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List of comparative military ranks
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Common military ranks in English
Navies
Armies
Air forces
Commissioned officers
Admiral of
the fleet Field marshal or
General of the Army Marshal of
the air force
Admiral General Air chief marshal
Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal
Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal
Commodore Brigadier or
brigadier general Air commodore
Captain Colonel Group captain
Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander
Lieutenant
commander Major or
Commandant Squadron leader
Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant
Lieutenant
junior grade or
sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or
first lieutenant Flying officer
Ensign or
midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer
Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet
Enlisted grades
Warrant officer or
chief petty officer Warrant officer or
sergeant major Warrant officer
Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant
Leading seaman Corporal or
bombardier Corporal
Seaman Private or
gunner or
trooper Aircraftman or
airman
Talk·View
This article is a list of various states' armed forces ranking designations. Comparisons are made between the different systems used by nations to categorize the hierarchy of an armed force compared to another. Several of these lists mention NATO reference codes. These are the NATO rank reference codes, used for easy comparison among NATO countries. Links to comparison charts can be found below.
Contents
1 References to modern military
1.1 Afghanistan
1.2 Algeria
1.3 Angola
1.4 Argentina
1.5 Australia
1.6 Austria
1.7 Bangladesh
1.8 Belgium
1.9 Bolivia
1.10 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1.11 Brazil
1.12 Canada
1.13 Chile
1.14 People's Republic of China
1.15 Colombia
1.16 Congo
1.17 Congo-Brazzaville
1.18 Croatia
1.19 Cuba
1.20 Denmark
1.21 Egypt
1.22 Ecuador
1.23 Estonia
1.24 Finland
1.25 France
1.26 Gabon
1.27 Georgia
1.28 Germany
1.29 Greece
1.30 Hungary
1.31 India
1.32 Indonesia
1.33 Iran
1.34 Iraq
1.35 Ireland
1.36 Israel
1.37 Italy
1.38 Japan
1.39 Jordan
1.40 Kosovo
1.41 Laos
1.42 Lebanon
1.43 Lithuania
1.44 Malaysia
1.45 Mexico
1.46 Mongolia
1.47 Myanmar
1.48 Netherlands
1.49 New Zealand
1.50 Nicaragua
1.51 North Korea
1.52 Norway
1.53 Pakistan
1.54 Peru
1.55 Philippines
1.56 Poland
1.57 Portugal
1.58 Romania
1.59 Russia
1.60 Saudi Arabia
1.61 Serbia
1.62 Singapore
1.63 Slovakia
1.64 Slovenia
1.65 South Africa
1.66 South Korea
1.67 Spain
1.68 Sri Lanka
1.69 Sweden
1.70 Switzerland
1.71 Syria
1.72 Republic of China (Taiwan)
1.73 Tanzania
1.74 Thailand
1.75 Tunisia
1.76 Turkey
1.77 Ukraine
1.78 United Arab Emirates
1.79 United Kingdom
1.80 United States
1.81 Venezuela
1.82 Vietnam
2 Continental comparisons
2.1 Africa
2.2 Americas
2.3 Asia
2.4 Europe
2.5 Oceania
3 Other comparisons
3.1 NATO
3.2 Commonwealth of Nations
4 Previous eras
4.1 Miscellaneous
4.2 First and Second World War comparisons
5 External links
References to modern military[edit]
Afghanistan[edit]
Ranks of the Afghan Armed Forces
Algeria[edit]
Algeria military ranks
Angola[edit]
Military ranks of Angola
Argentina[edit]
Military ranks of Argentina
Argentine Army officer rank insignia; Argentine Army enlisted rank insignia
Australia[edit]
Australian Defence Force ranks
Royal Australian Navy ranks and uniforms
Australian Army officer rank insignia; Australian Army other ranks insignia
Ranks of the RAAF
Austria[edit]
Ranks of the Austrian Bundesheer
Bangladesh[edit]
Ranks of Bangladesh Army
Ranks and insignia of Bangladesh Navy
Bangladesh Air Force rank insignia
Belgium[edit]
Belgian military ranks
Bolivia[edit]
Military ranks of Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
Military ranks and insignia of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil[edit]
Brazilian military ranks
Canada[edit]
Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia
Chile[edit]
Army ranks and insignia of Chile
Naval ranks and insignia of Chile
Air Force ranks and insignia of Chile
People's Republic of China[edit]
Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force
Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force
Ranks of the People's Armed Police
Colombia[edit]
Military ranks of the Colombian Armed Forces
Congo[edit]
Military ranks of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Congo-Brazzaville[edit]
Military ranks of Republic of the Congo
Croatia[edit]
Croatian military ranks
Cuba[edit]
Cuban military ranks
Denmark[edit]
Danish Army ranks
Danish Navy ranks
Danish Air Force ranks
Egypt[edit]
Egyptian Air Force ranks
Egyptian Army ranks
Egyptian Navy ranks
Ecuador[edit]
Military ranks of Ecuador
Estonia[edit]
Military ranks of Estonia
Finland[edit]
Finnish military ranks
France[edit]
French Army ranks
French Navy ranks
French Air Force ranks
French Gendarmerie ranks
Gabon[edit]
Military ranks of the Armed Forces of Gabon
Georgia[edit]
Georgian military ranks
Germany[edit]
Rank insignia of the German Bundeswehr
Ranks of the German Bundeswehr
Greece[edit]
Greek military ranks
Hellenic Army: officer, other
Hungary[edit]
Hungarian military ranks
India[edit]
Indian Army ranks and insignia
Indian Navy ranks and insignia
Indian Air Force ranks and insignia
Indonesia[edit]
Indonesian military ranks
Iran[edit]
Rank insignia of the Iranian military
Iraq[edit]
Military ranks of Iraq
Ireland[edit]
Irish Army rank insignia
Irish Naval Service rank insignia
Irish Air Corps rank insignia
Israel[edit]
Israeli Defence Forces ranks and insignia
Italy[edit]
Italian Army ranks
Italian Navy ranks
Italian Air Force ranks
Italian Carabinieri ranks
Japan[edit]
Japanese military ranks
Jordan[edit]
Jordanian military ranks
Kosovo[edit]
Kosovo Security Force
Laos[edit]
Military ranks of the Lao People's Armed Forces
Lebanon[edit]
Lebanese Army ranks
Lithuania[edit]
Lithuanian military ranks and insignia
Malaysia[edit]
Malaysian military ranks
Mexico[edit]
Army ranks and insignia of Mexico
Naval ranks and insignia of Mexico
Mongolia[edit]
Mongolian military ranks
Myanmar[edit]
Army ranks and insignia of Myanmar
Navy ranks and insignia of Myanmar
Air Force ranks and insignia of Myanmar
Netherlands[edit]
Dutch military ranks
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand military ranks
Nicaragua[edit]
