text:
Water resources in India
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India experiences an average precipitation of 1,170 millimetres (46 in) per year, or about 4,000 cubic kilometres (960 cu mi) of rains annually or about 1,720 cubic metres (61,000 cu ft) of fresh water per person every year.[1] Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of 750 millimetres (30 in) or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons (June to September), with the north east and north receiving far more rains than India's west and south. Other than rains, the melting of snow over the Himalayas after winter season feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees. The southern rivers, however experience more flow variability over the year. For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others. Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India, in part because it has, as yet, harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource. India harnessed 761 cubic kilometres (183 cu mi) (20 percent) of its water resources in 2010, part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater.[2] Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells, India dedicated about 688 cubic kilometres (165 cu mi) to irrigation, 56 cubic kilometres (13 cu mi) to municipal and drinking water applications and 17 cubic kilometres (4.1 cu mi) to industry.[1]
Vast area of India is under tropical climate which is conducive throughout the year for agriculture due to favourable warm and sunny conditions provided perennial water supply is available to cater to the high rate of evapotranspiration from the cultivated land.[3] Though the overall water resources are adequate to meet all the requirements of the country, the water supply gaps due to temporal and spatial distribution of water resources are to be bridged by interlinking the rivers.[4] The total water resources going waste to the sea are nearly 1200 billion cubic meters after sparing moderate environmental / salt export water requirements of all rivers.[5] Food security in India is possible by achieving water security first which in turn is possible with energy security to supply the electricity for the required water pumping as part of its rivers interlinking.[6]
Instead of opting for centralised mega water transfer projects which would take long time to give results, it would be cheaper alternative to deploy extensively shade nets over the cultivated lands for using the locally available water sources efficiently to crops throughout the year.[7] Plants need less than 2% of total water for metabolism requirements and rest 98% is for cooling purpose through transpiration. Shade nets or polytunnels installed over the agriculture lands suitable for all weather conditions would reduce the potential evaporation drastically by reflecting the excessive and harmful sun light without falling on the cropped area.
Annual average rainfall in India.
Map showing rivers and flood prone areas in India
Contents
[hide]
1 Drought, floods and shortage of drinking water
2 Surface water and groundwater storages
3 Rivers
4 Lakes
5 Wetlands
6 Water supply and sanitation
7 Water quality issues
8 Water disputes
9 Water pollution
9.1 Ganges
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Drought, floods and shortage of drinking water[edit]
The precipitation pattern in India varies dramatically across distance and over calendar months. Much of the precipitation in India, about 85%, is received during summer months through monsoons in the Himalayan catchments of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. The north eastern region of the country receives heavy precipitation, in comparison with the north western, western and southern parts. The uncertainty in onset of annual monsoon, sometimes marked by prolonged dry spells and fluctuations in seasonal and annual rainfall is a serious problem for the country.[8] Large area of the country is not put to use for agriculture due to local water scarcity or poor water quality.[9] The nation sees cycles of drought years and flood years, with large parts of west and south experiencing more deficits and large variations, resulting in immense hardship particularly the poorest farmers and rural populations.[10] Dependence on erratic rains and lack of irrigation water supply regionally leads to crop failures and farmer suicides. Despite abundant rains during July–September, some regions in other seasons see shortages of drinking water. Some years, the problem temporarily becomes too much rainfall, and weeks of havoc from floods.[11]
Surface water and groundwater storages[edit]
India currently stores only 6% of its annual rainfall or 253 billion cubic metres (8.9×10^12 cu ft), while developed nations strategically store 250% of the annual rainfall in arid river basins.[12] India also relies excessively on groundwater resources, which accounts for over 50 percent of irrigated area with 20 million tube wells installed. India has built nearly 5,000 major or medium dams, barrages, etc. to store the river waters and enhance ground water recharging.[13] The important dams (59 nos) have an aggregate gross storage capacity of 170 billion cubic metres (6.0×10^12 cu ft).[14] About 15 percent of India’s food is being produced using rapidly depleting / mining groundwater resources. The end of the era of massive expansion in groundwater use is going to demand greater reliance on surface water supply systems.[15]
