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Hindi
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This article is about Modern Standard Hindi. For other uses, see Hindi (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Hindi belt or Hindu.
Hindi
हिन्दी
Hindī
The word "Hindi" in Devanagari script
Pronunciation
Hindustani pronunciation: [ˈɦin̪d̪iː]
Native to
Northern India (Hindi Belt)
Ethnicity
Hindavi people
Native speakers
260 million (2001)[1]
L2 speakers: 120 million (1999)
Language family
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan
Central Zone (Hindi)
Western Hindi
Hindustani[2]
Khariboli[2]
Hindi
Early forms
Vedic Sanskrit
Classical Sanskrit
Sauraseni Prakrit
Sauraseni Apabhramsa
Old Hindi
Writing system
Devanagari
Devanagari Braille
Signed forms
Signed Hindi
Official status
Official language in
India
Regulated by
Central Hindi Directorate[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-1
hi
ISO 639-2
hin
ISO 639-3
hin
Linguist List
hin-hin
Glottolog
hind1269[4]
Linguasphere
59-AAF-qf
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and sanskritised register[5] of the Hindustani language. Modern Hindi and its literary tradition evolved towards the end of the 18th century.[6]
Along with the English language, Hindi written in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Government of India.[7] On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India. To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favor of Hindi, most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following adoption of Hindi as the official language.[8] It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India.[9] However, it is not the national language of India because no language was given such a status in the Indian constitution.[10][11]
Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt, and to a lesser extent the whole of India (usually in a simplified or pidginized variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi). Outside India, several other languages are recognized officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects of Hindustani, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri. Such languages include Fiji Hindi, which is official in Fiji, and Caribbean Hindustani, which is a recognized language in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname.[12][13][14][15] Apart from specialized vocabulary, Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani.
Individually, as a linguistic variety, Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English.[16] Alongside Urdu as Hindustani, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Use outside the Hindi Belt
3 Status
3.1 Outside India
4 Comparison with Modern Standard Urdu
5 Script
5.1 Romanization
6 Vocabulary
6.1 Prakrit
6.2 Sanskrit
7 Media
7.1 Literature
7.2 Internet
8 Sample text
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Bibliography
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the region east of the Indus. It was borrowed from Classical Persian Hindī (Iranian Persian Hendi), meaning "Indian", from the proper noun Hind "India".[18]
The name Hindavī was used by Amir Khusrow in his poetry.[19]
History[edit]
Further information: History of Hindustani
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupted"), which emerged in the 7th century A.D.[20]
Modern Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect,[20] the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region, which came to replace earlier prestige dialects such as Awadhi, Maithili (sometimes regarded as separate from the Hindi dialect continuum) and Braj. Urdu – another form of Hindustani – acquired linguistic prestige in the later Mughal period (1800s), and underwent significant Persian influence. In the late 19th century, a movement to develop Hindi as a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form. In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi.[21] Modern Standard Hindi is one of the youngest Indian languages in this regard.
After independence, the government of India instituted the following conventions:[original research?]
standardisation of grammar: In 1954, the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi; The committee's report was released in 1958 as A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi.
standardisation of the orthography, using the Devanagari script, by the Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to bring about uniformity in writing, to improve the shape of some Devanagari characters, and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages.
The Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi as an official language of India on 14 September 1949.[22] Now, it is celebrated as Hindi Day.
Use outside the Hindi Belt[edit]
In Northeast India a pidgin known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a lingua franca for various tribes in Assam that speak other languages natively.[23] In Arunachal Pradesh, Hindi as emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 dialects natively.[24]
Status[edit]
Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Commonwealth. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union has been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English:
(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.[12]
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement: Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order authorize the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union[25]
Article 351 of the Indian constitution states
It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.
It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351),[26] with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as the those in Tamil Nadu) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies.[27]
Article 344 (2b) stipulates that official language commission shall be constituted every ten years to recommend steps for progressive use of Hindi language and imposing restrictions on the use of the English language by the union government. In practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to promote Hindi but not imposing restrictions on English in official use by the union government.