Nicaragua military ranks
North Korea[edit]
Korean People's Army Ground Force ranks
Korean People's Army Air Force ranks
Korean People's Navy ranks
Comparative military ranks of Korea
Norway[edit]
Norwegian military ranks
Pakistan[edit]
Pakistan Army ranks and insignia
Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia
Pakistan Air Force ranks and insignia
Peru[edit]
Peruvian Army (Ejército del Perú)
Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Perú)
Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aérea del Perú)
Philippines[edit]
Military ranks of the Philippines
Poland[edit]
Polish Armed Forces rank insignia
Portugal[edit]
Portuguese Armed Forces rank insignia
Romania[edit]
Romanian Army ranks and insignia
Russia[edit]
Russian Army ranks and insignia
Russian Navy ranks and insignia
Russian Air Force ranks and insignia
Saudi Arabia[edit]
Saudi Arabian military ranks
Serbia[edit]
Serbian military ranks and insignia
Singapore[edit]
Singapore Armed Forces ranks
Slovakia[edit]
Slovak Army officer ranks
Slovak Army other ranks
Slovenia[edit]
Slovenian military ranks
South Africa[edit]
South African military ranks
South Korea[edit]
Republic of Korea Army ranks
Republic of Korea Air force ranks
Republic of Korea Navy ranks
Comparative military ranks of Korea
Spain[edit]
Spanish Armed Forces rank insignia
Sri Lanka[edit]
Sri Lanka Army rank insignia
Sri Lanka Navy rank insignia
Sri Lanka Air Force rank insignia
Sweden[edit]
Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces
Switzerland[edit]
Swiss Army ranks
Syria[edit]
Military ranks of Syria
Republic of China (Taiwan)[edit]
Republic of China Army rank insignia
Republic of China Navy rank and rating insignia
Republic of China Air Force rank insignia
Tanzania[edit]
Rank and insignia of the Tanzanian Armed Forces
Thailand[edit]
Military ranks of the Thai armed forces
Tunisia[edit]
Military ranks of Tunisia
Turkey[edit]
Military ranks of Turkey
Ukraine[edit]
Military ranks of Ukraine
United Arab Emirates[edit]
Military ranks of United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom[edit]
Royal Navy officer rank insignia; Royal Navy ratings rank insignia
British Army officer rank insignia; British Army other rank insignia
Royal Air Force officer ranks; Royal Air Force other ranks
United Kingdom and United States military ranks compared
United States[edit]
United States uniformed services: comparative ranks of officers, warrant officers, and enlisted servicemen
United States Air Force: enlisted, officer
United States Army: enlisted, warrant officer, officer
United States Coast Guard: enlisted, warrant officer, officer
United States Marine Corps: enlisted, warrant officer, officer
United States Navy: enlisted, warrant officer, officer
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps: officer
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps: officer
United Kingdom and United States military ranks compared
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps ranks
Venezuela[edit]
Venezuelan military ranks
Vietnam[edit]
Vietnamese military ranks and insignia
Continental comparisons[edit]
Africa[edit]
Comparative army officer ranks of Africa
Comparative army enlisted ranks of Africa
Comparative air force officer ranks of Africa
Comparative air force enlisted ranks of Africa
Comparative navy officer ranks of Africa
Comparative navy enlisted ranks of Africa
Americas[edit]
Comparative army officer ranks of the Americas
Comparative army enlisted ranks of the Americas
Comparative air force officer ranks of the Americas
Comparative air force enlisted ranks of the Americas
Comparative navy officer ranks of the Americas
Comparative navy enlisted ranks of the Americas
Asia[edit]
Comparative army officer ranks of Asia
Comparative army enlisted ranks of Asia
Comparative air force officer ranks of Asia
Comparative air force enlisted ranks of Asia
Comparative navy officer ranks of Asia
Comparative navy enlisted ranks of Asia
Europe[edit]
Comparative army officer ranks of Europe
Comparative army enlisted ranks of Europe
Comparative air force officer ranks of Europe
Comparative air force enlisted ranks of Europe
Comparative navy officer ranks of Europe
Comparative navy enlisted ranks of Europe
Oceania[edit]
Comparative army officer ranks of Oceania
Comparative army enlisted ranks of Oceania
Comparative air force officer ranks of Oceania
Comparative air force enlisted ranks of Oceania
Comparative navy officer ranks of Oceania
Comparative navy enlisted ranks of Oceania
Other comparisons[edit]
NATO[edit]
Ranks and insignia of NATO
Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers
Ranks and insignia of NATO armies enlisted
Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Officers
Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Enlisted
Ranks and insignia of officers of NATO navies
Ranks and insignia of NATO Navies Enlisted
Commonwealth of Nations[edit]
Comparative army officer ranks of the Commonwealth
Comparative army enlisted ranks of the Commonwealth
Comparative air force officer ranks of the Commonwealth
Comparative air force enlisted ranks of the Commonwealth
Comparative navy officer ranks of the Commonwealth
Comparative navy enlisted ranks of the Commonwealth
Previous eras[edit]
Miscellaneous[edit]
Royal Navy during the 18th and 19th centuries
United States (Union) Army during the civil war
United States (Union) Navy during the civil war
Confederate Army during the civil war
Confederate Navy during the civil war
Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces
Ranks in the Austro-Hungarian Navy
South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia
First and Second World War comparisons[edit]
Comparative military ranks of World War I
Comparative officer ranks of World War II
World War II German Army ranks and insignia
Military ranks of the Luftwaffe (1935–45)
Corps colours of the Luftwaffe (1935–45)
Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine
Japan - army ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II
Japan - naval ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II
Nazi Party paramilitary ranks:
Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party
Ranks and insignia of the Schutzstaffel
Table of ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS
Corps colours (Waffen-SS)
Ranks and insignia of the Sturmabteilung
Ranks and insignia of the Hitler Youth
Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Flyers Corps
Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Motor Corps
Ranks and insignia of the Volkssturm
United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War I
United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War II
External links[edit]
World Rank Insignia
Dave VE7CNV Current Military Ranks of the World
US Department of Defense rank insignia page
Australian Defence Force Badges of Rank
British Army Badges of Rank
Canadian Forces Badges of Rank
Irish Defence Force Army Badges of Rank
New Zealand Defence Force Badges of Rank
hide
v
t
e
Military ranks and insignia by country
List of comparative military ranks
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
DR Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Army
Navy
Air Force
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Former
Biafra
Bophuthatswana
Ciskei
Kingdom of Egypt
Ethiopian Empire
Rhodesia
South West Africa
Transkei
Venda
Zaire
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Apartheid States in Southern Africa
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Army
Air Force
Navy
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Army
Navy
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Officers:
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Enlisted:
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Other:
Marine Corps
Warrant officer
Uruguay
Venezuela
Former
United States Army enlisted
World War I
World War II
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
PR of China
Army
Navy
Air Force
Republic of China(Taiwan)
Army
Navy
Air Force
East Timor
India
Army
Air Force
Navy
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea(North & South)
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Army
Navy
Air Force
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Army
Air Force
Navy
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Army
Navy
Air Force
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Former
People's Republic of Kampuchea
Imperial Iran
Imperial Japan
Army
Navy
Manchukuo
Mengjiang
Mongolian People's Republic
South Vietnam
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Europe
Albania
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Army
Navy
Air Force
Estonia
Finland
France
Army
Navy
Gendarmerie
Air Force
Foresters
Germany
Rank information
Rank insignia
Georgia
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Land Forces
Coast Guard
Ireland
Italy
Army
Navy
Air Force
Carabinieri
Finance Guard
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Army
Navy
Air Force
Between 1994 and 2010
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Army officers
Army other ranks
Navy officers
Navy ratings
Air Force officers
Air Force other ranks
Vatican
Former
Albanian Kingdom
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Austria–Hungary
Army
Navy
Independent State of Croatia
Czechoslovakia
German Empire
Nazi Germany
Army
Navy
Air Force
People's Militia
SA
SS
Nazi Party
East Germany
Kingdom of Greece
Army
Navy
Air Force
France
Napoleonic Grand Army
Kingdom of Hungary
Hungarian People's Republic
Kingdom of Italy
Ottoman Empire
Polish People's Republic
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
1918–35
1935–40
1940–43
1943–55
1955–91
Yugoslavia
Kingdom
Socialistic Federal Republic
Federal Republic
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Tonga
Vanuatu
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Post-Soviet states
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Commonwealth of Nations
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
NATO
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Air Force
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Comparative officer ranks of
World War I
World War II
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_comparative_military_ranks&oldid=849520362"
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text:
High-occupancy vehicle lane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"HOV" and "HOV Lane" redirect here. For the song by Nicki Minaj, see Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded. For other uses, see HOV (disambiguation).
A high-occupancy vehicle lane on Interstate 5 in Seattle, Washington, United States.
A high-occupancy vehicle lane (also known as an HOV lane, carpool lane, diamond lane, 2+ lane, and transit lane or T2 or T3 lanes in Australia and New Zealand) is a restricted traffic lane reserved at peak travel times or longer for the exclusive use of vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers, including carpools, vanpools, and transit buses. The normal minimum occupancy level is 2 or 3 occupants. Many jurisdictions exempt other vehicles, including motorcycles, charter buses, emergency and law enforcement vehicles, low-emission and other green vehicles, and/or single-occupancy vehicles paying a toll. HOV lanes are normally created to increase average vehicle occupancy and persons traveling with the goal of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution,[1][2][3] although their effectiveness is questionable.[4]
Regional and corporate-sponsored vanpools, carpools, and rideshare communities give commuters a way to increase occupancy. For places without such services, online rideshare communities can serve a similar purpose.[citation needed] Slugging lines are common in some places, where solo drivers pick up a passenger to share the ride and allow use of the HOV lane. High-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) have been introduced in the United States to allow solo driver vehicles to use the lane on payment of a variable fee, which usually varies with demand.
Contents
1 History
1.1 United States
1.2 Canada
1.3 Europe
1.4 New Zealand and Australia
1.5 Indonesia
1.6 China
2 Design and operations
3 Variants
3.1 Business access and transit lane
3.2 High-occupancy toll lane
4 Qualifying vehicles
5 Compliance, enforcement, and avoidance
6 Effectiveness
7 Criticism
8 Incidents
9 Gallery
10 See also
11 Notes and references
12 External links
History[edit]
United States[edit]
The first freeway HOV facility opened in 1969 in the Shirley Highway in Northern Virginia. As of 2012 the I-95/I-395 HOV facility operates as a two-lane barrier-separated reversible HOV 3+ facility (center lanes) with access through elevated on- and off-ramps.