Rivers[edit]
Main article: List of major rivers of India
The major rivers of India are:[16]
Flowing into the Bay of Bengal: Brahmaputra, Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, etc.
Flowing into the Arabian Sea: Indus, Narmada, Tapti, etc.
Lakes[edit]
See also: List of lakes in India
Pulicat Lake, Kolleru Lake, Pangong Tso, Chilika Lake, Kuttanad Lake, Sambhar Salt Lake, Pushkar Lake, etc.
Wetlands[edit]
India is a signatory of the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilisation of wetlands[17]
Water supply and sanitation[edit]
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in India
Water supply and sanitation in India continue to be inadequate, despite long-standing efforts by the various levels of government and communities at improving coverage. The level of investment in water and sanitation, albeit low by international standards, has increased during the 2000s. Access has also increased significantly. For example, in 1980 rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1% and reached 21% in 2008.[18][19] Also, the share of Indians with access to improved sources of water has increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.[18] At the same time, local government institutions in charge of operating and maintaining the infrastructure are seen as weak and lack the financial resources to carry out their functions. In addition, no major city in India is known to have a continuous water supply[20] and an estimated 72% of Indians still lack access to improved sanitation facilities.
In spite of adequate average rainfall in India, there is large area under the less water conditions/drought prone. There are lot of places, where the quality of groundwater is not good. Another issue lies in interstate distribution of rivers. Water supply of the 90% of India’s territory is served by inter-state rivers. It has created growing number of conflicts across the states and to the whole country on water sharing issues.[21]
A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include demand-driven approaches in rural water supply since 1999, community-led total sanitation, a public-private partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of micro-credit to women in order to improve access to water.
Water quality issues[edit]
When sufficient salt export is not taking place from a river basin to the sea in an attempt to harness the river water fully, it leads to river basin closer and the available water in downstream area of the river basin becomes saline and/ or alkaline water. Land irrigated with saline or alkaline water becomes gradually in to saline or alkali soils.[22][23][24] The water percolation in alkali soils is very poor leading to waterlogging problems. Proliferation of alkali soils would compel the farmers to cultivate rice or grasses only as the soil productivity is poor with other crops and tree plantations.[25] Cotton is the preferred crop in saline soils compared to many other crops as their yield is poor.[26] Interlinking water surplus rivers with water deficit rivers is needed for the long term sustainable productivity of the river basins and for mitigating the anthropogenic influences on the rivers by allowing adequate salt export to the sea in the form of environmental flows.
Water disputes[edit]
Main article: Interstate River Water Disputes Act
There is intense competition for the water available in the inter state rivers such as Kavery, Krishna, Godavari, Vamsadhara, Mandovi, Ravi-Beas-Sutlez, Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, etc. among the riparian states of India in the absence of water augmentation from the water surplus rivers such as Brahmaputra, Himalayan tributaries of Ganga and west flowing coastal rivers of western ghats.
Water pollution[edit]
Main article: Water pollution in India
Out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities (WHO 1992).[27] 114 cities dump untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River.[28] Downstream, the untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. This situation is typical of many rivers in India and river Ganga is less polluted comparatively.[29]
Open defecation is widespread even in urban areas of India.[30][31]
Ganges[edit]
Main article: Pollution of the Ganges
The Ganges River has been considered one of the dirtiest rivers in the world.[32] The extreme pollution of the Ganges affects 600 million people who live close to the river. The river waters start getting polluted right at the source. The commercial exploitation of the river has risen in proportion to the rise of population. Gangotri and Uttarkashi are good examples too. Gangotri had only a few huts of Sadhus until the 1970s and the population of Uttrakashi has swelled in recent years.
See also[edit]
Water scarcity
Kalpasar Project
Environment of India
