, the narrator and protagonist, as a memory play based on his recollection of his mother Amanda and his sister Laura. Because the play is based on memory, Tom cautions the audience that what they see may not be precisely what happened.
Amanda Wingfield, a faded Southern belle of middle age, shares a dingy St. Louis apartment with her son Tom, in his early twenties, and his slightly older sister, Laura. Although she is a survivor and a pragmatist, Amanda yearns for the comforts and admiration she remembers from her days as a fêted debutante. She worries especially about the future of her daughter Laura, a young woman with a limp (an after-effect of a bout of polio) and a tremulous insecurity about the outside world. Tom works in a shoe warehouse doing his best to support the family. He chafes under the banality and boredom of everyday life and struggles to write, while spending much of his spare time going to the movies — or so he says — at all hours of the night.
Amanda is obsessed with finding a suitor (or, as she puts it, a "gentleman caller") for Laura, whose crippling shyness has led her to drop out of both high school and a subsequent secretarial course, and who spends much of her time polishing and arranging her collection of little glass animals. Pressured by his mother to help find a caller for Laura, Tom invites an acquaintance from work named Jim home for dinner.
The delighted Amanda spruces up the apartment, prepares a special dinner, and converses coquettishly with Jim, almost reliving her youth when she had an abundance of suitors calling on her. Laura discovers that Jim is the boy she was attracted to in high school and has often thought of since — though the relationship between the shy Laura and the "most likely to succeed" Jim was never more than a distant, teasing acquaintanceship. Initially, Laura is so overcome by shyness that she is unable to join the others at dinner, and she claims to be ill. After dinner, however, Jim and Laura are left alone by candlelight in the living room, waiting for the electricity to be restored. (Tom has not paid the power bill, which hints to the audience that he is banking the bill money and preparing to leave the household.) As the evening progresses, Jim recognizes Laura's feelings of inferiority and encourages her to think better of herself. He and Laura share a quiet dance, in which he accidentally brushes against her glass menagerie, knocking a glass unicorn to the floor and breaking off its horn. Jim then compliments Laura and kisses her. After Jim tells Laura that he is engaged to be married, Laura asks him to take the broken unicorn as a gift and he then leaves. When Amanda learns that Jim is to be married, she turns her anger upon Tom and cruelly lashes out at him — although Tom did not know that Jim was engaged. In fact, Tom seems quite surprised by this, and it is possible that Jim was only making up the story of the engagement as he felt that the family was trying to set him up with Laura, and he had no romantic interest in her.
The play concludes with Tom saying that he left home soon afterward and never returned. He then bids farewell to his mother and sister, and asks Laura to blow out the candles.
Original Broadway cast[edit]
Anthony Ross, Laurette Taylor, Eddie Dowling and Julie Haydon in the Broadway production of The Glass Menagerie (1945)
The Glass Menagerie opened on Broadway in the Playhouse Theatre on March 31, 1945, and played there until June 29, 1946. It then moved to the Royale Theatre from July 1, 1946, until its closing on August 3, 1946. The show was directed by Eddie Dowling and Margo Jones. The cast for opening night was as follows:
Eddie Dowling as Tom Wingfield
Laurette Taylor as Amanda Wingfield
Julie Haydon as Laura Wingfield
Anthony Ross as Jim O'Connor
Laurette Taylor's performance as Amanda set a standard against which subsequent actresses taking the role were to be judged, typically to their disadvantage. In the 2004 documentary Broadway: The Golden Age, by the Legends Who Were There, Broadway veterans rank Taylor's performance as the most memorable of their lives.
The play won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award as Best American Play.[2] Williams gave credit to two Chicago critics, Claudia Cassidy and Ashton Stevens, for "giving him a 'start...in a fashion'..." Cassidy wrote that the play had "the stamina of success..." Stevens wrote that the play had "the courage of true poetry..."[3]
Autobiographical elements[edit]
The characters and story mimic Williams's own life more closely than any of his other works. Williams (whose real name was Thomas) closely resembles Tom; his mother, Amanda. His sickly and mentally unstable older sister Rose provides the basis for the fragile Laura (whose nickname in the play is "Blue Roses", a result of a bout of pleurosis as a high school student), though it has also been suggested that Laura may incorporate aspects of Williams himself, referencing his introverted nature and obsessive focus on just one aspect of life (writing for Williams and glass animals in Laura's case).[4] Williams, who was close to Rose growing up, learned to his horror that in 1943 in his absence his sister had been subjected to a botched lobotomy. Rose was left incapacitated (and institutionalized) for the rest of her life. With the success of The Glass Menagerie, Williams was to give half of the royalties from the play to his mother. He later designated half of the royalties from his play Summer and Smoke to provide for Rose's care, arranging for her move from the state hospital to a private sanitarium. Eventually he was to leave the bulk of his estate to ensure Rose's continuing care.[5] Rose died in 1996.