The introduction of HOV lanes in the United States progressed slowly during the 1970s and early 1980s. Major growth occurred from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s.[5] The first freeway HOV lane in the United States was implemented in the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway in Northern Virginia, between Washington, DC, and the Capital Beltway, and was opened in 1969 as a bus-only lane.[5][6][7] The busway was opened in December 1973 to carpools with four or more occupants, becoming the first instance in which buses and carpools officially shared a HOV lane over a considerable distance.[8][9]
In 2005, the two lanes of this HOV 3+ facility carried during the morning peak hour (6:30 am to 9:30 am) a total of 31,700 people in 8,600 vehicles (3.7 persons/veh), while the three or four general-purpose lanes carried 23,500 people in 21,300 vehicles (1.1 persons/veh). Average travel time in the HOV facility was 29 minutes, and 64 minutes in the general traffic lanes.[10] As of 2012, the I-95/I-395 HOV facility is 30 mi (48 km) long and extends from Washington, D.C., to Dumfries, Virginia, and has two reversible lanes separated from the regular lanes by barriers, with access through elevated on- and off-ramps. Three or more people in a vehicle (HOV 3+) are required to travel on the facility during rush hours on weekdays.[11]
The second freeway HOV facility was the contraflow bus lane on the Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix in Hudson County, New Jersey, opened in 1970.[5] According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Lincoln Tunnel XBL is the country's HOV facility with the highest number of peak hour persons among HOV facilities with utilization data available, with 23,500 persons in the morning peak,[6] and 62,000 passengers during the four-hour morning peak.[12]
The first permanent HOV facility in California was the bypass lane at the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge toll plaza, opened to the public in April 1970.[7] The El Monte Busway (I-10 / San Bernardino Freeway) in Los Angeles was initially only available for buses when it opened in 1973. Three-person carpools were allowed to use the bus lane for three months in 1974 due to a strike by bus operators, and then permanently at a 3+ HOV from 1976. It is one of the most efficient HOV facilities in North America[13] and is currently being converted into a high-occupancy toll lane operation to allow low-occupancy vehicles to bid for excess capacity on the lane in the Metro ExpressLanes project.[14]
Beginning in the 1970s, the Urban Mass Transit Administration recognized the advantages of exclusive bus lanes and encouraged their funding. In the 1970s the FHWA began to allow state highway agencies to spend federal funds on HOV lanes.[8] As a result of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo, interest in ridesharing picked up, and states began experimenting with HOV lanes. In order to reduce crude oil consumption, the 1974 Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act mandated maximum speed limits of 55 mph (89 km/h) on public highways and became the first instance when the U.S. federal government provided funding for ridesharing and states were allowed to spend their highway funds on rideshare demonstration projects. The 1978 Surface Transportation Assistance Act made funding for rideshare initiatives permanent.[9]
Also during the early 1970s, ridesharing was recommended for the first time as a tool to mitigate air quality problems. The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) substantial authority to regulate air quality attainment. A final control plan for the Los Angeles Basin was issued in 1973, and one of its main provisions was a two-phase conversion of 184 mi (296 km) of freeway and arterial roadway lanes to bus/carpool lanes and the development of a regional computerized carpool matching system. However, it took until 1985 before any HOV project was constructed in Los Angeles County, and by 1993 there were only 58 mi (93 km) of HOV lanes countywide.[9]
A significant policy shift took place in October 1990, when a memorandum from the FHWA administrator stated that "FHWA strongly supports the objective of HOV preferential facilities and encourages the proper application of HOV technology." Regional administrators were directed to promote HOV lanes and related facilities.[8] Also in the early 1990s, two laws reinforced the U.S. commitment to HOV lane construction. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 included HOV lanes as one of the transportation control measures that could be included in state implementation plans to attain federal air quality standards. The 1990 amendments also deny the administrator of the EPA the authority to block FHWA from funding 24-hour HOV lanes as part of the sanctions for a state's failure to comply with the Clean Air Act, if the secretary of transportation wishes to approve the FHWA funds.[8]
On the other hand, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 encouraged the construction of HOV lanes, which were made eligible for Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds in regions not attaining federal air quality standards. CMAQ funds may be spent on new HOV lane construction, even if the HOV designation holds only at peak travel times or in the peak direction. ISTEA also provided that under the Interstate Maintenance Program, only HOV projects would receive the 90% federal matching ratio formerly available for the addition of general purpose lanes. And ISTEA permitted state authorities to define a high occupancy vehicle as having a minimum of two occupants (HOV 2+).[8]
As of 2009, California was the state with the most HOV facilities in the country, with 88, followed by Minnesota with 83 facilities, Washington with 41, Texas with 35, and Virginia with 21. The only active U.S. facility with two HOV lanes in each direction is I-110 between Adams Boulevard and SR 91 in Los Angeles.[6] By 2006, HOV lanes in California were operating at two-thirds of their capacity, and these HOV facilities carried on average 2,518 persons per hour during peak hours, substantially more people than the congested general-traffic lanes.[1]
The I-495 Capital Beltway in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area. The facility is located in the median, has two HOV lanes in each direction with elevated on/off ramp access, and a total of 224.0 mi (360.5 km) of lanes.
As of October 2016, the longest continuous HOV facility in the U.S. is on I-15 in Utah, extending approximately 72.0 mi (115.9 km) from Spanish Fork to Layton with a single HOV lane each direction for a total of 144.0 mi (231.7 km) of HOV lanes.[15] While the Utah facility is the longest, the I-495 Capital Beltway in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area extends 56.0 mi (90.1 km) but has two HOV lanes in each direction for a total of 224.0 mi (360.5 km) of HOV lanes.[6]
As of 2012, there are some 126 HOV facilities on freeways in 27 metropolitan areas in the United States, which includes over 1,000 corridor miles (1,600 km).[16]
Canada[edit]
The HOV lanes in Ontario Highway 404 in Southern Ontario are separated by a striped buffer zone that breaks occasionally to allow vehicles to enter and exit the HOV lane.