List of dams and reservoirs in India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "India - Rivers Catchment" (PDF). Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown, Lester R. (19 November 2013). "India's dangerous 'food bubble'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Potential Evapotranspiration estimation for Indian conditions" (PDF). Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "India's Water Resources". Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ IWMI Research Report 83. "Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India" (PDF). Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "India's problem is going to be water not population". Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Protected Cultivation" (PDF). Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "How India sees the coming crisis of water — and is preparing for it". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Waste lands atlas of India, 2011". Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mapping Multiple Climate-related Hazards in South Asia" (PDF). Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "State wise flood damage statistics in India" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Integrated hydrological data book (page 65)" (PDF). Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "List of riverwise dams and barrages". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "National register of dams in India" (PDF). Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "India’s water economy bracing for a turbulent future, World Bank report, 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "River basin maps in India". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wet lands atlas of India 2011". Retrieved 29 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation estimate for 2008 based on the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey, the 2001 census, other data and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010. See JMP tables
Jump up ^ Planning Commission of India. "Health and Family Welfare and AYUSH : 11th Five Year Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-09-19. , p. 78
Jump up ^ "Development Policy Review". World Bank. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
Jump up ^ http://greencleanguide.com/2011/07/19/water-scarcity-and-india/
Jump up ^ J. Keller; A. Keller; G. Davids. "River basin development phases and implications of closure" (PDF). Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ David Seckler. "The New Era of Water Resources Management: From "Dry" to "Wet" Water Savings" (PDF). Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Andrew Keller; Jack Keller; David Seckler. "Integrated Water Resource Systems: Theory and Policy Implications" (PDF). Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Oregon State University, USA. "Managing irrigation water quality" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Irrigation water quality—salinity and soil structure stability" (PDF). Retrieved 5 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Russell Hopfenberg and David Pimentel HUMAN POPULATION NUMBERS AS A FUNCTION OF FOOD SUPPLY oilcrash.com Retrieved on- February 2008
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society. 1995. Water: A Story of Hope. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society
Jump up ^ "Water Quality Database of Indian rivers, MoEF". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ The Politics of Toilets, Boloji
Jump up ^ Mumbai Slum: Dharavi, National Geographic, May 2007
Jump up ^ Salemme, Elisabeth (22 January 2007). "The World's Dirty Rivers". Time. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
External links[edit]
Cook-Anderson, Gretchen (12 August 2009). "NASA Satellites Unlock Secret to Northern India's Vanishing Water". NASA. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Children's Eyes on Earth 2012 photography contest – in pictures Peaceful Co-existence Guardian 9 October 2012
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_in_India&oldid=806327701"
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Northern Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Northern Canada
Nord du Canada
Region
Country
Canada
Territories
Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon
Area
3,535,263 km2 (1,364,973 sq mi) [1]
Population
113,604 (2016) [1]
Density
0.03213/km2 (0/sq mi)
Northern Canada, defined politically to comprise (from west to east) Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle and lies east of Alaska and west of Greenland. This area covers about 39 percent of Canada's total land area, but has less than 1 percent of Canada's population.
These reckonings somewhat depend on the arbitrary concept of nordicity, a measure of so-called "northernness" that other Arctic territories share. Canada is the northernmost country in the Americas (excluding the neighbouring Danish Arctic territory of Greenland which extends slightly further north) and roughly 80% of its 35 million inhabitants are concentrated along its southern border with the United States.
Contents
1 Definitions
2 Sub-divisions
3 Territoriality