Development[edit]
The play was reworked from one of Williams's short stories "Portrait of a Girl in Glass" (1943; published 1948).[6] The story is also written from the point of view of narrator Tom Wingfield, and many of his soliloquies from The Glass Menagerie seem lifted straight from this original. Certain elements have clearly been omitted from the play, including the reasons for Laura's fascination with Jim's freckles (linked to a book that she loved and often reread, Freckles by Gene Stratton-Porter). Generally the story contains the same plot as the play, with certain sections given more emphasis, and character details edited (for example, in the story, Jim nicknames Tom "Slim", instead of "Shakespeare"[6]). Another basis for the play is a screenplay Williams wrote under the title of The Gentleman Caller. Williams had been briefly contracted as a writer to MGM, and he apparently envisioned Ethel Barrymore and Judy Garland for the roles that eventually became Amanda and Laura, although when the play was eventually filmed in 1950, Gertrude Lawrence was cast as Amanda and Jane Wyman as Laura.
Film adaptations[edit]
Two Hollywood movie versions of The Glass Menagerie have been produced. The first, directed by Irving Rapper in 1950, starred Gertrude Lawrence (Amanda), Jane Wyman (Laura), Arthur Kennedy (Tom) and Kirk Douglas (Jim).[7] Williams characterized this version, which had an implied happy ending grafted onto it in the style of American films from that era, as the worst adaptation of his work. Bosley Crowther of the New York Times wrote, "As much as we hate to say so, Miss Lawrence's performance does not compare with the tender and radiant creation of the late Laurette Taylor on the stage." [8] The film has never been released on either VHS or DVD.
The second film directed by Paul Newman in 1987, starred Joanne Woodward (Amanda), Karen Allen (Laura), John Malkovich (Tom), and James Naughton (Jim) and, if anything, was even less well-received than the earlier film and sank without much attention. However, the New York Times reviewer noted "starts out stiffly and gets better as it goes along, with the dinner-party sequence its biggest success; in this highly charged situation, Miss Woodward's Amanda indeed seems to flower. But quiet reverence is its prevailing tone, and in the end that seems thoroughly at odds with anything Williams ever intended."[9] It is available on DVD.
There is an Indian adaptation of the play, filmed in the Malayalam language. The movie titled Akale (meaning At a Distance), released in 2004, is directed by Shyamaprasad. The story is set in the southern Indian state of Kerala in the 1970s, in an Anglo-Indian/Latin Catholic household. The characters were renamed to fit the context better (the surname Wingfield was changed to D'Costa, reflecting the part-Portuguese heritage of the family — probably on the absent father's side, since the mother is Anglo-Indian), but the story remains essentially the same. Prithviraj Sukumaran plays Neil D'Costa (Tom Wingfield in the play), Geethu Mohandas plays Rosemary D'Costa (Laura Wingfield), Sheela plays Margaret D'Costa (Amanda Wingfield), and Tom George Kolath plays Freddy Evans (Jim O'Connor). Sheela won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress, and Geethu Mohandas won the Kerala State Film Award for the best actress.
The Iranian film Here Without Me (2011) is also an adaptation of the play, in a contemporary Iranian setting.[10]
Radio productions[edit]
The first radio adaptation of the play was performed on Theatre Guild on the Air in 1951 starring Helen Hayes as Amanda with Montgomery Clift as Tom,[11] Kathryn Baird as Laura, and Karl Malden as Jim. A 1953 adaptation appeared on the radio series Best Plays starring Evelyn Varden as Amanda and Geraldine Page as Laura. Jane Wyman recreated her film role of Laura for a 1954 adaptation on Lux Radio Theatre with Fay Bainter as Amanda and Frank Lovejoy as Tom and Tom Brown as Jim. The 1953 version is not known to survive but recordings of the other two are in circulation. In 1964 Caedmon Records produced an LP version of the Glass Menagerie as the initial issue of its theatre series. The production starred Jessica Tandy as Amanda, Montgomery Clift as Tom, Julie Harris as Laura, David Wayne as the gentleman caller. The recording is now available in the form of audio app.
