text:
Organic compound
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This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (August 2017)
Methane, CH4; it is one of the simplest organic compounds.
An organic compound is virtually any chemical compound that contains carbon, although a consensus definition remains elusive and likely arbitrary.[1] Organic compounds are rare terrestrially, but of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. The most basic petrochemicals are considered the building blocks of organic chemistry.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions of organic vs inorganic
2 History
2.1 Vitalism
2.2 Modern classification
3 Classification
3.1 Natural compounds
3.2 Synthetic compounds
3.3 Biotechnology
4 Databases
5 Structure determination
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Definitions of organic vs inorganic[edit]
For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon (for example, CO and CO2), and cyanides are considered inorganic.[3] The distinction between organic and inorganic carbon compounds, while "useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry... is somewhat arbitrary".[1]
Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation.
History[edit]
Vitalism[edit]
Main article: Vitalism
For many centuries, Western physicians and chemists believed in vitalism. This was the widespread conception that substances found in organic nature are created from the chemical elements by the action of a "vital force" or "life-force" (vis vitalis) that only living organisms possess. Vitalism taught that these "organic" compounds were fundamentally different from the "inorganic" compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulations.
Vitalism survived for a while even after the rise of modern ideas about the atomic theory and chemical elements. It first came under question in 1824, when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized oxalic acid, a compound known to occur only in living organisms, from cyanogen. A more decisive experiment was Wöhler's 1828 synthesis of urea from the inorganic salts potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate. Urea had long been considered an "organic" compound, as it was known to occur only in the urine of living organisms. Wöhler's experiments were followed by many others, in which increasingly complex "organic" substances were produced from "inorganic" ones without the involvement of any living organism.[4]
Modern classification[edit]
The L-isoleucine molecule, C6H13NO2, showing features typical of organic compounds. Carbon atoms are in black, hydrogens gray, oxygens red, and nitrogen blue.
Even though vitalism has been discredited, scientific nomenclature retains the distinction between organic and inorganic compounds. The modern meaning of organic compound is any compound that contains a significant amount of carbon—even though many of the organic compounds known today have no connection to any substance found in living organisms.
The organic compound L-isoleucine molecule presents some features typical of organic compounds: carbon–carbon bonds, carbon–hydrogen bonds, as well as covalent bonds from carbon to oxygen and to nitrogen.
Still, even the broadest definition (of "carbon-containing molecules" as organic) requires excluding alloys that contain carbon, including steel. Other 'excluded' materials are: compounds such as carbonates and carbonyls, simple oxides, halides and sulfides of carbon, the allotropes of carbon, and cyanides not containing the −C≡N functional group—all which are considered inorganic.
The "C-H" definition excludes compounds that are (historically and practically) considered organic. Neither urea nor oxalic acid is organic by this definition, yet they were two key compounds in the vitalism debate. The IUPAC Blue Book on organic nomenclature specifically mentions urea[5] and oxalic acid.[6] Other compounds lacking C-H bonds but traditionally considered organic include benzenehexol, mesoxalic acid, and carbon tetrachloride. Mellitic acid, which contains no C-H bonds, is considered a possible organic substance in Martian soil.[7]
The "C-H bond-only" rule also leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-fluorine compounds. For example, CF4 would be considered by this rule to be "inorganic", whereas CF3H would be organic.
Classification[edit]
Main article: Organic chemistry § Classification of organic compounds
Organic compounds may be classified in a variety of ways. One major distinction is between natural and synthetic compounds. Organic compounds can also be classified or subdivided by the presence of heteroatoms, e.g., organometallic compounds, which feature bonds between carbon and a metal, and organophosphorus compounds, which feature bonds between carbon and a phosphorus.
Another distinction, based on the size of organic compounds, distinguishes between small molecules and polymers.
Natural compounds[edit]
Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and, in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms.
Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, lectins, vitamins, and fats and oils.
Synthetic compounds[edit]
Compounds that are prepared by reaction of other compounds are known as "synthetic". They may be either compounds that already are found in plants or animals or those that do not occur naturally.
Most polymers (a category that includes all plastics and rubbers), are organic synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds.
Biotechnology[edit]
Many organic compounds—two examples are ethanol and insulin—are manufactured industrially using organisms such as bacteria and yeast. Typically, the DNA of an organism is altered to express compounds not ordinarily produced by the organism. Many such biotechnology-engineered compounds did not previously exist in nature.
Databases[edit]
The CAS database is the most comprehensive repository for data on organic compounds. The search tool SciFinder is offered.
The Beilstein database contains information on 9.8 million substances, covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present, and is today accessible via Reaxys. Structures and a large diversity of physical and chemical properties is available for each substance, with reference to original literature.
PubChem contains 18.4 million entries on compounds and especially covers the field of medicinal chemistry.