4 Topography (geography)
5 Climate
5.1 Overview
6 Demography
7 Recent
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Definitions[edit]
Climate
Political
Habitat
Demographic
Those parts of Northern Canada (dark green areas within the red line) considered to be part of the Arctic Region according to average temperature in the warmest month. Political definition of Northern Canada - the "territories" of Canada Barren Grounds and tundra are shown in light blue, and the taiga and boreal forest in dark blue. The north is divided ethnographically into the Inuit living predominately in the "Arctic" region and the First Nations living predominately in the "Subarctic".
Sub-divisions[edit]
As a social rather than political region, the Canadian north is often subdivided into two distinct regions based on climate, the near north and the far north. The different climates of these two regions result in vastly different vegetation, and therefore very different economies, settlement patterns, and histories.
A boreal forest landscape in Northern Quebec.
The "near north" or subarctic is mostly synonymous with the Canadian boreal forest, a large area of evergreen-dominated forests with a subarctic climate. This area has traditionally been home to the Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic, that is the First Nations, who were hunters of moose, freshwater fishers and trappers. This region was heavily involved in the North American fur trade during its peak importance, and is home to many Métis people who originated in that trade. The area was mostly part of Rupert's Land or the North-Western Territory under the nominal control of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) from 1670–1869. The HBC's claim was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869, and shortly thereafter the government made a series of treaties with the local First Nations regarding land title. This opened the region to non-Native settlement, as well as to forestry, mining, and oil and gas drilling. Today several million people live in the near north, around 15% of the Canadian total. Large parts of the near north are not part of Canada's territories, but rather are the northern parts of the provinces, meaning they have very different political histories as minority regions within larger units.
A typical tundra landscape in Nunavut.
The "far north" is synonymous with the areas north of the tree line: the Barren Grounds and tundra. This area is home to the various sub-groups of the Inuit, a people unrelated to other Aboriginal peoples in Canada. These are people who have traditionally relied mostly on hunting marine mammals and caribou, mainly barren-ground caribou, as well as fish and migratory birds. This area was somewhat involved in the fur trade, but was more influenced by the whaling industry. This area was not part of the early 20th century treaty process and aboriginal title to the land has been acknowledged by the Canadian government with the creation of autonomous territories instead of the Indian reserves of further south. Very few non-Aboriginal people have settled in these areas, and the residents of the far north represent less than 1% of Canada's total population. The far north is also often broken into west and eastern halves. The eastern Arctic which means the self-governing territory of Nunavut (much of which is in the true Arctic, being north of the Arctic Circle), as well as Nunavik, an autonomous part of the province of Quebec, and Nunatsiavut an autonomous part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and perhaps a few parts of the Hudson Bay coast of Ontario and Manitoba. The western Arctic is the northernmost portion of the Northwest Territories (roughly Inuvik Region) and a small part of Yukon, together called the Inuvialuit Settlement Region.
Territoriality[edit]
Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W[2] longitude, extending all the way north to the North Pole: all islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Herschel, off the Yukon coast, form part of the region, are Canadian territory and the territorial waters claimed by Canada surround these islands. Views of territorial claims in this region are complicated by disagreements on legal principles. Canada and the Soviet Union/Russia have long claimed that their territory extends according to the sector principle to the North Pole. The United States does not accept the sector principle and does not make a sector claim based on its Alaskan Arctic coast. Claims that undersea geographic features are extensions of a country's continental shelf are also used to support claims; for example the Denmark/Greenland claim on territory to the North Pole, some of which is disputed by Canada. Foreign ships, both civilian and military, are allowed the right of innocent passage through the territorial waters of a littoral state subject to conditions in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.