The first HOV facilities in Canada were opened in Greater Vancouver and Toronto in the early 1990s, followed shortly by facilities in Ottawa, Gatineau, Montreal, and later Calgary. As of 2010 there were about 150 km (93 mi) of highway HOV lanes in 11 locations in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, and over 130 km (81 mi) of arterial HOV lanes in 24 locations in Greater Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, and Gatineau.[1] The Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) estimated in 2006 that commuters in Toronto using the HOV facilities on Highways 403 and 404 were saving 14–17 minutes per trip compared to their travel time before the HOV lanes opened. The MTO also estimated that almost 40% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 eastbound in the morning peak hour, compared to 14% in 2003, and 37% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 westbound in the afternoon peak hour, compared to 22% in 2003. The average rush hour speed on the HOV lanes is 100 km/h (62 mph), compared to 60 km/h (37 mph) in general-traffic lanes on Highway 403.[1] Temporary HOV lanes were added to selections of 400-series highways in the Greater Toronto Area for the 2015 Pan Am Games and 2015 Parapan American Games.
Europe[edit]
As of 2012 there are a few HOV lanes in operation in Europe. The main reason for this is that, in general, European cities have better public transport services and fewer high-capacity multi-lane urban motorways than do the U.S. and Canada. However, at around 1.3 persons per vehicle, average car occupancy is relatively low in most European cities.[17] The emphasis in Europe has been on providing bus lanes and on-street bus priority measures.[18] The first HOV lane in Europe was opened in the Netherlands in October 1993 and operated until August 1994. Its facility was a 7 km (4.3 mi) barrier-separated HOV 3+ on the A1 near Amsterdam. The facility did not attract enough users to overcome public criticism and was converted to a reversible lane open to general traffic after the judge in a legal test case ruled that Dutch traffic law lacked the concept of a car pool and thus that the principle of equality was violated.[18][19]
Spain was the next European country to introduce HOV lanes, when median reversible HOV lanes were opened in Madrid's N-VI National Highway in 1995. This facility is Europe's oldest HOV facility that is still in operation.[18] The first HOV facility in the United Kingdom opened in Leeds in 1998. The facility was implemented on A647 road near Leeds as an experimental scheme, but it became permanent. The HOV facility is 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long and operates as a HOV 2+ facility.[17][18][20] A 2.8 km (1.7 mi) HOV 3+ facility opened in Linz, Austria, in 1999. Sweden opened its first HOV lane in Stockholm in 2000, an 8 km (5.0 mi) HOV 3+ facility.[21] The first HOV lane in Norway was implemented in May 2001 as an HOV 3+ on Elgeseter Street, an undivided four-lane arterial road in Trondheim. This facility was followed by HOV lanes in Oslo and Kristiansand.[18][22]
New Zealand and Australia[edit]
The first HOV lane (known as a Transit Lane T2 or T3[23]) in Australia opened in February 1992, located on the Eastern Freeway in Melbourne travelling inbound.[24] In May 2005, T2 Transit lanes were opened on Hoddle Street in Melbourne[25]. As of 2012, there were also T2 and T3 facilities in Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane.
In Auckland, New Zealand, there are several short HOV 2+ and 3+ lanes throughout the region, commonly known as T2 and T3 lanes.[26] There is a T2 transit lane in Tamaki Drive, in a short stretch between Glendowie and downtown Auckland.[27] There are also T2 priority lanes on Auckland's Northern, Southern, Northwestern, and Southwestern Motorways. These priority lanes are left-side on-ramp lanes heading towards the motorway, where vehicles with two or more people can bypass the ramp meter signal. Priority lanes can also be used by trucks, buses, and motorcycles, and the priority lanes can be used by carpoolers at any time.[27] 11 lanes have been opened to electric vehicles, too.[28] There are also several short T2 and T3 facilities in North Shore City operating during rush hours.[29]
Indonesia[edit]
In Jakarta, HOV 3+ is known as "Three in One" (Tiga dalam satu) and was first implemented by governor Sutiyoso. HOV 3+ is implemented on weekdays in existing roads of Sisingamangraja Road (fast and slow lane), Jenderal Sudirman Road (fast and slow lane), MH. Thamrin Road (fast and slow lane), Medan Merdeka Barat Road, Majapahit Road, and sections of Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. The policy was originally implemented only between 7:00 am and 10:00 am. Since the introduction of Jakarta's bus rapid transit in December 2003, the policy was extended to 7:00 am – 10:00 am and 4:00 pm – 7:00 pm. In September 2004, the evening time was changed to 4:30 pm – 7:00 pm.[citation needed]
China[edit]
In Shenzhen, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Binhai Avenue since 25 April 2016. The policy was then extended to 7:30 am – 9:30 am and 5:30 pm – 9:30 pm.
In Chengdu, from January 23, 2017, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Kehua Road South, Kehua Road Middle, and Tianfu Avenue Section 1 and 2, during 7:00 am-9:00am and 5:00 pm-7:00pm.
In Dalian, an expressway (Northeast Expressway, or Dongbei Expressway) linking old town and new town had one lane in both outbound and inbound directions set to HOV 2+. Starting from September 20, 2017, commuters can opt to drive in HOV lane on Northeast Expressway during the morning peak hours of 06:30-08:30, and evening peak hours of 16:30-19:00. A fine of CNY100 (about USD15) will be enforced for first violators. For a second violation, the fine will double.
Design and operations[edit]
A "semi-HOV" lane on I-24 in Nashville, Tennessee. These lanes function as HOV lanes only on weekdays during rush hour, and as regular lanes the rest of the time.
HOV lanes may be either a single traffic lane within the main roadway with distinctive markings or a separate roadway with one or more traffic lanes either parallel to the general lanes or grade-separated, above or below the general lanes. For example, Interstate 110 in California has four HOV lanes on an upper deck.