At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Each may also designate a "co-official language"; in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the political formation in power, this language is generally Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, National Capital Territory.
National language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme. In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such.[10][11][28]
Outside India[edit]
Outside Asia, the Awadhi language (A Hindi dialect)[29] is an official language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji,[30] where it referred to it as "Hindustani", however in the 2013 Constitution of Fiji, it is simply called "Fiji Hindi".[31] It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji.[32]
Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis (people having roots in north-India but have migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years) of Nepal. Apart from specialized vocabulary, Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, which, like Hindi, is part of Hindustani. Apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the "Hindi Belt" of India. A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like The United States of America, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji and Mauritius, where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities. Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal; 649,000 in United States of America;[33] 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji;[32] 250,292 in South Africa; 150,000 in Suriname;[34] 100,000 in Uganda; 45,800 in United Kingdom;[35] 20,000 in New Zealand; 20,000 in Germany; 16,000 in Trinidad and Tobago;[34] 3,000 in Singapore.
Comparison with Modern Standard Urdu[edit]
Main articles: Hindi–Urdu controversy, Hindustani phonology, and Hindustani grammar
Linguistically, Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligble.[36] Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and uses more Sanskrit words, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian words. Hindi is the most commonly used official language in India. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan and is one of 22 official languages of India.
The splitting of Hindi and Urdu into separate languages is largely motivated by politics, namely the Indo-Pakistani rivalry.[37]
Script[edit]
Main article: Devanagari script
Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida. Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right. Unlike for Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark schwa dropping in spoken Standard Hindi.[38]
Romanization[edit]
Main article: Devanagari transliteration
The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST, ITRANS and ISO 15919.
Vocabulary[edit]
Further information: Hindustani etymology and List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi
Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology:
Tatsam (तत्सम "same as that") words: These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except for the absence of final case inflections).[39] They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have survived without modification (e.g. Hindi नाम nām / Sanskrit नाम nāma, "name"; Hindi कर्म karm / Sanskrit कर्म karma, "deed, action; karma"),[40] as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g. प्रार्थना prārthanā, "prayer").[41] Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Amongst nouns, the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit non-inflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension.
Ardhatatsam (अर्धतत्सम "semi-tatsama") words: Such words are typically earlier loanwords from Sanskrit which have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed. (e.g. Hindi सूरज sūraj from Sanskrit सूर्य surya)
Tadbhav (तद्भव "born of that") words: These are native Hindi words derived from Sanskrit after undergoing phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit कर्म karma, "deed" becomes Sauraseni Prakrit कम्म kamma, and eventually Hindi काम kām, "work") and are spelled differently from Sanskrit.[39]
Deshaj (देशज) words: These are words that were not borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo-Aryan words either. Belonging to this category are onomatopoetic words or ones borrowed from local non-Indo-Aryan languages.
Videshī (विदेशी "foreign") words: These include all loanwords from non-indigenous languages. The most frequent source languages in this category are Persian, Arabic, English and Portuguese. Examples are कमेटी kameṭī from English committee and साबुन sābun "soap" from Arabic.
Hindi also makes extensive use of loan translation (calqueing) and occasionally phono-semantic matching of English.[42]
Prakrit[edit]
Hindi has naturally inherited a large portion of its vocabulary from Śaurasenī Prākṛt, in the form of tadbhava words. This process usually involves compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit tīkṣṇa > Prakrit tikkha > Hindi tīkhā.
Sanskrit[edit]
Much of Modern Standard Hindi's vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit as tatsam borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words, is called Śuddh Hindi (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi.
Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in native Hindi, causing difficulties in pronunciation.[43]
As a part of the process of Sanskritization, new words are coined using Sanskrit components to be used as replacements for supposedly foreign vocabulary. Usually these neologisms are calques of English words already adopted into spoken Hindi. Some terms such as dūrbhāṣ "telephone", literally "far-speech" and dūrdarśan "television", literally "far-sight" have even gained some currency in formal Hindi in the place of the English borrowings (ṭeli)fon and ṭīvī.[44]
Media[edit]
Literature[edit]
Main article: Hindi literature
Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being Bhakti (devotional – Kabir, Raskhan); Śṛṇgār (beauty – Keshav, Bihari); Vīgāthā (epic); and Ādhunik (modern).
Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long, epic poems. It was primarily written in other varieties of Hindi, particularly Avadhi and Braj Bhasha, but to a degree also in Khariboli, the basis for Modern Standard Hindi. During the British Raj, Hindustani became the prestige dialect.
Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri in 1888, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi.[45] The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand, who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. Literary, or Sāhityik, Hindi was popularised by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Bhartendu Harishchandra and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular with the educated people.[citation needed]
The Dvivedī Yug ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, who played a major role in establishing Modern Standard Hindi in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love.
In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as Chāyāvād (shadow-ism) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chāyāvādī. Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant, are the four major Chāyāvādī poets.
Uttar Ādhunik is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chāyāvādī movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes.
Internet[edit]
The Hindi Wikipedia was the first Indic-language wiki to reach 100,000 articles. Hindi literature, music, and film have all been disseminated via the internet. In 2015, Google reported a 94% increase in Hindi-content consumption year-on-year, adding that 21% of users in India prefer content in Hindi.[46]
Many Hindi newspapers also offer digital editions.
Sample text[edit]
See also: Urdu § Sample text
The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):
Hindi
अनुच्छेद 1 (एक) – सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए।
Transliteration (IAST)
Anucched 1 (ek) – Sabhī manuṣyõ ko gaurav aur adhikārõ ke viṣay mẽ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt hai. Unhẽ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unhẽ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhie.
Transcription (IPA)
[ənʊtʃʰːeːd̪ eːk | səbʱiː mənʊʃjõː koː ɡɔːɾəʋ ɔːr əd̪ʱɪkaːɾõ keː maːmleː mẽː dʒənmədʒaːt̪ sʋət̪ənt̪ɾət̪aː ɔːr səmaːntaː pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ‖ ʊnʱẽ bʊd̪ʱːɪ ɔːɾ ənt̪əɾaːt̪maː kiː d̪eːn pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ɔːɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnʱẽː bʱaːiːtʃaːɾeː keː bʱaːʋ seː bəɾt̪aːʋ kəɾnə tʃaːhɪeː ‖]
Gloss (word-to-word)
Article 1 (one) – All human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom and equality acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should.
Translation (grammatical)
Article 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
See also[edit]
Book: Hindi
Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)
Hindi Divas – the official day to celebrate Hindi as a language.
Languages of India and Languages with official status in India
List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin
List of Hindi television channels broadcast in Europe (by country)
List of Hindi channels in Europe (by type)
list of Hindi words at Wiktionary, the free dictionary
List of languages by number of native speakers in India
List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi
World Hindi Secretariat
India portal
Languages portal
Writing portal
Linguistics portal
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
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Snell, Rupert; Weightman, Simon (1989). Teach Yourself Hindi (2003 ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142012-9.
Taj, Afroz (2002) A door into Hindi. Retrieved 8 November 2005.
Tiwari, Bholanath ([1966] 2004) हिन्दी भाषा (Hindī Bhasha), Kitab Pustika, Allahabad, ISBN 81-225-0017-X.
Dictionaries
McGregor, R.S. (1993), Oxford Hindi–English Dictionary (2004 ed.), Oxford University Press, USA .
Hardev Bahri (1989), Learners' Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: Rajapala
Mahendra Caturvedi (1970), A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
Academic Room Hindi Dictionary Mobile App developed in the Harvard Innovation Lab (iOS, Android and Blackberry)
John Thompson Platts (1884), A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English (reprint ed.), LONDON: H. Milford, p. 1259, retrieved 6 July 2011
Further reading
Bhatia, Tej K A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition. Leiden, Netherlands & New York, NY: E.J. Brill, 1987. ISBN 90-04-07924-6
Tiwari, Deepa (April 2015). "The Hindi Stories". www.badikhabar.com.
Gyani, Pandit (September 2016). "Hindi Biography & History". www.gyanipandit.com.
External links[edit]
Hindi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Hindi.