[3] The right of innocent passage is not allowed, however, in internal waters, which are enclosed bodies of water or waters landward of a chain of islands. Disagreements about the sector principle or extension of territory to the North Pole and about the definition of internal waters in the Arctic lie behind differences in territorial claims in the Arctic. This claim is recognized by most countries with some exceptions, including the United States; Denmark, Russia, and Norway have made claims similar to those of Canada in the Arctic and are opposed by the European Union and the U.S. This is especially important with the Northwest Passage. Canada asserts control of this passage as part of the Canadian Internal Waters because it is within 20 km (12 mi) of Canadian islands; the U.S. claims that it is in international waters. Today ice and freezing temperatures make this a minor issue, but climate change may make the passage more accessible to shipping, something that concerns the Canadian government and inhabitants of the environmentally sensitive region.[4]
Similarly, the disputed Hans Island (with Denmark), in the Nares Strait, which is west of Greenland, may be an indication of challenges to overall Canadian sovereignty in the North.
Topography (geography)[edit]
The western Canadian Arctic early June 2010.
While the largest part of the Arctic is composed of permanent ice and tundra north of the tree line, it encompasses geological regions of varying types: the Innuitian Mountains, associated with the Arctic Cordillera mountain system, are geologically distinct from the Arctic Region (which consists largely of lowlands). The Arctic and Hudson Bay Lowlands comprise a substantial part of the geographic region often considered part of the Canadian Shield (in contrast to the sole geological area). The ground in the Arctic is mostly composed of permafrost, making construction difficult and often hazardous, and agriculture virtually impossible.
The Arctic watershed (or drainage basin) drains northern parts of Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, most of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut as well as parts of Yukon into the Arctic Ocean, including the Beaufort Sea and Baffin Bay. With the exception of the Mackenzie River, Canada's longest river, this watershed has been little used for hydroelectricity. The Peace and Athabasca Rivers along with Great Bear and Great Slave Lake (respectively the largest and second largest lakes wholly enclosed within Canada), are significant elements of the Arctic watershed. Each of these elements eventually merges with the Mackenzie so that it thereby drains the vast majority of the Arctic watershed.
Climate[edit]
Overview[edit]
Under the Köppen climate classification, much of Northern Canada has a subarctic climate, with a tundra climate in most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and an Ice cap climate in Arctic Cordillera.[5][6] For more than half of the year, much of Northern Canada is snow and ice-covered, with some limited moderation by the relatively warmer waters in coastal areas with temperatures generally remaining below the freezing mark from October to May.[6] During the coldest 3 months, mean monthly temperatures range from −20 °F (−29 °C) in the southern sections to −30 °F (−34 °C) in the northern sections although temperatures can go down to −55 to −60 °F (−48 to −51 °C).[6] Owing to the dry cold air prevalent throughout most of the region, snowfall is often light in nature.[6] During the short summers, much of Northern Canada is snow free, except for the Arctic Cordillera which remains covered with snow and ice throughout the year.[6] In the summer months, temperatures average below 45 °F (7.2 °C) and may occasionally exceed 65 °F (18.3 °C).[6] Most of the rainfall accumulated occurs in the summer months, ranging from 1 to 2 inches (3 to 5 cm) in the northernmost islands to 7 inches (18 cm) at the southern end of Baffin Island.[6]
Demography[edit]
Downtown Whitehorse, Yukon seen from the east side of the Yukon River.
Iqaluit, Nunavut is the capital, the only city and largest population centre in Nunavut.
Using the political definition of the three northern territories, the North, with an area of 3,921,739 km2 (1,514,192 sq mi), makes up 39.3% of Canada.[7]
Although vast, the entire region is very sparsely populated. As of 2011, only about 107,265 people lived there compared to 33,369,423 in the rest of Canada.[8]
The population density for Northern Canada is 0.03 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.078/sq mi) (0.07/km2 (0.18/sq mi) for Yukon, 0.04/km2 (0.10/sq mi) for the NWT and 0.02/km2 (0.052/sq mi) for Nunavut) compared to 3.7/km2 (9.6/sq mi) for Canada.[8]
It is heavily endowed with natural resources and in most cases they are very expensive to extract and situated in fragile environmental areas. Though GDP per person is higher than elsewhere in Canada, the region remains relatively poor, mostly because of the extremely high cost of most consumer goods, and the region is heavily subsidised by the government of Canada.