HOV bypass lanes to allow carpool traffic to bypass areas of regular congestion in many places, and an HOV lane may operate as a reversible lane, working in the direction of the dominant traffic flow in both the morning and the afternoon. All lanes of a 10 miles (16 km) section of the Interstate 66 in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., are treated as an HOV during the rush hour in the primary direction of flow.[11]
The traffic speed differential between HOV and general-purpose lanes creates a potentially dangerous situation if the HOV lanes are not separated by a barrier. A Texas Transportation Institute study found that HOV lanes lacking barrier separations caused a 50% increase in injury crashes.[30]
Variants[edit]
Business access and transit lane[edit]
A business access and transit (BAT) lane is a type of HOV lane that allows for all traffic to enter the lane for a short distance in order to access other streets and business entrances.[31]
High-occupancy toll lane[edit]
Main article: High-occupancy toll lane
Because some HOV lanes were not utilized to their full capacity, users of low- or single-occupancy vehicles may be permitted to use an HOV lane if they pay a toll. This scheme is known as high-occupancy toll lane (or HOT lanes), and it has been introduced mainly in the United States. The first practical implementation was California's formerly private toll 91 Express Lanes, in Orange County, California, in 1995, followed in 1996 by Interstate 15 north of San Diego.[32][33] According to the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, by 2012 there were 294 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes and 163 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes under construction in the United States.[34]
FasTrak RFID station in Orange County, California
Solo drivers are permitted to use the HOV lanes upon payment of a fee that varies based on demand. Tolls change throughout the day according to real-time traffic conditions, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to maintain good journey times.[35][36]
Proponents claim that all motorists benefit from HOT lanes, even those who choose not to use them. This argument applies only to projects that increase the total number of lanes.[37] Proponents also claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to use transit and ridesharing.[citation needed] There has been controversy over this concept, and HOT schemes have been called "Lexus" lanes, as critics see this new pricing scheme as a perk for the rich.[38]
HOT tolls are collected by manned toll booths, automatic number plate recognition, or electronic toll collection systems. Some systems use RFID transmitters to monitor entry and exiting of the lane and charge drivers depending on demand. Typically, tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increase, a policy known as congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.[39][40]
Qualifying vehicles[edit]
A slugging area, where solo drivers find a passenger to use the HOV
Qualification for HOV status varies by scheme, but the following vehicles may be included:
Private cars and taxis with a minimum number of human occupants (often two or three), including babies of any age (but only after birth)[41]
Single-occupant green vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and battery electric vehicles[42][43]
Single-occupancy vehicles upon payment of a variable fee (high-occupancy toll lane only)
Motorcycles[44] - motorcycles are allowed via federal United States HOV lane law (Title 23, Section 166).[45] They cannot use HOV lanes in Ontario unless they have 2 passengers.[46]
Buses designed to transport sixteen or more passengers, including the driver[41]
Public utility vehicles when responding to emergency calls[41]
Bicycles[44]
New York City HOV lane codes prior to 2008 did not allow motorcycles leading to ticketing of motorcycle drivers and complaints from the American Motorcyclist Association, but have since been revised to comply with the federal regulations listed above.[45][47][48]
In some jurisdictions such as Ontario, Canada, taxicabs and airport limousines are allowed to use HOV lanes even when no passenger is present because that vehicle "will be able return to duty faster after dropping off a fare or arrive sooner to pick up a fare, thereby moving more people to their destinations in fewer vehicles".[46]
In Virginia, commuters form sluglines where drivers pick up one or more passengers from a designated "slug lines" to drive on HOV lanes along interstate 95/395; the driver pulls over near the sluglines and shouts out his or her destination, and people in the line going to that destination enter the car on a first-come, first-served basis.[49]
Compliance, enforcement, and avoidance[edit]
Dedicated reversible HOV lanes on Interstate 279 outside Pittsburgh.
Fines are usually imposed on drivers of non-qualifying vehicles who use the lanes.[50]
Following the introduction the HOVs, some drivers placed inflatable dolls in the passenger seat, a practice that persists today, even though it is now illegal.[50] Cameras that can distinguish between humans and mannequins or dolls were tested in the United Kingdom in 2005.[51]
In the United States, law enforcement officials have documented a variety of methods used by drivers in attempts to circumvent HOV occupancy rules:
Placing store mannequins, blow-up dolls, kickboxing dummies, or cardboard cut-outs in the passenger seat;
Taping styrofoam wig stands with wigs or balloons with faces drawn on them to the passenger seat headrest;
Buckling the passenger-side seat belt and pretending to talk to someone reclining in that seat;
Tinting the front windshield and/or lowering the passenger side visor in an effort to obstruct the view into the passenger seat;
Covering an empty infant seat with a blanket and/or placing a doll in it;
Strapping dogs, cats, or other pets into the passenger seat.[52]
In March 2015, a motorist tried to use a cardboard cutout of actor Jonathan Goldsmith to access an HOV lane in Fife, Washington. The officer noted that other drivers had used sleeping bags in earlier attempts to access the HOV lane.[53]
In January 2013, a motorist tried to claim that the Articles of Incorporation of his business, which had been placed unbuckled on the passenger’s seat, constituted a person, citing the principle of corporate personhood and California's state Vehicle Code, which defines a person as "natural persons and corporations". This argument was rejected in traffic court, where the presiding judge commented, "Common sense says carrying a sheath of papers in the front seat does not relieve traffic congestion."[54]
In February 2010, a 61-year-old woman tried to pass off a life-sized mannequin as a passenger in order to use the HOV lane in New York State. A police officer on a routine HOV patrol became suspicious when he noticed that the so-called passenger was wearing sunglasses and using the visor on a cloudy morning. When the officer approached the vehicle, he discovered that the "passenger" was, in fact, a mannequin wearing lipstick, designer shades, a full-length wig, and a blue sweater. The driver was issued a traffic ticket for using the HOV lane without a human passenger, which carries a fine of $135 and two points on a driver's license.[55][56]
In early 2006, an Arizona woman asserted that she had been improperly ticketed for using the HOV lane because the unborn child she was carrying in her womb justified her use of the lane, while noting that Arizona traffic laws do not define what constitutes a person. However, a judge subsequently ruled that to qualify as an "individual" under Arizona traffic laws, the individual must occupy a "separate and distinct" space in a vehicle.[52] Likewise, in California, in order to use HOV lanes, there must be two (or, if posted, three) separate individuals occupying seats in a vehicle, and an unborn child does not count towards this requirement.[57]
In 2009 and 2010 it was found that non-compliance rates on HOV lanes in Brisbane, Australia, were approaching 90%. Enhanced enforcement led to increased compliance, average bus journey times dropped by up to 19%, and total person throughput increased by 12%.[58] In 2006 it was claimed that many vehicles had only one occupant.[59]
Effectiveness[edit]
According to 2009 data from the U.S. census, 76% drive to work alone and only 10% rideshare; for suburban commuters working in a city, the solo driving rate is 82%.[60]
Some underused HOV lanes in several states have been converted to high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT), which offer solo drivers access to HOV lanes after paying a toll.[60]
HOV lanes are also an effective way to manage traffic after natural disasters, as seen in New York City after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. At the time Mayor Bloomberg banned passenger cars with fewer than three occupants from entering Manhattan. The restriction affected all bridges and tunnels entering the city except the George Washington Bridge.[61]
Criticism[edit]
Critics have argued that HOV lanes are underused. It is unclear whether HOV lanes are sufficiently used to compensate for delays in the other mixed-use lanes.[62][63]
Las Vegas, Nevada has been considered a city where its HOV lanes (located on US-95) are considered useless and underused due to it being far from a "nine-to-five" city, but were built because federal funding was earmarked for the project, and further criticism was made during the 2009 recession in the building of the HOV flyover exit to and from Summerlin Parkway, a freeway that still does not have HOV lanes.