Television productions[edit]
The first television version, recorded on videotape and starring Shirley Booth, was broadcast on December 8, 1966, as part of CBS Playhouse. Barbara Loden played Laura, Hal Holbrook played Tom and Pat Hingle played the Gentleman Caller.[12] Booth was nominated for an Emmy for her performance as Amanda. The videotape, long thought to be lost, was reconstructed from unedited takes found in the archives of the University of Southern California and an audio recording of the original telecast. On December 8, 2016 -- fifty years to the day after the original telecast -- a re-assembled version of the play was shown on TCM.[13]
A second television adaptation was broadcast on ABC on December 16, 1973, starring Katharine Hepburn as Amanda, Sam Waterston as Tom, Michael Moriarty as Jim, and Joanna Miles as Laura. It was directed by Anthony Harvey. (Tom's initial soliloquy is cut from this version; it opens with him walking alone in an alley, sitting on a rampart to read the newspaper and having his sister's and mother's voices conjure up the first domestic scene.) All four actors were nominated for Emmys, with Moriarty and Miles winning.
Later stage productions[edit]
The Glass Menagerie has had a number of Broadway revivals. Maureen Stapleton, Anne Pitoniak, Jessica Tandy, Julie Harris, Jessica Lange, Judith Ivey, Harriet Harris,[14] Cherry Jones, and Sally Field have all portrayed Amanda Wingfield.
May 4, 1965, to October 2, 1965, at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre
George Grizzard as Tom Wingfield
Pat Hingle as Jim O'Connor
Piper Laurie as Laura Wingfield
Maureen Stapleton as Amanda Wingfield
December 18, 1975, to February 22, 1976, at the Circle in the Square Theatre
Pamela Payton-Wright as Laura Wingfield
Paul Rudd as Jim O'Connor
Maureen Stapleton as Amanda Wingfield
Rip Torn as Tom Wingfield
December 1, 1983, to February 19, 1984, at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre
Jessica Tandy as Amanda Wingfield
Bruce Davison as Tom Wingfield
John Heard as Jim O'Connor
Amanda Plummer as Laura Wingfield
1989 at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Ian Hastings
Avril Elgar as Amanda Wingfield
Linus Roache as Tom Wingfield
Geraldine Somerville as Laura Wingfield
November 15, 1994, to January 1, 1995, at Criterion Center Stage Right
Julie Harris as Amanda Wingfield
Željko Ivanek as Tom Wingfield
Kevin Kilner as Jim O'Connor (Drama Desk Award nomination, Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play)
Calista Flockhart played Laura in her Broadway debut. For her performance as Laura, Flockhart received a 1995 Clarence Derwent Award for Most Promising Actress.
March 22, 2005, to July 3, 2005, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre
Jessica Lange as Amanda Wingfield
Josh Lucas as Jim O'Connor
Sarah Paulson as Laura Wingfield
Christian Slater as Tom Wingfield
April 2008 at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Braham Murray
Brenda Blethyn as Amanda Wingfield
Mark Arends as Tom Wingfield
Emma Hamilton as Laura Wingfield: she won a TMA Award for her performance
Off-Broadway at the Roundabout Theatre Company, March 24, 2010 to June 13, 2010[15]
Patch Darragh as Tom Wingfield
Judith Ivey as Amanda Wingfield
Keira Keeley as Laura Wingfield
Michael Mosley as Jim O'Connor
26 January to 29 April 2017, at the Duke of York's Theatre, London
Cherry Jones as Amanda Wingfield
Kate O'Flynn as Laura Wingfield
Michael Esper as Tom Wingfield
Brian J. Smith as Jim O'Connor
February 7 to May 21, 2017 at the Belasco Theatre, Broadway[16][17]
Sally Field as Amanda Wingfield
Madison Ferris as Laura Wingfield
Joe Mantello as Tom Wingfield
Finn Wittrock as Jim O'Connor
The 2013 Broadway revival began previews on September 5 with an official opening on September 26, 2013, at the Booth Theatre and closed on February 23, 2014.[18] The cast featured Cherry Jones as Amanda Wingfield, Zachary Quinto as Tom, Celia Keenan-Bolger as Laura and Brian J. Smith as Jim and was directed by John Tiffany.[19][20] This production received seven 2014 Tony Award nominations, including Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Play (Cherry Jones), Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Play (Brian J. Smith), Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play (Celia Keenan-Bolger), Best Scenic Design of a Play (Bob Crowley), Best Lighting Design of a Play (Natasha Katz) and Best Direction of a Play (John Tiffany).[21] and three Drama Desk Award nominations, including Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play (Brian J. Smith), Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play (Celia Keenan-Bolger), and Outstanding Music in a Play (Nico Muhly).[22]
In 1997, Kiefer Sutherland returned to his theatrical roots, starring with his mother, Canadian actress Shirley Douglas, in a Canadian production of The Glass Menagerie at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto.