As of 2006, 52.8% of the population of the three territories (25.1% in Yukon,[9] 50.3% in the NWT[10] and 85.0% in Nunavut[11]) is Aboriginal, Inuit, First Nations or Métis. The Inuit are the largest group of Aboriginal peoples in Northern Canada, and 61.5% of all Canada's Inuit live in Northern Canada, with Nunavut accounting for 52.8%.[9][10][11] The region also contains several groups of First Nations, who are mainly Chipewyan peoples. The three territories each have a greater proportion of Aboriginal inhabitants than any of Canada's provinces. There are also many more recent immigrants from around the world; of the territories, Yukon has the largest percentage of non-Aboriginal inhabitants, while Nunavut the smallest.[9][11]
The largest settlement in Northern Canada is the capital of Yukon, Whitehorse with 23,276 at the 2011 census.[12] Second is Yellowknife, the capital of the Northwest Territories, which contains 19,234 inhabitants.[13] Third is Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, with 6,699.[14]
Recent[edit]
Skyline of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. Parts of the north have recently boomed due to the amount of natural resources and something of a population increase in cities.
For hundreds of years, this area had been considered the largest 'uncivilized' area in the world.[citation needed] However, within the last 20 years, specifically in the last 5 years[when?],[citation needed] this area has started to boom with the rest of Canada.[citation needed] Although it has not been on the same scale, some towns and cities have seen population increases not seen for several decades before. Yellowknife has become the centre of diamond production for Canada (which has become one of the top three countries for diamonds).
In the Canada 2006 Census, the three territories posted a combined population of over 100,000 people for the first time in Canadian history.[8]
See also[edit]
Geography of Canada portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Canada.
Look up Northern Canada in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Canadian Arctic tundra
Geography of Canada
British Arctic Territories
Operation Hurricane (Canada)
Arctic policy of Canada
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1927". March 18, 2009. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Jump up ^ Paikin, Zach. "Canada: The Arctic Middle Man" Maritime Executive, 21 August 2014. Accessed: 11 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Canada Year Book 1967, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Land and freshwater area, by province and territory Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses
^ Jump up to: a b c Yukon 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile
^ Jump up to: a b Northwest Territories 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile
^ Jump up to: a b c Nunavut 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile
Jump up ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Yukon)". Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Canada Census 2011
Jump up ^ Census Profile Iqaluit
Further reading[edit]
Honderich, John. Arctic Imperative: Is Canada Losing the North? Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press, 1987. xi, 258 p., ill. in b&w with charts, maps, and photos. ISBN 0-8020-5763-2
Mowat, Farley. Canada North, in series, The Canadian Illustrated Library. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967. 127, [1] p., copiously ill. in b&w and col.
Canada Year Book 1967 (PDF). Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada. 1967. pp. 57–63. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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Coordinates: 65°49′12″N 107°04′48″W / 65.82000°N 107.08000°W / 65.82000; -107.08000
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text:
List of languages by number of native speakers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For languages by total speakers, see List of languages by total number of speakers.
Current distribution of human language families
This article ranks human languages by their number of native speakers.
However, all such rankings should be used with caution.[1] It is difficult to define the difference between a language and a dialect, or between a language and a macrolanguage; for example, Chinese is sometimes considered a single language and sometimes a macrolanguage whose many varieties are all independent languages. Any division of speakers among languages is the result of the classification of these speakers. Often such classifications are based on political or cultural factors. Although such classifications are not entirely arbitrary, it is not possible to devise a coherent linguistic set of criteria for the boundaries between languages.
For a list of languages with the smallest numbers of native speakers, see lists of endangered languages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Top languages by population
2 Charts and graphs
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Top languages by population
The following table contains the top 100 languages by estimated number of native speakers in the 2007 edition of Nationalencyklopedin. As census methods in different countries vary to a considerable extent, and given that some countries do not record language in their censuses, any list of languages by native speakers, or total speakers, is effectively based on estimates. Updated estimates from 2010 are also provided.[2]