Hindi at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
The Union: Official Language
Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari (PDF)
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Hindi – Catalan
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Hindi – Danish
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Hindi – Latvian
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Hindi – Lithuanian
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Reo Hindi – Maori
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Hindi – Dutch
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Hindjan – Neapolitan
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Hindi – Norfuk / Pitkern
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Hindi – Norwegian
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Hindi – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Hind tili – Uzbek
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Indii – Jamaican Creole English
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Hindi – Low German
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Hindi – Scots
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Hindi – Albanian
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Hindi – Simple English
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Hindi – Finnish
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Hindi – Swedish
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Vahyindi – Zhuang
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Hindi – Veps
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Hindi – Waray
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text:
Chief Justice of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Chief Justice of India
Emblem of the Supreme Court of India
Incumbent
Justice Dipak Misra
(28 August 2017 - 2 October 2018)
Judiciary of India
Abbreviation
CJI
Seat
New Delhi
Nominator
Collegium of the Supreme Court
Appointer
President of India
Term length
till the age of 65 yrs[1]
Constituting instrument
Constitution of India (under Article 124)
Formation
1950
First holder
Justice H. J. Kania (26 January 1950 – 6 November 1951)[2]
Website
Supreme Court of India
This article is part of a series on
Judiciary of India
Law of India
Administration[show]
Ministry of Justice
Department of Legal Affairs
Legislative Department
Department of Justice
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Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
Judges of the Supreme Court
High Courts of India
Chief justices of High Courts of India
Judges of High Courts
District Courts/ Additional district judge's courts
Civil Judge (Sr. Division)'s Courts
Civil Judge (Jr. Division)'s Courts
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Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
Judges of the Supreme Court
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Judges of High Courts
Courts of Session/Courts of Additional Sessions Judge
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Judicial Magistrate of First Class/ Metropolitan Magistrate
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Divisional commissioner
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Sub-divisional magistrate
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Bar Council
Chairman (BCI)- Manan Kumar Mishra
Attorney General of India
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Legal education in India
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v
t
e
The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the judiciary of India[3] and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions.
As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law.[4] In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966, the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her (for re-allocation) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges.
On the administrative side, the Chief Justice carries out the following functions: maintenance of the roster; appointment of court officials and general and miscellaneous matters relating to the supervision and functioning of the Supreme Court.
It has been an unbroken convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI.[5]
The present CJI is Justice Dipak Misra and is the 45th CJI since January 1950, the year the Constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being. He succeeded Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar on 28 August 2017 and will remain in office till 2 October 2018, the day he retires on turning 65 years in age.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appointment
2 Removal
3 Acting President
4 List of Chief Justices of India
5 Remuneration
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Appointment[edit]
Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice, who, as a result, is appointed like the other judges[6] conventionally, the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge (i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court) for appointment by the President of India, as his successor.[7][8]
Once earlier, when prime minister Nehru wanted to see Justice M. C. Mahajan, next in line to become the CJI, superseded on Justice Patanjali Sastri's retirement, three judges of the supreme court, including Justice Mukherjea, who Nehru wanted as the next Chief Justice, offered to resign. He relented before the judges and the convention of seniority in appointment was left undisturbed. On the contrary, this convention has been breached on a few occasions during the tenure of prime minister Indira Gandhi. She got Justice A. N. Ray appointed as CJI, superseding three judges senior to him allegedly because he had favoured her government, and when Justice H. R. Khanna was overlooked for the post for upholding the constitution as superior to her government's acts and for curtailing her powers which she had arrogated to herself during the Emergency[9]
Removal[edit]
Article 124(4) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in s office until the age of 65 years. He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows:
A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
—  Article 124(4), Constitution of India, Source:[6]
Acting President[edit]
The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969 of India provides that the Chief Justice of India (CJI) shall act as the President of India in the event of the offices of both the President and the Vice President being vacant. When President Zakir Hussain died in office, the Vice President V. V. Giri, acted as the President. Later, Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President. The CJI, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India. The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI. When the newly elected President took office a month later, Justice Hidayatullah reverted as the Chief Justice of India,
List of Chief Justices of India[edit]
Number
Hon'ble Justice Mr.