In October 2016 it was announced that The Glass Menagerie would be returning to the West End, opening in February 2017 at the Duke of York's Theatre.[23]
Awards[edit]
Original Broadway Production (1945)[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1945 New York Drama Critic's Circle Best American Play Tennessee Williams Won
1994 Broadway Revival[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1995 Clarence Derwent Award Most Promising Female Performer Calista Flockhart Won
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Kevin Kilner Nominated
Theatre World Award Calista Flockhart Won
Kevin Kilner Won
2013 Broadway Revival[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
2014 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Brian J. Smith Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Celia Keenan-Bolger Won
Outstanding Music in a Play Nico Muhly Won
Drama League Award Distinguished Revival of a Play Won
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Won
Outstanding Actress in a Play Cherry Jones Won
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Brian J. Smith Won
Theatre World Award Dorothy Loudon Award for Excellence in Theatre Celia Keenan-Bolger Won
Tony Award Best Revival of a Play Nominated
Best Actress in a Play Cherry Jones Nominated
Best Featured Actor in a Play Brian J. Smith Nominated
Best Featured Actress in a Play Celia Keenan-Bolger Nominated
Best Direction of a Play John Tiffany Nominated
Best Lighting Design of a Play Natasha Katz Won
Best Scenic Design of a Play Bob Crowley Nominated
Parodies[edit]
The Glass Menagerie was parodied by Christopher Durang in a short one-act titled For Whom the Southern Belle Tolls, in which Laura is replaced by a wimpy hypochondriac son named Lawrence, and the "gentleman caller" becomes Ginny, a butch female factory worker with a hearing problem. Lawrence, instead of prizing a collection of glass figurines, here is obsessed with his collection of glass cocktail stirrers.
Ryan Landry and The Gold Dust Orphans did a parody called The Plexiglass Menagerie, set in a FEMA trailer in post-Katrina New Orleans, with Landry playing Amanda in an all-male cast.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Glass Menagerie, New Directions, reissued in 2011 with an Introduction by Tony Kusher, ISBN 978-0-8112-1894-8
Jump up ^ "Past Awards, 1944-1945" dramacritics.org, accessed January 8, 2014
Jump up ^ Saddik, Annette J. Glass Menagerie The Politics of Reputation: The Critical Reception of Tennessee Williams (books.google.com), Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1999, ISBN 0838637728, p. 25
Jump up ^ Lyle Leverich, "Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams", W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. (April 1, 1997) ISBN 0-393-31663-7
Jump up ^ Greenberg-Slovin, Naomi. "Notes from the Dramaturg". Program to The Glass Menagerie. Everyman Theatre, Baltimore, 2013–14 season.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Collected Stories of Tennessee Williams", New Directions, 1985, page 110, ISBN 978-0-8112-1269-4
Jump up ^ " The Glass Menagerie, 1950" tcm.com, accessed January 8, 2014
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley. "Movie Review. 'The Glass Menagerie' (1950)" The New York Times, September 29, 1950
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet. "Paul Newman Directs 'Glass Menagerie'" The New York Times, October 23, 1987
Jump up ^ IMDB – Here Without me http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1874522/
Jump up ^ " 'The Glass Menagerie', 51-09-16, Program # 80" digitaldeliftp.com, accessed January 8, 2014
Jump up ^ "Tennessee Williams: 'The Glass Menagerie'. CBS Playhouse" archive.org, accessed January 8, 2014
Jump up ^ http://www.bestofneworleans.com/thelatest/archives/2016/12/07/lost-version-of-the-glass-menagerie-to-screen-on-tcm-dec-8
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "Harris and Harrison to Star in Guthrie 'Glass Menagerie'" playbill.com, December 18, 2006
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Off-Broadway's Acclaimed Glass Menagerie Will Sparkle for Two Extra Weeks" playbill.com, March 29, 2010
Jump up ^ "The Glass Menagerie, with Joe Mantello and Sally Field, Opens March 9" Playbill, March 9, 2017
Jump up ^ Gans. Andrew. "Revival of 'The Glass Menagerie' Announces Broadway Closing Date" Playbill, May 9, 2017
Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam. "Hit Broadway Revival of 'The Glass Menagerie', With Cherry Jones, Zachary Quinto and Celia Keenan-Bolger, Concludes Feb. 23" playbill.com, February 23, 2014
Jump up ^ Listing, 2013 Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew and Hetrick, Adam. "Broadway Revival of 'The Glass Menagerie', With Cherry Jones, Zachary Quinto and Celia Keenan-Bolger, Recoups" playbill.com, January 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. 68th Annual Tony Awards Nominations Announced; Gentleman's Guide Leads the Pack" playbill.com, April 29, 2014
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. 2014 Annual "Drama Desk Awards Nominations Announced; 'Gentleman's Guide' Earns 12 Nominations" playbill.com, April 25, 2014
Jump up ^ [1]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Glass Menagerie.