The top eleven languages have additional figures from the 2010 edition of the Nationalencyklopedin. Numbers above 95 million are rounded off to the nearest 5 million.
Top languages by population per Nationalencyklopedin
Rank
Language
Native
speakers
in millions
2007 (2010)
Fraction
of world
population
(2007)
1 Mandarin (entire branch) 935 (955) 14.1%
2 Spanish 390 (405) 5.85%
3 English 365 (360) 5.52%
4 Hindi[a] 295 (310) 4.46%
5 Arabic 280 (295) 4.23%
6 Portuguese 205 (215) 3.08%
7 Bengali (Bangla) 200 (205) 3.05%
8 Russian 160 (155) 2.42%
9 Japanese 125 (125) 1.92%
10 Punjabi 95 (100) 1.44%
11 German 92 (95) 1.39%
12 Javanese 82 1.25%
13 Wu (e.g. Shanghainese) 80 1.20%
14 Malay (inc. Malaysian and Indonesian) 77 1.16%
15 Telugu 76 1.15%
16 Vietnamese 76 1.14%
17 Korean 76 1.14%
18 French 75 1.12%
19 Marathi 73 1.10%
20 Tamil 70 1.06%
21 Urdu 66 0.99%
22 Turkish 63 0.95%
23 Italian 59 0.90%
24 Yue (incl. Cantonese) 59 0.89%
25 Thai 56 0.85%
26 Gujarati 49 0.74%
27 Jin 48 0.72%
28 Southern Min (incl. Hokkien and Teochew) 47 0.71%
29 Persian 45 0.68%
30 Polish 40 0.61%
31 Pashto 39 0.58%
32 Kannada 38 0.58%
33 Xiang (Hunanese) 38 0.58%
34 Malayalam 38 0.57%
35 Sundanese 38 0.57%
36 Hausa 34 0.52%
37 Odia (Oriya) 33 0.50%
38 Burmese 33 0.50%
39 Hakka 31 0.46%
40 Ukrainian 30 0.46%
41 Bhojpuri 29[b] 0.43%
42 Tagalog (Filipino) 28 0.42%
43 Yoruba 28 0.42%
44 Maithili 27[b] 0.41%
45 Uzbek 26 0.39%
46 Sindhi 26 0.39%
47 Amharic 25 0.37%
48 Fula 24 0.37%
49 Romanian 24 0.37%
50 Oromo 24 0.36%
51 Igbo 24 0.36%
52 Azerbaijani 23 0.34%
53 Awadhi 22[b] 0.33%
54 Gan Chinese 22 0.33%
55 Cebuano (Visayan) 21 0.32%
56 Dutch 21 0.32%
57 Kurdish 21 0.31%
58 Serbo-Croatian 19 0.28%
59 Malagasy 18 0.28%
60 Saraiki 17[c] 0.26%
61 Nepali 17 0.25%
62 Sinhalese 16 0.25%
63 Chittagonian 16 0.24%
64 Zhuang 16 0.24%
65 Khmer 16 0.24%
66 Turkmen 16 0.24%
67 Assamese 15 0.23%
68 Madurese 15 0.23%
69 Somali 15 0.22%
70 Marwari 14[b] 0.21%
71 Magahi 14[b] 0.21%
72 Haryanvi 14[b] 0.21%
73 Hungarian 13 0.19%
74 Chhattisgarhi 12[b] 0.19%
75 Greek 12 0.18%
76 Chewa 12 0.17%
77 Deccan 11 0.17%
78 Akan 11 0.17%
79 Kazakh 11 0.17%
80 Northern Min[disputed – discuss] 10.9 0.16%
81 Sylheti 10.7 0.16%
82 Zulu 10.4 0.16%
83 Czech 10.0 0.15%
84 Kinyarwanda 9.8 0.15%
85 Dhundhari 9.6[b] 0.15%
86 Haitian Creole 9.6 0.15%
87 Eastern Min (inc. Fuzhounese) 9.5 0.14%
88 Ilocano 9.1 0.14%
89 Quechua 8.9 0.13%
90 Kirundi 8.8 0.13%
91 Swedish 8.7 0.13%
92 Hmong 8.4 0.13%
93 Shona 8.3 0.13%
94 Uyghur 8.2 0.12%
95 Hiligaynon/Ilonggo (Visayan) 8.2 0.12%
96 Mossi 7.6 0.11%
97 Xhosa 7.6 0.11%
98 Belarusian 7.6[d] 0.11%
99 Balochi 7.6 0.11%
100 Konkani 7.4 0.11%
Total
5,610 85%
Charts and graphs
Bubble chart of languages by proportion of native speakers worldwide[2]
Languages with at least 50 million first-language speakers, millions (according to: Ethnologue[4])
See also
Global language system
Linguistic demography
Linguistic Diversity Index
List of ISO 639-3 codes
List of languages by total number of speakers
List of languages by number of native speakers in Africa
List of languages by number of native speakers in India (uses a different definition of Hindi)
List of sign languages by number of native signers
Lists of languages
World language
Languages used on the Internet
Notes
Jump up ^ Refers to only Modern Standard Hindi here. The Census of India defines Hindi on a loose and broad basis. It does not include the entire Hindustani language , only the Hindi register of it. In addition to Standard Hindi, it incorporates a set of other Indo-Aryan languages written in Devanagari script including Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Haryanvi, Dhundhari etc. under Hindi group which have more than 422 million native speakers as of 2001.[3] However, the census also acknowledges Standard Hindi, the above mentioned languages and others as separate mother tongues of the Hindi language and provides individual figures for all these languages.[3]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h This is only a fraction of total speakers; others are counted under "Hindi" as they regard their language a Hindi dialect.
Jump up ^ Numbers may also be counted in Punjabi above
Jump up ^ Only half this many use Belarusian as their home language.
References
Jump up ^ Paolillo, John C.; Das, Anupam (31 March 2006). "Evaluating language statistics: the Ethnologue and beyond" (PDF). UNESCO Institute of Statistics. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin. Asterisks mark the 2010 estimates for the top dozen languages.
^ Jump up to: a b Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001
Jump up ^ Summary by language size
External links
The Ethnologue's most recent list of languages by number of speakers
Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People (Archived 2009-10-31) – Encarta list, based on data from Ethnologue, but some figures (e.g. for Arabic) widely vary from it
Map of World Languages. Download of MP3 audio files in 1600 language combinations.
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values: قائمة اللغات حسب عدد متحدثيها الأصليين – Arabic