A great number of more specialized databases exist for diverse branches of organic chemistry.
Structure determination[edit]
Main article: Structure determination
The main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, UV/Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.[8]
See also[edit]
Inorganic compounds
List of chemical compounds
List of organic compounds
Organometallic compounds
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh. Chemistry for Today: general, organic, and biochemistry. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004, p. 342. ISBN 0-534-39969-X
Jump up ^ Smith, Cory. "Petrochemicals". American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers. American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
Jump up ^ From the definition of "organic compounds" are also excluded automatically the allotropes of carbon such as diamond and graphite, because they are formed by atoms of the same element, so they are simple substances, not compounds.
Jump up ^ Henry Marshall Leicester; Herbert S. Klickstein (1951). A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900. Harvard University Press. p. 309.
Jump up ^ "IUPAC Blue Book, Urea and Its Derivatives Rule C-971". Retrieved 2009-11-22.
Jump up ^ "IUPAC Blue Book, Table 28(a) Carboxylic acids and related groups. Unsubstituted parent structures". Retrieved 2009-11-22.
Jump up ^ S. A. Benner; K. G. Devine; L. N. Matveeva; D. H. Powell (2000). "The missing organic molecules on Mars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (6): 2425–2430. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.2425B. PMC 15945  . PMID 10706606. doi:10.1073/pnas.040539497.
Jump up ^ Ernö Pretsch, Philippe Bühlmann, Martin Badertscher (2009), Structure Determination of Organic Compounds (Fourth, Revised and Enlarged Edition). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
External links[edit]
Organic Compounds Database
[show]
v
t
e
Concepts in organic chemistry
Aromaticity
Covalent bonding
Functional groups
Nomenclature
Organic compounds
Organic reactions
Organic synthesis
Publications
Spectroscopy
Stereochemistry
List of organic compounds
[show]
v
t
e
Molecules detected in outer space
Molecules
Diatomic
Aluminium monochloride
Aluminium monofluoride
Aluminium monoxide
Argonium
Carbon monophosphide
Carbon monosulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carborundum
Cyanogen radical
Diatomic carbon
Fluoromethylidynium
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen (molecular)
Hydroxyl radical
Iron(II) oxide
Magnesium monohydride cation
Methylidyne radical
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen (molecular)
Nitrogen monohydride
Nitrogen sulfide
Oxygen (molecular)
Phosphorus monoxide
Phosphorus mononitride
Potassium chloride
Silicon carbide
Silicon mononitride
Silicon monoxide
Silicon monosulfide
Sodium chloride
Sodium iodide
Sulfur monohydride
Sulfur monoxide
Titanium oxide

Triatomic
Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium isocyanide
Amino radical
Carbon dioxide
Carbonyl sulfide
CCP radical
Chloronium
Diazenylium
Dicarbon monoxide
Disilicon carbide
Ethynyl radical
Formyl radical
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroperoxyl
Iron cyanide
Isoformyl
Magnesium cyanide
Magnesium isocyanide
Methylene radical
N2H+
Nitrous oxide
Nitroxyl
Ozone
Phosphaethyne
Potassium cyanide
Protonated molecular hydrogen
Sodium cyanide
Sodium hydroxide
Silicon carbonitride
c-Silicon dicarbide
Silicon naphthalocyanine
Sulfur dioxide
Thioformyl
Thioxoethenylidene
Titanium dioxide
Tricarbon
Water
Four
atoms
Acetylene
Ammonia
Cyanic acid
Cyanoethynyl
Cyclopropynylidyne
Formaldehyde
Fulminic acid
HCCN
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydromagnesium isocyanide
Isocyanic acid
Isothiocyanic acid
Ketenyl
Methylene amidogen
Methyl radical
Propynylidyne
Protonated carbon dioxide
Protonated hydrogen cyanide
Silicon tricarbide
Thioformaldehyde
Tricarbon monoxide
Tricarbon sulfide
Thiocyanic acid
Five
atoms
Ammonium ion
Butadiynyl
Carbodiimide
Cyanamide
Cyanoacetylene
Cyanoformaldehyde
Cyanomethyl
Cyclopropenylidene
Formic acid
Isocyanoacetylene
Ketene
Methane
Methoxy radical
Methylenimine
Propadienylidene
Protonated formaldehyde
Protonated formaldehyde
Silane
Silicon-carbide cluster
Six
atoms
Acetonitrile
Cyanobutadiynyl radical
E-Cyanomethanimine
Cyclopropenone
Diacetylene
Ethylene
Formamide
HC4N
Ketenimine
Methanethiol
Methanol
Methyl isocyanide
Pentynylidyne
Propynal
Protonated cyanoacetylene
Seven
atoms
Acetaldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Vinyl cyanide
Cyanodiacetylene
Ethylene oxide
Hexatriynyl radical
Methylacetylene
Methylamine
Methyl isocyanate
Vinyl alcohol
Eight
atoms