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by the President of India
1 H. J. Kania 000000001950-01-26-000026 January 1950 000000001951-11-06-00006 November 1951‡‡ 649 Bombay High Court Rajendra Prasad
2 M. Patanjali Sastri 000000001951-11-07-00007 November 1951 000000001954-01-03-00003 January 1954 788 Madras High Court
3 Mehr Chand Mahajan 000000001954-01-04-00004 January 1954 000000001954-12-22-000022 December 1954 352 Punjab and Haryana High Court
4 Bijan Kumar Mukherjea 000000001954-12-23-000023 December 1954 000000001956-01-31-000031 January 1956‡ 404 Calcutta High Court
5 Sudhi Ranjan Das 000000001956-02-01-00001 February 1956 000000001959-09-30-000030 September 1959 1337 Calcutta High Court
6 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha 000000001959-10-01-00001 October 1959 000000001964-01-31-000031 January 1964 1583 Patna High Court
7 P. B. Gajendragadkar 000000001964-02-01-00001 February 1964 000000001966-03-15-000015 March 1966 773 Bombay High Court Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
8 Amal Kumar Sarkar 000000001966-03-16-000016 March 1966 000000001966-06-29-000029 June 1966 105 Calcutta High Court
9 Koka Subba Rao 000000001966-06-30-000030 June 1966 000000001967-04-11-000011 April 1967‡ 285 Madras High Court
10 Kailas Nath Wanchoo 000000001967-04-12-000012 April 1967 000000001968-02-24-000024 February 1968 318 Allahabad High Court
11 Mohammad Hidayatullah[10] 000000001968-02-25-000025 February 1968 000000001970-12-16-000016 December 1970 1025 Bombay High Court Zakir Husain
12 Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah 000000001970-12-17-000017 December 1970 000000001971-01-21-000021 January 1971 35 Bombay High Court Varahagiri Venkata Giri
13 Sarv Mittra Sikri 000000001971-01-22-000022 January 1971 000000001973-04-25-000025 April 1973 824 Lahore High Court
14 Ajit Nath Ray 000000001973-04-26-000026 April 1973 000000001977-01-27-000027 January 1977 1372 Calcutta High Court
15 Mirza Hameedullah Beg 000000001977-01-28-000028 January 1977 000000001978-02-21-000021 February 1978 389 Allahabad High Court Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
16 Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud 000000001978-02-22-000022 February 1978 000000001985-07-11-000011 July 1985 2696 Bombay High Court Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
17 Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati 000000001985-07-12-000012 July 1985 000000001986-12-20-000020 December 1986 526 Gujarat High Court Gyani Zail Singh
18 Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 000000001986-12-21-000021 December 1986 000000001989-06-18-000018 June 1989‡ 940 Allahabad High Court
19 Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah 000000001989-06-19-000019 June 1989 000000001989-12-17-000017 December 1989 181 Karnataka High Court Ramaswamy Venkataraman
20 Sabyasachi Mukharji 000000001989-12-18-000018 December 1989 000000001990-09-25-000025 September 1990‡‡ 281 Calcutta High Court
21 Ranganath Misra 000000001990-09-26-000026 September 1990 000000001991-11-24-000024 November 1991 424 Odisha High Court
22 Kamal Narain Singh 000000001991-11-25-000025 November 1991 000000001991-12-12-000012 December 1991 17 Allahabad High Court
23 Madhukar Hiralal Kania 000000001991-12-13-000013 December 1991 000000001992-11-17-000017 November 1992 340 Bombay High Court
24 Lalit Mohan Sharma 000000001992-11-18-000018 November 1992 000000001993-02-11-000011 February 1993 85 Patna High Court Shankar Dayal Sharma
25 Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah 000000001993-02-12-000012 February 1993 000000001994-10-24-000024 October 1994 619 Karnataka High Court
26 Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 000000001994-10-25-000025 October 1994 000000001997-03-24-000024 March 1997 881 Gujarat High Court
27 Jagdish Sharan Verma 000000001997-03-25-000025 March 1997 000000001998-01-17-000017 January 1998 298 Madhya Pradesh High Court
28 Madan Mohan Punchhi 000000001998-01-18-000018 January 1998 000000001998-10-09-00009 October 1998 264 Punjab and Haryana High Court Kocheril Raman Narayanan