values: Llista de llingües por númberu de falantes – Asturian

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values: Danışanların sayına görə dillər siyahısı – Azerbaijani

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values: মাতৃভাষী বক্তার সংখ্যা অনুসারে ভাষাসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla

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values: Llista d'idiomes per nombre de parlants natius – Catalan

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values: Seznam jazyků podle počtu mluvčích – Czech

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values: Rhestr ieithoedd yn nhrefn nifer eu siaradwyr brodorol – Welsh

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values: Verdens sprog sorteret efter antal talere – Danish

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values: Anexo:Lenguas por número de hablantes nativos – Spanish

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values: Liste des langues par nombre de locuteurs natifs – French

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values: Liosta teangacha de réir cainteoirí dúchasacha – Irish

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values: Lista de linguas por número de falantes – Galician

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values: 모어 화자 수순 언어 목록 – Korean

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values: भाषाभाषियों की संख्या के अनुसार भाषाओं की सूची – Hindi

values: Popis jezika po broju govornika – Croatian

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values: Daftar bahasa menurut jumlah penutur asli – Indonesian

values: Appendice:Lista de linguas del mundo per numero de parlatores – Interlingua

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values: Æвзæгты номхыгъд дзурджыты нымæцмæ гæсгæ – Ossetic

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values: Lingue per numero di parlanti madrelingua – Italian

values: ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada

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values: Сёлешгенлени санына кёре тиллени тизмеси – Karachay-Balkar

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values: जगातील भाषांची यादी – Marathi

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values: Senarai bahasa mengikut bilangan penutur asli – Malay

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values: Lista di lenganan segun total papiadonan nativo – Papiamento

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