Theatre portal
United States portal
Detailed plot summary and analysis of The Glass Menagerie
The Glass Menagerie at the Internet Broadway Database
Study resource for writing about The Glass Menagerie
1951 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive
Museum of the City of New York – Theater still photos of the 1945 production of The Glass Menagerie
Why Expressionism? “The Glass Menagerie”: A Common Core Exemplar
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Tennessee Williams
Plays
Candles to the Sun (1936)
Spring Storm (1937)
Fugitive Kind (1937)
Not About Nightingales (1938)
Battle of Angels (1940)
Auto-da-Fé (1941)
The Glass Menagerie (1944)
You Touched Me (1945)
Stairs to the Roof (1947)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1947)
Summer and Smoke (1948)
The Rose Tattoo (1951)
Camino Real (1953)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955)
Orpheus Descending (1957)
Suddenly Last Summer (1958)
Sweet Bird of Youth (1959)
Period of Adjustment (1960)
The Night of the Iguana (1961)
The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore (1963)
The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968)
In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel (1969)
Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis? (1969)
Out Cry (1971)
Small Craft Warnings (1972)
The Two-Character Play (1973)
The Red Devil Battery Sign (1975)
This Is (An Entertainment) (1976)
Vieux Carré (1977)
A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur (1979)
Clothes for a Summer Hotel (1980)
The Notebook of Trigorin (1981)
Something Cloudy, Something Clear (1981)
A House Not Meant to Stand (1982)
Novels
The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1950)
Moise and the World of Reason (1975)
Short story
collections
Hard Candy: A Book of Stories (1954)
Three Players of a Summer Game and Other Stories (1960)
The Knightly Quest: a Novella and Four Short Stories (1966)
One Arm and Other Stories (1967)
Eight Mortal Ladies Possessed: a Book of Stories (1974)
Screenplays
The Glass Menagerie (1950)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
The Rose Tattoo (1955)
Baby Doll (1956)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
The Fugitive Kind (1959)
Ten Blocks on the Camino Real (1966)
Boom! (1968)
The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond (1957, filmed 2009)
Non-fiction
"The Catastrophe of Success" (1947)
"A Streetcar Named Success" (1947)
Poetry
In the Winter of Cities (1956)
Androgyne, Mon Amour (1977)
Unfinished
manuscripts
In Masks Outrageous and Austere (1983)
Related
articles
List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams
[show]
v
t
e
Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie (1944)
Performances
The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)
The Glass Menagerie (1966 TV movie)
The Glass Menagerie (1973 TV movie)
The Glass Menagerie (1987 film)
Adaptations
Akale (2004 Malayalam film)
Here Without Me (2010 Iranian film)
Related
Portrait of a Girl in Glass
"The Catastrophe of Success"
[show]
v
t
e
Helpmann Award for Best Play
Life After George (2001)
Cloudstreet (2002)
Copenhagen (2003)
Inheritance (2004)
The Sapphires (2005)
Stuff Happens (2006)
The Lost Echo (2007)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (2008)
War of the Roses (2009)
Richard III (2010)
The Wild Duck (2011)
Ganesh Versus the Third Reich (2012)
The Secret River (2013)
Angels in America (2014)
The Glass Menagerie (2015)
The Bleeding Tree (2016)
The Drover's Wife (2017)
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