29 Adarsh Sein Anand 000000001998-10-10-000010 October 1998 000000002001-01-11-000011 January 2001 824 Jammu and Kashmir High Court
30 Sam Piroj Bharucha 000000002001-01-11-000011 January 2001 000000002002-05-06-00006 May 2002 480 Bombay High Court
31 Bhupinder Nath Kirpal 000000002002-05-06-00006 May 2002 000000002002-11-08-00008 November 2002 186 Delhi High Court
32 Gopal Ballav Pattanaik 000000002002-11-08-00008 November 2002 000000002002-12-19-000019 December 2002 41 Odisha High Court A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
33 V. N. Khare 000000002002-12-19-000019 December 2002 000000002004-05-02-00002 May 2004 500 Allahabad High Court
34 S. Rajendra Babu 000000002004-05-02-00002 May 2004 000000002004-06-01-00001 June 2004 30 Karnataka High Court
35 Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 000000002004-06-01-00001 June 2004 000000002005-11-01-00001 November 2005 518 Madhya Pradesh High Court
36 Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 000000002005-11-01-00001 November 2005 000000002007-01-13-000013 January 2007 438 Delhi High Court
37 K. G. Balakrishnan 000000002007-01-13-000013 January 2007 000000002010-05-11-000011 May 2010 1214 Kerala High Court
38 S. H. Kapadia 000000002010-05-12-000012 May 2010 000000002012-09-28-000028 September 2012 870 Bombay High Court Pratibha Patil
39 Altamas Kabir 000000002012-09-29-000029 September 2012 000000002013-07-18-000018 July 2013 292 Calcutta High Court Pranab Mukherjee
40 P. Sathasivam 000000002013-07-19-000019 July 2013 000000002014-04-26-000026 April 2014 281 Madras High Court
41 Rajendra Mal Lodha 000000002014-04-27-000027 April 2014 000000002014-09-27-000027 September 2014 153 Rajasthan High Court
42 H. L. Dattu 000000002014-09-28-000028 September 2014 000000002015-12-02-00002 December 2015 430 Karnataka High Court
43 T. S. Thakur 000000002015-12-03-00003 December 2015 000000002017-01-03-00003 January 2017 397 Jammu and Kashmir High Court
44 J. S. Khehar 000000002017-01-04-00004 January 2017 000000002017-08-27-000027 August 2017 235 Punjab and Haryana High Court
45 Dipak Misra 000000002017-08-28-000028 August 2017 2 October 2018 78 Odisha High Court Ram Nath Kovind
‡ -Date of Resignation[11]
‡‡ - Date of Death
Remuneration[edit]
The Constitution of India gives the power of deciding remuneration as well as other conditions of service of the Chief Justice to the Parliament of India. Accordingly, such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958.[12][13] This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commission's recommendation.[14]
See also[edit]
List of Chief Justices of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices' of India". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Narasimham, R L, Justice (CJ, Orissa H. C.). "Chief Justice Sinha - A Review of Some of His Decisions (page 5 of 8)" (PDF). Indian Law Institute.
Jump up ^ Saxena, Namit (23 December 2016). "New Captain Of The Ship, Change In Sailing Rules Soon?". Live Law. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Alok (26 November 2010). "How India missed getting its first woman Chief Justice India". Critical Twenties. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article 124, Constitution of India". Vakilno1.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Venkatesan, J. (4 November 2015). "TS Thakur to succeed HL Dattu as new Chief Justice of India". Asian Age. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Seniority as the Norm to Appoint India's Chief Justice is a Dubious Convention". The WIre. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Only CJ to ever serve as Vice-President of India, and later Acting President of India.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court of India - LIST OF RETIRED HON'BLE CHIEF JUSTICES". supremecourtofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008" (PDF). PRS India.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf
External links[edit]
Official website of Supreme Court of India
Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India

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