Acetic acid
Aminoacetonitrile
Cyanoallene
Ethanimine
Glycolaldehyde
Heptatrienyl radical
Hexapentaenylidene
Methylcyanoacetylene
Methyl formate
Propenal
Nine
atoms
Acetamide
Cyanohexatriyne
Cyanotriacetylene
Dimethyl ether
Ethanol
Methyldiacetylene
Octatetraynyl radical
Propene
Propionitrile
Ten
atoms
or more
Acetone
Benzene
Buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene, buckyball)
C70 fullerene
Cyanodecapentayne
Cyanopentaacetylene
Cyanotetra-acetylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
Methyltriacetylene
Propanal
n-Propyl cyanide
Pyrimidine
Deuterated
molecules
Ammonia
Ammonium ion
Formaldehyde
Formyl radical
Heavy water
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen deuteride
Hydrogen isocyanide
Methylacetylene
N2D+
Trihydrogen cation
Unconfirmed
Anthracene
Dihydroxyacetone
Ethyl methyl ether
Glycine
Graphene
H2NCO+
Linear C5
Naphthalene cation
Phosphine
Pyrene
Silylidine
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Justice League (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Justice League
Teaser poster
Directed by
Zack Snyder
Produced by
Charles Roven
Deborah Snyder
Jon Berg
Geoff Johns
Screenplay by
Chris Terrio
Joss Whedon
Story by
Chris Terrio
Zack Snyder
Based on
Justice League
by Gardner Fox
Starring
Ben Affleck
Henry Cavill
Gal Gadot
Jason Momoa
Ezra Miller
Ray Fisher
Ciarán Hinds
Amy Adams
Willem Dafoe
Jesse Eisenberg
Jeremy Irons
Diane Lane
Connie Nielsen
J. K. Simmons
Music by
Junkie XL
Danny Elfman
Cinematography
Fabian Wagner
Edited by
David Brenner
Richard Pearson
Production
companies
DC Films
RatPac Entertainment
Atlas Entertainment
Cruel and Unusual Films
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17) (United States)
Country
United States
Language
English
Justice League is an upcoming American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is intended to be the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The film is directed by Zack Snyder and written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, from a story by Snyder and Terrio,[1] and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Jason Momoa, Ezra Miller, Ray Fisher, Ciarán Hinds, Amy Adams, Willem Dafoe, Jesse Eisenberg, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons. In Justice League, Batman and Wonder Woman assemble a team consisting of Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg to face the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.
The film was announced in October 2014 with Snyder on board to direct and Terrio attached to write the script. Principal photography commenced in April 2016 and ended in October 2016. Snyder left the project in May 2017, following the death of his daughter, with Joss Whedon supervising post-production, as well as working on additional scenes and reshoots. Justice League is scheduled to be released on November 17, 2017, in 2D, 3D, and IMAX.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-production
3.5 Music
4 Release
5 Sequel
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis
Months after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice[2] and inspired by Superman's apparent sacrifice for humanity, Bruce Wayne and Diana Prince assemble a team of metahumans consisting of Barry Allen, Arthur Curry, and Victor Stone to face the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons, who are on the hunt for three Mother Boxes on Earth.[3][4]
Cast
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
The benefactor of the group of meta-humans, a wealthy socialite and the owner of Wayne Enterprises, who also dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with many powerful tools and weapons.
Henry Cavill as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman:
A Kryptonian survivor and journalist for the Daily Planet with superhuman abilities, who seemingly died after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. In February 2016, Cavill announced on social media that he had already started exercising for the film in advance of principal photography.[5]
Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
An antiquities dealer and acquaintance of Wayne who is actually an immortal Amazonian warrior princess from Themyscira and daughter of Zeus, who possesses superhuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.
Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
The king of the undersea nation of Atlantis, whose meta-human aquatic abilities and superhuman physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.
Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / Flash:
A Central City police forensic investigator, who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force.
Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed with a Mother Box after a nearly fatal accident, has powers that allow him to manipulate technology and to turn his arms to cannons. Fisher portrays the character through the assistance of motion capture performance, for the cybernetic portion of his body.[6]
Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf:
A general of the alien race, the New Gods, from the planet Apokolips who is charged with hunting down the three Mother Boxes on Earth for his nephew and commanding officer Darkseid.[4][7] The character had previously appeared in the extended Ultimate Edition of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, in which he communicates with Lex Luthor through Kryptonian hologram technology. In March 2017, Ciarán stated that Steppenwolf is old, tired and trying to get out of his enslaved position under Darkseid.[8] Hinds will portray the villain through use of motion capture performance and received help in that process from his friend Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[9]
Amy Adams as Lois Lane: An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the primary love interest for Clark Kent / Superman.[10]
Willem Dafoe as Nuidis Vulko: An Atlantean advisor to Aquaman.[11]
Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor: The hereditary CEO of LexCorp who is incarcerated following the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[12][13][14]
Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Bruce Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[15]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Clark Kent's adoptive mother.[10]
Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta: Diana Prince's mother and the Amazonian queen.[10]
J. K. Simmons as James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department and close ally of Batman.[10]
Joe Morton and Robin Wright reprise their roles as Dr. Silas Stone, a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs and Victor Stone's father, and as General Antiope, Hippolyta's sister and Diana's aunt/mentor, from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Wonder Woman, respectively.[16][17] Amber Heard, Billy Crudup, and Kiersey Clemons will portray Mera, Dr. Henry Allen, and Iris West, respectively.[10][16] Julian Lewis Jones and Michael McElhatton have been cast in undisclosed roles.[18][19]
Production
Development
In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[20] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film had been cancelled,[21] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[22] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[23] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[24] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hopes of filming to begin before the 2007-2008 Writers Guild of America strike.[25] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development with a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with the box office return. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[26] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[27] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[28] Shortly after filming finished with The Dark Knight,[29] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," though he personally felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[27] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[30] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[25] with Barrie Osbourne producing[31] on a projected $220 million budget.[32]
The following month roughly 40 actors and actresses were auditioning for the ensemble superhero roles, among them were Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller intended to cast younger actors as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[29] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[28] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[33] Jessica Biel reportedly declined the Wonder Woman role after being in negotiations.[34] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[35] Ultimately Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[36] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[37] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[38] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[39] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[40] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[41] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Aquaman had yet to be cast.[29][32] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[42] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[43]
However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[44] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[45] but production was pushed back three months.[28] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal would be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[32] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[31] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[23] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[32][46] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[47] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could release the film for a summer 2009 release.[48][49]
With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[50] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment stated "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[51] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[52] Warner Bros. relaunched development for the solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development while filming for a Superman reboot was commencing in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming had finished for Man of Steel, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[53] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[54] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[55] and setting the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[56] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character and not connected to the 2011 film.[57]
With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[58] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team up film featuring Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg in a minor role that will become more significant in leading up to the proposed Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan is still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[59] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also be directing Goyer's Justice League script.[60] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[61] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One releasing on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder will direct both films.[62] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[63] Zack Snyder stated that the film will be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[4] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film with the second part releasing two years after the first, Snyder announced in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[64][65]
Casting
Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Ray Fisher, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa and Henry Cavill at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International to promote Justice League.
In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg, and was set to cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice followed by a larger role in Justice League.[66][67] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams are also expected to reprise their roles from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[62][68] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[69][70] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be coming first and that is what they were preparing for, and he did not know if the solo Aquaman film would be prior to Justice League or post. He thought it might be the origin of where Aquaman came from.[71] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[72] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[73] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons was cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[74] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[75] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[76] The following month, Simmons confirmed that he would play Gordon.[77] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe was cast in an undisclosed role,[78] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko.[11] Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[79] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he will appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[15] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, he confirmed in an interview with Shortlist magazine of his return.[80][81] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role.[18] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in this film due to scheduling conflicts.[82] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he has a role in the film.[19]
Filming
In July 2015, it was revealed that filming would begin in spring 2016 after Wonder Woman ended principal photography.[83] Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London, Scotland, Los Angeles and in Djúpavík in the Westfjords [84] of Iceland.[78][85][86] Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[86] Affleck was also revealed to be serving as executive producer.[87] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg will be producing the Justice League films and they will also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[88] Geoff Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016, that the title of the film is Justice League.[89] That same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline will be more linear and simple, in comparison to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[90] Johns later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to the previous DCEU films.[91] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[92][93][94]
Post-production
In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, who Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[95] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[96] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's shooting schedule for Mission: Impossible 6, for which he had grown a mustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team had to resort to using special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post.[97] Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film in recognition of the alterations he made.[98]
Music
In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he is officially retired from the "superhero business".[99] By June 2016 he was replaced by Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer.[100] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[101] Elfman had previously composed Batman, Batman Returns, and the theme song for Batman: The Animated Series.
Release
Justice League is scheduled to be released on November 17, 2017.[62] The film will get an IMAX release.[102]
Sequel
A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[62] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[103] In March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[104]
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Justice League (2017 film).
Official website
Justice League on IMDb
Justice League at Box Office Mojo
Justice League at Rotten Tomatoes
Justice League at Metacritic
[show]
v
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Justice League franchise media
Animated television
The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure
Super Friends
Justice League
Unlimited
Batman: The Brave and the Bold
Young Justice
Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles
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Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox
JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time
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Justice League vs. Teen Titans
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Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure
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Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite
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Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom
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