The situations have caused social problems in Indonesia, where some people become "car jockey", people who make their living by offering drivers to fill their car in order to meet the occupancy limit. Reportedly the situation caused people stay in unemployment for doing so, increased congestion and let parents profit from their babies.[64][65][66][67][68][69][70]
Incidents[edit]
In 1995, six people died in a head-on collision when the gates of a reversible lane were not set correctly on the Interstate 279 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[71]
Gallery[edit]
Standard restrictive traffic sign in the United States. The diamond symbol (◊) indicates a preferential-only lane restriction, in this case an HOV with two or more occupants
California HOV sticker for hybrid electric vehicles (the benefit expired on 1 July 2011).
Highway bus lane(HOV-9) on Gyeongbu Expressway in South Korea
A permanent, separated HOV lane on I-91 near Hartford, Connecticut
Nissan Leaf electric car with Maryland's sticker to identify plug-in electric vehicles eligible to use HOV lanes with solo drivers.
California's green Clean Air Vehicle sticker to allow solo access for plug-in hybrids to HOV lanes.
A T3 HOV/bus lane on route 116, in Lévis, Quebec.
See also[edit]
Toll road
Local-express lanes
Bus rapid transit
Transportation Demand Management
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada – Overview". Transport Canada. 2010-08-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19.
Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration (2009-07-27). "A Review of HOV Lane Performance and Policy Options in the United States – Section 1: Introduction". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Transit Lanes". Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW. Retrieved 2012-04-25. Budapest 29–31 October 2003.
Jump up ^ Sharon Shewmake (November 2012). "Can Carpooling Clear the Road and Clean the Air? Evidence on the Impact of HOV Lanes on VMT and air pollution". Journal of Planning Literature.
^ Jump up to: a b c Katherine F. Turnbull. "History of HOV Facilities". Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Retrieved 2012-04-26. Complete account published in Katherine F. Turnbull (1992), "HOV Project Case Studies: History and Institutional Arrangements"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Federal Highway Administration (December 2008). "Section 2: Operational Description of the Nation's HOV Lanes". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
^ Jump up to: a b California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) (2007). "Managed Lane". Caltrans. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Christopher K. Leman; Preston L. Schiller; Kristin Pauly. "Re-Thinking HOV – High Occupancy Vehicle Facilities and the Public Interest". National Transportation Library. Retrieved 2012-04-30. Research funded partly by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and the Bullitt Foundation, pp. 3–5.
^ Jump up to: a b c MIT "Real-Time" Rideshare Research (2009-01-24). "Selective History of Ridesharing – The 1970s Energy Crises". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
Jump up ^ Peter Samuel (2005-01-12). "HOV lanes clogged with hybrids-complicate toll plan". Toll Roads News. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Systems". Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ American Public Transit Association (APTA). "Public Transportation: Moving America Forward" (PDF). APTA. Retrieved 2012-04-25. See p. 6
Jump up ^ Texas Transportation Institute (September 2002). "Executive Report. Effects of Changing HOV Lane occupancy requirements: El Monte Busway Case Study". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Metro Express Lanes".
Jump up ^ "UDOT and UHP launch Express Lane education and enforcement blitz – Transportation Blog". blog.udot.utah.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-31.
Jump up ^ Freeway Management Program, FHWA (2012-01-12). "Frequently Asked HOV Questions". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Quinn DJ, Gilson DR, Dixon MT (1998). "Britain's first high occupancy vehicle lane – the A647, Leeds". ETC Proceedings. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e S. Schijns (2006). "High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes – Worldwide Lessons for European Practitioners" (PDF). McCormick Rankin Corp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2012-04-25. See Section 3.1
Jump up ^ "Dutch parliamentary record on the car pooling lanes experiment (archived)" (in Dutch). Statengeneraaldigitaal.nl. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
Jump up ^ Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. "Experience in Europe: Leeds, UK". Konsult Leeds. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
Jump up ^ European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2005). 16th International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics: 50 Years of Transport Research – Experience Gained and Major Challenges ahead. OECD Publishing. p. 409. ISBN 978-92-821-0349-4.
Jump up ^ T Haugen (2004). "Evaluation of Hov-lanes in Norway". ETC Proceedings. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-21.
Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Road Travel Demand – Meeting the Challenge. OECD Publishing. p. 134. ISBN 978-92-64-17551-8.
Jump up ^ "New lane to ease Hoddle Street blues - National - theage.com.au". www.theage.com.au. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Transit Guides". Auckland Transport. 2011-10-28. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Auckland Transport. "Priority lanes for carpooling" (PDF). Auckland Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
Jump up ^ "What is an EV lane". Retrieved 2017-09-27.
Jump up ^ Auckland Transport. "North Shore transit lanes" (PDF). Auckland Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
Jump up ^ "CRASH ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITIES IN TEXAS: METHODOLOGY, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS". Texas Transportation Institute. September 2004. Dallas corridors with buffer-separated concurrent flow HOV lanes did show a change in crash occurrence with an increase in injury crash rate. The IH-35E North corridor experienced a 56 percent increase in the injury crash rate. The IH-635 corridor experienced a 41 percent increase in the injury crash rate. A closer look at the crash data indicates that the higher injury crash rates were primarily due to the crashes occurring on the HOV lane and on the inside general-purpose lane which is adjacent to the HOV lane.
Jump up ^ Murakami, Kery (October 17, 2008). "Answers to BAT lane questions". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dave Downey (2007-01-07). "The HOT lane hype". The North County Times. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ Metropolitan Transportation Commission. "High-Occupancy-Vehicle (HOV) and High-Occupancy/Toll (HOT) Lanes: Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
Jump up ^ Urban Land Institute (ULI) (2013). "When the Road Price Is Right – Land Use, Tolls, and Congestion Pricing" (PDF). Urban Land Institute. Retrieved 2013-04-09. See Figure 2, pp.6
Jump up ^ "Northern Virginia Transportation Alliance". Archived from the original on 2015-10-03.
Jump up ^ Dawid, Irwin (26 February 2008). "Golden Gate Bridge for variable toll". Planetizen.
Jump up ^ "About I-495 HOT Lanes". Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Bob Hugman (2007-04-08). "Not Such a HOT Idea: 'Lexus Lanes' Could Ruin Virginia's Highly Successful HOV System". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
Jump up ^ "FAQs". 495-95 Express Lanes.
Jump up ^ "Brookings Institution economic study on HOT Lanes". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes – Rules and FAQs". I'm pregnant. Do I count as one person or two? In the HOV world, you're one person. Babies of any age, however, count as a person.
Jump up ^ "Carpool (HOV) Lanes". HybridCars.com. 2010-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Eligible Vehicles – Single Occupant Carpool Lane Use Stickers". California Air Resources Board. 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fact Sheets on Highway Provisions". SAFETEA-LU. US Department of Transportation.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.nydailynews.com/autos/local-biker-stands-ride-hov-lane-article-1.286236
^ Jump up to: a b "High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes". Ministry of Transportation. Government of Ontario. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "AMA Statement On Motorcycles in HOV Lanes in NYC". Dealernews. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02.
Jump up ^ "HOV Lanes". NYC DOT. The City of New York.
Jump up ^ "Sluglines assists the driver by reaching the two or three person HOV requirement, and the passenger in getting a free ride to their destination". Sluglines.com. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blow-up doll flunks Seattle HOV lane ploy". NewsChannel 8. 2011-05-05. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Cyclops cam can distinguish between humans and blow-up dolls". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Mikkelson, Barbara (8 May 2014). "Diamond Lanes Aren't a Pregnant Girl's Best Friend". Snopes.com.
Jump up ^ KOMO Staff (March 25, 2015). "Driver's 'most interesting' way to cheat the HOV lane fails". KOMONews.com. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ David Kravets. "Motorist Claims Corporation Papers Are Carpool Passengers". Wired. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Driver Busted Using HOV Lane With Mannequin Passenger[dead link], WPIX Newsroom (PIX 11), February 3, 2010. (see also: Driver busted using HOV lane with 'dummy' passenger .
Jump up ^ Driver Busted Using Carpool Lane With Mannequin[dead link], WPIX, February 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions of the Highway Patrol Archived 2009-04-11 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Lyndon, S. Marinelli, P.A. Macintosh, K. and McKenzie, S. (28–30 September 2011). "High occupancy vehicle lane enforcement: a successful trial in Brisbane by adding a splash of magenta. Proceedings of the 34th Australasian Transport Research Forum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Kerr, Joseph (2002-09-16). "Why transit lanes can slow you down". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b JOSIE GARTHWAITE (2012-02-24). "Access to the Car Pool Lane Can Be Yours, for a Price". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
Jump up ^ Egan, Matt (3 March 2016). "NYC Restricts Manhattan Inbound Traffic to High-Occupancy Vehicles". Fox Business.
Jump up ^ "HOV lanes could be History". The Baltimore Sun. 17 February 1997.
Jump up ^ "HOV Lanes in California: Are They Achieving Their Goals?". Legislative Analyst's Office. Government of California. 7 January 2000.
Jump up ^ Hausman, Sandy; Werman, Marco (8 September 2011). "Poor Indonesians Make Money in Jakarta's Traffic as Jockeys". The World. PRI.
Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/world/jakartas-jockeys-in-demand-as-gridlock-drives-city-to-despair-20120203-1qxpn.html
Jump up ^ End of the road: Jakarta's 'passengers for hire' targeted by carpooling crackdown April 4, 2016 The Guardian Retrieved July 13, 2016
Jump up ^ Passenger for hire: Dying profession of the Jakarta Jockey April 7, 2016 BBC Retrieved July 13, 2016
Jump up ^ "Pemberlakuan ganjil-genap pukul 16.00, kawasan Sudirman tersendat". August 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jockeys and Ojeks: More of a Problem Than a Solution | The Jakarta Globe Archived March 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Tjahjadi, Victor (6 March 2006). "'Car jockeys' cash in on Jakarta's traffic snarl". Mail & Guardian.
Jump up ^ Grata, Joe (2006-05-19). "New HOV gates start Monday on Parkway North". Post-gazette.com. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to High-occupancy vehicle lanes.
Frequently Asked HOV Questions, Federal Highway Administration
High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada, Transport Canada
HOV Priority, TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute
California Eligible Vehicle List – Single occupant carpool lane stickers, California Air Resources Board.
Information on how to map HOV facilities within OpenStreetMap
HOV lanes mapping based on data from OpenStreetMap.
Deal lowers tolls on I-85 HOT lanes
VARIABLE PRICING:San Diego's I-15 HOT Lanes Mainstreamed Article about first variable price toll lane (1998)
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